text: Environmental and Terrain Considerations for Fire Support
  * Proportionality - The injury to persons and damage to property incidental to military action must
  not be excessive in relation to the direct military advantage anticipated.
  RULES OF ENGAGEMENT
  D-54. Legal factors are but one element of the ROE; national policy and political objectives also play an
  essential role in the drafting of ROE. Often the ROE will include some restrictions on weapons and targets
  and provide the commander with guidelines to ensure the greatest possible protection of noncombatants
  consistent with military necessity.
  TARGETING CONSIDERATIONS
  D-55. One of the major areas of consideration in the law of war is that of targeting. There are few absolutes
  in targeting, but the application of the general principles applies. Commanders must confirm that targets
  support military objectives. The following may be in that category:
  * Members of the armed forces having the status of combatants.
  * Non-combatants who lose protected status by taking a direct part in hostilities.
  * Objects that by their nature, location, purpose, or use, are either military property, or contributing
  to the enemy's war effort. Their destruction provides a military advantage.
  D-56. Although civilians, noncombatants, and civilian property may not be specifically targeted, incidental
  injury and collateral damage are not unlawful if caused incident to an attack on a lawful target, and the
  incidental injury and collateral damage are not excessive in proportion to the anticipated military advantage
  gained from the attack. Targeting issues are important not only in urban combat operations, but also in
  irregular situations where an enemy, in violation of the law of war, may use civilians to mask attacks or as
  unlawful combatants.
  SECTION II – FIRE SUPPORT IN MARITIME OPERATIONS
  D-57. The maritime domain is the oceans, seas, bays, estuaries, islands, coastal areas, and the airspace above
  these, including the littorals (JP 3-32). Maritime environments include littoral regions, divided into two
  segments: seaward and landward. Seaward segments include the area from open ocean to the shore, which
  must be controlled to support operations ashore. Landward segments are those areas inland from the shore
  that can be supported and defended directly from the sea. Maritime littoral regions are divided into five
  categories:
  * Enclosed and semi-enclosed seas-bodies of water surrounded by a landmass.
  * Islands-single land masses surrounded by a body of water.
  * Archipelagoes-groups of islands.
  * Open seas-unenclosed bodies of water, typically outside of territorial boundaries.
  * Marginal seas-portions of open seas or oceans that bound land masses such as peninsulas, islands,
  and archipelagos.
  D-58. The maritime environment is generally a noncontiguous OE that requires joint execution. Army forces
  will likely be the supporting command and rarely the supported command. Targeting in a maritime
  environment is extremely complex due to the adversary's non-cooperative nature, mobility, and integrated
  defensive capabilities.
  D-59. Maritime targets will normally fall under the target system naval forces and ports. Although, targeting
  and creating effects on military supply and storage, command, control, communications, computers,
  intelligence, petroleum, oil and lubricants, and power generation could have an indirect effect on the
  adversary's maritime operations. Maritime targets are usually deliberate, planned, scheduled or on-call. Army
  integration with maritime forces includes but is not limited to the following:
  * Contribute ISR deep sensing in support of find, fix, and track.
  * Contribute to target development.
  * Contribute lethal and nonlethal capabilities in support of maritime strike.
  * Contribute to joint coordination measures, planning, and execution.