text: Command and Control During Multinational Operations
  to ensure shared understanding, mutual trust and confidence, and unity of effort between U.S. Army units
  and joint forces. Units conducting multinational operations explicitly address solutions to enable effective
  information sharing and task execution. Common best practices for effective interoperability, regardless of
  mission type or forces involved, include—
  • Designation of a mission partner coordinator reporting directly to the commander and chief of staff
  responsible to—
  ▪ Measure progress towards interoperability.
  ▪ Develop interoperability plans of action and milestones.
  ▪ Collaborate with mission partners regarding the plans of action and milestones.
  ▪ Coordinate and integrate staff section activities to meet plans of action and milestone objectives.
  • Identification and requisition of resources related to interoperability.
  • Early and routine collaboration with mission partners when developing, implementing, and
  assessing interoperability solutions. Such solutions can include a MPN, common processes, KM
  planning, and multinational organizations.
  • Documented, updated, and published plans directly related to interoperability—such as joining,
  membership, and exiting instructions (JMEI), MPN plan and architecture, and KM plan—that
  ensure shared understanding as dynamic plans change.
  • Establishment of key multinational organizations to support planning, implementing, and
  continually assessing the MPN, coalition common operational picture (COP), appropriate
  multinational advanced-analytics cells supporting artificial intelligence, advanced analytics, other
  information sharing, and decision support functions that depend on effective interoperability.
  INTEGRATED INTEROPERABILITY PURPOSE
  2-22. Interoperability requirements add complexity to the operations process. Integrated interoperability
  involves the commander and staff adding to and integrating with, but not replacing, the activities associated
  with planning, preparation, execution, and assessment for a given multinational mission or operation.
  Commanders and staffs identify and address interoperability considerations to enable shared understanding,
  mutual trust and confidence, and unity of effort across a synchronized multinational force. Leaders adapt to
  changing circumstances throughout the operations process. Chapter 3 discusses additional considerations and
  desired outcomes specifically for planning in multinational operations.
  PLAN
  2-23. Planning for interoperability begins with receipt of mission directing the unit to conduct an operation
  with one or more multinational partners. Planning continues within the seven steps of the military decision-
  making process (known as the MDMP) to orders production, dissemination, and transition. Key planning
  considerations for effective interoperability, regardless of mission type or forces involved, include—
  • Commander and staff of U.S. units collaborate with designated mission partners after receipt of
  mission for a multinational operation or exercise.
  • Based on commander’s intent and guidance, U.S. and mission partner staff collaborate to develop a
  shared understanding of interoperable processes and associated information-sharing requirements.
  • Staff and liaison officers develop, implement, and exchange plans to help develop effective technical
  and procedural interoperability solutions.
  • Staff plans for effective preparation, execution, and assessment of interoperability considerations.
  PREPARE
  2-24. Preparation normally begins during planning and continues into execution by units. Preparation helps
  the force transition from planning to execution. Like other activities of the operations process, commanders
  drive preparation activities with a focus on leading and assessing. Team building is essential during
  multinational operations. Commanders ensure all units are treated and exposed equally regardless of national
  background. All participants perceive missions as appropriate, achievable, and equitable in burden and risk
  sharing. Multinational partners should be included in planning. Their opinions about the type of mission
  assignment for their units are important. Planning staffs ensure they understand all national caveats.
  Commanders consider national caveats based on legal and policy constraints when assigning missions and
  tasks to members. All plans and operations consider these caveats.