text: Chapter 3
  Threats to be Countered by Short-Range Air Defense
  This chapter summarizes the air threats facing Army and joint forces that SHORAD
  must counter. The summaries are generic threat capability descriptions. The threats to
  be countered are UASs, manned helicopters, manned fixed-wing aircraft, RAM, cruise
  missiles, and tactical air-to-surface missiles. In addition to air threats, SHORAD forces
  must contend with electromagnetic and cyberspace attacks as well as ground attacks
  by enemy forces, common threats to all Army and joint forces.
  THREAT OVERVIEW
  In the past, U.S. forces have enjoyed relative advantages over their adversaries with superior
  capabilities in the air, land, maritime, space and cyberspace domains. However, adversaries of the past have
  become near-peer threats, able to challenge U.S. operations in all of these domains. U.S. adversaries have
  closely observed emerging U.S. capabilities and have focused their capabilities and approaches that create or
  exploit U.S. vulnerabilities while avoiding U.S. strengths.
  Today's air threats continue to evolve in capability and quantity, with a trend toward a greater
  investment in UASs, ballistic missiles, and cruise missiles. Within the last decade, the air and missile arsenals
  of today's adversaries have become more robust, diverse, and complex. Newer missile and some indirect fire
  threats can maneuver in various stages of flight. Not only do our adversaries have access to the increasingly
  sophisticated ballistic missiles, but they also have a growing array of cruise missiles, UASs, and RAM. Many
  of these are increasingly available on the world market. Additionally, traditional air threats will still exist in
  the world of tomorrow. Helicopters continue to pose a significant lethal hazard for ground forces. Fixed-wing
  aircraft continue to evolve as expensive but highly capable weapon systems. All of these air and missile
  threats must be addressed by Army and joint AMD forces within the context of anti-access/area denial
  operations and of defeating increasingly sophisticated countermeasures, electromagnetic attack, and
  cyberspace efforts.
  The threat will attempt to develop an overmatch in an area to mitigate the capabilities of the U.S. force.
  One area of possible overmatch is advanced electromagnetic attack, in which a threat system jams or spoofs
  across the electromagnetic spectrum in an attempt to hamper an ADA system's ability to detect or engage a
  threat platform or projectile. As the ADA force becomes more network centric, a sophisticated cyberspace
  attack could potentially hamper the AMD network's ability to support the detection, identification, or
  engagement of a target. Another tactic is a complex integrated attack which is designed to overwhelm defense
  of a site by employing different capabilities. A complex integrated attack is a synchronized attack of a
  friendly asset by a mix of air and missile threats arriving near-simultaneously from different directions,
  altitudes, and range (FM 3-01). This mix may include any or all air and missile threats. Complex integrated
  attacks will likely be supported by enemy activities in other domains, such as jamming efforts in the
  cyberspace domain, as noted above, and special operations forces' attacks in the land domain.
  Threat special operations forces can attack from any direction; ADA systems have a limited force
  protection capability, large perimeters, and vulnerability to special operations force attacks if force protection
  is not coordinated with and supplemented by the supported unit.
  Potential adversaries are investing in anti-access strategies and area-denial capabilities to counter the
  U.S. ability to project military force into an operational area with sufficient freedom of action to accomplish
  assigned missions. The concept of anti-access/area denial is to control the access into and movement within
  a region. Preclusion is the combination of anti-access and area denial methods that seeks to influence the
  ability of an enemy, outside the region, to introduce forces into the theater and sustain combat power.