text: Chapter 8
  8-111. Units employ three principles to enhance the concealment of their defensive positions from ground
  and aerial observation—siting, discipline, and construction:
  * Siting means selecting the most advantageous position in which to hide a person, an object, or an
  activity. This is often the shadows provided by wood lines and buildings.
  * Strict concealment discipline by units and individual Soldiers is required for success in any
  concealment effort. Units avoid activities that change the appearance of an area or reveal the
  presence of military equipment. Laxness and carelessness reveal positions. Tracks, spoil, and
  debris are the most common signs of military activity that indicate concealed objects. Units ensure
  that new tracks follow existing paths, roads, fences, or natural lines in the terrain pattern. Units do
  not end exposed routes at a position but extend them to another logical termination. Units brush
  out, camouflage, or cover their tracks, if practical. Units cover or place spoil and debris on
  positions and equipment to blend with the surroundings. Units add artificial camouflage when the
  terrain and natural vegetation are inadequate for concealment.
  * Construction involves adding natural materials to blend with the surrounding terrain.
  8-112. Leaders ensure Soldiers understand the importance, principles, and techniques of camouflage. All
  personnel must ensure the effectiveness of all camouflage measures and maintain strict camouflage
  discipline. In addition to hiding equipment, units can avoid detection by using techniques such as placing
  mud on glassy surfaces and unfilled sandbags over windshields.
  8-113. Major defensive positions, sustainment sites, command posts, and other facilities may require special
  camouflage. Camouflage measures that provide this protection include constructing dummy positions and
  decoys. Units carefully plan the use of such measures within the framework of real positions and ongoing
  and future operations. Five fundamental methods work to camouflage and conceal individual weapons, units,
  installations, and activities—hiding, blending, disguising, disrupting, and decoying:
  * Hiding is the complete concealment of an object by some form of physical screen. For example,
  sod placed over mines hides the mines; the overhead canopy of trees hides the objects beneath
  from aerial observation; tunnels hide objects located within them; a building’s roof and walls,
  camouflage net, or tarpaulin hides objects beneath them; and a defilade position hides objects from
  ground observation. In some cases, the screen may be invisible. In other instances, the screen may
  be visible, but it hides the activity behind it.
  * Blending is arranging or applying camouflage materials on, over, and around an object so that it
  appears to be part of the background. Examples include applying face paint to the exposed areas
  of skin, and adding burlap, paint, and live vegetation to helmets and clothing to closely resemble
  or blend into the background. Units can apply the same technique for equipment or structures.
  * Disguising is the intentional misleading of the enemy about the friendly force’s identity, strength,
  and intention, and may draw enemy fire from real assets. Therefore, the simulation of objects,
  pieces of equipment, or activities may have military significance. Inflatable tanks, tents, and
  buildings can look like the real thing to an aerial observer.
  * Disrupting is the technique that alters or eliminates regular patterns and target characteristics.
  Disrupting techniques include pattern painting, deploying camouflage nets over selected portions
  of a target, and using shape disrupters (such as camouflage sails) to eliminate regular target
  patterns.
  * Decoying is the technique that deploys a false or simulated target within a target scene or in a
  position where the enemy might conclude that it has found the correct target. Decoys generally
  draw fire away from real targets. Depending on their fidelity and deployment, decoys greatly
  enhance survivability.
  8-114. Units employ damage limiting measures as part of unit survivability measures. These measures
  attempt to limit damage if enemy forces detect the position. Damage limiting measures make enemy forces
  destroy friendly equipment one piece at a time and use multiple attacks. Enemy forces should never be able
  to put a unit out of action with just a single attack. One type of damage limiting measure is units disperse to
  limit the damage done by an enemy attack. Dispersed troops and vehicles make attacking forces concentrate
  on single, small targets in which system or target location inaccuracies may cause enemy weapons systems
  to miss intended targets. An enemy force may employ any cluster munitions to counter friendly dispersion
  efforts. The wider the dispersion of unit personnel and equipment, the greater the potential for limiting