text: _________________________________________________________________________________Chapter 9
  and establish local ground security and air observers. The unit or weapon is
  carefully camouflaged and keeps all its emitters off or in “dummy load” until
  ordered to engage a target. While in this mode, it can receive automated sur-
  veillance and target tracking data from its parent air defense unit or be
  alerted by air observers posted nearby. All this can allow the ambushing unit
  to delay using its own radars and other emitters until the last possible mo-
  ment, in order to achieve surprise.
  9-175. Occasionally, AA guns may choose not to employ their radars, using
  strictly electro-optical sights. This tactic takes into account the capability of
  modern aircraft, including attack helicopters, to detect radar and IR systems.
  9-176. More than one air defense ambush, involving more than one weapon
  type may be established along the same air avenue of approach. These may
  work independently or in concert depending on the situation. Target en-
  gagement decisions may be left up to the ambushing unit commander.
  Execution and Redeployment
  9-177. When an air target is detected, the ambushing weapon or unit prepares to
  engage. This may involve removal of some camouflage or a short movement from
  its hide position to its firing position. It then fires on the target until the target
  is destroyed or moves out of the firing zone. Then the ambushing unit or weapon
  immediately displaces to a new ambush site or returns to its parent unit.
  ROVING UNITS
  9-178. Employment of roving units is similar to that of air defense ambushes.
  The primary difference is that, while an ambushing unit lies in wait in one
  position for approaching enemy aircraft, a roving unit moves to the most
  likely areas of enemy air attack and occupies a series of predesignated
  positions in the supported unit’s AOR. The commander of the roving unit
  identifies these positions during his terrain reconnaissance and coordinates
  them with the air defense and maneuver unit commanders. The roving unit
  occupies these positions according to a prearranged schedule or on order of
  the air defense unit commander. Roving units terminate their missions and
  return to previously designated primary firing positions upon direction of the
  commander of the parent air defense unit.
  AIR DEFENSE AGAINST UNMANNED AERIAL VEHICLES
  9-179. The OPFOR recognizes the increasing importance of UAVs on the battle-
  field, to both its own forces and those of the enemy. They can perform high- and
  low-altitude missions, collect the full spectrum of intelligence, and immediately
  downlink the data to a ground station. They have the capability to loiter or to fly
  deep. They can collect against a predetermined target or look for targets of opportu-
  nity. Their construction can make them difficult or easy to detect. Since UAVs can
  support targeting for enemy long-range fires, their priority for destruction increases.
  9-180. Typically the enemy conducts reconnaissance missions using UAVs
  operating in the “window” between low-flying helicopters and higher-altitude
  fixed-wing aircraft. This altitude window is between 300 and 4,000 m. The most
  common technique is to approach the target area at high altitude and, once at
  the target area, drop down to a lower altitude that optimizes the capabilities