text: Intelligence
  from individuals for the purpose of answering requirements. (See FM 2-22.3 for more information on
  human intelligence.)
  8-15. Operational reporting may have information of intelligence value that originates from a local
  population. People may approach Soldiers and Marines during the course of their day-to-day operations and
  offer information. Soldiers and Marines record information and report it to the intelligence section. This
  allows for verification of information and establishes a means for human intelligence collectors to contact
  individuals offering information of value.
  8-16. People offering information on insurgents are often in danger as insurgents continuously try to defeat
  collection operations. Commanders ensure that the appropriate personnel are trained in handling human
  sources in accordance with Army, Marine Corps, and Department of Defense (DOD) standards and
  policies. Human intelligence collectors are trained in procedures that limit risks to sources and handlers.
  Counterinsurgents should not expect people to willingly provide information if insurgents have the ability
  to violently intimidate sources. Human intelligence reporting increases if counterinsurgents protect the
  population from insurgents and people begin to believe the insurgency is defeated.
  8-17. People often provide inaccurate and conflicting information to counterinsurgents. They may spread
  rumors or provide inaccurate information for their own reasons. For example, people may give inaccurate
  information to settle tribal, ethnic, or business disputes. The accuracy of information obtained by Soldiers
  and Marines is verified before using it to support operations. This means that information reported to
  patrols should be verified with all-source intelligence. Improved accuracy will come from collecting
  intelligence from the whole population. Information must be seen as part of a whole picture and parts or
  segments of information cannot override the whole picture. An important part of gaining access from the
  whole population is gaining access to restricted populations. These populations often include women, but
  they can include any element that the counterinsurgent cannot access because of cultural considerations.
  Restricted access teams may be helpful in ensuring that information is attained from the whole population,
  including women.
  COUNTERINTELLIGENCE
  8-18. Counterintelligence also uses human sources to assist in collection of information on foreign
  intelligence, international terrorist, or insider threat activities that may threaten the counterinsurgency.
  Counterintelligence efforts may be directed toward assisting commanders in detecting and neutralizing the
  insider threat by ensuring that counterinsurgency operations are not compromised by adversaries operating
  inside a base. Counterintelligence operations, including the use of humans as sources, must be
  accomplished by trained counterintelligence special agents.
  INFORMATION COLLECTION AND INTELLIGENCE, SURVEILLANCE, AND RECONNAISSANCE
  8-19. Information collection is an activity that synchronizes and integrates the planning and employment of
  sensors and assets as well as the processing, exploitation, and dissemination of systems in direct support of
  current and future operations. The deputy chief of staff, (G-2 [S-2]) and assistant chief of staff, operations
  (G-3 [S-3]) staffs collaborate to collect, process, and analyze information the commander requires
  concerning threats, terrain and weather, and civil considerations that affect operations. The information
  collection tasks are—
  * Plan requirements and assess collection.
  * Task and direct collection.
  * Execute collection.
  (See FM 3-55 for more information on information collection and planning requirements and assessing
  collection.)
  8-20. Intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance provides commanders with detailed and timely
  intelligence. This intelligence helps commanders gain situational understanding of a threat and an
  operational environment. This is accomplished by answering requirements focused in time and space and
  identifying any threats to mission accomplishment. The intelligence staff provides commanders with
  predictive assessments of threats, terrain and weather, and civil considerations. These assessments also