text: Appendix A
  History of Civil Affairs
  The history of U.S. Army CA—known as Military Government prior to 1959—can best
  be described as one of continuous evolution. From its ad hoc origins in the immediate
  aftermath of World War I, the Army professionalized CA as a reserve branch (1955) and
  a regular Army branch (2006). This brief history provides a short overview of U.S. Army
  CA. While it highlights critical events, it is not comprehensive.
  A-1. Since its creation in the early Republic, the U.S. Army conducted roles and functions similar to CA
  (Military Government). Examples include the Lewis and Clark Expedition (1804 to 1806), Major General
  Winfield Scott’s occupation of Mexico City (1847 to 1848), post-Civil War Reconstruction in the American
  South (1865 to 1877), and the Philippine-American War (1899 to 1913).
  A-2. During the Civil War, the Army implemented General Orders No. 100 (1863), otherwise known as the
  Lieber Code. It provided the U.S. Army with guidelines that regulated the just treatment of civilians and
  property in the occupied South. Post-war, General Orders No. 100 served as the foundation for the
  development of laws dictating how the U.S. Army operated in occupied territory. The U.S. Army codified
  these laws in the Rules of Land Warfare (1914), later revised as FM 27-10, then FM 6-27. As important as
  the Lieber Code was, it was just another step toward developing formal CA (Military Government) structure,
  doctrine, and training.
  Note: FM 27-10 is an obsolete publication, which provides historical reference and is listed in the
  Obsolete Publications section of the references for this FM.
  A-3. The true beginning of modern U.S. Army CA was the post-World War I occupation of the German
  Rhineland by the Third U.S. Army from December 1918 until 11 July 1923. The lessons from this experience
  led the Army to develop CA doctrine, provide professional education, and eventually create specialized CA
  (Military Government) units. In the words of Major Truman Smith, the main author of the final report on the
  occupation, the Army’s post-World War I actions “lacked both training and organization to guide the
  destinies of nearly 1,000,000 civilians whom the fortunes of war had placed under its temporary sovereignty.”
  While it lasted, the U.S. Army occupation performed civil administration tasks and ensured that Germany
  would not resume hostilities. A new experience for the modern Army, it left such an impact that it led to the
  creation of a formal CA capability.
  A-4. For CA, the most important development was the subsequent publication of American Military
  Government of Occupied Germany, 1918–1920: Report of the Officer in Charge of Civil Affairs, Third Army
  and American Forces in Germany. Known as the Hunt Report after its director, Colonel Irvin L. Hunt, it
  provided analyses of the Army’s experience, highlighting the lack of formal CA training. This groundbreaking
  official study, which published the experiences of American Soldiers who occupied Germany, drove change.
  A-5. The Hunt Report and similar, but less widely distributed, studies of Army involvement in the
  Philippines pointed to requirements for a standing CA staff section for incorporating CA in war planning.
  This led to the publication of an updated Rules of Land Warfare in 1934 that contained a section on military
  government and established the need for a CA (Military Government) capability. Based on these sources, in
  1940, the Army published its first doctrine that focused on these special skills, FM 27-5, which guided U.S.
  Army CA (Military Government) efforts throughout World War II. Further study of the Hunt Report and the
  new doctrinal publications led to the creation of the first formal U.S. Army CA training program—the School
  of Military Government—at the University of Virginia in May 1942.
  Note: FM 27-5 is an obsolete publication, which provides historical reference and is listed in the
  Obsolete Publications section of the references for this FM.