text: Chapter 2
  2-25. As part of preparation, commanders, units, and Soldiers perform activities. While the unit may perform
  many preparation activities concurrently, it schedules some preparation activities sequentially. For example,
  a unit conducts required individual training for new system operators prior to rehearsals with these systems.
  Unit leaders determine specific preparation requirements, activity relationships, and schedules during
  planning. Preparation activities critical to successful multinational operations include the following:
  • Coordinate and establish liaison. Units train and deploy liaison elements (such as embedded staff,
  exchanged staff, or liaison officers) to provide functional expertise to assist mission partner
  commanders and staffs during all phases of the operations process.
  • Complete task organization. The multinational force completes planned task organization based on
  mission analysis and limitations. Mission analysis reveals the operation plan, mission partner
  capabilities, and mission partner limitations. The coalition command structure imposes authorities
  and relationships.
  • Integrate new units and Soldiers. All units include integration activities in the preparation phase of
  the operations process with emphasis on team building. This integration enables shared
  understanding of coalition-wide—
  ▪ Tactics, techniques, and procedures (TTP).
  ▪ SOPs.
  ▪ KM.
  ▪ ROE.
  ▪ Other relevant common plans and orders that affect unit operations.
  • Train. Units conduct individual and collective training to build proficiency in integration. Units train
  to integrate multinational facilities, equipment, communications, procedures, and personnel.
  Proficiency enables effective C2 systems, applications, and common processes and activities (such
  as battle rhythm events, reporting, tactical tasks, and maintaining the coalition COP).
  • Perform pre-operations checks and inspections. In preparation for multinational operations,
  commanders and staff ensure subordinate units and mission partners have trained, rehearsed, and
  are prepared to execute operations at the desired level of interoperability.
  • Initiate network preparations. Partner nations collaboratively develop network, cyberspace defense,
  data, and common services standards reflected in the JMEI and implemented in the MPN. Partner
  nations develop and implement data standards as documented in the KM plan. Partner nations test
  and validate the network.
  • Conduct rehearsals. Multinational units rehearse concept drills, tactical exercises without troops,
  communications exercises, staff exercises, and other collective training with mission partners. These
  rehearsals improve task proficiency and shared understanding of the scheme of maneuver and
  associated TTP and SOPs.
  • Revise and refine the plan. Units integrate, train, and rehearse with mission partners to build
  understanding of an operational environment, mutual capabilities and limitations, and
  interoperability gaps and shortcomings. The resulting understanding helps units revise and refine
  operation plans and interoperability solutions.
  EXECUTE
  2-26. Effective execution is enabled by units seizing the initiative through action and commanders who
  accept risk to exploit opportunities. A staff supports the commander by building knowledge and shared
  understanding and by enabling rapid decision making and synchronization. Effective interoperability
  supports effective execution which will—
  • Enable information flow to support the commander’s visualization and decision making.
  • Provide collaborative tools and processes to encourage staff synchronization, rapid planning, and
  implementation with all mission partners.
  • Improve subordinate decision making and reduce reaction time through shared understanding of the
  commander’s intent and mission with all mission partners.
  • Minimize C2 risks, gaps, and shortcomings during execution of multinational operations.
  2-27. Unit leaders ensure mission partners have the same understanding of graphic control measures,
  especially changes, during execution. Graphic control measures can include fire support coordination lines,
  unit boundaries, and coordination points. The KM plan provides the process and procedure for changes to