text: Chapter 2
  Command and Control During Multinational Operations
  This chapter begins by discussing the multinational force commander and mission
  command purpose. It then discusses the purpose of unity of effort, the MPE, and
  integrated interoperability. The chapter then discusses structures for multinational
  operations, the purpose of command relationships, purpose of other command
  relationships, communications, and the purpose of knowing each nation’s capabilities.
  Considerations for commanders concludes this chapter.
  MULTINATIONAL FORCE COMMANDER
  2-1. Commanders and staff build consensus of interest among partners in multinational operations through
  collaboration and coordination. This consensus enables partners to exercise command and control (C2)
  compatibly at the political, military, and cultural levels. Successful multinational operations establish unity
  of effort if not unity of command. Unity of command is the direction of all forces under a single, responsible
  commander who has the requisite authority to direct and employ those forces (JP 3-0). A successful
  multinational operation begins with the authority to direct operations of all assigned or attached military
  forces.
  2-2. The multinational force commander directs the military effort to reach a common objective. Nations
  create a multinational force once those nations reach a common interest. Each multinational operation is
  specific. Each national commander who is part of a multinational force is responsible to the commander of
  the multinational force and the national chain of command. Troop contributing nations maintain a direct line
  of communications to their national headquarters and their own national governments.
  MISSION COMMAND DURING MULTINATIONAL OPERATIONS
  2-3. Multinational force commanders implement a C2 system and employ it using a mission command
  approach. Mission command is the Army’s approach to command and control that empowers subordinate
  decision making and decentralized execution appropriate to the situation (ADP 6-0). The principles of
  mission command remain unchanged during multinational operations. Army commanders and staff still
  develop and maintain competence, mutual trust, shared understanding, commander’s intent, mission orders,
  disciplined initiative, and risk acceptance as enablers to successful mission command. (Refer to ADP 6-0 and
  JP 3-16 for more information on mission command.)
  2-4. Multinational force commanders use various methods and styles of leadership to impart their
  commander’s intent and to influence subordinates and coalition partners. Command styles vary greatly. On
  one end of the spectrum, these command styles are authoritarian or operate as centralized power. On the other
  end of the spectrum, these command styles provide looser control and offer decentralized power. The
  command style reflects the relationship between the leader and the led. The national and military cultures of
  both styles shape the relationship. Multinational commanders vary their command style to harmonize with
  the characteristics of the forces they lead. However, leaders have a reciprocal relationship, and the leaders
  and the led are responsible for harmonization. Subordinate leaders appreciate the culture of their
  multinational superiors.
  2-5. Commanders and staff understand that although the principles of mission command remain unchanged
  in multinational operations, these operations require interoperability which has significant implications for
  how U.S. forces plan, prepare, execute, and assess operations throughout the operations process. The mission
  variables—mission, enemy, terrain and weather, troops and support available, time available, civil
  considerations, and informational considerations, commonly known as METT-TC (I)—influence the
  commander’s guidance for interoperability solutions. For instance, the mission variables might influence
  guidance on the levels of interoperability required to support multinational operations across warfighting
  functions and specific tactical tasks critical to the commander’s plan.