text: Chapter 1
  Military engineers must establish interagency relationships through negotiation. The specific agency varies,
  depending on who has federal or state jurisdiction for the situation (for example, disaster relief versus a
  firefighting mission). Agreements should be written as memorandums of understanding or terms of reference
  to ensure understanding and avoid confusion. Most agreements are made at the combatant command or joint
  task force (JTF) level and normally place legal restrictions on using military personnel and equipment. These
  agencies and organizations may have unique engineering capabilities that could be used as part of the overall
  operational effort. However, these agencies and organizations often request extensive engineer support of
  activities and programs. It is critical that an effective engineer liaison is established with the force
  headquarters civil-military operations center, or the civil military operations directorate of a joint staff (J-9)
  at the JTF level, to coordinate and execute any engineer support exchanged with these agencies.
  JOINT CONSIDERATIONS
  Army engineers frequently operate in a joint environment and must understand joint command and
  support authorities and relationships (described in JP 1), which are similar, but not identical to, Army
  command and support relationships. They must understand how these are applied in joint engineer operations,
  as described in JP 3-34. Particularly pertinent to engineer operations are—
  * The directive authority for logistics that CCDRs have and the authority to delegate directive
  authority for common support capabilities, which include engineer support.
  * The authority to employ mines, which originates with the President. See JP 3-15 for additional
  information.
  SUPPORT TO SPECIAL OPERATIONS FORCES
  Special operations forces provide an array of formations that are capable of rapidly reversing the
  conditions of human suffering by decisively resolving conflicts. Engineers support Army special operations
  forces through a number of unique capabilities and tasks that include GI&S, infrastructure development,
  facility construction and maintenance, training an indigenous population on how to construct protective
  obstacles, mobile electric power, and facility hardening. Special operations support can be performed at the
  company, platoon, squad, or Soldier level. Support to special operations tends to require smaller elements
  with multifunctional capabilities. Operational contract support, logistics, and engineering operations work
  hand-in-hand throughout the special operations AOR.
  SUPPORT TO CYBER ELECTROMAGNETIC ACTIVITIES
  Cyber electromagnetic activities are continuous and unimpeded by geography. This domain leverages
  the electromagnetic spectrum through wireless systems. Wireless systems are enablers to modern
  telecommunications, computer networks, and weapon systems. Engineers are enablers and users of cyber
  electromagnetic activities. Engineers support these activities through tasks that include—
  * Hardening facilities.
  * Constructing protective obstacles.
  * Providing uninterrupted medium-voltage electrical power.
  * Providing clean and secure power/energy supply and grid systems to mitigate and minimize cyber
  electromagnetic disruptions from adversary systems.
  SPACE-BASED DEPENDENCIES
  Engineers rely on space-based capabilities and systems (global positioning systems, communication
  and weather satellites, intelligence collection platforms) to be successful in combat, general, and geospatial
  engineering. The planning and coordination of space support with national, Service, joint, theater, and
  commercial resources take place at the corps and division levels to provide expertise, advice, and planning
  that may directly affect and impact engineer missions to plan, communicate, maneuver, and maintain
  situational awareness; conduct reconnaissance; and protect and sustain U.S. forces. Space-enabled
  capabilities are widely used to maintain situational awareness. Space-based systems are critical during
  engineer operations because they—