text: Chapter 1
  missiles, and hypersonic glide vehicles operating in the air domain directly and significantly affect operations
  on land and sea. Likewise, advances in AMD, electromagnetic warfare, directed energy, and cyberspace
  capabilities increasingly contest freedom of maneuver in the air.
  1-94. Control of the air and control of the land are often interdependent requirements for successful
  campaigns and operations. Control of the air provides a significant advantage when attacking strategically
  valuable targets at long ranges. However, control of the land is necessary for operating secure airfields and
  protecting other key terrain that enables air operations. The desired degree of control of the air may vary
  geographically and over time from no control, to parity, to local air superiority, to air supremacy, all
  depending upon the situation and the JFC’s approved concept of operations.
  1-95. Army forces rely on the Air Force and other joint and multinational air capabilities for ISR, strategic
  attack, close air support, interdiction, personnel recovery, communications, sustainment, and mobility. Air
  platforms are unencumbered by terrain, but they are vulnerable to detection and interdiction. Effectiveness
  of air platforms can be contingent upon weather conditions. Aerial reconnaissance and surveillance cannot
  always detect enemy capabilities concealed by vegetation or terrain. The number of sorties air platforms can
  conduct depends on having control of airfields and their proximity to targets.
  1-96. Army aviation provides ground commanders and the joint force with land-focused air capabilities.
  Joint force commanders and land component commanders establish control measures to enable Army forces
  to operate unimpeded in the air domain, coordinated when necessary with air capabilities from the other
  Services. Army aviation (including fixed-wing, rotary-wing, and unmanned aircraft) provides reconnaissance
  and surveillance, fires, intelligence, communications, and movement capabilities to Army, joint, and
  multinational forces. Army rotary-wing aviation uses terrain to protect it from enemy detection. Army forces
  also have aerial ISR capabilities that support security operations, targeting, delivering precision fires, and
  information collection. Army land-based AMD capabilities provide protection against enemy air and missile
  attack. (See JP 3 30 for more information on joint air operations.)
  Space Domain
  1-97. The space domain is the area above the altitude where atmospheric effects on airborne objects
  become negligible. Like the air, land, and maritime domains, space is a physical domain in which military,
  civil, and commercial activities are conducted. The U.S. Space Command (known as USSPACECOM) has
  an area of responsibility that surrounds the earth at altitudes equal to, or greater than, 100 kilometers (54
  nautical miles) above mean sea level. It has responsibility for planning and execution of global space
  operations, activities, and missions.
  1-98. Proliferation of advanced space technology provides access to space-enabled technologies to a global
  audience. Some adversaries have their own space capabilities, while commercially available systems allow
  almost universal access to some level of space-enabled capability with military applications.
  1-99. Space capabilities provide information collection; early warning; target acquisition; electromagnetic
  warfare; environmental monitoring; satellite-based communications; and positioning, navigation, and timing
  information for ground forces. Activities in the space domain enable freedom of action for operations in all
  other domains, and operations in the other domains can create effects in and through the space domain.
  1-100. Army forces rely on space-based capabilities to enable each warfighting function and effectively
  conduct operations. Commanders and staffs require an understanding of space capabilities and their effects
  and the ability to coordinate activities between involved agencies and organizations. Commanders cannot
  assume that U.S. forces will have unconstrained use of space-based capabilities, including data
  communications. Therefore, Army forces must be prepared to operate under the conditions of a denied,
  degraded, and disrupted space domain. (See FM 3-14 for doctrine on Army space operations.)
  Cyberspace Domain
  1-101. For Army forces, the cyberspace domain is the interdependent networks of information
  technology infrastructures and resident data, including the Internet, telecommunication networks,
  computer systems, embedded processors and controllers, and relevant portions of the electromagnetic
  spectrum. Cyberspace is an extensive and complex global network of wired and wireless links connecting