text: Appendix B
  Typically, a target system comprises a broad set of interrelated and functionally associated components that
  generally produce a common output or have a shared mission (such as the air defense structure within a
  specific threat unit). From the target system, analysts carefully determine all associated target system
  components, general HVTs, and HVT elements. With each level, there is a growing number of entities.
  B-29. Analysis of threat systems is related to/supported by functional analysis using critical factors analysis
  (CFA), an advanced structured analytic technique detailed in ATP 2-33.4. CFA is an overarching analytic
  framework that assists analysts in identifying threat critical capabilities, threat critical requirements, and
  threat critical vulnerabilities, which they may integrate into other structured analytical techniques. Functional
  analysis supports analysis of threat systems in effectively identifying windows of opportunity and threat
  vulnerabilities. At EAC, the CFA assists in identifying threat centers of gravity.
  B-30. As the number of entities grows with each level, all relationships of those entities are mapped. These
  relationships can occur from a physical, logical, or complex social system or from another perspective. While
  a target system component or HVT may be significant because of its characteristics, the component's or
  target's real importance is in its relationship to other components or targets within a target system.
  Components and HVTs are both intra-dependent to perform specific functions and interdependent to support
  threat capabilities (for example, the capabilities of a certain theater army-level integrated air defense target
  system may depend on logistics, C2, radar coverage, automation, and many other components). Analysts
  must link all the components down to HVTs and HVT elements, when necessary, to properly template all
  elements of the target system.
  B-31. Considerations for conducting analysis of target systems include but are not limited to:
  * Open-source research.
  * Existing intelligence, databases, and files from generating intelligence knowledge.
  * Existing threat center of gravity and other forms of functional analysis.
  * Conducting TVA (for example using the CARVER technique) iteratively as part of analysis of the
  target system.
  * Signatures emitted from HVTs and the ability to collect on those HVTs.
  * Understanding the five broad methods (systems warfare, isolation, preclusion, information
  warfare, and sanctuary) employed by peer threats. (See both ADP 3-0 and FM 3-0 for more
  information on peer threats.)
  * Theater army-level guidance on the conduct of analysis of target systems.
  CONDUCT TARGET VALUE ANALYSIS
  B-32. The intelligence targeting element conducts TVA with the targeting working group, FSE/fires cell,
  (based on unit SOPs). From the coordination and work performed during the IPB effort, the targeting working
  group, especially the intelligence staff and targeting officer, perform TVA that yields HVT lists (which may
  include HVI lists) for a specific threat COA. TVA is a methodology which assists in prioritizing HVTs and
  identifies potential HVT sets with a given tactical situation. It is a process led by the FSE/fires cell as part of
  targeting that quantifies the relative value of HVTs with each other in relation to a threat operation. This
  analysis is based in part on the conclusions reached by the intelligence staff upon evaluating threat
  characteristics. TVA continues the detailed analysis of relevant threat factors, including doctrine, tactics,
  equipment, capabilities, and expected actions for a specific threat COA. However, TVA is a valuable tool
  that can be applied multiple times during intelligence support to target development, as well as:
  * During step 3 of IPB (evaluate the threat) to identify general HVTs.
  * During step 4 of IPB (determine threat COAs) to identify specific HVTs.
  * Following step 4 of IPB and step 3 of MDMP (COA development) to select HPTs.
  * At any point to support subsequent target development.