text: Chapter 2
  Note. Cyberspace attacks are types of fires conducted during DCO-RA and OCO actions and are
  limited to cyber mission force(s) engagement. They require coordination with other United States
  Government departments and agencies and careful synchronization with other lethal and non-
  lethal effects through established targeting processes.
  SECTION II – ELECTROMAGNETIC WARFARE
  2-21. Modern militaries rely on communications equipment using broad portions of the EMS to conduct
  military operations allowing forces to talk, transmit data, and provide navigation and timing information, and
  command and control troops worldwide. They also rely on the EMS for sensing and awareness of the OE.
  The Army conducts EW to gain and maintain positions of relative advantage within the EMS. The Army’s
  contribution to electromagnetic spectrum operations is accomplished by integrating and synchronizing EW
  and spectrum management operations. EW refers to military actions involving the use of electromagnetic and
  directed energy to control the EMS or to attack the enemy. EW consists of three distinct divisions: EA, EP,
  and ES. These divisions often mutually support each other in operations. For example, radar-jamming EA
  can serve a protection function for friendly forces to penetrate defended airspace; it can also prevent an
  adversary from having a complete operating picture. Figure 2-3 illustrates the EW taxonomy.
  Figure 2-3. Electromagnetic warfare taxonomy
  ELECTROMAGNETIC ATTACK
  2-22. Army forces conduct both offensive and defensive EA to fulfill the commander’s objectives in support
  of the mission. EA projects power in and through the EMS by implementing active and passive actions to
  deny enemy capabilities and equipment, or by employing passive systems to protect friendly capabilities.
  Electromagnetic attack is a division of electromagnetic warfare involving the use of electromagnetic energy,