text: Appendix C
  Table C-1. The five requirements for accurate predicted fire in fully operational and degraded
  operations
  Requirements Full operational Degraded methods Potential effects of
  capability degradation
  Accurate target location Laser designator Map, compass, binoculars Reduction from CAT I – IV
  and size /rangefinder TLE to CAT V – VI TLE1
  Decreased first round
  GPS/INS, PF-D / PF-M
  accuracy
  Accurate firing unit location GPS/INS survey Aiming circle (direction, Increased occupation
  distance, vertical angle times, increased
  from known point) counterfire threat
  Decreased first round
  Map and compass, hasty
  accuracy
  survey techniques,
  registration, observer
  adjusts fire
  Accurate weapons and Calibration chronograph Predictive muzzle velocity Increased counterfire
  munitions information technique, registration, threat, decreased first
  observer adjusts fire round accuracy
  Accurate meteorological GPS/profiler computer Registration Potential increased fire
  information distributed mission processing time
  observer adjusts fire
  Accurate computational AFATDS, centaur, AFCS Manual fire direction Potential increased fire
  procedures mission processing time2
  Notes: 1 – Training of observers on degraded methods can improve TLE back to CAT III/IV.
  2 – Training of FDC personnel on manual methods can mitigate increase processing time.
  ADA – air defense artillery, AFATDS – Advanced Field Artillery Tactical Data System, AFCS – advanced fire control
  system, CAT – category, FDC – fire direction center, GPS – global positioning system, INS – inertial navigation
  system, PF-D – precision fires-dismounted, PF-M – precision fires-mounted, TLE – target location error
  SECTION III – ACCURATE TARGET LOCATION AND SIZE
  ACCURATE TARGET LOCATION AND SIZE
  C-19. Accurate target location is critical to achieving effects on targets. The use of position locating systems,
  mensuration tools, and laser rangefinders designators operating from known locations are critical to precisely
  locating targets. Mensuration is the process of measurement of a feature or location on the Earth to determine
  an absolute latitude, longitude, and elevation (JP 3-60). Target coordinate mensuration program is
  combination of the following distinct separate critical components and their ability to operate as a whole to
  accurately produce mensurated target coordinates: use of one or more National Geospatial-Intelligence
  Agency (NGA)-validated mensuration tool, a mensuration process, a training syllabus, proficiency
  development and maintenance procedures, work center/work environment procedures, access to
  imagery, program governance documentation, and certified analysts and/or operators (CJSI 3505.01E).
  C-20. When these capabilities are not available and the observer is operating in a degraded mode, the
  observer must rely on thorough terrain map study to accurately locate targets. Frequently in these degraded
  situations or in emergency situations demanding quick action, the observer may be unable to accurately
  locate targets and must correct errors in target location by adjusting fires onto a target, thereby
  forfeiting surprise and effects on target. Observers must train and be proficient on using a compass, map,
  protractor, and observed fire fans to develop a terrain sketch. They will improve accuracy and improve
  speed at which a target can be located. Constant improvement of terrain sketches is a vital skill set that must
  be trained and reinforced.
  C-21. The observer can obtain an initial location by map-spot and compass, however, should refine
  the observation post location and the orientation of the laser rangefinder with more accurate means as
  soon as possible. If possible, observer location should be determined by survey. Lacking survey control,
  however, the observer has a variety of techniques available to self-locate. An observer should always
  use the most accurate means of self-location available that the situation permits in a D3SOE.
  C-22. To consistently determine an accurate target location, an observer: