text: Foundations of Operations
  of combined arms approaches. Army forces employ joint and other unified action partner capabilities to the
  degree they are available. However, because peer threats can contest the force in all domains, Army forces
  must be prepared to conduct operations when some or all joint capabilities are unavailable to support mission
  accomplishment.
  1-11. All operations are multidomain operations. Army forces employ organic capabilities in multiple
  domains, and they continuously benefit from air and maritime strategic transportation and space and
  cyberspace capabilities that they do not control, including global positioning, satellite communications, and
  intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance (ISR). Lower echelons may not always notice the opportunities
  created by higher echelons or other forces that operate primarily in other domains; however, leaders must
  understand how the absence of those opportunities affects their concepts of operations, decision making, and
  risk assessment.
  1-12. During operations, small advantages can have
  Army forces must accurately see themselves,
  significant impacts on the outcome of the mission,
  see the enemy or adversary, and understand
  particularly when they accrue over time. Creating and
  their operational environment before they can
  exploiting relative advantages are therefore necessary identify or exploit relative advantages.
  for all operations, and they become even more critical
  when opposing sides are evenly matched. A relative
  advantage is a location or condition, in any domain, relative to an adversary or enemy that provides an
  opportunity to progress towards or achieve an objective. Commanders seek and create relative advantages
  to exploit through action, and they continually assess the situation to identify ways to expand opportunities.
  (See paragraphs 1-106 through 1-117 for more information on physical, information, and human advantages.)
  1-13. Army leaders are accustomed to creating and exploiting relative advantages through the
  combined-arms approach that traditionally focuses on capabilities from the land, air, and maritime domains.
  The proliferation of space and cyberspace capabilities further requires leaders who understand the advantages
  those capabilities create in their operational environment. The ability to integrate and synchronize space and
  cyberspace capabilities at the most effective tactical echelon expands options for creating advantages to
  exploit.
  1-14. Multidomain operations fracture the coherence of
  threat operational approaches by destroying, dislocating, Some combination of maneuver and
  isolating, and disintegrating their interdependent systems and attrition is typically necessary to achieve
  formations, and exploiting the opportunities these disruptions victory during armed conflict. This is
  provide to defeat enemy forces in detail. Army forces reflected in the defeat mechanisms
  therefore require timely, accurate, relevant, and predictive which encompass both ideas.
  intelligence to understand threat characteristics, capabilities,
  objectives, and courses of action. Intelligence initially drives what combinations of defeat mechanisms
  commanders pursue as they employ the capabilities of their forces in space and time against enemy forces.
  Army forces combine maneuver and targeting methods to defeat enemy formations and systems. Army forces
  employ maneuver to close with and destroy enemy formations in close operations. Targeting generally sets
  priorities for information collection, fires, and other key capabilities to disintegrate enemy networks and
  systems. Leaders execute the targeting process to create advantages that enable freedom of maneuver and
  exploit the positional advantages created by maneuver. Targeting is a key way for leaders to integrate the
  joint capabilities required to create depth in the battlefield and protect friendly formations.
  CHALLENGES FOR ARMY FORCES
  We don’t maintain a strong military force to conquer or coerce others. The purpose of our
  military is simple and straightforward: We want to prevent war by deterring others from
  the aggression that causes war.
  President Ronald Reagan
  1-15. The joint force deters most adversaries from seeking to achieve strategic objectives through direct
  military confrontation with the United States. As a result, adversaries pursue their objectives indirectly
  through malign activities and armed conflict targeting others in ways calculated to avoid war with the United
  States. These activities include subversive political and legal strategies, establishing physical presence on the