text: Chapter 4
  challenges associated with the complexities and ambiguities that characterize the wide range of air and
  missile threats they must defeat.
  COMMAND OF AIR DEFENSE ARTILLERY FORCES IS EXERCISED
  BY ARMY COMMANDERS
  4-47. Although AMD operations are inherently joint and interdependent, the command of ADA forces is
  always retained by Army commanders and cannot be delegated. Similarly, while the control of AMD fires is
  usually retained by the designated AADC, that control does not lessen the fundamental responsibility of ADA
  commanders for mission accomplishment and leading their formations.
  4-48. Army command policy and mission command/C2 doctrine apply to all commanders regardless of unit
  type. Command of ADA forces includes the authority and responsibility for effectively using available
  resources and for planning the employment of, organizing, directing, coordinating, and controlling forces for
  the accomplishment of assigned missions. The ADA commander issues the commander’s intent which
  expresses the purpose of the operation and the desired military end state, provides focus to the staff, and helps
  subordinate and supporting commanders act to achieve the commander’s desired results.
  4-49. Operational control is inherent in command authority and may be delegated within the command.
  Operational control, as previously defined in paragraph 4-19 on page 4-3, includes the authoritative direction
  over all aspects of military operations and joint training. Operational control normally provides full authority
  to employ those forces as the commander in operational control considers necessary. However, operational
  control does not give the commander in operational control the implied authority to direct logistics or
  administration, discipline, internal organization, or unit training. These authorities reside with the commander
  pursuant to service directives. ADA forces may receive operational control of subordinate organizations, and
  may also be placed under the operational control of higher level Army organizations or another service
  component in support of a joint force or component commander.
  4-50. The Army’s overarching framework for exercising C2 is the operations process. The operations process
  drives AMD mission planning and the execution of AMD operations in accordance with a unit’s command
  structure (for example, ADA brigade to battalion) and collaboration with joint and multinational partners.
  Within the operations process, the analysis process continuously collects and evaluates all available
  information on friendly and enemy forces to support decisions made by the commander. Throughout the
  operations process, ADA commanders apply leadership to translate decisions into actions and operations.
  This process culminates when operations orders are published, thereby initiating the execution activity.
  4-51. ADA commanders make decisions and direct assigned ADA forces or those placed under their
  operational control. The planning, preparation, execution, and sustainment of the total AMD mission (force
  operations) is conducted before, during, and after commencement of combat operations. Guided by the
  principles of mission command, ADA commanders, assisted by their staffs, direct the operations of
  subordinate forces. The net results of force operations are units ready to perform the AMD mission and ADA
  capabilities integrated with, and under the control of, the designated engagement authority to execute AMD
  engagement operations.
  CONTROL OF ARMY AMD FIRES IS EXERCISED IN ACCORDANCE
  WITH JOINT FORCE COMMANDER DIRECTIVES AND BY
  DELEGATED AUTHORITIES
  4-52. Control of Army AMD fires is exercised according to JFC directives and delegated authorities. The
  separation of command responsibility from the control of AMD fires can appear problematic given that ADA
  commanders can only direct the engagement of air threats under their command authority in compliance with
  the promulgated ROE and designated engagement authority; yet, they possess the mission to defend critical
  assets. This challenge is overcome by the joint common operating precept of unity of effort in the
  accomplishment of the JFC’s objectives.
  4-53. Control of AMD engagements is executed through various personnel and agencies that collectively
  constitute the engagement authorities in the kill chain (see figure 4-1). An engagement authority is an