text: Chapter 1
  and that links the force with its base of operations and objectives (ADRP 3-0). Lines of operations connect a
  series of decisive points that lead to control of a geographic or force-oriented objective. A line of effort is a
  line that links multiple tasks using the logic of purpose rather than geographical reference to focus efforts
  toward establishing operational and strategic conditions (ADRP 3-0). Lines of effort are essential to long-
  term planning when positional references to an enemy or adversary have little relevance. Commanders may
  describe an operation along lines of operations, lines of effort, or a combination of both. Commanders,
  supported by their staff, ensure information operations are integrated into the concept of operation to support
  each line of operation and effort. Based on the situation, commanders may designate IO as a line of effort to
  synchronize actions and focus the force on creating desired effects in the information environment.
  Depending on the type of operation or the phase, commanders may designate an IO-focused line of effort as
  decisive.
  TO INFLUENCE, DISRUPT, CORRUPT, OR USURP
  1-18. IO seeks to create specific effects at a specific time and place. Predominantly, these effects occur in
  and through the information environment. Immediate effects (disrupt, corrupt, usurp) are possible in the
  information environment’s physical and informational dimensions through the denial, degradation, or
  destruction of adversarial or enemy information-related capabilities. However, effects in the cognitive
  dimension (influence) take longer to manifest. It is these cognitive effects—as witnessed through changed
  behavior—that matter most to achieving decisive outcomes.
  THE DECISION MAKING OF ENEMIES AND ADVERSARIES
  1-19. While there are differences among the terms adversaries, threats, and enemies, all three refer to those
  individuals, organizations, or entities that oppose U.S. efforts. They therefore must be influenced in some
  fashion to acquiesce or surrender to or otherwise support U.S. national objectives by aligning their actions in
  concert with commanders’ intent. [The joint phrasing “adversaries and potential adversaries” is revised to
  “enemies and adversaries” to better align with Army terminology.]
  1-20. Affecting enemy and adversary decision making necessitates affecting all contributing factors that
  enable it. These factors include, but are not limited to:
  * Command and control systems, as well as other systems that facilitate decision making.
  * Communications systems.
  * Information content (words, images, symbols).
  * Staffs, advisors, counselors, and confidants.
  * Human networks and constituencies that influence the decision maker and to whom the decision
  maker seeks to influence; in other words, all relevant audiences in the areas of operations and
  interest.
  WHILE PROTECTING OUR OWN
  1-21. Friendly commanders, like enemy and adversary leaders, depend on an array of systems, capabilities,
  information, networks, and decision aids to assist in their decision making. Gaining operational advantage in
  the information environment is equally about exploiting and protecting the systems, information, and people
  that speed and enhance friendly decision making, as it is about denying the same to the threat.
  THE PURPOSE OF INFORMATION OPERATIONS
  1-22. The purpose of IO is to create effects in and through the information environment that provide
  commanders decisive advantage over enemies and adversaries. Commanders achieve this advantage in
  several ways: preserve and facilitate decision making and the impact of decision making, while influencing,
  disrupting or degrading enemy or adversary decision making; get required information faster and with greater
  accuracy and clarity than the enemy or adversary; or influence the attitudes and behaviors of relevant
  audiences in the area of operations having an impact on operations and decision making.
  1-23. To support achievement of these various ways, IO employs and synchronizes IRCs to affect the will,
  awareness, understanding, and capability of these audiences, while protecting our own. Will, awareness,