text: Chapter 4
  the desired end state in the information environment and the required combinations of IRCs needed to
  produce these effects.
  4-8. Commanders typically employ a combination of direct and indirect approaches to defeating the enemy.
  A direct approach attacks the threat's center of gravity or principal strength by applying combat power against
  it. An indirect approach attacks the enemy’s center of gravity by applying combat power against a series of
  decisive points that iteratively lead to the defeat of the center of gravity while avoiding the enemy’s strengths.
  IO contributes to both approaches, especially when the threat's center of gravity or principal strength is
  information-related. (See ATP 5-0.1, Army Design Methodology for a comprehensive discussion of various
  techniques used in framing the operational environment, framing the problem, developing an operational
  approach, and reframing).
  IO AND THE MILITARY DECISIONMAKING PROCESS
  4-9. Commanders use the MDMP to understand the situation and mission confronting them and make
  informed decisions resulting in an operations plan or order for execution. (See FM 6-0 for a detailed
  description of the MDMP.) Their personal interest and involvement is essential to ensuring that IO planning
  is integrated into MDMP from the beginning and effectively supports mission accomplishment. IO planning
  is integral to several other processes, to include intelligence preparation of the battlefield (IPB) and targeting.
  (See ATP 2-01.3 for further information on IPB and Chapter 7 of this manual and ATP 3-60 for further
  information on targeting.) The G-2 (S-2) and fire support representatives participate in the IO working group
  and coordinate with the IO officer to integrate IO with their activities and the overall operation. Commanders
  use their mission statement for the overall operation, the IO mission statement, scheme of IO, IO objectives,
  and IRC tasks to describe and direct IO, as seen in figure 4-1.
  Figure 4-1. Relationship among the scheme of IO, IO objectives, and IRC tasks.
  Scheme of IO
  4-10. The scheme of IO is a clear, concise statement of where, when, and how the commander intends to
  employ and synchronize IRCs, to create effects in and through the information environment to support overall