text: Executing Short-Range Air Defense Operations
  reconnaissance and fires decisions are made. This facilitates positive identification with UASs and results in
  rapid clearance of fires. The warning function can be triggered as easily from the operation center as from a
  base defense operation center or protection cell; however, synchronization with intelligence, surveillance,
  and reconnaissance and fires is typically more difficult from a base defense operation center or protection
  cell than from the unit's operation center.
  MOBILE DEFENSE
  Mobile defense is a type of defensive operation that concentrates on the destruction or defeat of the
  enemy through a decisive attack by a striking force (ADP 3-90). The mobile defense focuses on defeating or
  destroying enemy forces by allowing them to advance to a point where they are exposed to a decisive
  counterattack by a striking force. A fixing force supplements the striking force by holding attacking enemy
  forces in position, by canalizing attacking enemy forces into ambush areas, and by retaining areas from which
  to launch the striking force. The key aspects of supporting mobile defense are mobility and survivability. The
  moving elements in a mobile defense will be the most vulnerable to attack and surveillance.
  Counterintelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance are critical because the plan relies on surprise.
  M-SHORAD units may accompany the striking force, protecting it against enemy air attacks. Avenger units
  and Stinger teams may support the fixing force by engaging aerial surveillance and attack platforms from
  pre-positioned locations. Both have limited mobility and survivability; they cannot keep pace with
  mechanized forces on the move and lack suitable protection. Avengers and Stinger teams will generally be
  emplaced to defend the security force and the more critical static assets of the supported unit (for example,
  the C2 elements).
  RETROGRADE
  A retrograde is a transitional operation. It is always part of a larger scheme of maneuver designed to
  regain the initiative and defeat the enemy.
  Depending on the size and the mission of the covering force, the SHORAD plan may allocate some air
  defense to the covering force, assuming that the covering force's mission is to not to destroy the lead elements
  of the enemy force. M-SHORAD can maneuver with the covering force and provide the required protection
  against air threats. Avenger and Stinger are adept at providing over watching fires of a covering force that is
  used as a screening force providing information. Since the covering force units are typically not the air
  defense priority, the covering force units normally rely on passive air defense.
  HOMELAND DEFENSE
  Homeland defense is the protection of United States sovereignty, territory, domestic population, and
  critical infrastructure against external threats and aggression or other threats as directed by the President (JP
  3-27). This calls for defending U.S. territory against attack by state and non-state actors through an active,
  layered defense that aims to deter and defeat aggression abroad and simultaneously protect the homeland.
  The Army supports this strategy with capabilities in forward regions of the world, geographic approaches to
  U.S. territory, and within the U.S. homeland. During homeland defense, Army forces work closely with
  federal, state, territorial, tribal, local, and private agencies.
  SHORAD units play a significant role in the National Capital Region, which includes Washington,
  D.C. and parts of Maryland and Virginia. The air defense mission is to provide C2 and air defense to detect,
  deter, divert, and, if necessary, destroy enemy air threats, thereby allowing freedom of action for national
  senior leaders. The joint air defense operations center, a multi-service military capability, provides C2 of the
  ground-based air defense weapon systems, supported by sensors and a warning system.
  STABILITY OPERATIONS
  A stability operation is an operation conducted outside the United States in coordination with other
  instruments of national power to establish or maintain a secure environment and provide essential
  governmental services, emergency infrastructure reconstruction, and humanitarian relief (ADP 3-0). This