text: Chapter 5
  5-68. CAO are vital to theater FID operations in areas from planning to execution. It is a valuable resource in—
  * Planning and facilitating the conduct of various indirect, direct support (not involving combat
  operations), and combat operations in support of the overall FID effort.
  * Supporting the reconstitution of viable and competent civil infrastructure in the operational areas
  that were previously ungoverned, under-governed, or in the direct control of threat forces or
  shadow governments.
  5-69. Through CAO, CA forces also assist the government by executing SCA.
  5-70. The CA forces supporting FID range from staffs to CATs. Essential tasks performed may include—
  * Incorporating CAO in all activities related to FID (from planning to execution).
  * Reviewing and supporting host-nation internal defense and development goals.
  * Ensuring host-nation public support, from local to national levels.
  * Establishing and maintaining contact with nonmilitary agencies and local authorities.
  * Ensuring the relevant parties always maintain host-nation sovereignty.
  * Advocating for host-nation self-sufficiency.
  Note: JP 3-05, JP 3-22, JP 3-57, FM 3-18, and ATP 3-05.2 provide more information on FID.
  COUNTERINSURGENCY
  5-71. Insurgencies exist apart from, before, during, or after a conventional conflict. Elements of a population
  often grow dissatisfied with the status quo. When a population or groups in a population are willing to fight
  to change the conditions to their favor, using both violent and nonviolent means to affect a change in the
  prevailing authority, they often initiate an insurgency. Ideally, the host country is the primary actor in
  defeating an insurgency. Even in an insurgency that occurs in a country with a nonfunctioning central
  government, or after a major conflict, the host country must eventually provide a solution that is culturally
  acceptable to its society and meets U.S. policy goals.
  5-72. The U.S. uses a range of methods to aid a partner nation in defeating an insurgency.
  Effective counterinsurgency operations require—
  * Understanding of the military profession, civil factors, capabilities, and vulnerabilities.
  * Execution of and challenges to governance.
  * Societal understanding.
  * Cultural knowledge.
  5-73. The tasks that counterinsurgents perform in countering an insurgency are not unique. It is the organization
  of these tasks in time and space that is unique. Although all tasks executed to establish the conditions to reach
  a desired end state are significant, stability operations may be critical in a counterinsurgency.
  5-74. By definition, counterinsurgencies occur in the civil component. As such, a civil component solution is the
  most effective deterrent to counterinsurgencies. Insurgencies are most readily defeated locally by local actors. Civil
  networks provide the commander a partner in the civil component to identify and defeat insurgent threats with
  minimal use of U.S. military resources while also utilizing a local partner. SCA missions allow CA forces to
  reinforce the stability, security, and effective governance needed to choke out insurgent support. Effective
  governance meets the needs of the population and provides security.
  5-75. Entities best qualified to accomplish nonmilitary tasks may not always be available. In such cases,
  military forces may need to perform those tasks until civilian-led capabilities become available. Within the
  Army, CA is the branch ideally organized, trained, and equipped to assist in these functions. CA forces are
  also ideally suited to interact with the population to determine the root causes of instability and improving
  the relationship between the populace and the HN. CAO, in counterinsurgency, should focus on the following
  tasks:
  * Planning and conducting CR, CE, and CND to determine causes of instability.
  * Providing SCA, as required, to bolster host-nation government capability or capacity.
  * Building and/or mobilizing civil networks to support stable governance.