text: Introduction
  Over the last three decades, assumptions of individual domain supremacy and the break in great power
  security competition drove the U.S. joint force doctrine, equipment, and readiness posture. These
  assumptions have evolved when faced with recent changes to peer and near-peer nation capabilities and
  approaches to warfare.
  In order to win in a complex operational environment (OE), Army forces should provide the joint force with
  multiple options, integrate the efforts of multiple partners, operate across multiple domains, and present threat
  actors with multiple dilemmas. Army space operations provide Army and joint forces with global combat
  advantage using highly technical capabilities to create multiple dilemmas for threat actors on the battlefield.
  The space domain is a warfighting domain with different characteristics from air, land, maritime, and
  cyberspace domains. The National Military Strategy of the United States of America identified the space
  domain as a global commons—those portions of the Earth, outside national jurisdiction, all actors have
  rightful access to. This FM is rooted in Army operations and consistent with joint doctrine.
  Nearly every Army operation relies on the advantages provided by space capabilities and effects to enhance
  the effectiveness of combat forces. Space capabilities permit enhanced situational understanding; provides
  global communications; enables precise and accurate fires; supports the conduct of joint expeditionary entry,
  movement, and maneuver operations; and provides a conduit for cyber electromagnetic operations supporting
  Unified Land Operations. These capabilities directly support large scale combat operations by enhancing
  command and control, providing secure communications over extended distances and across areas without
  modern infrastructure.
  Potential adversaries have identified U.S. reliance on space-based capabilities as a critical vulnerability and
  will attempt to exploit it in order to deter and degrade our ability to act. Army space operations seek ways to
  maintain assured access to space capabilities, and when necessary, to achieve its objectives in spite of the
  adversary’s counterspace efforts.
  Army space operations are conducted around the globe, but engaged regionally. Army space operations often
  are an integral part of a joint team used to plan, fight, and adapt operations across the range of military
  operations. Army space operations continue to evolve to meet the requirements of a complex and rapidly
  changing OE.
  Army space doctrine refines and expands upon joint space doctrine by defining those space tactics and
  procedures relevant to unified land operations and applicable to large scale combat operations. Army space
  operations applies to the tactical, operational, and strategic levels of war, but the results are often challenging
  to quantify which level or levels benefit as modern conflict may not be easily divided into discrete levels. In
  an internet-connected world which often exploits social media, theater-level tactical actions may have far-
  reaching operational and strategic-level impacts. The space capabilities form the framework for how space
  operations supports the Army warfighting functions.
  The principles that successfully guide unified land operations are applicable to the space domain. The Army
  uses space-based capabilities to support its dominance in unified land operations. Space operations are critical
  to the range of military operations as many space capabilities are embedded in Army operations.