text: Chapter 5
  relative advantage. Peer threats present credible challenges to sustainment forces through the use of
  information warfare, isolation, systems warfare, preclusion, and sanctuary. Other considerations such as
  contested LOCs and antiaccess and area denial techniques coupled with challenges across multiple domains
  challenge sustainment support to operations. Sustainment commanders must consider the OE and all factors
  that affect their ability to sustain operations during planning.
  5-28. Peer threats have the ability to influence and direct irregular forces, criminal elements, and hostile
  populations and impose disruptive effects in cyberspace that will challenge Army sustainment during pre-
  deployment, deployment, employment, and redeployment. These disruptive effects may occur at unit home
  stations, ports of embarkation, while in transit to the theater, and upon arrival at ports of debarkation as well
  as within the theater.
  5-29. Peer threats employ their capabilities across multiple domains to attack U.S. vulnerabilities, including
  sustainment facilities, networks, and formations. They use their capabilities to create lethal and nonlethal
  effects throughout an OE. During combat operations, threats seek to inflict significant damage across multiple
  domains in a short period of time. They seek to delay U.S. forces long enough to achieve their goals and for
  U.S. forces to reach culmination. One effective way to delay U.S. forces, which generally operate on very
  long LOCs, is to disrupt sustainment operations and nodes. Peer threats can also disrupt contracted support
  capabilities through predatory economics, cyber-attacks, intimidating contractors or companies,
  misinformation and disinformation that disrupt host/local support, competing for resources, and bidding up
  prices. The adversary will build up their capability to do these things to favor their objectives during
  competition, and to set conditions in their favor if competition transitions to conflict. See FM 3-0 for
  additional information on peer threats.
  5-30. Threat forces may employ tactics that force the United States Army into conducting large-scale combat
  operations in urban areas. Currently more than 50 percent of the world’s population lives in urban areas, and
  this is likely to increase to 70 percent by 2050, making large-scale combat operations in cities likely. Large-
  scale combat operations in urban terrain are complex and resource intensive. In most urban operations, the
  terrain, dense population, military forces, and unified action partners will further complicate sustainment
  operations. For additional information on operations in urban areas, see ATP 3-06.
  5-31. Threat use of subterranean spaces and structures (any space or structure located below ground) as a
  means to covertly maintain the initiative against a more powerful military opponent may occur during large-
  scale combat operations. Such spaces and structures can be used for command and control, defensive
  networks, operations, storage, production, or protection. Continued improvements in the construction of
  subterranean environments have increased their usefulness and their proliferation. For additional information,
  see ATP 3-21.51.
  IMPLEMENTING DISPERSION FOR SUSTAINMENT FORCES
  5-32. Dispersion is the spreading or separating of troops, materiel, establishments, or activities, which are
  usually concentrated in limited areas to reduce vulnerability (JP 5-0). Sustainment leader efforts to preempt
  and mitigate enemy detection are essential, but they cannot eliminate the risk of enemy massed and precision
  fires, including CBRN and weapons of mass destruction. To improve survivability from enemy indirect fires,
  Army sustainment forces must maintain dispersion and remain as mobile as possible to avoid presenting
  themselves targets to the enemy systems. If sustainment forces are required to remain static, those forces
  employ survivability techniques to avoid or withstand hostile actions or environmental conditions. See ATP
  3-37.34 for information on survivability operations.
  5-33. Sustainment commanders, including the TSC and ESC, have options for achieving dispersion. They
  can use split command post operations to achieve dispersion while maintaining command and control over
  widely dispersed forces. At the operational level, sustainment commanders maintain dispersion by employing
  multiple staging areas, base clusters, and multiple LOCs. Vetting the ability to maintain command and control
  of over widely dispersed forces in base clusters can be tested during training and exercises. At the tactical
  level, sustainment commanders achieve dispersion by increasing the distance between sustainment
  formations and among the elements of the supported force. In the offense, sustainment forces should utilize
  multiple routes and longer march intervals as practical to support the maneuver commander’s intent and only
  concentrate forces enough in base clusters to support the massing of effects. In the defense, sustainment
  forces occupy areas far enough away from anticipated action to prevent their detection and destruction by