text: Foundations of Insurgency
  NONVIOLENT TACTICS
  2-110. Successful insurgents use nonviolent tactics in conjunction with violent tactics. Subversion
  and propaganda are the two most prevalent forms of nonviolent warfare. Although some subversive
  activities can bleed over to violent activities, for the purposes of this FM, subversion will emphasize the
  nonviolent activities that define the nonviolent nature of subversion. Nonviolent tactics include, but are not
  limited to (for more see FM 3-24):
  • Demonstrations
  • Denial and Deception
  • Hoaxes
  • Infiltration
  • Strikes
  SUBVERSION
  2-111. Subversion is action designed to undermine the military, economic, psychological, or political
  strength or morale of a regime (DOD). In addition, Subversive activity is anyone lending aid, comfort,
  and moral support to individuals, groups, or organizations that advocate the overthrow of incumbent
  governments by force and violence (DOD). All willful acts that are intended to be detrimental to the best
  interests of the government that do not fall into the categories of treason, sedition, sabotage, or espionage
  are subversive activity.
  2-112. Insurgents use various subversive techniques in their attempt to convince the populace to resist the
  government and COIN forces and support their insurgency. These techniques include demonstrations,
  boycotts, clandestine radio broadcasts, newspapers, and pamphlets. In addition, movement leaders organize
  or develop cooperative relationships with legitimate political action groups, youth groups, and trade
  unions. This approach develops popular support for later political and military activities. Subversive
  activities often openly challenge, in an organized pattern and just short of violence, the control
  and legitimacy of the established government and COIN forces.
  2-113. One of the most visual forms of subversion is civil unrest. The fomenting of riots, organizing
  of strikes, and staging of demonstrations can drain the power, presence, and capabilities of the government
  and conversely increase the power and prestige of the insurgency. Another means of subversion
  is infiltration of government organizations, political parties, labor unions, community groups, universities,
  and charitable organizations.
  2-114. To increase public credibility, attract new supporters, generate revenue, and acquire other
  resources, insurgent groups may establish their own front groups. Front groups are organizations that
  purport to be independent, but are in fact created and controlled by the leaders of the insurgency. A historic
  example of a front group is the Sinn Fein. The Irish Republican Army (IRA) used Sinn Fein, their
  “political wing” made up of political cadre, to serve as the IRA’s respectable public face.
  PROPAGANDA
  2-115. Insurgent groups commonly use propaganda to increase their base of support or reduce support
  for COIN forces. The joint definition of propaganda is any form of communication in support of national
  objectives designed to influence the opinions, emotions, attitudes, or behavior of any group in order
  to benefit the sponsor, either directly or indirectly (JP 1-02). In this case, the insurgents use propaganda
  to further their own ends.
  2-116. The insurgent’s propaganda efforts use activities such as clandestine radio broadcasts, the
  Internet, newspapers, graffiti and pamphlets that openly challenge the control and legitimacy of the
  established government. Insurgents will search for any leverage they can use in their propaganda. This
  includes seeking support based on the common identity of religious affiliation, clan, tribe, or ethnic group.
  Additionally, insurgents often create new problems and reinforce existing problems they then can exploit.
  Insurgents will arrange for the “coincidental” presence of photographers or cameras where planned events