text: Appendix B
  B-80. The airspace control authority consolidates, coordinates, and deconflicts the airspace requirements of
  the components and publishes the ACMs in the ACO. The ACO is normally published at least daily.
  B-81. An airspace control order is an order implementing the airspace control plan that provides the details
  of the approved requests for airspace coordinating measures (JP 3-52). It is published either as part of the
  ATO, or as a separate document.
  B-82. An ATO is a method used to task and disseminate to components, subordinate units, and C2 agencies
  projected sorties, capabilities, or forces to targets and specific missions. The ATO normally provides specific
  instructions to include call signs, targets, controlling agencies, as well as general instructions. For more
  information on conduct and control of air operations see JP 3-52 and JP 3-30.
  Note. Altitude typically refers to the height above sea level of a given point. Personnel must ensure
  the altitude is correctly displayed in accordance with their system requirements. Some systems
  may require altitude to be expressed as height above ellipsoid while others may require expression
  in relation to mean sea level. Some systems may require conversion from ft to m to permit system
  entry. FS personnel must also be aware that altitude is sometimes expressed as measured from
  ground level rather than mean sea level.
  B-83. Army commanders use ACMs to facilitate the efficient use of airspace and simultaneously provide
  safeguards for friendly forces. Procedural control ACMs are used to delineate an airspace boundary or define
  airspace dimensions for enabling other systems (such as FS systems) to discriminate friendly coordination
  joint engagement measures from enemy, employ fires across boundaries, and coordinate joint attack of targets
  for a particular operation. The ACMs that frequently affect FS include the airspace coordination area, the
  coordinating altitude, and the restricted operations zone (ROZ). Those are discussed here. For more
  information on additional ACMs see FM 3-52 and JP 3-52.
  B-84. An airspace coordination area is a three-dimensional block of airspace in a target area, established by
  the appropriate commander, in which friendly aircraft are reasonably safe from friendly surface fires. (JP 3-
  09.3).
  B-85. A formal airspace coordination area requires detailed planning. Vital information defining the formal
  airspace coordination area includes minimum and maximum altitudes, a baseline designated by grid
  coordinates at each end, the width (on either side of the baseline), and the effective times. When time for
  coordination is limited, an informal airspace coordination area is used. In an informal airspace coordination
  area, aircraft and surface joint fires may be separated by time or distance (lateral, altitude, or a combination
  of the two). The supported commander requesting CAS or employing helicopters can request an informal
  airspace coordination area; the informal airspace coordination area is approved at BN or higher level. Both
  types of airspace coordination areas are constructed with the assistance of the ALO to ensure they meet the
  technical requirements of the aircraft and weapon systems.
  B-86. Army aviation, ADA, military intelligence, maneuver, UAS, EW assets, FS, and joint and
  multinational air and ground forces all use airspace. Because they are not organized, trained, and equipped
  to conduct airspace control, BCT and lower commander's exercise airspace management as part of a division's
  airspace control within division assigned airspace. Airspace control maximizes the simultaneous use of
  airspace. At decisive moments, commanders can exploit all available combat power synchronized in time,
  space, and purpose.
  B-87. Fires are airspace users. Clearance of fires maximizes damage to enemy capabilities while minimizing
  the risk of damage to friendly forces and non-combatants. Clearance of fires may be accomplished through
  a staff process, control measures, embedded in automation systems, active or passive recognition systems, or
  a combination thereof.
  B-88. A formal airspace coordination area is graphically shown (see figure B-6 on page B-25) as an area
  enclosed by a solid black line. Depicted inside the enclosed area are airspace coordination area (known as
  "ACA,") the establishing HQ, the minimum and maximum altitudes, the grid coordinates for each end of the
  baseline and the width of the airspace coordination area, the grid coordinates for each point of an irregularly