text: Army Tactics
  Airspace Control and Airspace Management
  1-147. The joint force commander designates an airspace control authority to develop, coordinate, and
  publish airspace control procedures for operating the airspace control system in the joint operations area. The
  airspace control authority establishes an airspace control plan that provides specific planning guidance and
  procedures for the airspace control system for the joint operations area. The airspace control order is an order
  implementing the airspace control plan that provides the details of the approved requests for airspace
  coordinating measures (JP 3-52).
  1-148. Airspace control is the exercise of delegated authority over designated airspace and users through
  control procedures and coordination measures to maximize operational effectiveness (JP 3-52). Airspace
  control is not synonymous with airspace management. Airspace control is reliant on airspace management
  capabilities provided by airspace control elements including military, U.S. civil, and host-nation air traffic
  control. Airspace management is the planning, coordination, integration, and regulation of airspace by
  airspace control elements in support of airspace control (JP 3-52). Controlling and managing airspace is a
  requirement to effectively integrate capabilities from multiple domains during military operations.
  1-149. Any formation that employs aviation platforms (including UAS), surface-to-surface fires, or surface-
  to-air fires is an airspace user. Therefore, leaders at all echelons must understand the techniques and
  procedures used to integrate airspace capabilities into ground schemes of maneuver. At the tactical level,
  while numerous echelons can perform airspace management tasks, the division is the lowest echelon capable
  of performing airspace control. At battalion level and above, the U.S. Air Force provides tactical air control
  parties to assist in airspace management and provide terminal attack control of close air support missions.
  1-150. Army units develop unit airspace plans, which consist of airspace coordinating measures (ACMs)
  that are integrated to support operations. BCT and above headquarters submit their unit airspace plans to their
  higher headquarters for inclusion into that echelon’s unit airspace plan. Ultimately, the consolidated unit
  airspace plan reaches the battlefield coordination detachment and these ACMs, which are the Army’s
  requirements for airspace, are then combined with the other components of the joint force airspace
  requirements and integrated into the airspace control order produced by the Joint Force Air Component
  Command.
  1-151. ACMs are employed to facilitate the efficient use of airspace to accomplish missions and
  simultaneously provide safeguards for friendly forces. Airspace elements establish ACMs to accomplish one
  or more functions:
  * Establish coordinated airspace for specific airspace users.
  * Restrict the actions of some airspace users.
  * Create airspace in which units can use weapons with minimum risk to other friendly forces.
  * Control actions of specific airspace users.
  * Require airspace users to accomplish specific actions.
  See JP 3-52, FM 3-52, ATP 3-52.1/MCRP 3-20F.4 (MCWP 3-25.13)/NTTP 3-56.4/AFTTP 3-2.78, and
  ATP 3-91.1/AFTTP 3-2.86 for more information on airspace control and airspace management processes,
  procedures, and control measures.
  SUSTAINMENT WARFIGHTING FUNCTION
  1-152. The sustainment warfighting function is the related tasks and systems that provide support and
  services to ensure freedom of action, extended operational reach, and prolong endurance (ADP 3-0).
  Sustainment determines the depth and duration of Army operations. Successful sustainment enables freedom
  of action by increasing the number of options available to the commander. Sustainment is essential for
  retaining and exploiting the initiative. The sustainment warfighting function consists of four elements:
  * Logistics.
  * Health service support.
  * Financial management.
  * Personnel services.