text: Appendix D
  Environmental and Terrain Considerations for Fire Support
  The sections of this appendix are designed to be a quick-reference resource of
  information on aspects of environmental and terrain considerations that affect FS.
  Section I begins with FS considerations in urban terrain. Section II covers FS
  considerations in a maritime environment. Section III covers FS considerations in
  mountainous terrain. Section IV is devoted to operations in the jungle. Section V covers
  FS considerations in desert operations. Section VI covers night operations. Section VII
  discusses continuous operations. While section VIII covers cold weather operations.
  SECTION I – FIRE SUPPORT CONSIDERATIONS FOR URBAN OPERATIONS
  D-1. Urban operations are typically planned and conducted on or against objectives on terrain where man-
  made construction or the density of population are the dominant features. The FS planners recommend EFSTs
  to support the division and corps scheme of maneuver. Often, the role of FS in an urban environment is to
  enable subordinate and supporting units to get into or around the urban area with minimal casualties. This
  enables the respective unit commander to have maximum combat power with which to close with the enemy
  and finish the fight. Appropriate FSCMs are essential because fighting in urban areas results in opposing
  forces engaged in close combat.
  PLANNING
  D-2. Planning considerations for fires in support of urban operations include:
  * Exchange FS and observer plans with adjacent units.
  * Conduct target mensuration for precision munitions.
  * Coordinate for collateral damage estimates as necessary.
  * Develop an observer plan to include observation posts in buildings, location of laser designators,
  and overwatch of trigger points and gun-target lines.
  * Plan EW assets to defeat explosive threats, disrupt enemy information collection, reconnaissance,
  and surveillance efforts, and detect enemy use of the EMS for targeting purposes.
  * Identify location of hazardous sites; both above and below ground such as fuel and industrial
  storage tanks, gas distribution lines, CBRN sites and any other area where incendiary effects of
  detonating artillery and mortar rounds will start fires, or release CBRN or other hazards.
  * Identify the general construction or composition of the buildings and road surfaces (may impact
  the type of munitions used).
  * Where does building masking, overhead power lines, or towers degrade GPS and compass
  functioning?
  * Will the use of obscurants and illumination favor friendly units or the threat?
  * Will buildings or structures require FS personnel to carry or use equipment not normally carried
  such as field expedient antennas, climbing rope, wire gloves, axes, or sledgehammers?
  * Plan for radar coverage.
  D-3. The FSCOORD and fires cell planners often find their major challenges to be in providing FS to
  numerous smaller engagements that, while separate, are part of coordinated, larger unit operations.
  Prioritizing FS, sustaining FS, and positioning and repositioning FS assets take on greater significance in
  urban operations.