text: Operational Environment Overview
  security measures to protect them from damage or unauthorized access, which, if left vulnerable, could allow
  a threat to gain access to both systems and critical data.
  1-25. Every physical component of cyberspace is owned by a public or private entity. The physical layer
  often crosses geo-political boundaries and is one of the reasons that cyberspace operations require multiple
  levels of joint and unified action partner coordination. Cyberspace planners use knowledge of the physical
  location of friendly, neutral, and adversary information technology systems and infrastructures to understand
  appropriate legal frameworks for cyberspace operations and to estimate impacts of those operations. Joint
  doctrine refers to portions of cyberspace, based on who owns or controls that space, as either blue, gray, or red
  cyberspace (refer to JP 3-12). This publication refers to these areas as friendly, neutral, or enemy cyberspace
  respectively.
  LOGICAL NETWORK LAYER
  1-26. The logical network layer consists of those elements of the network related to one another in a way
  that is abstracted from the physical network, based on the logic programming (code) that drives network
  components (i.e., the relationships are not necessarily tied to a specific physical link or node, but to their ability
  to be addressed logically and exchange or process data) (JP 3-12). Nodes in the physical layer may logically
  relate to one another to form entities in cyberspace not tied to a specific node, path, or individual. Web sites
  hosted on servers in multiple physical locations where content can be accessed through a single uniform
  resource locator or web address provide an example. This may also include the logical programming to look
  for the best communications route, instead of the shortest physical route, to provide the information requested.
  CYBER-PERSONA LAYER
  1-27. The cyber-persona layer is a view of cyberspace created by abstracting data from the logical network
  layer using the rules that apply in the logical network layer to develop descriptions of digital representations of
  an actor or entity identity in cyberspace, known as a cyber-persona (JP 3-12). Cyber-personas are not confined
  to a single physical or logical location and may link to multiple physical and logical network layers. When
  planning and executing cyberspace operations, staffs should understand that one actor or entity (user) may have
  multiple cyber-personas, using multiple identifiers in cyberspace. These various identifiers can include different
  work and personal emails and different identities on different Web forums, chatrooms, and social network sites.
  1-28. For example, an individual’s account on a social media website, consisting of the username and digital
  information associated with that username, may be just one of that individual’s cyber-personas. Conversely,
  multiple different users may share a single cyber-persona or set of cyber-personas. Planners must understand
  that enemy use of cyber-personas can make attributing responsibility for cyberspace actions difficult.
  ELECTROMAGNETIC SPECTRUM
  1-29. The electromagnetic spectrum (EMS) - is a maneuver space essential for facilitating control within the
  operational environment (OE) and impacts all portions of the OE and military operations. Based on specific
  physical characteristics, the EMS is organized by frequency bands, including radio waves, microwaves, infrared
  radiation, visible light, ultraviolet radiation, x-rays, and gamma rays. Figure 1-3 on page 1-8 illustrates the
  range of standard frequencies in the EMS and some of the common devices operating in those frequencies.