text: Support to Large-Scale Ground Combat
  permanent traffic control devices. In support of traffic studies, engineers also provide technical expertise on
  the design and installation of permanent traffic control devices into the road network.
  THEATER ARMY ENGINEER SUPPORT
  Engineers at the theater echelon are primarily responsible for building and managing engineer
  capabilities during RSOI. This echelon of engineer support also focuses on the challenges associated with
  intermediate staging bases and on supporting other types of lodgments, such as ports and airfields. When a
  force is able to quickly build combat power, it allows the theater army commander greater flexibility in the
  use of that combat power.
  A successful operational approach results when commanders orchestrate coherent movements and the
  systematic defeat of an opposing force distributed over time and space. The use and denial of man-made
  infrastructure coupled with the natural terrain (including waterways) within an AO contribute to this
  approach. Properly implemented plans facilitate freedom of maneuver. Creative planning and execution of
  engineer disciplines in concert with that framework provide advantages to the ground commander.
  CORPS ECHELON ENGINEER SUPPORT
  The corps has specific fundamental planning and resourcing responsibility. The corps engineer and his
  staff are responsible for developing detailed schemes of engineer support and for providing the extensive
  engineer forces and assets required for both missions. EAB combat team engineer units retained by the corps
  as operational resources primarily support barrier reduction and river crossings not conducted by the BCT.
  Mobility support for corps close operations focuses on the movement of large tactical unit formations from
  the corps support area to the brigade rear boundary. Corps-assigned engineer units—
  * Expand lanes through minefields and other obstacles breached by assault-division engineers.
  * Breach obstacles bypassed by assault forces.
  * Upgrade combat roads and trails.
  * Keep open key routes designated by the corps G-3.
  Corps-assigned bridging capabilities provide assault float bridging and follow-on LOC bridging.
  General engineering tasks are executed to maintain LOCs.
  The engineer brigade staff mainly acquires and positions resources needed for future operations. The
  staff is limited to coordinating the activities of the brigade subordinate groups or battalions and to solving
  problems that hinder corps operations. The engineer brigade staff completes the detailed planning necessary
  to implement the tasks assigned by the corps order. The staff mainly acquires and positions resources needed
  for future operations.
  DIVISION ECHELON SUPPORT
  The division engineer staff performs many of the same activities for the division as does the corps
  engineer staff. Upon deployment into a theater, the division may undergo significant task organization to
  enable operations. The division engineer should be prepared to conduct live, virtual, and constructive
  offensive operations training exercises with multinational military engineering partners that demonstrate
  friendly capabilities. In an immature theater, the division engineer staff should be prepared to modify the
  headquarters command building to accommodate the command structure of the next higher echelon for an
  interim time. See ATP 3-91 for additional information on division operations.
  During large-scale ground combat, a division typically operates in an AO. In combat, the offense is the
  decisive element of decisive action. Offensive operations are the primary means for gaining and maintaining
  the initiative. The offense aims at defeating, destroying, or neutralizing the enemy. A commander may
  conduct offensive operations to deprive the enemy of resources, seize decisive terrain, develop intelligence,
  hold an enemy in position, or facilitate other friendly operations. Surprise, concentration, audacity, and tempo
  characterize successful offensive operations.
  Surprise includes the tempo and intensity in executing the attack plan and in employing unexpected
  factors (such as selecting a less than optimal COA), varying tactics and methods, conducting deception