text: Chapter 8
  WIRE
  8-54. Wire is the primary means used for internal communications. Use of wire communications prevents
  hostile forces from using radio direction finding (RDF) equipment to locate the unit. Wire use is restricted
  mainly by mobility requirements, distance between users, installation and recovery time, and maintenance.
  Wire requires care in installation to preclude damage. Internal wire may be integrated with radio means to
  increase the capability of communications with outside units. Network radio interface (NRI) permits voice
  communications between radio users and telephone system subscribers, either from radio to telephone or
  vice versa, so long as the radio user is within range of the NRI station.
  8-55. The Army now has one network that is LandWarNet, the Army's portion of the Global GIG. Signal
  doctrine is now focused to the capabilities provided in meeting the LandWarNet (LWN) requirements.
  Warfighter Information Network Tactical and Joint Tactical Radio Systems are programs of record that
  enable LWN network transport and services. The joint network node (JNN) is the core enabler right now
  and is the replacement for the mobile subscriber equipment (MSE). LWN is a digital network that is
  Internet Protocol based, provides Voice Over Internet Protocol capabilities and better services than under
  MSE. There will be four increments to Warfigther Information Network Tactical capabilities. Increment 1
  is the JNN, Increment 2 will be limited on the move capability, (meaning data network capabilities while
  on the move much like what we can do with cell phones accessing internet now), Increment 3 will be a full
  on the move capability and Increment 4 is a protected Satellite Communications on the move capability.
  All BCTs have an embedded Signal Company that supports each of their command posts and are provided
  a Command Post Node in the battalion HQ that provides a network connection from the battalion to the
  BCT or BDE level. Approximately 49% of the force do not have any embedded capability and must resort
  to requesting network capabilities from the Expeditionary Signal Battalion.
  RADIO
  8-56. An FM unit’s communications cannot depend on wire communication only. Each FM unit must also
  use radio communications systems in lieu of and as a supplement to wire communications.
  Communications must be available at all times to accomplish various and concurrent missions. FM support
  is not static—radio communication must be available at all levels down to FMSTs to maintain constant
  communications with higher command levels as well as supported units. These communication
  requirements include data transmission as well as voice capability.
  8-57. Radio systems are easier to use and quicker to install than wire, but are susceptible to detection by
  enemy RDF equipment, which can locate receivers and transmitters. The enemy can monitor transmissions,
  jam communications, or bring direct or indirect fire weapons to bear on the position of the
  transmitter/receiver.
  8-58. FM units receive AN\VRC-90 radio sets, which are part of the single-channel ground and airborne
  radio system (SINCGARS). The SINCGARS is capable of processing voice, analog, and digital data in
  either the frequency hopping or single-channel mode, allowing the FM unit to communicate wirelessly with
  other FM units, and with supported units.
  INTERNAL FIXED SITE COMMUNICATIONS
  8-59. Various communications means are available to support fixed site operations at the tactical
  operations centers (TOCs) of FM units. Most communication requirements are met by using MSE, which
  can be set up in either permanent or temporary shelters. This equipment provides commanders with
  multiple means of communicating with outlying units. Headquarters elements send and receive financial
  and position-reporting data from subordinate units utilizing Enhanced Position Location Reporting System
  (EPLRS) when available.
  BASE AND REMOTE SUPPORT OPERATIONS
  8-60. FM units have the responsibility to provide support anywhere in the AO via mobile FMSTs. This
  requires a mobile capability and a means to locate and communicate with the FMSTs. The FMSTs transmit