text: Appendix C
  Airspace Control Connectivity
  This appendix discusses connectivity of airspace control systems. This appendix first
  discusses airspace control in a mission command system. Then it discusses equipment
  used for communications systems. The appendix then discusses networks and
  applications. It concludes with a discussion of airspace control in a degraded network
  environment.
  AIRSPACE CONTROL IN A MISSION COMMAND SYSTEM
  C-1. As a component of the mission command system, airspace control systems enable commanders to have
  a near-real-time situational awareness of airspace users, communicate information between airspace elements
  and airspace users, and execute airspace control of airspace users in near-real-time. The airspace control set
  of mission command systems consists of networks, applications that process air track data for situational
  awareness, and airspace control-related applications supporting the operations process. They include joint,
  Army, and civil networks; systems and applications; and airspace control-related applications. Joint, Army,
  and civil networks enable the rapid low-latent exchange of precise participant location and identification and
  communications with airspace users and control elements as well as communication of other mission
  command systems. These latter networks include the command post’s mission command network (with
  external connectivity) and other networks (see paragraphs C-4 through C-23). Systems and applications
  receive aircraft location data from a variety of sources such as sensors (radar for example) and self-reporting
  systems (blue force tracking for example). These systems combine the air track data and pass data to mission
  command systems for display on visual displays and for use in airspace control running estimates. Airspace
  control-related applications use data for integrating airspace use, to include manned and unmanned aviation,
  as well as offensive and defensive fires.
  COMMUNICATIONS SYSTEMS
  C-2. All echelons, brigade and higher, contain airspace elements equipped with a full suite of airspace
  information systems and line-of-sight, beyond-line-of-sight, and tactical satellite communications systems.
  These systems provide access to integrated terrestrial, aerial, and spaced-based networks. These
  communications systems enable horizontal and vertical connectivity with airspace users, airspace elements,
  the battlefield coordination detachment, and theater air-ground system airspace control nodes. These nodes
  include the theater air control system, control and reporting center, Airborne Warning and Control System,
  air support operations center, tactical air control parties, tactical air command center or tactical air direction
  center, tactical air operations center, and direct air support center. Communications systems enable airspace
  elements to collectively perform the full range of their functions to identify, coordinate, integrate, and control
  Army airspace users as well as unified action partner airspace users, when appropriate, in the low to medium
  altitudes over their assigned area of operations.
  C-3. Airspace users at different echelons use different communications systems. Divisions and corps have
  two communications systems that work together to support airspace control. The AMD element has a TSQ-
  253 air defense airspace management shelter. This shelter provides the integrated air picture for the unit and
  the airspace element while providing the airspace element its AMD applications. The airspace element uses
  the TSQ-221 Tactical Airspace Integration System (TAIS) shelter. This shelter provides the airspace element
  personnel with TAIS workstations as well as a wide range of digital and voice communications with joint,
  Army, and civil airspace users. It also provides a backup air picture capability for the AMD TSQ-253 shelter.
  At the brigade level, the air defense airspace management/brigade aviation element (ADAM/BAE) primary
  system is the TSQ-253. This shelter provides a similar air picture and AMD capabilities resident at division
  level but has only one TAIS workstation and fewer ground-to-air radios.