text: Signal Support to Operations to Shape and Prevent
  INTEROPERABILITY
  3-16. Single-channel very high frequency (VHF), high frequency (HF), and tactical satellite radios provided
  through grants, loans, or foreign military sales build partner-nation military communications capabilities,
  capacity, and command and control interoperability. Secure radios for loan or sale to partner nations are
  unique for foreign release, but are interoperable with, and share most of the same features of, those used by
  U.S. forces. Country teams maintain accountability of loaned radios and facilitate the transfer of COMSEC
  keying material for the systems. Some radios, such as single-channel ground and airborne radio system, are
  not approved for foreign release and cannot be loaned to foreign governments or militaries. When the United
  States provides radios as part of a grant, loan, or sale, planning for ongoing logistics support is critical to
  maintaining the operational capability of the system.
  3-17. Working closely with allies and partners is a key and enduring element of U.S. national strategy. The
  United States frequently needs support from its partners and allies to prevail in contemporary conflicts.
  Likewise, U.S. partners and allies often need extensive U.S. support during regional and internal conflicts
  (ATP 3-94.1). Establishing among military headquarters allows commanders to integrate with joint,
  inter-organizational, and multinational mission partners by providing staff interface, mentoring, support, and
  communication required for U.S. partners to accomplish their missions.
  MULTINATIONAL NETWORKS
  3-18. The development of regional or theater classified information sharing arrangements and command and
  control networks fosters cooperation between the United States and partner nations. U.S. forces and allies
  employ both sustained and ad hoc bilateral and multinational networks to practice command and control of
  multinational operations during exercises, and support to day-to-day operations across the Army’s strategic
  roles of shape, prevent, conduct large-scale ground combat, and consolidate gains.
  3-19. As the DOD executive agent for theater communications infrastructure, the Army is often the lead for
  installing, operating, maintaining, and securing bilateral and multinational information sharing networks.
  Coalition networks connect partner nation-owned networks to the core of the DODIN. If partners do not have
  the capacity, the geographic combatant commander may loan the necessary equipment.
  3-20. The Defense Information Systems Agency establishes technical and operational standards for mission
  partner environment. Sharing common configurations and operating procedures among multinational mission
  partners removes the barriers to information sharing.
  3-21. Although there are U.S. encryption devices available for release to foreign nations, some constraints
  apply to which countries may possess, control, and operate the equipment. Providing COMSEC materials
  and equipment to a foreign nation requires a formal COMSEC sharing agreement and a bilateral command
  and control interoperability board. The command and control interoperability board guides the partner nation
  through the process of establishing a U.S. COMSEC account with adequate secure storage facilities, and
  provides a venue to develop further interoperability programs. The National Security Agency-approved
  commercial solution for classified may serve as an alternative to U.S. COMSEC equipment and materials.
  The commercial solution for classified is an end-to-end commercial encryption solution that is releasable to
  friendly foreign nations and approved to transmit sensitive information.
  CYBERSECURITY
  3-22. The security of a multinational network is only as strong as the partner nations operating on it. Most
  partner nations are in the early development of cybersecurity programs. Army cybersecurity professionals
  can share lessons learned with partner nations as they develop their programs. Sharing cybersecurity tactics,
  techniques, procedures, and insights from U.S. Army experience can help partner nations establish or
  improve their cybersecurity programs and capabilities.
  3-23. All nations must share a common system baseline and conduct disciplined cybersecurity programs to
  prevent unnecessary vulnerabilities to the network and the data it carries. Cybersecurity processes to preserve
  information and information systems include—
  * The risk management framework.
  * Integration and interoperability.