text: Chapter 2
  (cid:122) Direct fire—fire delivered on a target using the target itself as a point of aim for either the weapon
  or the director (JP 3-09.3).
  (cid:122) Fires—the use of weapon systems or other actions to create specific lethal or nonlethal effects on
  a target (JP 3-09).
  (cid:122) Indirect fire—the fire delivered at a target not visible to the firing unit;the fire delivered to a target
  that is not itself used as a point of aim for the weapons or the director(see TC 3-09.81).
  (cid:122) Neutralize—a tactical mission task that results in rendering enemy personnel or materiel incapable
  of interfering with a particular operation (FM 3-90-1).
  (cid:122) Suppress—a tactical mission task that results in the temporary degradation of the performance of
  a force or weapon system below the level needed to accomplish its mission (FM 3-90-1).
  (cid:122) Suppression—the temporary or transient degradation by an opposing force of the performance of
  a weapons system below the level needed to fulfill its mission objectives (JP 3-01).
  OPERATIONS STRUCTURE
  2-100. The operations structure—the operations process, warfighting functions, and operational
  framework—is the Army’s common construct for unified land operations—simultaneous execution of
  offense, defense, stability, and defense support of civil authorities across multiple domains to shape
  operational environments, prevent conflict, prevail in large-scale ground combat, and consolidate gains as
  part of unified action (ADP3-0). The operations structure allows Army leaders to organize the effort rapidly
  and effectively and, in a manner,commonly understood across the Army. The operations process provides a
  broadly defined approach to developing and executing operations. The warfighting functions provide an
  intellectual organization for common critical functions (see paragraph 2-77). The operational framework
  provides Army leaders with basic conceptual options for visualizing and describing operations. (SeeADP3-0
  for additional information.)
  OPERATIONS PROCESS
  2-101. The Army’s framework for exercising command and control is the operations process—the major
  command and control activities performed during operations: planning, preparing, executing, and
  continuously assessing the operation (ADP 5-0). The operations process is a commander-led activity to plan,
  prepare,execute,and assess military operations (see chapter 4for details). These activities may be sequential
  or simultaneous. In fact,theyare rarely discrete and often involve a great deal of overlap. The commander,
  assisted by the staff,uses the operations process to drive the conceptual and detailed planning necessary to
  understand their operational environment; visualize and describe the operation’s end state and operational
  approach;make and articulate decisions;and direct,lead,and assess military operations. (SeeADP 5-0 for
  additional information.)
  OPERATIONAL FRAMEWORK
  2-102. The commander and staff use an operational framework, and associated vocabulary, to help
  conceptualize and describe the concept of operations in time,space,purpose,and resources. An operational
  frameworkis a cognitive tool used to assist commanders and staffs in clearly visualizing and describing the
  application of combat power in time,space,purpose,and resources in the concept of operations (ADP 1-01).
  An operational framework establishes an area of geographic and operational responsibility for the
  commander and provides a way to visualize how the commander will employ forces against the enemy. To
  understand this framework is to understand the relationship between the area of operations and operations in
  depth—the extension of operationsin time,space,or purpose toachieve definitive results (ADP 3-0). Proper
  relationships allow for simultaneous operations and massing of effects against the enemy.
  2-103. The operational framework has four components. First, the commander is assigned an area of
  operations for the conduct of operations. Second, the commander can designate deep, close, rear, support,
  and consolidation areas to describe the physical arrangement of forces in time and space. Third,within this
  area,the commander conducts decisive,shaping,and sustaining operations to articulate the operation in terms
  of purpose. Finally, the commander designates the main and supporting efforts to designate the shifting
  prioritization of resources.