text: PART TWO
  Insurgencies
  Part two provides doctrine to help understand an insurgency. While the first part
  provides the context of an insurgency, the second part provides a discussion of an
  insurgency within that context. Chapter 4 provides information about insurgency
  prerequisites and fundamentals. It helps commanders and staffs understand why an
  insurgency may form and how and why it acts. Chapter 5 then provides a description
  of an insurgency’s threat characteristics.
  Chapter 4
  Insurgency Prerequisites and Fundamentals
  4-1. Several factors are important in analyzing any particular insurgency. Commanders and staffs must
  perform this analysis within an insurgency’s operational environment. Commanders and staffs consider
  when an insurgency could start or what the prerequisites are for a particular insurgency. Commanders and
  staffs also consider a particular insurgency’s strategy and its eight dynamics. This provides a means to
  analyze an insurgency.
  INTRASTATE WAR
  4-2. One way commanders and staffs view insurgencies is in the context of intrastate conflict. An
  intrastate conflict is as war or conflict between a constituted government and its people or representative
  factions from the people. It is a war within a state versus a war between two or more nation states.
  Intrastate conflict directly relates to insurgencies. Other types of intrastate conflicts are insurgencies that
  differ only in the amount of popular support or the amount of governmental capacity. Commanders and
  staffs should not only consider an insurgency as an intrastate conflict. Insurgent movements may operate in
  multiple countries, as their desired end state may be regional, transnational, or global. The types of
  intrastate conflicts include rebellions (also referred to as insurrections), revolutions, civil wars, and coup
  d’états.
  4-3. A rebellion (also known as an insurrection) may be fomented by a group that challenges state
  control. A rebellion is usually manifested by acts of violence when the state is unable or unwilling to
  address the group’s concerns. Another insurgency may use a rebellion if it can gain enough popular support
  to engage in large scale unrest or open conflict with the governing authority. Rebellions are forms of
  insurgency in which an organized group is leading the population, the causes of instability exist, and the
  movement enjoys some passive support among the population. Under most international laws it is a crime
  to incite, assist, or engage in violent actions against a constituted government. The Geneva Convention
  states that “Every government has a right to put down rebellion within its borders and to punish the
  insurgents in accordance with its penal laws.” (See the final record of the Diplomatic Conference of
  Geneva of 1949 vol. II section B, page 121 for more information on insurrections.)
  4-4. A revolution is a popular insurgency with plans to overthrow a government and transform its society
  and government from one form of government to another. Revolutions generally evolve from a rebellion,
  but in revolutions popular support comes in the form of a fully mobilized population, which differs from
  simply passive or active support. A fully mobilized population is a part of a revolution and it is generally