text: Chapter 5
  SURPRISE
  5-3. Units achieve surprise by striking the enemy at a time, place, or manner in which he
  is unprepared. Total surprise is rarely attainable or essential in conventional operations but is often
  essential during COIN operations.
  CONCENTRATION
  5-4. This is the massing of combat power, particularly its effects, at the decisive point to achieve the
  unit’s purpose. During COIN, insurgents avoid situations in which US/HN security forces could potentially
  mass combat power unless the potential collateral effects of use of that combat power will distance the
  population from the US/HN government. This outweighs combat losses. US/HN security forces always
  seek to mass nonlethal and lethal combat power, though not always visibly.
  TEMPO
  5-5. This is the rate of military action relative to the insurgency. Tempo is not the same as speed.
  Successful COIN units control or alter tempo to maintain the initiative. Such action promotes surprise,
  enters the enemy’s decision cycle, increases the protection of the attacking force, and decreases the
  insurgent’s ability to defend or plan effectively.
  AUDACITY
  5-6. This is a simple plan of action, boldly executed. Audacity is critical to successful COIN offensive
  operations and is completely reliant on a thorough understanding of the operational environment.
  Creativity and mental agility are characteristics of an audacious counterinsurgent.
  FLEXIBILITY
  5-7. This is the ability of a military unit to adapt to unplanned or unexpected conditions of the
  operational environment to achieve its tactical purpose and support the LOE.
  TYPES OF OFFENSIVE OPERATIONS
  5-8. The types of offensive operations are movement to contact, attack, exploitation, and pursuit:
  MOVEMENT TO CONTACT
  5-9. This develops the situation and establishes or regains contact with the enemy (insurgent) forces
  (FM 3-0). It also creates favorable conditions for subsequent tactical actions and stability operation. At a
  tactical level, every movement can be treated as a movement to contact, because of the lack of information
  concerning insurgent location, strength, capabilities, and intentions. Specific types of movements to contact
  include search and attack and cordon and search operations.
  ATTACK
  5-10. This destroys or defeats enemy (insurgent) forces, seizes and secures terrain, or both (FM 3-0).
  Attacks require mobility, countermobility, and survivability supported by direct and indirect fires. Attacks
  may be hasty or deliberate, depending on the time available for planning and preparation. Commanders
  execute hasty attacks when the situation calls for immediate action with available forces and minimal
  preparation. They conduct deliberate attacks when they have more time to plan and prepare.
  5-11. Tactical units normally conduct synchronized and special purpose attacks during COIN
  operations. Special purpose attacks are ambushes, spoiling attacks, counterattacks, raids, feints,
  and demonstrations. This chapter focuses on the tactics of raids, ambushes, and sniper employment.