text: Chapter 3
  with established local,regional and worldwide support networks. Irregular forces threat capability is limited
  to small arms weapons, antitank weapons, man portable air defense missiles, mortars, short-range rockets,
  homemade radio frequency weapons,rudimentary robotics,counterUASs,and improvised explosive devices
  (IEDs). However, some irregular threats possess the financial means to acquire advanced weapon systems
  and technologies. Examples of irregular forces in armed conflicts include—
  (cid:122) Revolutionary Army Forces of Columbia People’s Army (1964).
  (cid:122) Mujahidin in Afghanistan (1979).
  (cid:122) Palestine Liberation Organization in the West Bank (2001).
  (cid:122) Al Qaeda in Iraq (2007).
  (cid:122) Taliban in Afghanistan (2009).
  (cid:122) Islamic State in Iraq and the Levant (2013).
  (cid:122) Iran’s Quds Force support to nonstate actors in foreign countries.
  3-24. The term hybrid threat evolved to capture the seemingly increased complexity of operations, the
  multiplicity of actors involved, and the blurring among traditional elements of conflict. A hybrid threatis the
  diverse and dynamic combination of regular forces, irregular forces, terrorist, or criminal elements acting in
  concert to achieve mutually benefitting effects (ADP 3-0). Hybrid threats combine traditional forces
  governed by law, military tradition, and custom with unregulated forces that act without constraints on the
  use of violence. These may involve nation-states using proxy forces or nonstate actors such as criminal and
  terrorist organizations that employ sophisticated capabilities traditionally associated with states. Hybrid
  threats may include nation state actors that employ protracted forms of warfare, possibly using proxy forces
  to coerce and intimidate, or nonstate actors employing capabilities traditionally associated with states. Hybrid
  threats can operate under a centralized or decentralized command and control structure. Hybrid threats are
  most effective when they exploit friendly constraints, capability gaps, and lack of situational awareness.
  3-25. Combat experiences in Afghanistan, Iraq, and other recent conflicts in Lebanon, Mali, Syria, Gaza,
  Northern Nigeria, and Southern Thailand demonstrate a migration of capabilities, tactics, and techniques
  previously only associated with military forces of nation states to state sponsoredand nonstate entities. This
  migration of capabilities presents friendly maneuver forces with a challenge that extends beyond defeating
  an enemy’s regular force. Current and future threats do and can combine and transition between regular and
  irregular forces adopting strategies, tactics, and techniques to evade and disrupt U.S. advantages and gain
  tactical advantages within the physical, psychological, informational, and political dimensions of armed
  conflict. As a result,the BCT must prepare to counter lethal evasion and disruption capabilities from a variety
  of forces (regular,irregular,and hybrid) in current and future operational areas.
  SECTION III – THREAT COUNTERMEASURES
  3-26. To predict threat countermeasures in time and space, the BCT commander and staff (as conducted
  during the intelligence preparation of the battlefield [IPB])must first understand threat capabilities,tactics,
  and techniques. Current and future enemies employ a series of integrated tactical and technical
  countermeasures to counter friendly operational and tactical advantages. Countermeasures are deception
  operations, dispersion, concealment, and the intermingling with civilians in urban terrain. The enemy also
  employs technological countermeasures, such as cyber-attacks and Global Positioning System (GPS)
  jamming, to evade and disrupt the friendly force’s ability to develop the situation, seize the initiative, and
  consolidate tactical gains into favorable outcomes.
  EVASION
  3-27. Enemies operate within complex terrain to evade friendly weapon systems,advanced combined arms
  and air-ground capabilities. They operate in and among the population to evade detection, preserve their
  combat power,and retain their freedom of movement. The enemy often establishes relationships with local,
  regional, and transnational criminal organizations, and violent extremist organizations to finance their
  operations and gain access to illicittrafficking networks to move illegal weapons,munitions,WMD,people,
  narcotics,or money.