text: Chapter 1
  Army Space Operations Overview
  Unified land operations and Army space operations are indivisible. A typical Army Brigade Combat
  Team has over 2,500 positioning, navigation, and timing (PNT)-enabled devices and over 250
  satellite communications (SATCOM)-enabled devices used to conduct precision fires, movement,
  maneuver, communications, protection, command and control, and other mission requirements.
  This chapter provides a general overview of the depth and breadth of available space capabilities to
  conduct unified land operations. It recognizes the different career specialties the Army uses to
  support space operations and space-enabled operations. It identifies how the Army must plan to
  operate in a contested space domain which may be exploited by threat actors to create a denied,
  degraded, and disrupted space operational environment (D3SOE). It provides space fundamentals
  lists the approved Army space core competencies.
  1-1. The space capabilities the Army uses are dependent on both the space domain (the physical location
  where space-based satellites transmit and receive signals) and Army space operations to conduct the planning,
  coordination, integration, and synchronization of space capabilities across all functions within unified land
  operations. While the Army is capable of completing its assigned mission in a D3SOE, it is more agile and
  efficient when using space capabilities to their fullest ability.
  1-2. Space operations are inherently joint and Army space forces routinely coordinate with Army, joint,
  and unified action partners on the best way to employ space capabilities. U.S. Army space operations are
  firmly established in national, Department of Defense (DOD), and Service level policies that guide space
  operations. Army Space force personnel consist of trusted Army professionals who work diligently to assure
  continuous access to space capabilities.
  1-3. Assured access to space capabilities is a framework of capabilities, actions, and processes to assure
  Soldiers can to shoot, move, and communicate where and when desired, to achieve the commander’s intent.
  The Army invests in space capabilities and its use of the space domain is broad. Space capabilities enable
  and enhance tactical operations across the range of military operations. Many aspects of space operations
  have become normalized in Army operations and are routinely integrated into mission plans. However,
  assured access to space capabilities is a necessity for agile and efficient mission operations.
  1-4. The space domain is defined as the area above the altitude where atmospheric effects on airborne
  objects become negligible (JP 3-14). The space domain is a physical location where military, civil, and
  commercial space activities are conducted and the upper limit extends infinitely outward. Military activities
  within the space domain are conducted to achieve U.S. national security objectives.
  1-5. Space forces are the space and terrestrial systems, equipment, facilities, organizations, and personnel,
  or combination thereof, necessary to conduct space operations (JP 3-14). A space asset is the equipment that
  is an individual part of a space system, which is or can be placed in space or directly supports space activity
  terrestrially (JP 3-14). The space forces and space assets support all warfighting functions and enable the
  Army to communicate, navigate, target hostiles, protect our forces, and operate in a contested OE more
  efficiently.
  1-6. The space environment is the environment corresponding to the space domain, where electromagnetic
  radiation, charged particles, and electric and magnetic fields are the dominant physical influences, and that
  encompasses the earth’s ionosphere and magnetosphere, interplanetary space, and the solar atmosphere (JP
  3-59). Space operations are those operations impacting or directly utilizing space-based assets to enhance the
  potential of the U.S. and unified action partners. The space joint operating area is the operational area,
  bounded by the space domain, assigned to Commander, United States Strategic Command, in which space
  operations are conducted (JP 3-14).