text: Chapter 1
  Air and Missile Defense
  This chapter provides an overview of air and missile defense (AMD). It discusses AMD
  within the context of the joint counterair framework, the AMD foundational principles
  and employment tenets, and AMD positive and procedural methods of airspace control.
  The chapter also addresses the role and capabilities of the Army’s dedicated AMD
  force, air defense artillery (ADA), and C2 considerations for ADA forces. For more
  information on AMD, see JP 3-01 and FM 3-01.
  AIR AND MISSILE DEFENSE OVERVIEW
  Air and missile defense is the direct [active and passive] defensive actions taken to destroy, nullify, or
  reduce the effectiveness of hostile air and ballistic missile threats against friendly forces and assets (JP 3-01).
  AMD is embedded in, and will be used consistently throughout this document to refer to, the defensive
  counterair portion of the joint counterair operational framework. Though not specifically addressed in the
  AMD definition, AMD implies an interdependency of capabilities across the services and, often, with
  multinational forces. AMD is complemented by attack operations and C2 control capabilities. Attack
  operations destroy or neutralize enemy aircraft, missile launch platforms, and supporting infrastructure before
  and after launch. C2 capabilities enable and link the planning and execution activities of the offensive and
  defensive systems.
  AMD, as noted in the definition above, consists of two operational elements: active AMD and passive
  AMD. Active AMD are direct defensive actions taken to destroy, nullify, or reduce the effectiveness of air
  and missile threats against friendly forces and assets. Passive AMD are all measures, other than active AMD,
  taken to minimize the effectiveness of hostile air and ballistic missile threats against friendly forces and
  critical assets. These measures include detection, warning, camouflage, concealment, deception, dispersion,
  hardening, and the use of protective construction (JP 3-01). Passive actions are the commander's first line of
  defense.
  The Army's dedicated AMD force is ADA. Air defense artillery is weapons and equipment for actively
  combating air targets from the ground (JP 3-01); more precisely, ADA is the dedicated Army systems,
  personnel, and forces that provide active, land-based defense against air and missile attacks. ADA forces
  execute AMD operations. ADA consists of high-to-medium altitude air defense and short-range air defense
  (SHORAD) systems and forces. Current high-to-medium altitude air defense systems in a theater of
  operations are Patriot and Terminal High Altitude Area Defense. Current SHORAD systems are the
  Maneuver Short-Range Air Defense (M-SHORAD), Avenger, Land-based Phalanx Weapon System, and
  Sentinel radar. Figure 1-1 on page 1-2, presents the positioning of high-to-medium altitude air defense and
  SHORAD system forces across the areas of operation. While Patriot and Terminal High Altitude Area
  Defense are generally considered to be operational-level systems and M-SHORAD, Avenger, Land-based
  Phalanx Weapon System, and Sentinel tactical level, these designations are scenario and situational
  dependent.