text: Chapter 1
  1-3. An insurgency is made up of components (the five insurgent elements, the eight dynamics,
  and one or more of the six insurgent strategies) and manifestations (tactics, strengths and vulnerabilities).
  (For a greater understanding of insurgencies, see Chapter 2.)
  COUNTERINSURGENCY
  1-4. COIN involves all political, economic, military, paramilitary, psychological, and civic actions that
  can be taken by a government to defeat an insurgency (JP 1-02). COIN operations include supporting a
  Host Nation’s military, paramilitary, political, economic, psychological, and civic actions taken to defeat
  an insurgency. Avoiding the creation of new insurgents and forcing existing insurgents to end their
  participation is vital to defeating an insurgency. COIN operations often include security assistance
  programs such as foreign military sales programs, the foreign military financing program, and international
  military training and education programs.
  1-5. Counterguerrilla operations, on the other hand, focus on detecting and defeating the armed
  insurgent or guerrilla, without solving the society’s underlying problems. Military efforts alone, however,
  cannot defeat an insurgency. (For a better understanding of counterinsurgency, see Chapter 3.)
  INFLUENCES ON CURRENT OPERATIONAL ENVIRONMENTS
  1-6. Eight forces are shaping current operational environments:
  POPULATION EXPLOSION
  1-7. Population explosion is the rapid growth of the world’s population over the last six decades.
  In 1950, the world’s population was 2.5 billion people; in 2008, the population is estimated at 6.5 billion
  people; and in 2050, the population is expected to reach 9 billion. The population explosion provides more
  opportunities for the insurgent to hide within the population and places a premium on winning the struggle
  for the populace’s support. As the population continues to grow, governments will struggle to provide their
  people with food, water, and power, giving potential insurgent groups an opportunity to exploit a
  vulnerable population.
  URBANIZATION
  1-8. Urbanization is the growth of urban areas due to both a population surge and migration. In 1950,
  29 percent of the world’s population lived in urban areas; in 2008, almost 50 percent of the population
  lives in urban areas; and by 2050, it is estimated that 60 percent of the population will live in urban areas.
  This rapid growth of urban areas indicates that there is a greater potential that future insurgencies will be
  fought in urban areas.
  GLOBALIZATION
  1-9. Globalization is a combination of the technological, economic, social, cultural, and political forces
  that are bringing nation-states and the people of the world closer together. These forces are making the
  world more interconnected and economically linked. Positively, it has reduced poverty in nations like
  China and India. It has increased the gap between rich and poor nations, caused an increased demand
  for resources, and may be affecting the climate.
  TECHNOLOGY
  1-10. Technological developments such as the computer, the internet, the digital camera, and satellite
  television have transformed the world since 1950. Information can be exchanged around the world in less
  than a second. This has also increased the reach, impact, and influence of the media to the insurgent
  and the counterinsurgent. Additionally these same technologies, along with advanced weaponry, have