text: Chapter 1
  management, synchronize IRCs, and conduct cyberspace electromagnetic activities. Informing and
  influencing are effects that occur in the cognitive dimension of the information environment. By effectively
  synchronizing IRCs and, when appropriate, conducting cyberspace electromagnetic activities, commanders
  tailor their influence and manner of informing to the situation and audience at hand. Information and
  knowledge management support the commander and staff’s ability to access information quickly and
  completely, as well as segment and protect information, thereby enhancing their decision making and gaining
  advantage over adversaries and enemies.
  MOVEMENT AND MANEUVER
  1-42. The movement and maneuver warfighting function moves and employs forces to achieve a position of
  relative advantage over the enemy through direct fire and close combat. IO seeks to influence or affect enemy
  decision making so that relative advantage is achieved even before close combat becomes necessary or
  diminishes the potency of threat actions so that they ultimately fail. Movement and maneuver, along with
  fires, always produce effects in the information environment, whether intentional or not, and these effects
  must be considered when planning operations (not just IO). At the same time, movement and maneuver can
  itself serve as an IRC when its chief objective is to send a message and influence behavior, such as when it
  is tied to a deception effort.
  INTELLIGENCE
  1-43. Intelligence facilitates understanding the threat, terrain, and civil considerations. IO enhances and
  sharpens focus on the aspects of the information environment that influence or are influenced by the threat,
  such as the threat’s IRCs. IO also enhances understanding of the ways that messages are received, transmitted
  and processed by relevant audiences in the area of operations. In turn, intelligence supports IO by collecting
  information essential to defining the information environment, understanding the threat’s information
  capabilities, and assessing and adjusting information-related effects.
  FIRES
  1-44. Fires provides collective and coordinated use of Army indirect fires, air and missile defense, and joint
  fires through the targeting process. IO effects are typically indirect rather than direct and like indirect fire,
  greatly benefit from deliberate selection, development and delivery. This fact is why IO targets, like offensive
  cyberspace operations and space targets, are a part of the targeting process and get nominated to the targeting
  board for approval.
  SUSTAINMENT
  1-45. Sustainment provides support and services to ensure freedom of action, extend operational reach, and
  prolong endurance. IO, through the synchronization of IRCs, seeks to ensure freedom of action in the
  information environment which, in turn, contributes to enhanced mental and emotional endurance, not just
  of U.S. forces and their partners, but also of the indigenous populations affected by operations. While morale
  is a leadership function, it is facilitated through the preservation and sustainment of information, information
  systems, content, and flow and the ability of leaders to create shared understanding and purpose. Sustainment
  support and services, such as air dropping supplies to displaced persons or providing health service support,
  often contribute to effects in the information environment, making coordination between the IO officer and
  the assistant chief of staff, logistics or G-4 (S-4) essential.
  PROTECTION
  1-46. The protection warfighting function preserves the force so that commanders can apply maximum
  combat power to accomplish the mission. IO is focused on the preservation of decision making and ensuring
  decision-oriented information is available at the right time and place. This means more than simply blunting
  or preventing the effectiveness of the threat’s access to information; it means securing and defending our
  own.