text: Generating and Applying Combat Power
  JOINT OPERATIONS AND ACTIVITIES
  Single Services may perform tasks and missions to support Department of Defense (DOD) objectives.
  However, the DOD primarily employs two or more Services (from two military departments) in a single
  operation from, in, and across multiple domains, particularly in combat, through joint operations. Joint
  operations are military actions conducted by joint forces and those Service forces employed in specified
  command relationships with each other, which, of themselves, do not establish joint forces (JP 3-0). A joint
  forceis a force composed of elements, assigned or attached, of two or more military departments operating
  under a single joint force commander (JP 3-0). Joint operations exploit the advantages of interdependent
  Service capabilities in multiple domains through unified action. Joint planning integrates military power with
  other instruments of national power (including diplomatic, economic, and informational) to achieve a desired
  military end state. The end stateis the set of requiredconditions that defines achievement of the commander’s
  objectives (JP 3-0). Joint planning connects the strategic end state to the joint force commander’s (JFC’s)
  campaign design and ultimately to tactical missions. JFCs use campaigns and major operations to translate
  their operational-level actions into strategic results.
  The joint force is organized, trained, and equipped for sustained large-scale combat anywhere in the
  world. The capabilities to conduct large-scale combat operations enable a wide variety of other operations
  and activities. In particular, opportunities exist prior to large-scale combat to shape an operational
  environment to prevent, or at least mitigate, the effects of war. Characterizing the employment of military
  capabilities (including people, organizations, and equipment) as one or another type of military operation has
  several benefits. For example, the Army can develop publications that describe the nature, tasks, and tactics
  associated with specific types of diverse operations, such as counterinsurgency and peace operations.
  Doctrine categorizes joint operations and activities by their focus, as shown in figure 2-3. In some
  cases, the title covers a variety of missions, tasks, and activities. Many activities are accomplished by Army
  forces and do not constitute joint operations, such as tasks associatedwith security cooperation. Nonetheless,
  most of these occur under a joint “umbrella,”because they contribute to achievement of CCDRs’ campaign
  objectives.
  Figure 2-3. Examples of operations and activities
  MULTINATIONAL OPERATIONS
  Multinational operationsisa collective term to describe military actions conducted by forces of two
  or more nations, usually undertaken within the structure of a coalition or alliance (JP 3-16). While each nation
  has its own interests and often participates within the limitations of national caveats, all nations bring value
  to an operation. Each nation’s force has unique capabilities, and each usually contributes to an operation’s
  legitimacy in terms of international or local acceptability. Army forces should anticipate that most operations
  will be multinational and plan accordingly. (See FM 3-16for more information on multinational operations.)