text: Chapter 12
  ▪ Intelligence.
  ▪ Media polarization.
  12-6. A multinational force prevents threats from gaining an advantage in cyberspace while seeking to create
  and exploit weaknesses for the threat. Delivering strategic-level effects across the globe is almost
  instantaneous. Staffs observe carefully when planning, integrating, and synchronizing cyberspace effects
  with capabilities from other domains to prevent unintended effects in friendly and neutral systems that depend
  on cyberspace.
  12-7. Members from multiple countries in a multinational force may contribute capabilities or manning to
  the cyberspace element of a combined joint task force. When transitioning to become a part of a combined
  joint task force, joint and multinational military units have the option of maintaining the cyberspace and
  electromagnetic warfare section separately from the joint electromagnetic spectrum operations cell.
  COORDINATING WITH MULTINATIONAL PARTNERS
  12-8. Organizing and executing cyberspace operations within multinational operations require a robust
  liaison effort. Effective liaison mitigates complications caused by differences in policy and facilitates system
  integration and information sharing. Differences in national standards and laws pertaining to sovereignty in
  cyberspace may affect the willingness or the legality of a partner’s participation in cyberspace operations.
  INFORMATION SHARING
  12-9. Multinational forces coordinate with information sharing. Information sharing with multinational
  partners is essential when multinational forces operate together. Connectivity issues can compound
  interoperability challenges among multinational partners. Hardware and software incompatibilities, differing
  technical standards, and information security or cybersecurity policy may cause gaps in security or
  capabilities that require additional effort to overcome. These issues often hinder all coordination in the
  collection, dissemination, and sharing of information among multinational partners.
  12-10. It is necessary to communicate cyberspace-related information at the appropriate security
  classification level with the broadest releasability allowed by policy. To effectively integrate cyberspace
  capabilities and effects into multinational operations, commanders and staff need to understand foreign
  disclosure processes and the classification and releasability considerations for cyberspace capabilities.
  MISSION PARTNER NETWORK
  12-11. Multinational forces coordinate using the MPN. The MPN relies on common technical standards,
  configurations, and security policies among partner nations to maintain a secure network. U.S. forces mitigate
  information sharing challenges by planning and executing operations using a secret releasable MPN.
  SYNCHRONIZING CYBERSPACE OPERATIONS
  12-12. Multinational forces coordinate by synchronizing cyberspace operations. Most planning and
  synchronization in a multinational operation occurs on a secret releasable MPN, whereas most cyberspace
  operations planning takes place at a higher security classification. Security restrictions may prevent full
  disclosure of some cyberspace capabilities or planning, which may severely limit synchronization efforts.
  12-13. Effective synchronization requires the use of systems and information at the lowest appropriate
  security classification level. It is easier to coordinate cyberspace mission operations with allies and NATO
  partners than it is with nonallied multinational partners. This is based on the foreign disclosure processes,
  releasability of information, national capabilities, political leadership, common mission analysis and
  execution methodologies, and a common language.
  CYBERSECURITY
  12-14. Multinational forces implement cybersecurity when coordinating with mission partners. Commanders
  ensure adherence to cybersecurity procedures when conducting cyberspace operations with nongovernmental
  organizations and multinational partners. Planning with nongovernmental organizations may be necessary
  for foreign humanitarian assistance, peacekeeping operations, and CMO. Incorporation of these organizations
  into an operation requires the commander to balance the need of the nongovernmental organization for