text: FM 7-100.1________________________________________________________________________________
  ADAPTIVE OPERATIONS
  9-193. OPFOR air defense actions during transition and adaptive operations
  are based on the premise that it is essential to attack aircraft while they are
  on the ground. While defensive in nature, OPFOR air defense has an impor-
  tant offensive component to it. Therefore, it must use every means available
  to attack enemy air capability. TBMs provide the OPFOR with the means to
  continue to attack after the effective loss or degradation of its fixed-wing ca-
  pability. The key to the use of TBMs is that they are systems that have been
  held in reserve during regional operations and positioned in hides. These
  hides are dispersed and not tied to any operational pattern of the ground forces.
  Armed with a mix of high-explosive and persistent chemical warheads, they can
  destroy aircraft and make airfields unusable for extended periods of time.
  9-194. Augmenting early OPFOR air employment and the continuous use of
  TBMs is the employment of SPF, insurgents, and terrorist groups. These
  forces can be a means of providing depth to the battlefield. SPF pre-
  positioned in anticipation of intervention can operate in third countries or
  within the theater. Typical SPF missions include air defense ambushes of
  aircraft along routes of ingress or egress from airfields. Shoulder-fired SAMs
  equipped with night-vision devices serve as the weapon of choice for these
  ambushes. In some cases, the ambushing forces could be instructed to fire only
  at certain types of aircraft. These may include Airborne Warning and Control
  System (AWACS), reconnaissance aircraft, and fuel tankers. SPF can also con-
  duct raids to destroy maintenance facilities and fuel storage sites. Insurgent
  forces, advised by SPF, can conduct similar missions. They can ambush
  cargo trucks en route to airfields or aviation facilities. SPF or insurgents
  can intimidate local contractors and force them to contaminate fuel supplies or
  sabotage air traffic control facilities. Where plausible deniability is important,
  terrorists may be more suitable for conducting some of these operations.
  9-195. Air defense by ground-based systems still plays a key role in both
  transition and adaptive operations. The OPFOR recognizes that strategically
  and operationally it cannot maintain a fully integrated air defense system
  over all areas all of the time. However, it does believe that, through niche
  technologies and creative means, it can achieve integration in some sectors
  while taking a degree of risk in others. Longer-range systems, normally posi-
  tioned deep, can be moved forward to cause enemy aircraft to operate from
  greater standoff distances. By investing in key technologies, the OPFOR has
  some capability to provide early warning and target information to firing
  units from remote locations. This protects the firing units from detection and
  significantly lowers their radar transmission times. There is heavier reliance
  on the use of passive systems. Air defense ambushes along likely routes of
  ingress serve as effective means of augmenting ground force protection. In
  key areas, these ambushes would be positioned forward and in depth.
  9-196. The use of other arms is an effective means of augmenting air defense
  capability. An in-depth analysis of the battlespace is conducted to identify
  likely helicopter firing positions. These can be sowed with antihelicopter mines
  and remote sensors. The sensors serve to key artillery fires to attack these sites
  and render them unusable or prevent effective fires by attack helicopters.