text: Army Aviation’s Role in Unified Land Operations
  of dispersed forces. In addition to disrupting access to information systems, a peer threat may
  employ more traditional EW techniques such as meaconing, interference, jamming, or intrusion
  (MIJI) on radio systems. Units should utilize appropriate communications security methods to
  minimize susceptibility to electronic attacks. For further operations in denied, degraded, or
  disrupted space operating environments, refer to FM 3-14 or the Center for Army Lessons
  Learned.
  * CBRNE. Both state and non-state actors may employ CBRNE attacks as a method to deny
  access to a given area or to create mass casualty events for friendly forces. Recent proliferation
  of missile technology has enabled many states to acquire delivery systems which can deter
  action, deny access to specific regions, or strike friendly locations directly. Army Aviation is
  particularly susceptible to CBRNE attacks given its large footprint, vulnerability when on the
  ground, and the increased risk conducting CBRNE aviation operations, and the difficulty in fully
  decontaminating aircraft after an attack.
  * Anti-radiation munitions. Anti-radiation munitions are active homing projectiles designed to
  detect and home on a radio emission source. Although initially intended for active engagement
  of emitting radar systems, ARMs may be programmed and used to attack emitters employed on
  Army Aviation aircraft. Anti-radiation munitions may be employed from threat RW and FW
  aircraft, as well as ground and maritime surface platforms to engage aviation systems up to high
  altitudes.
  * Directed energy. Directed-energy threats include laser designators, laser range finders, and
  missile guidance in beam-riding munitions. Directed energy weapons, to include anti-personnel,
  anti-sensor, and anti-material, use transmitted energy to disrupt, deny, or destroy an aircraft or
  aircrew member. The scope of directed energy weapons ranges from commercial off-the-shelf
  handheld laser pointers to high power/frequency acoustic and radio frequency transmitters. The
  employment of anti-sensor and anti-material systems is normally for point defense of crucial
  equipment or facilities with employment from vehicles or fixed positions.
  HYBRID THREATS
  1-60. The term hybrid threat captures the complexity and blurring of the traditional elements of conflict. A
  hybrid threat is the diverse and dynamic combination of regular forces, irregular forces, terrorist forces, or
  criminal elements unified to achieve mutually benefitting threat effects (ADP 3-0). The hybrid threat
  employs traditional, unconventional, and hybrid strategies to threaten Army Aviation operations in support
  of the combined arms team. Hybrid threats to aviation may include IEDs, cyber capabilities, anti-tank
  guided missiles, passive detection, and directed energy weapons. Hybrid threats also seek to exploit
  constrained rules of engagement (ROEs), weather and environmental limitations, multinational caveats, and
  other influencing political factors, while simultaneously disrupting friendly use of precision navigation and
  information networks. Coupling traditional and non-traditional threat weapons, hybrid threats constantly
  seek to adapt their tactics, techniques, and procedures (TTP) to gain asymmetric advantages to overcome
  Army Aviation’s overmatch at the point of contact.
  1-61. Hybrid threats traditionally employ unguided weapons such as small arms, heavy machine guns (12.
  7 to 14. 5 millimeter), rocket propelled grenades, and modified air-to-surface rockets against Army aircraft.
  These systems generally have reduced probabilities of hit against aircraft operating at higher altitudes in
  more permissive environments. Hybrid threats have fairly limited access to more sophisticated weapons,
  but may also employ anti-tank guided missiles, MANPADS or anti-aircraft IEDs. Hybrid threats continue
  to seek low-cost commercial capabilities to disrupt/degrade communications, navigation, and precision
  munitions employment. In addition to commercial off-the-shelf adaptation, peer and near-peer threats
  possess specific capabilities dedicated to jamming and interference. Hybrid threat aviation capabilities may
  include military and civilian RW and FW aircraft and military or commercial off-the-shelf UAS. Hybrid
  threats may also target aviation forces on the ground with IEDs, direct fire, or indirect fire.