text: Chapter 3
  Airspace Control—Planning and Preparation
  The operations process consists of the major mission command activities performed
  during operations: planning, preparing, executing, and continuously assessing the
  operation. This chapter discusses airspace control planning and the documents
  necessary for planning. It also discusses preparation activities. These activities, which
  are continuous, underpin successful unified land operations.
  PLANNING
  3-1. Planning is the art and science of understanding a situation, envisioning a desired end state, and laying
  out effective ways of bringing that future about (ADP 5-0). To operate successfully, commanders at all
  echelons must be capable of integrating and synchronizing forces and warfighting capabilities on the ground
  and in the air. Planning not only underpins this capability but also helps commanders reduce uncertainty and
  risk, providing the flexibility commanders need to conduct operations. Planning is both conceptual and
  detailed. Conceptual planning includes developing and understanding an operational environment, framing
  the problem, defining a desired end state, and developing an operational approach to achieve the desired end
  state. Detailed planning translates the broad concept into a complete and practical plan. Detailed planning
  works out the scheduling, coordination, and technical issues involved with moving, sustaining, administering,
  and directing the activities of forces in time, space, and purpose.
  3-2. Commanders drive the operations process through understanding, visualizing, describing, directing,
  leading, and assessing operations. During planning, staff sections perform essential functions and activities
  that enable commanders to understand, visualize, and describe tasks. This results in the commander’s intent
  and planning guidance. Refer to ADRP 5-0 for details on conceptual and detailed planning.
  KEY DOCUMENTS
  3-3. The JFC provides essential airspace planning documents to components to facilitate component
  planning and joint force standardization. These documents include plans, orders, messages, and any
  international agreements and letters of instruction. Although this publication lists these key documents in the
  discussion of planning, commanders and staffs also use or refer to these documents while they prepare,
  execute, and assess operations.
  Joint Air Operations Plan
  3-4. The joint air operations plan (JAOP) is the JFC’s approved plan for integrating and coordinating joint
  air operations. When designated by the JFC, the JFACC is responsible for developing a JAOP to guide the
  employment of joint air capabilities and forces made available to accomplish missions assigned by the JFC.
  The JAOP encompasses air capabilities and forces supported by, and in support of, other joint force
  components. To ensure proper force integration, all service and functional components must participate in
  the development of the JAOP. The JAOP provides the air strategy, objectives, and a desired end state for
  each phase of the operation. This plan—
  * Integrates the efforts of joint air and space capabilities and forces made available for JFACC
  tasking.
  * Identifies desired end state objectives and tasks to be achieved through air operations.
  * Identifies measures or indicators of success used to determine if air operations meet assigned
  objectives.
  * Accounts for current and potential adversary offensive and defensive courses of action.