text: Chapter 1
  * Visible test and evaluation activities.
  * Reconnaissance and surveillance activities.
  TECHNICAL MEANS
  1-63. Technical means are resources, methods, and techniques used to convey or deny selected information
  or signatures to or from the deception target. These means manipulate electromagnetic, acoustic, or other
  forms of energy or through olfaction. Technical means often use technical equipment.
  1-64. Technical means may be applied with corresponding physical means or alone to replicate something
  physical that is absent from direct visual observation. As with any use of friendly military material resources,
  any use of technical means to conduct deception must comply with U.S. and international law. Planners
  integrate technical means with other technical activities of the operation. Examples of technical means might
  include—
  * The establishment of communications networks and interactive transmissions that replicate a
  specific unit type, size, or activity.
  * The emission or suppression of chemical or biological odors associated with a specific capability
  or activity.
  * Multispectral simulators that replicate or mimic the known electronic profile of a specific
  capability or force.
  * Selected capabilities that disrupt an enemy sensor or affect data transmission.
  1-65. Electromagnetic deception is the deliberate change of electromagnetic energy intended to convey
  misleading information to an enemy or to enemy electromagnetic-dependent weapons. The misinformation
  results in degrading or neutralizing the enemy’s combat capability. Types of electromagnetic deception
  include manipulative, simulative, and imitative deception. Manipulative deception involves actions to
  eliminate revealing—or to convey misleading—electromagnetic telltale indicators that an enemy can use.
  Simulative deception involves actions to simulate friendly, notional, or actual capabilities to mislead hostile
  forces. Imitative deception introduces electromagnetic energy into enemy systems that imitate enemy
  emissions. For more information on electromagnetic deception, see FM 3-12. For more information on
  acoustic, other energy, or olfactory means, see ATP 3-53.1.
  ADMINISTRATIVE MEANS
  1-66. Administrative means are resources, methods, and techniques to convey or deny selected written, oral,
  pictorial, or other documentary information or signatures to or from the deception target. They normally
  portray information and indicators associated with coordination for ongoing or planned military activity to
  the deception target. Examples of administrative means normally visible to an enemy at some level might
  include—
  * Movement, transit, or overflight requests including flight planning, port call, or traffic control
  coordination.
  * Basing inquiries or construction requests.
  * Other preparatory coordination associated with a military operation normally done through
  unclassified channels.
  CAMOUFLAGE, CONCEALMENT, AND DECOYS
  1-67. Camouflage and concealment are OPSEC measures and survivability operations tasks used to protect
  friendly forces and activities from enemy detection and attribution. Camouflage makes friendly capabilities
  or activities blend in with the surroundings. Concealment makes friendly capabilities or activities
  unobservable or unrecognizable to the enemy. Concealing the location, movement, and actions of friendly
  forces can delay hostile attack and assist commanders in retaining the tactical advantage. Both use physical,
  technical, and administrative means to deceive the enemy and protect the deception story. Deception
  measures use the same signatures for simulating friendly forces and activities.
  1-68. A decoy is an imitation in any sense of a person, object, or phenomenon that is intended to deceive
  enemy surveillance devices or mislead enemy evaluation (JP 3-13.4). Decoys may be used in conjunction