text: Chapter 1
  COMMAND AND CONTROL OF AIR AND MISSILE DEFENSE
  FORCES
  Command and control is the exercise of authority and direction by a properly designated commander
  over assigned and attached forces in the accomplishment of the mission (JP 1). Command of AMD forces
  and the control of AMD fires are derived from separate authorities. Army commanders exercise command.
  However, because AMD fires occur in the airspace, they are controlled by the area air defense commander.
  The area air defense commander is the component commander with the preponderance of air defense
  capability and the required command, control, and communications capabilities who is assigned by the joint
  force commander to plan and execute integrated air defense operations (JP 3-01). This complex C2
  environment results in the following set of conditions, which characterize nearly all AMD operations:
  * AMD operations are inherently joint and interdependent.
  * Army AMD operations require an integrated and networked C2 system.
  * Command of ADA forces is exercised by Army commanders.
  * Control of Army AMD fires is exercised in accordance with JFC directives and by delegated
  authorities.
  AMD operations are inherently joint and interdependent. The joint force commander depends on the
  Army to execute AMD of critical assets from the land within the context of a larger joint counterair mission,
  which includes offensive and defensive operations. As the primary land-based AMD force to the larger joint
  defensive counterair effort, ADA forces depend on other service capabilities to provide space-, air-, and land-
  based intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance to detect, track, provide early warning of air and missile
  threats, and cue ADA weapon systems to effectively counter these threats. The combination of Army AMD
  capabilities brought to the joint counterair effort, coupled with the support required of other services, make
  AMD operations inherently joint and interdependent.
  Army AMD operations require an integrated and networked C2 system. ADA forces' dependence on
  other service capabilities, as well as on each other, requires that all contributing systems (or sensor and
  shooter components) be networked and integrated to the greatest extent possible to facilitate a shared
  understanding of the operational environment for the air domain. Current capabilities are somewhat limited
  in the extent to which they are able to network and integrate due to their unique system interfaces. These
  capabilities rely on joint tactical data links to share track data and coordinate engagements. To overcome the
  system-centric limitations to integration, the Army is developing a comprehensive and common networked
  C2 capability package that will leverage all relevant external data links for full joint integration.
  Command of ADA forces is exercised by Army commanders. Although AMD operations are
  inherently joint and interdependent, the command of ADA forces is always retained by Army commanders
  and cannot be delegated. Command of ADA forces includes the authority and responsibility for effectively
  using available resources and for planning the employment of, organizing, directing, coordinating, and
  controlling forces for the accomplishment of assigned missions.
  Control of Army AMD fires is exercised in accordance with JFC directives and by delegated
  authorities. Control of AMD engagements is executed through various personnel and agencies that
  collectively constitute the engagement authorities in the kill chain. An engagement authority is an authority
  vested with a joint force commander that may be delegated to a subordinate commander, that permits an
  engagement decision (JP 3-01). The joint force commander appoints an area air defense commander and
  delegates the responsibility for planning and coordinating air operations, as well as authorizing engagements,
  to this commander. The area air defense commander may further delegate these responsibilities to a regional
  or sector air defense commander. The area air defense commander normally has operational control of their
  service's component forces and tactical control or direct support of the other forces made available for tasking.
  Tactical control and the near-real-time exercise of the kill chain are generally applied to high-to-medium
  altitude air defense units, but not to SHORAD units. For more information on controlling authorities, see FM
  3-01.