text: Foreword
  Over the past two decades of persistent conflict, the Army has deployed its most capable communications systems
  ever. During this time, U.S. forces have continued to dominate cyberspace and the electromagnetic spectrum
  while conducting counterinsurgency operations in Afghanistan and Iraq against enemies and adversaries who lack
  the ability to challenge our technological superiority. However, in recent years, regional peers have demonstrated
  formidable capabilities in hybrid operational environments. These capabilities threaten the Army’s dominance in
  both cyberspace and the electromagnetic spectrum.
  The Department of Defense information network-Army is an essential warfighting platform that is a critical
  element of the command and control system and foundational to success in Army operations. Effectively
  operating, securing, and defending the network to maintain trust in its confidentiality, integrity, and availability
  is essential to commanders’ success at all echelons. A commander who cannot access or trust communications
  and information systems or the data they carry risks the loss of lives, loss of critical resources, or mission failure.
  At the same time, our adversaries and enemies are also increasingly reliant on networks and networked weapons
  systems. The Army, as part of the joint force, must be prepared to exploit or deny our adversaries and enemies
  the operational advantages that these networks and systems provide.
  As the Army shifts its focus to large-scale combat operations against regional peers, we must anticipate that these
  threat actors will persistently attempt to infiltrate, exploit, and degrade access to our networks and data. In the
  future, as adversary and enemy capabilities grow, our continued dominance of cyberspace and the electromagnetic
  spectrum will become less certain, while at the same time our ability to access cyberspace and spectrum-
  dependent capabilities will become both more challenging and more critical to fight and win in multiple domains.
  Leveraging cyberspace and electromagnetic warfare effects throughout the competition continuum is key to
  achieving relative advantages through cyberspace and the electromagnetic spectrum while denying the same to
  our enemies and adversaries. To achieve these positions of relative advantage, commanders must integrate and
  synchronize cyberspace operations and electromagnetic warfare with all other available military capabilities using
  a combined arms approach. Moreover, intelligence, signal, information advantage activities, space, and fires
  capabilities are all critical to successful planning, synchronization, and execution of cyberspace operations and
  electromagnetic warfare. Commanders and staffs integrate and synchronize all of these capabilities across
  multiple domains and warfighting functions to maximize complementary effects in and through cyberspace and
  the electromagnetic spectrum.
  FM 3-12 defines and describes the principles and tactics to address challenges in the operational environment
  while providing an overview of cyberspace operations, electromagnetic warfare, and their planning, integration,
  and synchronization through the operations process. It describes the units that conduct these operations and how
  they enable accomplishment of commanders’ objectives in Army operations.
  Due to the rapid evolution of friendly and threat capabilities, tactics, techniques, and procedures in cyberspace
  and the electromagnetic spectrum, the Cyber Center of Excellence will review and update FM 3-12 and supporting
  publications frequently in order to keep pace with the continuously evolving operational environment.
  NEIL S. HERSEY
  Major General, U.S. Army