text: Chapter 1
  1-6. Airspace is a component of an operational environment critical to successful Army or land operations.
  Army forces use airspace over an area of operations to—
  * Collect information.
  * Conduct air operations.
  * Deliver direct and indirect fires.
  * Conduct air and missile defense.
  * Conduct sustainment.
  1-7. Airspace is not owned by individual subordinate organizations in the sense that an assigned area of
  operations confers ownership of the ground. Airspace over an Army area of operations remains under the
  purview of the joint force commander (JFC). Other military and civilian organizations operating in the joint
  operations area have airspace requirements over an Army area of operations. These organizations may require
  airspace to—
  * Conduct joint air operations.
  * Conduct area air defense.
  * Deliver joint fires.
  * Conduct civil air operations (see appendix G).
  1-8. Other commanders with a mission encompassing the joint operations area have the latitude to plan and
  execute these operations in the airspace over an Army area of operations. Commanders with such a mission
  must coordinate the operation to avoid adverse effects and fratricide. If those operations would have an
  adverse impact within an Army or land area of operations, the commander assigned to execute functions that
  extend across the joint operations area must readjust the plan, solve the problem, or consult with the JFC for
  resolution.
  JOINT AIR OPERATIONS
  1-9. Normally, the JFC designates a joint force air component commander (JFACC) to synchronize the
  joint air effort. Components retain organic capabilities (sorties) to accomplish missions assigned by the JFC.
  Components also make capabilities, either JFC directed or excess, available to the JFC for tasking by the
  JFACC. Generally, Army capabilities are normally included on the air tasking order, however, they are
  normally considered organic to ground units and not available for tasking by the JFACC. The JFACC plans
  for and tasks only those joint capabilities made available by the JFC for JFACC tasking. The JFACC has the
  authority to direct and employ these joint capabilities for a common purpose based on the JFC’s concept of
  operations and air apportionment decisions. See JP 3-30 for more information on joint air operations.
  1-10. The responsibilities of the JFACC, the area air defense commander (AADC), and airspace control
  authority (ACA) are interrelated and the JFC normally assigns them to one individual for unity of effort.
  These responsibilities are normally assigned to the JFACC. Designating one Service component commander
  as the JFACC, AADC, and ACA often simplifies the coordination required to develop and execute fully
  integrated air operations.
  AREA AIR DEFENSE
  1-11. The AADC oversees defensive counterair (DCA) operations, which include both air and missile
  threats. The AADC identifies airspace coordinating measures (ACMs) that support and enhance DCA
  operations, identifies required airspace management systems, establish procedures for systems to operate
  within the airspace, and incorporate them into the airspace control system. See JP 3-01 for more information
  on the AADC.
  JOINT FIRES
  1-12. Joint fires are fires delivered during the employment of forces from two or more components in
  coordinated action to produce desired effects in support of a common objective (JP 3-0). Often each Service
  component commander has airspace requirements that require close coordination and integration with
  another area of operations commander. See JP 3-09 for more information on joint fires.