text: Operations During Competition Below Armed Conflict
  are duly constituted military, paramilitary, police, and constabulary forces of a state (JP 3-22). Consistent
  with Department of Defense (DOD) policy for SFA, the Army develops, maintains, and institutionalizes the
  capabilities of its personnel to support efforts to organize, train, equip, rebuild or build, and advise foreign
  security forces and relevant supporting institutions. SFA activities are conducted primarily to assist partner
  nations to build their capacity to defend against external and transnational threat actors. Security force
  assistance brigades (SFABs) are Army organizations focused specifically on this mission. (See paragraphs
  4-88 through 4-89 and ATP 3-96.1 for information on SFABs.)
  4-46. SFA and security assistance are different. Security assistance is a broader set of programs that includes
  training, but also includes equipment transfers, sales, and other programs. SFA works in conjunction with
  security assistance programs while focusing specifically on building the capacity and capability of foreign
  security forces and their supporting institutions.
  Foreign Internal Defense
  4-47. Foreign internal defense is participation by civilian agencies and military forces of a government or
  international organizations in any of the programs and activities undertaken by a host nation government to
  free and protect its society from subversion, lawlessness, insurgency, terrorism, and other threats to its
  security (JP 3-22). FID includes the actions of both nonmilitary organizations and military forces.
  4-48. FID is a comprehensive approach that supports partner development towards democratic governance
  and military deference to civilian rule. These activities may employ the indirect use of military forces along
  with diplomatic, informational, and economic means. FID involves the support of a standing host-nation
  government and its military or paramilitary forces. The focus of all U.S. FID efforts is to support the
  host-nation’s internal defense and development program to build the capability and capacity of the host nation
  to achieve self-sufficiency. FID is an Army special operations forces core activity. (See JP 3-22 and
  ATP 3-05.2 for a detailed discussion of foreign internal defense.)
  4-49. SFA and FID have much in common because both enable friendly partners’ capacity to provide for
  their own defense. While there can be overlap, FID activities are aimed at strengthening a wide range of
  functions including both military and civilian governmental institutions against internal threats. SFA
  activities improve military and other security forces against both internal and external threats, and they do
  not include activities that primarily support other government institutions.
  Support to Security Sector Reform
  4-50. Security sector reform is a comprehensive set of programs and activities undertaken by a host nation
  to improve the way it provides safety, security, and justice (JP 3-07). The overall objective is to provide these
  services in a way that promotes an effective and legitimate public service that is transparent, accountable to
  civilian authority, and responsive to the needs of the public.
  4-51. Security sector reform is an umbrella term that includes integrated activities in support of defense and
  armed forces reform; civilian management and oversight; justice, police, corrections, and intelligence reform;
  national security planning and strategy support; border management; disarmament; demobilizations and
  reintegration; and reduction of armed violence. The Army’s primary role is supporting the reform,
  restructuring or re-establishing the armed forces and the defense sector across the competition continuum.
  4-52. U.S. and partner military forces collaborate with interagency representatives and other civilian
  organizations to design and implement security sector reform strategies, plans, programs, and activities. The
  Department of State leads and provides oversight for these efforts through the integrated country strategy.
  The desired outcome of security sector reform programs is an effective and legitimate security sector firmly
  rooted within the rule of law.
  NUCLEAR DETERRENCE AND COUNTERING WEAPONS OF MASS DESTRUCTION
  4-53. U.S. nuclear capabilities are foundational to the deterrence of adversary weapons of mass destruction
  use. To ensure the credibility of this deterrent, joint and Army forces must integrate the planning and
  operations of nuclear and conventional forces. Further, Army forces must plan, train, and exercise to conduct
  operations under the adversary threat or use of weapons of mass destruction in order to deny the adversary