text: Chapter 2
  military, political, social, economic, and information vulnerabilities as they seek to seize the initiative and
  dictate the terms and tempo of operations in their favor.
  Enemy organizations employ countermeasures to limit U.S. forces’ ability to develop the situation,
  avoid decisive engagements, and initiate contact under advantageous conditions. Enemy organizations
  employ technological countermeasures to reduce their signature on the battlefield and degrade U.S. forces’
  ability to detect, engage, and destroy them. Many hostile nation-states continue to procure conventional
  capabilities, such as armor and antiarmor, manned aircraft, and air defense systems, which are increasingly
  available to nonstate enemy organizations and enemy threats. Enemy forces also integrate emerging
  technologies, such as robotics, UAS, loitering munitions, cyber and electromagnetic spectrum technology,
  and nanotechnologies. Enemies and adversaries combine conventional and unconventional tactics to counter,
  evade, or disrupt U.S. forces’ efforts across the range of military operations.
  The BCT commander must understand the threat in the context of local conditions that affect the
  mission. Such a contextualized understanding allows commanders to identify emerging opportunities to
  seize, retain, and exploit the initiative.
  SECTION II − THREAT CAPABILITIES, TACTICS, AND TECHNIQUES
  Peer threats can employ resources across multiple domains to create lethal and nonlethal effects with
  operational significance throughout an operational environment. They seek to delay deployment of
  U.S forces and inflict significant damage across multiple domains in a short period to achieve their goals
  before culminating. A peer threat uses various methods to employ their instruments of power to render
  U.S. military power irrelevant. (Refer to ADP 3-0 for more information.) Five broad methods, used in
  combination by peer threats, include—
  * Information warfare.
  * Preclusion.
  * Isolation.
  * Sanctuary.
  * System warfare.
  Note. The People’s Liberation Army employment of system warfare supports the development of
  several traditional military strategies, such as preclusion, isolation, and sanctuary throughout all
  domains and at all levels of war. Preclusion is achieved by keeping enemy commanders and forces
  off balance through asymmetric means, such as deception and information warfare, while
  simultaneously denying them the use of wide geographic areas through long-range
  reconnaissance-strike capabilities.
  Peer and near peer threats can employ effects that include communications and navigation disruption
  and partial or total loss of space capabilities. Developing and maintaining these capabilities requires extensive
  recruitment, training, and outsourcing of personnel with the required skill set to conduct such attacks.
  Enemy organizations employ tactical and technical countermeasures to counter U.S. operational and
  tactical advantages. Tactical countermeasures include deception operations, dispersion, and concealment.
  The enemy employs technological countermeasures, such as cyberspace attacks, Global Positioning System
  jamming, and other forms of electromagnetic warfare. Technical countermeasures can be used to create a
  denied, degraded, and disrupted space-operating environment to evade and disrupt the U.S. forces’ ability to
  operate effectively.
  BCT commanders and staffs anticipate enemy capabilities. Commanders and staffs determine the
  enemy’s capabilities across multiple domains or contested aspects of the mission including the physical,
  cognitive, and informational dimension. This allows the BCT commander and staff to request the proper
  enablers required to counter enemy capabilities and augment reconnaissance forces to enable early detection
  of these threats.