text: Army Space Operations
  it should maintain flexibility to provide communications support as reliably as possible during dynamic
  operations.
  4-50. Some unit PACE plans, especially with regard to operating in D3SOE conditions, may include but
  are not limited to:
  * Communications. The Army relies heavily on SATCOM as the primary means to move large
  volumes of data securely and over great distances. When select SATCOM systems are denied,
  degraded, or disrupted, alternate systems such as other line of sight systems, land-lines, and
  manual methods (such as runners) should be employed.
  * FFT. Units should consider and train on how to maintain situational understanding of units using
  beyond line of sight SATCOM, line of sight communications, and analog methods of unit location
  and status tracking.
  * Battle damage assessment. A unit’s ability to conduct battle damage assessment often relies on
  unmanned aircraft system or National Reconnaissance Office overhead systems to collect post-
  strike information. Units should consider other means such as manned aircraft, ground forces
  using local drones, and multiple communication means to report data back to higher headquarters.
  An emergency method for battle damage assessment might be pre-positioned troops—equipped
  with radios—able to observe a deliberate strike and report back to higher headquarters.
  * Precision engagement. In a D3SOE, the fires should be prepared to support and employ multiple
  types of munitions providing the greatest accuracies available. Commanders and staffs should
  have PACE plans to achieve the best precision under less-than-optimal tactical conditions.
  * Target acquisition. Primary target acquisition often involves the use of unmanned aerial systems,
  National Reconnaissance Office overhead systems, radars, laser designation systems, and forward
  observers using SATCOM reporting means. Commanders and staffs should develop PACE plans
  with the expectation friendly forces will operate in a D3SOE.
  * Information collection. Many joint information collection assets rely on GPS, SATCOM, and
  National Reconnaissance Office overhead systems capabilities. As GPS, SATCOM, and National
  Reconnaissance Office overhead systems become denied, degraded, and disrupted, commanders
  and staffs should develop PACE plans on how best to develop and execute their information
  collection plans to support the commander’s priority intelligence requirements in support of
  decision points, high-value target lists, and high-payoff target lists.
  * Manned and unmanned aerial systems rely, in part, on both GPS and SATCOM for data sharing,
  platform tracking, target acquisition, and command and control. Commanders and staffs should
  have PACE plans developed and ready to implement to continue flights, operations, target
  acquisition, reconnaissance and surveillance, and command and control for when GPS and or
  SATCOM systems become denied, degraded, or disrupted.
  * Total asset visibility. Many Army sustainment units primarily rely upon both GPS and SATCOM
  systems to conduct command and control, and share logistical information between units. As GPS
  or SATCOM systems become denied, degraded, or disrupted, commanders and staffs should
  develop PACE plans on how best to continually share logistical information by means other than
  SATCOM thus using other means such as alternate SATCOM systems, line of sight radios, or
  runners.
  * Missile warning and space-based infrared sensors. Force protection requirements against peer
  forces who are likely to employ a wide variety and large quantity of ballistic missiles require
  Army forces to develop PACE plans. These PACE plans should cover the detection of missile
  launches and static infrared activity, warning to downrange forces, characterization, and geo-
  location for each detected event when GPS, SATCOM, space surveillance and reconnaissance
  sensors, and select warning systems and architectures are denied, degraded, or disrupted.
  UNIFIED LAND OPERATIONS USE OF SPACE CAPABILITIES
  4-51. Commanders apply combat power through one or a combination of warfighting functions using
  leadership and information to fulfill the mission. According to ADP 3-0, the definition of a warfighting
  function is, “a group of tasks and systems united by a common purpose that commanders use to accomplish
  missions and training objectives.” Army warfighting functions provide a framework for commanders to