text: Chapter 2
  SANCTUARY SUPPORT
  2-58. Sanctuary support is a secure site to train, obtain sustainment, rest and refit. Historically,
  sanctuaries provided insurgents a place to rebuild and reorganize without fear of Host Nation
  or counterinsurgent interference. Often these were in neighboring countries or remote areas difficult
  to access. Sanctuaries may also include areas within a state, including neighborhoods where HN security
  forces cannot or will not conduct operations. The meaning of the term sanctuary is evolving. Today,
  insurgents can draw on “virtual” sanctuaries in the Internet, global financial systems, and the international
  media. These virtual sanctuaries can be used to present insurgent actions as acceptable activities worthy of
  internal and external support. Effective COIN operations work to eliminate all sanctuaries.
  INTERNAL SUPPORT
  2-59. Internal support is any support provided from inside the country. It is normally broken down into
  the two general categories: popular and logistical support. Together, these two form the mass base. For the
  purposes of this manual, one other category is added—insurgent bases.
  POPULAR SUPPORT
  2-60. An insurgent movement requires popular support (Figure 2-5) to survive, and popular support
  is even more essential for an insurgency to succeed. Typically, there is also a relationship between the
  amount of popular support and the size of the insurgency. To grow, an insurgency needs an adequately
  sized mass base that will support this growth. One of the best means of defeating insurgencies is to shrink
  this mass bass by causing the local population to become hostile or at least apathetic toward the insurgents.
  Figure 2-5. Range of popular support.
  Types of Support
  2-61. Popular support can be either active or passive and may come from only a small segment of the
  population or from a broad base of the population. Supporters of an insurgency may also be overt
  or clandestine.
  Active Support
  2-62. Active supporters provide open sympathy to the movement, participate in legal insurgent
  activities, such as strikes, find new recruits, and may transition to being an active element of the insurgency
  such as guerrillas, underground, or auxiliary. Active supporters are usually central to the insurgency’s
  propaganda efforts.
  Passive Support
  2-63. Passive supporters vary from those who are sympathetic yet inactive to those who are not
  sympathetic, but who choose to remain silent about insurgent activities. Silence on the part of the populace
  concerning insurgent activities provides passive insurgent support.