text: Operations During Armed Conflict
  the introduction of additional friendly forces into theater. Preserving forward-stationed forces and retaining
  critical terrain inside a theater during the opening stages of a conflict provides depth and operational reach
  of the joint force.
  6-80. A2 and AD are two different enemy approaches that the joint force typically expects to encounter. The
  joint force often considers them as part of the same challenge because retaining or regaining access to
  geographic areas requires a cohesive joint approach through all domains. Defeating A2 and AD requires a
  multidomain approach that includes Army forces retaining or seizing critical terrain to establish the depth
  necessary for defeating enemy forces.
  6-81. Commanders defeat enemy A2 and AD approaches by employing multiple attacks through multiple
  domains. Complementary and reinforcing networked A2 and AD capabilities are resilient against a single
  line of attack. An enemy operating near its border is able to reconstitute forces and capabilities from homeland
  sanctuaries. Maneuvering the right capabilities within range to attack critical vulnerabilities might incur too
  much risk when all threat systems are operating at full capability. Therefore, leaders destroy or isolate the
  most exposed parts of the enemy’s systems over time, degrading them enough to support maneuver and create
  other opportunities to exploit. Destruction, isolation, and dislocation of various parts of an enemy integrated
  fires complex or air defense system can all contribute to its disintegration.
  6-82. The main physical components of enemy A2 and AD systems are sensors, firing platforms, networks,
  C2, sustainment, and the forces securing them. Army forces attack these components as part of a joint
  operation that integrates all available capabilities. The JFLCC requests joint effects to support Army forces.
  The JFLCC may request space capabilities to detect enemy systems, offensive space operations for specific
  effects, and offensive cyberspace operations or electromagnetic capabilities to attack an enemy’s networks
  (See FM 3-12 for information on offensive cyberspace operations.)
  6-83. The JFLCC is responsible for integrating joint capabilities and synchronizing their employment and
  effects to achieve convergence in order to enable subordinate maneuver. Achieving convergence is a key part
  of the approach to defeating enemy A2 and AD.
  6-84. Army forces request space and cyberspace effects to disrupt A2 and AD C2 networks and create other
  effects. Army formations synchronize cyberspace and electromagnetic warfare effects against the enemy’s
  network, disrupting human and automated communications between sensors, firing units, and command
  posts. When Army planners identify a requirement, they request space and cyberspace effects according to
  unit procedures. They must understand the planning and preparation timelines required for the effects they
  are requesting. For example, initiating cyberspace effects takes time, and it should be part of initial OPLAN
  development and revisions. Many cyberspace effects can take months to generate, even though they can be
  delivered rapidly once developed. This is a challenge for Army echelons whose planning horizons during
  combat are measured in terms of hours and days. Therefore, it is important that Army leaders anticipate
  desired cyberspace effects well in advance of when they will need to integrate them. (See FM 3-12 for more
  information on requesting cyberspace effects. See FM 3-14 for more information on space operations.)
  6-85. Army forces employ combinations of defeat mechanisms to attack components of an enemy’s A2 and
  AD system within the overall intent of degrading and ultimately defeating its ability to function cohesively.
  Subordinate echelons align their operations and objectives with conditions set by the land component
  command and act rapidly to exploit them. This combination of attacks and objectives ultimately defeats the
  enemy’s preferred operational approach and renders the enemy force vulnerable to follow-on operations by
  the JFC. Commanders use deliberate and dynamic targeting to create opportunities to attack the enemy and
  create redundancies for friendly forces. (See JP 3-60 and ATP 3-60 for more information on dynamic and
  deliberate targeting processes.)
  6-86. Commanders must account for the possibility that enemy forces are able to regenerate some or all of
  their capabilities, in some cases by repositioning forces from elsewhere. Commanders and staffs continually
  assess enemy A2 and AD systems and maintain enough combat power to defeat enemy regeneration efforts
  to avoid surprise and preserve friendly freedom of action. Defeating enemy A2 and AD approaches typically
  enables joint forcible entry operations and the movement of friendly forces from aerial ports of debarkation
  and seaports of debarkation to their tactical assembly areas.