text: Space Operational Environment
  * SSA— intelligence outputs such as maps and knowledge of specific critical infrastructure builds
  a picture of critical assets to protect and likely targets.
  * PNT—interruption of GPS or other GNSS signals may have an impact on the infrastructure
  stability due to timing signals which are used by commercial sectors such as banking, stock
  markets, power grids, computer networks, and many other commercial endeavors.
  * Space operations should consider how commercial unclassified maps may help determine
  remaining infrastructure or how GPS may be able to help guide displaced people through the
  rubble of destroyed neighborhoods.
  Physical Environment
  2-29. Includes the geography, man-made structures, climate, weather, and hazards in the area of operations.
  What types of terrain or weather conditions in the area of operations favor enemy operations?
  * Space operations should consider the possibility of GPS interference and SATCOM obscurra due
  to tall buildings and mountains, as well as the impact to missile warning indications and reporting.
  Time
  2-30. Describes the timing and duration of activities, events, or conditions within an OE, as well as how
  the timing and duration are perceived by various actors in the OE. At what times are people likely to congest
  roads or conduct activities that provide a cover for hostile operations?
  * Space operations help commanders and staffs understand their dependencies on GPS. It enables
  precision targeting with reduced collateral damage. GPS enables FFT, increased tactical operating
  ranges, rapid maneuver, unmanned aerial system, surveillance and reconnaissance support for
  situational understanding, and many other functions. Precision timing enhances synchronized
  tactical digital networks, communications, and wide area networking capabilities.
  MISSION VARIABLES
  2-31. Commanders and staffs require a mission analysis focused on their specific situation. The tactical
  echelons translate the operational variables identified by the operational headquarters into the mission
  variables. Mission variables are the categories of relevant military information used for planning operations
  as part of the MDMP. Mission analysis uses the six Army mission variables of mission, enemy, terrain and
  weather, troops and support available, time available, and civil consideration.
  2-32. Commanders and staffs use the mission variables to filter the broader scope of operational variables
  into information that directly affects a specific mission—the information staffs need to conduct an operation
  and commanders need to exercise command and control. Mission variables refine the understanding of a
  situation and describe the characteristics of a specific area of operation within the OE. Space planners use
  the mission variables to identify critical space-related information applicable to mission planning. These
  provide the baseline for selecting the right capabilities to be used. Knowing the mission, threat, and OE
  allows commanders to identify and plan for the optimal capability package.
  2-33. An effective mission analysis considers the potential impact space capabilities have within an OE.
  The Army space planners participates in planning actions to help form the problem statement, mission
  statement, planning guidance, initial commander’s critical information requirements, and essential elements
  of friendly information. Failure to identify or misidentify the effect mission variables might have on
  operations can hinder decision making and result in the development of an ineffective battle plan.
  ELECTROMAGNETIC OPERATIONAL ENVIRONMENT
  2-34. Military operations are complicated by operations dependent on the EMS. The EMS is congested and
  military operations are contested which creates both opportunities and vulnerabilities requiring diligence to
  ensure operations are not compromised. The electromagnetic operational environment (EMOE) is the
  background electromagnetic environment and the friendly, neutral, and adversarial electromagnetic order of
  battle within the electromagnetic area of influence associated with a given operational area (JP 6-01). The
  need for military forces to have assured access to, and use of the EMS drives the conditions of the EMOE.