text: Chapter 12
  Cyberspace Considerations During Multinational
  Operations
  The chapter begins with a discussion of influences of cyberspace operations on
  multinational operations. Next, the chapter describes cyberspace operations support to
  multinational partners. Then the chapter discusses the cyberspace operations command
  structure, followed by a discussion of synchronization with other operations and then
  communications systems principles. The chapter concludes with a checklist for
  considerations for commanders and staffs.
  INFLUENCES OF CYBERSPACE OPERATIONS ON
  MULTINATIONAL OPERATIONS
  12-1. Cyberspace operations impact multinational operations on land and in the other domains. These
  operations rely heavily on the electromagnetic spectrum and integration of cyberspace with other capabilities.
  IMPACT OF CYBERSPACE OPERATIONS ON MULTINATIONAL OPERATIONS
  12-2. Cyberspace can vastly impact a multinational operation. C2, fires, intelligence, sustainment data, and
  even the local news can pass through cyberspace and the electromagnetic spectrum. To understand the impact
  cyberspace has in multinational operations, commanders must understand U.S. and multinational partner’s
  reliance on cyberspace-enabled capabilities. They also must recognize how units move and store data and
  information. Lastly, commanders understand how sharing information provides Army, joint, and
  multinational forces an ability to gather knowledge and project power.
  12-3. Knowing when and how to leverage cyberspace capabilities can help multinational commanders
  achieve positions of information advantage. Having the ability to act faster, commanders can affect threat
  decision cycles and guide the perceived available threat COAs by leveraging cyberspace-enabled capabilities.
  DEPENDENCY ON THE ELECTROMAGNETIC SPECTRUM
  12-4. The multinational force largely depends on the electromagnetic spectrum. The electromagnetic
  spectrum is a major transport medium for cyberspace. Commanders can use the electromagnetic spectrum to
  send and receive friendly communications and to generate effects. Friendly, neutral, and threat users develop
  and implement wireless cyberspace capabilities using spectrum-dependent devices, all of which are
  vulnerable to detection and electromagnetic effects.
  INTEGRATING CYBERSPACE WITH OTHER CAPABILITIES
  12-5. Cyberspace operations, integrated with lethal and other nonlethal capabilities, may provide separate or
  complementary effects. Some of these capabilities include—
  • Cyberspace as it addresses—
  ▪ Cybersecurity.
  ▪ Cyberspace defense.
  ▪ Cyberspace attack.
  ▪ Cyberspace situational awareness.
  • Weapon platforms as they address—
  ▪ Long-range precision fires.
  ▪ Rocket and cannon artillery.
  ▪ Maneuver platforms.
  • Information advantage as it addresses—
  ▪ Military information support operations.
  ▪ Public affairs.
  ▪ Social media.