text: Chapter 5
  range of military operations. For additional information on the movement control process, see ATP 4-16,
  ATP 4-91, ATP 4-92, ATP 4-93.
  SUSTAINING MOBILITY
  5-20. Freedom to move and maneuver within an operational area is essential to the application of combat
  power and achieving results across the range of military operations. An OE will present numerous challenges
  to movement and maneuver. These are typically overcome through the integration and synchronization of
  mobility and countermobility in support of mission requirements. Sustainment units should be prepared to
  support gap crossing operations and aviation assets during the movement of maneuver troops. For additional
  information, see ADP 3-37, ATP 3-39.30, ATP 3-90.4, and ATP 3-90.8.
  SUSTAINMENT OF GAP CROSSING OPERATIONS
  5-21. Gap crossing operations require maneuver forces to break formations, concentrate within lanes or at
  crossing points, and reform on the far side before continuing to maneuver. Gap crossing types are deliberate,
  hasty, and covert. Gap crossings require large amounts of indirect fire support for obscuration and
  suppression that generate logistics requirements for ammunition and transportation. The amount of resources
  required to obscure the crossing is dependent on multiple variables such as duration required, weather, and
  terrain. Obscuration requires close coordination, control, and detailed planning to maximize the desired
  effects on the enemy while not degrading friendly capabilities. Artillery units conducting suppression and
  obscuration missions will displace frequently for survivability, requiring pre-positioning of munitions at
  various firing positions and position areas.
  AVIATION OPERATIONS
  5-22. Aviation operations related to sustainment increase mobility for light forces, offer aeromedical
  evacuation support, and provide additional options for distribution. These operations may include rotary,
  fixed-wing, and unmanned aerial systems. Sustainment forces should expect fuel and ammunition
  requirements to increase during aviation operations. Sustainment units should be prepared to conduct aerial
  resupply for maneuver forces. Planning considerations for aerial delivery should include type of airdrop asset
  and type of aerial delivery operation. Special planning considerations must include the fuel required by the
  aviation force at fluctuating rates. For example, a company of CH-47 Chinooks could consume as much as
  40,000 gallons of fuel in as little as two days, or it could consume almost no fuel in two days based on weather
  and operational considerations. The brigade aviation element is critical to coordinating aviation as an enabler.
  See FM 3-04 for additional details.
  ENEMY THREAT CONSIDERATIONS FOR SUSTAINMENT FORCES
  5-23. Enemy forces possess a wide range of space, air, maritime, and land-based intelligence, surveillance,
  and reconnaissance capabilities that can detect U.S. forces. These capabilities present risk to U.S. forces and
  risk to mission accomplishment. Leaders must assume they are under constant observation from one or more
  domains and continuously ensure they are not providing lucrative targets for the enemy to attack. One way
  of accomplishing this is reducing power usage and electromagnetic signatures. The challenges posed by
  enemy forces are massed and precision fires against static or fixed forces; air and missile threats including
  loitering munitions and other unmanned aircraft systems; degraded communications; areas and resources
  contaminated by CBRN; fixed and bypassed enemy formations; enemy infiltration and targeting of
  vulnerable units first; and enemy influence campaigns.
  5-24. Army sustainment forces must prepare for continuous visual, electromagnetic, and influence contact
  with adversaries. Sustainment forces are under persistent visual surveillance by enemy space and other
  capabilities. Sustainment forces and individuals are in constant electromagnetic contact with adversaries who
  persistently probe and disrupt individual, group, and Army capabilities dependent on space and cyberspace
  domains. Army forces are subject to adversary influence through disinformation campaigns targeting
  Soldiers and their families and friends through social media and other platforms.