text: Chapter 1
  ARMY SPACE CAPABILITIES
  1-15. All Services contribute to and use the body of knowledge residing within the ten codified space
  capabilities. Some capabilities are provided by other Services and Agencies, but they are required to support
  Army operations and contribute to the success of Army missions. Army space operations may receive space-
  related intelligence and environmental monitoring products through Army intelligence channels, directly
  from other Services, centers, or agencies.
  1-16. The distinct space capabilities, effects, and products used by the Army, joint, allied forces, and partner
  nations are planned, developed, prepared, and made available to the force by Soldiers conducting Army space
  operations and space-enabled operations. The Soldiers conducting space operations and space-enabled
  operations may be assigned to space operations, signal, cyber, electronic warfare, intelligence operations,
  and other military operations specialties. Not all Army Soldiers who configure and use equipment reliant on
  space capabilities are designated as space operators. However, these Soldiers are instrumental to the Army’s
  critical use of space capabilities in unified land operations.
  1-17. Army space-related activities include:
  * Army space operations, duties, and responsibilities are centered on these eight codified joint space
  capabilities: space situational awareness (SSA), PNT, space control, SATCOM, satellite
  operations, missile warning, environmental monitoring, and space-based intelligence,
  surveillance, and reconnaissance. There are two other codified joint space capabilities—nuclear
  detonation detection and spacelift—but the Army has no involvement with those.
  * Army space-enabled operations are not specifically codified in joint doctrine as space capabilities,
  but are combined, derived, or second order tasks and actions enabled by space capabilities. These
  include, but are not limited to, joint friendly force tracking (FFT), network transport of
  Department of Defense information network, commercial imagery, National Reconnaissance
  Office overhead systems, Army tactical exploitation of national capabilities (TENCAP) program,
  National-to-Theater program interfaces, geospatial intelligence, integrated broadcast service, and
  common interactive broadcast.
  ARMY SPACE OPERATIONS
  1-18. Legal considerations are substantive to space operations and many are laid out in space policies.
  Employing space capabilities brings up complex legal considerations involving international law, the law of
  armed conflict, and relevant codes of conduct. Considerations of proportionality, military necessity,
  discrimination, and humanity apply equally to the space domain as to operations elsewhere (AJP-3.3).
  Consistent with the inherent right of self-defense, the Army must deter others from interference and attack,
  defend our space assets, and contribute to the defense of multinational space assets. If deterrence fails, the
  Army must defeat efforts to negate U.S. space capabilities consistent with the standing rules of engagement.
  1-19. Space situational awareness is the requisite foundational, current, and predictive knowledge and
  characterization of space objects and the OE upon which space operations depend (JP 3-14). SSA involves
  characterizing, as completely as necessary, the space capabilities operating within the terrestrial environment
  and the space domain. SSA combines the output of a wide variety of products and sources, including
  intelligence and cyberspace sources, to provide insight into adversary use of space capabilities and their
  potential to threaten friendly space capabilities. SSA contributes to a commander’s ability to understand
  adversary intent. SSA is a key component for space control because it is the foundation for accomplishing
  all space control tasks.
  1-20. PNT. The space-based Global Positioning System (GPS) is a satellite-based radio navigation system
  operated by the Department of Defense to provide all military, civil, and commercial users with precise PNT.
  The GPS is a DOD owned and operated global navigation satellite system (GNSS)—the general term applied
  to any space-based system providing PNT information across the globe. GPS provides essential, precise, and
  reliable timing information which enables forces to more effectively execute unified land operations. Assured
  PNT information is a mission essential element in nearly every modern weapon system.