text: Multidomain Operations and Intelligence
  2-30. An OE is the totality of factors that affect what occurs in an assigned area. These factors include actors,
  events, or actions that occur outside the assigned area. How the many entities behave and interact with each
  other is difficult to discern. No two OEs are the same, and all of them continually change. Changes result, in
  part, from opposing forces and actors interacting, learning, and adapting.
  2-31. The complex and dynamic nature of an OE makes determining the relationship between cause and
  effect challenging, and they contribute to the uncertain nature of war and human competition. This requires
  commanders, supported by their staffs, to develop and maintain the best possible understanding of their OE.
  Several tools and processes assist commanders and staffs in understanding their OE. They include—
  ⚫ Domains.
  ⚫ Dimensions.
  ⚫ Operational and mission variables.
  ⚫ Running estimates (described in ADP 5-0).
  ⚫ ADM (described in ATP 5-0.1).
  ⚫ The MDMP (described in ADP 5-0).
  ⚫ Pre-mission analysis of the OE (described in chapter 5).
  ⚫ IPOE (described in chapter 5).
  ⚫ Sustainment preparation of the OE (described in FM 4-0).
  DOMAINS
  2-32. Within the context of an OE, a domain is a physically defined portion of an operational environment
  requiring a unique set of warfighting capabilities and skills (FM 3-0). Understanding the strengths and
  dependencies of joint capabilities in each domain is fundamental to a multidomain, combined arms approach
  to operations. Although each military Service and branch trains and educates its leaders to be experts about
  operations in a primary domain, each Service has some capability in each of the domains, and each Service
  develops a shared understanding of how to integrate capabilities from different domains. (See FM 3-0 for
  doctrine on the domains.)
  2-33. Although most domains align with the skills developed in a particular Service, no Service focuses
  entirely on or exerts total control of that single domain during operations. Joint commanders assign
  responsibilities and task-organize based on mission requirements. However, the domains present very
  different conditions of warfare and require the specialized warfighting skills developed by the different
  Services and subcomponents within each of the Services. The joint force and all Services must collaborate
  and synchronize to thoroughly understand each domain. When the threat takes actions to significantly counter
  collection in a particular domain and friendly forces have an incomplete understanding within that domain it
  challenges operations. In these situations, the intelligence warfighting function must identify all information
  gaps and depend on collection in the other domains to maintain as complete an understanding of the OE as
  possible. Army leaders do not need to understand all the technical components of the other domains, but they
  do need to understand the complementary and reinforcing ways in which they can request and employ joint
  capabilities and methods to support operations on land. The following occurs across all domains:
  ⚫ The Army provides forces and capabilities from all domains to the joint force.
  ⚫ Army forces employ joint capabilities from all domains to complement and reinforce their own
  capabilities.
  ⚫ Understanding domain interdependencies assists leaders in better mitigating friendly
  vulnerabilities while creating and exploiting relative advantages.
  ⚫ In an environment where the enemy can contest every domain, successful operations require
  continuous joint integration down to the lowest tactical echelons.
  ⚫ The intelligence warfighting function must assist commanders and staffs in understanding the
  threat and other significant aspects of the OE and conducting/leveraging information collection
  across all domains.