text: Air and Missile Defense
  POSITIVE AND PROCEDURAL METHODS OF AIRSPACE
  CONTROL
  Positive and procedural methods of airspace control facilitate the use of airspace to enable AMD fires.
  Positive control is a method of airspace control that relies on positive identification, tracking, and detection
  of aircraft within an airspace, conducted with electronic means, by an agency having the authority and
  responsibility therein (JP 3-52). Procedural control is a method of airspace control which relies on a
  combination of previously agreed and promulgated orders and procedures (JP 3-52). Examples of these orders
  and procedures include air defense warning conditions, rules of engagements (ROE), published identification
  criteria, and weapons control status.
  ALERT STATES
  An alert state is a condition that prescribes the amount of resources required to achieve ready to fire
  and desired radar emissions, and which specifies manning requirements and equipment configurations (FM
  3-01). Alert states are METT-TC dependent and are determined by the senior ADA commander in
  coordination with the area air defense commander and regional or sector air defense commander.
  AIR DEFENSE WARNING CONDITION
  An air defense warning condition is an air defense warning given in the form of a color code
  corresponding to the degree of air raid probability with yellow standing for when an attack by hostile aircraft
  or missiles is probable; red for when an attack by hostile aircraft or missiles is imminent or is in progress;
  and white for when an attack by hostile aircraft or missiles is improbable (JP 3-01).
  AMD procedural controls are used to posture units based on the assessed threat. The area air defense
  commander establishes the baseline air defense warning condition for the joint force during the planning
  stage. A condition may be different for an air threat and a missile threat. Subordinate AMD commanders may
  issue higher, but not lower, conditions for their region or sector.
  Local air defense warnings—DYNAMITE, LOOKOUT, and SNOWMAN—are also used to alert
  forces to potential attacks at the local level. They should be incorporated into local tactical standard operating
  procedures, explaining what response the supported force desires when a local air defense warning condition
  is broadcast.
  * DYNAMITE: Aircraft or missiles are inbound or attacking now. Response is immediate. As a
  general rule, a DYNAMITE status should be assumed when an air threat is within 15 kilometers
  of the division or brigade combat team's (BCT) area of operations (AO).
  * LOOKOUT: Aircraft or missiles are in the area of interest but are not yet threatening, or if
  inbound, there is time to react. As a general rule, a LOOKOUT status should be assumed when an
  air threat is within 30 kilometers of the division or BCT AO.
  * SNOWMAN: No aircraft or missiles pose a threat at this time. Aircraft and missiles are monitored
  but not broadcast over the early warning net.
  RULES OF ENGAGEMENT
  Rules of engagement are directives issued by competent military authority that delineate the
  circumstances and limitations under which United States forces will initiate and/or continue combat
  engagement with other forces encountered (JP 3-84). The joint force commander approves the theater rules.
  These established rules enable the area air defense commander to retain control of the air battle by prescribing
  the exact conditions under which engagements may take place. ROE apply to all warfare participants in the
  theater and are disseminated to all echelons. There are six AMD ROE categories: right of self-defense,
  identification criteria, fire control orders, weapons control status, levels of control, and modes of control.
  * Right of self-defense. Commanders at all echelons must take whatever action is necessary to
  protect their forces and equipment against air or missile attack. When under attack, the right of
  self-defense is inherent to all ROE and weapons control procedures (JP 3-01).