text: Chapter 1
  1-109. A physical advantage occurs when a force holds the initiative in terms of a combination of
  quantitative capabilities, qualitative capabilities, or geographical positioning. Physical advantages are most
  familiar to tactical forces, and they are typically the immediate goal of most tactical operations. Finding
  enemy forces, defeating enemy forces, and seizing land areas typically requires the creation and exploitation
  of multiple physical advantages, including occupation of key terrain, the physical isolation of enemy forces,
  and the destruction of enemy units. While this dominates tactical operations, leaders understand that physical
  advantages both complement and are complemented by human and information advantages.
  1-110. Examples of physical advantage include favorable geography, superior equipment, quantity of
  resources, and favorable combat power ratios. Superior equipment and favorable geography provide options
  for seizing the initiative. Superior combat power allows friendly forces to engage enemy forces on favorable
  terms. The exploitation of physical advantages reduces an enemy force’s capacity to fight, creating
  information and human advantages. Physical advantages implicitly communicate a message that can
  influence enemy forces’ will to fight, sway popular support, and influence enemy risk calculus.
  Information Dimension
  1-111. The information dimension is the content, data, and processes that individuals, groups, and
  information systems use to communicate. Information systems include the technical processes and
  analytics used to exchange information. The information dimension contains the information itself, including
  text and images. It also includes the flow or communication pathways of information. Information exchange
  may be in the form of electromagnetic transmission, print, or speech. The information dimension connects
  humans to the physical world.
  1-112. Information transits through all domains in some way or another, whether in electromagnetic
  transmissions through cyberspace, radar data collected by a destroyer, leaflets dropped from aircraft, social
  media messaging, books, or satellite photography collected in and transmitted from space. Information,
  whether true, false, or somewhere in between, is used by friendly, enemy, adversary, and neutral actors to
  influence the perceptions, decision making, and behavior of individuals and groups. Effective employment
  of information depends on the audience, message, and method of delivery.
  1-113. Information is available globally in near-real time. The ability to access information—from
  anywhere, at any time—broadens and accelerates human interaction, including person to person, person to
  organization, person to government, and government to government. Social media enables the swift
  mobilization of people and resources around ideas and causes, even before they are fully understood.
  Disinformation creates malign narratives that can disseminate quickly and instill an array of emotions and
  behaviors among groups, ranging from disinterest to violence. From a military standpoint, information
  enables decision making, leadership, and combat power; it is also a key component of combat power
  necessary for seizing, retaining, and exploiting the initiative and consolidating gains.
  1-114. An information advantage is the operational benefit derived when friendly forces understand and
  exploit the informational considerations of the operational environment to achieve information objectives
  while denying the threat’s ability to do the same. Army forces employ human and physical aspects of the
  operational environment to gain information advantages. Most types of information advantage result from
  physical and human factors or activities intrinsic to the operations Army forces conduct. The side possessing
  better information and using that information more effectively to understand and make decisions has an
  information advantage. A force that effectively communicates and protects its information while preventing
  the enemy from doing the same has an advantage. A force that uses information to deceive and confuse an
  opponent has an advantage. Using information to influence relevant actor behavior more effectively than an
  adversary or enemy is another information advantage.
  Human Dimension
  1-115. The human dimension encompasses people and the interaction between individuals and
  groups, how they understand information and events, make decisions, generate will, and act within an
  operational environment. The will to act and fight emerges from the complex interrelationship of culture,
  emotion, and behavior. Influencing these factors—by affecting attitudes, beliefs, motivations, and
  perceptions—underpins the achievement of military objectives.