text: Space Operational Environment
  2-74. Army space forces are engaged in high tempo operations while traditional ground forces are firmly
  rooted in the shape phase. Army space operations focus on preventing and deterring conflict by constantly
  conducting shaping, deterrence, and stabilization activities. Synchronized space operations with unified
  action partners contribute to partnership building, which aids in stability, deterrence, and civil authority.
  2-75. When enemy troops are on-the-move and bullets, mortars, and missiles start to fly, the need to initiate
  an OPLAN becomes clear. Shaping is ongoing and the effort to deter, seize the initiative, and dominate the
  battlefield begins. Generally speaking, in the absence of direct combat there is no need to implement an
  OPLAN—troops shape the environment—but are not in battle.
  2-76. EMS-dependent operations are different because of their persistent nature—space operations
  activities and the level of effort in the shaping phase may not be significantly different from those in the
  dominate phase. These operations are definitely out of phase when ground forces are not in battle and will
  likely be out of phase with ground operation phases when an OPLAN is implemented. Actions like
  intentionally jamming specific frequencies of the EMS or helping orchestrate a distributed denial of service
  attack against friendly networks are not viewed as triggers to initiate an OPLAN. What would likely be
  viewed as a seize initiative phase for traditional battle is often viewed simply as daily harassment in the EMS.
  Once an OPLAN is implemented, response to these actions are viewed as dominate phase activities. This
  clearly illustrates why traditional battle and battle between EMS-dependent operations must be viewed
  differently by commanders and staffs within the framework of war.
  2-77. The battle framework was originally developed to conduct battle in the close and deep areas so we
  could engage the enemy across the depth of their formation. The deep fight was conducted with uncommitted
  forces used to disrupt the uncommitted echelons of the enemy. While the objective was to disrupt those forces
  by the time they got to the close fight, disrupting the uncommitted echelons of the deep fight had no
  immediate impact on the close fight.
  2-78. With space operations, the reach is worldwide and nearly instantaneous; there is no such thing as a
  deep area with uncommitted echelons. From a space domain perspective, space operations are always
  engaged in all phases simultaneously across the entire battlefield, without regard to whether the battle occurs
  in the close area, deep area, or EME (see figure 2-1). In space operations, the different phases of battle are
  compressed; occur rapidly, and phases are often indistinguishable from each other. Army space operations
  support all phases of an operation. As operations progress over time, the capacity and intensity of space
  operations increase to counter enemy efforts.
  Figure 2-1. Space operations persistence across the joint phasing model
  2-79. The effects generated against opposing forces using the EMS may be felt nearly instantaneously.
  Effects delivered with precision and simultaneity, compress the amount of time the enemy has to respond—