text: Chapter 5
  and direct military advantage expected to be gained (see DOD Law of War Manual, 5.10). Such feasible
  precautions can reduce the risk that civilians may become casualties as a result of their proximity to attacks
  on military objectives.
  5-32. Feasible precautions to reduce the risk of harm to civilians must also be taken by the party subject to
  attack. For example, military commanders and other officials responsible for the safety of the civilian
  population must take reasonable steps to separate the civilian population, individual civilians, and civilian
  objects under their control from military objectives and protect the civilian population from the effects of
  combat. Other feasible precautions may include avoiding locating military objectives within or near densely
  populated areas, removing civilians and civilian objects from the vicinity of military objectives, and other
  necessary precautions to protect the civilian population, individual civilians and civilian objects under their
  control from the dangers resulting from military operations (consider AP I art. 58; see DOD Law of War
  Manual, 5.14).
  5-33. LOAC protects civilian property as well. Outside the context of attacks, certain rules apply to the
  seizure and destruction of enemy civilian property. For instance, pillage is strictly prohibited (HR art. 28).
  Enemy property, including enemy civilian property, may not be seized or destroyed unless imperatively
  demanded by the necessities of war (DOD Law of War Manual, 5.17.2). In general, enemy private movable
  property on the battlefield may be seized if the property is susceptible to direct military use, i.e., it is necessary
  and indispensable for the conduct of war. This includes arms, ammunition, military papers, or property that
  can be used as military equipment (e.g., as a means of transportation or communication) (see DOD Law of
  War Manual, 5.17.3).
  5-34. Enemy private movable property that is not susceptible to direct military use may be appropriated only
  to the extent that such taking is permissible in occupied areas. In particular, receipts should be given and
  compensation paid, when feasible (see DOD Law of War Manual, 5.17.3.1). During occupation, other rules
  relating to the treatment of enemy property apply (HR art. 43; see Chapter 6).
  5-35. Cultural property is subject to special protection under LOAC. For example, in general, no use should
  be made of cultural property, its immediate surroundings, or appliances in use for its protection, for purposes
  that are likely to expose it to destruction or damage in the event of armed conflict. However, such use is
  permissible when military necessity imperatively requires such use. Uses that would be likely to expose
  cultural property to destruction or damage in the event of armed conflict would include: (1) using cultural
  property for military purposes; (2) placing military objectives near cultural property; or (3) using the cultural
  property in such a way that an adversary would likely regard it as a military objective (HR art. 27; 1954
  Hague art. 4; see DOD Law of War Manual, 5.18.3; consider AP I art. 53). Other feasible precautions should
  be taken to reduce the risk of harm to cultural property, such as physically shielding cultural property from
  harm and establishing refuges and evacuating movable cultural property to them (see DOD Law of War
  Manual, 5.18.4).
  5-36. In general, acts of hostility also may not be directed against cultural property, its immediate
  surroundings, or appliances in use for its protection. Acts of hostility may, however, be directed against
  cultural property, its immediate surroundings, or appliances in use for its protection, when military necessity
  imperatively requires such acts (1954 Hague art. 4; see DOD Law of War Manual, 5.18.5).
  5-37. Any form of theft, pillage, or misappropriation of, and any acts of vandalism directed against, cultural
  property are prohibited. These obligations are not subject to waiver for purposes of “imperative military
  necessity.” Military commanders also have an obligation to take reasonable measures to prevent or stop any
  form of theft, pillage, or misappropriation of, and any acts of vandalism directed against, cultural property
  (see DOD Law of War Manual, 5.18.6.1).
  5-38. For the purpose of the 1954 Hague Cultural Property Convention and this publication, cultural property
  includes, irrespective of ownership or origin: (1) movable and immovable property of great importance to
  the cultural heritage of every people, such as monuments of architecture, art, or history, whether religious or
  secular; (2) buildings intended to shelter cultural property, such as museums and depositories of archives;
  and (3) centers containing monuments