text: Chapter 2
  GOOD FAITH, PERFIDY, AND OTHER UNLAWFUL ACTS, AND
  LAWFUL DECEPTION AND RUSES OF WAR
  The principle of honor underlies rules concerning good faith, perfidy, certain unlawful acts, and
  lawful deception and ruses of war. These rules permit certain types of deception to facilitate the conduct of
  hostilities while limiting other types of deception—killing or wounding by resort to perfidy—to help prevent
  acts that would undermine protections afforded under LOAC and unduly frustrate efforts to restore peace.
  GOOD FAITH
  Absolute good faith between the parties to an armed conflict is essential. Breaches of good faith may
  undermine the protections LOAC affords to protected persons and objects; impair non-hostile relations
  between opposing belligerents; and damage or even destroy the basis for a restoration of peace short of the
  complete annihilation of one belligerent by another.
  Breaches of good faith may put civilians, persons who are hors de combat, or other protected persons
  or objects at greater risk of harm from a practical viewpoint. This is so because an adversary will find it
  difficult to respect such protected persons and objects if it believes or suspects its enemy is abusing claims
  to protection under LOAC in order to achieve a military advantage.
  Breaches of good faith also impair non-hostile relations between opposing belligerents during armed
  conflict by diminishing the legitimate activities that depend upon a degree of mutual respect and trust between
  hostile forces. Examples of these legitimate activities include effecting surrender or collecting the dead,
  wounded, and sick (enemy or friendly) on the battlefield. Military commanders may find it more difficult to
  ensure that their forces comply with LOAC when treacherous acts by the enemy have resulted in casualties
  among their own forces.
  Breaches of good faith also damage, and may destroy, the basis for restoration of peace short of the
  complete annihilation of one belligerent by another. A degree of mutual respect and trust is essential for the
  negotiation of cease-fires, truces, surrenders, and other agreements necessary to bring an end to hostilities.
  The line between those acts that good faith permits and those that good faith prohibits may appear
  indistinct and has varied according to State practice. Good faith prohibits: killing or wounding by resort to
  perfidy; misusing certain signs, including, fighting in the enemy’s uniform; feigning non-hostile relations in
  order to seek a military advantage; and compelling nationals of a hostile party to take part in military
  operations directed against their own State.
  PERFIDY
  Acts of perfidy are acts that invite the confidence of enemy persons to lead them to believe that they
  are entitled to, or are obligated to accord, protections under LOAC with the intent to betray that confidence.
  Perfidy involves specific requirements: a killing or wounding of the enemy; the intent (mens rea) to act
  treacherously (i.e., the intent to kill or wound) (HR art. 23(b)); an entitlement or obligation under LOAC;
  and a nexus in time (that is, immediate tactical advantage) between the treacherous action and the killing or
  wounding.
  The key element in perfidy is the false claim to protections under LOAC in order to secure a military
  advantage to kill or wound an opponent (see DOD Law of War Manual, 5.22.1; consider AP I art. 37).
  2-1. Examples of killing or wounding by resort to perfidy include:
  * Feigning of intent to negotiate under a flag of truce and then attacking the opponent.
  * Feigning surrender and then attacking in order to gain an immediate tactical advantage over enemy
  forces.
  * Feigning that one is wounded, sick, or dead, and then attacking the opponent.
  * Feigning of civilian status to obtain an advantage over enemy forces to kill or wound them.
  Any combatant feigning surrender and then attacking is taking advantage of the rule that their enemy must
  give them quarter. Combatants, who feign death or injury to lure their enemy near them so they may attack
  them, engage in acts of perfidy. However, any combatant who feigns death in the hope of evading capture