text: Tactical Deception
  the situation and its effects on the target, as well as friendly and partnered forces to ensure synchronization,
  deconfliction, and OPSEC.
  FOCUS
  19-14. The deception plan should focus on the thought process of the deception target since they have the
  authority and capability of triggering the desired actions. The enemy’s intelligence, surveillance, and
  reconnaissance assets are normally targeted. The nine forms of contact are the primary conduit used in the
  deception plan to convey selected information to the deception target. Focused deception must cause the
  enemy force to commit an action or inaction. See discussion beginning in paragraph 1-60 for the nine forms
  of contact.
  INTEGRATION
  19-15. Units should integrate deception throughout the planning process at all levels since deception is an
  integral part of any operation. This integration includes developing a concept for deception that supports the
  overall mission as part of COA development. An integration of the deception operation throughout all phases
  of the operation begins with planning, continues through execution, and concludes with the termination of
  the deception.
  OBJECTIVE
  19-16. Deception plans focus actions and resources that motivate an enemy to cause desired actions or
  inactions. The plan cannot focus solely on motivating the deception target to believe certain things. It must
  lead to the deception target taking a specific course of action, known as the objective of the deception.
  SECURITY
  19-17. Successful deception requires strict security that begins before execution with measures to deny the
  enemy knowledge of the friendly force’s intent to deceive. Successful deceptions apply strict need to know
  criteria to each aspect of the plan. Maintaining this operational security means limiting the number of planners
  and participants to those needed.
  TIMING
  19-18. Critical to deception planning is proper synchronization with the commander’s intent and
  maintaining synchronization during execution. Timing in deception operations is crucial. The challenge is to
  get the deception target to act in accordance with the deception plan within the timelines required by the
  friendly operation. Planners should conduct a thorough analysis to understand the amount of time required
  for an effect to pass through the forms of contact before reaching a deception target. Friendly deception
  executions must be completed in a manner that accounts for the time consumed by the enemy’s intelligence
  collection and analysis process. The enemy’s decision-making process and current activity is what must be
  exploited by friendly forces.
  TYPES OF TACTICAL DECEPTION
  19-19. All deception aims to either increase or decrease the level of uncertainty in the mind of the deception
  target. This dilemma has the potential to compel the deception target to mistakenly perceive friendly motives,
  intentions, capabilities, and vulnerabilities thereby altering the enemy’s assessment and ultimately their
  actions. Two generally recognized types of deception are—
  * Ambiguity-increasing (confusion effect).
  * Ambiguity-decreasing (confirmation effect).
  AMBIGUITY-INCREASING DECEPTION (CONFUSION EFFECT)
  19-20. Ambiguity-increasing deception provides the presentation of excessive true and false information to
  confuse the deception target and create internal conflict. This provides the enemy with many plausible