text: Chapter 1
  operating as part of the multinational North Atlantic Treaty Organization use the same military operational
  symbols as their multinational partners. These agreements streamline sharing and communicating graphic
  operational information such as overlays among members.
  1-89. Situations may arise where Army forces execute operations with multinational partners without an
  existing standardization agreement. This is most likely to occur during ad-hoc multinational operations.
  During these situations units must rely on liaison officers, clear and uncomplicated orders, and sharing sound
  tactical advice with their partners. Whenever possible, units take advantage of opportunities to train with
  multinational forces to increase their skills in executing multinational operations. (See FM 3-16 for more
  information on multinational operations.)
  MOVEMENT AND MANEUVER WARFIGHTING FUNCTION
  1-90. The movement and maneuver warfighting function is the related tasks and systems that move and
  employ forces to achieve a position of relative advantage over the enemy and other threats (ADP 3-0). Direct
  fire and close combat are inherent in maneuver. The movement and maneuver warfighting function includes
  tasks associated with force projection. Movement is necessary to disperse and displace the force as a whole
  or in part when maneuvering. Maneuver directly gains or exploits positions of relative advantage to
  accomplish the mission.
  1-91. The movement and maneuver warfighting function includes these tasks:
  * Move.
  * Maneuver.
  * Employ direct fires.
  * Occupy an area.
  * Conduct mobility and countermobility.
  * Conduct reconnaissance and surveillance.
  * Employ battlefield obscuration.
  Local Security
  1-92. Local security is the low-level security activities conducted near a unit to prevent surprise by the enemy
  (ADP 3-90). It includes any local measure taken by all friendly units against enemy actions to prevent a unit
  from being surprised and is an important part of maintaining the initiative. It involves avoiding enemy
  detection or deceiving enemy forces about friendly positions and intentions. It also includes finding any
  enemy forces in the immediate vicinity and knowing as much as possible about the enemy force’s positions
  and intentions. Local security prevents a unit from being surprised, and it is an important part of maintaining
  the initiative. All units perform local security when conducting operations.
  1-93. Units use both active and passive measures to provide local security. Active measures include using
  observation posts and patrols, establishing specific levels of alert in the unit, and establishing SOPs detailing
  alert procedures. Passive local security measures include using camouflage, movement control, noise and
  light discipline, electromagnetic protection, and proper communications procedures. They also include
  employing available sensors, night vision devices, and daylight sights to maintain surveillance over the
  immediate area.
  Reserve
  1-94. A reserve is that portion of a body of troops that is withheld from action at the beginning of an
  engagement to be available for a decisive movement (ADP 3-90). Commanders employ their reserves to
  exploit success or prevent failure. A reserve provides the unit flexibility by responding to unexpected
  situations and enables friendly forces to exploit or regain the initiative quickly because it is an uncommitted
  force. Once committed, a reserve’s actions normally become or reinforce the echelon’s main effort. Often a
  commander’s most difficult and important decision concerns the time, place, and circumstances for
  committing the reserve. Commanders do not employ their reserve as a follow and support force or a follow
  and assume force. Other considerations for commanders are not placing artillery and other fire support