text: Tracking and Countertracking
  ORGANIZATION OF TRACKING TEAM
  I-20. Tracking units can be any size as long as they have these three elements: a leader, a tracker, and
  security. Often tracking teams consist of two types:
  TRACKER AND COVER PERSON
  I-21. Each team member is equally skilled. They can move fast because they know each other's abilities
  and weaknesses and can compensate for each other.
  TRACKING TEAM LEADER, TRACKER, RTO, AND TWO SECURITY PERSONNEL
  I-22. The advantages of a tracking team with this many members are increased observation and
  security. The disadvantage is the size of the team.
  TRACKER AND DOG TEAM
  I-23. Trackers work more effectively with dog teams than without.
  TRAITS OF A TRACKING DOG
  I-24. The dog(s) follows a trail faster and can continue to track at night. Despite years of domestication,
  dogs retain most of the traits of their wild ancestors. If put to controlled use, these traits are effective when
  tracking.
  Endurance
  I-25. A dog can hold a steady pace and effectively track for up to eight hours. The speed can be up to
  10 miles per hour, only limited by the speed of the handler. The speed and endurance can be further
  increased by the use of vehicles and extra teams.
  Mental Characteristics
  I-26. Dogs are curious by nature. They can also be aggressive or lazy, cowardly or brave. Dogs' sensory
  traits are what make them seem intelligent.
  Aggressiveness
  I-27. Tracking dogs are screened and trained to function as aggressive trackers, eager to please their
  handlers.
  SENSES OF A TRACKING DOG
  I-28. Knowledge of the dog's senses and how he uses them helps the evader to think ahead of the dog.
  Sight
  I-29. A dog's vision is the lesser of the sensing abilities. He can see in black and white and has trouble
  spotting static objects at more than 50 yards. He can spot moving objects at considerable distances, but he
  does not look up unless he is trained. His night vision is no better than that of a human.
  Sound
  I-30. Dogs can hear quieter and higher frequencies than humans. A dangerous problem for the evader is
  the dog's ability to hear. Even more dangerous is their ability to locate the source of a sound. Dogs can
  hear 40 times better than a human.
  Smell
  I-31. The dog's sense of smell is about 900 times better than a human. It is by far the greatest asset to
  the tracker and largest threat to the evader. Dogs can detect minute substances or disturbances on the
  ground, or even in the air. Using distracting or irritating odors such as CS powder or pepper only bothers a
  dog for 3 to 5 minutes. After the dog discharges the odor, he can pick up a cold trail even quicker. The dog