text: Chapter 3
  Account for Constant Enemy Observation
  3-62. Enemy forces possess a wide range of space-, air-, maritime-, and land-based reconnaissance and
  surveillance capabilities that can detect U.S. forces. To counter these robust and persistent capabilities
  requires counterintelligence efforts and the disciplined application of operations security.
  3-63. Enemy forces employ UASs in large numbers and with a diverse array of capabilities. Leaders account
  for enemy capabilities and likely reconnaissance objectives as they develop their counter-UAS plan. Leaders
  implement techniques and procedures for countering enemy UASs based on their organic capabilities,
  attached capabilities, and the mission variables.
  3-64. Leaders combine multiple measures, including deception, to make it more difficult for enemy forces
  to detect friendly forces. These measures include—
  (cid:122) Counterreconnaissance, including counter-UAS operations.
  (cid:122) Cover and concealment, both natural and manmade.
  (cid:122) False battle positions and deception obstacles.
  (cid:122) Obscuration.
  (cid:122) Dispersion.
  (cid:122) Noise and light discipline.
  (cid:122) Limited visibility operations, particularly for sustainment functions and large unit movements.
  (cid:122) Electromagnetic emission control and masking, to include social media and personal
  communication discipline.
  3-65. Because Army forces employ an increasing number of capabilities that emit electromagnetic radiation
  that enemies can target, leaders must apply emission control measures, balancing the risks to the force with
  the risks to the mission. As risk to the force increases, leaders increase their emission control measures. There
  may be times that the risk of friendly emissions being detected and targeted is assessed as too high, causing
  Army forces to use methods of communications with no electromagnetic signature. Understanding threat
  systems, their capabilities, and their disposition supports effective planning and the execution of emission
  control measures including—
  (cid:122) Minimizing length and frequency of radio transmissions.
  (cid:122) Dispersing formations and command posts.
  (cid:122) Using lowest effective power settings.
  (cid:122) Establishing and enforcing the primary, alternate, contingency, and emergency communication
  plan.
  (cid:122) Using remote antennas.
  (cid:122) Using brevity codes, pro-word execution matrices, and communications windows.
  (cid:122) Using secure landlines.
  (cid:122) Using directional antennas.
  (cid:122) Using data-burst transmissions.
  (cid:122) Using proper encryption and equipment configuration.
  (cid:122) Moving command posts and formations.
  (cid:122) Masking emissions using terrain and manmade structures.
  (cid:122) Recognizing and reporting jamming of Global Positioning System, radar, and satellite
  communications.
  (cid:122) Employing deceptive emitters.
  Implementing Dispersion
  3-66. Leader efforts to preempt and mitigate enemy detection are essential, but they cannot eliminate the risk
  of enemy massed and precision fires, including CBRN and weapons of mass destruction. To improve
  survivability from enemy indirect fires, Army forces maintain dispersion and remain as mobile as possible
  to avoid presenting themselves as lucrative targets to the enemy’s most capable systems. When mission