text: Chapter 6
  THE OPERATIONAL FRAMEWORK IN A MARITIME
  ENVIRONMENT
  6-29. While the operational framework also applies to the maritime environment, the varying distances of
  maritime surface areas and sizes of land masses challenge what constitutes deep, close, and rear operations.
  Sustainment of operations in a maritime environment will be noncontiguous, with sustainment and
  operational forces physically separated by bodies of water. Sustainment forces must be prepared to
  simultaneously support offensive and defensive operations in the maritime environment. Army watercraft
  may be required to support amphibious landings and RSOI operations while defending against surface and
  sub-surface threats. Coordination with joint, allied, and multinational partners will be essential in sustaining
  operations across the operational framework in a maritime environment.
  6-30. The unified command plan designates the AOR. Within that AOR, a larger maritime OE might have
  several JOAs to facilitate command and control and resource prioritization. A JOA is established for
  operations within an AOR that are specialized or limited in scope or duration. The JFC will designate joint
  security areas and direct military operations as a JTF. In a maritime environment, the joint security area can
  be separated by water over a large distance and may not be in areas that are actively engaged in combat. A
  theater Army headquarters or TSC may be required to conduct theater sustainment operations from a single
  designated joint security area or from multiple locations, depending on mission requirements.
  ASSIGNING AN AREA OF OPERATIONS
  6-31. An area of operations is an operational area defined by a commander for the land or maritime force
  commander to accomplish their missions and protect their forces (JP 3-0). Sustainment forces must be
  prepared to support multiple Aos within a maritime environment. Large islands may allow a contiguous AO
  with forces operating adjacent to one another. Smaller islands may require a noncontiguous AO with forces
  operating in a dispersed nature.
  SUSTAINING DEEP OPERATIONS
  6-32. Sustaining deep operations in a maritime environment will require sustainment forces to be prepared
  to support information collection, SOF, and fires. Sustainment leaders must be prepared for the employment
  of enemy antiaccess and area denial capabilities such as aerial assets, mines, submarines, and the use of fires
  to limit or restrict movement of sustainment forces. Sustainment planners should plan for increased
  ammunition requirements for long range fires to negate enemy actions and the use of joint and other assets
  to maintain freedom of movement and access to sea LOCs.
  SUSTAINING CLOSE OPERATIONS
  6-33. Sustaining close operations will require sustainment planners to support corps and division units
  executing offensive operations. The use of joint, allied, and multinational assets will be key in sustaining
  close operations that may be conducted in multiple locations within a maritime environment. Close operations
  may have some forward forces operating isolated and disconnected from support. Sustainment planners must
  consider this condition and develop methods to sustain these units. Methods could include increasing combat
  loads, using aerial delivery, and staging supplies using ISBs.
  SUSTAINING REAR OPERATIONS
  6-34. Sustaining rear operations will require sustainment planners to be prepared to set and sustain theater
  operations. Rear operations in a maritime environment will present unique sustainment challenges and
  circumstances to Army forces. Sustainment leaders must understand that time and distance will impact the
  ability to sustain forces separated by distance and water. RSOI could occur thousands of miles away from
  where a unit would be employed in combat. The use of ISBs may shorten distances between rear operations
  and forward-located forces. The use of aerial delivery may prove essential in providing critical supplies.
  Sustainment planners should also consider coordination with joint, allied, and multinational partners for use
  of watercraft and aerial assets to support operations in a maritime environment.
  6-35. Protection of sustainment forces operating in the maritime environment will be a critical consideration
  for planners. Sustainment operations in the rear will face challenges from both waterborne and airborne
  threats. Potential means of interdicting or disrupting rear operations include the use of mines and submarine