text: Non-Hostile Relations Between Belligerents
  7-51. The term “safeguard” also refers to a written order left by a commander with an enemy subject, or
  posted upon enemy property, for the protection of that person or property. Usually it is directed to the
  succeeding commander and requests a continued grant of protection.
  7-52. The effect of a safeguard is to pledge the honor of the nation that the person or property will be
  respected by its armed forces. It does not commit the government to its protection or defense against attacks
  by enemy armed forces or other hostile elements.
  7-53. “Forcing a safeguard” means to perform an act or acts in violation of the protection of the safeguard.
  Any trespass on the protection of the safeguard by persons subject to the UCMJ will constitute an offense
  under Article 102 (Forcing a Safeguard), UCMJ, whether the safeguard was imposed in time of war or in
  circumstances amounting to a state of belligerency short of a formal state of war.
  CHARACTER OF MILITARY PASSPORTS, SAFE-CONDUCTS, AND RELATED INSTRUMENTS
  7-54. Military passports and safe-conducts fall within the scope of international law only when granted by
  arrangement with opposing forces or with a neutral power. Military passports and safe-conducts issued to
  persons are both specific to the individual issued the instrument and nontransferable. A safe-conduct for
  goods, however, while restricted to the articles named in them, may be transferred from one person to another,
  provided it does not designate who is to carry (or trade) the goods. If the safe-conduct designates a specific
  licensee, the goods may only be transferred if the authorizing belligerent approves the transferee.
  7-55. The terms “pass” or “permit” may be used in lieu of passport. “Pass” is used for a general permission
  to do certain things, while “permit” is used like “safe-conduct,” to signify permission to do a particular thing.
  7-56. Documents should be interpreted according to their terms. For example, a document applies to the
  territories or during the time periods specified in the document.
  REVOCATION
  7-57. A military passport or safe-conduct may be revoked by the commander issuing them or by the
  commander’s superiors for good reasons of military expediency. Until revoked, they remain valid according
  to their specific terms. For example, if a time is specified in the document, it is valid only for that period.
  7-58. Documents must not be revoked for the purpose of detaining the holder; such persons should be
  permitted to withdraw in safety unless suspected of unlawful activities. In a case of violation of the terms of
  the safe-conduct or military passport, the privilege may be revoked.
  LICENSES TO TRADE
  7-59. Licenses to trade must, as a general rule, emanate from the supreme authority of the State. In an
  international armed conflict, a State controlling enemy territory may grant licenses to trade that relax its
  prohibitions on trading with the enemy.
  7-60. Licenses to trade issued by military authorities may be either general or special. A general license is
  a document that generally or partially relaxes the exercise of the rights of war in regard to trade in
  relation to any community or individuals liable to be affected by their operation. A special license is a
  document that allows individuals to take a particular voyage or journey to import or export particular
  goods.
  CARTELS
  7-61. In its narrower sense, a cartel is an agreement entered into by opposing belligerents for the exchange
  of POWs (see Lieber Code, art. 106). A cartel is a statement commanders agree to at the tactical or operational
  level (when authorized by higher authority), arranged either through parlementaires, negotiations conducted
  during a truce, or exchange of letters.
  7-62. In its broader sense, a cartel is an agreement concluded between belligerents for the purpose of
  arranging or regulating certain kinds of non-hostile intercourse that would otherwise be prohibited by the