text: Army Aviation’s Role in Unified Land Operations
  * Impact to future mission support due to long duration contamination of aircraft and support
  equipment.
  * Performance impacts (especially in hot environments) on crews and support personnel.
  * Difficulties using night vision devices in addition to CBRNE protective equipment.
  * Necessity of segregating or isolating contaminated aircraft, and the impact of maintaining this
  equipment.
  * Ability to spot decontaminate aircraft and equipment to reduce the hazard of contamination
  transfer.
  1-78. To minimize the chances of being targeted by CBRNE weapons, commanders should consider tactics
  that minimize detection of large fixed sites through camouflage or dispersion, retain mobility and the
  ability to rapidly reorganize, and anticipate attacks and adjust mission oriented protective posture
  accordingly. FM 3-11 provides more information on CBRNE operations.
  CYBER DOMAIN
  1-79. The cyber domain consists of interdependent networks of information technology systems and
  infrastructures which friendly, adversary, and other entities use transfer information. Computer networks,
  cellular phone systems, social media, and other technical infrastructures are all part of cyberspace. Army
  Aviation operates many C2 systems through cyberspace, and commanders must protect access to critical
  capabilities or information. Commanders should also be aware that any public presence on social media or
  other cyberspace platform may be used to help or hinder operations; this presence should be managed
  accordingly.
  SPACE DOMAIN
  1-80. The space domain defined as the area above the altitude where atmospheric effects on airborne
  objects become negligible (JP-3-14). While Army Aviation forces carry out their tactical operations in the
  physical domains, they are critically enabled by space-based position, navigation, and timing capabilities.
  In addition, many UAS control systems and other voice or digital communications capabilities utilize
  satellite or other non-LOS capabilities in the space domain. Peer competitors have developed capabilities
  which may deny, degrade, or disrupt guaranteed access to information via the space domain. As such,
  commanders must plan to operate in a degraded or disrupted space operating environment. For instance,
  aircrews must be competent when navigating without precise GPS assistance; staffs must understand how
  to communicate using minimum time and bandwidth; and commanders at all levels must embrace a mission
  command philosophy which prizes decentralized execution and disciplined initiative.
  INFORMATION ENVIRONMENT AND THE ELECTROMAGNETIC SPECTRUM
  1-81. Information enables decision making, leadership, and combat power; it is also key to seizing and
  retaining the initiative, and to consolidating gains in an OE. The information environment is the aggregate
  of individuals, organizations, and systems that collect, process, disseminate, or act on information (JP 3-
  13). The information environment has three dimensions: physical, informational, and cognitive. The
  information environment is global and permeates every OE; it is highly congested and contested. Whenever
  Army Aviation supports operations in the information environment, the information operations (IO) officer
  and the IO working group provide critical synchronization and execution. Commanders conduct IO to
  create effects in the information environment to seize and retain advantage therein. Army Aviation can be
  employed to help create these effects. For example, Army Aviation can—
  * Attack physical C2 nodes or communications infrastructure.
  * Support military information support operations in the delivery of leaflets.
  * Conduct a show of force to influence adversary decision making.
  1-82. The electromagnetic spectrum is an infinite range of frequencies of electromagnetic radiation which
  crosses all domains. Peer competitors seek to disrupt friendly access to information through interfering with
  or blocking certain transmissions. They may also target Army Aviation units based on their unique