text: Chapter 2
  judgment, risk management principles, and intuition. Failure to include space capabilities, limitations, and
  vulnerabilities during mission assessment may lead to an inaccurate risk assessment for the overall mission.
  Risk management is a function of the probability of an event occurring and the severity of the event expressed
  in terms of the degree to which the incident affects combat power or mission capability.
  2-87. Risk management does not eliminate a risk, but will reduce or offset risks when applied properly.
  Using risk management processes increases operational effectiveness and the probability of mission
  accomplishment. It is a systematic way of identifying threats and vulnerabilities, assessing them, and
  managing the associated risks. Commanders, staffs, Army leaders, Soldiers, and Army Civilians are all
  responsible to conduct risk management.
  2-88. Risk management is a continuous process. Risks should be monitored throughout an operation to
  assess the likelihood of occurrence for each risk and develop new risks as the OE changes. Risk management
  practices are applied across all Army space operations, day-to-day activities, events, and training functions.
  Space operations Soldiers use this continuous process to identify vulnerabilities and assess threats; develop
  and recommend controls to minimize the impacts to operations; and continuously evaluate risks as conditions
  change.
  2-89. Some space-related items to consider during a mission execution risk assessment should include, but
  not be limited to, SATCOM availability and security; PNT accuracy for fires, movement, and maneuver;
  NAVWAR implications; and identification of terrestrial and space weather with the impacts on unified land
  operations. In addition to identifying hazards, threats, and vulnerabilities, general categories for risk
  management associated with space operations include policy, planning, operational, and technical.
  2-90. Policy risk. This pertains to adherence to the many levels of National, DOD, and Service policy,
  appropriate authorities, legal guidance, and international law. Policies address space boundaries, authorities,
  and responsibilities. Commanders and staffs should conduct risk assessments and consider potential
  cascading and collateral effects due to the military’s distributed use of national, military, and commercial
  SATCOM systems, PNT use, and NAVWAR effects.
  2-91. Increased risk occurs where policy fails to address operational necessity. If policy fails to keep pace
  with peer capabilities, our Soldiers may not be able to conduct the appropriate responses in a timely manner.
  For example, using the space domain for only peaceful purposes may prompt concerns for our ability to
  thoroughly protect ourselves, our space capabilities, and deliver necessary capabilities and effects.
  2-92. Planning risk. This risk pertains to the consequences of not fully integrating space capabilities and
  effects into all aspects of mission plans. Examples include failure to integrate space capabilities and effects
  across all mission areas, over-stating the expectation of a space capability, and over-classification which may
  prohibit key players from actively participating in space planning.
  2-93. Operational risk. This pertains to the consequences threat actors pose to space operations which may
  impact mission effectiveness. Operational consequences may result in joint forces and unified action partners
  operating in a D3SOE. An attack on space forces may be targeted toward a ground facility or an on-orbit
  asset and may damage equipment which could cause impacts from degraded capabilities to mission failure.
  2-94. Technical risks are exploitable weaknesses in systems. Many weapon system within the Army is
  enabled or enhanced in some way by space capabilities, creating potential vulnerabilities. These potential
  vulnerabilities may directly impact the Army's ability to project military power to support missions. Space
  operations Soldiers examine the technical risk when planning mission operations to ensure risks are properly
  assessed and minimized in operations. Refer to ATP 5-19, Risk Management for more information.
  SPACE POLICY
  2-95. All levels of the U.S. space policy–national, DOD, and Service–have direct and influential impacts
  on defining the space OE. Army space operations derives its authorities from these policies. It draws a clear
  linkage from strategic national policies to the Army’s operational space forces. As part of the ‘Preserve Peace
  Through Strength’ pillar, the National Security Strategy identifies access to the space environment as a vital
  interest and clearly identifies the U.S. must maintain our leadership and freedom of action in the space
  domain.