text: Chapter 4
  Command and Control of ADA Forces
  This chapter describes the elements of mission command, the elements of command
  and of control, and the authorities exercised through C2. It discusses how ADA forces
  execute AMD C2 and the C2 relationships exercised across joint elements and ADA
  echelons in a theater of operations.
  MISSION COMMAND
  4-1. Mission command is the Army’s approach to command and control that empowers subordinate
  decision making and decentralized execution appropriate to the situation (ADP 6-0). To effectively exercise
  authority and provide direction, a commander must fully understand the problem, envision the desired end
  state, and grasp the nature and design of operations that will lead to it. The criticality of understanding cannot
  be overstated. It is vital to making effective decisions, managing associated risks, and considering subsequent
  effects.
  4-2. A fundamental aspect of Army AMD operations is that AMD fires are defensive in nature. The enemy
  chooses when to initiate offensive action by air surveillance and attack, and, thus, the enemy commander
  holds the initiative as friendly ADA forces react to the method, tempo, and volume of air attack. However,
  ADA commanders, who are skilled in translating mission command into executable plans and effective AMD
  fires, render enemy air attacks and surveillance ineffective. In so doing, they wrestle the initiative from the
  enemy commander and translate it into operational and strategic advantages for the Army and JFC. Further,
  successful countering of enemy air attacks sets the conditions for joint and Army commanders to seize or
  retake the initiative through offensive action, forcing the enemy commander to react to our actions.
  4-3. C2 systems provide the ability to receive and disseminate orders, immediately view friendly activity
  and supply movement, plan operations, receive situation and intelligence reports, view the airspace, and
  receive automatically disseminated weather observations, forecasts, and analysis. C2 capabilities ensure
  commonality across Army operations and standardize planning and execution functions across all echelons.
  A unique aspect of the ADA force is the degree of integration that exists between the art of command and
  the science of control. ADA C2 systems, as well as a comprehensive understanding of mission command,
  are critical enablers for ADA commanders as they determine how, when, and at what level they should impact
  the tactical engagement sequence.
  4-4. AMD operations are complex and require commanders who, through mastery and application of
  mission command,
  * Understand the air and missile threat,
  * Know how to design air and missile defenses,
  * Can develop cohesive teams,
  * Can employ ADA forces to maximize weapon systems capabilities with joint and multinational
  AMD partners.
  4-5. The Army’s principles of mission command enable ADA commanders at all echelons to effectively
  conduct operations. These principles ̶ competence, mutual trust, shared understanding, commander’s intent,
  mission orders, disciplined initiative, and risk acceptance ̶ allow commanders to cut through the “fog of
  war” and make timely and effective decisions despite operating in an environment that is both uncertain and
  often ambiguous.
  4-6. Competence. ADA leaders and Soldiers at all echelons must be tactically and technically competent in
  executing AMD operations – masters of their craft – as individuals and in teams. Competence is achieved