text: Chapter 4
  such as the black markets or diasporas. Moreover, there are normally connections to various parts of a
  society. Many insurgencies, especially modern insurgencies, have members that perform basic functions
  but are also networked organizations that are interwoven with their societies. While it is possible for a
  hierarchical style insurgency to exist, a networked structure is more likely today because of modern
  communications.
  4-89. Networked insurgencies will have many connections to their operational environment. Networked
  insurgencies are not monolithic, and decisions are made by different elements within the insurgency. Some
  parts of the insurgency may be willing to negotiate, while other parts may decide to keep fighting. In a
  networked insurgency, the different elements of an insurgency may have overlapping functions and
  connections to other similar insurgencies. A networked insurgency adds to the complexity of an area of
  operations because they are not acting as a unified force and because of their complex set of connections to
  the rest of society and each other. (See figure 4-3 for an example of a networked insurgency.)
  Figure 4-3. Networked insurgencies
  4-90. For an insurgency, a network is not just a description of who is in the insurgent organization; it is a
  picture of the population, how it is put together and how members interact with one another. For example, a
  tribal society already has affiliated social, economic, and military networks easily adapted to warfighting.
  The ways in which insurgents works within a tribal network is an expression of inherent cultural and social
  customs. In this example, the social dynamic that sustains ongoing fighting is best understood when
  considered in tribal terms—in particular, from the perspective of a traditionally networked society. It is the
  traditional tribal network that offers insurgents a ready-made social infrastructure from which to draw.
  4-91. The full functioning of a network depends on how well, and in what ways, its members are
  personally known and connected to one another. Strong personal ties, often ones that rest on friendship and
  bonding experiences, ensure high degrees of trust and loyalty. To function well, networks may require
  higher degrees of interpersonal trust than do other approaches to organization, like hierarchies. Kinship ties
  are often a fundamental aspect of many terrorist, criminal, and gang organizations. Insurgents often form a