text: Appendix B
  COMMAND AUTHORITY
  B-36. The Army and joint force have doctrinal definitions for command and support relationships. However,
  these definitions and authorities only apply to U.S. forces. In multinational operations, each nation determines
  the authority it will delegate to multinational commanders for the employment of their forces. The nations
  involved also establish national caveats. Command authority for a multinational force’s command is normally
  negotiated between the participating nations, and it can vary from nation to nation. Command authority is
  specified in the implementing agreements, and it may include aspects of OPCON, TACON, support
  relationships, and coordinating authority. A clear and common understanding of what authorities are
  specified in the implementing agreement is essential to operations. This is particularly important when similar
  terms have different meanings to the various participants.
  B-37. In many cases, coordinating authority may be the only acceptable means of accomplishing a
  multinational mission. Coordinating authority is a consultation relationship between commanders, not an
  authority by which C2 may be exercised. Normally, it is more applicable to planning than to operations. Use
  of coordinating authority requires agreement among participants, as the commander exercising coordinating
  authority does not have the authority to resolve disputes.
  MULTINATIONAL COMMAND STRUCTURE
  B-38. All multinational operations have two chains of command regardless of structure or authority. The first
  is a national chain of command extending back to national capitals. The second is the multinational chain of
  command constructed by the United Nations, alliance, or coalition. As unity of command is all but impossible
  given parallel national chains of command, multinational commanders strive for unity of effort. In doing so,
  multinational commanders develop a high level of mutual trust and comfort with other national contingents.
  B-39. United Nations forces, alliances, and coalitions create command structures that meet the needs,
  diplomatic realities, constraints, and objectives of the participating nations. No single command structure fits
  the needs of all alliances, United Nations forces, and coalitions; however, the basic structures for
  multinational operations fall into one of four types:
  (cid:122) Integrated.
  (cid:122) Lead nation.
  (cid:122) Parallel.
  (cid:122) Combination
  B-40. Regardless of how a multinational force is organized operationally, each nation furnishing forces
  normally establishes a national component, often called a national command element, to ensure effective
  administration of its forces. The logistic support element of this component is referred to as the national
  support element.
  Integrated Command Structure
  B-41. Integrated commands have representative members from the member nations in the command
  headquarters. Multinational commands organized under an integrated command help ensure the capabilities
  of member nations are represented and employed properly.
  Lead Nation Command Structure
  B-42. A lead nation command structure exists when all member nations place their forces under the control
  of one nation. The lead nation command can be distinguished by a dominant lead nation command and staff
  arrangement with subordinate elements retaining strict national integrity.
  Parallel Command Structures
  B-43. Under a parallel command structure, no single force commander is designated. The multinational force
  leaders must develop a means for coordination among the participants to attain unity of effort. This can be
  accomplished through the use of coordination centers. Nonetheless, because of the absence of a single
  multinational force command, the use of a parallel command structure should be avoided if possible.