text: Army Space Capabilities
  beyond handheld receiver devices. Loss of signal may impact command and control, precision munitions,
  maneuver forces, aviation platforms, network timing protocol, civil and commercial activities.
  3-28. The approach to successful NAVWAR operations are through characterization, assured PNT, and
  NAVWAR attack. Army forces execute NAVWAR operations by integrating Army capabilities and effects
  into joint operations to create a leveraged force multiplier. Army NAVWAR includes operations that
  characterize the GNSS environment to gain situational understanding of friendly and threat actors’ intent,
  capabilities, and actions.
  * Characterization is the ability to understand, visualize, and describe the local PNT environment.
  It includes accurate and timely assessments of the OE, including terrestrial, aerial, and space
  environments, and the potential impact to these areas and mission in order to plan and conduct
  unified land operations. Characterization of the environment provides an assessment of PNT
  availability throughout the duration of a mission. Characterization requires a persistent and
  integrated network of surveillance and reconnaissance systems and information processing to fuse
  the data into a cohesive picture. It includes the capability to determine the effects of the
  environment on sensors, weapons, and munitions to deliver fires. It includes obscurants, enemy
  capabilities, and intent.
  * Assured PNT is reliable, secure, and resilient GNSS data delivered with data integrity to friendly
  forces to conduct decisive maneuver and employ precision fires. Assured PNT includes GNSS
  augmentation such as using multi-sensor PNT devices to take advantage of other GNSS and non-
  GPS signals. Passive measures include the use of anti-jam antennas to null jammers and improved
  military GPS receivers used to assure access to PNT. Defensive protection measures include
  shielding the receiver—if possible—to block the interference and using proven tactics,
  techniques, and procedures. Conducting realistic training in a D3SOE provides Soldiers the ability
  to experience these conditions during Home Station and Combat Training Center training
  exercises. Training provides Soldiers at all echelons the opportunity to exercises PNT mitigation
  techniques in a D3SOE.
  * NAVWAR attack is the ability to deny threat actors the use of GNSS through a variety of methods
  including offensive cyber operations, space operations, and electronic attack. NAVWAR attack
  exploits threat actor’s dependencies and vulnerabilities. NAVWAR effectiveness requires the
  application of space operations, cyberspace operations, and electronic attack capabilities to be
  synchronized with lethal and nonlethal effects to deliver the desired effects. NAVWAR can be
  used to support entry operation, contribute to defeating A2 and AD strategies, enable deep shaping
  and strike, and allow local area dominance while preserving access for friendly forces and civil
  use. NAVWAR requires multi-domain approach and must be synchronized with kinetic attacks.
  Space operations focus on PNT signals, situational understanding, and space control operations.
  Cyberspace operations protect friendly networks that leverage GNSS, while targeting similar
  adversary capabilities. Electronic warfare combines electronic support, electronic attack, and
  electronic protection to understand the impacts of NAVWAR operations, deny adversary access
  to GNSS information, and protect friendly capabilities using specific frequencies.
  3-29. GNSS disruptions should be anticipated so NAVWAR capabilities should be integrated into the
  operations process. Planners must understand how the enemy may attempt to negate the use of GNSS using
  NAVWAR techniques and be able to characterize the NAVWAR landscape to identify threats to friendly
  GNSS capabilities. GNSS characterization requires a comprehensive awareness and synchronized approach
  from space operations, cyberspace, and electronic warfare to be effectively integrated into battle plans.
  3-30. Commanders and staffs should understand the extent to which their forces and equipment rely on
  GNSS data and how degraded or denied GNSS data impacts operations. They should have situational
  understanding of the GNSS landscape. They should understand the impact NAVWAR will have on their
  operations, and must recognize the risk to Soldiers and mission in a NAVWAR environment. Soldiers should
  be able to recognize the indications of NAVWAR on their equipment, be prepared to employ basic techniques
  to mitigate the effects, and notify higher echelons when indications are present. If basic techniques are not
  successful, Soldiers should be prepared to implement actions into a primary, alternate, contingency,
  emergency (PACE) plans. A PACE plan should include steps, processes, and considerations associated with
  operating in a D3SOE.