text: Chapter 2
  Space Operational Environment
  The Army uses space-based capabilities to support its dominance in decisive actions. Space
  capabilities are critical elements of Army operations. Moreover, the need for the U.S. Army to
  accomplish space operations is firmly established in policy and practice. Many space capabilities
  are well integrated into Army operations. Army space operations supports critical components of
  offensive, defensive, and stability or defense support of civil authorities operations. Army space
  operations enable all Army warfighting functions.
  This chapter describes how Army space operations directly support and contribute to joint
  operations and the unified land operations. It also describes how Army space operations help enable
  the tenets of unified land operations.
  SPACE DOMAIN IS A WARFIGHTING DOMAIN
  2-1. The space domain supports and enables all other domains—it is interdependent with the air, land, and
  maritime domains, and interconnected with the cyberspace domain. Space operations are fundamental to all
  domains. Army space operations are heavily influenced by understanding the constraints, limitations, and
  operational needs of the land component users. Army space operations includes all aspects of planning,
  preparation, integration, and execution.
  2-2. The execution of Army space operations contributes to, supports, and enables Army operations.
  Modern warfare has forced the transition of space operations from merely an enabler to a warfighting domain
  prepared to assure space operations through all phases of conflict. Space operations enable force
  responsiveness and create potential opportunities for the Army, joint, and multinational partners. Space
  operations defends our space capabilities against aggressive counterspace operations of others.
  2-3. Army thinking about space operations has evolved. The Army no longer regards the space domain as
  a permissive environment where it only considers natural factors during mission planning. When operating
  in the space domain, the space planner has to consider hazards (conditions), threats (hostile actions), and
  vulnerabilities (system characteristics) which may impact the mission. Army space operations are focused
  on ensuring hazards, threats, and vulnerabilities are mitigated as much as possible.
  2-4. The space domain optimizes the use of functions such as PNT, beyond line of sight communications,
  information collection and dissemination, early warning, and environmental monitoring. Activities in the
  space domain enable freedom of action for operations in all other domains. Operations in the other domains
  may create effects in and through the space domain. Operating in the space domain grants significant
  operational advantage such as beyond line of sight communications, increased situational understanding, and
  increased navigational and targeting accuracy. Operations in all domains are positively impacted by access
  to the space domain.
  2-5. As with other operational areas, when deliberate fires (such as electromagnetic or directed energy) are
  directed into or out of the space domain, the fires should be coordinated between the affected combatant
  commands if time permits. By honoring the boundaries of the space domain, combatant commanders help to
  preserve SSA, spacecraft life span, and space system performance. This facilitates freedom of action in the
  space domain and improves support to terrestrial operations. It is important to note missile defense operations
  transiting though the space domain are not pre-coordinated due to the short-notice self-defense actions
  required to defeat enemy missile attacks. Refer to FM 3-27 for more information on ballistic missile warning
  and defense.
  2-6. The Army executes space operations and contributes to establishing and maintaining space superiority
  consistent with the needs of unified land operations. The Army continually incorporates existing and