text: Chapter 3
  DENSE URBAN ENVIRONMENT
  3-64. With the increasing urbanization of modern society conflicts will inherently take place in dense urban
  environments. These environments present a number of challenges that the Army must prepare for and
  address if it will be successful in future missions. Major cities grow together forming regions of dense
  populations that stretch hundreds of kilometers and can encompass over 100 million people. These dense
  urban environments are extremely complex in the following ways, which make them difficult to control:
  * Modern cities are multidimensional (subterranean, surface, and vertical).
  * Cities are interconnected through globalization, social media, and modern methods of
  communication/information dissemination.
  3-65. Through the execution of TG, CNDE, CKI, and CMI, CA forces provide critical civil knowledge to,
  and expand options for, the supported commander. This increases situational understanding of the OE and
  allows clarity for visualization of the battlefield and actionable civil knowledge for the decision-making
  process. During the fast pace of offensive operations commanders may bypass large population centers.
  When passing by or through large population centers civilians and military elements may come into conflict
  and slow the advance. CA forces develop networks and support governance in these population centers as a
  way to enable host-nation elements to maintain control.
  3-66. By developing these civil networks, CA forces can identify civil capabilities, capacities, and resources
  that can support consolidation of gains, provide area security, and enable civil security within these
  population centers. CA forces can conduct TG to ensure that government functions continue until those
  functions can be turned over to proper civilian authorities.
  3-67. Using these methods, CA forces can use combat power elsewhere on the battlefield to defeat the enemy
  when CA forces enable a commander to—
  * Preserve combat power.
  * Extend command and control into areas that are normally not within the control of the commander.
  * Control influence (through CA units of action and their associated civil networks).
  * Increase the maneuverability of forces.
  3-68. In defense and stability operations, CA forces develop and mobilize networks that deny space to threat
  networks and simultaneously provide governance to address the hardships placed on the population due to
  the destruction caused by large-scale combat operations. These networks allow for an effective transition of
  the OE to host-nation control. These networks also reduce the amount of military resources necessary to
  consolidate gains. These efficiencies enable commanders to focus military resources and capabilities in areas
  where civil networks are not as robust or in locations where there is a lack of essential civil capabilities and
  resources.
  CYBERSPACE
  3-69. Cyberspace is a global domain within the information environment consisting of interdependent networks
  of information technology infrastructures and resident data, including the Internet, telecommunications
  networks, computer systems, and embedded processors and controllers (JP 3-12). Friendly, enemy, adversary,
  and host-nation networks, communications systems, cellular phone systems, social media, and technical
  infrastructures are all part of cyberspace.
  3-70. Cyberspace has increasingly become a domain that will provide the capability for essential interactions
  between CA forces and the civil populace. Social media, internet-based radio stations, internet-based
  communications systems, and other advancements have enabled CA forces to conduct information collection,
  engagement opportunities, and influence activities using cyberspace resources. CND, CR, and CE might even
  be conducted through social media. Given the proper communications resources, CA forces are able to
  maintain near constant contact with IPI, multinational forces, unified action partners, NGOs, international
  organizations, and private entities while not being able to physically maintain a presence in that environment.
  3-71. CMOCs utilize local social media and cyber networks to integrate, coordinate, and synchronize critical
  information to unified action partners and to ensure dissemination of civil knowledge to all required entities
  within the AO, thereby enabling unity of effort. Ensuring that CA forces are able to use the cyber domain