text: Chapter 11
  Space Considerations During Multinational Operations
  This chapter begins with a discussion on the characteristics of the space domain. Next,
  the chapter discusses space operations in multinational operations and building
  capacity and partnership through multinational operations. It then discusses space
  planning considerations and command structure for space operations in multinational
  operations. The chapter concludes with considerations.
  CHARACTERISTICS OF THE SPACE DOMAIN
  11-1. The space domain is the area above the altitude where atmospheric effects on airborne objects become
  negligible (JP 3-14). It is where military, civilian, and commercial space activities are conducted, and the
  upper limit extends infinitely outward. (Refer to FM 3-14 and JP 3-14 for more information on space
  domains.)
  11-2. Ground forces leverage space capabilities to support multinational operations from large-scale combat
  operations to individual Soldiers at the tactical level of warfare. Space capabilities enhance ground forces’
  ability to effectively communicate, navigate, accurately target the enemy, protect and sustain our forces, and
  enable intelligence preparation of the battlefield. Like other domain relationships, multinational forces cannot
  achieve mission success in the space domain without controlling key terrain on the ground.
  11-3. Effective integration requires all personnel engaged in supervising multinational operations to have a
  common and clear understanding of how space capabilities (military, civilian, commercial, national, and
  multinational) contribute to multinational operations. Personnel understand methods to integrate military
  space capabilities and effects into operations to achieve alliance security objectives. They also recognize that
  adversaries will increasingly seek to exploit an access to space products with military utility; many products
  are now available from commercial sources.
  SPACE OPERATIONS IN MULTINATIONAL OPERATIONS
  11-4. Ground forces use space capabilities that operate across all domains. The physical space domain is the
  location where space-based satellites transmit and receive signals. Land-based space forces conduct the
  planning, coordination, integration, and synchronization of space capabilities and effects across all functions
  within multinational operations from the land domain. While joint and multinational forces can complete
  their assigned mission in a denied, degraded, and disputed space operational environment, these forces are
  more agile and efficient when using space capabilities to their fullest ability.
  11-5. Information acquired through space capabilities supports ground forces and helps foster an information
  advantage. Many space-enabled and space-enhanced devices on the battlefield are used to conduct C2,
  targeting and precision fires, movement, maneuver, communications, protection, sustainment, intelligence
  preparation of the battlefield, and other information-related requirements.
  11-6. Army space operations, duties, and responsibilities support multinational ground forces through the use
  and exploitation of joint space capabilities. A space capability is the ability of space forces to accomplish a
  mission or operation in, to, and from any space segment. (Refer to JP 3-14 for various discussions about
  space capability.) The joint space capabilities that multinational ground forces rely on are as follows:
  • Space situational awareness.
  • Space control.
  • Positioning, navigation, and timing (PNT) to include Global Positioning System (GPS).
  • SATCOM.
  • Missile warning based on detection of high-energy infrared (heat) events.
  • Environmental monitoring.
  • Space-based ISR.