text: Chapter 2
  levels for various programs and agencies of the federal government in the form of budget authority because
  Congress provides budget authority to agencies as opposed to cash. When the President submits his budget
  to Congress, each agency, such as the DOD, generally provides detailed justification materials to the House
  and Senate appropriations subcommittees with jurisdiction over its funding.
  Figure 2-1. Appropriation/authorization process
  2-4. In response to the submission of the President’s Budget, Congress adopts a budget resolution that
  sets the total new budget authority and outlay levels for each fiscal year covered by the resolution (i.e., The
  upcoming fiscal year plus the four subsequent fiscal years). The budget resolution also distributes federal
  spending among twenty functional categories, such as national defense, transportation and agriculture. The
  budget resolution is not law nor is it sent to the President. It does not provide budget authority or raise or
  lower revenues; instead, it is a guide for the House and Senate as they consider various budget-related bills,
  including appropriations and tax measures.
  2-5. Figure 2-1 begins its depiction of the appropriation/authorization process with both the House of
  Representatives and Senate considering the appropriations measures simultaneously. Traditionally, the
  Senate would wait until it received the House-passed bill to begin its consideration of the appropriation
  measure. During the House’s consideration of the bill, the House Appropriations Committee (the House
  Armed Service Committee for the authorization bill) through its defense appropriation sub-committee with
  jurisdiction over the defense appropriation amends or “marks up” the draft version of the bill and then upon
  completion, reports the bill to the House floor for consideration and passage. After passage, the House
  sends the bill to the Senate. The Senate Appropriations Committee (the Senate Armed Service Committee
  through its sub-committee with jurisdiction over the defense appropriation for the authorization bill) marks
  up the House version of the bill and reports the bill to the Senate floor for additional amendments and
  consideration. Both chambers have their own rules regarding amending appropriation bills. The Senate then
  passes its version of the appropriations/authorization bill.
  2-6. Generally, members of the defense appropriations sub-committees for both the House and Senate and
  the chair and ranking minority members of the full committees meet to negotiate over differences between
  the House and Senate versions of the bill. Under House and Senate rules, the negotiators or conferees are
  usually required to remain within the scope of the differences between the positions of the two chambers.
  In their agreement, the proposed spending/limitations on programs and/or activities must remain within the
  range established by the House and Senate versions. The Senate typically passes a single substitute