text: Chapter 2
  * Identity and access management (Enterprise Directory Service) provides authoritative enterprise
  identity and contact attributes for combatant commands, Services, and agencies. Enterprise
  Directory Service includes—
  * DOD Enterprise White Pages—authoritative identity and contact information for all DOD
  common access card holders.
  * Global Directory Service—a distribution point for personal public key certificates, certificate
  revocation lists, and certificate authority certificates.
  * Identity Synchronization Service—populates directories and global address lists with enterprise
  identity and contact attributes.
  2-184. These services also support joint, interorganizational, and multinational collaboration. Information
  sharing allows the mutual use of information services or capabilities across functional or organizational
  boundaries.
  2-185. Identity and access management services facilitate and control information sharing. Identity and
  access management assigns users common, portable identity credentials, such as a common access card or
  SIPRNET token. Users with the proper credentials can access and view operational, business support, or
  intelligence-related information, services, and applications related to their mission and communities of
  interest. Refer to ATP 6-02.71 for more information about information services.
  SPECTRUM MANAGEMENT OPERATIONS
  2-186. Since a significant part of any communications system relies upon wireless transmissions,
  communications planners must consider access to the electromagnetic spectrum. Signal Soldiers support
  assured access through spectrum management operations. Spectrum management operations are the
  interrelated functions of spectrum management, frequency assignment, host nation coordination, and
  policy that together enable the planning, management, and execution of operations within the
  electromagnetic operational environment during all phases of military operations. Spectrum
  management operations enable access to the frequency spectrum to support Army operations.
  2-187. Spectrum management includes operational, engineering, and administrative procedures to plan,
  coordinate, and manage use of the electromagnetic spectrum. Spectrum managers prioritize and deconflict
  operation of spectrum-dependent systems to prevent unacceptable interference. They may coordinate
  spectrum use with U.S. or host-nation military and civil authorities. Spectrum management includes
  enforcing frequency assignments while identifying and eliminating unauthorized use of the frequency
  spectrum.
  2-188. Frequency assignment involves requesting and issuing authorization to use frequencies for specific
  equipment. This includes assigning frequencies for combat net radio networks, unmanned aircraft systems,
  and line of sight networks. Spectrum managers perform frequency assignment for all spectrum-dependent
  military equipment.
  2-189. Host nation coordination is negotiation for authorization to operate radio frequency-emitting
  equipment within a sovereign nation. This coordination is necessary to conform to international and national
  laws, and to avoid interfering with host-nation communications and emergency services. Coordination
  prevents diplomatic friction with the host nation. Commanders or operators who do not operate within host-
  nation laws may incur criminal or civil liability and have their equipment confiscated. Host nation
  coordination does not apply to forcible entry operations or operations in a hostile nation.
  2-190. Spectrum management operations depend on policy adherence to ensure access to the spectrum. This
  includes complying with national (strategic) through tactical-level policies and defining local policies for
  spectrum management, frequency assignment, and host nation coordination. Refer to JP 6-01 and ATP
  6-02.70 for more information about spectrum management.
  VISUAL INFORMATION AND COMBAT CAMERA
  2-191. Visual information and COMCAM capture still and motion imagery to support a variety of missions.
  Visual information products may support command and control, training, education, logistics, human