text: Chapter 11
  air guards, convoy procedures, signals intelligence, and operational security. These measures help
  mitigate the enemy’s ability to use air power to affect Army operations. Passive measures may be
  taken against all threats.
  11-4. As previously mentioned, all Army forces participate in and support AMD operations. Sustainment
  forces in general, for instance, provide the standard Army class I-IX support, maintenance, and transportation
  support. Maneuver support forces, such as chemical sections, military police forces, and engineer
  components may advise ADA elements on CBRN, support the security requirements of ADA units, and
  enhance the survivability of ADA systems with protective works, respectively. The forces most actively and
  directly engaged in AMD operations are maneuver, aviation, special operations, field artillery, and
  intelligence.
  * Maneuver. Maneuver forces support both surveillance and attack operations against threat air
  capabilities. Maneuver forces can conduct and support the engagement of UASs (groups 1 and 2).
  The addition of Stinger teams in maneuver formations provides an enhanced capability to engage
  enemy UASs, fixed- and rotary-wing aircraft, and some low-altitude cruise missiles.
  * Aviation. Aviation forces may attack an enemy’s ground-based theater launch assets in the deep
  area. Army aviation forces are not equipped for air-to-air combat. However, they may attempt to
  engage air threats as targets of opportunity or in self-defense.
  * Special operations. Special operations forces are adept at deep strikes on C2 facilities and launch
  sites, as part of attack operations.
  * Field artillery. Field artillery is one of the Army’s primary means for attack operations. Field
  artillery forces provide scalable capabilities, a range of nonlethal to lethal actions, against enemy
  C2 stations and launch sites (suppression of enemy air defenses), as well as in the counterfire fight.
  These capabilities provide the required effects, while considering collateral damage. Artillery
  sensors also provide data inputs to the air picture. When C-RAM is deployed in the maneuver
  area, artillery sensors are directly linked to it to provide cueing against RAM threats in the air.
  * Intelligence. Intelligence elements perform the analysis of enemy aerial capabilities, the
  foundation of the IPB for ADA units. They assist in collecting and analyzing such data as threat
  air activity, technical characteristics, ingress tactics, and potential warheads and/or payloads. In
  addition, they provide strategic early and accurate warning and targeting information for attack
  operations.
  11-5. Maneuver, special operations, and field artillery forces generally contribute to AMD operations before
  and after launch. Aviation and intelligence forces contribute before, during, and after launch.
  COMMAND AND CONTROL
  11-6. AMD operations are further enhanced by electronic warfare actions, specifically electronic attack and
  electronic protection. Electronic attacks, for instance, can deceive or confuse operators in C2 nodes at the
  tactical through strategic levels; they can also adversely impact an enemy’s ability to surveil using UASs (see
  paragraphs 11-16 on page 11-3 and 11-21 on page 11-4). Electronic protect involves actions taken to protect
  personnel, facilities, and equipment from any effects of friendly or enemy use of the electromagnetic
  spectrum that degrade, neutralize, or destroy friendly combat capability. This may include limiting the
  electromagnetic signatures of radars to reduce an enemy’s ability to locate these systems. For further
  information on cyberspace and electronic warfare operations, see FM 3-12.
  11-7. Engagements of air threats are executed in accordance with AMD directives issued by the AADC.
  Directives such as ROE, weapons control status, and air defense warnings establish the conditions for what
  can be engaged and, to a degree, when an engagement can be conducted (for example, in self-defense). AMD
  information is initially incorporated into the BCT’s operation plan.
  11-8. ADAM cells transmit the AMD directives to BCT forces through LandWarNet. The information
  constitutes the initial air defense conditions and changes as they are enacted. Information can be transmitted
  by voice or data. LandWarNet is also used to provide sensor detections, situational awareness of the BCT’s
  airspace and airspace in the immediate vicinity of the BCT, and early warning.