text: Chapter 4
  protect the force. Protection depends on space capabilities and effects for survivability operations; air and
  missile defense support; physical security; anti-terrorism; personnel recovery operations; explosive ordnance
  disposal; risk management; chemical, biological, radiological, and nuclear defense; cyberspace security and
  defense; and electromagnetic protection. Army space operations support the protection warfighting function
  supporting freedom of action in all domains preserving the commander’s freedom of action and protecting
  the forces. With situational understanding, commanders have information necessary to respond to given
  situations such as personnel recovery operations. Refer to ADP 3-0 for discussions on the protection
  warfighting function and ADP 3-37 for information about protection.
  4-64. Space capabilities are used for the implementation and decision making process for protection.
  * SSA can inform friendly forces of adversary satellites when they are in position to view and record
  ground activity.
  * PNT is important to protection to accurately identifying threats such as minefields, obstacles, and
  other potential hazards to friendly forces. PNT enables FFT, assists in personnel recovery
  operations, helps troops by reducing fratricide, and enables protection through situational
  awareness.
  * SATCOM provides the ability to transport data to all levels of command, expands the area of
  operations beyond line of sight, and improves situational understanding for all as SATCOM feeds
  the COP to ensure situational awareness is available for all components. It provides timely
  dissemination of friendly force unit locations and dispositions, which greatly assists in fratricide
  avoidance, and dissemination of information related to all types of threats. The SATCOM
  * DSC and NAVWAR fosters assured, uninterrupted PNT.
  * Space-based missile warning provides launch locations, predicted missile impact points, and
  warning to forces within the footprint of the predicted impact area to take protective actions.
  * Environmental monitoring provides information on surface and sub-surface conditions and
  environmental data. Weather and terrain data helps determine scatter patterns for chemical,
  biological, and radiological agents, and modeling of hazard predictions to support force
  protection. It can help provide potential decontamination sites, water sources, drainage, routes,
  cover and concealment, and imagery of environmental disasters.
  * Intelligence gathered from space-based surveillance and reconnaissance assists force protection
  by providing known launch locations, likely launch vehicles and associated kinematic ranges, and
  likely warheads. Surveillance and reconnaissance enables access to denied areas to help detect
  enemy camouflage and obscurants. It can be used to help determine likelihood of adversary
  attacks using airborne agents and help determine friendly and enemy use of obscurants.
  SPECIAL OPERATIONS FORCES
  4-65. The joint special operations task force has a space operation cell with Army space operations officers
  assigned who are trained to plan, coordinate, and integrate space capabilities in their respective missions
  operations.
  ARMY-WIDE SPACE TRAINING CONSIDERATIONS
  4-66. An enemy who is able to contest the space domain and force D3SOE conditions will be able to
  provide some level of disruption to every mission. Enemy forces may be equipped to employ theater-wide
  D3SOE effects which are part of an A2 and AD strategy. Even small factions and individual threat actors
  could cause enough D3SOE to have significant impacts on mission accomplishment.
  4-67. Experiencing D3SOE effects may hamper mission operations and information operations. Unit
  training and staff exercises must regularly include a D3SOE. Repetitive training in D3SOE conditions is
  essential for all units to become competent while operating with reduced space capabilities.
  4-68. Training prepares Soldiers to conduct operations according to doctrine, standard operating
  procedures, and the unit’s mission. Training develops the teamwork, trust, and mutual understanding
  commanders need to exercise command and control to achieve unity of effort. Training must be presented in