text: Chapter 3
  Foundations of Counterinsurgency
  “The best way to attain peace is to combine force with politics, We must remember
  that destruction must be used as a last recourse, and even then only in order to build
  something better in the end…Each time an officer is required to act against a village
  in a war, he needs to remember that his first duty, after securing submission of the
  local population, is to rebuild the village, reorganize the local market and establish
  a school.”
  General Joseph Gallieni, Fundamental Instructions, 1898
  US and Host Nation participation in combating an insurgency includes simultaneous
  military and nonmilitary efforts that normally build upon the Host Nation
  government’s efforts, its institutions and plans. This chapter discusses the foundations
  of a successful counterinsurgency through sections on the seven of counterinsurgency
  lines of effort, tactical force consideration, clear-hold-build operations, other major
  COIN operations, and the phases of COIN operations.
  Section I—OVERVIEW
  A counterinsurgency is a complex subset of warfare. This section defines counterinsurgency, explains the
  concepts of foreign internal defense (FID) and internal defense and development (IDAD), and describes the
  scores of units, agencies, organizations that units could work with in their area of operations. This discussion
  also covers full-spectrum operations and their applications in counterinsurgency. Finally, it introduces the
  seven counterinsurgency lines of effort (LOEs) to help units achieve unity of effort.
  DEFINITION OF COUNTERINSURGENCY
  3-1. Counterinsurgency is those military, paramilitary, economic, psychological and civil actions taken
  by a government to defeat an insurgency (JP 1-02). In a counterinsurgency, Host Nation forces
  and partners operate to defeat armed resistance, reduce passive opposition, and establish or reestablish the
  legitimacy of the Host Nation's government (FM 3-0). Counterinsurgency is a proactive approach
  involving all elements of national power; even down to the tactical level. COIN operations strive to achieve
  unity of effort amongst many joint, interagency, intergovernmental, and multinational organizations. COIN
  includes tactical planning; intelligence development and analysis; training; materiel, technical,
  organizational assistance; advice; infrastructure development; tactical-level operations; and information
  engagement. US forces often lead the US government’s counterinsurgency efforts because the US military
  can quickly project a counterinsurgent force and sustain not only its force but also other agencies.
  GOAL OF COUNTERINSURGENCY OPERATIONS
  3-2. The end state of counterinsurgency operations is a legitimate Host Nation government that can
  provide effective governance. This includes providing for their populace, eliminating the root causes of the
  insurgency and preventing those root causes from returning. Counterinsurgent operations can successfully
  defeat an insurgency; achieve unity of effort along multiple lines of effort; isolate the insurgent from the
  people; and increase the legitimacy of the Host Nation government. The five requirements for successful
  COIN operations at the tactical level include:
  • Together, US and HN military commanders devise the plan for attacking the insurgent strategy,
  and focus on bolstering governmental legitimacy.
  • HN and US forces establish control of area and secure the population continuously.