text: Operational Art and Science
  CROSS-DOMAIN AND MULTI-DOMAIN FIRES
  2-116. Commanders are responsible for the integration of fires in their AO. Commanders consult the fire
  support coordinator, air liaison officer, fire support officer, and experts on air and missile defense,
  cyberspace, electronic warfare, space, special operations, as well as information and deception operations for
  advice on the allocation, integration, and use of available fires resources. Fires in all domains require detailed
  coordination and planning to support the commander’s objectives. Employment of these systems requires the
  use of common terminology and coordination measures across the joint force. It includes surface-to-surface
  fires, air-to-surface fires, and nonlethal means that the commander uses to support the concept of the
  operation.
  2-117. Commanders use Army and joint targeting to select and prioritize targets (and to integrate lethal and
  nonlethal effects from different domains, either simultaneously or in close succession), to create an even
  greater effect than would have been achieved if each effect was created individually. Convergence involves
  the massing of capabilities from multiple domains to create effects in a single domain. Convergence
  overwhelms enemy forces, giving them too many dilemmas to address simultaneously, which creates gaps
  for exploitation by the friendly force. The convergence of multiple effects in an operational area requires
  careful integration prior to execution to ensure effects do not interfere with one another or pose a risk to the
  force.
  2-118. Cross-domain fires are fires executed in one domain to create effects in a different domain
  (ADP 3-19). Cross-domain fires provide commanders with the flexibility to find the best system to create the
  required effect and to build redundancy into their plan. Cross-domain fires also present a more complex
  problem to the adversary or enemy than fires within a single domain. For example, a commander may employ
  naval surface fires in conjunction with other fire support assets to attack critical targets.
  2-119. Multi-domain fires are fires that converge effects from two or more domains against a target
  (ADP 3-19). Surface-based fires converged with other effects across domains creates multiple dilemmas,
  taxing the enemy’s ability to effectively respond. For example, a commander may employ offensive
  cyberspace operations to attack an enemy air defense network while surface-to-surface fires destroy enemy
  air defense radars and air-to-surface fires destroy the air defense command and control nodes. The converged
  effects reduce risk to friendly aircraft.
  INTEGRATING FIRES
  2-120. To enable freedom of action, commanders must synchronize the effects created with fires with the
  actions of the rest of the force. This synchronization initially takes place during planning, where commanders
  and their staffs determine the timing of the creation of the effect and link that timing to a clearly defined,
  conditions-based trigger. During large-scale combat operations, domains are likely congested, which will
  require close coordination and integration during planning to bring maximum combat power to bear while
  mitigating risk to the force. The successful delivery of fires depends upon the rapid synchronization and
  integration of all fire support assets with the other elements of combat power across all domains. In the
  physical domains, this may be accomplished through the use of graphic control measures such as maneuver
  control measures, fire support coordination measures, and airspace coordinating measures. In cyberspace, the
  electromagnetic spectrum, and the information environment, this may be accomplished through spectrum
  management and the delegation or retention of authorities.
  2-121. Commanders ensure the coordinated use of indirect fires, and joint fires to create windows of
  opportunity for maneuver and put the enemy in a position of disadvantage. This is accomplished through the
  operations process, fire support planning, airspace management and planning, and targeting. These processes
  ensure the proper detection and delivery assets capable of producing the desired effects on the enemy are
  allocated against targets to enable friendly maneuver. Fire support is a rapid and continuous integration of
  surface to surface indirect fires, target acquisition, armed aircraft, and other lethal and nonlethal
  attack/delivery systems that converge against targets across all domains in support of the maneuver
  commander’s concept of operations (FM 3-09). Fire support planning, coordination, and execution allows
  for the rapid and responsive delivery of fires by establishing permissive and restrictive control measures.
  Commanders use long-range fires (including missile, rocket, cannon, naval, cyberspace electromagnetic
  activities, and air support—rotary and fixed wing) to engage enemy forces throughout the depth of their AO.