text: Air and Missile Defense
  Note: Dashes around indirect fire protection capability units indicate that the indirect fire
  protection capability systems have not been fielded. Fielding is projected to begin in the near term.
  The role of ADA is to deter and defeat the range of aerial threats to assure allies, ensure operational
  access, and defend critical assets and deployed forces in support of Army operations. AMD operations span
  the range of military operations. AMD capabilities in executing AMD operations are─
  * Defeat the full range of enemy air and missile threats encountered in current and future geo-
  strategic, operational, and tactical fights. The threat spectrum encompasses ballistic missiles,
  cruise missiles, hypersonic missiles, UASs, RAM, tactical air-to-surface missiles, and fixed- and
  rotary-wing aircraft.
  * Integrate with Army, joint, interorganizational, and multinational elements. ADA forces establish
  and maintain linkages to other service and multinational forces conducting AMD operations. This
  includes the ability to integrate across multiple weapon systems, sensors, effectors, and C2 nodes
  at echelon.
  * Provide early warning. ADA forces provide early warning by employing sensors to detect air and
  missile attacks and disseminating attack warnings to at-risk forces and, where appropriate, at-risk
  civilian populations.
  * Enhance situational awareness. ADA sensors provide extended range surveillance of the airspace
  and detect, acquire, track, classify, discriminate, and identify aerial objects from near-ground level
  to high altitudes, in difficult terrain and in adverse weather conditions.
  * Contribute to airspace control. Army airspace control functions involve identifying, coordinating,
  integrating, deconflicting, and regulating the Army need for and use of joint airspace. Army
  airspace control ensures that airspace users are synchronized in time, space, and purpose
  interdependently with joint and multinational forces.
  AIR AND MISSILE DEFENSE PRINCIPLES
  Armed with a thorough understanding of the operational environment that is further focused through
  the lens of current mission, enemy, terrain and weather, troops and support available, time available, and civil
  considerations (METT-TC) conditions, commanders apply AMD principles when planning active AMD
  operations. The AMD principles are mass, mix, mobility, integration, flexibility, and agility. Mass, mix,
  mobility, and integration are traditional principles that have stood the test of time. Flexibility and agility are
  inherent considerations for how ADA forces organize and operate on future battlefields (FM 3-01).
  * Mass is the concentration of combat power sufficient to achieve the commander's intent. Mass,
  when applied to AMD, is achieved by allocating enough AMD firepower to successfully defend
  the force or the asset against aerial attack or surveillance. To mass AMD combat power in one
  area, commanders may have to accept risks in other areas of the battlefield.
  * Mix is the employment of a combination of weapons and sensors to protect the force and assets
  from the threat. Mix offsets the limitations of one system with the capabilities of another and
  complicates the situation for the attacker. Proper mix causes the enemy to adjust tactics. Enemy
  tactics designed to defeat one system may make the enemy vulnerable to another system. For
  instance, an enemy aircraft flying low to avoid Patriot may be vulnerable to engagement by an
  Avenger system.
  * Mobility is a quality or capability of military forces, which permits them to move from place to
  place while retaining the ability to fulfill their primary mission (JP 3-36). M-SHORAD is capable
  of matching the cross-country mobility of maneuvering forces. Avenger systems can move with
  and maintain defense of the maneuver force's semi-fixed assets. Mobility of SHORAD increases
  their survivability as well as that of their supported assets.
  * Integration is the arrangement of military forces and their actions to create a force that operates
  by engaging as a whole (JP 1). Integration constitutes the combination of ADA and joint counterair
  forces, systems, functions, processes, and information acquisition and distribution required to
  efficiently and effectively perform the mission. Integration combines separate systems,