text: Chapter 4
  * Joint Electromagnetic Spectrum Operations Planning Process (See JP 3-85).
  PLANNING
  4-4. Planning is the art and science of understanding a situation, envisioning a desired future, and laying
  out effective ways of bringing that future about (ADP 5-0). Commanders apply the art of command and the
  science of control to ensure cyberspace operations and EW support the concept of operations. Whether
  cyberspace operations and EW are planned and directed from higher headquarters or requested from tactical
  units, timely staff actions and commanders’ involvement coupled with continued situational awareness of
  cyberspace and the EMS are critical for mission success.
  4-5. The Army design methodology and military decision-making process are two planning methods used
  by Army headquarters. Members of the CEMA working group must understand these two methods fully. See
  Appendix A for a detailed discussion on how CEMA integrates cyberspace operations and EW within Army
  design methodology and the military decision-making process.
  4-6. The Army design methodology consists of more adductive and systemic reasoning for complex, ill-
  formed problems. The military decision-making process consists of a more deductive and analytical approach
  to planning and commanders at corps and below are likely to employ military decision-making process more
  frequently than Army design methodology. Commanders, however, may use a different approach to planning
  or combine approaches. Regardless of the planning approach, commanders and staff must integrate cyberspace
  operations and EW throughout the planning activity. During planning, commanders and staff should seek to—
  * Understand situations and develop solutions to problems. The commander and staff build an
  understanding of the cyberspace domain, information aspects of the OE, and the EMOE within
  the assigned AO. Commanders and staff develop a situational understanding of the impact
  cyberspace operations and EW effects can cause throughout multiple domains and develop
  solutions to resolve issues that might negatively affect neutral entities and friendly forces.
  * Task-organize the force and prioritize efforts. The commander and staff task-organizes
  cyberspace and EW capabilities and implement priority of support efforts. A priority of support is
  a priority set by the commander to ensure a subordinate unit has support in accordance with its
  relative importance to accomplish the mission (ADP 5-0).
  * Direct, coordinate, and synchronize action. The commander and staff use this planning function
  to direct, coordinate, and synchronize cyberspace operations, EW, and spectrum management
  operations with missions conducted through intelligence operations, IO operations, and the
  targeting process.
  * Anticipate events and adapt to changing circumstances. The commander and staff anticipate
  potential attacks by threats in cyberspace and the EMS and adapts to the uncertain nature of
  operations by implementing active and passive countermeasures associated with cyberspace
  security and EP. The commander and staff use such tools as decision points, branches, and sequels
  to adapt to changing circumstances (See ADP 5-0).
  4-7. The IPB process begins and is synchronized with the operations process during planning and continues
  throughout the operations process. During the IPB process, the G-2 or S-2 supports cyberspace operations and
  EW by providing the commander and staff with analyzed intelligence on the operational and mission variables
  in an area of interest to determine conditions relevant to those operations. This information assists the
  commander and staff in understanding the OE, identifying opportunities for cyberspace operations and EW,
  and determining appropriate COAs.
  4-8. During planning, the fires support element uses the commander’s intent and concept of operations to
  develop a fire support plan. The fire support plan is a plan that addresses each means of fire support available.
  It describes how Army indirect fires, joint fires, and target acquisition are integrated with a maneuver to
  facilitate operational success (refer to FM 3-09). The fires support coordinator or support officer collaborates
  with the CEWO to integrate cyberspace attacks and EA into the fire support plan.
  4-9. The final product of planning is an operation plan (OPLAN) or operation order (OPORD). The OPLAN
  is developed by the commander and staff well in advance of execution and becomes an OPORD once directed
  for implementation based on a specific time or event. The CEWO is responsible for completing Annex C,
  Appendix 12, and upon request, assists the G-6 or S-6 with Annex H, Appendixes 1 and 6 of the OPLAN or