text: Overview of Signal Support
  * Protection and security measures. Measures to protect the hybrid threat’s information
  infrastructure and to deny protected information to other actors.
  * Perception management. Information, misinformation, disinformation, and propaganda.
  * Information attack. Attacks against the information resident on or transiting communications
  and information systems, rather than the systems themselves. Information attacks focus
  exclusively on the manipulation or degradation of the information to affect the information
  environment.
  * Computer warfare. Measures ranging from unauthorized access (hacking) of information
  systems for intelligence collection purposes to the insertion of destructive viruses and deceptive
  information into enemy computer systems.
  1-71. Because these elements share some of the same functions, means, and targets, the enemy or adversary
  can formulate and execute a single, integrated information warfare plan. Despite the name information
  warfare, adversaries continuously conduct these activities at every level of warfare across the competition
  continuum to set favorable conditions, protect their self-interests, and influence public opinion in an
  operational area.
  1-72. Some threat information warfare capabilities, such as cyberspace attack and perception management,
  can reach far beyond the immediate operational area. An enemy or adversary may perform strategic
  information warfare activities to create effects globally, including attacks on critical U.S. infrastructure,
  military deception, and perception management campaigns to influence public support. Refer to FM 3-53 for
  more information about military deception and perception management.
  1-73. An enemy or adversary may also undertake tactical actions to achieve information warfare objectives,
  rather than purely military ones. To some extent, managing, controlling, and disseminating information have
  always been critical to tactical success. This is especially true given the advances in information technology
  and U.S. reliance on network capabilities.
  1-74. Adversaries recognize the advantages information warfare activities can provide their tactical
  commanders. Therefore, they strive to integrate information warfare planning and activities in all tactical
  missions and battles. Information warfare activities may degrade or deny U.S. communications and blur or
  manipulate the common operational picture. Information warfare may also help an enemy dictate the tempo
  of combat. By combining perception management, military deception, and EW, the enemy may be able to
  effectively slow or control the pace of battle. Traditional EW activities, such as jamming, also contribute to
  the tactical application of information warfare by challenging U.S. attempts to establish information
  advantage. Information advantage is the superior position or condition derived from the ability to securely
  access, share, and collaborate via trusted information while exploiting or denying an adversary’s ability to
  do the same.
  1-75. Threat information warfare also supports tactical counterreconnaissance. Threat actors constantly seek
  to attack, degrade, or manipulate U.S. intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance capabilities. Each U.S.
  and allied target acquisition system and sensor is a potential target.
  1-76. Because threat actors integrate their information warfare capabilities, a coordinated and synchronized
  response is essential. The countermeasures to defend against these capabilities are a combination of signal,
  cyberspace operations, electronic protection, space, and other information-related capabilities, along with
  intelligence and operations security support. Close collaboration between these elements ensures a more
  effective response. Refer to TC 7-100 for more information about hybrid threat and information warfare.
  THREAT ACTIVITIES IN CYBERSPACE
  1-77. Threat actors can exploit system vulnerabilities and cause a loss of confidentiality, integrity, or
  availability of communications networks. Protecting the information on the Army network from internal and
  external threats is essential to maintaining freedom of action in cyberspace.
  1-78. Threat actors include adversaries and enemies. The difference between them is that an adversary is
  potentially hostile, while an enemy is demonstrably hostile. This distinction is clear in the physical domains,
  but less so in cyberspace. An adversary may well take hostile actions against U.S. interests in cyberspace