text: Space Operational Environment
  * Directed energy attacks target the means by which space systems transmit and receive data by
  electromagnetic jamming or spoofing radio frequency signals.
  Electromagnetic jamming is the deliberate radiation, reradiation, or reflection of
  o
  electromagnetic energy for the purpose of preventing or reducing an enemy’s effective use
  of the EMS, and with the intent of degrading or neutralizing the enemy’s combat capability
  (JP 3-13.1). an emulated signal with false and misleading information
  Spoofing is a technique of broadcasting an emulated signal with false or misleading
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  information in an attempt to deceive a receiver or system into processing the fake data.
  Spoofing is designed to provide incorrect results to mislead users, discredit the receiver, or
  corrupt the data.
  * Cyberspace attack targets the data and the systems dependent upon the data rather than the radio
  frequency band in which the information is transmitted. Cyberattacks may target the ground
  stations, end-user equipment, or the satellites.
  Figure 2-2. Space threat categories
  2-84. Commanders and staffs should understand how current and potential threat actors organize, equip,
  train, employ, and control their forces. They must continually identify, monitor, and assess threats as they
  adapt and change over time. The techniques for evaluating the threat (as described in ATP 2-01.3) provide a
  standardized model to articulate various threat capabilities, analyze a threat actor's intent to determine
  possible enemy courses of action, and identify threat vulnerabilities to support mission analysis and
  operations. When a commander understands the threat, they can visualize, describe, direct, and assess
  operations to seize, exploit, and retain the initiative.
  2-85. A vulnerability is the characteristics of a system that cause it to suffer a definite degradation
  (incapability to perform the designated mission) as a result of having been subjected to a certain level of
  effects in an unnatural (man-made) hostile environment (JP 3-60). Space control measures help mitigate risks
  and defend against threat actors taking advantage of the vulnerabilities. A few of the possible system
  vulnerabilities to space operations include:
  * Making required ground station or stations unusable by means such as using a bomb to destroy
  all or part of the facility, or cutting the power supply.
  * Jamming a ground station, link, or user’s equipment.
  * Cyberspace attack.
  RISK MANAGEMENT
  2-86. Risk management is all about mission assurance and success—it is the logic behind identifying,
  assessing, and controlling risks arising from operational factors and making decisions that balance risk cost
  with mission benefits. The Army uses risk management to help maintain combat power while ensuring
  mission accomplishment in current and future operations. Risk management applies to operational and
  nonoperational activities. Army leaders must take prudent risks and make decisions based on informed