text: Command and Support Relationships
  Training and Readiness Oversight
  B-30. Training and readiness oversight (known as TRO) is the authority that CCDRs may exercise over
  assigned Reserve Component forces when not on active duty or when on active duty for training. As a matter
  of Department of Defense policy, this authority includes—
  (cid:122) Providing guidance to Service component commanders on operational requirements and priorities
  to be addressed in military department training and readiness programs.
  (cid:122) Commenting on Service component program recommendations and budget requests.
  (cid:122) Coordinating and approving participation by assigned Reserve Component forces in joint
  exercises and other joint training when on active duty for training or performing inactive duty for
  training.
  (cid:122) Obtaining and reviewing readiness and inspection reports on assigned Reserve Component forces.
  (cid:122) Coordinating and reviewing mobilization plans (including post-mobilization training activities
  and deployability validation procedures) developed for assigned Reserve Component forces.
  (See JP 1, Volume 2 for more information on training and readiness oversight.)
  Training and Readiness Authority
  B-31. Training and readiness authority (known as TRA) is the discrete authority, granted by a higher echelon
  commander, for a designated commander to give direction to an attached unit for leader development,
  individual and collective training, and unit readiness (to include maintenance, manning, and equipping). It
  also includes responsibility for the health, welfare, morale, and discipline of assigned and attached personnel,
  and all facets of command that enable unit commanders to accomplish their missions. It does not include
  those installation command authorities vested in the Army senior commander. The commander executing
  training and readiness authority has a responsibility to coordinate unit readiness with the applicable
  installation Army senior commander.
  Aligned
  B-32. Alignment is an informal relationship between a theater army and other Army units identified for use
  in the area of responsibility of a specific geographic combatant command. Alignment helps focus unit
  exercises and other training on a particular region. This may lead to establishment of direct liaison authorized
  between the aligned unit and a different ASCC. Any modular Army force may find itself included in an
  expeditionary force package heading to a different combatant command. Therefore, Army commanders
  maintain a balance between regional focus and global capability.
  MULTINATIONAL COMMAND AND SUPPORT CONSIDERATIONS
  B-33. Army forces routinely serve in multinational operations, and echelons above brigade headquarters may
  form the core of a multinational headquarters. As such, it is important that Army commanders and staffs
  understand multinational command structures and authorities.
  B-34. Multinational operations is a collective term to describe military actions conducted by forces of two or
  more nations, usually undertaken within the structure of the coalition or alliance. An alliance is the
  relationship that results from a formal agreement between two or more nations for broad, long-term objectives
  that further the common interests of the members. Alliances have standing headquarters, organizations, and
  standardized agreements for the conduct of operations. Examples include NATO and the Combined Forces
  Command, Korea. Operations conducted with units from two or more allies are referred to as combined
  operations.
  B-35. A coalition is an ad hoc arrangement between two or more nations for a common action, and a coalition
  is formed for a limited purpose and time. Coalitions are formed by different nations with specific objectives,
  usually for a single occasion or for longer cooperation in a narrow sector of common interest. Operations
  conducted with units from two or more coalition members are referred to as coalition operations. (See
  FM 3-16 for further details on multinational operations.)