text: Chapter 2
  * What is the current state of the operational environment (OE)?
  * What conditions, when established, constitute the desired end state (ends)?
  * How will the force achieve these desired conditions (ways)?
  * What sequence of actions helps attain these conditions (ways)?
  * What resources are required to accomplish that sequence of actions (means)?
  * What is the chance of failure or unacceptable consequences in performing that sequence of actions
  (risk)?
  DESIGNING CAMPAIGNS AND OPERATIONS
  To be practical, any plan must take account of the enemy’s power to frustrate it; the best
  chance of overcoming such obstruction is to have a plan that can be easily varied to fit the
  circumstances met; to keep such adaptability, while still keeping the initiative, the best way
  is to operate along a line which offers alternative objectives.
  Sir Basil Henry Liddell Hart
  2-3. Commanders and staffs use two methodologies in the application of operational art. JFCs use
  operational design to develop operation plans and operation orders for the conduct of campaigns and
  operations. Operational design is the conception and construction of the framework that underpins a planning
  (JP 5-0). The framework is built upon an iterative process that creates a shared understanding of an OE;
  identifies and frames problems within that OE; and develops approaches, through the application of
  operational art, to resolving those problems, consistent with strategic guidance and policy. The understanding
  and products developed from operational design guide more detailed planning during the joint planning
  process. (See JP 5-0 for doctrine on operational design and joint planning process.)
  2-4. Army commanders and their staffs apply operational art and employ Army design methodology in the
  development of supporting plans to joint operation plans or operation orders. Army design methodology is a
  methodology for applying critical and creative thinking to understand, visualize, and describe problems and
  approaches to solving them (ADP 5-0). The Army design methodology is best suited to competition short of
  large-scale combat. It is a prerequisite for setting the conditions for success because it looks broadly at the
  environment. Army design methodology is associated with conceptual planning that helps commanders and
  staffs frame an OE, frame problems, and develop an operational approach to resolve identified problems.
  Army design methodology informs more detailed planning conducted during the military decision-making
  process. (See ADP 5-0 for doctrine on Army design methodology and the military decision-making process.)
  While different, operational design and Army design methodology are used to—
  * Create a shared understanding of an OE.
  * Identify and frame problems within an OE.
  * Envision a desired end state.
  * Develop an operational approach to achieve the end state.
  2-5. A key output of operational design and Army design methodology is an operational approach—a
  broad description of the mission, operational concepts, tasks, and actions required to accomplish the mission
  (JP 5-0). The operational approach provides the framework for a campaign or operation, serves as the basis
  for detailed planning, and facilitates unity of purpose across the force. Operational art and design do not
  occur in a vacuum. An echelon’s operational approach—and the context that informs it—is based on the
  operational approach of its higher headquarters, and informs subordinates’ development of their operational
  approaches. Whenever possible, commanders should also include any unified action partners in these efforts
  as early as feasible.
  COMPONENTS OF DESIGN
  2-6. Several tools are available to assist commanders and staffs in designing campaigns and operations,
  including the principles of joint operations, elements of operational design, and the elements of operational
  art as listed in figure 2-2. In addition, commanders and staffs consider both defeat and stability mechanisms
  when developing their operational approach. These tools help commanders understand, visualize, and