text: Chapter 1
  COMPETITION CONTINUUM
  1-45. Cyberspace operations, EW, and spectrum management operations take place across the competition
  continuum. The competition continuum describes a world of enduring competition conducted through a mixture
  of cooperation, competition below armed conflict, and armed conflict Superiority in cyberspace and the EMS
  enables U.S. forces to conduct operations to achieve the goals and accomplish the objectives assigned to them
  by the President and Secretary of Defense. Though U.S. forces may conduct cyberspace operations and EW
  during competition below the level of armed conflict, they are critical enablers to combat power when
  conducting large-scale combat operations during armed conflict. Competition below armed conflict consists of
  situations in which joint forces take actions outside of armed conflict against a strategic actor in pursuit of
  policy objectives.
  1-46. Spectrum management operations fulfill a crucial within the CEMA construct. Spectrum management
  operations take place across the entire competition continuum and ensure proper coordination of EMS activities
  spanning the entirety of military operations.
  MULTI-DOMAIN EXTENDED BATTLEFIELD
  1-47. The enemy seeks to employ capabilities to create effects in multiple domains to counter U.S. interests
  and impede friendly operations. Threat actors will conduct activities in the information environment, space,
  and cyberspace to influence U.S. decision makers and disrupt the deployment of friendly forces. Land-based
  threats will attempt to impede joint force freedom of action across the air, land, maritime, space, and cyberspace
  domains. They will disrupt the EMS, sow confusion, and challenge the legitimacy of U.S. actions.
  Understanding how threats can present multiple dilemmas to Army forces in all domains helps Army
  commanders identify (or create), seize, and exploit their opportunities. Implementing operations security
  (OPSEC) is critical to protecting essential friendly information technology infrastructures, command and
  control, and targeting systems. Operations security is a capability that identifies and controls critical
  information, indicators of friendly force actions attendant to military operations and incorporates
  countermeasures to reduce the risk of an adversary exploiting vulnerabilities (JP 3-13.3).
  POSITIONS OF RELATIVE ADVANTAGE IN CYBERSPACE AND THE ELECTROMAGNETIC
  SPECTRUM
  1-48. The Army conducts cyberspace operations and EW to attain positions of relative advantage in
  cyberspace and the EMS, to establish information superiority. A position of relative advantage is a location or
  the establishment of a favorable condition within the area of operations that provides the commander with
  temporary freedom of action to enhance combat power over an enemy or influence the enemy to accept risk
  and move to a position of disadvantage (ADP 3-0).
  SECTION III – CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE WARFIGHTING FUNCTIONS
  1-49. This section describes how cyberspace operations and EW support the warfighting functions. It
  specifies the types of cyberspace operations and EW missions and actions that contribute to the various tasks
  related to each warfighting function.
  COMMAND AND CONTROL
  1-50. Commanders rely heavily on cyberspace and the EMS for command and control. At corps and below,
  the network in the command-and-control system is the Department of Defense information network-Army
  (DODIN-A). The Department of Defense information network-Army is an Army-operated enclave of the
  DODIN that encompasses all Army information capabilities that collect, process, store, display, disseminate,
  and protect information worldwide (ATP 6-02.71). Signal forces establish, manage, secure, and defend the
  DODIN-A by conducting Department of Defense information network operations and maintaining
  cybersecurity compliance to prevent intrusions into the DODIN-A. For more information on DODIN
  operations, refer to FM 6-02 and ATP 6-02.71. The networks and systems that comprise the DODIN-A enable
  commanders to control units, have a shared understanding of the OE, and interact with subordinate units in near
  real-time.