text: Chapter 2
  it causes confusion to the enemy and gives joint and unified action partners the advantage. The results are a
  convergence of effects, synchronized across all domains, where effects in the deep area may immediately
  influence the close fight, where the dominate phase influences the shape phase and the battlefield shrinks
  immensely for both time and battlespace Creating and exploiting short windows of advantage is essential for
  success on the modern battlefield.
  HAZARDS, THREATS, AND VULNERABILITIES
  2-80. A hazard is a condition with the potential to cause injury, illness, or death of personnel; damage to
  or loss of equipment or property; or mission degradation (JP 3-33). Hazards are different from threats—they
  are usually predictable and preventable, and may be reduced through effective risk management efforts.
  Hazardous conditions are able to destroy life, damage vital resources, and prevent mission accomplishment.
  Understanding hazards and their effects on space operations allows the commander to better understand the
  terrain, weather, and other factors that support the mission. Understanding hazards also helps the commander
  visualize potential impacts on operations, if they occur. Successful interpretation of the environment aids in
  correctly opposing threat courses of action within a given geographical region.
  2-81. Naturally occuring hazards in the space environment are the result of electromagnetic interference,
  which is the result of complex interactions between the Sun’s electromagnetic energy and the Earth’s
  magnetic field. Electromagnetic interference can create hazards on a variety of a spacecrafts’ subsystems.
  Geomagnetic storms and energetic particle events cause ionospheric scintillation, coronal mass ejections and
  solar flares which cause radio bursts, x-rays, and electronic ultraviolet radiation; all are sources of naturally
  occuring electromagnetic interference. These can result in a variety of impacts.
  * Interference to SATCOM signals which results in distorted and intermittent signals.
  * Distorted or interrupted high frequency ground and aircraft radio communications, which includes
  radio propagation errors, short wave fade, and blackout.
  * Radar interference which leads to false returns, inaccurate ranging, and observation of reflected
  objects outside system characteristics.
  * Induced accuracy errors on GNSS.
  * Drag, excess charging, and damage on a spacecraft which shortens the spacecraft life.
  * Trajectory errors on satellite launches.
  * False readings from spacecraft sensor payloads.
  2-82. A threat is any combination of actors, entities, or forces that have the capability and intent to harm
  U.S. forces, U.S. national interests, or the homeland (ADP 3-0). A threat is a fundamental part of an overall
  OE for any operation. Threats actors may include individuals, groups of individuals (organized or not
  organized), paramilitary or military forces, nation-states, or national alliances.
  2-83. When assessing a threat, it is helpful to sort the possible threat types into the four distinct categories,
  summarized in figure 2-2:
  * Lethal physical weapons attempt to strike directly or create a detonation near a satellite or ground
  station. These include—
  Direct ascent anti-satellite weapons—a sub-orbital missile launched directly at a satellite.
  o
  Co-orbital anti-satellite weapons—a weapon launched into orbit and maneuvered to the target
  o
  at a time chosen by the owner.
  Attack on a satellite ground station using a variety of weapons such as guided missile, rocket,
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  artillery, or improvised explosive device.
  * Non-lethal physical weapons such as electromagnetic emitters may have physical effects on space
  systems without making physical contact.
  Lasers—may be used to temporarily dazzle or permanently blind mission-critical sensors on
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  a satellite.
  High powered microwave weapons—may be used to disrupt a satellites’ electronics or cause
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  permanent damage to electrical circuits and processors.
  Electromagnetic pulse weapons—may be used to create high radiation levels in the space
  o
  domain used to damage unshielded satellites in the affected and nearby orbits.