text: Chapter 1
  Army Air and Missile Defense
  This chapter provides an overview of Army air and missile defense (AMD). It presents
  the role and capabilities of air defense artillery (ADA) and the AMD foundational
  principles and tenets. It continues with a brief discussion of ADA contributions to
  today’s unified action (joint) operations and unified land operations and to tomorrow’s
  multi-domain operations. The chapter concludes with a discussion of ADA training.
  OVERVIEW
  1-1. The Army supports joint unified action by conducting unified land operations. While operating as part
  of the joint force and working with interorganizational and multinational partners, the Army forces gain,
  sustain, and exploit control over land to deny its use to an enemy. They do this using combined arms
  formations and capabilities to defeat an enemy and establish control of areas, resources, and populations (FM
  3-0). AMD is one of the Army’s critical contributions to these efforts. Confronted by decentralized,
  networked, and adaptive enemies in dynamic and uncertain environments, the Army must possess a versatile
  mix of capabilities, formations, and equipment to conduct AMD. The ADA force must deter and defeat air
  and missile threats in support of joint campaigns and assist in achieving air superiority to assure victory in a
  complex and uncertain world.
  1-2. Air and missile defense is the direct (active and passive) defensive actions taken to destroy, nullify, or
  reduce the effectiveness of hostile air and ballistic missile threats against friendly forces and assets (JP 3-01).
  AMD is embedded in the defensive counterair portion of the joint counterair operational framework. (See
  paragraph 1-3) AMD is used consistently throughout this document to refer to defensive counterair actions
  and to the capabilities of other service and multinational partners involved in the counterair fight (for
  example, Navy AMD). Though not specifically addressed in the AMD definition, AMD implies an
  interdependency of capabilities across the services and, often, with multinational forces. Air defense artillery
  is defined as weapons and equipment for actively combating air targets from the ground (JP 3-01); more
  precisely, ADA is the dedicated Army systems, personnel, and forces that provide active, land-based defense
  against air and missile attacks. ADA forces execute AMD operations. ADA is used consistently throughout
  the document as the Army’s dedicated AMD force; however, there are occasions where “Army AMD”
  appears in lieu of ADA, generally when addressed in connection with other service AMD capabilities, such
  as Navy AMD, or when referring to ADA and other Army elements that conduct AMD operations, such as
  the Joint Tactical Ground Station (JTAGS).
  1-3. The joint counterair operational framework is based on the integration of offensive and defensive
  counterair operations. Offensive counterair are offensive operations to destroy or neutralize enemy aircraft,
  missile launch platforms, and their supporting structures and systems both before and after launch, and as
  close to their sources as possible (JP 3-01). Attack operations are the predominant offensive counterair
  operations mentioned throughout this document. Attack operations include offensive action by any part of
  the joint force in support of the offensive counterair mission against surface targets which contribute to the
  enemy’s air and missile capabilities (JP 3-01). Offensive actions may be conducted before, during, and after
  launch and, though focused on surface targets in the above definition, can include attacks against airborne
  command and control (C2) platforms. Defensive counterair are all defensive measures designed to neutralize
  or destroy enemy forces attempting to penetrate or attack through friendly airspace (JP 3-01). Defensive
  counterair consists of two operational elements: active AMD and passive AMD.
  * Active AMD operations. Direct defensive actions taken to destroy, nullify, or reduce the
  effectiveness of air and missile threats against friendly forces and assets. Active AMD includes
  air defense (defensive measures designed to destroy attacking aircraft and aerodynamic missiles,