text: Appendix A
  CONDITIONS OF RISK MITIGATION
  A-5. Conditions of risk mitigation for airspace differ from conditions of risk mitigation for ground
  operations. Aircraft reporting based on planning or periodic voice reports have a greater degree of position
  uncertainty and greater risk due to the speed in which aircraft travel. Tactical jet aircraft move so quickly that
  they cause risk situations that require rapid decisions based on estimated locations. The current location of
  an aircraft is always an estimate. In 30 seconds, an aircraft traveling at 500 knots per hour has travelled seven
  kilometers, hence, electronic displays do not show where an aircraft actually is, instead they show where the
  aircraft was when it reported its position. Airspace element personnel facilitate risk reduction by maintaining
  a running estimate of the possible locations of an aircraft based on its last report. A rapidly updated position
  report (such as radar or aircraft automatic self-reporting) facilitates risk reduction since the airspace that the
  aircraft occupies likely consists of a small volume of airspace. Without near-real-time situational awareness,
  airspace element personnel facilitate risk reduction by requiring airspace users to use preplanned coordination
  measures and by reserving large volumes of airspace for possible use.
  A-6. To preclude an airspace mishap, commanders establish control measures to mitigate risk. For example,
  commanders may consider certain risks, such as counterbattery fire, unacceptable for manned aircraft ACMs,
  but acceptable for unmanned aircraft ACMs. How this guidance is relayed will affect how airspace
  coordinating measures are planned. However, if excessive, these control measures can degrade unit
  operations. Understanding the nature of airspace risk, tools to mitigate risk, and the effects (both positive and
  negative) of risk mitigation strategies is a key responsibility of airspace element personnel.
  EFFECTS OF RISK
  A-7. Usually mitigating risk has one of two influencing effects. The first effect is the risk of a collision
  between airspace users. The second effect is the risk to mission success if a mission is cancelled or delayed
  to reduce the collision risk. Ideally, if a risk of collision exists, airspace element personnel adjust airspace
  use, reducing risk and allowing both missions to proceed without degrading either mission. However in some
  cases, one or both of the airspace users have their mission degraded to reduce risk to acceptable levels. In
  this case only, commanders or designated representatives direct an airspace adjustment that degrades a
  mission or exceeds risk guidance. For example, a troops-in-contact fire mission must shoot through an
  airspace coordinating measure currently occupied by an aircraft. The commander decides to reduce platform
  risk by moving the aircraft and accepting degradation of the platform’s mission, to reduce platform risk by
  cancelling the fire mission and accepting risk to Soldiers who need the fires, or to accept risk to the platform
  and shoot while the aircraft remains on station.
  A-8. Risk management associated with airspace control increases combat effectiveness by promoting the
  safe, efficient, and flexible use of airspace with minimum restraint on airspace users. A successful airspace
  risk mitigation plan and timely actions are both force multipliers that assist in accomplishing the mission,
  protecting friendly forces and noncombatants, and preserving aircraft while also adhering to commander’s
  intent, guidance, and risk acceptance criteria.
  RISK MANAGEMENT PROCESS
  A-9. The Army utilizes a risk management process, referred to in ATP 5-19. The five risk management
  steps (identify hazards, assess hazards to determine risk, develop control measures and make risk decisions,
  implement control measures, and supervise and evaluate) of this process also facilitates airspace risk
  management. The five steps align with the activities of the operations process (plan, prepare, and execute
  supported by continuous assessment). The aviation safety officer at each echelon assists the staff, ensuring
  each section or planner uses the risk management process. See Figure A-1.