text: Chapter 9
  Brigade and Below Information Operations
  9-1. IO integration and synchronization activities are essential to mission success at all levels. At brigade
  and below, units synchronize fewer IRCs but their effects are more immediate and, proportionately, more
  integral to achieving unit objectives. Brigade and below and especially small-unit operations require Soldiers
  to be ready and capable of effectively engaging the local populace while part of patrols, convoys, and tactical
  actions. Brigade and below operations also take advantage of effects being achieved by IRCs at higher levels
  and makes them relevant to a unit’s area of operations.
  9-2. As an example, IO considerations during patrols expand the purpose of patrols beyond combat
  operations and reconnaissance. Patrols always create effects in the information environment. In addition to
  gathering information, patrols can execute psychological actions, deliver messages, disseminate information,
  and influence target audiences through presence and direct interaction. Lower-echelon units must therefore
  shape this presence to reinforce the commander’s intent. Their presence is further shaped and amplified
  through the use of available higher-echelon IRCs, such as military information support operations (MISO),
  public affairs, and civil affairs operations. Individual Soldiers must be able to engage the local population
  and deliver messages in such a way that they influence target and audience behavior in accordance with
  objectives.
  PRESENCE, PROFILE, AND POSTURE
  9-3. Presence, profile and posture are interrelated terms that define and describe a unit's visual, aural, and
  oral presentation to others. Everything a unit or Soldier does speaks, in some manner, to those who witness
  or hear it. Presence, profile and posture are an active means by which units can shape sentiments through
  physical, visual, and audible actions.
  PRESENCE
  9-4. Presence, the act of being physically present, always sends a message. Presence can be menacing or
  reassuring, depending on the situation. Absence, or the lack of presence, can create perceptions that work for
  or against the unit’s aims. Being very conscious and deliberate about being present or absent can be a
  powerful form of influence and should not be left to chance. Once units determine that presence is required,
  or that there is no choice but to be present, how they convey that presence is important. Both profile and
  posture address the way that units, patrols, and Soldiers are present.
  PROFILE
  9-5. Profile is about the degree of presence, both in terms of quantity and quality. Quantity is reflected in
  how much a unit is present, as in its footprint or task organization. Quality speaks to the nature of that
  presence, as in its current capability, as well as its reputation.
  9-6. During the conduct of offensive- and defensive-focused operations, a unit tends to optimize its profile,
  not simply in number of forces but in terms of all assets or effects it can bring to bear. Here is where an
  information-related capability (IRC) like military deception can play a significant role. It allows commanders
  to make their force appear larger or more substantial than it is. In contrast, during stability-focused operations,
  the aim is often to keep one’s profile to a minimum—to conduct an operation with the smallest force
  necessary to ensure force protection but not appear unduly threatening. Therefore, a unit’s profile may be
  both minimized and optimized through partnership efforts with local national security forces.