text: Operations During Armed Conflict
  hostile air and missile threats against friendly forces and assets. The goal of defensive counter-air operations,
  in concert with offensive counter-air operations, is to provide an area from which forces can operate while
  protected from air and missile threats. Defensive counter-air operations must be integrated and synchronized
  with offensive counter-air operations and all other joint force operations. The area air defense commander,
  when established by the JFC, is responsible for defensive counter-air planning and operations.
  6-57. The JFC designates an area air defense command with the authority to plan, coordinate, and integrate
  overall joint force defensive counter-air operations through the joint air operations center. Together they
  establish an integrated air defense system. With the support of the component commanders, the area air
  defense command develops, integrates, and distributes a JFC-approved joint area air defense plan.
  6-58. Friendly forces conduct air and missile engagements in accordance with guidelines and rules
  established by the area air defense commander, who is normally the joint force air component commander.
  A joint force air component commander is from the service with the most air assets and the capability to plan,
  task, and control joint air operations in an AO, typically the Air Force or Navy.
  6-59. The Army air and missile defense command (AAMDC) is the Army’s lead organization for Army air
  and missile defense (AMD) forces in a theater. The AAMDC commander, as the theater army AMD
  coordinator, assists the ARFOR commander and the area air defense commander in the planning and
  coordination of the critical asset list and the creation of the defended asset list.
  6-60. Army air defense artillery (ADA) forces conduct AMD operations for the joint force. Army forces may
  attack to seize key terrain for the emplacement and employment of theater air and missile defense systems
  by the JFC to defeat portions of the enemy air and missile capabilities. Forward deployed or early entry ADA
  forces defend critical assets against air attack while the JFC builds combat power.
  6-61. The critical asset list identifies the most critical assets requiring protection, and it serves as the
  foundation for a defended asset list, which allocates available ADA forces. Integration with joint or
  multinational AMD components in the JOA can mitigate some shortages of AMD systems. Short-range air
  defense (SHORAD) provides air defense against low-altitude air threats for key joint and Army assets,
  primarily amphibious landing sites, ports, airfields, command posts, and crossing sites. Integrated C2 across
  all ADA echelons enables the most efficient allocation of limited SHORAD and early warning assets.
  High-to-medium altitude AMD forces defend joint and Army forces against ballistic missile threats.
  6-62. When planning, positioning, and determining how often ADA units are required to conduct
  survivability moves, units take into account the range of enemy indirect fires and the ability of enemy forces
  to identify ADA unit signatures. Maneuver units may be required to defend ADA units against ground attack.
  (See JP 3-01 for more information on countering air and missile threats. See FM 3-01 for more information
  about Army AMD operations.)
  DEFEND AND CONTROL KEY TERRAIN
  6-63. The joint force has enduring requirements that include defending allies with forward-stationed forces,
  controlling strategic lines of communications to enable the deployment of combat power, and controlling the
  key terrain required during joint forcible entry operations. The contributions of Army forces both protect and
  enable the other members of the joint force, which in turn enable greater freedom of action and opportunities
  for operations on land. (See Section II of this chapter for information on defense during large-scale combat
  operations.)
  Defense by Forward-Stationed Forces
  6-64. Armed conflict often occurs after a long period of competition and is likely to begin with some form
  of enemy aggression against a U.S. ally or partner, an attack on forward-stationed U.S. forces, or both.
  Forward-stationed forces whose combat mission involves defending as part of an allied effort may be required
  to conduct mobile or area defenses or retrogrades or reposition to tactical assembly areas where they can
  prepare for their role in future operations. Advisor teams from the theater-aligned security force assistance
  brigade (SFAB) may embed alongside threatened partners, providing real-time tactical intelligence and
  access to U.S. capabilities. Commanders and staffs ensure defending forces have the appropriate priority for
  Army and joint fires. Operation plans (OPLANs) and supporting subordinate plans identify main defensive