text: Tactical Deception
  Decoy Equipment and Devices
  19-26. Within their capabilities units use decoys to mislead enemy intelligence collection and direct the
  enemy’s attention away from actual forces. These actions can include creating artificial pieces of equipment
  to constructing false battle positions that include appropriate cover and concealment. These include using
  devices that create false electromagnetic signatures.
  Security Measures
  19-27. Units employ OPSEC and execute survivability operations to protect friendly forces from enemy
  detection. Camouflage blends friendly actions and capabilities with their surroundings while concealment
  makes those actions and capabilities unobservable to the enemy. When used in conjunction with other
  physical and technical means, camouflage and concealment aid in protecting friendly forces while
  simultaneously seeking to deceive an enemy. OPSEC includes denying the enemy access to information on
  friendly forces. From a physical means perspective examples include but are not limited to denying personnel
  access to friendly bases and locations and establishing blocking positions to hinder an enemy’s ability to
  obtain visual contact on unit assembly areas by establishing checkpoints along routes.
  Tactical Actions
  19-28. Units can employ any number of actions to support tactical deception. These can range from larger
  scale actions, such as feints and demonstrations, to small unit actions such as frequent repositioning of forces.
  Commanders at all levels ensure their units incorporate tactical deception within their plans.
  Reconnaissance, Security Operations, and Surveillance
  19-29. As the enemy begins to lose its active intelligence collection capability, its ability to detect the
  friendly force’s deception becomes progressively more difficult. Established procedures and doctrine make
  friendly deception operations easier to conduct. These procedures result in distinct and recognizable offensive
  patterns. Many units have enhanced their offensive capabilities by applying deception variations.
  19-30. Increasing patrol and reconnaissance activities in areas away from the main attack may confuse the
  enemy. However, friendly activities should not vary with normal procedures to the extent that they reveal
  friendly forces who are engaged in deception. For example, a friendly commander may conduct
  reconnaissance in an area away from the main effort’s objective, potentially causing the enemy to shift focus
  away from the friendly force’s main effort.
  TECHNICAL MEANS
  19-31. Technical means are resources, methods, and techniques used to convey or deny selected
  information or signatures. Often technical means use technical equipment, to or from the deception target,
  by manipulating electromagnetic, acoustic, or other forms of energy, or through smell. Technical means may
  be applied with corresponding physical means or alone to replicate something physical that is absent from
  visual contact. Planners integrate technical means with other technical activities of the operation. Higher
  headquarters may impose restrictions and limitations on the use of specific technical means for TAC-D. This
  is because they might interfere with an ongoing military deception or the effects of the technical means might
  extend into another friendly units assigned area. Examples of technical means might include—
  * The establishment of communications networks and interactive transmissions that replicate a
  specific unit type, size, or activity.
  * Emission or suppression of chemical or biological odors associated with a specific capability or
  activity.
  * Organic capabilities that disrupt an enemy sensor or affect data transmission.
  Table 19-1 on page 19-6 describes how both physical and technical means enable techniques to provide
  deception.