text: Chapter 2
  ENABLING AND ENHANCING INTEROPERABILITY
  2-16. According to Allied Joint Publication (AJP) 1, “the effectiveness of allied forces in peace, crisis or in
  conflict, depends on the ability of the forces provided to operate together coherently, effectively and
  efficiently. Allied joint operations should be prepared for, planned and conducted in a manner that makes the
  best use of the relative strengths and capabilities of the forces which members offer for an operation. At the
  operational level, emphasis should be placed on the integration of the contributing nations’ forces and the
  synergy that can be attained; the success of the process will determine the ability of a joint force to achieve
  its commander’s objectives.”
  2-17. The foundation of interoperability is broad, spanning all Army warfighting functions, with human,
  procedural, and technical domains. Interoperability is often associated with technical issues; however
  network and information technology systems are not the sole components. Human and procedural aspects
  must also be considered in developing interoperability. The human dimension builds the basis of the mutual
  understanding and respect that is fundamental to unity of effort and operational success. The procedural
  dimension ensures that the Army achieves sufficient harmony in policies and doctrine that will enable it to
  operate effectively with unified action partners (AR 34-1).
  2-18. Multidomain operations fracture the coherence of threat operational approaches by destroying,
  dislocating, isolating, and disintegrating their interdependent systems and formations, and exploiting the
  opportunities these disruptions provide to defeat enemy forces in detail (FM 3-0). By supporting the joint
  force in four strategic roles—shaping operational environments, preventing conflict during crisis action,
  winning during large-scale combat operations, and consolidating gains—the Army fulfills its mission and
  clarifies the overall goals for which Army forces engage in multidomain operations with allies and partners.
  2-19. Because most operations in support of joint campaigns occur in a coalition effort, Army forces will be
  required to employ and leverage the capability and capacity of allies and partners in an integrated and
  interoperable manner, and to the highest extent possible. The planned missions the partner is likely to carry
  out, the partner’s current and future military capabilities, and the partner’s own objectives will all influence
  the desired level of collective interoperability in multidomain and multinational operations.
  2-20. The use and exchange of technology, information, tactics, techniques, and procedures, and the
  employment of support and liaison elements during crisis and conflict can enhance the integration of lethal
  and nonlethal effects to enable and enhance interoperability. To standardize interoperability planning, the
  Army recognizes four levels of interoperability with unified action partners: Level 0 (Not Interoperable),
  Level 1 (Deconflicted), Level 2 (Compatible), and Level 3 (Integrated).
  2-21. The Army uses priority focus areas and interoperability levels to define realistic and prioritized
  objectives for achieving interoperability within the Army and with unified action partners. The Army’s
  interoperability primary focus areas comprise the following functional areas: communication and information
  systems and information management; intelligence, surveillance and reconnaissance and intelligence fusion;
  fires; and sustainment. The Army level of ambition for achieving interoperability with a particular partner
  will depend on the Army-partner relationship; combatant command and ASCC interoperability objectives;
  the type of operations the United States is likely to conduct with the partner; and the partner’s capability,
  willingness, and ambition for interoperability with the Army. Interoperability levels across the primary focus
  areas with unified action partners is depicted in table 2-1 and described in more detail in AR 34-1.