text: Appendix D
  D-79. If the FO's position location is poor, the initial round location will be poor too. The FO can use the
  initial round to re-determine his location. For example, the FO's call for fire told the FDC to fire grid 123456,
  direction 0200. The round impact is nowhere near the target. The FO then determines the direction and range
  to the burst. The FO plots a back-azimuth from the burst and estimates range along that direction to replot
  the FO's position. Then, using the new position location, FO reinitiates the mission.
  D-80. Vietnam and WWII also showed that the first round in adjustment should be white phosphorous.
  Because both the FO's location and the location of other friendly elements may have been doubtful, white
  phosphorous was usually fired first to avoid inflicting casualties on friendly personnel. (Using a 200-meter
  height of burst can help the FO see the first round.)
  D-81. The creeping method of adjustment is used exclusively during danger close missions. The observer
  makes range changes by using corrections of 100 m or less and creeping the rounds to the target. The observer
  must know where all friendly troops are to avoid endangering them. All weapons that will FFE are used in
  adjustment. For BN missions, batteries should be adjusted individually.
  D-82. Marking rounds can be fired to help the FO determine his own location. The use of marking rounds
  also helps ensure that the FDC knows in what area the friendly unit is, which ensures more responsive fires.
  A marking round is usually white phosphorous fired 300 to 400 m forward of friendly units at 200 m height
  of burst. The FDC plots a target, fires a white phosphorous round, and sends the grid of the white phosphorous
  impact to the FO. The FO then has a known position on which to orient.
  D-83. Because of the close combat, laser range finders may not be of great use; however, night vision devices
  are extremely critical.
  D-84. Air observers. Air observers can be important in jungle warfare. They can detect enemy movements
  that ground forces have no way of seeing. They can act in concert with ground observers to deliver accurate
  fires on enemy elements in close contact with friendly forces. Also, the air observers can relay calls for fire
  from ground elements to the FDC.
  D-85. Air observers can help direct CAS assets against enemy targets. Because ground observers cannot see
  the whole battlefield, the air observer marks targets for the CAS sortie (by use of flares, white phosphorous,
  or smoke). Caution must be taken, and positive identification of the target must be made.
  D-86. WLRs are extremely effective in the jungle, since most indirect fires are high-angle fires. In stability
  operations, many targets detected by the radars are fleeting in nature (shoot and move) and the radar must be
  tied in with an indirect FS asset to ensure quick counterfire.
  D-87. Also, most enemy indirect fires will be directed against friendly unit positions. Therefore, the radars
  should be oriented to locate those enemy fires.
  TARGETING
  D-88. Targeting is very difficult because of the triple canopy and the fluid nature of the conflict. Experience
  with the particular enemy will provide some targets indicated by the enemy's past performance and
  techniques.
  D-89. Plan targets:
  * To support the scheme of maneuver.
  * Along roads and trails.
  * At likely ambush sites.
  * Around clearings.
  * At river or stream crossings.
  * Around built-up areas.
  D-90. Also, isolated units will prepare 360-degree defenses. Plan FPFs to support that defensive posture.
  Consider recommending to the supporting FA BN commander a munition specific required supply rate to
  support the operation.