text: Chapter 5
  Fire Support During Competition and Crisis
  This chapter begins with a discussion on Army operations during competition. Section
  I discusses FS activities during competition. Section II discusses FS activities during
  crisis. This chapter ends with the transition to armed conflict.
  SECTION I – FIRE SUPPORT DURING COMPETITION
  5-1. Competition below armed conflict occurs when an adversary’s national interests are incompatible with
  U.S. interests, and that adversary is willing to actively pursue them short of open armed conflict. While
  neither side desires, at least initially, to use military force as the primary method to achieve its goal, the
  adversary is willing to employ national instruments of power, including military force, below the threshold
  of actual armed conflict to achieve its aims. The resulting tension between the two sides creates potential for
  violent escalation when one side challenges the status quo. For more information on competition see FM 3-
  0.
  5-2. FS and FA activities that contribute during competition consist of but are not limited to participating
  in activities such as security cooperation, regionally assigned and aligned forces, and setting the theater for
  operations. Operations during competition also include foundational training strategy such as training,
  maintaining operational readiness, and contingency planning conducted by the various elements of the FS
  system. The Army and joint targeting process are critical during competition.
  SECURITY COOPERATION
  5-3. Security Cooperation. Security cooperation activities include security assistance, security force
  assistance (SFA), and foreign internal defense (FID).
  * Foreign internal defense is the participation by civilian and military forces of a government or
  international organizations in any of the programs and activities undertaken by a host nation
  government to free and protect its society from subversion, lawlessness, insurgency, terrorism,
  and other threats to its security (JP 3-22).
  * Security assistance includes U.S. government programs that enable the provision of defense
  articles, military training, and other defense related services. Foreign military FS personnel
  attendance to FS specific initial entry and professional military education schools such as joint
  fires observer, the FA basic officer leader course, and the FA captain's career course are examples
  of FS and FA contributions to security assistance.
  * Security force assistance is the Department of Defense activities that support the development of
  the capacity and capability of foreign security forces and their supporting institutions (JP 3-20).
  The focus of SFA is building the capacity and capability of foreign security forces (FSF) and their
  supporting institutions. Foreign security forces personnel are organized and/or employed for
  security, whether they are civil or military, federal, state or provincial, or local (JP 3-20). SFA
  encompasses various activities from tactical to ministerial level. FS and FA personnel will
  primarily train, advise, and assist foreign security forces at the tactical and operational levels.
  When determining goals for the FSF, it's important to fit them to the needs of the force. Success
  at SFA is determined by allowing the FSF to meet their own FS needs, not necessarily having
  them meet U.S. FS and FA standards. Potential areas that FA personnel can provide advice on
  include, but are not limited to, FS planning and integration; clearance of fires; and reconnaissance,
  selection, and occupation of a position. They may also advise the supported unit on training