text: Chapter 5
  Women
  5-55. In the territory of a party to the conflict and in occupied territory, all protected persons, including
  women, are entitled, in all circumstances, to respect for their person, their honor, their family rights, their
  religious convictions and practices, and their manners and customs. They are to be humanely treated at all
  times, and are to be protected especially against all acts of violence or threats thereof and against insults and
  public curiosity. Women must be especially protected against any attack on their honor, in particular against
  rape, forced prostitution, or any form of indecent assault (GC art. 27).
  Journalists
  5-56. In general, journalists are civilians and are protected as such under LOAC. Journalists do not form a
  distinct class of persons under LOAC, but instead receive protection through the general protections afforded
  civilians. Although journalism is regarded as a civilian activity, the fact that a person performs such work
  does not preclude that person from otherwise acquiring a different status under LOAC, such as the status of
  persons authorized to accompany the armed forces or of combatants (DOD Law of War Manual, 4.24). For
  example, journalists authorized to accompany an armed force during an international armed conflict is a
  POW upon capture. See paragraph 3-26 regarding the treatment standards of detained war correspondents as
  “persons authorized to accompany the armed forces.”
  Civil Defense Personnel
  5-57. The GC does not expressly address how civil defense organizations, such as fire and rescue services,
  should be treated except for those ambulance and similar rescue services that are attached to hospitals and
  their personnel that would enjoy the protections afforded medical personnel as discussed in paragraphs 5-40
  through 5-46. The GC says little else specifically about civil defense organizations or first responders,
  although as civilians they would be entitled to the protections accorded to civilians generally.
  Civil Defense Personnel Under Additional Protocol I
  5-58. Articles 61-67 of Additional Protocol I address the performance of certain humanitarian tasks intended
  to benefit the civilian population. The United States supports the principle that civilian civil defense
  organizations and their personnel be respected and protected as civilians and be permitted to perform their
  civil defense tasks except in cases of imperative military necessity. However, a number of operational
  problems have been identified with respect to the system of protection for civil defense personnel established
  by Additional Protocol I, and these provisions of Additional Protocol I may be understood not to preclude an
  attack on an otherwise lawful military objective (see DOD Law of War Manual, 4.22). Articles 61-67 of
  Additional Protocol I should guide Army/Marine Corps practice in this area.
  5-59. Under Additional Protocol I, “civil defense” is broadly defined as the performance of certain
  humanitarian tasks intended to protect the civilian population against the dangers of armed conflict, to help
  them recover from the immediate effects of hostilities or disasters, and to provide the conditions necessary
  for their survival. These tasks include warning, evacuation, management of shelters and blackout measures,
  rescue and medical services, fire-fighting, detection and marking of danger areas, decontamination and
  similar services, emergency accommodation and supplies, emergency assistance to restore and maintain
  order, emergency repair of vital public utilities, emergency disposal of the dead, assistance in preserving
  objects necessary for survival, and activities that complement the foregoing (consider AP I art. 61).
  5-60. Civil defense organizations and their personnel must be respected and protected and are entitled to
  perform their civil defense tasks except in case of imperative military necessity. This obligation to respect
  and protect also applies to civilians who, although not members of civilian civil defense organizations,
  respond to an appeal from the competent authorities and perform civil defense tasks under their control.
  Buildings and materiel used for civilian civil defense purposes and shelters provided for the civilian
  population are civilian objects; as such they cannot be the subject of attack or reprisal unless they become
  military objectives (consider AP I, art 62).
  5-61. Additional rules that apply to civil defense organizations and personnel in occupied territories are
  discussed in paragraphs 6-125 through 6-127. The rules from Additional Protocol I concerning civil defense
  organizations and personnel also apply to the personnel and materiel of civilian civil defense organizations