text: Space Operational Environment
  * Deny—temporary total elimination of the use of space capabilities, effects, or associated linkages.
  * Degrade—permanent impairment (either partial or total) of the use of space capabilities, effects,
  or associated linkages usually with physical damage.
  * Disrupt—a temporary impairment that weakens or diminishes the use of space capabilities,
  effects, or associated linkages upon which the Army, joint forces, and allies depend.
  2-60. The space operating environment is harsh. Interference may come from hazards or threat actors.
  * Threat actors may attempt to create one or multiple effects against joint and unified action
  partners. They include individuals, groups of individuals, paramilitary or military forces, nation-
  states, or national alliances and their actions. Possible impacts to mission from D3SOE should be
  taken into account during all phases of planning cycles.
  * Hazards are not threats. They are usually predictable and preventable, and may be reduced through
  effective risk management efforts. Natural phenomena may create hazardous conditions which
  cause damage, destroy life and vital resources, or prevent mission accomplishment. Naturally
  occurring environmental factors are hazards which may negatively impact the proper function of
  a satellite, an associated ground-system, or the EMS and must be considered during the planning
  process.
  2-61. D3SOE applies to both physical and electromagnetic conditions, circumstances, and influences
  which affect the employment of space capabilities. Operating in D3SOE requires identifying threat actors’
  actions to deny, degrade, or disrupt space capabilities, effects, or associated linkages necessary to protect
  against those actions. Some threats which may contribute to D3SOE include physical damage to satellites or
  ground equipment; signal jamming; signal spoofing; electronic interference with space-related assets, ground
  control nodes, control link, or on-orbit assets; and disabling or deceiving user equipment. The most likely
  risk to tactical operations is jamming and spoofing directed against SATCOM and PNT links.
  2-62. A D3SOE should not be allowed to prevail as the dominant environment within a combat scenario.
  Ground force commanders should make every effort to detect, prioritize, and elimate enemy threats that
  propagate a D3SOE. Commanders and staffs must understand how current and potential threats and hazards
  affect their forces. Threats and hazards must be analyzed during the initial planning phase. They must be
  continually identified, monitored, assessed, and revised to identify vulnerabilities throughout mission
  operations as they adapt and change over time. Understand both threats and hazards helps the commander
  visualize potential impacts on operations.
  2-63. Adversaries are constantly seeking ways to create D3SOE effects and use them to their advantage.
  The Army depends on Soldiers to understand unit equipment, capabilities, limitations, vulnerabilities, tactics,
  techniques, and procedures to fight through a D3SOE. Army space capabilities and effects contribute to
  successful unified land operations.
  ARMY AVIATION CHALLENGE OF NEGOTIATING A CONTESTED OPERATIONAL
  ENVIRONMENT
  2-64. Army Aviation operations, intelligence, and command and control functions interact continuously
  with products and capabilities available through, or enhanced by, space assets. These assets empower manned
  and unmanned aviation capabilities to be lethal and informed, or potentially ineffective if those space assets
  are compromised from D3SOE. Ground force commanders must be able to operate with or without such
  space assets and understand the criticality of re-establishing disrupted or denied capabilities as soon as
  possible. Temporary capabilities may be provided by Army Aviation manned or unmanned platforms.
  2-65. Army aviation may provide limited capabilities typically associated with space-based assets such as
  communications, navigation, or reconnaissance to the ground force commander in the D3SOE. Army
  Aviation is affected by the environment and line of sight range restrictions. Unmanned aircraft systems
  dependent on PNT will need to maximize sensor stand-off distance to support in a D3SOE. Army Aviation
  has limited ability to augment certain capabilities, including
  * Communications retransmission;
  * Additional means of reconnaissance and information collection (including Synthetic Aperture
  Radar and Ground Moving Target Indicator);