text: Chapter 2
  the production of intelligence. These challenges include IADSs; long-range fires; counterreconnaissance;
  cyberspace and EW operations; space and counterspace operations; and camouflage, concealment, and
  deception. (See appendix C for more on peer threats.)
  THREAT METHODS
  2-21. Peer threats use various methods to render U.S. military power irrelevant whenever possible; every
  intelligence professional should understand these threat methods and how they can apply to future conflicts.
  The following broad peer threat methods are often used in combination during conventional or irregular
  conflicts and below the threshold of conflict; FM 3-0 provides more details:
  ⚫ Information warfare. In the context of the threat, information warfare refers to a threat’s
  orchestrated use of information activities (such as EW, cyberspace operations, and psychological
  operations) to achieve objectives. Operating under a different set of ethics and laws than the
  United States’, and under the cloak of anonymity, peer threats conduct information warfare
  aggressively and continuously to influence populations and decision makers. Peer threats can
  also use information warfare to create destructive effects during competition below armed
  conflict and crisis. During armed conflict, peer threats use information warfare in conjunction
  with other methods to achieve strategic and operational objectives.
  ⚫ Systems warfare. Systems warfare refers to the identification and isolation or destruction of
  critical subsystems or components to degrade or destroy an opponent’s overall system. Peer
  threats view the battlefield, their own instruments of power, and an opponent’s instruments of
  power as a collection of complex, dynamic, and integrated systems composed of subsystems and
  components. They use systems warfare to attack critical components of a friendly system while
  protecting their own system.
  ⚫ Preclusion. Peer threats use a variety of actions, activities, and capabilities to preclude a friendly
  force’s ability to shape an OE and mass and sustain combat power. A2 and AD are two strategic
  and operational approaches to preclusion.
  ▪ Antiaccess is action, activity, or capability, usually long-range, designed to prevent an
  advancing enemy force from entering an operational area (JP 3-0). The employment of A2
  capabilities against Army forces begins in CONUS and extends throughout the strategic
  support area into a theater. Peer threats’ A2 means include ballistic missiles, cruise missiles,
  and space, cyberspace, and information warfare capabilities.
  ▪ Area denial is action, activity, or capability, usually short-range, designed to limit an enemy
  force’s freedom of action within an operational area (JP 3-0). Usually, adversaries do not
  design AD to keep friendly forces out but rather to limit their freedom of action and ability
  to accomplish their mission in using long-range fires, IADSs, EW, CBRN weapons, man-
  made obstacles, and conventional ground maneuver forces.
  ⚫ Isolation. Isolation refers to the containment of a force so that it cannot accomplish its mission.
  Peer threats will attempt to isolate U.S. forces in many ways:
  ▪ During competition below armed conflict, peer threats may attempt to isolate friendly forces
  using disinformation campaigns and the threat of aggression.
  ▪ During crisis, peer threats seek to isolate U.S. forward-positioned forces and prevent their
  support from the United States or elsewhere in theater.
  ▪ During armed conflict, enemy forces identify isolated friendly forces using a variety of
  capabilities and rapidly attempt to destroy them through long-range, massed, and precision
  fires.
  ⚫ Sanctuary. Sanctuary refers to the positioning of threat forces beyond the reach of friendly
  forces. It is a form of protection derived by some combination of political, legal, and physical
  boundaries that restricts freedom of action by a friendly force commander. Peer threats will use
  any means necessary, including sanctuary, to protect key capabilities from destruction,
  particularly by air and missile capabilities. Peer threats will also protect their key interests,
  whether these interests reside in their homeland or in another country. To create a sanctuary that
  protects key interests, adversaries employ combinations of both physical and nonphysical means
  to protect key interests.