text: Chapter 2
  2-35. All mission operations, military support functions, civil sectors, and private organizations are
  dependent upon the EMS. Some of the functions and operations dependent on the EMS include but are not
  limited to:
  * Space operations, intelligence, cyberspace, electronic warfare, signal, and information operations;
  * Command and control;
  * Maneuvering forces;
  * Targeting and attack;
  * Communications and data transmission;
  * Civil infrastructure control.
  2-36. The increase in portability and affordability of sophisticated electronic equipment guarantees the
  EMOE will continue to expand, change, and influence how wars are fought. Commanders must shape the
  EMOE to ensure friendly forces can operate while denying the same privilege to the adversary, when
  necessary. Commanders should understand the EMOE is a sebset of the overall OE—it permeates all
  environments, and it drives mission operations more intrinsically than tanks, mortars, and bullets.
  2-37. Maneuver in the EMS is similar to the physical domains, but more complex. For instance, maneuver
  in the air domain requires three-dimensional positioning and time, while EMS maneuver requires the ability
  of military forces to adapt or adjust EMS operating parameters (e.g., frequency, power, modulation) to gain
  an advantage over the enemyo (JP 6-01).
  2-38. EMOE is a unique maneuver environment upon which all five warfighting domains depend.
  Commanders must focus achieving control of, and freedom of maneuver within the EMS. The military’s
  dependency on the EMS is a reality of the modern battlefield. The electromagnetic environment (EME) is
  the resulting product of the power and time distribution, in various frequency ranges, of the radiated or
  conducted electromagnetic emission levels encountered by a military force, system, or platform when
  performing its assigned mission in its intended operational environment (JP 3-13.1).
  FREQUENCIES
  2-39. The EMS is the range of frequencies of electromagnetic radiation from zero to infinity. It is divided
  into 26 bands, each designated by an alphabetically designate bands (JP 3-13.1). The EMS crosses all
  domains, and it provides a vital link between the cyberspace and space domains.
  2-40. Frequency band designation are often confusing as the military, the International Telecommunication
  Union, the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, and traditional bands use the same designation
  to represent different frequency ranges. These differences cause confusion as bands often overlap the
  boundaries between two frequency segments. Refer to table 2-1 for a comparison of bandwidth frequencies.
  Table 2-1. Bandwidth comparison
  ITU Traditional IEEE
  Designation
  ITU Frequency Traditional Frequency IEEE Frequency
  Used in
  Band Range Band Range Band Range
  FM 3-14
  (gigahertz) (gigahertz) (gigahertz)
  Narrowband UHF 0.3 – 3 UHF .3 – 3 UHF 0.3-1
  L 0.39-1.55 L 1-2
  S 1.55-4.20 S 2-4
  Wideband SHF 3 – 30 SHF 3 – 30
  C 4.20-5.75 C 4-8
  X 5.75-10.90 X 8-12
  Ku 10.90-22.0 Ku 12-18
  K 10.90-36.0 K 18-26.5
  Protected band EHF 30 - 300 EHF 30 – 300
  Ka 22.0-36.0 Ka 26.5-40
  EHF – extremely high frequency IEEE – Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers
  SHF – super-high frequency ITU – International Telecommunication Union
  UHF – ultrahigh frequency NOTE: Band letter designations are not abbreviations.