text: FM 7-100.1________________________________________________________________________________
  protection systems, thus lowering his effectiveness, even if the OPFOR is us-
  ing only neutral smoke.
  ORGANIZATION
  11-71. In the administrative force structure, army groups, armies, and corps
  typically have smoke companies in their chemical defense battalions and/or
  smoke battalions. In either case, the smoke companies each consist of nine
  smoke-generating trucks. These assets are often allocated to OSCs, which
  can then suballocate them to tactical-level subordinates.
  AGENTS
  11-72. Smoke agents may be either neutral or toxic. Neutral smoke agents
  are liquid agents, pyrotechnic mixtures, or phosphorus agents with no toxic
  characteristics. Toxic smokes (commonly referred to as combination smoke)
  degrade electro-optical (EO) devices in the visual and near-infrared (near-IR)
  wavebands; they also can debilitate an unmasked soldier by inducing water-
  ing of eyes, vomiting, or itching.
  11-73. The OPFOR may use a number of different smoke agents or other
  obscurants together. For instance, obscurants such as fog oil block portions
  of the electromagnetic spectrum more fully when seeded with chaff. The vast
  quantities of white phosphorus (WP) on the battlefield also suggest that
  random mixtures of this agent with other obscurants (both manmade and
  natural) could occur, by chance or by design. The OPFOR recognizes the need
  to counter target acquisition and guidance systems operating in the IR and mi-
  crowave regions of the electromagnetic spectrum. It has fielded obscurants, in-
  cluding chaff, capable of attenuating such wavelengths.
  DELIVERY SYSTEMS
  11-74. The OPFOR has an ample variety of equipment for smoke dissemina-
  tion. Its munitions and equipment include—
  • Smoke grenades.
  • Vehicle engine exhaust smoke systems (VEESS).
  • Smoke barrels, drums, and pots.
  • Mortar, artillery, and rocket smoke rounds.
  • Spray tanks (ground and air).
  • Smoke bombs.
  • Large-area smoke generators (ground and air).
  Although not designed for this purpose, some decontamination vehicles with
  chemical defense units can also generate smoke.
  11-75. Smoke grenades include hand grenades, munitions for various gre-
  nade launchers, and smoke grenade-dispensing systems on armored vehicles.
  These grenades can provide quick smoke on the battlefield or fill gaps in
  smokescreens established by other means. Some armored fighting vehicles
  have forward-firing smoke grenade dispensers that can produce a bispectral
  screen up to 300 m ahead of vehicles.