text: Operations During Armed Conflict
  relationships, raise political stakes, manipulate public opinion, and attack resolve to constrain or
  deny basing rights, overflight corridors, logistics support, and concerted allied action.
  6-12. As it applies instruments of national power, Russia integrates military forces and other means at
  selected times and locations to achieve desired objectives as part of its overall campaign. It uses offensive
  and defensive tactics and techniques that include acts of crime and terrorism. These actions can also be
  employed to manipulate population perceptions and dissuade support to U.S. military forces or other
  institutions. When necessary, Russia uses acts of physical violence, psychological operations, and different
  means of manipulating information to gain influence and develop voluntary or coerced cooperation in a target
  population. Concurrently, it uses indirect means to progressively degrade U.S. combat power and
  infrastructure resources and to otherwise psychologically influence the political, social, economic, military,
  and information variables of the operational environment.
  6-13. Russian tactical-level units operate as combined arms forces to exploit the effects of both precision
  strikes and massed fires. Against lesser opponents, Russian forces employ deep maneuver when possible to
  defeat an enemy’s will to resist early in a conflict. In other cases, they mass capabilities in pursuit of more
  limited objectives while fixing their adversary along a broad front. Regardless of the situation, a basic
  principle of Russian military actions is to use the effects of strike actions to create the conditions for military
  success.
  6-14. Russia prefers to employ all available national elements of power prior to using maneuver forces, and
  after force-on-force operations begin, it will continue to employ these integrated national capabilities to
  support tactical maneuver. Russian forces also employ denial and deception (maskirovka) to mask the true
  intent of their operation. To execute tactics, Russian units apply intelligence methods and decision making,
  that are scientifically based, to—
  (cid:122) Understand the conditions of an operational environment that will impact operations.
  (cid:122) Determine the tactical functions required and calculate the required allocation of combat power
  needed to accomplish a mission in a specific time and location.
  (cid:122) Understand the psychological and cognitive issues among competing friendly forces, aggressor
  forces, the local population, and other actors in an operational environment.
  CHINA
  6-15. China considers three aspects in the country’s view of conflict: comprehensive national power,
  deception, and the Three Warfares. Comprehensive national power is made up of hard power and soft power.
  Hard power includes military capability and capacity, defense industry capability, intelligence capability, and
  related diplomatic actions such as threats and coercion. Soft power includes such things as economic power,
  diplomatic efforts, foreign development, global image, and international prestige. China views
  comprehensive national power as a vital measure of its global status. Ultimately, all forms of conflict—
  military, diplomatic, or other—must enhance China’s comprehensive national power. (For more information
  on China’s comprehensive national power, see ATP 7-100.3.)
  6-16. Deception plays a critical role in every part of the Chinese approach to conflict. People’s Liberation
  Army planners employ stratagems to achieve their deception goals. Stratagems describe the enemy’s mindset,
  focusing on how to achieve the desired perceptions by the opponent, and then they prescribe ways to exploit
  those perceptions.
  6-17. China’s strategic approach to conflict employs Three Warfares designed to support and reinforce the
  People’s Liberation Army’s traditional military operations. Though these approaches are called warfares,
  they are universally nonlethal and do not involve direct combat operations. If a battle must be fought, the
  Three Warfares are designed to unbalance, deceive, and coerce opponents to influence their perceptions in
  ways that create advantage. The Three Warfares are—
  (cid:122) Public opinion warfare.
  (cid:122) Psychological warfare.
  (cid:122) Legal warfare.
  6-18. Public opinion warfare is China’s high-level information campaign designed to set the terms of
  political discussion. China views this effort as capable of seizing the initiative in a conflict before any shots