text: Army Space Operations Overview
  * GPS enables precision attack from stand-off distances, reducing collateral damage and allowing
  friendly forces to avoid threat areas. It enables FFT to avoid specific areas and aid in rescue
  operations; it increases tactical operating ranges by providing specific location coordinates,
  fosters precision movement and maneuver, enables unmanned aerial systems which provide
  situational understanding, and many other functions. Precision timing provides the Army the
  ability to synchronize tactical digital networks, wide area networking, and communications
  capabilities such as frequency hopping. It enables targeting and fires with increased lethality and
  reduces collateral damage to civilians and infrastructure.
  * The loss of GPS may yield a decrease in the efficiency to conduct mission operations. All Soldiers
  must understand the extent their forces and equipment rely on PNT information and how degraded
  or denied GPS information may impacts Army operations. The impact to systems go beyond
  handheld GNSS devices. The loss of GPS may impact network time protocol—which helps keeps
  communications networks and computers synchronized—command and control devices,
  maneuver forces, aviation platforms, precision munitions, and other systems.
  1-21. Space Control is the operations to ensure freedom of action in space for the U.S. and its allies and
  deny an adversary freedom of action in space (JP 3-14). The Army conducts space control by using globally
  deployable units to conduct surveillance and assessment of space systems in support of military and civil
  operations. Units conducting space control plan and conduct system diagnostic monitoring, vulnerability
  assessments, data integrity studies, and quality control in support of U.S. military SATCOM or other
  capabilities. Space control supports freedom of action in the space domain for friendly forces, and when
  necessary, defeats adversary efforts to interfere with or attack U.S. or allied space systems and negates
  adversary space capabilities. It consists of defensive space control (DSC), offensive space control (OSC),
  and navigation warfare (NAVWAR).
  * Defensive space control is active and passive measures taken to protect friendly space capabilities
  from attack, interference, or unintentional hazards (JP 3-14). These actions protect friendly
  SATCOM and other space capabilities from attack, interference, unauthorized intrusions, or
  unintentional hazards.
  * Offensive space control is offensive operations conducted for space negation (JP 3-14). Negation,
  in space operations are measures to deceive, disrupt, degrade, deny, or destroy space systems (JP
  3-14).
  * NAVWAR is the deliberate defensive and offensive action to assure and prevent PNT information
  through coordinated employment of space, cyberspace, and electronic warfare operations (JP 3-
  14). The effects of a NAVWAR environment on systems are complex and ranges from limited in
  scope and area to enveloping an entire area of responsibility (AOR). NAVWAR effects include
  varying conditions from mildly degraded to totally disrupted GNSS signals, and may include
  spoofing– an emulated signal with false and misleading information. Space operations focus on
  space-based PNT signals, situational understanding, and space control operations. Cyberspace
  operations protect friendly networks that leverage GNSS, while targeting similar adversary
  capabilities. Electronic warfare operations—consisting of electronic support, electronic attack,
  and electronic protection—conducted in support of NAVWAR denies adversary access to GNSS
  information, and protects friendly capabilities within the electromagnetic spectrum (EMS).
  1-22. SATCOM provides the necessary connectivity for worldwide communications and mobile forces
  operating over large, dispersed areas. It provides the Army critical connectivity for tactical maneuver forces
  and Soldiers whose rapid movement and geographically dispersed deployments move them away from direct
  access to land lines and line of sight communication.
  * Each regional satellite communications support center (RSSC) is a multi-service, multi-agency
  organization providing theater communication planners with a single point of contact for satellite
  access planning of military narrowband, wideband, protected band, and commercial SATCOM
  support. The RSSC is the theater center of expertise for all military and commercial SATCOM
  serving operating forces. The Army manages four RSSCs.
  * The Army is the Consolidated SATCOM System Expert for Wideband and Narrowband
  SATCOM systems, and satellite communications system expert for Defense Satellite
  Communications System (DSCS), Wideband Global Satellite Communications (WGS), Mobile