text: Operational Environment Overview
  may employ these capabilities across the competition continuum to collect intelligence, delay the deployment
  of U.S. forces, degrade U.S. capabilities, and disrupt U.S. operations. Peer threats have electromagnetic attack
  (EA) capabilities such as telecommunications and EMS jamming equivalent to or better than U.S. forces. Peer
  threats can conduct advanced cyberspace attacks, including denial-of-service, various forms of phishing,
  eavesdropping, and malware.
  1-38. A hybrid threat is the diverse and dynamic combination of regular forces, irregular forces, or criminal
  elements unified to achieve mutually benefitting effects (ADP 3-0). Commanders and staffs must understand
  that the diversity of a hybrid threat complicates operations since hostility is coming from multiple actors
  operating from various geographical territories. A hybrid threat complicates the United States' efforts to
  identify, characterize, attribute, and respond to threats in cyberspace and the EMS.
  1-39. Organized crime or other non-state, illegitimate organizations often make sophisticated malware
  available for purchase or free, allowing even unsophisticated threat actors to acquire advanced capabilities at
  little to no cost. Because of the low barriers to entry and the potentially high payoff, the United States can
  expect an increasing number of adversaries to use cyberspace capabilities to attempt to negate U.S. advantages
  in military capability.
  1-40. An insider threat is a person with placement and access who intentionally causes loss or degradation
  of resources or capabilities or compromises the ability of an organization to accomplish its mission through
  espionage, providing support to international terrorism, or the unauthorized release or disclosure of information
  about the plans and intentions of United States military forces (AR 381-12). Insider threats may include spies
  within or working with U.S. forces, as well as personnel who may be unaware of their actions either through
  deception or third party manipulation. Insider threats present unique challenges because they are trusted
  individuals with authorized access to Army capabilities and sensitive operational information. Insider threats
  may include spies within or working with U.S. forces.
  Note. Law enforcement and counterintelligence capabilities also operate in cyberspace during
  their efforts to neutralize criminal activities. Countering insider threats falls primarily within the
  purview of these organizations and outside the authorized activities of the cyberspace forces.
  However, information discovered in the course of authorized cyberspace operations may aid these
  other organizations.
  HAZARDS
  1-41. A hazard is a condition with the potential to cause injury, illness, or death of personnel, damage to or
  loss of equipment or property, or mission degradation (JP 3-33). Disruption to cyberspace’s physical
  infrastructure often occurs due to operator errors, industrial accidents, and natural disasters. These
  unpredictable events may have just as significant impact on operations as the actions of enemies. Recovery
  from accidents and hazardous incidents may require significant coordination external to the DOD or the
  temporary reliance on backup systems with which operators may be less familiar.
  1-42. Electromagnetic energy can also impact the operational capability of military forces, equipment,
  systems, and platforms. Various hazards from electromagnetic energy include electromagnetic environmental
  effects, electromagnetic compatibility issues, EMI, electromagnetic pulse, and electromagnetic radiation
  hazards.
  1-43. Electromagnetic radiation hazards include hazards of electromagnetic radiation to personnel; hazards
  of electromagnetic radiation to ordnance; hazards of electromagnetic radiation to fuels; and natural phenomena
  effects such as space weather, lightning, and precipitation static.
  CONFLICT AND COMPETITION
  1-44. Army forces face continuous competition and conflict in cyberspace and the EMS from threats
  intending to diminish friendly capabilities. Commanders must seek and exploit opportunities for success in
  cyberspace and the EMS wherever and whenever authorized.