text: Army Space Operations Overview
  CONTESTED SPACE DOMAIN
  1-50. Operations in the space domain are increasingly contested, degraded, and operationally limited. The
  Army and joint forces must plan to operate in a contested space domain. The threat to Army and joint
  operations from a contested, degraded, and operationally limited space domain may create critical
  vulnerabilities for threat actors to exploit against unified land operations. These perceived vulnerabilities
  make contesting the space domain attractive to threat actors. Threat actors may take A2 and AD actions in
  an attempt to create multiple effects against U.S. and allied forces. Army forces must be prepared to conduct
  operations against A2 and AD actions.
  1-51. Denied, degraded, and disrupted space operational environment is a composite of those conditions
  and influences in which space-enabled capabilities have been impaired by hostile threats or non-hostile
  means. Army space operations must remain flexible to commanders’ needs and stay agile in response to
  threat actor exploitation efforts to place Army and joint forces into a D3SOE, which is the results of a threat
  actor implementation of A2 and AD strategies. D3SOE is the most recognizable impact to space operations
  from threat actors. The difference between D3SOE and OSC is that D3SOE is an enemy AD strategy to
  negate U.S. capabilities and OSC is used to negate enemy capabilities.
  1-52. Maneuver in the space domain is similar to maneuver conducted in the physical domains, but more
  complex. For instance, maneuver in a physical domain requires three-dimensional positioning and time.
  Maneuver in the space domain can be physical or virtual. It requires the ability of Soldiers to adapt or adjust
  operating parameters such as frequency, power, or modulation to gain a relative advantage over the enemy.
  Maneuver in the space domain puts the Army and joint force in a position of relative advantage over the
  enemy and may help counter the effects of a D3SOE.
  UNIFIED LAND OPERATIONS USE OF SPACE CAPABILITIES
  1-53. Operations conducted in the space domain are a significant force multiplier because of their cross
  domain connectivity and the asymmetric advantage provided. Space operations are integral to successfully
  conducting large scale combat operations as part of unified land operations.
  The Army’s warfighting functions, weapons, and battle systems are vitally dependent on
  space. We must fully leverage allied, national, and joint space capabilities to enable our
  warfighting functions and provide space support to all ground component forces.
  2013 Army Strategic Planning Guidance
  1-54. It is within the warfighting functions framework many space operations dependencies are identified.
  SECTION II – SPACE FUNDAMENTALS
  SPACE SEGMENTS
  1-55. The space domain is the ultimate high ground and gives users the advantage of a global, persistent
  perspective of the strategic, operational, and tactical situation. Satellites are well suited for communications,
  PNT, weather, reconnaissance and surveillance, imagery, mapping, and intelligence operations because of
  the access and perspectives they provide. They provide freedom of action, global reach, responsiveness, and
  insights to A2 and AD, and are not constrained by geographic borders or denied regions. However, space
  operations are bound by constraints such as physics, international law, and policies. Each has a unique set of
  challenges and vulnerabilities. The space domain is divided into three segments.
  1-56. The three discrete, but related space domain segments are:
  * The ground segment—consists of ground-based facilities and equipment supporting command
  and control of space assets, ground-based processing equipment, Earth terminals, user equipment,
  SSA sensors, and the interconnectivity between the facilities in which this equipment is housed.
  * The space segment—the operating area corresponding with the physical space domain.
  * The link segment—consists of signals connecting ground and space segments through the EMS.
  This normally includes telemetry, tracking, and signals necessary for controlling the spacecraft