text: FM 2-22.3 _________________________________________________________________________________
  APPROACH TECHNIQUES
  8-17. The approaches listed are not guaranteed solutions for every situation.
  Some individual approaches that may be suitable for one operating
  environment, such as when conducting HUMINT contact operations, may be
  ineffective in another, such as interrogation. Some will be successful with
  one source and ineffective with another. In any case, everything the
  HUMINT collector says and does must be in compliance with the applicable
  law and policy under which the HUMINT collector is operating. Applicable
  law and policy include US law; the law of war; relevant international law;
  relevant directives including DOD Directive 3115.09, “DOD Intelligence
  Interrogations, Detainee Debriefings, and Tactical Questioning”; DOD
  Directive 2310.1E, “The Department of Defense Detainee Program”; DOD
  instructions; and military execute orders including FRAGOs.
  8-18. There are 18 approach techniques that can be employed on any
  detainee regardless of status or characterization, including EPWs.
  Additionally, there is one restricted interrogation technique called separation
  (see Appendix M). Separation cannot be employed on EPWs. With the
  exception of the direct approach, which may be effective by itself, approach
  techniques are used in combination with other approaches and techniques.
  Transitions from one approach to another must be smooth, logical, and
  convincing.
  DIRECT APPROACH
  8-19. (Interrogation and Other MSO) Almost all HUMINT collection begins
  with the direct approach. The exception to this is during elicitation
  operations that by their very nature are indirect. In using the direct
  approach, the HUMINT collector asks direct questions (see Chapter 9). The
  initial questions may be administrative or nonpertinent but the HUMINT
  collector quickly begins asking pertinent questions. The HUMINT collector
  will continue to use direct questions as long as the source is answering the
  questions in a truthful manner. When the source refuses to answer, avoids
  answering, or falsely answers a pertinent question, the HUMINT collector
  will begin an alternate approach strategy. The fact that the source is
  answering questions does not preclude the HUMINT collector from providing
  an incentive to reward the source and continue his cooperation as long as
  that incentive does not slow down the collection. For example, a HUMINT
  collector might offer the source coffee or cigarettes to reward his cooperation.
  See Chapter 9 for the use of Repeat and Control questions in detecting
  deception.
  8-20. Statistics from interrogation operations in World War II show that the
  direct approach was effective 90 percent of the time. In Vietnam and in
  Operations URGENT FURY (Grenada, 1983), JUST CAUSE (Panama, 1989),
  and DESERT STORM (Kuwait and Iraq, 1991), the direct approach was 95
  percent effective. The effectiveness of the direct approach in Operations
  ENDURING FREEDOM (Afghanistan, 2001-2002) and IRAQI FREEDOM
  (Iraq, 2003) are still being studied; however, unofficial studies indicate that
  in these operations, the direct approach has been dramatically less
  successful. The direct approach is frequently employed at lower echelons
  when the tactical situation precludes selecting other techniques, and where