text: Cyberspace Operations and Electromagnetic Warfare Fundamentals
  conducted in space, cyberspace, and the EMS. This interrelationship is critical, and addressing the
  interdependencies between the three must be managed throughout the operations process.
  2-70. Both cyberspace operations and EW can affect space operations. Ground control systems that control
  satellites rely on networked computers to maintain orbital parameters and direct onboard sensors, particularly
  to maintain stable orbits; radios transmit computer commands to the satellites. Computer code sent directly
  to satellites in orbit can potentially allow remote control of the system, preventing others’ access to onboard
  sensors or communications systems. Adversaries could similarly enter ground control systems and issue
  alternative orders to satellites to move them out of position or shut off critical systems. Because satellites
  routinely receive commands using radio frequencies, an adversary might attempt to shut off sensors or
  directly gain control of the spacecraft, rather than trying to issue orders through a ground control system.
  2-71. All space operations rely on the EMS for command and control, sensing, and information distribution.
  The vital nature of space operations in multi-domain operations requires close coordination with other EMS
  activities associated with spectrum management operations to ensure proper prioritization, integration,
  synchronization, and deconfliction. The G-2 or S-2 uses information gathered through space-based
  intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance to assist the commander and staff with attaining situational
  awareness and understanding of the OE.
  2-72. Navigation warfare is the deliberate defensive and offensive action to assure and prevent positioning,
  navigation, and timing information through coordinated employment of space, cyberspace, and
  electromagnetic warfare operations (JP 3-14). A navigation warfare attack denies threat actors a global
  navigation satellite system through various methods, including OCO, space operations, and EA. Global
  navigation satellite system is the general term used to describe any space-based system providing positioning,
  navigation, and timing (PNT) information worldwide (for example, Global Positioning System). Navigation
  warfare effectiveness requires synchronization of space operations, cyberspace operations, and EW
  capabilities with lethal and nonlethal attack actions to create desired effects. EW must be synchronized with
  space operations to understand the impacts of navigation warfare operations, deny adversary access to global
  navigation satellite system information, and protect friendly spectrum-dependent devices using specific
  frequencies within the EMS. Refer to FM 3-14 for more information on navigation warfare.
  2-73. The space domain consists of three segments: space, link, and ground. The space segment is the
  operational area corresponding with the space domain and comprises satellites in both geosynchronous and
  non-geosynchronous Earth orbit. The link segment consists of signals connecting ground and space segments
  through the EMS. The ground segment consists of ground-based facilities and equipment supporting
  command and control of space assets, ground-based processing equipment, earth terminals, user equipment,
  space situational awareness sensors, and the interconnectivity between the facilities and equipment. Earth
  terminals include all multi-Service ground, shipborne, submarine, and airborne satellite terminals that
  establish connectivity to the satellites in the space segment. The three space domain segments rely heavily
  on cyberspace operations to protect networking and information technologies and infrastructures while
  depending on the EMS to conduct operations between the space, link, and ground segments.
  2-74. Cyberspace operations contribute to space operations by protecting friendly networks that leverage the
  global navigation satellite system while targeting similar enemy and adversary capabilities. Additionally,
  cyberspace operations establish network connectivity between ground-based facilities and equipment
  throughout the space domain’s ground segment. EW supports navigation warfare by denying the enemy
  access to global navigation satellite system information while protecting friendly space capabilities operating
  in the EMS.
  2-75. Integrating cyberspace operations, EW, and space operations enable commanders and staffs at each
  level to synchronize capabilities and effects. Space-based capabilities (space segment) enable distributed and
  global cyberspace operations. Cyberspace and space-based capabilities provide responsive and timely
  support that allows commanders to project combat power from the highest echelons down to the tactical
  level. Synchronization with spectrum management operations is necessary to ensure the availability of
  resources in the EMS and to prevent spectrum conflicts. Refer to FM 3-14 for more information about space
  operations.