text: Chapter 1
  Operational Environment Overview
  This chapter describes the aspects of the operational environment in which the Army
  conducts cyberspace operations and electromagnetic warfare. It describes cyberspace
  and electromagnetic warfare forces’ core competencies and lays out the fundamental
  principles of cyberspace operations and electromagnetic warfare. This chapter
  discusses interrelationships and interdependencies between cyberspace operations,
  electromagnetic warfare, and the warfighting functions.
  OVERVIEW OF THE OPERATIONAL ENVIRONMENT
  1-1. Cyberspace operations and electromagnetic warfare (EW) play an essential role in the Army’s conduct
  of unified land operations as part of a joint force and in coordination with unified action partners. Cyberspace
  operations are the employment of cyberspace capabilities where the primary purpose is to achieve objectives
  in or through cyberspace (JP 3-0). Electromagnetic warfare is a military action involving the use of
  electromagnetic and directed energy to control the electromagnetic spectrum or to attack the enemy (JP 3-85).
  1-2. Cyberspace is one of the five domains of warfare and uses a portion of the electromagnetic spectrum
  (EMS) for operations, for example, Bluetooth, Wi-Fi, and satellite transport. Therefore, cyberspace operations
  and EW require frequency assignment, management, and coordination performed by spectrum management
  operations. Spectrum management operations consist of four key functions—spectrum management, frequency
  assignment, host-nation coordination, and policy adherence. Spectrum management operations include
  preventing and mitigating frequency conflicts and electromagnetic interference (EMI) between friendly forces
  and host nations during Army operations (refer to ATP 6-02.70).
  CYBERSPACE AND THE ELECTROMAGNETIC SPECTRUM
  1-3. Cyberspace and the EMS are critical for success in today’s operational environment (OE). U.S. and
  adversary forces alike rely heavily on cyberspace and EMS-dependent technologies for command and control,
  information collection, situational understanding, and targeting. Achieving relative superiority in cyberspace
  and the EMS gives commanders an advantage over adversaries and enemies. By conducting cyberspace
  operations and EW, commanders can limit adversaries’ available courses of action, diminish their ability to
  gain momentum, degrade their command and control, and degrade their ability to operate effectively in the
  other domains.
  1-4. Commanders must leverage cyberspace and EW capabilities using a combined arms approach to seize,
  retain, and exploit the operational initiative. Effective use of cyberspace operations and EW require
  commanders and staffs to conduct cyberspace electromagnetic activities (CEMA). Cyberspace electromagnetic
  activities is the process of planning, integrating, and synchronizing cyberspace operations and electromagnetic
  warfare in support of unified land operations (ADP 3-0). By integrating and synchronizing cyberspace
  operations and EW, friendly forces gain an information advantage across multiple domains and lines of
  operations. Figure 1-1 on page 1-2 illustrates how cyberspace operations and EW contribute to Army
  operations.