text: Chapter 4
  ROOT CAUSES
  4-6. Root causes are the grievances of the people. Ultimately, for an insurgency to be successful, it
  must provide a solution to the key issues of the people. At the same time, for a counterinsurgency to be
  successful, it too must address these key issues.
  PROTECTION OF THE PEOPLE
  4-7. Most insurgencies use coercion and terror to gain support from the people and to inhibit the
  people’s support of the government. The target of this coercion and terror is frequently the people
  connected to the government—police, local administrators and teachers. As such, if the counterinsurgent
  wishes to receive the support of the people they must not only protect their supporters and their families,
  but also their communities. Often, protecting and controlling the people enables the counterinsurgent
  to achieve the other conditions.
  ENHANCEMENT OF THE LEGITIMACY OF THE HN GOVERNMENT
  4-8. The US and other counterinsurgency partners must always focus on strengthening the Host Nation
  government’s ability to defend itself and its populace from the insurgency.
  PATIENCE
  4-9. There is no decisive battle in counterinsurgency operations. Often, it takes years to create an
  environment where a Host Nation government can and will defend itself and its people.
  MEASURES OF PERFORMANCE AND EFFECTIVENESS
  4-10. Tactical units must measure progress toward mission accomplishment. Commanders continuously
  assess the operational environment and the progress of operations, and compare them to their initial vision
  and commander’s intent. Units evaluate the operations progress or success through intelligence assets,
  patrol reports, engagement with local leaders, graffiti, or surveys. Commanders adjust operations based on
  their assessment to ensure objectives are met and the desired end state is achieved.
  4-11. The assessment process measures the efforts that support operational and tactical objectives
  and progress toward the desired military end state of the counterinsurgency across all LOEs. The
  assessment process uses measures of performance and measures of effectiveness to gauge progress.
  They are defined as follows:
  MEASURE OF PERFORMANCE
  4-12. An MOP is criterion used to assess friendly actions that is tied to measuring task accomplishment
  (JP 1-02). MOPs confirm or deny that the task has been correctly performed. An example of a MOP
  is “How many people registered to vote at the school this week?”
  MEASURE OF EFFECTIVENESS
  4-13. An MOE is criterion used to assess changes in system behavior, capability, or operational
  environment that is tied to measuring the attainment of an end state, achievement of an objective,
  or creation of an effect (JP 3-0). An example of a MOE is “Did the well project provide clean drinking
  water to the village?”
  PURPOSES
  4-14. Measures of effectiveness and of performance help commanders determine when all or part of the
  mission has been accomplished. The criteria used depend on the situation. Many times the MOP and MOE
  must be determined and evaluated by the HN government or security forces. They often require
  readjustment as the situation changes and objectives evolve. If an effect cannot be measured directly, then