text: Chapter 1
  Foundations of Operations
  War is thus an act of force to compel our enemy to do our will.
  Carl von Clausewitz
  This chapter describes the range of military operations and the Army’s focus on
  readiness to conduct large-scale combat operations. It describes how Army forces meet
  challenges and conduct multidomain operations as part of a joint and multinational
  force. Beginning with the Army’s view of war and warfare, this chapter describes key
  concepts that help leaders understand an operational environment.
  ARMY OPERATIONS
  1-1. The Army’s primary mission is to organize, train, and equip its forces to conduct prompt and sustained
  land combat to defeat enemy ground forces and seize, occupy, and defend land areas. It supports four strategic
  roles for the joint force. Army forces shape operational environments, counter aggression on land during
  crisis, prevail during large-scale ground combat, and consolidate gains. The Army fulfills its strategic roles
  by providing forces for joint campaigns that enable integrated deterrence of adversaries outside of conflict
  and the defeat of enemies during conflict or war. The strategic roles clarify the overall purposes for which
  Army forces conduct multidomain operations on behalf of joint force commanders (JFCs) in the pursuit of a
  stable environment and other policy objectives. Fulfilling policy objectives requires national-level leaders to
  orchestrate all instruments of national power throughout the entire government and coalition, in a manner
  commensurate with national will. (See JP 3-0 for more information on joint campaigns and deterrence. See
  ADP 3-0 for more information on the Army’s strategic roles.)
  1-2. Military operations on land are foundational to operations in other domains because almost all
  capabilities, no matter where employed, are ultimately based on or controlled from land. While any particular
  domain may dominate military considerations in a specific context, conflicts are usually resolved on land
  because that is where people live and make political decisions and where the basis of national power exists.
  1-3. Army forces achieve objectives through the conduct of operations. An operation is a sequence of
  tactical actions with a common purpose or unifying theme (JP 1, Volume 1). Operations vary in many ways.
  They occur in all kinds of physical environments, including urban, subterranean, desert, jungle, mountain,
  maritime, and arctic. Operations vary in scale of forces involved and duration. Operations change factors in
  the physical, information, and human dimensions of an operational environment.
  1-4. The complex environment in which operations occur demands leaders who understand both the science
  and art of operations. Understanding the science of operations—such as combat power ratios, weapons
  ranges, and movement tables—helps leaders improve synchronization and reduce risk. However, there is no
  way to eliminate uncertainty, and leaders must exercise operational art to make decisions and assume risk.
  Intangible factors, such as the impact of leadership on morale, using shock effect to defeat enemy forces, and
  supportive populations are fundamentally human factors that can overcome physical disadvantages and often
  decide the outcomes of an operation. (See ADP 3-0 for more information on the art and science of operations.)
  1-5. Army forces meet a diverse array of challenges and contribute to national objectives across a wide
  range of operational categories, including large-scale combat operations, limited contingency operations,
  crisis response, and support to security cooperation. (See figure 1-1 on page 1-2 for a depiction of operational
  categories and the spectrum of violence.)