text: Chapter 3
  traversed by subordinate units conducting that operation. Command of all air defense assets requires complete
  and timely communications to ensure proper weapon status for the protection of friendly air support assets.
  3-46. Protection measures are an essential part of air and missile defense planning at all levels. All units
  conduct passive actions in conjunction with their missions. Passive actions reduce the effectiveness of the
  enemy air threat.
  3-47. Tactical air defense support focuses on—
  * Enemy UAS.
  * Enemy rotary-wing aircraft.
  * Enemy fixed-wing aircraft.
  Survivability
  3-48. All units have an inherent responsibility to improve their positions and take proactive measures to
  protect their forces, whether they are in an assembly area or maneuvering. Survivability operations consist
  of three areas designed to focus efforts on mitigating friendly losses to hostile actions or environments:
  providing or improving cover, concealment, and camouflage. Units normally consider the impact of
  constructing protective emplacements for artillery and sustainment concentrations as part of the planning
  process. Units do not employ protective positions in the offense as extensively as they do in the defense.
  Such terrain modifications may require significant amounts of time, making them impractical for protecting
  assets that must frequently move to keep pace with operations. However, units may require the hardening of
  key command and control facilities, especially those with detectable electronic signatures. Maneuver units
  construct hasty fighting positions as soon as possible when they halt or pause during the conduct of offensive
  operations. Forces conducting offensive actions continue to use camouflage, cover, concealment,
  survivability moves, maximum existing terrain, obscuration, and deception.
  Explosive Ordnance Disposal
  3-49. Explosive ordnance disposal units assess and render safe hazards to protect the force. These elements
  can dispose of all explosive hazards to include foreign or U.S. ammunition, unexploded ordnance, mines,
  and CBRN munitions. Engineers identify, breach, and clear minefields. Explosive ordinance disposal forces
  render safe explosive hazards that restrict unit freedom of movement or deny access to or threaten critical
  assets or operations. (See ATP 4-32 for more information on explosive ordinance disposal operations.)
  Coordinate Air and Missile Defense
  3-50. Air and missile defense assets during an offensive operation can provide vital protection from air
  threats and contribute to the freedom of maneuver by friendly forces. Units coordinate and synchronize air
  and missile defense assets for coverage over maneuver forces and their critical assets, to include denying
  surveillance by threat aerial platforms. Air and missile defense assets also protect forward-based
  infrastructure—such as lines of communications and command nodes—from aerial attack, determine and
  predict reporting ballistic missile launch points and impact points, and provide early warning and
  surveillance.
  3-51. Unit protection cell planners coordinate with the unit air and defense airspace management cell for
  AMD to protect the unit’s prioritized protection list, ensuring the protection of critical assets and forces from
  enemy air attack, missile attack, and surveillance.
  3-52. AMD assets integrate protective systems by using the six employment guidelines—mutual support,
  overlapping fires, balanced fires, weighted coverage, early engagement, and defense in depth—and additional
  considerations necessary to mass and mix AMD capabilities. These employment guidelines enable air
  defense artillery forces to successfully accomplish combat missions and support overall force objectives.
  Risk Management
  3-53. The likelihood of fratricide increases during offensive operations compared to defensive operations.
  During offensive operations, friendly forces maneuver towards enemy forces, while another friendly force