text: Chapter 6
  ▪ Air, soil, and water sampling results.
  ▪ Individual or group exposure results.
  ▪ Any other environmental sampling.
  MEDICAL COUNTERMEASURES
  6-13. Historically, disease and nonbattle injuries have rendered more Soldiers combat ineffective than actual
  operations casualties. The 2019 Coronavirus (known as COVID-19) pandemic highlighted the impact an
  infectious disease can have on operations. Medical countermeasures can reduce disease and nonbattle
  injuries. The capability to assess the Soldier’s health continuously and improve Soldier sustainability is
  required to protect the force.
  6-14. The following medical countermeasures ensure effective force medical protection:
  • Continuous health surveillance.
  • Medical countermeasures, disease prevention, and immunization policies approved by the
  multinational force commander and implemented by all troop contributing nations.
  STANDARDS OF CARE
  6-15. The multinational medical support ensures continuity of patient management at a standard acceptable
  to all nations. Achieving the desired degree of patient management depends on the successful interoperability
  of treatment principles and clinical policies. As a national responsibility executed under national standards
  of care and practice, each nation sets medical policy for its soldiers. As such, multinational commanders
  cannot direct a sovereign nation’s armed forces to adopt a different standard for the sake of uniformity across
  their command. Patient management is a continuous part of medical care that attends to the clinical needs of
  a patient during competition or conflict. While optimal patient management is never compromised unless
  dictated by the operational situation, it is also a balance of many conflicting factors. These factors include
  the following:
  • Treatment.
  • Evacuation.
  • Resources.
  • Environmental and operational conditions.
  6-16. Dental support is arranged in levels, reflecting an increase in capability at each succeeding level. The
  functions of each lower level of dental support are contained within the capabilities of each higher level. A
  preventive dentistry program is provided in the theater of operations.
  CONSIDERATIONS
  6-17. Commanders and staffs participating in multinational operations consider and answer the questions in
  paragraphs 6-18 and 6-19 with respect to medical support.
  MEDICAL COMMAND AND CONTROL
  6-18. Commanders and staffs answer the following medical C2 questions with respect to medical support:
  • How experienced are the commander, surgeon, and staff?
  • Are the medical command relationships clearly defined?
  • Are there adequate arrangements for coordination and liaison among medical elements, including
  translation of foreign care records?
  • Has a command surgeon been appointed?
  • Are there health services representatives on the assessment team?
  • Have troop contributing nations provided staff or a liaison to the multinational force surgeon?