text: Chapter 1
  of aircraft which requires experienced crews and detailed planning in the selection of LZs and PZs. During
  degraded visual environment operations, height above terrain and obstacles is more difficult to judge and
  may require higher flight altitudes and/or more experienced crews to reduce the likelihood of controlled
  flight into terrain or obstacles. Sensors and terminal weapon effects are also impacted by reduced visibility
  and surface conditions in the desert environment which may reduce weapon engagement ranges or increase
  the amount of munitions expended to achieve target effects.
  Jungle Operations
  1-69. Capabilities. Much like in mountainous terrain, Army Aviation provides the combined arms team
  with a significant mobility and firepower advantage over enemy ground maneuver forces in restricted
  terrain that is characterized by dense vegetation, complex hydrography, and jungle canopy. Using air
  assault and air movement operations, the combined arms team can rapidly reposition forces to interdict
  limited enemy ground routes or seize objectives with less risk due to reduced threat visual and audio
  acquisition and direct fire engagement windows. Attack and reconnaissance helicopters and UAS provide
  the combined arms team with mobile and responsive reconnaissance and fires to support typically small,
  decentralized ground operations in remote locations that may be out of the range of friendly artillery or
  against enemy targets that may be more difficult to locate or attack with FW close air support (CAS).
  MEDEVAC and air movement of supplies and personnel enables greater flexibility for distributed ground
  operations in remote locations, increasing the combined arms team’s freedom of action and ability to
  maintain pressure on enemy forces and/or sustained engagement with local populations over larger AOs.
  The employment of special patrol or fast-rope insertion and extraction system, hoist, aerial-delivered
  resupply, and paradrop capabilities enables Army Aviation to conduct infiltration and extraction of small
  teams, casualties, and emergency supplies in remote locations without the benefit of LZs or PZs.
  1-70. Limitations. Although dense jungle vegetation reduces enemy observation and direct fires of Army
  Aviation while en route, the lack of LZ/PZs, limited improved road infrastructure, and the distributed
  nature of small population centers typical of jungle AOs can result in greater predictability for the enemy to
  target aviation operations. Pathfinders, detailed LZ/PZ reconnaissance, LZ preparatory fires, attack or
  reconnaissance helicopters, and UAS in support of infiltration and extraction and deception operations can
  mitigate this risk. The jungle canopy and dense vegetation provide the enemy with greater cover and
  concealment, reduce stand-off ranges, and increase the vulnerability aircraft operating at low altitudes.
  Jungle canopy and dense vegetation can also negatively affect terminal guidance of precision munitions or
  cause early warhead detonation, requiring specialized fusing or greater expenditure of munitions to achieve
  target effects. Jungle environments also have unique and dynamic weather patterns that can impact aviation
  operations. Higher temperatures and altitudes can reduce aircraft loads which impacts ordnance carried,
  aircraft performance, and station time. Frequent rain showers and thunderstorms reduce visibility by
  obscuring terrain and obstacles, while increasing possible maintenance actions due to corrosion of aircraft
  components and sensitivity of electronics to humidity and visible moisture. Fog and mist in low lying
  littoral areas or inland river systems, especially during dawn and dusk, can limit aviation operations at
  terrain flight altitudes and reduce sensor and weapon employment ranges. Low ceilings and unpredictable
  thunderstorms may also impact the employment of UAS.
  Maritime Operations
  1-71. Capabilities. Army Aviation provides the combined arms team and joint force with enhanced
  capabilities to operate in and from the maritime domain. Army Aviation operates in the maritime domain
  by using seabasing as a method of projecting force into the land domain or by using seabasing or land
  basing to project combat power in DS of joint forces in the maritime domain. As a force projection
  platform, seabasing enables Army Aviation to conduct operations from over the horizon into the land
  domain in support of the combined arms team or over water in support of joint naval forces. Using
  seabasing to conduct air assaults, air movement, attacks, or MEDEVAC from beyond the horizon into the
  land domain allows the combined arms team to overcome anti-access measures prior to seizing and
  establishing a lodgment. Based on the depth of anti-access measures, seabasing provides Army Aviation
  the ability to expand the options for entry into an AO due to the mobility of the basing platforms and the
  inherent speed and range of Army Aviation. When appropriate, continued seabasing after seizing the