text: Appendix A
  Risk
  This appendix discusses risk and airspace control. First, it discusses risk collaboration
  in airspace. Then, it discusses the two types of risk. The appendix then discusses the
  effects risks have on airspace operations. Next, it addresses the condition of risk in
  airspace control. The appendix concludes with a discussion of the steps that airspace
  element personnel use to manage risk.
  COLLABORATION IN RISK
  A-1. Airspace use over an Army area of operations (AO) is always joint, and often coalition and interagency,
  so decisions require collaboration with many organizations. While the owner of an AO is the primary
  supported commander, other airspace users still require access to the area. For example, the joint force air
  component commander must have access to that airspace to accomplish missions supporting the ground
  commander and to accomplish theater-wide missions supporting the joint force commander. Further, other
  military and civil airspace elements at times control some or all of the airspace over a unit AO. These
  organizations often have differing views of mission priorities and acceptable risk to their airspace users.
  A-2. Joint airspace doctrine allows commanders to make risk decisions in combat situations. However, the
  commander making the decision, accepts responsibility for the decision. Just as airspace use within and above
  an Army AO is joint, the risk accepted by the commander may also involve joint forces. Therefore, airspace
  control personnel should notify affected joint forces of the risk so that the forces can properly mitigate it and
  remain within the joint force commander’s acceptable level of risk for all airspace users (including fires) as
  delineated in the airspace control plan.
  A-3. To set brigade commanders up for success, the operational Army force airspace element actively
  collaborates with the joint force commander while developing and refining acceptable airspace risk guidance
  and any associated decision support tools such as risk assessment matrixes. This collaboration necessitates
  early and continuous component participation in producing, and subsequently changing, the joint air
  operations plan, the area air defense plan, the airspace control plan, and airspace control orders. Once these
  higher echelon commanders have agreed to acceptable risk, the joint air force component commander
  publishes this guidance (including any constraints) in the joint air operations plan and the airspace control
  plan. Additionally, the joint force air component commander disseminates this guidance using the air
  operations directive. The Army disseminates the guidance in Appendix 10 (Airspace Control) to Annex C
  (Operations) of Army plans and orders. As military operations progress, participants readdress this risk
  guidance.
  TYPES OF RISK
  A-4. Airspace risk consists of real risks and perceived risks. Real risk is the actual probability of a collision
  between airspace users. Perceived risk is the risk of collision that airspace users and their commanders assess
  to incur by operating in the area. Historically, the real risk of a collision between airspace users is statistically
  small. For example, from 2003 to 2015, small, unmanned aircraft systems flew approximately 600,000 hours
  with only two incidents of collision with other airspace users. During that same period, the perception of the
  risk posed by small, unmanned aircraft systems was much greater. A risk mitigation strategy that only
  addresses perceived risk can fail by being too cautious and hindering operations. Airspace element personnel
  can reduce perceived risk by establishing a relationship of trust with adjacent joint and unified action partner
  airspace agencies such as combat reporting centers, airborne warning and control systems, and direct air
  support centers. An effective airspace control plan targets both real risk and perceived risk.