text: Appendix D
  MUNITIONS
  D-136. The following are considerations in the employment of various munitions in cold weather
  operations:
  * Make maximum use of airburst munitions.
  * HE-point detonating, HE-delay, improved conventional munitions, and FA delivered mines are
  ineffective in deep snow and unfrozen bogs. At least 40 percent of the blast from these munitions
  is smothered by the snow.
  * Hexachloroethane smoke is not effective because canisters are smothered in the deep snow.
  * White phosphorous is effective; however, phosphorus may burn undetected in the snow for up to
  four days and may be a hazard to friendly troops subsequently moving through the area.
  * Overall, variable time or multi-option artillery fuzes are good fuzes for cold weather operations.
  However, snow and ice may cause them to detonate prematurely. Also, extreme cold may cause a
  higher dud rate.
  * Extreme cold weather will affect the range of weapons.
  * Low temperature may cause illuminating rounds to malfunction as the result of freezing the
  parachute and its components.
  TARGET ACQUISITION AND OBSERVATION
  D-137. Considerations for employing FOs in cold weather operations include:
  * Equip FOs with snowshoes or skis to allow them to move quickly.
  * Relieve observers in static positions frequently.
  * Update visibility diagrams regularly because drifting snow changes visibility.
  * Use amber filters on binoculars and observation devices to reduce the incidence of snow blindness.
  * Avoid using ground bursts that may be difficult to observe in deep snow.
  D-138. Observers in aircraft are valuable because they can see deep and are not as prone to disorientation
  as are ground observers. However, weather conditions may reduce the availability of aircraft.
  D-139. WLRs considerations when radars are used in cold weather:
  * Extremely cold weather may degrade their operations.
  * Remote sensors are rarely effective when used in deep snow.
  TARGETING
  D-140. Because of terrain and weather phenomena, target detection is difficult. However, ice fogs and snow
  clouds created by moving enemy formations will reveal targets. Also, tracks in the snow may indicate enemy
  positions.
  CLOSE AIR SUPPORT
  D-141. The following are considerations in the use of CAS in cold weather operations:
  * Frequent poor weather reduces the availability of CAS.
  * The sameness of the terrain makes the marking of targets critical.
  * Panels or pyrotechnics must be used to indicate friendly locations.
  COMMUNICATIONS
  D-142. Effective communications are hampered by:
  * Electronic interference.
  * Weakened batteries. Conventional dry-cell batteries are 40 percent effective below 0° F, 20
  percent effective below -10° F, and 8 percent effective below -30° F. A similar problem exists for
  nickel-cadmium and lithium batteries.
  * Frost from human respiration forms in the radio mouthpiece. Cover it with cloth or a sock.