text: Chapter 1
  terrain, dispersion, international borders, or information to protect some or all of their forces for
  a specific period of time.
  * Systems warfare. Using a systems approach to warfare means the peer threat identifies specific
  critical capabilities for attack in order to affect failure in a larger friendly system. Examples of
  this might include the use of EW to disrupt UAS operations or CBRNE attacks against specific
  ports of entry to prevent friendly forces from flowing into theater.
  1-59. Peer threats to aviation include guided or unguided projectiles, anti-aircraft artillery, man-portable air
  defense systems (MANPADS), surface-to-air missiles (SAMs), EW capabilities, cyber, CBRNE, and
  manned or unmanned aircraft. Peer threats present significant challenges to employment of any unmanned
  aircraft, or manned aircraft above terrain flight levels. Some peer threat systems and techniques are
  described below.
  * Anti-access and area denial. Anti-access strategies use long-range capabilities and systems to
  prevent the joint force’s penetration into an operational area, while area-denial strategies seek to
  hinder subsequent operations within the operational area. Combined, these actions and
  capabilities create the effect of standoff, which prevents friendly influence in an AO. Peer threats
  employ multi-layered integrated air defense systems (IADS) with long-range precision fires and
  other systems to challenge the joint force. Army Aviation is particularly vulnerable to area
  denial tactics due to the requirement for large tactical assembly areas and sustainment nodes, and
  IADS targeting aircraft during operations.
  * IADS. IADS target aircraft during all phases of an operation. These systems traditionally
  employ anti-aircraft artillery or SAMs. Anti-aircraft artillery systems provide the capability to
  fire-exploding rounds of 20 millimeter or greater which use visual, electro-optical, infrared (IR),
  or radar for acquisition and ballistic solutions that can engage aviation systems up to high
  altitudes. SAMs are short- to long-range air defense systems using radar and/or electro-
  optical/IR acquisition and/or guidance. SAMs are capable of engaging all types of aviation
  systems up to high altitudes. SAMs are typically mounted on dedicated platforms, including
  stationary sites, wheeled or tracked vehicles, or maritime platforms. SAMs have the potential for
  employment as a component of an integrated air defense system with supporting early warning
  and acquisition radars providing cueing; however, a number of systems are fielded that can
  operate autonomously with on board acquisition and targeting/guidance capabilities. Key to any
  IADS is the employment of an integrated radar network with the capability to detect incoming
  targets and then employ the appropriate engagement platform at the lowest possible echelon.
  * MANPADS. MANPADS are shoulder-fired, point-defense guided missile systems using the IR
  or ultra-violet spectrum with IR, ultra-violet, laser, or optical guidance that can engage aviation
  systems. MANPADS can be employed dismounted or mounted on ground vehicles, manned and
  unmanned aircraft, or maritime platforms, and are generally limited to the operator’s ability to
  visually acquire and track aircraft prior to initiating launch. Peer threat maneuver divisions
  typically employ MANPADS in a ratio of six MANPADS launchers per maneuver battalion,
  plus an additional 18 launchers in the air defense brigade (short range). Response time of a
  MANPADS gunner can be significantly reduced if the systems are integrated into the IADS.
  * Enemy aircraft. In addition to air-to-air capabilities designed to find and destroy Army aircraft,
  FW and RW threat systems may be employed to attack aviation assembly areas, LZ/PZs, and
  FARPs with aerial-delivered fires to disrupt aviation maneuver and C2 across the AO. UAS pose
  additional unique threats to include reconnaissance and surveillance of Army Aviation ground
  and air operations, employment as IEDs against stationary and slow moving aircraft or ground
  operations, and hazards to flight in congested areas such as airfields and high use air corridors.
  * Cyber and electronic warfare. The Army’s modernized equipment relies heavily on space-
  based or internet-connected assets which include navigation, communications, and battle
  tracking systems. A space-based global positioning system (GPS) provides critical information
  for all warfighting function information systems. Army Aviation employs numerous advanced
  systems, many of which may be built into aircraft or ground control stations. Other systems are
  critical pieces of C2 equipment in unit CPs. Peer threat capabilities to deny, degrade, disrupt
  friendly access to information will greatly hinder the ability to maintain tempo by conducting C2