text: Chapter 4
  the JAOC, with the joint force land component commander (JFLCC) headquarters, or as shown in figure 4-
  1 on page 4-9, separately in accordance with METT-TC.
  4-55. The ADAFCO coordinates/integrates Army AMD fires within the joint AMD architecture. An
  ADAFCO team consists of a fire control officer, a control assistant, and an operations assistant. ADAFCO
  personnel must have proper clearances for the specified operation and duty location. They conduct continuous
  24-hour operations and ensure effective control of AMD fires. Typically, ADAFCO requirements are
  identified by the responsible ADA headquarters staff during the mission analysis step of the military decision
  making process with consideration for the joint air operations plan, the area air defense plan, and the
  supported commander’s requirements. The ADAFCO must be collocated with the commander possessing
  engagement authorization for air and missile threats. As depicted in figure 4-1 on page 4-9, the AAMDC
  ADAFCO is positioned with the JFAAC/AADC and the ADA brigade ADAFCO with the RADC/SADC.
  Once embedded within that commander’s organization, the ADAFCO provides for the rapid engagement of
  airborne targets/platforms, coordinates and controls AMD engagements, and assists the controlling authority
  with friendly protect functions and fratricide prevention. When AAMDC and brigade ADAFCOs are
  deployed, it is essential that they have access to a display of the integrated air picture at the hosting unit (for
  example, JAOC, Aegis, or Airborne Warning and Control System [AWACS]), voice and data
  communications with subordinate ADA battalions and separate batteries, and access to the senior weapons
  officer at the hosting unit, such as the senior air defense officer at the joint AOC or senior director on
  AWACS.
  4-56. Under the precept of unity of effort, both ADA commanders and the AADC are unified in their efforts
  to execute joint AMD operations in support of the JFC’s objectives. The practical application of unity of
  effort is the delineation of operational control authorities, described above, and the tactical control of ADA
  fires.
  4-57. In the context of joint AMD operations, the designated component commander, usually the
  JFACC/AADC, is supported by ADA forces. The designated component commander is granted the necessary
  authority (in this case tactical control) for controlling and directing ADA fires. Because ADA forces are not
  typically assigned or attached to a commander of a different service, tactical control provides sufficient
  authority for controlling and directing the application of force or tactical use of ADA assets within the
  assigned mission or task.
  4-58. Tactical control and the near-real-time exercise of the kill chain, as depicted and described above,
  generally do not apply to Army Avenger and C-RAM units. Avenger and C-RAM engagements of threats,
  such as low, slow, small tactical UASs (groups 2 and 3) and rockets, are very time sensitive and cannot wait
  for authorizations through the various elements comprising the kill chain. Their engagements are delegated
  to the lowest level as established by the ROE, fire control orders, and weapons control status (see procedural
  control discussion in paragraphs 4-59 through 4-60, on pages 4-10 through 4-11). The employment of
  Avenger and C-RAM must fully exploit the capabilities of early warning systems in conjunction with a
  functional airspace control plan to reduce risk to friendly aircraft while facilitating successful engagements.
  To ensure success, units must conduct in-depth planning and integration of the area air defense plan nested
  with the standing airspace control plan at the appropriate echelon. The airspace control plan is the document
  approved by the joint force commander that provides specific planning guidance and procedures for the
  airspace control system for the joint force operational area (JP 3-52).
  POSITIVE AND PROCEDURAL MEASURES OF CONTROL
  4-59. AMD fires may be controlled through positive and procedural means and measures. Positive control
  is a method of airspace control that relies on positive identification, tracking, and detection of aircraft within
  an airspace, conducted with electronic means, by an agency having the authority and responsibility therein
  (JP 3-52). Positive control is enabled by a common air picture that synthesizes data from multi-service
  intelligence and AMD sensors, correlates air tracks, and identifies them based on an integrated airspace
  control plan and established identification criteria. Positive control is exercised through fire control orders.
  Procedural control is a method of airspace control which relies on a combination of previously agreed and
  promulgated orders and procedures (JP 3-52). Procedural controls include air defense warnings, ROE,
  published identification criteria, and weapons control status.