text: Chapter 2
  Short-Range Air Defense Fundamentals
  This chapter discusses the role of SHORAD and its capabilities, how SHORAD
  battalions and batteries are organized, and how they fit within divisional and brigade
  operational constructs in support of Army operations. Finally, this chapter provides
  commanders an overview and general guidance on how SHORAD organizations and
  capabilities integrate into combined arms operations, allowing flexibility to employ
  forces as they deem necessary.
  OVERVIEW
  Short-range air defense is defined as capabilities that provide air defense against low-altitude air
  threats. (FM 3-01). The expanded definition of SHORAD is those dedicated ADA and non-dedicated air
  defense capabilities which enable movement and maneuver by destroying, neutralizing, or deterring low
  altitude air threats to defend critical fixed and semi-fixed assets and maneuvering forces.
  SHORAD is comprised of dedicated and non-dedicated air defense capabilities. Dedicated air defense
  capabilities are provided by ADA branch formations manned by school-trained ADA Soldiers. Dedicated
  emphasizes the ADA organizations' primary mission: provide active air defense effects. Non-dedicated refers
  to contributions that Army forces, other than ADA, provide in the execution of AMD operations; the primary
  consideration is to defend themselves when dedicated systems are not available. Non-dedicated air defense
  is commonly referred to as combined arms for air defense (known as CAFAD). For more information on
  combined arms for air defense, see ATP 3-01.8.
  Current dedicated SHORAD systems are the M-SHORAD, Avenger, Land-based Phalanx Weapon
  System, Sentinel, and Forward Area Air Defense Command and Control. The enduring indirect fire
  protection capability is in development and initial capabilities will be fielded in the near term. It will replace
  Avenger and the Land-based Phalanx Weapon System. Indirect fire protection capability will defend theater-
  and corps-level fixed sites and division semi-fixed sites against cruise and tactical air-to-surface missiles,
  UASs, and RAM. Threat details are provided in chapter 3.
  Note: Land-based Phalanx Weapon System is used in lieu of counter-rocket, artillery and mortar
  (known as C-RAM) system throughout this document. It is one of the two current weapon systems
  in the Indirect Fire Protection Capability-Avenger battalion.
  ROLE OF SHORT-RANGE AIR DEFENSE
  The role of SHORAD is to defeat low-altitude air threats and provide directed early warning to
  supported maneuver forces and other designated critical assets in support of Army and joint operations. The
  low-altitude air threats consist of UASs, rotary-wing aircraft, fixed-wing aircraft, cruise missiles, and RAM.
  Threat details are provided in chapter 3.
  SHORAD forces operate primarily at the tactical and operational levels. Tactical-level air defense
  operations support the overall objectives of the divisions, BCTs, and maneuver task forces. At this level,
  SHORAD forces include M-SHORAD, Avenger, and eventually indirect fire protection capability systems.
  SHORAD forces protect the maneuver forces and critical fixed and semi-fixed assets from air threats, thus
  reducing casualties and allowing the combat forces the freedom to maneuver and to conduct aggressive,
  sustained operations. They also provide early warning by employing sensors to detect air, missile, and RAM