text: Chapter 1
  effective than an efficient host-nation government that cannot be justified by the values and norms of the
  population.
  1-33. Even if a population does not see an insurgency or a government as legitimate, control can be
  established effectively by coercion. Many states and insurgencies have used domestic intelligence
  apparatus or other means to control every aspect of their populations. Illegitimate governments often use
  distrust and divisions within a population to effectively control a society. Moreover, a population is not
  monolithic. It is made up of many groups and subgroups. In many autocratic regimes, various groups
  within a population have a vested interest in continuing the current government, even if it is repressive.
  Likewise, an insurgency might receive support from elements within the population, even if it is repressive
  and uses coercive methods. Legitimacy must be seen from the different perspectives of the different groups
  within a society.
  UNDERSTANDING UNIFIED ACTION
  1-34. Once the U.S. decides to become involved in a counterinsurgency, all instruments of national power
  provide the U.S. important capabilities to defeat an insurgency. Unified action is essential for all types of
  involvement in any counterinsurgency. Unified action is the synchronization, coordination, and/or
  integration of the activities of governmental and nongovernmental entities with military operations to
  achieve unity of effort (JP 1). Paragraphs 1-34 through 1-76 provide commanders and staffs with an
  understanding of how civilian agencies and military departments and forces synchronize and integrate their
  operations to achieve unity of effort. Paragraphs 1-41 through 1-48 explain both a whole-of-government
  and a comprehensive approach to defeat insurgencies and achieve U.S. and host-nation objectives.
  Paragraphs 1-59 through 1-76 also explain the roles of intergovernmental, nongovernmental, multinational
  forces, private sector organizations, and host-nation government and host-nation forces in
  counterinsurgency.
  1-35. Unified action must be integrated into the overall host-nation efforts. The focus of U.S. efforts is to
  support the host nation’s internal defense and development. Internal defense and development is the full
  range of measures taken by a nation to promote its growth and protect itself from subversion, lawlessness,
  insurgency, terrorism, and other threats to its security (JP 3-22). Internal defense and development focuses
  on building viable institutions that respond to the needs of society. Security cooperation activities must
  work with and support a nation’s own internal defense and development programs. Within the context of
  counterinsurgency, commanders and staffs must understand and support a host nation’s internal defense
  and development strategy. In the long run, the host nation, and not the U.S., will either defeat or be
  defeated by the insurgency. Supporting a host nation’s internal defense and development plan is one of the
  more effective ways in which the U.S. enables a host nation to defeat an insurgency. (See JP 3-22 for more
  information on internal defense and development.)
  ETHICAL APPLICATION OF LANDPOWER IN UNIFIED ACTION
  1-36. Army and Marine Corps leaders should clearly understand how adherence to a professional ethic
  provides the moral basis for unified action and how it becomes a force multiplier in all operations. The
  actions of Army and Marine Corps professionals are framed by the disciplined, ethical application of force.
  This is the foundation for unified action. Effective, ethical leaders must communicate to their Soldiers and
  Marines that American values affect every aspect of how U.S. forces fight and win a counterinsurgency.
  This instills in them the concept of honorable service and builds esprit de corps, two essential
  characteristics of the military profession, while enhancing resilience and preventing or reducing moral
  injuries to Soldiers and Marines. Unified action requires the judicious use of lethal force balanced with
  restraint and tempered by professional judgment. Combat in counterinsurgency often obligates leaders,
  Soldiers, and Marines to apply force in a precise manner to accomplish the mission without causing
  unnecessary loss of life or suffering. To maintain U.S. legitimacy, to ensure international credibility, and to
  safeguard the U.S., Soldiers and Marines cannot afford to misuse the lethal power provided to them by the
  U.S. government.
  1-37. Soldiers and Marines are not permitted to use force disproportionately or indiscriminately. Typically,
  more force reduces tactical risk in the short term. But in counterinsurgency, the more force that is used, the
  less effective it can be. It is more likely that counterinsurgents will achieve an end state by protecting a