text: Chapter 10
  participants and worked out pent-up student energy by deploying them to the provinces. In Vietnam, youth
  programs proved beneficial.
  10-17. Outside groups can be very effective at generational engagement. For example, the Afghanistan
  Youth National and Social Organization is a non-profit, non-governmental organization that enrolls young
  Afghani males. It has district chapters, made up of around 45,000 dues-paying members, it enjoys a great
  deal of autonomy, and it organizes according to the needs of its local members. Its civic education program
  educated Afghans about their political rights and obligations, and it strengthened dialogue between local
  leaders and government officials. The importance of engaging local youth in Afghanistan was indicated in
  after action reviews and outside groups play an important part in building civic society. In sum, a non-
  governmental organization was effective at engaging the population and encouraging dialogue.
  10-18. The first step that counterinsurgents can take to ensure that this happens is by leveraging key
  leadership at the local and district levels to meet with and discuss significant issues with the population.
  Just meeting with the younger elements of the population will not constitute completion of generational
  engagement. There must be efforts to follow through on major discussion topics and resolve issues that are
  significant to them. Where counterinsurgent forces are able to, they must continue to push local leaders to
  not just meet with them but also to address and resolve issues. This can be done initially by
  counterinsurgents and eventually by the host-nation government in concert with host-nation security forces.
  10-19. Lastly, host-nation security forces must ensure that these actions are taken and that they are
  perceived as supportive of all elements of the population. This may done initially with counterinsurgent
  forces as the lead elements and later as host-nation forces develop their ability to take the lead on providing
  security as a supporting element of government representatives.
  NEGOTIATION AND DIPLOMACY
  10-20. Negotiation and diplomacy are ways to resolve or defeat an insurgency. Counterinsurgents must
  influence the host-nation government and its subordinate elements (for example, the office of land reform)
  to remove the root causes that have led to acts of subversion and violence in order to seize, nullify, or
  challenge political control of a region. (See figure 10-2 which shows the process of negotiation and
  diplomacy.)