text: Army Operations in Maritime Environments
  (cid:122) Intertheater transportation by joint assets.
  (cid:122) Intratheater transportation for personnel during and after RSOI.
  (cid:122) Classes of supply and access to field services.
  (cid:122) Field and sustainment maintenance in remote locations.
  (cid:122) Distribution.
  (cid:122) Operational contract support.
  (cid:122) General engineering (ports and airfields).
  (cid:122) Sustaining and mitigating impact of limited island infrastructure.
  (cid:122) Mortuary affairs.
  7-71. Bringing APS ashore requires detailed planning as part of the movement control and sustainment
  planning boards at the TSC and Army field support battalions. APS are positioned strategically, and they are
  not designated to any specific unit. Floating stocks may be discharged in support of armed conflict and require
  detailed early planning. In a maritime environment, the sustainment demands and maintenance footprint for
  an APS download operation may quickly exceed the capabilities of a small island port. The APS download
  has significant considerations for suitable, deep draft port facilities and infrastructure, support equipment,
  host-nation and coalition approval for port access, maintenance personal, and detailed force protection and
  security plans. The demand for maintenance and support personnel and security forces is significant, and it
  requires additional sustainment planning. APS download operations typically require a TSC or division-level
  C2 node and additional protection assets to mitigate their vulnerability to enemy attacks. (See ATP 3-35.1
  for more information on planning for APS stocks in combat operations.)
  7-72. JLOTS is a key enabler to combat operations in maritime environments. It is typically coordinated and
  controlled by the TSC. JLOTS allows heavy forces to be moved from ship to shore when there are no modern
  deep-water ports available, such as on various smaller atolls or when ports are not available due to combat
  damage or volume of shipping. The strategic flexibility provided by JLOTS requires detailed coordination
  and frequent training as a Navy and Army warfighting skill set before conflict occurs. This family of systems
  includes vulnerable assets that facilitate the ship-to-shore movement of necessary supplies and the
  administration of personnel supporting JLOTS. The offshore petroleum distribution system, elevated
  causeway system, pier systems, roll on/roll off discharge facilities, and the administration architecture
  associated with JLOTS employment are highly vulnerable, lack protection or early warning systems, and are
  unable to quickly displace in the event of enemy attack. If a JFC is considering using a JLOTS, the command
  should take measures to reduce its vulnerability. (See JP 4-01.6 for more detailed information about JLOTS.)
  7-73. Because of the constraints imposed on ground movement in maritime operational environments, it is
  critical that the TSC integrates into the JFC’s transportation board and working groups to prioritize and
  execute transportation operations during armed conflict. This board and working group direct the planning
  and coordination of modal operations, intermodal operations, movement control, and theater distribution.
  Surface transportation normally requires a pre-planned transition from watercraft to motor transport at the
  shoreline for the movement of supplies and personnel in-shore. Naval forces provide essential causeway,
  sealift, and logistics over-the-shore support to land forces when ports may be austere, damaged, or non-
  existent. Naval forces may be responsible for downloading supplies from vessels and delivering them to port
  operations for release to Army forces. Commanders may task Army forces to assist with downloading and
  uploading equipment and supplies from ships and boats. Naval construction capabilities provide port
  construction such as warehouses, storage facilities and explosive ordnance disposal to locate and dispose of
  mines along ports and channels.
  7-74. Army watercraft provide additional sealift and sustainment capabilities to the JFC and JFLCC as part
  of inter-island transportation support. Given the limited availability of these critical assets, most of which are
  highly vulnerable to attack from enemy antiship systems, some Army equipment and forces may be
  prioritized lower than other Service equipment and forces for transportation into and around the AOR. Army
  watercraft operations depend on host-nation access and infrastructure improvement to enable both maneuver
  forces and follow-on sustainment. Army units assigned to maritime environments with organic tactical
  combat rubber raiding craft can also provide a tactical means of intra-island and possibly inter-island
  resupply. This can reduce the burden for operational assets, providing increased access to restrictive littoral
  terrain, a reduced signature for targeting, and flexibility to operational and tactical commanders. (See