text: Chapter 3
  3-149. The positioning of assets and capabilities does not determine whether they are part of the close
  operation. For example, some reconnaissance and target acquisition units, while located forward near the line
  of contact, may have a purpose that supports deep operations.
  3-150. Close operations are inherently lethal because they involve direct fire engagements at relatively short
  ranges with enemy forces seeking to mass direct, indirect, and aerial fires against friendly forces. Deep and
  rear operations set conditions for the success of close operations. The measure of success of deep and rear
  operations is their positive impact on increasing the effectiveness and reducing the cost of close operations.
  3-151. Activities are part of close operations if their purpose contributes to defeating committed enemy
  forces that are or will be in direct physical contact with friendly forces. The activities that comprise close
  operations include—
  (cid:122) Maneuver of subordinate formations (including counterattacks).
  (cid:122) Close combat (including offensive and defensive operations).
  (cid:122) Indirect fire support (including counterfire, close air support, electromagnetic attack, and offensive
  space and cyber operations against enemy forces in direct physical contact with friendly forces).
  (cid:122) Information collection.
  (cid:122) Sustainment support of committed units.
  Rear
  3-152. Rear operations are tactical actions behind major
  subordinate maneuver forces that facilitate movement, Commanders establish rear operations
  before they can conduct deep and close
  extend operational reach, and maintain desired tempo.
  operations.
  This includes continuity of sustainment and C2. Rear
  operations support close and deep operations. At the
  operational level, rear operations sustain current operations and prepare for the next phase of the campaign
  or major operation. These operations are distributed, complex, and continuous. At the tactical level, rear
  operations enable the desired tempo of combat, assuring that friendly forces have the agility to exploit any
  opportunity.
  3-153. Rear operations typically include five broad activities: positioning and moving reserves; positioning
  and repositioning aviation, fire support, and AMD units; conducting support area operations; securing
  sustainment and C2 nodes; and controlling tactical unit movement between the division or corps rear
  boundary and units conducting close operations. Rear operations typically include efforts that consolidate
  gains to make conditions created by deep and close operations more permanent. All of these activities
  compete for limited terrain and lines of communications. Division and corps rear command posts are
  generally responsible for rear operations.
  3-154. There are several considerations for conducting rear operations. They include—
  (cid:122) C2.
  (cid:122) Information collection activities to detect enemy forces.
  (cid:122) Establishment and maintenance of routes.
  (cid:122) Terrain management.
  (cid:122) Movement control.
  (cid:122) Protection of critical friendly capabilities.
  (cid:122) Information activities.
  (cid:122) Infrastructure repair and improvement.
  (cid:122) Defeating bypassed forces and continuing to consolidate gains.
  (cid:122) Minimum-essential stability tasks which are—
  (cid:131) Establish civil security.
  (cid:131) Provide immediate needs (access to food, water, shelter, and medical treatment).
  (cid:122) Coordination with host-nation and multinational governmental organizations.
  (cid:122) Adjusting to shifts in the unit and subordinate rear boundaries.
  (cid:122) Integration of new units into the division or corps.