text: Threat
  3-28. Enemy forces use deception, cover and concealment, smoke, or other obscurant when conducting
  operations. They move in small,dispersed units,formations,groups,orcells to avoid detection. They conduct
  short engagements with three to ten person elements that break contact before friendly forces can bring
  indirect fire or airborne strike platforms to bear. The enemy creates false battlefield presentations and reduces
  signatures through deliberate and expedient means of deception to frustrate friendly information collection
  efforts. The enemy uses hardened and buried facilities and multispectral decoys to mask the signatures of
  high-value systems (such as short-rangeballistic missiles and surface to air missiles). The enemy also exploits
  safe havens within hostile states or in ungoverned areas and takes advantage of subsurface means to avoid
  detection (for example, tunnels, underground facilities, sewers, drainage systems, and other subterranean
  spaces). As enemies evade U.S. and coalition forces,they seek to expand their freedom of movement through
  intimidation and coercion. The enemy exploits civilian populations and cultural sites to hide key weapon
  systems.
  DISRUPTION
  3-29. Enemy forces employ combinations of lethal and other actions to disrupt BCT efforts to shape the
  operational environment. Lethal actions can be offensive and defensive in nature through decisive force.
  Other actions can be agitation, propaganda, and exploitation of the local population. Enemies employ
  integrated and networked combined arms teams to offset friendly capabilities. They employ small,dispersed,
  squad-sized teams armed with technologically advanced lethal weapons. Lethal weapons include
  rocket-propelled grenades, ATGMs, and man-portable air defense systems to conduct short engagements,
  and to defend against friendly armored, and counter-manned and UASs capabilities. Enemies seek
  opportunities to mass fires and forces against vulnerable targets,such as small combat outposts,dismounted
  patrols,and logistic convoys where they believe they can achieve quick victories with little risk of decisive
  engagements. When available,enemy forces employ armored or technical vehicles to increase their tactical
  mobility, protection, and firepower. Enemies integrate indirect fires such as rockets, mortars, and artillery
  into their operations.
  3-30. Enemies augment their small combined arms teams’ tactical capabilities by employing inexpensive
  countermeasures such as IED,Molotov cocktails,suicide bombers,civilians as obstacles (demonstrators and
  crowds to incite riots),CBRN weapons and materials,and fire and smoke as weapon systems. Enemies use
  these countermeasures to impede friendly forces’ ability to move and maneuver, or to prevent and delay
  friendly forces from conducting operations. At the same time,enemies seek to acquire technologies such as
  UASs(that may be weaponized for precision strike capability),satellite imagery,forward looking infrared,
  andEWsystems or platforms.
  3-31. The presence of civilians in the area of operations can interfere with military operations. Capabilities
  such as,engineers civil affairs,military police,and psychological operations (PSYOP)forces can plan and
  perform populace control measures that ensure freedom of maneuver by mitigating civil interference,which
  enables commanders to maintain tempo and preserve combat power.
  3-32. The enemy is proficient at establishing and maintaining communications and at disrupting BCT
  command and control systems. The enemy disrupts combined arms capabilities through combinations of
  jamming electromagnetic frequencies, cyber-attacks, data pirating, and satellite neutralization. Developing
  and maintaining these capabilities requires extensive recruitment, training, and outsourcing for personnel
  with the required skill set to conduct such attacks.
  3-33. The loss of space-basedcommunications due to enemy activity remains a major concern for friendly
  forces conducting operations. Whether the enemy action against satellites or with intermittent jamming and
  spoofing causes the communication interruptions, the resulting black out requires friendly forces to adapt
  and adjust until the restoration of communications. Short-term losses or disruptions of satellite
  communications will be mitigated through alternative communications methods, courier networks, and
  complete understanding and execution of the commander’s intent and concept of operations.
  3-34. Regular,irregular,and hybrid forces present formidable tactical challenges to the BCT when combined
  with area denial weapons. Area denial weapons included area denial systems,artillery munitions,land mines,
  and WMD. Enemy operations emphasize deception, cover, mobility, and most importantly, depth in the
  defense. In the offense, enemy operations emphasize deception, cover, mobility, and most importantly,