text: Chapter 10
  Indirect Methods for Countering Insurgencies
  10-1. An indirect approach seeks to support existing governments, security forces, and groups through
  increasing capacity to counter an insurgency and enabling existing capabilities. This approach indirectly
  counters an insurgency by working through host-nation institutions or with groups in the society. The
  United States (U.S.) can use nation assistance and security cooperation to aid a host nation in building its
  institutions.
  10-2. Beyond nation assistance and security cooperation, there are several methods that are indirect
  methods for countering an insurgency. Among these are generational engagement, negotiation and
  diplomacy, and identify, separate, isolate, influence, and reintegrate. Beyond these methods, there are
  several indirect enablers that are important in any counterinsurgency. This includes integrated monetary
  shaping operations.
  NATION ASSISTANCE AND SECURITY COOPERATION
  10-3. Nation assistance is assistance rendered to a nation by foreign forces within that nation’s territory
  based on agreements mutually concluded between nations (JP 3-0). This civil or military assistance (other
  than foreign humanitarian assistance) is rendered to a nation by U.S. forces within that nation’s territory
  during peacetime, crises or emergencies, or war, based on agreements mutually concluded between the U.S.
  and that nation. Nation assistance operations support the host nation by promoting sustainable development
  and growth of responsive institutions. The goal is to promote long-term regional stability.
  10-4. Nation assistance involves other government agencies that provide expertise in building civil
  institutions. This is an essential element in counterinsurgency because the military lacks the expertise to
  build civil control over the population, perform economic reforms, or aid in other basic functions that a host
  nation may need to prevent or prevail against an insurgency. Using a whole-of-government approach is
  essential in conducting nation assistance to prevent insurgencies from developing freedom of movement by
  exploiting the root causes of conflict within an operational environment.
  10-5. Security cooperation is all Department of Defense interactions with foreign defense establishments to
  build defense relationships that promote specific US security interests, develop allied and friendly military
  capabilities for self-defense and multinational operations, and provide US forces with peacetime and
  contingency access to a host nation. (JP 3-22). This includes-
  * Military to military exchanges (for example, seminars and symposia).
  * Combined exercises.
  * Humanitarian assistance.
  * Security assistance.
  When these activities are used to defeat an insurgency, they are part of a counterinsurgency operation.
  While not all security cooperation activities are in support of counterinsurgency, security cooperation can
  be an effective counterinsurgency tool. These activities help the U.S. and the host nation gain credibility
  and help the host nation build legitimacy. These efforts can help prevent insurgencies or shape the host
  nation’s ability to defeat or contain insurgencies.
  10-6. When directed, the Army and Marine Corps provide forces to support security cooperation missions.
  This requirement can include assistance in training, equipping, and advising the military forces of foreign
  nations. Security cooperation includes security assistance, foreign internal defense, and security force
  assistance. (See FM 3-22 and chapter 10 for more information on security cooperation activities. See
  chapter 10 for more information on working with other forces by using security cooperation.)