text: Chapter 1
  military doctrine and operations. They deploy these capabilities through multiple layers of stand-off in all
  domains - space, cyber, air, sea, and land by establishing zones of antiaccess (A2)/area denial (AD). Enemy
  A2 refers to those actions and capabilities, usually long-range, designed to prevent an opposing force from
  entering an operational area (OA). Operational area is an overarching term encompassing more descriptive
  terms (such as area of responsibility and joint operations area) of locations for the conduct of military
  operations (JP 3-0). AD refers to those actions and capabilities, usually of shorter range, designed not to keep
  an opposing force out, but to limit its freedom of action within the OA.
  1-6. Both China and Russia utilize an integrated fires command to employ FS assets. The integrated fires
  command executes all fire support tasks for the supported command. An integrated fires command is a
  dedicated combination of command and control (C2) structures and organic and attached joint FS units. The
  integrated fires command exercises centralized C2 of all allocated, dedicated FS assets retained by its level
  of command. This can include aviation, artillery, naval gunfire, and surface-to-surface missile units from
  different commands and services. It also exercises C2 over all reconnaissance, intelligence, surveillance, and
  target acquisition (TA) assets dedicated to its support. An integrated fires command is tasked to engage
  designated operational and strategic targets. Integrated fires commands are typically associated with
  campaign-level headquarters.
  1-7. An integrated fires command and its component systems have key vulnerabilities that Army forces can
  target when supporting joint force operations. Like any military system, it requires sustainment capabilities
  and other support that Army forces can detect and attack. It has electromagnetic signatures that enable
  detection from friendly joint intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance (ISR) from all domains. Enemy
  networks depend on C2 nodes Army forces can target. Perhaps most importantly, systems within an
  integrated fires command are comprised of land-based capabilities, including sensors, fires capabilities, and
  C2 nodes, all of which Army forces can attack (FM 3-0). For more information on Chinese and Russian
  integrated fires commands see FM 3-0 and ATP 7-100.3, and the worldwide equipment guide website.
  1-8. A peer or near-peer force represents the greatest potential threat to the U.S. forces. Peer threats employ
  their resources across all domains to attack the vulnerabilities of the U.S. and our allies. The threat is any
  combination of actors, entities, or forces that have the capability and intent to harm U.S. forces, U.S. national
  interests, or the homeland (ADP 3-0). They use their capabilities to create lethal and nonlethal effects
  throughout an operational environment (OE). An operational environment is the aggregate of the conditions,
  circumstances, and influences that affect the employment of capabilities and bear on the decisions of the
  commander (JP 3-0). In a new era of great power competition, our nation's adversaries seek to achieve their
  strategic aims, short of conflict, by the use of layered stand-off in the political, military and economic realms
  to separate the U.S. from our unified action partners. During large-scale combat operations they will employ
  A2/AD systems and tactics to separate U.S. forces and our allies in time, space, and function in order to
  defeat us. Large-scale combat operations are extensive joint combat operations in terms of scope and size of
  forces committed, conducted as a campaign aimed at achieving operational and strategic objectives (ADP 3-
  0). Technological achievements over the past decades have made possible great qualitative improvements in
  their weaponry to match observed vulnerabilities in U.S. systems and forces. U.S. adversaries seek to delay
  friendly forces long enough to achieve their goals and end hostilities before they reach culmination. Peer
  threats will employ various methods to employ their national elements of power to render U.S. military power
  irrelevant.
  1-9. To defeat peer forces in large-scale combat, U.S. forces must first penetrate A2/AD systems, establish
  a position of relative advantage, retain the initiative and prevent enemy forces from achieving mass,
  momentum, and sustaining land combat. A balanced application of both firepower and maneuver is essential
  for US forces to achieve these goals. This calls for FS system synchronization and convergence of effects to
  attack high-payoff targets (HPTs) across the width and depth of the OA. Convergence is an outcome created
  by the concerted employment of capabilities from multiple domains and echelons against combinations of
  decisive points in any domain to create effects against a system, formation, decision maker, or in a specific
  geographic area (FM 3-0). A high-payoff target is a target whose loss to the enemy will significantly
  contribute to the success of the friendly course of action (JP 3-60).
  1-10. Some threat actors have chemical, biological, radiological, and nuclear (CBRN) weapons capabilities
  and the ability to employ such weapons. Therefore, threat intent to employ CBRN weapons must be assessed.
  Preparation and planning to conduct operations in a CBRN environment are of paramount importance in any