text: *FM 3-12
  Field Manual Headquarters
  No. 3-12 Department of the Army
  Washington, D.C., 24 August 2021
  Cyberspace Operations and Electromagnetic
  Warfare
  Contents
  Page
  PREFACE..................................................................................................................... v
  INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................ vii
  Chapter 1 OPERATIONAL ENVIRONMENT OVERVIEW ........................................................ 1-1
  Overview of the Operational Environment ................................................................. 1-1
  Cyberspace and the Electromagnetic Spectrum ....................................................... 1-1
  Section I – Core Competencies and Fundamental Principles ............................ 1-3
  Core Competencies ................................................................................................... 1-3
  Fundamental Principles ............................................................................................. 1-4
  Section II – Operational Environment ................................................................... 1-4
  Cyberspace Domain .................................................................................................. 1-5
  Electromagnetic Spectrum ........................................................................................ 1-7
  Trends and Characteristics........................................................................................ 1-8
  Conflict and Competition ......................................................................................... 1-11
  Section III – Contributions to the Warfighting Functions .................................. 1-12
  Command and Control ............................................................................................ 1-12
  Movement and Maneuver ........................................................................................ 1-13
  Intelligence .............................................................................................................. 1-14
  Fires ......................................................................................................................... 1-15
  Sustainment ............................................................................................................. 1-15
  Protection................................................................................................................. 1-15
  Chapter 2 CYBERSPACE OPERATIONS AND ELECTROMAGNETIC WARFARE
  FUNDAMENTALS ..................................................................................................... 2-1
  Section I – Cyberspace Operations ....................................................................... 2-1
  Joint Force and Army ................................................................................................ 2-3
  Department of Defense Information Network Operations ......................................... 2-4
  Defensive Cyberspace Operations ............................................................................ 2-4
  Offensive Cyberspace Operations ............................................................................ 2-5
  Cyberspace Actions ................................................................................................... 2-5
  Section II – Electromagnetic Warfare .................................................................... 2-8
  Electromagnetic Attack .............................................................................................. 2-8
  Electromagnetic Protection...................................................................................... 2-11
  Electromagnetic Support ......................................................................................... 2-14
  DISTRIBUTION RESTRICTION: Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited.
  *This publication supersedes FM 3-12, dated 11 April 2017.