text: Information Operations Overview
  INTEGRATED EMPLOYMENT OF INFORMATION-RELATED CAPABILITIES (IRCS)
  1-13. IO brings together IRCs at a specific time and in a coherent fashion to create effects in and through the
  information environment that advance the ability to deliver operational advantage to the commander. While
  IRCs create individual effects, IO stresses aggregate and synchronized effects as essential to achieving
  operational objectives.
  1-14. An information-related capability (IRC) is a tool, technique, or activity employed within a dimension
  of the information environment that can be used to create effects and operationally desirable conditions (JP
  1-02). The formal definition of IRCs encourages commanders and staffs to employ all available resources
  when seeking to affect the information environment to operational advantage. For example, if artillery fires
  are employed to destroy communications infrastructure that enables enemy decision making, then artillery is
  an IRC in this instance. In daily practice, however, the term IRC tends to refer to those tools, techniques, or
  activities that are inherently information-based or primarily focused on affecting the information
  environment. These include—
  (cid:122) Military deception.
  (cid:122) Military information support operations (MISO).
  (cid:122) Soldier and leader engagement (SLE), to include police engagement.
  (cid:122) Civil affairs operations.
  (cid:122) Combat camera.
  (cid:122) Operations security (OPSEC).
  (cid:122) Public affairs.
  (cid:122) Cyberspace electromagnetic activities.
  (cid:122) Electronic warfare.
  (cid:122) Cyberspace operations.
  (cid:122) Space operations.
  (cid:122) Special technical operations.
  1-15. All unit operations, activities, and actions affect the information environment. Even if they primarily
  affect the physical dimension, they nonetheless also affect the informational and cognitive dimensions. For
  this reason, whether or not they are routinely considered an IRC, a wide variety of unit functions and activities
  can be adapted for the purposes of conducting information operations or serve as enablers to its planning,
  execution, and assessment. Some of these include, but are not limited to:
  (cid:122) Commander’s communications strategy or communication synchronization.
  (cid:122) Presence, profile, and posture.
  (cid:122) Foreign disclosure.
  (cid:122) Physical security.
  (cid:122) Physical maneuver.
  (cid:122) Special access programs.
  (cid:122) Civil military operations.
  (cid:122) Intelligence.
  (cid:122) Destruction and lethal actions.
  DURING MILITARY OPERATIONS
  1-16. Army forces, as part of a joint force, conduct operations across the conflict continuum and range of
  military operations. Whether participating in security cooperation efforts or conducting major combat
  operations, IO is essential during all phases (0 through V) of a military operation. (See JP 5-0 for a detailed
  discussion of the joint phasing model).
  IN CONCERT WITH OTHER LINES OF OPERATION
  1-17. Commanders use lines of operations and lines of effort to visualize and describe operations. A line of
  operations is a line that defines the directional orientation of a force in time and space in relation to the enemy