text: Chapter 1
  or to nullify or reduce the effectiveness of such attack [JP 3-01]) and ballistic missile defense
  (defensive measures designed to destroy attacking enemy ballistic missiles, or to nullify or reduce
  the effectiveness of such attack [JP 3-01]). Though not included in the definition of active AMD
  operations, counter-rocket, artillery, and mortar (C-RAM) is a fundamental part of active AMD.
  C-RAM operations are defensive measures to destroy, nullify, or reduce the effectiveness of
  rocket, artillery, and mortar (RAM) threats. For, simplicity sake, air, ballistic, and RAM threats
  are generally referred to as “air and missile threats” hereafter.
  * Passive AMD operations. All measures, other than active AMD, taken to minimize the
  effectiveness of hostile air and ballistic missile threats against friendly forces and critical assets
  These measures include detection, warning, camouflage, concealment, deception, dispersion,
  hardening, and the use of protective construction (JP 3-01).
  Note. Fixed-wing aircraft, rotary-wing aircraft, cruise missiles, and unmanned aircraft systems
  (UAS) have traditionally been referred to as "air-breathing threats," or more commonly as "ABTs"
  by ADA Soldiers. The term "air-breathing threat" has evolved over time to "air threat" in joint
  doctrine. Neither term has been formally defined in joint or service doctrine; they are described
  simply in terms of the threat set that they both encompass. Air threat is used consistently
  throughout this document to refer to these collective threats.
  1-4. In general, while active AMD is the more prevalent counterair operational element in the early phase
  of campaigns, attack operations reduce the capacity of the enemy to launch air attacks over time, thus
  decreasing the demand for active AMD munitions in the later stages of the campaign. C2 systems link the
  planning and execution activities of the other operational elements.
  1-5. All defensive and offensive counterair operations are enabled by joint and Army C2 elements and
  further facilitated by mission command. Mission command is the Army’s approach to command and control
  that empowers subordinate decision making and decentralized execution appropriate to the situation (ADP
  6-0).
  1-6. While all of the operational elements are mentioned in this document, the focus throughout is active
  AMD and C2 as executed by ADA organizations primarily at the operational and tactical levels. Some
  discussion of strategic AMD capabilities is presented in appendix A, but most is deferred to FM 3-27 and JP
  3-27. The combination of active AMD, attack operations, and passive AMD optimize the use of AMD
  capabilities in the protection of Soldiers, equipment, and other military and geopolitical assets.
  1-7. “Air defense artillery (ADA) units conduct air and missile defense (AMD) operations in support of
  both the protection, fires, and movement and maneuver warfighting functions” (ADP 3-19). Commanders
  must execute and integrate fires, in combination with the other elements of combat power, to create and
  converge effects and achieve the desired endstate. Fires tasks are those necessary actions that must be
  conducted to create and converge effects in all domains to meet the commander's objectives. For example, a
  commander may simultaneously employ offensive cyberspace fires to attack an enemy air defense network,
  air support to destroy air defense C2 nodes, and land- and sea-based AMD fires to defend against air and
  missile threats. The converged effects provide reduced risk to allied operational aircraft.
  1-8. AMD planners at all echelons from AAMDC (Army theater level) to SHORAD battery (division and
  below tactical level) dialogue with respective protection cell planners to finalize the echelon's defended asset
  list. Regular coordination is conducted to ensure that the critical assets are protected from air and missile
  attack and surveillance. Respective AMD organizations should actively participate in protection working
  groups and provide all working group personnel advised of pertinent AMD directives, actions, and the overall
  AMD picture.
  ADA ROLE AND CAPABILITIES
  1-9. The role of ADA is to deter and defeat the range of aerial threats in order to assure allies, ensure
  operational access, and defend critical assets and deployed forces in support of unified land operations.