text: _________________________________________________________________________________Chapter 9
  coverage to attack the sanctuary area. Attacking enemy aircraft must first
  penetrate the strategic (national), operational, and tactical engagement
  envelopes. Then they must face the air defenses within the sanctuary itself.
  9-164. Within the sanctuary area, the air defense unit commander and the
  supported maneuver commander work closely together to integrate their
  weapons into an effective air defense plan. The maneuver commander
  provides guidance for the placement of all air defense systems, while the air
  defense commander supervises the details of the placement of his weapons
  and ensures that they remain within mutually supporting distance. As a
  rule, one crew in each pair of air defense systems remains alert, except when
  they have received warning of an air attack. Any available shoulder-fired
  SAMs supplement the defense, and the supporting air defense commander
  may exercise some degree of control over the SAM gunners. Air defense units
  observe radio silence and light discipline and dig in, as time allows.
  9-165. A 360-degree surveillance of the surrounding airspace increases the air
  defense engagement envelope to the maximum extent possible. Air observation
  posts and air defense firing positions are positioned to provide comprehensive
  observation and interlocking fires on the most likely approach routes for low-flying
  fixed- and rotary-wing aircraft. All other weapons, including vehicle-mounted
  machineguns and ATGMs, are further integrated. Even planning for the use and
  integration of massed small-arms fire is essential to an effective air defense.
  MOUNTAINS AND WATER OBSTACLES
  9-166. Air defense units operating in mountainous terrain have unique
  problems. The rugged terrain makes it difficult to maintain the integrity of
  maneuver and air defense units. This, in turn, makes maintaining compre-
  hensive air surveillance and air defense fire support more difficult, resulting
  in a greater degree of decentralization than normal.
  9-167. Air defense forces play a major role in water obstacle crossings. They
  protect crossing sites and forces from air attack by creating envelopes of
  protected airspace above and around crossing sites. Major problems in air
  defense of water obstacle crossings include
  • Providing comprehensive radar and visual observation.
  • Handling simultaneous threats on multiple approach axes.
  • Maintaining continuous 360-degree fire coverage.
  • Supplying ammunition to firing units on the far shore.
  AIR DEFENSE AMBUSHES AND ROVING UNITS
  9-168. The OPFOR recognizes the disproportionate effects that sudden, un-
  expected destruction of an aircraft or small group of aircraft can have can on
  enemy tactics and morale. For example, the surprise destruction of one or
  two lead aircraft, on what the enemy perceived to be a clear avenue of ap-
  proach, could cause an enemy air assault to be called off or seriously disrupted.
  Air defense ambushes may set up at temporary firing positions to surprise and
  destroy enemy aircraft and disorganize enemy fixed-wing aircraft and rotary-
  wing operations. Ambushes and roving air defense units can cause the enemy to
  believe that significant air defense assets are located in areas where actually