text: Chapter 7
  ESTABLISH COMMAND AND CONTROL
  7-36. Given the size of an AOR for most maritime environments and the distance between land areas, there
  may be multiple active JOAs, each with separate headquarters. Maritime environments impose significant
  challenges for theater army signal and sustainment architecture. Subordinate ARFORs rely on maritime and
  space capabilities to overcome these challenges.
  DEFEND AND CONTROL KEY TERRAIN
  7-37. Friendly forces are stationed or positioned in dispersed forward positions in maritime theaters, and
  often have been there for decades to facilitate joint operations throughout a maritime theater. Their locations
  are typically key or even decisive terrain, which requires that Army forces must also be able to defend and
  control that terrain. Their ability to do so is a function of survivability that depends on active and passive
  defense measures, reinforcement with critical weapons systems, hardening and camouflaging of command
  posts, securing critical C2 networks, sustainment, and the employment of protection-oriented land forces.
  Providing active and passive AMD, to include early warning, reduces the effectiveness of enemy long-range
  fires or attack. Forward-positioned forces must be prepared to fight outnumbered and from exposed terrain,
  specifically islands, for as long as is required. This increases the need for security throughout the AOR and
  forward-positioned sustainment capabilities. Army forces enhance the protection of their own less mobile
  assets by continually improving the survivability of their positions.
  7-38. Retaining critical island terrain through an effective defense, one that includes counterreconnaissance
  and security operations, is vital for the success of the JFC’s objectives to deny enemy forces a relative
  advantage. Retaining key land masses enables joint freedom of action for operations in the air and maritime
  domains, since land-based capabilities can maintain a persistent physical presence that lessens requirements
  on air and naval forces to secure avenues of approach. Defeating enemy C2 systems is key to defeating
  layered standoff, A2 weapons, early warning, and enemy reconnaissance and surveillance capabilities. The
  ability to maintain key terrain for access and security enables the JFC to employ key long-range fires and
  protection capabilities. This enables regional access during armed conflict critical for maritime freedom of
  navigation and air superiority. Denying enemy access to limited terrain, sea channels, airspace, and
  cyberspace by occupying key terrain is crucial to creating an advantage. As there is no easy exfiltration from
  an exposed island base or maneuver to positions outside of enemy fires ranges, the physical reinforcement of
  bases may be critical to the success of Army forces in enabling joint force success.
  PROTECTION SUPPORT TO THE DEFENSE
  7-39. The ability to protect and augment the security of the other Services is critical in maritime theaters
  because of the relative isolation of the forces they position forward and the exposure of those forces to threat
  capabilities that could be employed with few indications or warnings. The following tasks directly support
  theater setting and are critical to the success of joint maritime operations:
  (cid:122) AMD, to include counter-unmanned aircraft systems (UASs).
  (cid:122) Littoral defense.
  (cid:122) Area security (base and base cluster defense).
  (cid:122) Chemical, biological, radiological, and nuclear (CBRN) defense.
  (cid:122) Explosive ordnance disposal support.
  (cid:122) General, combat, and geospatial engineering support.
  7-40. Ground-based theater-level AMD assets are typically operational control (OPCON) to the Army air
  and missile defense command (AAMDC) for the JOA. The AAMDC is assigned to the theater army and
  generally placed in support of the area air defense commander. Army short-range air defense (SHORAD)
  units are assigned or attached to theater, corps, or division commands, and are OPCON to air defense artillery
  (ADA) commanders at these echelons. Army forces provide security for designated high priority assets,
  including layering SHORAD assets into the security plan as part of a defended asset list. The JFC normally
  delegates authority to the joint force air component commander, as the area air defense commander, for
  engagements of air and missile threats. When the JFC organizes the joint force, in addition to a joint force
  air component commander, the JFC also normally designates an area air defense commander for defensive