text: Tactical Deception
  Table 19-2. Forms of tactical deception and planning symbols
  Forms of Tactical Deception Tactical Symbol
  Feint
  Demonstration
  TACTICAL DECEPTION PLANNING
  19-51. Units should consider deception in all activities of the operations process. It is unlikely that an under
  resourced and nonintegrated tactical deception will succeed, and the longer tactical deception is not accounted
  for in the operations process, the more probability it will fail. Tactical deception can be used to support a
  range of missions and to prevent duplication of deception efforts; therefore, leaders should coordinate tactical
  deceptions both laterally and vertically. Preparing and executing a tactical deception requires the same
  considerations as any operation but has some key additions in the planning phase.
  19-52. Tactical deception is integrated early during the planning process to increase its effectiveness in
  causing the enemy to act or react in a desired manner. Prior to the integration of deception, commanders must
  determine the desired effects on the enemy. Tactical deception focuses on the enemy’s decision-making
  process. Tactical deception must end in an enemy decision to act or not act in a way that supports an operation.
  The enemy decision-making process occurs in the see-think-do planning methodology:
  * See: What significant physical and technical indicators can the enemy see, sense, or detect?
  * Think: Do these indicators lead the enemy to believe what it sees, senses, or detects?
  * Do: Has the enemy decided on an action or inaction based on what it believes?
  19-53. Planners use the see-think-do planning methodology in reverse to guide deception planning,
  execution, and assessment. Planners begin by identifying what they want the enemy to do, then determining
  what the enemy must think in order to act as desired, and finally establishing what the deception target must
  see to encourage thinking that way. Successful deception operations are those that do more than make the
  target believe or think the deception is true. The deception target must make a decision to act or not act in a
  way that favors friendly operations.
  19-54. Deception planners use this planning methodology to ensure that each tactical deception is properly
  constructed. They develop courses of action based on the tactical plan. They integrate any revised
  commander’s guidance and updated intelligence analysis to refine and complete their deception plan using
  the six-step deception planning process. (See FM 3-13.4 for more detail on tactical deception planning
  process.)
  TACTICAL DECEPTION IN OFFENSIVE OPERATIONS
  19-55. The intent of TAC-D in the offense is to enhance the friendly force’s course of action by avoiding
  the enemy’s strengths, striking their weaknesses, and gaining overall surprise. An important consideration in
  tactical deception is that the unit must be able to exercise some influence over its assigned area. The unit
  needs to influence through some offensive action and not merely react to the enemy’s defensive actions.