text: _________________________________________________________________________________Chapter 9
  Air Defense Control Measures
  9-45. The OPFOR uses various types of air defense weapons control status
  and procedural controls to coordinate the use of airspace by aviation assets
  and ground-based air defense. Primarily, it employs a system of identification,
  friend or foe (IFF) between aircraft and air defense systems. When using
  non-IFF-capable systems, it may enact strict procedural controls in order to
  protect friendly aircraft from fratricide. The air defense coverage may be
  “switched off” to allow friendly aircraft to pass on a mission planned in ad-
  vance and then “switched on” as they exit the area. For other missions, air
  defense coverage may allow aircraft to transit only on “safe corridors” based
  on air routes or other procedural methods. In general, however, the OPFOR
  would prefer to risk losing some aircraft through fratricide, rather than al-
  lowing gaps in its radar and air defense coverage that the enemy might exploit.
  COMMAND POSTS AND COMMUNICATIONS
  9-46. The CAO and his staff are part of the OSC staff at the main command
  post (CP). Also located there are Air Force, army aviation, and air defense
  liaison teams with whom he closely coordinates for airspace management. A
  deputy CAO and possibly an air defense officer from the liaison team may
  also be present at the forward CP to advise the OSC commander.
  9-47. The basic rule for the establishment of communications between
  supported and supporting unit is that the higher command allocates
  landline, radio relay, and mobile communication means, while radio equip-
  ment is allocated by both higher and subordinate levels. This ensures proper
  coordination of communications. If communication is lost, the commanders
  and staffs of all units involved are responsible for the immediate restoration
  of communication. An air defense and NBC warning communications net
  is established to warn maneuver units, the staffs, and logistics units of
  incoming enemy aircraft. The warning is communicated through signal
  equipment that is specially allocated for this purpose.
  PHASES
  9-48. The OPFOR plans to employ its air defense units and all-arms air de-
  fense in three phases. The phases are defined by where the enemy aircraft
  are and what they are doing:
  • Phase I: Actions against enemy aircraft and control systems on the
  ground before they are employed.
  • Phase II: Actions against enemy aircraft while in flight but before
  they enter the airspace over OPFOR ground maneuver forces.
  • Phase III: Actions against enemy aircraft that have penetrated into
  that airspace.
  While these phases may occur sequentially after the initiation of hostilities,
  they are not wholly distinct. They may overlap, and all three may occur
  simultaneously. The OPFOR roughly equates the three phases with where
  they will primarily occur on the ground and in the air. Thus, phases I, II, and
  III occur in the “basing area,” “flight area,” and “target area,” respectively.
  The purpose of these phases and areas is to assist planners in rationalizing,
  planning, and organizing the overall air defense effort.