text: Chapter 11
  11-7. Many space-enabled or space-enhanced tasks and activities are not codified in joint doctrine
  specifically as space capabilities. Instead, they are combined, derived, or listed as second-order tasks and
  actions enabled by space capabilities. These include, but are not limited to—
  • Information advantage—supported by the information acquired through space capabilities.
  • Joint friendly force tracking—supported by PNT and SATCOM (when mission dictates).
  • Network transport of data.
  • Commercial imagery.
  • National reconnaissance office overhead systems.
  • Tactical exploitation of national capabilities (known as TENCAP) program that uses all joint space
  capabilities.
  • National-to-theater program interfaces.
  • Geospatial intelligence.
  • Integrated broadcast service.
  • Common interactive broadcast.
  11-8. Space-based capabilities provide a significant advantage for multinational operations through the
  ability of global maneuver. Satellites use their ability to loiter over a designated area or have frequent revisit
  times over a target location to collect and transmit data to ground receiving stations. Effects provided by
  space capabilities can be temporary, permanent, reversible, or nonreversible on certain adversary systems.
  The collection means and effects provided by satellites are not easily influenced by adversary antiaccess and
  area denial (known as A2/AD) strategies used on ground, maritime, and airborne forces thus making them
  an invaluable tool.
  11-9. Many integrated space operations exist among the many multinational forces. Each space operation is
  based on its own national priorities, funding, laws, and technology implementation. Sharing capabilities
  provides increased effectiveness, resilience, and flexibility to space operations and complicates an
  adversary’s decision making. The most frequently used space capabilities pertain to weather, PNT,
  SATCOM, missile warning, and space situational awareness.
  11-10. The multinational force commander understands the ground forces rely on space-based capabilities
  for success in multinational operations. Those capabilities include PNT, communications, space and
  terrestrial weather, ballistic missile warning notification, and information collection products. These systems
  are critical enablers for joint and multinational forces to plan, communicate, move and maneuver, maintain
  AO space situational awareness, engage the enemy, and protect and sustain forces. Space operations experts
  enable and enhance operations when involved in planning and mission execution. Space planning and
  coordination with multinational forces occurs with Army space professionals attached at the corps and
  division levels. These professionals provide expertise, advice, and planning to the commander on space-
  related issues that directly affect multinational operations. Space-based capabilities enhance awareness of
  deliberate interference activities such as attempts to jam or spoof friendly communications.
  11-11. When U.S. space assets are involved, space professionals ensure that space activities and operations
  comply with the law of armed conflict, any treaties or international agreements, domestic law and policy,
  and any applicable host-nation laws. During planning and execution, legal counsel assesses compliance with
  applicable laws, policy, or agreements and provides guidance for operations.
  11-12. Space-enabled capabilities are ubiquitous and widely used to maintain space situational awareness
  within an operational environment. Space-based systems enable multinational operations during combat and
  the subsequent stages of force projection operations by—
  • Providing unclassified, commercial imagery products releasable to multinational forces to support
  targeting, fires, and geospatial engineering efforts.
  • Providing rapid communications that enable a commander to gain and maintain the initiative by
  developing the situation faster than the enemy can. The commander can—
  ▪ Visualize the AO and share a COP, retain the ability to recognize and protect multinational
  friendly forces, synchronize force actions with adjacent and supporting units, and maintain
  contact and coordination critical to multinational operations.
  ▪ Receive updates on the solar environment and the impact to both terrestrial and space-based
  segments of friendly communications systems.