text: Threats
  high-value systems (for example, short-range, ballistic missiles, and surface-to-air missile launchers).
  Deception may also include the enemy’s ability to mask their signature in the EMS preventing U.S. forces
  from being able to discern between an enemy’s electromagnetic signature and that of a host nation or civilian
  signature.
  The enemy exploits safe havens within hostile states or in ungoverned areas and takes advantage of
  subterranean infrastructures (for example, tunnels, underground facilities, sewers, and drainage systems) to
  avoid detection. Enemies evade precision fires by employing Global Positioning System jammers around
  possible targets, preventing accurate engagements. As enemies evade U.S. and coalition forces, they
  simultaneously seek to expand their freedom of movement through intimidation and coercion.
  Note. Russia conducts counterreconnaissance by locating, defeating and destroying enemy
  reconnaissance efforts. They will use dummy positions and radio nets, conduct false movement, and
  camouflage real and dummy positions. Create a false forward edge of defense. Check the effectiveness of
  camouflage habitually and particularly from the air.
  OVERVIEW ENEMY RECONNAISSANCE AND SECURITY OPERATIONS
  The enemy conducts reconnaissance operations to assess a BCT’s strengths and weaknesses, identify
  opportunities, achieve positions of relative advantage, and to neutralize a BCT’s mobility and firepower
  strengths. Enemy security operations protect their key elements of combat power, giving their commanders
  information and decision space, and enable affective risk assessment. A conventional enemy executes tactical
  reconnaissance in which ground reconnaissance forces use one or more forms of reconnaissance to meet
  intelligence collection requirements.
  Russia’s utilization of drones is an example of peer and near peer threat reconnaissance tactics. The
  employment of drones and UAS is not to conduct aerial observation exclusively; instead, they are part of a
  highly-integrated system that benefits from operating under the protection of a dense, integrated air defense
  system coverage and long-range strike capability. The Russians’ reconnaissance-strike model is an
  amalgamation of drones, armed UAS, rocket and artillery fire, and special reconnaissance. Russian’s cyber
  capabilities have geo-locating technology that delivers impressive tactical and operational results. This strike
  may focus on friendly reconnaissance elements, or it may focus on command and control, fires, or
  sustainment elements necessary to support reconnaissance.
  Enemy reconnaissance elements execute multiple forms of reconnaissance to include combat
  reconnaissance in which ground reconnaissance forces conduct direct action against an opposing force to
  force the other commander to make a decision. Other forms of reconnaissance include reconnaissance by fire
  and technical reconnaissance in which electronic intelligence and signal intelligence capabilities are used to
  support collection efforts through surveillance of the electromagnetic spectrum. Similar to U.S. ground
  reconnaissance forces, enemy conventional forces augment their ground reconnaissance forces with a host
  of enablers that support rapid and aggressive information collection.
  Enemy reconnaissance elements can operate among the civilian population to avoid detection. The
  enemy can employ regular or irregular forces amongst the civilian population to gain and maintain contact
  with an opposing force while avoiding a direct engagement. Enabled with UAS, SIGINT, or electromagnetic
  warfare capabilities an enemy reconnaissance force hidden among a civilian population can conduct effective
  information collection that can result in accurate indirect fires or degradation of friendly force’s command
  and control systems.
  COUNTERRECONNAISSANCE
  The enemy conducts deliberate counterreconnaissance tasks to deny the BCT their ability to develop
  the situation in close contact or close operations with the enemy and civilian population. Conventional enemy
  counterreconnaissance efforts include antiarmor and antipersonnel ambushes, indirect fires, UAS
  capabilities, fixed- and rotary-wing aircraft, electromagnetic countermeasures, cyberspace attacks, raids, and
  spoiling attacks to degrade a BCT’s reconnaissance and security operations.