text: Appendix A
  Forms and Functions Construction and Placement Military Aspects of Terrain: OAKOC
  Cores.
  Construction. Observation and fields of fire.
  Industrial areas.
  • Mass or framed • Smoke (fire), dust (explosions), and
  • Toxic industrial material production flying debris
  • Light or heavy clad
  and storage facilities
  • Rubble
  • Material (dirt, wood, stone, brick,
  • Standard signs and markings for
  cinder block, concrete, steel, and • Engagement ranges
  toxic chemicals
  glass) (including minimum safe distances
  Outlying high-rise areas. and backblast factors) and
  • Density and thickness (roofs,
  obliquity/angles (ricochets)
  Residential areas and shantytowns. floors, and interior and exterior
  walls) • Elevation and depression
  Commercial ribbon areas.
  considerations
  • Load-bearing walls and columns
  Forts and military bases. • Lasers and reflective concerns
  • Height (floors)
  Broad Urban Patterns • Doors, windows, fire escapes, Avenues of approach
  and other openings (mobility corridors).
  Types. • Interior floor plan (including crawl • Airspace
  • Satellite spaces, elevators, and stairs) • Surface
  • Network • Supersurface
  Placement.
  • Linear • Subsurface
  • Random
  • Segment
  Key terrain
  • Close, orderly block
  Dominant or central hub (if any). • Dispersed • Landmarks
  • Buildings of significant cultural,
  Area covered (square miles). Ownership.
  social, political, historical, or
  economic significance
  Street Patterns
  Obstacles
  Basic types.
  • Rubble and vehicles
  • Radial
  • Steep embankments
  • Grid
  • Medians
  • Irregular (planned and unplanned).
  • Inadequate bridges and overpasses
  (destroyed, weight-restricted, or
  Variations.
  narrow)
  • Rayed
  • Tunnels and underpasses (destroyed
  • Radial ring or narrow)
  • Contour forming • Mines and roadside improvised
  explosive devices
  • Combined
  • Masking of fires
  Widths.
  • Burning buildings or other fire
  hazards
  • Rivers and lakes
  Cover and concealment.
  • Building protection
  • Weapon penetration (single shot and
  multiple rounds) considerations
  • Rubble and vehicles
  Figure A-2. Significant terrain characteristics common to COIN operations.
  Man-Made Terrain
  A-14. Building composition, frontages, placement, forms and functions, size, floor plans, and window
  and door locations affect maneuver, force positioning, and weapons deployment considerations. Angles,