text: Cyberspace Operations and Electromagnetic Warfare Fundamentals
  * Implementing procedures to define the roles, responsibilities, policies, and administrative
  functions for managing DODIN operations.
  2-18. Refer to FM 6-02 for DODIN operations tactics. Refer to ATP 6-02.71 for DODIN operations
  techniques.
  CYBERSPACE EXPLOITATION
  2-19. Cyberspace exploitation consists of actions taken in cyberspace to gain intelligence, maneuver, collect
  information, or perform other enabling actions required to prepare for future military operations (JP 3-12).
  These operations must be authorized through mission orders and are part of OCO or DCO-RA actions in gray
  or red cyberspace that do not create cyberspace attack effects, and are often intended to remain clandestine.
  Cyberspace exploitation includes activities to support operational preparation of the environment for current
  and future operations by gaining and maintaining access to networks, systems, and nodes of military value;
  maneuvering to positions of advantage within cyberspace; and positioning cyberspace capabilities to
  facilitate follow-on actions. Cyberspace exploitation actions are deconflicted with other United States
  Government departments and agencies in accordance with national policy.
  CYBERSPACE ATTACK
  2-20. Cyberspace attack actions taken in cyberspace that create noticeable denial effects (i.e., degradation,
  disruption, or destruction) in cyberspace or manipulation that leads to denial effects in the physical domains
  (JP 3-12). A cyberspace attack creates effects in and through cyberspace and may result in physical
  destruction. Modification or destruction of cyberspace capabilities that control physical processes can lead
  to effects in the physical domains. Some illustrative examples of common effects created by a cyberspace
  attack include—
  * Deny. To prevent access to, operation of, or availability of a target function by a specified level
  for a specified time (JP 3-12). Cyberspace attacks deny the enemy’s ability to access cyberspace
  by hindering hardware and software functionalities for a specific duration of time.
  * Degrade. To deny access to, or operation of, a target to a level represented as a percentage of
  capacity. Level of degradation is specified. If a specific time is required, it can be specified (JP 3-
  12).
  * Disrupt. To completely but temporarily deny access to, or operation of, a target for a period of
  time. A desired start and stop time are normally specified. Disruption can be considered a special
  case of degradation where the degradation level is 100 percent (JP 3-12). Commanders can use
  cyberspace attacks that temporarily but completely deny an enemy’s ability to access cyberspace
  or communication links to disrupt decision making, ability to organize formations, and conduct
  command and control. Disruption effects in cyberspace are usually limited in duration.
  * Destroy. To completely and irreparably deny access to, or operation of, a target. Destruction
  maximizes the time and amount of denial. However, destruction is scoped according to the span
  of a conflict, since many targets, given enough time and resources, can be reconstituted (JP 3-12).
  Commanders can use cyberspace attacks to destroy hardware and software beyond repair where
  replacement is required to restore system function. Destruction of enemy cyberspace capabilities
  could include irreversible corruption to system software causing loss of data and information, or
  irreparable damage to hardware such as the computer processor, hard drive, or power supply on a
  system or systems on the enemy’s network.
  * Manipulate. Manipulation, as a form of cyberspace attack, controls or changes information,
  information systems, and/or networks in gray or red cyberspace to create physical denial effects,
  using deception, decoying, conditioning, spoofing, falsification, and other similar techniques. It
  uses an adversary’s information resources for friendly purposes, to create denial effects not
  immediately apparent in cyberspace (JP 3-12). Commanders can use cyberspace attacks to
  manipulate enemy information or information systems in support of tactical deception objectives
  or as part of joint military deception. Refer to FM 3-13.4 for information on Army support to
  military deception.