text: Conduct of Hostilities
  members of the civilian population provide to their State’s war effort, such as working in a munitions factory
  far from the battlefield or buying war bonds.
  Whether an act constitutes taking a direct part in hostilities is likely to depend on the context. The
  following considerations may be relevant (see DOD Law of War Manual, 5.8.3):
  * The degree to which the act causes harm to the opposing party’s persons or objects, such as:
   Whether the act is the proximate or “but for” cause of death, injury, or damage to persons or
  objects belonging to the opposing party; or
   The degree to which the act is likely to adversely affect the military operations or military
  capacity of the opposing party.
  * The degree to which the act is connected to the hostilities, such as:
   The degree to which the act is temporally or geographically near the fighting; or
   The degree to which the act is connected to military operations.
  * The specific purpose underlying the act, such as:
   Whether the activity is intended to advance the interests of one party to the conflict to the
  detriment of the opposing party.
  * The military significance of the activity to the party’s war effort, such as:
   The degree to which the act contributes to a party’s military action against the opposing party;
   Whether the act is of comparable or greater value to a party’s war effort than acts that are
  commonly regarded as taking a direct part in hostilities; or
   Whether the act poses a significant threat to the opposing party.
  * The degree to which the activity is viewed inherently or traditionally as a military one, such as:
   Whether the activity involves making decisions on the conduct of hostilities, such as
  determining the use or application of combat power; or
   Whether the act is traditionally performed by military forces in conducting military operations
  against the enemy (including combat, combat support, and combat service support functions
  of military forces).
  EXAMPLES OF TAKING A DIRECT PART IN HOSTILITIES
  The following acts are generally considered taking a direct part in hostilities, which deprives civilians
  who perform them of the protection against direct attack. These examples are illustrative and not exhaustive
  (See DOD Law of War Manual, 5.8.3.1).
  * Taking up or bearing arms against the opposing party, or otherwise personally trying to kill, injure,
  or capture personnel or damage materiel belonging to the opposing party, such as:
   Defending military objectives against enemy attack (for example, manning an antiaircraft gun
  or acting as a bodyguard for an enemy combatant);
   Acting as a member of a weapons crew;
   Engaging in an act of sabotage; or
   Emplacing mines or improvised explosive devices.
  * Preparing for, moving to, and exfiltrating from combat operations.
  * Planning, authorizing, or implementing a combat operation against the opposing party, even if that
  person does not personally use weapons or otherwise employ destructive force in connection with
  the operation.
  * Providing or relaying information of immediate use in combat operations, such as:
   Acting as an artillery spotter or member of a ground observer corps or otherwise relaying
  information to be used to direct an airstrike or mortar attack; and
   Acting as a guide or lookout for combatants conducting military operations.
  * Supplying weapons and ammunition, whether to conventional armed forces or armed non-state
  groups, or assembling weapons (such as improvised explosive devices) in close geographic or
  temporal proximity to their use, such as: