text: Chapter 3
  * Vegetation and materials analysis has important benefits to counterinsurgency and law
  enforcement operations, as well as effects on crop yield and production;
  * Detect obscurants and differentiate between types, such as dust, smoke, fog, and oil mist;
  * Detect ionospheric disturbances, such as scintillation, which can impact ultrahigh frequency
  space-based sensor reliability;
  * Detect changes in activity in a given area which can be especially beneficial supporting
  counterdrug, law enforcement, detecting and monitoring environmental damage, and disaster
  relief; and
  * Increase overall understanding of the area of responsibility by using multispectral imagery.
  3-100. Terrestrial weather can impact space-based surveillance and reconnaissance. Clouds, heavy rain,
  and sand storms all have an impact on imagery. Time of day and lighting conditions may affect electro-
  optical imagery quality. Severe weather around a mission ground station can impact data reception. JP 3-14
  further identifies impacts of weather on space capabilities.
  * Weather. The terrestrial and space environment can adversely impact a wide range of space
  systems and missions. Meteorological information is crucial to understanding and reacting to the
  effects of the environment on both terrestrial and space operations. The environment affects
  almost all aspects of operations. A few examples are: mission timing, route selection, target and
  weapon selection, mode of weapon delivery, communications, reconnaissance, and surveillance.
  * Space environment. Space capabilities provide data that forms the basis for forecasts, alerts, and
  warning for space environment that may negatively impact space assets, space operations and
  their terrestrial users.
  * Oceanography. Knowledge of the location and characteristics of oceanographic features, such as
  sea heights, sea surface ice, currents, fronts, and eddies, is essential to all maritime forces. It is
  especially critical for undersea warfare operations and may be used by commanders to avoid
  submarine or maritime mine threats. This knowledge can also be used to concentrate forces in an
  area where an adversary is most likely to be operating to optimize search and rescue operations
  at sea, and to help determine optimum locations for amphibious landings.
  3-101. The Army receives weather support from the Air Force. Data received from systems such as the
  Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellites and Defense Meteorological Satellite Program, can
  provide information on environmental factors that may affect military operations.
  3-102. The Army receives geospatial information and services support through National Geospatial-
  Intelligence Agency and organic Army assets. Imagery capabilities such as multispectral and hyperspectral
  imagery can provide planners with current information on sub-surface, surface, and air conditions such as
  trafficability, beach conditions, vegetation, and land use.
  SPACE-BASED SURVEILLANCE AND RECONNAISSANCE
  3-103. Space-based information collection systems are a crucial enabler supporting all Army operations.
  Space capabilities are well suited for information collection missions. Satellite systems is well suited for
  imaging and information collection missions as they allow access to otherwise denied areas. The Army
  Intelligence Center of Excellence is responsible for space-based reconnaissance and surveillance force
  integration and life-cycle management of Army-related user equipment. Army access to overhead
  information collection is provided through established intelligence channels.
  3-104. Space-based information collection complements air and ground based information collection.
  Surveillance from the space domain enables the forces to overcome terrestrial line of sight restrictions and
  affords coverage of large area of interest. In some cases, such as forced entry, the only early surveillance
  available will likely be from space assets. Space sensors can provide multispectral, hyperspectral, and
  synthetic aperture radar imagery, geospatial and signals intelligence, and other various capabilities of value
  to the supported Army commander. The Army leverages space-based collection through the submission of
  requests for collection through the joint collection management process.