text: Appendix D
  AIR AND ARMY AVIATION SUPPORT
  D-49. Air and Army aviation support is an important aspect of urban operations. Although air-delivered fires
  from manned and unmanned fixed- and rotary-wing aircraft can positively and directly affect the conduct of
  unit actions in the urban area, the ability of aircraft to provide fires may be limited by the structural makeup
  of the urban location. FSEs should consider the use of supporting aircraft to observe, call for, and adjust
  indirect fires, and report battle damage assessment.
  D-50. Air interdiction (AI) can be a vital component of shaping operations in urban terrain. Often, AI of the
  avenues of approach into the urban area isolates the threat by diverting, disrupting, delaying, or destroying
  threat forces before they can be used effectively against friendly units. AI is especially effective in major
  theater war circumstances where restrictions on airpower are limited, and the threat is likely to be a
  conventionally equipped enemy. In addition to setting the conditions for future operations and dominating
  the urban operation through firepower, the commander can use aviation support capabilities to improve and
  augment the urban transportation and distribution infrastructure. For more on aviation support to urban
  operations see ATP 3-06.
  NONLETHAL ACTIVITIES
  D-51. Aspects of CEMA (such as electromagnetic attack) and nonlethal effects (such as artillery- or air-
  delivered military information support operations leaflets) are not designed specifically to minimize fatalities,
  but they may be used with the same intent. Nonlethal activities can help the commander maintain the desired
  balance between protection, mission accomplishment, and the safety of noncombatants by expanding the
  number of options available when the use of deadly force poses problems. In determining nonlethal
  capabilities use and employment, the commander should consider risk, threat perspective, legal, ethical, and
  environmental concerns, and public opinion:
  * Planning EW assets to defeat explosive threats, disrupt enemy information collection (see the
  discussion in chapter 4 and FM 3-55), reconnaissance and surveillance efforts, and detect the
  enemy's use of the EMS for targeting purposes.
  * A threat may interpret the use of nonlethal activities as our reluctance to use force. This may
  embolden the enemy to adopt courses of action otherwise not considered.
  * Some nonlethal activities may have unintended adverse effects on the local population. This may
  arouse adverse public opinion.
  * The targeting working group and targeting board must synchronize the use of nonlethal activities.
  LEGAL CONSIDERATIONS FOR FIRE SUPPORT IN URBAN
  OPERATIONS
  D-52. The large numbers of noncombatants potentially affected by urban operations are a major legal concern
  and increase the requirement for knowledgeable and active legal support. Whether noncombatants suffer the
  negative effects of urban combat or benefit from foreign humanitarian assistance, there are legal requirements
  and ramifications to every aspect of the operation. Further, the impact military operations have on the local
  infrastructure must be carefully monitored. Some infrastructure provides service to noncombatants that, if
  destroyed or significantly curtailed, could result in their displacement, or increase the level of human
  suffering. The laws of armed conflict restrict the targeting of certain infrastructure.
  D-53. The law of war consists of several general principles that must be considered by the commander in
  evaluating all uses of force. Four of the most important ones are discrimination, military necessity,
  unnecessary suffering, and proportionality:
  * Discrimination - Distinguish between combatants, who may be attacked, and noncombatants who
  may not be attacked.
  * Military necessity - Use only those measures that are necessary for securing the military objective
  as soon as possible, unless forbidden by international or domestic law.
  * Unnecessary suffering - The prohibition of using weapons, projectiles, or other materials, which,
  by their nature or manner of use, are calculated to cause superfluous injury or unnecessary
  suffering.