text: Army Operations in Maritime Environments
  echelons and highly synchronized employment of Army and joint capabilities that can reinforce success and
  ensure landing force survivability under conditions where reinforcement or support may not be readily
  available. Planning for forcible entry also includes planning for—
  (cid:122) Force concealment as part of a larger joint military deception operation.
  (cid:122) Maritime clearance of mines in the vicinity of transportation lanes, landing beaches, and shore-
  based sustainment nodes.
  (cid:122) Maritime and hydrographic reconnaissance for landing beaches and sea approach lanes.
  (cid:122) Accurate prediction of weather and tidal conditions.
  (cid:122) Seabasing of supporting aviation resources, such as aeromedical evacuation or attack aviation.
  (cid:122) Assault breaching and beach clearance of anti-landing obstacles, which may include mines.
  (cid:122) Status of civil and local national inhabited areas, to both conceal landing forces and prevent
  civilian casualties.
  7-62. Pre-landing operations take place between the commencement of the action phase (arrival of the
  amphibious force into the operational area) and the ship-to-shore movement. There is rarely a clear transition
  between support and pre-landing operations, and this must be planned for and clearly communicated across
  echelons prior to execution. Some planning considerations during this phase include—
  (cid:122) Obstacle clearance (including perimeter and main barrier minefields and the engineer and beach
  barriers that canalize landing forces) and marking usable sea and shore channels for follow-on
  forces.
  (cid:122) Integration of naval fire support.
  (cid:122) Integration of air support, including electromagnetic warfare and airspace between the landing
  force and amphibious task force.
  (cid:122) Clearance of fires on landing areas.
  (cid:122) Ammunition and fuel expenditure prior to landing.
  (cid:122) Loss and recovery of equipment prior to landing.
  (cid:122) Loss of personnel and recovery of casualties prior to landing.
  (cid:122) Resupply and rearming schedule for amphibious and landing forces.
  (cid:122) Landing force requirements to support other forces prior to and after the landing assault.
  (cid:122) Organization and location of reserve in a similar manner as the assault force.
  7-63. During an amphibious operation, a subsidiary landing outside the designated landing area is normally
  conducted by elements of the amphibious task force to support the main landing. Subsidiary landings should
  be planned and executed by commanders with the same precision as the main landing. Amphibious
  re-embarkation for follow-on operations may require additional support from specialized units or other
  Service forces and additional logistics support to replace lost or damaged equipment and depleted supplies.
  For tactical echelons, combat rubber raiding craft can provide flexibility to amphibious operations, including
  movement to reconnaissance objectives and subsidiary landings sites, movement of forces inland from a
  coast along waterways, or recovery of casualties to support vessels. Additionally, Army planning must
  account for casualties and the continued medical treatment of patients, potential for CBRN decontamination,
  requirement to transport remains or provide mortuary services, transportation and transfer of enemy
  detainees, and logistics to support basic sustenance ashore. (See JP 3-02 for more information about the
  fundamentals of planning and executing joint amphibious operations. See MCTP 13-10M for more detailed
  information and considerations on amphibious embarkation. See ATP 3-17.2 for tactical considerations on
  movement from ship to shore and the C2 of shore and beach parties.)
  SUSTAIN LARGE-SCALE COMBAT OPERATIONS IN MARITIME
  ENVIRONMENTS
  7-64. Setting and sustaining a maritime theater includes RSOI of personnel and equipment and the protection
  of forward-positioned forces critical to the security of key strategic assets, such as theater AMD, airfields,
  ports, and sea lanes. Army watercraft are essential to sustainment in maritime environments as they are
  designed to perform missions specifically related to intratheater movement of combat power and sustainment.