text: Chapter 1
  CORRUPTION AND REPRESSION
  1-96. Corruption and repression can lead to popular dissatisfaction with the current government.
  Rampant corruption leads to the loss of HN legitimacy and possibly a desire to change or replace the Host
  Nation government.
  Section V—CULTURAL COMPETENCE AND SITUATIONAL AWARENESS
  Culture can be defined as the set of a system of shared beliefs, values, customs, behaviors, and artifacts that
  members of a society use to cope with their world and one another. Since all wars are fought in and amongst a
  population, the Army seeks to develop an ability to understand and work with a culture for its Soldiers
  and leaders. Cultural capability is the blend of individual competence in understanding the general
  characteristics and the characteristics of specific cultures, derived from a cumulative set of cultural knowledge,
  skills, and attributes to help forecast and favorably influence the behavior of the target group or society. This
  section will define culture; identify the two major components of culture capability—cross-cultural competence
  and regional competence; and discuss the three cultural proficiency levels—cultural awareness, cultural
  understanding, and cultural expertise—within a culture capability.
  CULTURE
  1-97. Each society is composed of both a social structure and culture. Social structure refers to the
  relations among groups of persons within a system of groups. Social structures persist over time. That is, it
  is regular and continuous despite disturbances, and the relation between the parts holds steady even
  as groups export contract. In an army, for example, the structure consists of the arrangement into groups
  like divisions, battalions, and companies, and the hierarchy of ranks. In a society, the social structure
  includes groups, institutions, organizations, and networks. Social structure involves the arrangement of the
  parts that constitute society, the organization of social positions, and the distribution of people within those
  positions. Some elements of the social structure are considered here:
  SOCIAL GROUPS
  • What are the major groups both inside and outside their AO?
  • What are the formal relationships, such as treaties or alliances; and the informal relationships
  such as tolerance or friction between groups? What are the cleavages between groups
  and crosscutting ties, for example, religious alignments that cut across ethnic differences?
  • Do the insurgent leadership and their rank and file belong to separate groups? Does the
  population belong to a different social group than the insurgents? Can seams among insurgents
  or between insurgents and the population be widened?
  • How do people identify themselves (tribes, religions, ethnicity, provinces/regions, classes,
  occupations, and common language)?
  • Are there a large number of homeless, refugees, squatters, internally displaced persons (IDPs)?
  What do the people think of them?
  NORMS, ROLES, AND STATUSES
  • What are the expected behaviors (roles) of people in different social status? How should a
  parent, political leader, military figure, or religious leader behave? What are the appropriate
  treatments for women and children? What are the common courtesies, such as gift giving?
  What are the local business practices, such as bribes and haggling?
  • What are the traditional roles of each family member?
  • What are people in the society expected to do (norm)? Norms may be either moral (incest
  prohibition, homicide prohibition) or customary (prayer before a meal, removing shoes before
  entering a house). How important is being on time in the society (business, social gatherings)?