text: Space Considerations During Multinational Operations
  ▪ Monitor terrestrial areas of interest through information collection assets to help reveal the
  enemy’s location and disposition; reveal route, area, zone, and force reconnaissance; and
  attempt to identify the enemy’s intent.
  ▪ Receive GPS status and accuracy of PNT for planning and conducting mission and maneuver
  operations to support fires and targeting effects.
  ▪ Receive meteorological, oceanographic, and space environmental information which the staff
  has processed, analyzed, and leveraged to produce timely and accurate weather effects and
  impacts on operations.
  BUILDING CAPACITY AND PARTNERSHIP THROUGH
  MULTINATIONAL OPERATIONS
  11-13. Space operations continuously support multinational operations throughout a combined space
  operational environment. This persistent space support is technology driven and often transparent. Not all
  allies or international partners own the same or equal amounts of organic space capabilities, but all understand
  the synergy and unity of effort created when capabilities are synchronized to support the commander’s intent
  and concept of operations. Conducting multinational space operations demonstrates the importance of
  building capacity within responsible and capable partner nations for current and future operations.
  11-14. Interoperability is constrained by our mission partners’ capabilities and limitations. Some
  multinational forces lack the ability or sufficient experience to dedicate personnel to a space position and
  assign space operations as an additional duty. However, those forces still have requirements for space
  operations in a multinational environment. In these cases, elements such as the theater space support element
  can assist in generating requests and providing useful information.
  11-15. Forces can use space operations systems in multinational operations to build partnership capacity and
  improve resilience and interoperability in the following ways:
  • Terrestrial and space weather monitoring for operational planning.
  • GPS accuracy reports.
  • Geolocation and neutralization of mobile signal jammers.
  • Satellite imagery from military and commercial collection systems.
  • Notification of ballistic missile launch events or attacks.
  • Resolution of SATCOM electromagnetic interference.
  11-16. Some space operations systems, capabilities, or effects may not be authorized for disclosure to
  multinational forces due to their classification. This does not prevent the capability or effect from being
  included in planning and used in operations. To avoid compromise or spillage of information to noncleared
  forces, these capabilities and effects are segmented and require special considerations during their planning,
  integration, and execution.
  SPACE PLANNING CONSIDERATIONS
  11-17. The space planner ensures all COAs meet the requirements for suitability, feasibility, and acceptability
  regarding the integration of space capabilities and effects. The space planner ensures shared knowledge is
  suitable. This suitability includes understanding the level of knowledge that partner nations’ armies have
  regarding the use of space products and services. Feasibility involves early planning. The early involvement
  of space planners in the development of the commander’s intent and planning enables collaboration and
  integration with missions, functions, and tasks. A consideration of space operations is the lead-time required
  for capabilities and effects.
  11-18. Space planners anticipate requirements during initial planning, evaluate host-nation resources, and
  integrate the requirements into the operation plan. Space planners participate in all aspects of COAs
  development, analysis, and comparisons. During COA development, the principal focus of space planners
  should be to—
  • Determine how space operations can best support commander’s intent.
  • Determine how to integrate space capabilities and effects into mission operations.
  • Provide input on which COAs are most supportable with effective space operations.