text: Chapter 2
  CANNON ARTILLERY AND MORTARS
  2-86. Cannon artillery can perform close support of maneuver, counterfire, interdiction, obscuration, and
  SEAD at increasingly extended ranges which will allow these systems to strike operationally or strategically
  relevant targets. Cannon artillery provides near immediate response times, 24-hour availability, and 6400 mil
  coverage. Cannon artillery offers area and precision fires, such as the Excalibur and precision guidance kit
  (referred to as PGK). The Excalibur is a precision-guided, extended-range, 155-millimeter (mm) high-
  explosive cannon artillery projectile with an integrated global-positioning system that utilizes an inertial
  navigation system (INS) guidance and unitary warhead. It provides artillery capabilities in urban areas and
  restrictive terrain, while minimizing collateral damage. The precision guided kit is a trajectory-correcting
  fuse kit compatible with standard 155mm munitions. It operates in all weather conditions, engages targets
  with increased accuracy, and has a near-vertical terminal trajectory. The replacement for dual purpose
  improved conventional munition, is the cannon-delivered area effects munitions. Until this is fielded, units
  plan on utilizing the Bonus Mk 2 projectile currently in use by unified action partners. The projectile carries
  two sensor-fuzed munitions expelled during flight that detect and attack armored vehicles from above.
  2-87. Extended range cannon artillery will provide increased lethality, and range, to provide the division
  commander with overmatch and accuracy. Its increased rate of fire will provide the capability to mass fires
  at specific points and, to strike targets in the division deep area in order to shape for BCTs.
  2-88. Organic mortars are organized as platoons in maneuver and ranger BNs and as sections in Stryker and
  infantry BCT rifle companies. Mortars are high-angle, relatively short-range, high rate-of-fire, area fire
  weapons. Their mobility makes them well suited for close support of maneuver. Mortars can also be used for
  final protective fire (FPF), obscuration, and illumination. For more information on mortars see TC 3-22.90.
  NAVAL SURFACE FIRE SUPPORT
  2-89. Naval surface fire support is fire provided by Navy surface gun and missile systems in support of a
  unit or units (JP 3-09.3). When supporting an amphibious assault, the commander, amphibious task force,
  prepares the overall NSFS plan. In general, the mission of NSFS units in an amphibious assault is to support
  the assault by destroying or neutralizing shore installations that oppose the approach of ships and aircraft and
  to deliver fires against enemy forces that may oppose the landing force, including its post-landing advance.
  2-90. When the number of ships permits, individual ships will be assigned as DS to BNs conducting an
  amphibious assault. The DS mission establishes the priority in which the ship will process calls for supporting
  fire and the anticipated zone of fire (ZF). The ship delivers fires on planned targets and targets of opportunity
  in the ZF, which normally corresponds to the zone of action of the supported unit. The GS mission requires
  an NSFS ship to support the force, or that portion of the force assigned to the ship, by attacking targets in the
  ZF.
  2-91. Limitations of naval surface fire support include the observer must remain abreast of the gun-target-
  line relationship because the characteristic flat trajectory of naval gunfire results in a pronounced dispersion
  pattern along the gun target line (referred to as the GTL) range dispersion. The flat trajectory and high muzzle
  velocity of naval gunfire make the adjustment of naval gunfire difficult, particularly on flat terrain. The fall
  of shot of naval gunfire can be described as a narrow, elongated pattern as seen along the gun-target-line.
  The size of the pattern varies with range.
  AIR TO SURFACE CAPABILITIES
  2-92. Fixed-Wing Aircraft. Fixed-wing aircraft provide flexibility, range, speed, lethality, precision, and the
  ability to mass fires at a desired time and place. Fixed wing aircraft support the joint fires tasks of strategic
  attack, countering air and missile threats (including SEAD and offensive counterair), and interdiction. Fixed-
  wing aircraft provide joint FS with AI, CAS, airborne C2, ISR, SCAR, SEAD, and FAC(A). The capacity of
  aircraft to deliver precision-guided munitions limits collateral damage. Also, aircraft may provide real-time
  attack assessment.
  * Air interdiction is air operations to perform interdiction conducted at such distances from friendly
  forces that detailed integration of each air mission with the fire and movement of friendly forces
  is not required (JP 3-03).