text: Chapter 4
  4-22. Integrating the IPB process into the operations process is essential in supporting the commander’s
  ability to understand the OE and visualize operations throughout the operations process. Integrating the IPB
  process and the operations process is an enabler that allows commanders to design and conduct operations
  continuously. Integrating the IPB process and the operations process provides the information and intelligence
  required to plan, prepare, execute, and assess operations. Four steps in the IPB process are—
  * Define the operational environment.
  * Describe environment effects on operations.
  * Evaluate the threat.
  * Determine threat COAs.
  4-23. The IPB process begins during planning activities and continues throughout the operations process.
  The IPB process results in IPB products used for developing friendly COAs and decision points for the
  commander throughout planning activities. IPB products are critical to planning cyberspace operations and
  EW.
  DEFINE THE OPERATIONAL ENVIRONMENT
  4-24. The G-2 or S-2 uses the IPB process to define cyberspace and the EMOE within an OE. Defining the
  cyberspace and the EMOE enables the commander and staff to visualize both friendly and enemy cyberspace
  and EW assets through the three layers of cyberspace and the EMS. The CEMA section supports the IPB
  process by assisting the G-2 or S-2 with developing and managing the electromagnetic order of battle.
  4-25. The G-2 or S-2 is responsible for synchronizing available SIGINT assets. Combat information attained
  through cyberspace operations and EW assists the G-2 or S-2 in defining the OE. Additionally, the G-2 or S-2
  may combine the intelligence disciplines with criminal intelligence to gather cyberspace and EW-related
  information to define the OE fully.
  4-26. The G-2 or S-2 uses intelligence gathered through information collection to develop graphic AO
  overlays that include cyberspace and the EMS-related terrain aspects throughout the assigned AO. Graphic AO
  overlays of cyberspace may depict the physical layer of cyberspace more easily than the logical or cyber-
  persona layers. Attaining information on threat cyberspace capabilities at the logical and cyber-persona layers
  occurs through SIGINT, criminal intelligence, or cyberspace exploitation.
  4-27. The G3 should ensure information gathered by operational systems, platforms, and sensors, such as
  those used to monitor friendly networks during the execution of DODIN operations, is formally disseminated
  and made accessible to the intelligence community. This is a critical component necessary to define the
  operational environment in support of cyberspace operations, as well as to enable the G2 or S2 to evaluate the
  threat.
  DESCRIBE ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS ON CYBERSPACE AND THE ELECTROMAGNETIC
  SPECTRUM
  4-28. As a result of answering IRs received from the CEMA section, the G-2 or S-2 defines the types of
  threats and threat cyberspace and EW capabilities while also defining environmental effects. It is essential to
  consider how environmental effects will impact friendly and enemy operations, including those that may affect
  cyberspace and the EMS. Such considerations include terrain, weather, light, illumination data, and civil.
  Terrain analysis allows the commander to understand the terrain’s impact on cyberspace operations and EW.
  The CEMA working group conducts cyberspace and the EMS-related terrain analysis by employing traditional
  methods and examining the five military aspects of terrain when determining threat courses of action:
  * Observation and fields of fire.
  * Avenues of approach.
  * Key terrain.
  * Obstacles.
  * Cover and concealment.