text: Space Operational Environment
  2-41. The frequency band influences the throughput capacity and amount of protection provided to the
  communications system, such as interference, anti-jam capability, probability of interception, and probability
  of detection capabilities. Military SATCOM uses a range of frequencies to meet user requirements at all
  levels of conflict. Ultrahigh frequency and super-high frequency bands lend themselves to supporting
  SATCOM in benign and degraded environments, whereas, extremely high frequency lends itself to providing
  greater protection in highly contested or nuclear environments.
  CONTESTED SPACE OPERATIONAL ENVIRONMENT
  2-42. It is understood all warfare is contested. As warfare has evolved, the OE has expanded into all
  domains. Battles are waged in an OE where physical forces, capabilities, and effects are dependent on the
  EMS and characterized by a contested EME.
  2-43. A contested EME applies to a wide variety of operations, including, but not limited to space
  operations, cyberspace, electronic warfare, missile warning, terrestrial and space weather, lethal and non-
  lethal fires, intelligence, and information operations. A contested EME may affect operations in one or
  multiple domains. Operating within a contested EME has the potential to severely impact operations across
  all missions.
  2-44. A permissive environment is an OE in which host country military and law enforcement agencies
  have control, as well as the intent and capability to assist operations that a unit intends to conduct (JP 3-0).
  Permissive environments identify circumstances where adversaries show negligible domain influence and
  minimal effects to friendly operations. The U.S. has been operating almost exclusively in a permissive space
  domain for most of the last half century. Today, conducting space operations entirely in a permissive
  environment is rare.
  2-45. A hostile environment is an OE in which host government forces, whether opposed to or receptive to
  operations that a unit intends to conduct, do not have control of the territory and population in the intended
  operational area (JP 3-0). Hostile environments describe circumstances where threat actors deliberately
  exhibit unfavorable influence upon one or more domains producing effects which impact friendly operations.
  2-46. A contested space domain creates a hostile environment where threat actors exert persistent,
  successful influence on the space domain or EMS producing pronounced effects on space operations. Like
  other domains, operations within the space domain are constantly being contested. A contested EME may
  affect operations across all domains, and impact active and passive measures.
  2-47. Threat actors have developed capabilities which can contest the space domain and attack the ground,
  link, and space segments of SATCOM, PNT, missile warning, space-based surveillance and reconnaissance,
  environmental monitoring and other electromagnetic envrionment efforts. These attacks can have significant
  impact on all mission operations, and can significantly disrupt timelines and resources required to accomplish
  the mission. When operating in a contested space environment, commanders must consider defensive efforts
  and planning for when to request the use of offensive space operations. It is likely the enemy will use
  counterspace capabilities regularly and often as they are inexpensive to obtain, easy to produce, and often
  difficult to locate. Thus, an enemy can contest the space environment to degrade a window of opportunity
  during an attempt to penetrate enemy defense.
  2-48. The space planner must understand the system strengths, weaknesses, and limitations of joint and
  partner nations when considering the usage and integration of their space capabilities. They must have a
  knowledge of the threats to those systems and understanding what steps can be taken to prevent or limit an
  adversary’s access to those vulnerabilities. This understanding assists in the assessment of the operational
  risk and potential mitigation measures for the joint force if space capabilities are degraded or lost.
  ANTIACCESS AND AREA DENIAL STRATEGY
  2-49. A contested environment is often characterized by an impaired ability to conduct operations due to
  the employment of A2 and AD strategies. Generally, A2 affects movement to a theater while AD affects
  movement within a theater.