text: Chapter 3
  ROCKETS, ARTILLERY, AND MORTARS
  RAM are traditional indirect fire threats to ground forces. These systems vary in size and effect.
  Rockets and artillery are usually fired from towed or self-propelled platforms while mortars are frequently
  transported by dismounted crews.
  Rockets are unguided projectiles that generally fly ballistic trajectories with a short boost phase and
  unpowered flight. The most common type of warhead is high explosive with a point detonating fuse. Rockets
  are commonly fired from self-propelled platforms known as multiple rocket launchers. Multiple rocket
  launchers may fire large volleys of rockets (20 to 40) with multiple launchers being used in a volley. Rockets
  come in many calibers such as 57-millimeter, 68-millimeter, 80-millimeter, 81-millimeter, 107-millimeter,
  120-millimeter, 122-millimeter, and 127-millimeter, and have ranges of 10 to 40 kilometers. Their high rate
  of fire, potential short reaction time, and volume of fire make them a stressing threat. Hybrid and irregular
  forces have used rockets as harassing fire, with improvised firing methods and delays to limit counterfire
  effects.
  Artillery and mortar rounds are also unpowered and traditionally fly ballistic trajectories, though
  emerging artillery rounds may have maneuvering capabilities. All known armies throughout the world have
  some form of artillery. The most common artillery calibers are 122-millimeter, 152-millimeter, and 155-
  millimeter. Unless using rocket assisted projectiles, artillery systems are generally limited to 20 to 30
  kilometers. The most common mortar calibers are 60 to 120-millimeter, but include many variants, such as
  81-millimeter, 82-millimeter, 100-millimeter, and 160-millimeter.
  CRUISE MISSILES
  Cruise missiles can travel at low-to-high supersonic or high subsonic speeds, are self-navigating, and
  can fly non-ballistic trajectories at very low to very high atmospheric altitudes. Cruise missiles are reliable,
  accurate, survivable, and lethal. They can be launched from the land, air, or sea. Today's cruise missile can
  hit a target with remarkable accuracy; tomorrow's smarter, maneuverable, more accurate missile will pose a
  far greater threat.
  Cruise missiles pose serious threats because of technological advancements and their operational
  characteristics. The incorporation of new technologies in airframe and warhead design, propulsion systems,
  and guidance systems has contributed to vastly improved systems. The increased use of composite materials
  in airframe construction has created stronger and lighter airframes. A range of low observable and stealth
  technologies has reduced their radar cross sections. The use of air-breathing turbojet and turbofan engines
  has given cruise missiles a longer range and the capability to fly at high, subsonic speeds and altitudes lower
  than 50 meters above ground level. Their flight paths can be programmed using sophisticated guidance
  systems, such as the Global Positioning System, inertial navigation systems, and terrain contour matching.
  Their guidance systems contribute to overall accuracy, optimize surprise, and help avoid air defenses. A
  terminal guidance seeker increases accuracy to less than 10 meters. A wide array of warheads, including
  individually targetable submunitions, allows targeting of both soft and hard targets. Operationally, they are
  difficult to detect, can fly indirect routes at low altitudes to avoid heavily defended areas, and can attack from
  any direction.
  TACTICAL AIR-TO-SURFACE MISSILES
  Tactical-air-to-surface missiles are air-launched, precision-guided munitions designed to strike ground
  targets. They are ideal against targets such as bridges that are difficult to destroy with conventional dumb
  bombs. Tactical air-to-surface missiles are an extremely lethal threat because of their versatility and pinpoint
  accuracy.
  Most variants employ radio-command, laser, anti-radiation homing, or electro-optical guidance
  systems. Missiles that employ anti-radiation homing systems are referred to as anti-radiation missiles; they
  represent the greatest threat to radars such as those employed by SHORAD forces.