text: Integration through the Operations Process
  4-55. Obstacles in the EMS may include electromagnetic environmental effects, enemy deployment of
  sensors and radars to detect friendly use of the EMS, and enemy employment of electromagnetic hardening,
  masking, and security measures. Avenues of approach in the EMS can be analyzed to identify spectrum-
  dependent systems, devices, and associated infrastructures that connect endpoints to specific locations
  (precision geolocation). Cover and concealment can include emission control or the implementation of such
  electromagnetic masking techniques as low-observability, low probability of intercept, and low probability of
  detection. EMS fields of fire include those areas in the EMS where enemy electromagnetic energy can be
  detected, identified, and evaluated through electromagnetic reconnaissance.
  4-56. Key terrain in the EMS includes frequencies used as access points and launch points to enemy
  spectrum-dependent systems, devices, and associated infrastructures. Key terrain also includes frequencies used
  for preemptive countermeasures, observing incoming threats, and critical assets dependent on the EMS. Key
  physical terrain is also imperative to the success of EW operations. Key terrain that provides superior line of
  sight over the adversary’s position will help ensure friendly forces maintain a marked advantage over the
  adversary.
  4-57. Members of the CEMA working group need to match mission objectives with terrain analysis during
  planning to determine key terrain in friendly, neutral, and enemy cyberspace (See Appendix A). Correlating
  objectives with key terrain ensures mission dependencies in cyberspace and the EMS are identified and
  prioritized for protection. The results from interdependent systems, networks, and infrastructure that support a
  mission objective may require in-depth analysis to develop customized risk management.
  TARGETING
  4-58. Targeting is the process of selecting and prioritizing targets and matching the appropriate response to
  them, considering operational requirements and capabilities (JP 3-0). A target is an entity or object that
  performs a function for the adversary considered for possible engagement or other actions. (JP 3-60).
  4-59. When targeting for cyberspace effects, the physical network layer is the medium through which all
  digital data travels. The physical network layer includes wired (land and undersea cable), and wireless (radio,
  radio-relay, cellular, satellite) transmission means. The physical network layer is a point of reference used
  during targeting to determine the geographic location of an enemy’s cyberspace and EMS capabilities.
  4-60. When targeting, planners may know the logical location of some targets without knowing their physical
  location. The same is true when defending against threats in cyberspace. Defenders may know the logical point
  of origin for a threat without necessarily knowing the physical location of that threat. Engagement of logical
  network layer targets can only occur with a cyberspace capability.
  4-61. The logical network layer provides target planners with an alternate view of the target that is different
  from the physical network layer. A target’s position in the logical layer is identified by its IP addresses. Targets
  located by their IP address depict how nodes in the physical layer correlate to form networks in cyberspace.
  Targeting in the logical layer requires the IP address and access to the logical network to deliver cyberspace
  effects. The ability of adversaries to change logical layer network configurations can complicate fires and
  effects against both logical and cyber-persona layer targets, but the operational benefit of affecting those targets
  often outweigh targeting challenges.
  4-62. The inability to target a cyber-persona in a distinct area or form in the physical and logical network
  layers presents unique complexities. Because of these complexities, target positioning at the cyber-persona
  layer often requires multiple intelligence collection methods and an extensive analysis to develop insight and
  situational understanding to identify actionable targets. Like the logical network layer, cyber-personas can
  change quickly compared to changes in the physical network layer.
  4-63. EA is exceptionally well suited to attack spectrum-dependent targets that are difficult to locate
  physically, cannot be accurately targeted for lethal fires, or require only temporary disruption. The fires support
  element plans, prepares, executes, and assesses fires supporting current and future operations by integrating
  coordinated lethal and nonlethal effects through the targeting process. Lethal and nonlethal effects include
  indirect fires, air and missile defense, joint fires, cyberspace attacks, and EA.
  4-64. Targeting is a multidiscipline effort that requires coordinated interaction among the commander, the
  fires support element, and several staff sections that form the targeting working group. The commander