text: Chapter 4
  (cid:122) Specific tasks and the requirement for quick analysis at the point of action or to help manage a
  unit’s information collectioneffort.
  (cid:122) Ability to provide transportation and logistical support.
  (cid:122) Communications capacity for the intelligence support teams.
  (cid:122) Use of a specific intelligence support team to support or train with a specific unit.
  CYBERSPACE ELECTROMAGNETIC ACTIVITIES
  4-326. Cyberspace electromagnetic activities is the process of planning, integrating, and synchronizing
  cyberspace and EW operations. Incorporating CEMA throughout all phases of an operation is key to
  obtaining and maintaining freedom of maneuver in cyberspace and the EMS while denying the same to
  enemies and adversaries. CEMA synchronizes capabilities across domains and warfighting functions and
  maximizes complementary effects in and through cyberspace and the EMS. Intelligence,signal,information
  operations, cyberspace, space, protection, and fires operations are critical to planning, synchronizing, and
  executing cyberspace and EW operations. CEMA optimizes cyberspace and EW effects when integrated
  throughout operations. This section provides an understanding of cyberspace and EW operations, and the
  roles, relationships, responsibilities, and capabilities within the BCT CEMA cell. (See FM 3-12 and
  ATP3-12.3 for additional information.)
  Note. In alignment with JP 3-85, this publication introduces the following doctrinal terms:
  electromagnetic warfare, electromagnetic attack, electromagnetic protection, and electromagnetic
  support, replacing electronic warfare, electronic attack, electronic protection, and electronic
  warfare support,respectively. JP 3-85 replaced JP 3-13.1.
  CYBERSPACE AND ELECTROMAGNETIC SPECTRUM
  4-327. Cyberspaceis a global domain within the information environment consisting of the interdependent
  networks of information technology infrastructures and resident data, including the Internet,
  telecommunications networks, computer systems, and embedded processors and controllers (JP 3-12).
  Friendly,enemy,adversary,and host-nation networks,communications systems,computers,cellular phone
  systems,social media,and technical infrastructures are all part of cyberspace. Cyberspace can be described
  in three layers: physical network layer (geographic land,air,maritime,or space where elements or networks
  reside),logical network layer (components of the network related to each other in a way abstracted from the
  network),and cyber-persona layer (digital representations of individuals or entities in cyberspace).
  4-328. Theelectromagnetic spectrumis the range of frequencies of electromagnetic radiation from zero to
  infinity. It is divided into 26 alphabetically designated bands (JP 3-85). Superiority in cyberspace and the
  EMS to support BCT operations results from effectively synchronizing DODIN operations, offensive
  cyberspace operations, defensive cyberspace operations, electromagnetic attack, EP, electromagnetic
  support,and spectrum management operations. Through CEMA,the BCT plans,integrates,and synchronizes
  these missions,supports and enables the command and control system,and provides an interrelated capability
  for information and intelligence operations.
  Note. The Army plans, integrates, and synchronizes cyberspace operations through CEMA as a
  continual and unified effort. The continuous planning, integration, and synchronization of
  cyberspace and EW operations, enabled by spectrum management operations, can produce
  singular, reinforcing, and complementary effects. Though the employment of cyberspace
  operations and EW differ because cyberspace operates on wired networks,both operate using the
  EMS.
  CYBERSPACE OPERATIONS
  4-329. Cyberspace operationsarethe employment of cyberspace capabilities where the primary purpose is
  to achieve objectives in or through cyberspace (JP 3-0). Cyberspace operations range from defensive to