text: Chapter 7
  crucial air battle information exchange. AMD networks are sized to provide assured delivery
  across a set geographic span of control, within latency constraints, that enable full defense
  effectiveness. Patriot multi-routes critical ADA data by sending the information across multiple
  point-to-point links, thus requiring each node to have multiple paired nodes. Each node uses a
  terrestrial line-of-sight radio, limiting the distance between them. Large geographic spans of
  control would result in one or more points of failure, thus reducing the probability of successful
  message transfer between the task force C2 node and the executing firing battery. Avenger fire
  units have more limited data and communications ranges. Therefore, an Avenger platoon is limited
  in its geographical dispersal of fire units in order to maintain effective mission control. Patriot and
  Avenger share information to achieve a coordinated defense across joint air defense linkages, with
  each system then distributing the shared information to its firing components via their own data
  interfaces. The terrestrial reach of the radios within each system are a limiting factor in task force
  composition without significant augmentation from unique ADA communications resources.
  Standard Army communications can augment non-critical air battle data distribution, but lack
  compatible interfaces to effect battle management.
  7-16. Task force sensors may be of one type, such as the Patriot radar, but normally have at least two types
  (for example, Patriot and Sentinel radars). Likewise, shooters may be of one type (for example, Patriot), but
  normally have at least two types (for example, Patriot and Avenger). In addition, the task force has a field
  maintenance company or detachment.
  7-17. Avenger and C-RAM share a C2 framework that allows for full integration across sensors and
  weapons. C-RAM C2 is a modification of forward area air defense (FAAD) C2 that maintains full backward
  compatibility across the systems. An ADA task force, composed of Avenger and C-RAM weapons and
  Sentinel radars, can provide short-range, low-altitude defense against air threats (fixed- and rotary-wing
  aircraft, UASs, cruise missiles) and incoming RAM. Avenger provides defense against the air threat while
  C-RAM counters the RAM threat. FAAD C2/C-RAM C2 integrates the defense across the weapons. In such
  a task force, human and geographic spans of control are the primary limiting factors in ADA task force
  composition.
  7-18. ADA task forces using Patriot as the base capability with augmentation from Avenger or C-RAM
  forces present greater integration challenges. Each system has a unique C2 capability that does not provide
  air battle control over the other system. Patriot C2 effects air battle management over Patriot forces and
  integrates with higher echelons via joint data linkages. Patriot shares air battle management decisions and
  data with Avenger or C-RAM via these joint linkages, but cannot direct engagements over these linkages.
  Likewise, FAAD C2/C-RAM C2 cannot plan or execute Patriot engagements. Thus, this type of ADA task
  force fights a coordinated but not fully integrated air battle. Primary considerations in ADA task force sizing
  for this type of ADA task force are human and geographic spans of control. This has two implications to task
  force composition:
  * Maximum task force composition is always limited by human span of control, that is, task force
  size should not exceed six firing batteries. For example, two Avenger batteries, or one Avenger
  battery and one C-RAM battery, may be attached to a Patriot battalion to form a six firing battery
  task force.
  * Avenger and C-RAM components are directly controlled by their organic FAAD C2/C-RAM C2
  node and fight a coordinated, but not holistic, fight through C2-to-C2 interfaces.
  * The dual communications architectures require separate network planning, one for Patriot's
  interconnectivity and one for Avenger's/C-RAM's interconnectivity. Patriot fire units may disperse
  over a wider area than that which can be spanned by FAAD/C-RAM C2 in connecting firing
  elements. The Patriot battery communications architecture is incapable of transmitting into joint
  data linkages; these interconnectivities come directly from the Patriot battalion. Network planning
  for Avenger units may require that each Avenger platoon individually enter into the joint data
  networks rather than relying upon the battery to be the point of interface, distributing the data
  down to the platoon level.
  7-19. THAAD batteries may be independently deployed, commanded by their parent ADA brigade and
  controlled by the AAMDC ADAFCO collocated with the AADC controlling headquarters, such as the JAOC.
  THAAD interoperates with the ADA task force through its tactical fire control and communications