text: FM 7-100.1________________________________________________________________________________
  TACTICAL-LEVEL ASSETS
  9-89. Aside from air defense assets that might be allocated down from the
  operational level, tactical maneuver units have a number of systems de-
  signed for air defense. They also have systems belonging to other arms that
  can contribute to the air defense mission.
  Air Defense Systems
  9-90. Tactical-level air defense includes short- and medium-range SAMs,
  short-range AA guns, and shoulder-fired SAMs. Tactical assets may also
  include some combination AA gun and missile systems, offering added
  flexibility. The OPFOR’s tactical air defenses support the need to protect
  ground forces and the desire to seize any opportunity to shoot down high-
  visibility (flagship) enemy airframes.
  9-91. The Army considers every soldier with a shoulder-fired SAM to be an
  air defense firing unit. These weapons are readily available at a relatively
  low cost. Therefore, the OPFOR is acquiring as many of them as possible,
  within economic constraints, and issuing them in large numbers to a wide
  variety of units. The small size and easy portability of these systems provides
  the opportunity for ambush of enemy airframes operating in any area near
  OPFOR units. The OPFOR could also employ them to set ambushes for enemy
  helicopters in an attempt to bring down what it perceives to be an enemy flag-
  ship system.
  9-92. Radar-controlled self-propelled AA guns can fire on the move. Aside
  from short-range air defense, they also can be employed against all but the
  heaviest of enemy ground force systems, as well as against personnel, with
  devastating effects. Shoulder-fired SAMs can also find use against light vehi-
  cles when other, more likely systems are unavailable.
  Other Arms
  9-93. Throughout maneuver units, there are also a number of other systems
  that can be used in an air defense role. The heavy AA machineguns on tanks
  are specifically designed for air defense, although they can also be used
  against ground targets. Machineguns on APCs and automatic cannon on
  IFVs can engage both ground and air targets. Some ATGMs can be effective
  against low-flying rotary-wing aircraft. Field artillery and small arms can
  also be integral parts of the air defense scheme.
  9-94. A variety of relatively new systems, which significantly enhance air defense
  capabilities, have entered the OPFOR inventory. These include remote heli-
  copter infrared (IR) sensing devices and passive acoustic acquisition systems.
  Antihelicopter mines are widely available and increase the OPFOR ability to
  deny firing positions and landing sites to enemy rotary-wing aircraft. Another
  example of OPFOR all-arms air defense is the use of artillery in conjunction
  with antihelicopter mines against attack helicopter firing positions.
  9-95. The OPFOR continuously looks for new and adaptive ways of employ-
  ing not only air defense systems but also systems not traditionally associated
  with air defense. It attempts to adapt these systems and develop new tactics