text: _________________________________________________________________________________Chapter 9
  9-83. The State’s national-level Air Defense Forces have medium- and long-
  range SAMs, some short-range AA guns, and early warning radar units.
  These forces reflect the State’s force development philosophy. They combine
  obsolescent and state-of-the-art air defense firing units to support area cov-
  erage and point protection of high-value assets. The State is investing in
  point-protection technology that it believes can prove effective in defending
  against cruise missiles. This capability would include the ability to deploy
  and use GPS jammers.
  OPERATIONAL-LEVEL ASSETS
  9-84. The Army recognizes the importance of preventing or at least delay-
  ing enemy air superiority. Therefore, it maintains its own operational- and
  tactical-level air defense forces in addition to those subordinate to the Air
  Force. Army air defense includes mobile air defense units and large numbers
  of shoulder-fired SAMs. However, air defense involves use of all arms of the
  ground forces, not just the specialized air defense units.
  9-85. The inventory of operational-level air defense weapons includes a vari-
  ety of missiles, guns, and support equipment. The numbers and types of air
  defense assets vary with the size and composition of the OSC. An OSC may
  have some air defense assets that it reserves for coverage of its own operational
  support zone and for engaging enemy aircraft that get past tactical air defenses.
  It also has assets it can allocate to subordinates to augment tactical air defenses
  at critical points on the battlefield or to cover gaps in the air defense umbrella.
  Surface-to-Air Missiles
  9-86. Operational-level air defense systems include medium-range SAMs
  (and perhaps some long-range SAMs) for medium- to high-altitude area cov-
  erage. Some SAMs have the capability to engage ballistic or cruise missiles,
  as well as aircraft. Medium-range SAM units typically have some AA guns or
  shoulder-fired SAMs for self-protection.
  Antiaircraft Guns
  9-87. Operational-level commands may have some short-range AA guns for
  point protection. The AA guns found at the operational level are typically
  towed systems that lack the mobility of self-propelled SAM systems and
  cannot fire on the move. These AA gun units are capable of only a limited
  area coverage and are better suited for short-range, point protection of
  individual locations. Within their range capabilities, however, these AA
  guns are extremely lethal weapons.
  Radars
  9-88. OSCs normally have early warning units with a variety of air surveil-
  lance and target acquisition radars, plus some AA guns or shoulder-fired
  SAMs for self-protection. The majority of air defense surveillance radars are
  at the operational level. (See the Air Surveillance section later in this chapter
  for more detail.)