text: Chapter 1
  Full-Spectrum Operations
  Section I of this chapter discusses full-spectrum operations as a basis for
  understanding the role of Infantry reconnaissance and surveillance (R&S) units in the
  modular force. Section II defines and discusses those units. It also overviews Infantry
  surveillance and reconnaissance units, details LRSU organizations and missions, and
  introduces R&S terms and concepts. Section III introduces the discussion of the
  long-range surveillance company (LRSC) that will continue throughout the
  remainder of the book. It also provides an example of how long-range surveillance
  units (LRSU) have been successfully used in stability operations.
  The term "long-range surveillance unit" (LRSU) includes all LRSC and subordinate
  LRSD units, unless otherwise stated. The tactics, techniques, and procedures (TTP)
  in this manual are also useful to all US Army R&S units, to include Ranger
  reconnaissance units, Pathfinder companies, BCT scout platoons, reconnaissance
  squadrons and troops, and special operations units.
  Many of the subjects covered in this manual are common to all Infantry surveillance
  and reconnaissance units and should be a ready and useful reference.
  Section I. TYPES AND COMBINATIONS OF ARMY OPERATIONS
  Full-spectrum operations involve the simultaneous conduct of any combination of the four types of Army
  operations, offensive, defensive, stability, and civil support, across the spectrum of conflict. Two critical
  components of each are the commander’s understanding of the enemy and the operational environment (OE).
  Therefore, this section discusses how the commander can combine the types of Army operations based on the
  area of operations (AO). The mission dictates which type predominates. Finally, because Infantry R&S units
  are integral parts of the intelligence warfighting function (WFF), this section discusses how they directly
  support the commander’s understanding of the enemy. (See FM 3-0 for more information about the four types
  of Army operations.)
  FOUR TYPES OF ARMY OPERATIONS
  1-1. This paragraph defines each type of Army operation and its relationship to the others in full-
  spectrum operations. The mission dictates which type predominates:
  OFFENSIVE OPERATIONS
  1-2. These operations carry the fight to the enemy by closing with and destroying enemy forces,
  seizing territory and vital resources, and imposing the commander’s will on the enemy. To do this, the
  commander focuses on seizing, retaining, and exploiting the initiative.
  DEFENSIVE OPERATIONS
  1-3. These operations counter enemy offensive operations. They defeat attacks, destroying as many
  attackers as necessary. They control land, resources, and populations. They also retain terrain, guard
  populations, and protect key resources.
  STABILITY OPERATIONS
  1-4. These operations sustain or establish civil security and control over areas, populations, and
  resources. They use military capabilities to reconstruct or restore essential services and governance, and
  they support civilian agencies. Stability operations include both coercive and cooperative actions. They can
  occur before, during, or after offensive and defensive operations, or they may occur separately, usually at
  the low end of the spectrum of conflict. Stability operations lead to an environment in which, in
  cooperation with a legitimate government, the other instruments of national power can predominate.