text: Chapter 9
  optimized at static locations (for example, refuel points or bridge crossings)—where missiles and sensors are
  in place and positioned along the most likely directions of attack (again using the employment tenets)—and
  minimized when units are on the move. The platoons employ an overwatch technique to ensure continuous
  coverage of units on the move. For example, a team of two Avengers, with the associated C2 node and
  sensors, is positioned in a static location to provide defense over the maneuvering forces. As the supported
  force moves, a second team maneuvers into position to provide the follow-on defense. Once the second team
  is in place, it assumes the defense while the first team maneuvers. Overwatch may require additional sensors
  and launchers. While platoon assets may be positioned at critical points along a route of advance, there is no
  intent for the platoon weapons or sensors to maintain pace with the maneuvering elements.
  9-36. Avenger and C-RAM launchers are assigned primary and secondary target lines. Primary target lines
  are determined based on mission requirements and defended assets. They assist in the distribution of fires
  when defending against multiple targets that are attacking from different directions. Secondary target lines
  allow mutual support and overlapping coverage. Secondary target lines are planned in advance to allow the
  proper positioning of equipment to accommodate both primary and secondary target line requirements.
  ENGAGEMENT OPERATIONS
  9-37. The platoon conducts engagement operations from its C2 node. Each platoon’s C2 node includes a
  FCE. The platoon leader serves as the fire control officer and ADA Soldiers fulfill surveillance and
  identification functions. Engagement operations can be conducted 24 hours per day, requiring constant
  manning. Battle management aids, embedded in FAAD/C-RAM C2, assist operators in executing their
  missions.
  9-38. Virtually all rotary-wing, smaller class UAS, and RAM engagement authorizations are decentralized
  to platoon level, without further direction or guidance from higher engagement authorities. Engagements of
  these threats are time sensitive; there is insufficient time for higher echelons to exert positive control.
  However, a higher echelon – a task force C2 node for Avenger or base defense operations center for C-RAM,
  for example – may impose control prior to an engagement when a SHORAD weapons system will fire into a
  no-fire or controlled airspace zone.
  9-39. SHORAD platoon leaders, in their capacity as fire control officers, must consider the “where” of
  engagements, identifying those locations that allow for minimum collateral damage to friendly forces and
  defended assets. However, when defended assets are in urban areas and there is significant potential for
  civilian casualties, ROE and the platoon leader’s judgment may result in non-engagements, except for those
  engagements required for self-defense.
  9-40. UAS and RAM engagements are conducted by Avenger and C-RAM systems using procedural
  controls and are guided by fire direction orders, as required, from the platoon headquarters. The common air
  picture, facilitated by FAAD/C-RAM C2, enhances the platoon’s ability to identify and engage the right
  target. See ATP 3-01.81 and ATP 3-01.60, respectively, for further discussions of counter-UAS techniques
  and C-RAM operations.
  9-41. SHORAD weapons are placed in the manual or automatic engagement mode. The manual mode is the
  preferred mode for the Avenger; in this mode, the Avenger gunner conducts the engagement. The automated
  mode is preferred for C-RAM weapons; in this mode, the gunner conducts the engagement while sitting in a
  unique LPWS control station and connected to the C-RAM C2 system.
  9-42. C-RAM units “clear” airspace before engagements through dynamic “do-not-engage sectors”. The
  sector puts an “uncertainty bubble” around aircraft based on local radar track quality and sends that
  information to the LPWS. The LPWS then does not initiate an engagement of a RAM threat – or continue an
  engagement if one has been initiated – if its rounds will pass through this uncertainty volume. The system
  continues to track the threat and, once clear of the do-not-engage sector, continues the engagement if possible.
  9-43. While FAAD/C-RAM C2 facilitates more permissive engagement controls, given the ability to support
  and display a common air picture with positive identification, Avenger platoons may still be required to
  visually identify targets as hostile before engaging.
  9-44. Engagement, sustainment, and other operational reports are forwarded to parent battery/task-organized
  battery, ADA task force, and/or ADAM cell. The platoon advises these echelons, for example, of its