text: Chapter 3
  teams can conduct concurrent operations to capitalize on gains made through security operations.
  In Afghanistan on 2002, USAID representatives embedded with units were able to render immediate aid
  to returning families whose homes were damaged during combat operations.
  FULL SPECTRUM OPERATIONS
  3-27. FM 3-0 states that Army forces conduct full-spectrum operations outside the United States by
  executing offensive, defensive, and stability operations as part of integrated joint, interagency,
  and multinational teams. Full spectrum operations entail simultaneous and continuous combinations
  of offensive, defensive, and stability or civil support operations. Based on the mission, one type
  of operation may predominate. Commanders shift the predominant type of operation based on the current
  situation and their assessment as they shape the operational environment and set the conditions to achieve
  the end-state (Figure 3-1).
  Joint Campaigns (Overseas)
  Offense Offense
  Offense Defense
  Defense Stability Defense
  Stability
  Stability
  Figure 3-1. Full-spectrum operations.
  3-28. Like any Army operation, at the tactical level, counterinsurgency operations are a combination
  of offensive, defensive, and stability operations. Counterinsurgent offensive operations focus on
  eliminating the insurgents. Counterinsurgent defensive operations focus on protecting the populace
  and infrastructure from insurgent attacks. Stability operations focus on addressing the root causes that
  allowed to insurgency to come into existence. Determining the combination is not easy, since it varies
  depending on the situation, the mission, and the commander’s desired end-state. All three of these
  operations may be ongoing within different parts of the area of operations at the same time.
  OFFENSIVE OPERATIONS
  3-29. These are combat operations conducted to defeat and destroy enemy forces and seize terrain,
  resources and population centers. They impose the commander’s will on the enemy. This active imposition
  of land power potentially makes the offense the decisive type of military operation, whether undertaken
  against irregular forces or the armed forces of a nation-state supporting the insurgency. The physical
  presence of land forces also enhances stability operations through the threat of offensive action in areas
  they occupy. During an insurgency, offensive operations aim at destroying the guerrilla, underground
  or leader in order to establish a secure environment for the establishment or the re-establishment of the rule
  of law, legitimate government, and economic development. The successful counterinsurgent unit designs
  their offensive operations to complement their other defensive and stability operations. Chapter 5 further
  discusses offensive operations.
  DEFENSIVE OPERATIONS
  3-30. These are combat operations conducted to defeat an enemy attack, gain time, economize forces,
  and develop conditions favorable for offensive or stability operations. They defeat attacks, destroying
  as many attackers as necessary. The defense preserves physical dominance over land, resources,
  and populations. Defensive operations retain terrain, as well as protecting the HN population and key
  resources. Defensive operations during an insurgency aim at securing the population, protecting