text: Appendix D
  D-98. Rocky plateau deserts, the following are munitions considerations in rocky plateau desert operations:
  * HE-point detonating is extremely effective. It creates extra fragments by splintering rocks.
  * Variable time and time fuzes are effective.
  * Improved conventional munitions are very effective.
  * FA delivered mines are very effective and should be employed with the natural terrain to force the
  enemy into unnavigable terrain.
  * Smoke and illumination may be degraded by high winds but may be used to silhouette the enemy.
  D-99. Sandy or dune deserts, the following are munitions considerations:
  * HE with point detonating or delay fuze is smothered by deep sand, which makes it ineffective.
  * VT and time fuzes are very effective.
  * FASCAM are smothered by deep sand, which makes them ineffective.
  * Smoke and illumination are effective and can be used to silhouette the enemy.
  TARGET ACQUISITION AND OBSERVATION
  D-100. Determining location is often very difficult in rocky plateau and sandy or dune deserts. Maps are
  often inaccurate, dunes shift, and heat waves hamper distance estimations. Where GPS equipment is not
  available, pace count, odometer readings, and resection from available key terrain features may be the best
  of a few options for self-location essential for day and night navigation.
  D-101. FOs can detect targets by observing dust clouds created by moving enemy forces. Dust clouds
  created by impacting rounds sometimes make subsequent adjustments difficult. Usually, adjustment of fires
  by a FO is enhanced when the initial round impacts beyond the target. Laser range finders must be used,
  especially when heat waves degrade distance estimating by other conventional means.
  D-102. The FO should consider using smoke behind the enemy to silhouette him. At night, illumination
  burning on the ground behind the enemy has the same effect.
  D-103. The sameness of colors in the desert makes specific targets hard to spot. Laser range finders may
  need to be adjusted several times a day because of temperature changes.
  D-104. Most open desert terrain allows a faster or an unimpeded approach and more maneuver space for
  mechanized forces. Use of trigger points and long-range observation capabilities is critical for effective
  engagement with available FS systems. Fast-moving formations are best engaged with fixed-wing assets and
  attack helicopters.
  D-105. Increased equipment failure can be expected as a result of heat, sand, and dust. Especially susceptible
  are radios, automation systems, and other electronic equipment.
  D-106. Air Observers can be used for TA, coordination of FS, and adjustment of fires in flat terrain or in a
  desert of rolling sand dunes. The difficulty of aerial navigation in flat desert terrain is a disadvantage that
  must be planned for. The absence of terrain features in an open desert makes aircraft more vulnerable to
  enemy air defense.
  D-107. Because of the ability to see great distances and the featureless terrain of an open desert, positive
  identification of friendly troops requires special measures. More than usual coordination may be required,
  with prearranged signals and procedures established for friendly force locations. Maintaining continuous
  communications on FS and mission command nets with aviation elements operating in sector is even more
  critical.
  D-108. Radars are highly effective in the desert. However, they may have to be repositioned more often
  because the flat terrain does not provide adequate screening crests.
  TARGETING
  D-109. A thorough IPOE must be conducted to:
  * Identify passable terrain for wheeled and tracked vehicles.
  * Identify likely mortar and artillery positions.