text: Appendix J
  Night Operations
  Night-fighting skills are necessary and are combat multipliers. Infantry forces use
  these skills to gain tactical and psychological advantages. Night operations do not
  rely on technology for success--commanders can plan and execute them with or
  without the use of night vision devices. In fact, for LRSU, night operations are
  the norm.
  This appendix lists the psychological, physiological, and physical effects of
  night-fighting. It also discusses the techniques used to maintain direction, control,
  and surprise. Some of these apply in other limited visibility conditions such as fog,
  rain, snow, and sandstorms.
  NIGHT VISION
  J-1. At night, the eye uses spiral eye cells called rods. These cells cannot differentiate color, and are
  easily blinded by light. This creates a central blind spot, which causes the viewer to miss larger objects as
  distances increase.
  PROTECTION OF NIGHT VISION
  J-2. Soldiers who work and perform tasks in daylight experience a reduction in night vision. Exposure
  to intense sunlight for two to five hours significantly decreases visual sensitivity for up to five additional
  hours. Sunlight magnified by reflective surfaces such as sand or snow reduces the rate of adaptability to the
  dark and it reduces general night vision even more. These effects are cumulative and may persist for
  several days. Consequently, Soldiers scheduled for night operations should wear military, neutral-density
  (N-15) sunglasses (or the equivalent) in bright sunlight.
  NIGHT-VISION SCANNING
  J-3. Soldiers use the night-vision-scanning technique to overcome physiological limitations and reduce
  illusions. It also protects their night vision and dark adaptation capabilities. The night-vision-scanning
  technique involves scanning slowly and regularly from right to left or from left to right (Figure J-1).
  Granted, this is the same as scanning in daylight. The difference is that, at night, Soldiers must also avoid
  looking directly at faintly visible objects.