text: Fighting for Intelligence During Large-Scale Combat Operations
  8-28. BCTs and subordinate echelons concentrate on performing defensive and offensive operations and
  necessary enabling operations, such as reconnaissance, security, or passage of lines. During large-scale
  combat operations, they only perform those minimum-essential stability operations tasks (paragraph 8-49)
  necessary to comply with the laws of land warfare and applicable international standards. These requirements
  create an even greater challenge for the intelligence warfighting function because operations to consolidate
  gains require a dynamic intelligence effort to maintain positive momentum and achieve additional gains.
  FUNDAMENTALS OF DEFENSIVE AND OFFENSIVE OPERATIONS
  8-29. The effective application of tactics creates multiple dilemmas for the enemy, allowing the friendly
  commander to prevail in combat operations. Successful tactics also require synchronizing all elements of
  combat power. The intelligence warfighting function fuses information collected from the primary tactical
  tasks of reconnaissance, surveillance, security operations, and intelligence operations. These complementary
  and reinforcing effects contribute to effective defensive and offensive operations. For the intelligence
  warfighting function to be successful during large-scale combat operations, intelligence professionals must
  understand the doctrinal fundamentals of defensive and offensive operations as well as the forms of contact;
  deep, close, and rear operations; and enabling operations.
  FORMS OF CONTACT
  8-30. Commanders consider all forms of contact possible with enemy forces and visualize their AOI as the
  situation develops, including effects of enemy influence and disinformation and misinformation. During
  IPOE, the G-2/S-2, in coordination with other staff members, determined how capabilities can be leveraged
  against friendly forces using the nine forms of contact. During the MDMP, the commander and staff
  determine how to leverage the nine forms of contact within the OE.
  8-31. Tactics assist the G-2/S-2, in conjunction with the commander and staff, in determining the best form
  of contact to engage enemy forces. Contact is an interaction between two or more forces. The nine forms of
  contact describe the method of interaction that positively identifies the location or activity of a force:
  ⚫ Direct: Interactions from line-of-sight weapons systems (small arms, heavy machine guns, and
  antitank missiles) in any domain.
  ⚫ Indirect: Interactions from non-line-of-sight weapons systems (cannon artillery, mortars, rockets).
  ⚫ Nonhostile: Neutral interactions (civilians on the battlefield) that may degrade military operations.
  ⚫ Obstacle: Interactions from friendly, enemy, and natural obstacles (minefields and rivers).
  ⚫ CBRN: Interactions from friendly, enemy, and civilian CBRN effects (chemical, nuclear, and
  biological attacks; industrial accidents; and toxic/hazardous industrial materials).
  ⚫ Aerial: Interactions from air-based combat platform effects (attack helicopters, armed UASs,
  and close air support).
  ⚫ Visual: Interactions from acquisition via the human eye, optical, or electro-optical systems
  (ground reconnaissance telescopic, thermal, and infrared sights on weapons and sensor platforms
  such as UASs and satellites).
  ⚫ Electromagnetic: Interactions via systems used to acquire, degrade, or destroy using select
  portions of the EMS (radar systems, jamming, cyberspace, space-based systems, and
  electromagnetic pulse).
  ⚫ Influence: Interactions through the information dimension (social media, telecommunications,
  human interaction, other forms of communications and contact) intended to shape the
  perceptions, behaviors, and decision making of people relative to a policy or military objective.
  DEEP, CLOSE, AND REAR OPERATIONS
  8-32. Within assigned areas, commanders organize their operations in terms of time, space, and purpose by
  synchronizing deep, close, and rear operations. An echelon’s focus in time, space, and purpose—not
  necessarily the echelon’s physical location—determines whether the echelon conducts deep, close, or rear
  operations. The deep. close, and rear operations model assists commanders and staffs in synchronizing
  capabilities that reside outside of their unit’s assigned area (for example, from air, space, cyberspace), with