text: Chapter 3
  ensure Army forces avoid activities that inadvertently provoke crisis or armed conflict. Army forces, as
  directed by the theater Army, must stay within an activity level that meets the CCDR’s intent for readiness
  without unintentionally increasing tensions.
  MILITARY ENGAGEMENT
  3-5. Military engagement is the contact and interaction between individuals or elements of the Armed Forces
  of the United States and those of another nation's armed forces, or foreign and domestic civilian authorities
  or agencies, to build trust and confidence, share information, coordinate mutual activities, and maintain
  influence (JP 3-0). A military-to-military engagement requires less sustainment support than large-scale
  combat operations. Host-nation support is civil and/or military assistance rendered by a nation to foreign
  forces within its territory during peacetime, crises or emergencies, or war based on agreements mutually
  concluded between nations. Military engagements can reduce tensions and may preclude conflict; if conflict
  is unavoidable, these engagements may allow the United States to enter into it with stronger alliances or
  coalitions. Sustainers are involved in all these engagements primarily to facilitate sustainment agreements
  and coordinate planning for future operations.
  SECURITY COOPERATION
  3-6. Security cooperation encompasses all Department of Defense interactions with foreign security
  establishments to build relationships that promote specific United States security interests, develop allied and
  partner military and security capabilities for self-defense and multinational operations, and provide United
  States forces with peacetime and contingency access to allies and partners (JP 3-20). The Department of State
  leads and provides oversight for security cooperation efforts.
  3-7. Sustainment commands conduct parallel and collaborative planning in order to synchronize sustainment
  operations for theater security cooperation activities. The Army approach to supporting the larger DOD
  security cooperation effort is either indirect or direct.
  3-8. Indirect approach activities involve the United States supporting a nation with security cooperation
  programs, given legitimate authorities, designed to enhance its capability and capacity. The sustainment
  command supports the following programs and activities typical of the indirect approach:
  • International military education and training.
  • Multinational and joint exercises and exchange programs.
  3-9. Direct approach activities involve U.S. forces assisting the host nation by conducting operations for the
  mutual benefit of the host nation and U.S. interests. These operations either provide a capability the host
  nation does not possess or increase the capacity of the host nation to conduct the operation.
  3-10. Security assistance is a group of programs authorized by federal statutes by which the United States
  provides defense articles, military training, and other defense-related services by grant, lease, loan, credit, or
  cash sales in furtherance of national policies and objectives, and those that are funded and authorized through
  the Department of State to be administered by Department of Defense/Defense Security Cooperation Agency,
  which are considered part of security cooperation (JP 3-20). Security assistance programs are typically
  focused on the transfer of defense articles and services to eligible foreign governments, the provision of
  training and education to foreign military personnel, and the sale of construction services in support of partner
  nation military establishments. Sustainers are frequently required to provide support and logistics training to
  support these activities.
  3-11. Security force assistance includes the Department of Defense activities that support the development
  of capacity and capability of foreign security forces and their supporting institutions (JP 3-20). Army
  sustainers interact with sustainers of partner countries in these operations. These partnerships assist in future
  interoperability and enhance partner nation militaries logistics capabilities.
  3-12. Foreign internal defense is participation by civilian agencies and military forces of a government or
  international organizations in any of the programs and activities undertaken by a host nation government to
  free and protect its society from subversion, lawlessness, insurgency, terrorism, and other threats to its
  security (JP 3-22). Sustainment support operations are limited by applicable U.S. law without an ACSA.
  Such support usually consists of transportation or limited maintenance support, although an ACSA can allow
  additional support. Sustainment of combat operations in foreign internal defense is similar to sustainment for