text: Fundamentals of Operations
  demands require units to remain static for more than short periods of time, those units must dig in to increase
  survivability. (See ATP 3-37.34 for information on survivability positions.)
  3-67. Commanders have options for achieving dispersion. At the operational level, commanders maintain
  dispersion by employing multiple staging areas and multiple lines of communications. At the tactical level,
  commanders maintain dispersion by increasing the distance between subordinate formations and among the
  elements in those formations. In the attack, they use multiple routes and longer march intervals between
  formations to the objective and only concentrate forces enough to mass effects or generate favorable force
  ratios during close combat. In the defense, forces occupy areas away from prepared defensive positions until
  contact is imminent to prevent their detection and destruction by enemy deep fires. Defending forces also
  maximize dispersion by using terrain and employing the maximum supporting ranges and distances within
  acceptable risk criteria.
  3-68. When concentrating forces is unavoidable or necessary, units remain concentrated at the lowest level
  and for the shortest time possible and then rapidly disperse. When the desired level of dispersion is not
  achievable, commanders place greater emphasis on imposing multiple, simultaneous dilemmas on enemy
  forces as they move within range of enemy weapons systems. This can reduce the risk of enemy forces
  efficiently massing their effects. Commanders also use speed and violence of action when dispersion is not
  possible to minimize exposure in high-risk areas.
  Second Nagorno Karabakh War: September–November 2020
  During the six-week war, Azerbaijan exploited its technological advantage with lethal
  efficiency against Armenian forces. Azerbaijan used its UASs, in conjunction with
  Israeli loiter munitions and modified old Soviet AN-2 planes, to defeat Armenia’s older
  air defense systems. Azerbaijani forces flew the remotely piloted AN-2s to trigger
  engagements from Armenia’s air defense systems, while Azerbaijan’s UASs and loiter
  munitions remained at higher altitudes undetected or out of range. When the air
  defense systems engaged targets, Azerbaijan pinpointed the air defense systems
  locations and destroyed those systems with UASs, loiter munitions, or indirect fires.
  Azerbaijan’s tactics caused Armenia’s air defense network to collapse, and Azerbaijan
  gained local air superiority over the battlefield.
  With air superiority, Azerbaijan placed Armenian forces under continuous surveillance
  with its UASs. In addition, Azerbaijani forces had infiltrated special operations forces
  to conduct surveillance of Armenian positions. Armenian forces were unable to remain
  hidden, and Azerbaijan began destroying Armenian tanks, artillery, and vehicles at a
  significant rate. Although battle damage assessments vary, multiple sources reported
  that Azerbaijan destroyed hundreds of Armenian tanks, armored fighting vehicles,
  artillery systems, multiple launch rocket systems, and air defense systems. The
  inability to hide and fear of destruction had a demoralizing effect on Armenian soldiers.
  CREATE AND EXPLOIT RELATIVE PHYSICAL, INFORMATION, AND HUMAN ADVANTAGES IN
  PURSUIT OF DECISION DOMINANCE
  3-69. The employment of lethal force is based on the premise that destruction and other physical
  consequences compels enemy forces to change their decision making and behavior, ultimately accepting
  defeat. The type, amount, and ways in which lethal force compels enemy forces varies, and this depends
  heavily on enemy forces, their capabilities, goals, and the will of relevant populations. Understanding the
  relationship between physical, information, and human factors enables leaders to take advantage of every
  opportunity and limit the negative effects of undesirable and unintended consequences.
  3-70. Actions taken focused on one dimension can create advantages in the other dimensions. The physical
  dimension dominates tactical actions and the employment of destructive force to compel an outcome.
  Physical actions, particularly the employment of violence, usually generate cognitive effects in the human