text: Army Operations in Maritime Environments
  PLANNING CONSIDERATIONS FOR A MARITIME ENVIRONMENT
  7-23. Planning for operations on land in maritime environments requires a high level of complex detail to
  coordinate the movement and landing of troops, equipment, and supplies by air and surface means. The
  success of Army operations in the maritime environment are uniquely dependent on unity of effort and
  integrated, collaborative planning with joint headquarters and subordinate echelons.
  7-24. The joint force commander (JFC) for major maritime operations is typically a senior naval officer. The
  JFC ensures unity of effort across the joint force and ensures the task and purpose of Army operations nest
  with the overall joint operational concept. Despite the physical distances and relative isolation typically
  associated with land operations in a largely maritime environment, Army commanders must maintain
  situational understanding through joint collaboration to ensure their operations or activities do not have a
  negative effect on other operations or units. This includes maintaining situational awareness during
  movement, which requires direct and continuous integration of Army personnel into the command and
  control (C2) nodes of Marine Corps, Navy, and Air Force units. This may also include integration with
  multinational amphibious or maritime units.
  7-25. Army corps, divisions, and brigades supporting or reporting to JFCs must understand the joint planning
  process and contribute to it even as they conduct parallel planning using Army processes with their
  subordinate echelons. This directly contributes to the successful execution of operations across an extended
  battlefield, where long distances and sporadic network connectivity affect the situational awareness and
  synchronization of forces. (See JP 5-0 for additional information on planning and execution of the joint
  planning process.)
  7-26. Planning for operations in maritime environments requires collaboration between Army forces and
  other relevant components of the joint force command and integration across warfighting and joint functions
  at each echelon. Ideally, planning should be conducted by commanders and their staffs in the same location,
  which in some cases may be aboard a ship or in the air. When this is not practical, the exchange of liaison
  officers facilitates planning functions. Planning efforts—particularly in crisis situations—are conducted in
  parallel and collaboratively across the involved echelons and Services. This is crucial for any assault
  operation conducted across extended maritime distances. Integrated planning is facilitated by using
  operational planning teams formed around planners from functional areas that include subordinate and
  supporting command liaison officers. Aligning Army warfighting function cells with the joint functions
  enables integrated planning.
  APPLYING THE OPERATIONAL FRAMEWORK
  7-27. Applying the operational framework in maritime environments requires commanders and staffs to
  consider the impacts of maritime surface areas and integration with maritime forces. It also requires a
  different appreciation about what constitutes deep, close, and rear operations in relation to each other. The
  physical separation of forces by bodies of water affects considerations of mutual support since many
  operations are likely to involve noncontiguous AOs. Army echelons may have responsibilities for
  information collection of maritime surface areas and for providing fires into maritime and littoral regions in
  support of other Services. Army forces may be required to defend against enemy amphibious assaults,
  requiring tactical level coordination with Navy and Marine Corps forces. Army forces may also conduct
  amphibious landings or airborne and air assault operations over water in support of joint operations.
  Operations that were previously considered close, such as forcible entry, can extend into a deep area based
  on distance between islands or sea bases. Tactical support areas may be separated by extended distances and
  require the use of watercraft or other joint capabilities to support tactical level sustainment or tactical
  maneuver forces to secure sea lines of communications.
  ASSIGNING A JOINT OPERATIONS AREA WITHIN AN AREA OF RESPONSIBILITY
  7-28. The Unified Command Plan designates the AOR. Within that AOR, a larger maritime environment
  might have several joint operations areas to facilitate C2 and resource prioritization. For example, United
  States Indo-Pacific Command may designate a JOA for operations in the South China Sea and a JOA for
  operations in Korea. Both JOAs require unique C2, movement and maneuver, sustainment, intelligence, fires,
  and protection planning and resources. This also includes the designation of an appropriate land component