text: Appendix A
  SURPRISE
  A-17. Surprise results from taking actions for which an enemy or adversary force is unprepared. It is a
  powerful, but temporary, combat multiplier. It is not essential to take adversary or enemy forces completely
  unaware; it is only necessary that they become aware too late to react effectively. When done well, surprise
  can decisively shift the balance of combat power in favor of friendly forces. Concealing capabilities and
  intentions is difficult. Rapid advances in strategic surveillance, information gathering, and data skimming, as
  well as the pervasiveness of social and mass media compound the difficulty of large-scale marshalling and
  movement of manpower and equipment.
  A-18. Factors that contribute to surprise include speed of movement, employment of combat power the
  enemy does not expect, operations security, and variations in tactics that create ambiguity. Commanders can
  create surprise using changes to tempo, size of forces, direction or location of a main effort, and timing.
  Deception can aid in the probability of achieving surprise, and at the tactical level it is best practiced by
  showing enemy forces what they expect to see until the last possible moment and then doing something
  different. Proactive friendly reconnaissance and security measures deny enemy forces opportunities to
  surprise friendly forces.
  SIMPLICITY
  A-19. Guidance, plans, and orders should be as simple and direct as possible. Objectives and operations must
  be presented in clear, concise, understandable terms. At the tactical level, simplicity of plans and instructions
  contribute to successful operations and reduce the chances for misunderstanding and confusion. All factors
  being equal, a simple plan executed promptly is preferred to a complex plan executed too late. Simple plans
  allow better understanding and troop leading at all echelons, and they also permit branches and sequels to be
  easily nested, understood, and executed. Joint, interagency, and multinational operations place a premium on
  simplicity, accounting for differences in language and culture that can inherently complicate integration.
  Simple plans and orders minimize the confusion inherent in command posts during operations. The more
  complicated a plan is, the more vulnerable it is to friction. Simplicity addresses the fog and friction of war,
  helps commanders and their staffs to maintain shared understanding, and accounts for the nature of war as a
  human endeavor.
  PRINCIPLES OF JOINT OPERATIONS
  A-20. Joint doctrine adds three principles of operations (perseverance, legitimacy, and restraint) to the
  traditional nine principles of war to account for operations other than conventional large-scale combat, such
  as peacekeeping and counterinsurgency. The additional principles are relevant to how the joint force uses
  combat power across the competition continuum, particularly during limited contingency. Like the traditional
  principles, these three do not apply equally across all joint operations but can be universally important and
  directly relate to the laws of armed conflict. The additional principles are—
  (cid:122) Restraint.
  (cid:122) Perseverance.
  (cid:122) Legitimacy.
  (See JP 3-0 for more detailed information on the principles of joint operations.)
  RESTRAINT
  A-21. The purpose of restraint is to prevent the unnecessary use of force when better methods of achieving
  the objective exist. Restraint informs legitimacy.
  A-22. Destructive force can have a negative military and political consequences in some contexts. Therefore,
  judicious use of force is necessary. Restraint requires the careful and disciplined balance of security, the
  conduct of military operations, and national objectives. Excessive force antagonizes those parties involved,
  thereby damaging the legitimacy of friendly forces and potentially enhancing the legitimacy of the adversary.
  Sufficiently detailed rules of engagement from a commander tailored to the specific circumstances of the
  operation can facilitate appropriate restraint.