text: Chapter 19
  Tactical Deception
  This chapter addresses those considerations unique to tactical deception operations. It
  provides an overview of tactical deception, principles, types, means, and variations. It
  then discusses tactical deception planning, tactical deception in offensive and
  defensive operations, and risk.
  OVERVIEW OF DECEPTION
  19-1. As a principle of war surprise is a combat multiplier that amplifies the effects of the other principles
  of war. Its effective use allows friendly units to strike at a time and place or in a manner that the enemy is
  unprepared for, which induces shock and causes hesitation. Every echelon works to achieve surprise in an
  operation and only by multiple echelons working together is surprise achieved.
  19-2. The easiest way to achieve surprise is to use deception. Units throughout history have used deception
  to their advantage. It is an effective way to cause the enemy to dissipate their efforts and resources. Deception
  enhances the conditions that allow friendly units to concentrate forces at decisive times and locations.
  Executing tactical deception comes with costs. These costs include time, material, and risk. However, history
  shows that executing deception at any scale and echelon is almost always worth the costs.
  19-3. The enemy commander is the focus of tactical deception, but the enemy can delegate command
  authority to an alternate decision maker. This means that someone other than the commander needs to be
  deceived. Therefore, this chapter will refer to the enemy decision maker or commander as the deception
  target. The deception target is the adversary decision maker with the authority to make the decision that will
  achieve the deception objective (JP 3-13.4).
  19-4. Well planned and executed deception, not luck, achieves surprise and its benefits—in both the offense
  and defense. Deception can be as simple as using camouflage to conceal friendly forces’ locations,
  capabilities, or intent. It could be the use of decoys to create false data for the deception target to deal with.
  Or it could be as complicated as a multi-phase and echelon operation that works in accordance to a larger
  deception operation. To understand this better, there are two types of deception—military deception and
  tactical deception.
  MILITARY DECEPTION
  19-5. Military deception is actions executed to deliberately mislead adversary military, paramilitary, or
  violent extremist organization decision makers, thereby causing the adversary to take specific actions (or
  inactions) that will contribute to the accomplishment of the friendly mission. (JP 3-13.4). Military deception
  is typically executed at the combatant command level and requires planning, approval, and execution to
  adhere to theater-level instructions and AR 525-21. Additionally, information pertaining to tactical deception
  (TAC-D) executed in support of a military deception, to include operations, training, and exercises are
  generally classified at the Secret or higher level. The rest of this chapter is focused on tactical deception and
  the principles, types, means, and variations used. (See FM 3-13.4 for more information and details on military
  deception planning.)
  TACTICAL DECEPTION
  19-6. Tactical deception concepts do not tie into an overall military deception operation. Units must
  understand that when executing TAC-D, they are not executing military deception at the tactical level.
  Tactical deception is a friendly activity that causes enemy commanders to take action or cause inaction