text: Chapter 1
  Note. Locating a signal site remotely creates additional force protection and physical security
  requirements to secure and defend the remote site.
  MULTI-DOMAIN EXTENDED BATTLEFIELD
  1-21. Army forces both depend upon and enable the joint force across the air, land, maritime, space, and
  cyberspace domains. All Army operations are multi-domain operations and all battles are multi-domain
  battles. Conventional Army multi-domain operations include airborne and air assault operations, air and
  missile defense, cross-domain fires, aviation, electronic warfare (EW), cyberspace operations, military
  deception, information operations, military information support operations, information collection, and
  riverine operations. Since joint or multinational partners may provide some of these capabilities, Army
  commanders and staffs plan, coordinate, and integrate joint and other unified action partner capabilities in
  their multi-domain approach to operations. Large-scale combat operations require synchronization and
  convergence of capabilities and effects across multiple disciplines and domains.
  1-22. Army forces may conduct operations across multiple domains to gain freedom of action for other
  members of the joint force. The air, land, maritime, space, and cyberspace domains, and their effects on the
  information environment are closely interrelated. Their complex relationships require a cross-domain
  understanding of the operational environment. Signal leaders must understand the available communications
  capabilities and interoperability challenges of communications support in each domain. A thorough
  understanding helps identify opportunities for the command to coordinate with unified action partners and
  converge effects when operating throughout the multi-domain battlefield.
  1-23. Signal support is a key enabler for multi-domain battle. Signal units have effectively integrated
  communications capabilities across the air, land, maritime, space, and cyberspace domains for decades. The
  DODIN-A and the services it extends enable collaboration and synchronization across domains and among
  unified action partners.
  SIGNAL DEPENDENCE ON SPACE-BASED CAPABILITIES
  1-24. Signal support depends on access to space capabilities. Nearly all advanced countries and their military
  forces rely heavily on space-based capabilities in the areas of—
  * Communications.
  * Positioning, navigation, and timing.
  * Detection and monitoring.
  1-25. Peer threats will likely attempt to jam or destroy space-based capabilities as a means of disrupting U.S.
  operations. Disruption of positioning, navigation, and timing negatively impacts network synchronization,
  friendly force tracking, precision munitions, unmanned aircraft systems, and ground movements. Destroying
  or jamming satellite communications could reduce Army commanders’ ability to exercise command and
  control beyond line of sight or in rugged or urban terrain. Exercising disciplined initiative with clear
  commander’s intent, along with robust terrestrial-based communications capabilities, mitigates the disruption
  of space-based communications.
  1-26. U.S. space capabilities include—
  * Information collection.
  * Early warning.
  * Environmental monitoring.
  * Satellite communications.
  * Positioning, navigation, and timing.
  1-27. Satellite communications enable beyond line of sight communications without terrain restrictions.
  Satellite-based positioning, navigation, and timing provides an accurate, universal source for system timing
  and location.