text: Chapter 5
  can deceive the adversary as to the true intent of the United States. Sustainment commanders must assess and
  mitigate risks continuously throughout operations. The ability to sustain units in the corps, division, and
  brigade areas of operation will incur significantly high risks resulting from conventional and hybrid threats.
  Sustainment units must be trained and prepared to execute reconnaissance and security tasks when military
  police are unavailable to ensure they can accomplish their sustainment missions.
  5-54. To deal with expected direct enemy attack by aircraft and long-range artillery, commanders plan to
  disperse into smaller bases and base clusters. This applies to all bases from the BSA to bases operating in the
  joint security area. Units should train on communicating and securing base clusters with available personnel
  and equipment to prevent communications disruptions and potential fratricide. Dispersion mitigates effects
  of long-range fires and attack aircraft, but commanders still consider all security integration implications of
  the base cluster. Commanders ensure base defense measures are adequate to detect and defeat small unit
  operations (Level I or Level II threats) and that units use adequate cover and concealment measures to prevent
  detection by enemy forces. A Level I threat is a small enemy force that can be defeated by those units
  normally operating in the echelon support area or by the perimeter defenses established by friendly bases and
  base clusters (ATP 3-91). A Level II threat is an enemy force or activities that can be defeated by a base or
  base cluster’s defensive capabilities when augmented by a response force (ATP 3-91). Security of base
  clusters should be integrated into planning.
  5-55. Dispersion is essential, but it must be orderly enough to enable sustainment operations to continue after
  a brief period of reorganization and resupply with collaborative multi-echelon planning and coordination.
  Both command and control nodes and support capabilities in the support and rear areas are lucrative targets
  for the enemy. While dispersion may provide protection against long-range fires, it potentially makes
  defending against other threats like irregular forces or SOF more difficult. For sustainment of large-scale
  combat operations, there can be no massive stockpiles outside of sanctuary with appropriate assets assigned
  to maintain them. Sustainment commanders ensure as much dispersion as tactically prudent to prevent
  destruction. Wide dispersion of forces and lengthening LOCs create challenges for movement control, in-
  transit visibility, terminal operations, mode operations, and many other sustainment activities. The POL
  pipeline presents the same challenges. Pipeline security can be a significant challenge and cover a very large
  or isolated geographical area. Sustainment commanders must anticipate mitigating challenges presented by
  the need to disperse versus priorities of support. Shortfalls in transportation assets will require deliberative
  planning to overcome these mobility challenges.
  5-56. Dispersion and the distributed nature of large-scale combat operations create increased requirements
  on transportation assets. Two corps with six divisions engaged in tactical formation for offensive operations
  may occupy an area roughly the size of Connecticut (5,000 square miles), significantly impacting demands
  on transportation assets. Planners must consider transportation requirements such as distribution and
  retrograde of materiel and personnel. For line haul operations, planners should consider one trip per day
  covering approximately 60 kilometers one way to support materiel and personnel moving from the BSB to
  the FSC. For local haul operations, planners should consider two or more trips per day covering 20 miles
  each way to support materiel and personnel moving from the FSC to forward locations. Transportation
  requirements that exceed Army capabilities must be mitigated through support from contracting, the joint
  Services, multinational partners, or other unified action partners.
  PERSONNEL SERVICE PLANNING CONSIDERATIONS
  5-57. Units will also have large numbers of casualties that require immediate treatment and evacuation. Units
  should identify potential medically related commander's critical information as it pertains to the health threat.
  A rapid and accurate assessment of supported unit status and support capability is critical. This is normally
  accomplished using command and control systems and specifically through logistics status (LOGSTAT) and
  personnel status (PERSTAT) reporting generated from the lowest levels through all command echelons.
  Sustainment planners at all echelons must ensure synchronization of replacement operations to sustain units
  suffering high casualties during large-scale combat operations. Corps, division, and brigade echelons require
  capability to receive, orient, and integrate replacements. HR planners send prioritized replacement requests,
  based on current strength and anticipated losses, to maintain units in combat at or near full strength. Units
  should have an SOP and plan to execute deliberate reorganization as a routine operation to integrate personnel
  replacements and equipment.