text: Chapter 1
  negotiation as an expedient tactic that is part of a larger campaign in opposition to the Army unit’s
  objectives. Units should be careful not to overlook or marginalize important groups such as women or
  minorities. Effective Soldiers strive to understand and address the concerns of each group. If possible, units
  coordinate engagements with activities of other partners to avoid contradictory messages. Finally, units
  take care that engagements do not generate unrealistic expectations. (See FM 3-13 for a more detailed
  discussion of Soldier and leader engagement and other information-related capabilities.)
  PROTECTION OF CIVILIANS
  1-44. Protection of civilians applies across the range of military operations. Regardless of the primary
  objective, protection of civilians is an important moral, political, legal, and military consideration. The
  protection of civilians refers, in general, to efforts that protect civilians from physical violence, secure their
  access to essential services and resources, and protect human rights. Military and nonmilitary stability
  partners perform tasks that support protection of civilians in the short term and long term. In addition to
  physical protection from imminent violence and provision of necessities, elements include setting broader
  enabling conditions.
  1-45. A civilian is a person who is not a member of his or her country’s armed forces or other militia. The
  credibility and legitimacy of an Army operation, the success of the overarching mission, and the
  achievement of U.S. strategic goals depend on Army units being able and willing to protect civilians. Army
  units must ensure that civilians are not the object of attacks. They must ensure that civilians are spared and
  protected during conflict. The law of war (also known as international humanitarian law) requires
  belligerents to protect civilians from the effects of war and military occupation. Moreover, in many
  operations, the population’s support may be the center of gravity or indispensable for mission
  accomplishment. Political objectives often include security, stability, a sustainable peace, and other
  favorable conditions. Civilians living in a highly insecure environment, and observers around the world,
  expect that Soldiers will protect civilians.
  1-46. Army units frequently work with, support, and enable other actors to establish an environment in
  which civilians are protected in the short term and long term. Army units will likely comprise one part of a
  larger multidimensional effort that includes other actors whose activities are, in fact, the most significant
  for ensuring protection of civilians in the long term. These actors include host-nation and international
  civilian, police, and military organizations that address security, governance, rule of law, humanitarian, and
  developmental needs. The various actors may have dissimilar objectives and use different methods, but
  they agree about the general desirability of protecting civilians.
  1-47. Protection of civilians may be the primary purpose of a mission or a supporting task. Effective
  protection of civilians depends on adaptive units, a command climate that emphasizes its importance, and
  leaders who can make timely and appropriate decisions based on critical situations on the ground.
  Regardless of the operation, leaders will likely have to address protection of civilians.
  1-48. Army units support protection of civilians by doing no harm and performing deliberate actions to
  protect civilians. First, Army units do no harm. These units act in accordance with the law of war and other
  relevant bodies of law in order to minimize civilian harm. Additionally, Army units avoid actions that
  undermine efforts by other actors that improve human security. Second, Army units perform deliberate
  actions to protect civilians. These units perform offensive, defensive, and stability tasks expressly intended
  to mitigate harm to civilians, including operations intended to create an environment conducive to
  protection of civilians.
  Risks to Civilians
  1-49. Civilians are potentially at risk from armed conflict and many other situations. Examples include
  widespread or systematic targeted violence including genocide and other mass atrocities, sexual violence,
  human trafficking, displacement, and impeded access to humanitarian assistance and essential services. To
  mitigate these risks, Army units must understand the relevant civilian vulnerabilities and the threats to
  civilians’ well-being.