text: _________________________________________________________________________________Chapter 9
  airspace becomes more complex. The OPFOR stresses the need for operations
  conducted with a single integrated plan under unified command and control.
  INTEGRATED AIR DEFENSE SYSTEM
  9-23. OPFOR air defense weapons and surveillance systems at all levels of
  command are part of an integrated air defense system (IADS) that presents a
  threat to any potential enemy. Air defense effectively supports the concept
  and requirements of combined arms combat. The best way to accomplish this
  is to integrate a large number and variety of weapons and associated equip-
  ment into a redundant air defense system.
  9-24. The OPFOR’s intent is to integrate air defense assets at all levels of
  command into a continuous, unbroken umbrella of air defense coverage. In-
  tegration can be vertical and/or horizontal. Vertical integration is between
  the strategic, operational, and tactical levels, while horizontal integration is
  within each of those levels.
  9-25. The dispersed positions of OPFOR units, as well as enemy actions to
  suppress OPFOR air defense and C2 capabilities, may make it difficult to
  maintain vertical or horizontal integration. Enemy capabilities may present
  a situation where a vertically integrated system at the strategic or even
  operational level is neither possible nor desirable.
  9-26. An integrated communications system is established to provide target
  information and early warning to air defense and ground maneuver units. If
  communications with other air defense units fail, however, commanders may
  have to use their own initiative and flexibility, in order to respond to fre-
  quent changes in the ground or air situation.
  National Level
  9-27. Against regional opponents, the OPFOR may be able to use an IADS
  that is centrally directed from the national level. Centralization of control
  gives the OPFOR flexibility in the employment of resources to meet the over-
  all goal of air defense. The national-level air defense organization can play a
  major role in the control of air defense assets of operational-level commands.
  Sector Level
  9-28. Against a modern extraregional force, however, the OPFOR accepts
  that it may not be able to employ a nationally integrated air defense system
  to defend its entire airspace. In fact, a vertically integrated system centrally
  directed from the national level could be a liability from a C2 standpoint.
  Thus, the OPFOR is prepared to adapt its air defense operations to use IADS
  at sector levels. Within sectors, it may be able to challenge the most modern
  air forces, at least initially. It can prevent extraregional air forces from at-
  taining air supremacy, for a time.
  9-29. Air defense sector boundaries do not necessarily parallel geographic
  boundaries or the boundaries of military areas of responsibility (AORs). It is
  quite possible that boundaries could coincide, if air defense assets are allo-
  cated to provide support for theater- or operational-level commands. In some
  cases, however, an air defense sector could cover a larger area that includes