text: Chapter 1
  Fundamentals
  OVERVIEW OF ARMY MILITARY DECEPTION PLANNING
  1-1. Military deception is actions executed to deliberately mislead adversary military, paramilitary, or
  violent extremist organization decision makers, thereby causing the adversary to take specific actions (or
  inactions) that will contribute to the accomplishment of the friendly mission (JP 3-13.4). Deception applies
  to all levels of warfare, across the range of military operations, and is conducted during all phases of military
  operations. When properly integrated with operations security (OPSEC) and other information-related
  capabilities (IRCs), deception can be a decisive tool in altering how the enemy views, analyzes, decides, and
  acts in response to friendly military operations.
  1-2. Deception is a commander-driven activity that seeks to establish conditions favorable for the
  commander to achieve objectives. It is both a process and a capability. As a process, deception employs an
  analytic method to systematically, deliberately, and cognitively target individual decision makers. The
  objective is to elicit specific action (or inaction) from the enemy. As a capability, deception is useful to a
  commander when integrated early in the planning process as a component of an operation focused on causing
  an enemy to act or react in a desired manner. Deception greatly enhances the element of surprise. Deception
  aligns with surprise and the displacement of critical threat capabilities away from the friendly point of action.
  Due to the potentially sensitive nature of deception activities and selected means, planners must implement
  appropriate security and classification measures to properly safeguard deception tactics, techniques, and
  procedures.
  FUNCTIONS OF MILITARY DECEPTION
  1-3. Planners must have a thorough understanding of the functions and the scope of what deception can and
  cannot accomplish. A deception plan serves as a part of the overall mission. Every deception plan must
  clearly indicate how it supports the commander’s objectives. The functions of deception include, but are not
  limited to—
  * Causing delay and surprise through ambiguity, confusion, or misunderstanding.
  * Causing the enemy to misallocate personnel, fiscal, and materiel resources.
  * Causing the enemy to reveal strengths, weaknesses, dispositions, and intentions.
  * Causing the enemy to waste combat power and resources with inappropriate or delayed actions.
  CATEGORIES OF DECEPTION
  1-4. Deception activities support objectives detailed in concept plans, operation plans (OPLANs), and
  operation orders (OPORDs) associated with approved military operations or activities. Deception applies
  during any phase of military operations to establish conditions to accomplish the commander’s intent. The
  Army echelon that plans a deception activity often determines its type. The levels of war define and clarify
  the relationship between strategic and tactical actions. The levels have no finite limits or boundaries. They
  correlate to specific authorities, levels of responsibility, and planning. The levels help organize thought and
  approaches to a problem. Decisions at one level always affect other levels. Table 1-1 shows the three types
  of deception.