text: Chapter 7
  mutually supporting objectives. Large island land masses would likely involve integrated forcible entry
  involving U.S. Marines and potentially allied or partner forces. Smaller archipelagic island chains could
  require concurrent forcible entries that enable security operations or subsequent main and supporting efforts
  against larger objectives.
  7-57. Forcible entry operations by ground, sea, or air all use the same phasing model to facilitate coordination
  and synchronization. These phases are preparation and deployment, assault, stabilization of the lodgment,
  introduction of follow-on forces, and termination or transition operations. Planning for forcible entry also
  includes planning for—
  (cid:122) Movement planning over extended lines of communications over water.
  (cid:122) Information collection against an enemy with layered and integrated early warning.
  (cid:122) Management of transitions when lines of communications and networks are extended over water.
  (cid:122) Insertion of special operations forces.
  (cid:122) Ensuring air superiority over the joint landing area.
  (cid:122) Coordination for initial and reinforcing entry forces for the initial assault and main assault.
  (cid:122) Establishment and operation of any potential intermediate staging bases.
  (cid:122) Lodgment security, organization, and expansion from shore to an island interior.
  (See JP 3-18 for more detailed discussion and information about Army forces roles, responsibilities, and
  planning considerations for joint forcible entry operations.)
  AMPHIBIOUS OPERATIONS
  7-58. Planning for an amphibious operation is continuous, and it requires collaborative, parallel, and detailed
  planning by all participating forces. The organization of any amphibious operation should be sufficiently
  flexible to meet the planned objectives in each phase of the operation and account for unforeseen
  developments. Sound planning provides for unity of effort through unity of command, centralized planning
  and direction, and decentralized execution. JFCs may decide to establish a functional component command
  to integrate planning and reduce JFC span of control. This improves the efficiency of information flow,
  weapons systems management, component interaction, unity of effort, or control over the scheme of
  maneuver. Regardless of approach, the JFC designates command relationships for the commanders of the
  amphibious task force and landing forces. The designation of the supported and supporting role of the
  amphibious force commanders is important, as it establishes main and supporting efforts and prioritizes
  resources.
  7-59. Opposed landings in a maritime environment are one of the most difficult and dangerous military
  operations, so achieving the element of surprise should be pursued by all available means. Overt activities
  that threaten the element of surprise should be kept to a minimum and conducted as close as practical to the
  arrival of joint fire support assets in the JOA. Deception operations may facilitate surprise if they portray a
  course of action the enemy expects or a timeline for execution different than planned. Deception operations
  are a necessity during assault breaching of a defended beachhead. Large lane sizes demand large numbers of
  weapons and multiple aircraft passes to clear zones prior to the assault. This may draw immediate attention
  to the landing force unless alternate lanes are brought under fire as well
  7-60. The landing force typically consists of maneuver, protection, and tactical echelon sustainment forces.
  The JFC designates the landing forces commander. If Army forces are part of the landing force, they must
  be task-organized with appropriate combat and sustainment capabilities to support the landing force. Army
  forces also provide intra-theater ship-to-shore transport, including landing craft, cargo handling, logistics,
  traffic control, and engineering capabilities.
  Note. If the JFC organizes planning along functional lines, functional component commanders
  normally exercise OPCON over their parent Services’ forces and tactical control (TACON) over
  other Services’ forces attached or made available for tasking.
  7-61. Setting conditions prior to the execution of any amphibious operation is critical. Enabling operations
  that set conditions include supporting and pre-landing operations. These require detailed integration at all