text: _________________________________________________________________________________Chapter 9
  9-10. A closely related concept is that air defense weapons, radars, and asso-
  ciated equipment cannot be regarded as single pieces of equipment or even
  units engaged in combat actions but as parts of an integrated air defense system
  (IADS). Proper integration of these assets in mission planning and execution is
  the only way the commander can effectively deal with the enemy air threat.
  PRINCIPLES
  9-11. In pursuit of these goals and concepts, the OPFOR follows several basic
  principles when conducting air defense: surprise, firepower, mobility, conti-
  nuity, initiative, coordination, and security. Of these, the element of surprise
  is the most critical.
  Surprise
  9-12. Achieving surprise is fundamental to successful air defense. Surprise
  can be achieved by
  • Positioning air defense systems in unexpected locations.
  • Using other arms for air defense.
  • Using camouflage, concealment, cover, and deception (C3D).
  The OPFOR is aware of the potential physical destruction it can achieve by
  attacking an unsuspecting and unprepared enemy. It is also aware of the
  psychological effects of violent and unexpected fires on aviation crews. These
  effects are often only temporary, but at critical moments they can reduce the
  effectiveness of aircrews preparing to attack.
  9-13. The element of surprise is also increasingly important because of
  modern technological advances. The speed and evasiveness of modern air-
  craft reduce engagement times. Modern aircraft also have a great amount of
  firepower with which to suppress air defenses. These two factors make it
  necessary for units to achieve some degree of surprise. Of course, the air
  enemy also is trying to achieve surprise, and the OPFOR must consider how
  enemy aircraft might exploit the terrain in making a concealed approach.
  9-14. The principle of surprise is also important in the wider context of
  denying the enemy's intelligence organization an accurate and comprehensive
  picture of the deployment of air defense weapons and radars. Otherwise, the en-
  emy also can use air defense formations as a principal means of determining the
  organization for combat and organization of forces of supported maneuver units.
  Firepower
  9-15. The OPFOR force structure includes a wide variety of air defense
  weapons (both missiles and guns). This mix of capabilities gives ground force
  commanders outstanding firepower for air defense. It is important that air
  defense planning consider and employ all assets available, across all arms, to
  achieve maximum firepower.
  Mobility
  9-16. Air defense assets must have mobility comparable to the ground forces
  for which they provide cover. When planning air defense, the commander
  must always consider the mobility of air defense weapons and the time required