text: Chapter 2
  INFORMATION OPERATIONS
  2-76. Information operations are the integrated employment, during military operations, of information-
  related capabilities in concert with other lines of operations to influence, disrupt, corrupt, or usurp the
  decision- making of adversaries and potential adversaries while protecting our own (JP 3-13). Information
  operations (IO) integrate and synchronize information-related capabilities to create effects in and through the
  information environment and deliver an operational advantage to the commander. IO optimize the
  information element of combat power and support and enhance all other elements to gain operational
  advantage over a threat. IO consist of three inter-related efforts that work in tandem and overlap each other.
  These three efforts are—
  * A commander-led staff planning and synchronization effort.
  * A preparation and execution effort carried out by information-related capabilities units, IO units,
  or staff entities in concert with the IO working group.
  * An assessment effort that is carried out by all involved.
  2-77. When commanders employ cyberspace and EW capabilities to create desirable conditions within the
  OE, they synchronize these actions through IO. Commanders use cyberspace operations and EW to gain a
  strategic advantage in cyberspace and the EMS. Cyberspace and EW capabilities support operations by
  enabling the ability to share information among friendly forces or affecting the enemy’s ability to use
  cyberspace and the EMS.
  2-78. Cyberspace operations and EW effects influence, disrupt, corrupt, or manipulate the decision-making
  cycle of threat actors. Cyberspace operations support operations through OCO or DCO-RA by creating denial
  or manipulation effects to degrade, disrupt, or destroy the enemy’s cyberspace capability or change enemy
  information, information systems, or networks. EW supports operations through EA by degrading,
  neutralizing, or destroying enemy capability to use the EMS. EW also supports operations through EP actions
  by concealing or manipulating friendly EMS signatures, to degrade or deceive enemy sensors or targeting
  systems. When integrated and synchronized with other capabilities, cyberspace operations and EW can help
  commanders set favorable conditions for information advantage, whether in cyberspace, the EMS, or other
  domains.
  2-79. Cyberspace operations and EW can also create cognitive effects by impacting physical components of
  enemy capabilities. For example, affecting the ability of an enemy’s fires network through a cyberspace
  attack or EA may deny or create doubt about their ability to use artillery effectively. Similarly, restricting the
  enemy’s ability to use cyberspace or EMS at critical points can affect enemy judgments when exercising
  command and control. Synchronizing defensive EW and cyberspace operations with other capabilities can
  also disrupt a threat’s ability to make decisions while ensuring friendly forces freedom of action.