text: Chapter 1
  measures to mitigate the impact of degraded networks (ADP 6-0). A PACE plan provides predictability and
  redundancy for communications in congested or contested environments. Redundant communications
  systems and methods enable communications throughout the corps and division areas of operations in
  contested environments. A viable, effective PACE plan may be the most valuable contribution of a G-6 (S-
  6)in the planning process.
  1-51. A PACE plan is a key requirement for operations in a contested environment. Leaders need to be able
  to command their formations when communication networks are disrupted, while on the move, and without
  perfect situational awareness (FM 3-0). Continuous mission command requires adequate, but not necessarily
  continuous, network connectivity. PACE plans provide prioritized options for redundant means of
  communication to ensure effective command and control and interoperability:
  * Primary—the best, and intended, method of communications.
  * Alternate—another common, but perhaps less optimal method.
  * Contingency—method may not be as fast, convenient, or reliable, but it can still accomplish the
  task.
  * Emergency—communications method of last resort. Emergency methods may cause delays or
  otherwise affect operations.
  1-52. Most units establish two PACE plans—one for communications to higher headquarters and one for
  subordinate units. The higher headquarters usually establishes the PACE plan for communications between
  echelons. Units should validate the PACE plan during mission rehearsals to ensure each means of
  communication is viable and to establish triggers for execution. Viable PACE plans are critical to support
  command and control in a degraded or denied environment. For a PACE plan to be viable, each method of
  communication must be feasible, suitable, acceptable, distinguishable, and complete. If a subordinate unit
  does not have the required equipment or is untrained in employing a system, that system should not be part
  of the PACE plan. See appendix B for more information about PACE planning.
  THREAT EFFECTS ON SIGNAL SUPPORT
  1-53. A threat is any combination of actors, entities, or forces that have the capability and intent to harm
  United States forces, United States national interests, or the homeland (ADP 3-0). Threats can be categorized
  as adversaries, enemies, or insiders. An adversary is a party acknowledged as potentially hostile to a friendly
  party and against which the use of force may be envisaged (JP 3-0). An enemy is a party identified as hostile
  against which the use of force is authorized (ADP 3-0). Insider threats present unique challenges because
  they are trusted individuals with access to Army capabilities and sensitive operational information. The
  primary threat context in FM 6-02 is peer threats in large-scale combat operations. See paragraph 1-90 for
  more information about insider threats.
  PEER THREAT
  1-54. A peer threat is an adversary or enemy with capabilities and capacity to oppose U.S. forces across
  multiple domains world-wide or in a specific region where they enjoy a position of relative advantage. Peer
  threats possess roughly equal combat power in geographical proximity to a conflict area with U.S. forces.
  Peer threats generate tactical, operational, and strategic challenges that are an order of magnitude more
  challenging militarily than those the U.S. Army has faced since the end of the Cold War (FM 3-0). Peer
  threats employ their resources across multiple domains to exploit U.S. vulnerabilities. They use their
  capabilities to create lethal and nonlethal effects across the operational environment. Peer threat tactics
  include preclusion, isolation, sanctuary, and systems warfare.
  1-55. Peer threats have demonstrated advanced capabilities in long-range precision fires, integrated air
  defense, and EW. These threat capabilities demand changes to signal tactics, techniques, and procedures to
  counter the risks they present. Command and control nodes must displace frequently during large-scale
  combat operations to avoid destruction by enemy fires.
  1-56. Peer threats consider U.S. communications, command and control nodes, massed formations, and
  critical infrastructure key targets during large-scale combat operations. Commanders should ensure as much
  dispersion of their formations as tactically prudent. Locating radio frequency emitters, such as satellite