text: Chapter 6
  AIRSPACE MANAGEMENT
  6-20. Airspace management begins with the development of a unit airspace plan. There are two airspace
  control methods: positive and procedural. The Army primarily conducts procedural control of airspace use.
  Preplanned airspace coordinating measures that are integrated with each Army echelon’s unit airspace plan
  and approved on the theater airspace control order makes procedural control highly effective. Although
  echelon above brigade units may exercise positive control methods over small areas for limited periods of
  time,BCTs are not able to perform positive control of airspace over any of their assigned area of operations
  without significant augmentation. Positive control is a method of airspace control that relies on positive
  identification,tracking,and direction of aircraft within an airspace,conducted with electronic means by an
  agency having the authority and responsibility therein (JP 3-52). Procedural controlis a method of airspace
  control which relies on a combination of previously agreed and promulgated orders and procedures (JP 3-52).
  Properly developed airspace coordinating measures facilitate the BCT’s employment of aerial and
  surface-based fires simultaneously. (See JP 3-52, FM 3-52, and ATP 3-52.1 for additional information on
  airspace control and ATP 3-91.1 for information on the joint air-ground integration center[JAGIC].)
  JOINT,INTERORGANIZATIONAL,AND MULTINATIONAL TEAMS
  6-21. The operational environment may require the BCT to maintain direct links withjoint and multinational
  forces and U.S. and foreign governmental and nongovernmental organizations involved in the conflict,crisis,
  or instability. In many situations,such as when an adversary or enemy is primarily employing unconventional
  activities, the BCT benefits from exploiting the knowledge and capabilities residing within these
  organizations.
  6-22. The BCT headquarters or subordinate elements actively participate in civil military operationsand may
  synchronize their operations with those of different civil military organizations. Unity of effort with these
  organizations is essential and facilitates best through the exchange of a liaison officer. The fact that the BCT’s
  communications systems may not be compatible with the civil-military organization increases the need for
  an exchange of knowledgeable liaison officers who are properly equipped to communicate according to the
  table of organization and equipment.
  MOVEMENT AND MANEUVER
  6-23. The BCT commander conducts movement and maneuver to avoid enemy strengths and to create
  opportunities to increase friendly fire effects. The commander makes unexpected maneuvers,rapidly changes
  the tempo of ongoing operations, avoids observation, and uses deceptive techniques and procedures to
  surprise the enemy. The commander overwhelms the enemy with one or more unexpected blows before the
  enemy has time to react in an organized fashion. Attacking the enemy force from an advantageous position
  in time and space, such as engaging the enemy from a location or at a time when unprepared, facilitates
  defeating the enemy force.
  SEIZE,RETAIN,AND EXPLOIT THE INITIATIVE
  6-24. The offense is the most direct means of seizing,retaining,and exploiting the initiative to gain a physical
  and psychological advantage. In the offense, the decisive operation is a sudden, shattering action directed
  toward enemy weaknesses and capitalizing on speed,surprise,and shock. If that operation fails to destroy an
  enemy,operations continue until enemy forces are defeated. The offense compels an enemy to react,creating
  new or larger weaknesses the attacking force can exploit.
  6-25. The commander maneuvers to close with and destroy the enemy by close combat and shock effect.
  Close combat defeats or destroys enemy forces or seizes and retains ground. Close combat encompasses all
  actions that place friendly forces in immediate contact with the enemy where the commander uses fire and
  movement. Swift maneuver against several points supported by precise, concentrated fire can induce
  paralysis and shock among enemy troops and commanders. The key to success is to strike hard and fast,
  overwhelm a portion of the enemy force, and then quickly transition to the next objective or phase, thus
  maintaining the momentum of the attack without reducing the pressure on the enemy.