text: Information Collection Foundations
  1-63. Generally, surveillance is a “task” when performed as part of a reconnaissance mission. However,
  many Army, joint, and national systems are designed to conduct only surveillance. These are surveillance
  missions. Army military intelligence organizations typically conduct surveillance missions. Reconnaissance
  units can conduct surveillance tasks as part of reconnaissance, security, or other missions. Reconnaissance
  and surveillance both include observation and reporting.
  1-64. Surveillance is distinct from reconnaissance. Surveillance is tiered and layered with technical assets
  that collect information. It is passive and continuous. Reconnaissance is active in the collection of
  information (such as maneuver) and usually includes human participation. Additionally, reconnaissance
  may involve fighting for information. Sometimes these operations are deliberate, as in a reconnaissance in
  force; however, the purpose of reconnaissance is to collect information, not initiate combat.
  Reconnaissance involves many tactics, techniques, and procedures throughout the course of a mission. An
  extended period of surveillance may be a tactic or technique. Commanders complement surveillance with
  frequent reconnaissance. Surveillance, in turn, increases the efficiency of reconnaissance by focusing those
  missions while reducing the risk to Soldiers.
  1-65. Both reconnaissance and surveillance involves detection, location, tracking, and identification of
  entities in an assigned area gaining environmental data. Reconnaissance and surveillance are not executed
  the same way. During reconnaissance, collection assets find information by systematically checking
  different locations in the area. During surveillance, collection assets watch the same area and wait for
  information to emerge when an entity or its signature appears.
  1-66. Reconnaissance and surveillance complement each other by cueing the commitment of collection
  assets against locations or specially targeted enemy units. An airborne surveillance asset may discover
  indicators of enemy activity that cues a reconnaissance mission. In some cases, surveillance assets may
  answer questions.
  Surveillance Characteristics
  1-67. Effective surveillance—
  * Maintains continuous observations of all assigned NAIs and TAIs.
  * Provides early warning.
  * Detects, tracks, and assesses key targets.
  * Provides mixed, redundant, and overlapping coverage.
  Maintains Continuous Surveillance of All Assigned Named Areas of Interest and Target Areas of Interest
  1-68. Once the surveillance of a NAI or TAI commences, units maintain it until they complete the mission
  or the higher commander terminates the mission. Commanders designate the receiver of the information
  and the means of communication. Continuous surveillance requires multiple collection assets, a purpose
  (requirement), a location (NAI or TAI) for each asset, and an information collection task. Effective
  commanders avoid designating too many NAIs and TAIs. Information collection suffers because of
  excessive requirements. During the plan and assess phase, the staff selects collection assets that best answer
  the information requirements developed from the CCIRs. During tasking and direct phases, the operations
  officer tasks assets to ensure continuous coverage.
  Provides Early Warning
  1-69. Surveillance provides early warning of an enemy or threat action. Together with IPB, commanders
  use information collection to ascertain the enemy or threat course of action and timing. Commanders then
  orient assets to observe these locations for indicators of threat actions. Reporting must be timely and
  complete.
  Detects, Tracks, and Assesses Key Targets
  1-70. Surveillance support to targeting includes detecting, tracking, and assessing key targets. This support
  includes detecting and tracking desired targets in a timely, accurate manner. Clear and concise tasks are
  required so the surveillance systems can detect a given target. Target tracking is inherent to detection.