text: Chapter 1
  Fundamentals of Multinational Operations
  This chapter introduces the fundamentals of multinational operations and the structure
  of multinational forces. Next, it discusses the nature of multinational operations and
  the importance of mutual confidence in multinational forces. It concludes with
  information on multinational interoperability and mission partners’ capability and
  considerations.
  MULTINATIONAL FUNDAMENTALS
  1-1. Army forces conduct a range of military operations across the competition continuum and may constitute
  the majority or a minority of multinational forces. Multinational operations is a collective term to describe
  military actions conducted by forces of two or more nations, usually undertaken within the structure of a
  coalition or alliance (JP 3-16). The United States may be a troop contributing nation as part of a multinational
  command and as part of a joint multinational command headquarters. Alternately, an Army echelon may lead
  a joint multinational land component command headquarters. (Refer to JP 3-16 and JP 3-33 for joint and
  multinational operations.)
  1-2. Commanders and staffs of multinational forces and subordinate headquarters employ, process, and
  organize efforts, integrate warfighting functions across multiple domains, and synchronize force actions to
  accomplish the mission. The operations process consists of planning, preparing, executing, and continuously
  assessing an operation. Commanders consider each multinational force’s capabilities and the desired level of
  interoperability during the operations process. Commanders especially consider the key relationships and
  integration points between commanders and staffs. Throughout the operations process, the commander and
  staff review considerations for achieving and improving interoperability with their mission partners.
  1-3. The Army’s primary mission is to organize, train, and equip its forces to conduct prompt and sustained
  land combat to defeat enemy ground forces, and to seize, occupy, and defend land areas. Army forces
  accomplish their missions by supporting the joint force in four strategic roles: shaping operational
  environments, countering aggression on land during crisis, prevailing during large-scale ground combat, and
  consolidating gains. The strategic roles clarify the overall purposes for which U.S. Army forces conduct
  multidomain operations with partners on behalf of multinational force land component commanders (known
  as MNFLCCs) across the competition continuum in the pursuit of policy objectives. (Refer to ADP 3-0 for
  more information on the Army’s strategic roles.)
  1-4. Military operations in the land domain are foundational to operations in other domains because the
  operations are ultimately enabled, based, or controlled from land. Forces resolve conflicts on land because
  that is where the root of military and economic power exists, people live, and political decisions are made.
  Resolving conflict requires the integration of joint and multinational capabilities to enable operations on land
  and the employment of land forces to enable operations in the other domains. (Refer to JP 3-31 for a detailed
  discussion of land power.)
  1-5. Multinational military operations are the norm, and American commanders have operated with
  multinational forces throughout history. General George Washington’s partnership with the French forces
  during the American War of Independence illustrates an early example of U.S. military multinational
  operations. In the twentieth and twenty-first centuries, in most significant conflicts, the U.S. Army conducted
  multinational operations. The Army requires proficiency operating as an ally or partner land force during
  multinational operations and should practice doing so as often as possible.
  THE FORMATION OF MULTINATIONAL FORCES
  1-6. The United States acts unilaterally in its national interests. However, the United States prefers to pursue
  national security interests through international efforts, such as multinational operations. Multinational
  operations occur within the structure of an alliance or a coalition.