text: Denied, Degraded and Disrupted Operations
  * Must be prepared to observe with a map and compass.
  * Must be able to determine an accurate target location through mensuration using current target
  location tools.
  * Must be able to use terrain association and map analysis for self-locating procedures.
  * Must be able to self-locate to within 10 m (100 m if degraded by lack of position locating systems
  or other navigational aids).
  * Uses prominent terrain features to relate potential target areas to grid locations on a map.
  * Makes a thorough study of terrain by drawing a terrain sketch (in a static location) and visibility
  diagram.
  * Associates the direction in which the observer is looking with a direction line on the map.
  * Ensures that a planned target is always a recognizable point on the ground (except "cannot
  observe" missions). This ensures that the observer can consistently find the target location.
  C-23. Observers sometimes use a FS vehicle equipped with the Fire Support Surveillance Sensor (referred
  to as an FS3) to assist them in locating the target. Binoculars used in conjunction with the M2 magnetic
  compass are excellent devices to assist the observer in locating the target. In a GPS denied or degraded
  operation the FS vehicles are equipped with an inertial location and navigation system that allow for accurate
  position and direction information even after movements over large amounts of terrain.
  C-24. The observer can also self-locate by using map spot, resection, or a one burst artillery round. The
  preferred method of self-location uses the most current digital forward entry device. For more information
  accurate target location and the observer see ATP 3-09.30.
  ACCURATE FIRING UNIT LOCATION
  C-25. The FA commander is responsible for accurate firing unit location for all indirect fire weapon systems.
  The components of accurate firing unit location are position, direction, and altitude. The most accurate
  available survey equipment and on-board navigation systems are the primary means to achieve the accuracy
  standards listed above. The FDC can also determine the grid location of each piece by using the reported
  direction, distance, and vertical angle for each piece from the aiming circle used to lay the battery. For more
  information on the accurate firing unit location standards see ATP 3-09.02.
  SURVEY
  C-26. Survey provides indirect fire platforms as well as target locating assets with a common position and
  direction (common grid). With the proliferation of GPS technology in conjunction with onboard navigation
  systems, desired location accuracy is easily attained. However, while the proliferation of these systems
  facilitates self-location, it places on the FA commander the additional responsibility to ensure that enough
  survey control points exist throughout the AO to maintain common grid.
  C-27. There is no longer a military occupational specialty dedicated solely to survey. This creates a need to
  train non-survey soldiers on how to operate the survey equipment. The commander designates the personnel
  to train and form the survey team. The survey team provides survey for the unit. The survey equipment is
  assigned to the FA BN.
  C-28. The field notes of any survey are the only original record of the survey that the survey party has once
  it leaves the field. Therefore, the field notebook must contain a complete record of all measurements made
  or determined during the progress of the survey. It should include complete sketches, descriptions, and
  remarks, when necessary, to clarify the notes. The best survey fieldwork is of no value to the using unit if the
  notes are not accurate, legible, and complete in every detail.
  HASTY SURVEY
  C-29. Determining location when survey or GPS equipment are not available, the desired location may be
  determined through a graphic resection or graphic traverse. For more information on procedures for
  determining location, see ATP 3-09.50.