text: Information Operations and Decisive Action
  Using feints, ruses, demonstrations, and displays.
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  * Informational dimension.
  Jamming communication and signals.
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  Corrupting data and information.
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  Employing denial of service attacks.
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  Intercepting or misdirecting data or content.
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  Manipulating information provided to adversary leaders.
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  Attacking the enemy’s or adversary’s narrative(s).
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  Using social engineering or spoofing.
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  * Cognitive dimension.
  Creating ambiguity or confusion.
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  Causing an incorrect understanding of friendly intent.
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  Creating hesitancy or procrastination.
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  Enabling overconfidence in false signals and signs; under confidence or uncertainty in the
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  true ones.
  Degrading support for the threat.
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  Degrading legitimacy of threat narrative(s).
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  2-8. IRCs that are most often synchronized to achieve an attack orientation in the information environment
  include, but are not limited to:
  * Cyberspace operations.
  * Electronic warfare.
  * Military deception.
  * MISO.
  * Destruction and lethal actions.
  * Special technical operations.
  * Space operations.
  * Soldier and leader engagement (SLE).
  IO WEIGHTED EFFORT: STABILIZE
  2-9. When the IO effort necessitates a stabilize orientation, it seeks to create effects in the information
  environment that accomplish any one or combination of the following (not all inclusive):
  * Physical dimension.
  Meeting with key leaders, decision makers, or people who can influence the behaviors of
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  others.
  Visibly demonstrating mutual commitment or support.
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  Establishing, supporting and utilizing new infrastructure or media that increases or enhances
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  quantity and quality of communication between U.S.-led forces and relevant audiences.
  Identifying and cultivating traditional or indigenous communicators.
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  Aligning Soldier and unit actions with their words and images.
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  * Informational dimension.
  Employing audience- and culturally-attuned messages.
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  Countering threat or adversary information efforts and narratives through coordinated actions.
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  Aligning images and words with unit and individual Soldier actions.
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  Using messages crafted by native speakers and communicators.
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  Nesting messages with higher headquarters themes and messages and strategic
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  communication guidance.
  * Cognitive dimension.
  Creating support for rule of law, local security forces, and legitimate authority.
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