text: Foundations of Operations
  nodes that permeate every domain. Cyberspace networks cross geographic and political boundaries to
  connect individuals, organizations, and systems around the world. Cyberspace allows interactivity among
  individuals, groups, organizations, and nation-states. Friendly, enemy, adversary, and host-nation networks,
  communications systems, computers, cellular phone systems, social media, and technical infrastructures are
  all part of cyberspace. Cyberspace is congested, contested, and critical to successful operations.
  1-102. Cyberspace is dependent on the land, maritime, air, and space domains. Cyberspace operations use
  links and nodes located in these domains and perform functions to gain access and create effects first in
  cyberspace and then, as needed, in the other domains. Virtually all space operations depend on cyberspace,
  and a critical portion of cyberspace bandwidth can only be provided via space operations. These
  interrelationships are important considerations during planning.
  1-103. Army forces conduct cyberspace operations and supporting activities as part of both Army and joint
  operations. Because cyberspace is a global communications and data-sharing medium, it is inherently joint,
  interorganizational, multinational, and often a shared resource, with signal and intelligence organizations
  maintaining significant equities.
  1-104. Commanders can use cyberspace and electromagnetic warfare capabilities to gain situational
  awareness and understanding of the enemy through reconnaissance and sensing activities. These
  reconnaissance and sensing activities augment and enhance the understanding a commander gains from other
  forms of information collection and intelligence processes. Cyberspace and electromagnetic warfare
  capabilities enable decision making and protect friendly information. They are a significant means for
  informing and influencing audiences.
  1-105. Leaders maintain situational understanding of friendly electromagnetic signatures to assess
  vulnerabilities. By protecting friendly information systems and signals from disruption or exploitation by an
  adversary or enemy, a commander can ensure C2 and maintain operations security. Conversely, a commander
  might use cyberspace and electromagnetic warfare capabilities to slow or degrade an enemy’s
  decision-making processes by disrupting enemy sensors, communications, or data processing. To achieve an
  information advantage, a commander must plan early to integrate cyberspace operations and electromagnetic
  warfare activities into the overall scheme of maneuver. (See FM 3-12 for more details on cyberspace.)
  DIMENSIONS
  1-106. Understanding the physical, information, and human dimensions of each domain helps commanders
  and staffs assess and anticipate the impacts of their operations. Operations reflect the reality that war is an
  act of force (in the physical dimension) to compel (in the information dimension) the decision making and
  behavior of enemy forces (in the human dimension). Actions in one dimension influence factors in the other
  dimensions. Understanding the interrelationship enables decision making about how to create and exploit
  advantages in one dimension and achieve objectives in the others without causing undesirable consequences.
  Physical Dimension
  1-107. The physical dimension is the material characteristics and capabilities, both natural and
  manufactured, within an operational environment. While war is a human endeavor, it occurs in a material
  environment, and it is conducted with physical things. Each of the domains is inherently physical. Terrain,
  weather, military formations, electromagnetic radiation, weapons systems and their ranges, and many of the
  things that support or sustain forces are part of the physical dimension. Activities or conditions in the physical
  dimension create effects in the human and information dimensions.
  1-108. The electromagnetic spectrum is one of the material characteristics that crosses all the domains. It
  consists of a range of frequencies of electromagnetic radiation from zero to infinity divided into 26
  alphabetically designated bands. The electromagnetic spectrum is relevant in the land, maritime, and air
  domains because capabilities in those domains depend on electromagnetic spectrum-enabled
  communications and weapon systems. The electromagnetic spectrum plays a key role in the ability to detect
  enemy forces that can be identified by their electromagnetic signatures. Conversely, friendly forces must take
  efforts to mask their electromagnetic signatures to degrade enemy surveillance and reconnaissance efforts.