text: Chapter2
  (cid:122) Deception.
  (cid:122) Electronic warfare.
  (cid:122) Physical destruction.
  (cid:122) Political warfare.
  (cid:122) Legal warfare.
  (cid:122) Proxies and non-state actors.
  Peer threats systematically and continuously combine all of these means to create specific effects
  within the human, information, and physical dimensions of an operational environment. Peer threats use
  misinformation, disinformation, propaganda, and information for effect to create doubt, confuse, deceive,
  and influence U.S. and partner decision makers, forces, and target audiences. They also use information
  warfare to destroy essential network-based capabilities, such as economic infrastructure, private and
  government communications, and electrical grids. This use of information warfare is not merely disruptive.
  It can result in the loss of immense resources and human life, depending on the scale and duration of the
  attack. (See FM 3-53for a discussion of threat information categories.)
  Systems Warfare
  Systems warfare is the identification and isolation or destruction of critical subsystems or components
  to degradeor destroy an opponent’s overall system. Peer threats view the battlefield, their own instruments
  of power, and an opponent’s instruments of power as a collection of complex, dynamic, and integrated
  systems composed of subsystems and components. They use systems warfare to attack critical components
  of a friendly system while protecting their own system. Simple examples of attacking critical components
  are adversary use of electronic warfare to disable the links between unmanned aircraft system (UAS)
  controllers and the aircraft in a specific area, and the emplacement of layered integrated air defense systems
  from a position of sanctuary to prevent the integration of opposing airpower with ground operations.
  Peer threats believe that a qualitatively or quantitatively weaker force can defeat a superior force, if
  the weaker force can dictate the terms of combat. Peer threats believe that the systems warfare approach
  allows them to move away from the conventional approach to combat. Systems warfare makes it unnecessary
  to match an opponent system-for-system or capability-for-capability. Peer threats seek to locate the critical
  components of the opposing combat system, determine patterns of interaction and dependencies among
  components, and identify opportunities to exploit this connectivity.
  Systems warfare approaches work in concert with other approaches, and they manifest themselves at
  the tactical level in terms of integrated fires complexes characterized by surface-to-surface and surface-to-
  air systems enabled by long-range ISRcapabilities. They generally represent one means by which adversaries
  achieve preclusion at the strategic and operational levels, and they are adversaries’ preferred means for
  destroying friendly forces at the tactical level. An example of systems warfare occurred in Ukraine in 2014.