text: Armies, Corps, and Divisions
  1-105. Figure 1-6 illustrates another case. If Army forces are the only conventional land forces attached to
  a JTF, the JFC may conduct operations with the ARFOR serving as both the Service and operational-level
  land component of that task force. Since the ARFOR does not control other Service forces, it is not a joint
  force land component commander. However, it functions as a co-equal component to the functional
  components—the joint force air component commander, joint force maritime component commander, and
  joint force special operations component commander—within the JTF. The ARFOR employs landpower to
  accomplish the objectives of the campaign. Its focus is at the operational level. As the Service component,
  the ARFOR has ADCON over all the Army units attached to the JTF. It does not have OPCON over all the
  Army units in this example.
  Figure 1-6. Joint task force organized by Service and functional components
  1-106. Multinational operations may also complicate the chain of command. In general, multinational
  forces will operate under the TACON of a U.S. headquarters. However, the National Command Authority of
  the multinational force may impose constraints on the use of their forces. Army forces may operate under the
  TACON or in direct support of a multinational headquarters, but they remain subject to U.S. command. The
  ARFOR retains ADCON over all Army units under multinational command. The ARFOR and its supporting
  sustainment command will often provide support to multinational forces within a coalition. The combatant
  commander normally provides a formal agreement negotiated between the supported multinational force and
  the U.S. joint force based on agreements concluded at the national level.
  1-107. Although nations will often participate in multinational operations, they rarely relinquish national
  command of their forces. As such, forces participating in a multinational operation will have at least two
  distinct chains of command: a national chain of command and a multinational chain of command. As
  Commander in Chief, the President retains and cannot relinquish national command over U.S. forces.
  Command authority for a multinational force commander is normally negotiated between the participating
  nations and can vary from nation to nation. U.S. Army forces can operate under the TACON of, or in direct