text: Insurgency Prerequisites and Fundamentals
  4-82. The auxiliary includes cells and external elements. Cells include logistics, intelligence,
  counterintelligence, propaganda, population control, and recruiting elements. These are elements that
  perform tasks directly connected to an insurgency. External elements provide support for an insurgency,
  but they are not directly part of the insurgency. For example, external elements may include drug
  smugglers or external support from another state.
  4-83. Women can play an essential role in the auxiliary force. Insurgencies generally require a robust
  system of financing and supply. In many cases, a woman will have greater freedom of movement in a
  society than a man who is actively engaging government forces. For example, a wife, niece, or daughter of
  an insurgent might be able to send a message or make financial transitions much easier than the actual
  insurgent.
  4-84. Auxiliary forces also include economic support systems to fund the insurgency’s military and
  political operations. Economic support systems include—
  * Fund raising and terrorist finance networks.
  * Pillaging, looting, extorting, and enslaving a population.
  * Business operations that include both direct control, joint ventures, and taxation of enterprises in
  these industries:
  Illicit trade in commodities and natural resources (such as oil, timber, and diamonds).
  
  Criminal trafficking in narcotics, humans, and arms.
  
  Sanctions busting.
  
  Legal business enterprises (such as oil, shipping, motor transport, and hotels).
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  Banking and finance operations.
  
  Underground
  4-85. Underground cells conduct clandestine combatant and logistics operations in areas controlled by
  government forces. Combat operations can include sabotage, assassinations, and small arms attacks.
  Logistic operations can include maintaining safe houses, controlling hostages, moving weapons, and
  providing communications. Underground cells include intelligence cells, logistic cells, and combatant cells.
  4-86. The underground element includes those elements of the insurgency that conduct covert or
  clandestine activities, especially in counterinsurgent occupied areas. Movement leaders may exist within
  the underground if they are attempting to keep their affiliation or identity a secret. Insurgencies with
  effective undergrounds tend to be more compartmentalized, secretive, vetted, trained, and indoctrinated
  than insurgencies without them. For example, the underground can carry out terrorist acts, if desired, while
  the insurgency has plausible deniability for these acts. The underground may remain in an area after
  counterinsurgency clearing operations to gather information, intimidate civilians, attack members of the
  security forces or government, emplace improvised explosive devices, or perform sniper operations. The
  underground can be a major part of an insurgency. Its effectiveness (or ineffectiveness) provides
  counterinsurgent analysts with indicators of the skill, advancement, and strategy of the insurgency. An
  advanced insurgency with an effective underground is capable of operations and tactics that differ from
  those of a basic insurgency, with a less capable underground. The underground tends to be the most
  difficult element to recruit and train; therefore, its size tends to fluctuate with time and capability.
  4-87. Underground cells seek to be self-contained; they often have their own leadership, combatants, and
  auxiliary forces. However, the underground can also use members of the auxiliary to provide materials,
  intelligence, counterintelligence, and early warning. The auxiliary may also pass messages, propaganda,
  and disinformation. This use allows the underground to conduct operations in areas where the regular
  auxiliary is present, but the underground does not have a widespread presence.
  Networked Insurgencies
  4-88. While some insurgencies are hierarchical, it is also likely that an insurgency will be deeply
  networked into a society. While auxiliary, guerrillas, leadership, and underground elements are a means of
  viewing the basic functions of an insurgency, many insurgencies in the modern era are learning and
  adapting networks. An insurgency’s members will often have connections to various resourcing means,