text: Chapter 2
  * Using decoys or dummy materials, such as dummy weapons, equipment, and buildings;
  * Feigning activity or inactivity, such as:
   Simulating quiet; and
   Feigning flights, retreats, attacks, marches, movements (for example, approaching a
  destination indirectly), supply movements, operations, withdrawals, or camps;
  * Mimicking other types of forces, such as:
   Using small forces to simulate larger units;
   Units of one type pretending to be units of another type;
   Removing unit identification from units, equipment, or personnel; and
   Individuals or units dressing like and mimicking the appearance of enemy friendly forces
  without engaging in combatant acts;
  * Using camouflage or deceptive lighting;
  * Removing or altering identifying information, such as moving identifying landmarks;
  * Planting false information in a manner that allows enemy forces to intercept it, such as through
  the use of:
   False messages among one’s own forces;
   Intensifying or minimizing message traffic; or
   Bogus messages, dispatches, or newspapers;
  * Lying in the course of a POW intelligence interrogation on questions when no obligation to answer
  correctly exists;
  * Feigning enemy military status by using enemy flags, insignia, or military uniforms outside of
  combat; or
  * Using enemy codes, signals, or passwords.
  Examples of Other Deceptions That Are Not Prohibited
  Certain deceptions may not meet the definition of “ruses” because they may invite the confidence
  of an adversary with respect to protection under LOAC. Nevertheless, LOAC does not prohibit some of these
  deceptions even though, in some cases, they may expose the persons performing them to liability under an
  enemy State’s domestic law. These include:
  * Feigning incapacitation or death in order to escape the enemy, such as:
   Soldiers who feign death in the hope they will be let alone by enemy forces, permitting them
  to then take evasive actions to return to friendly forces without engaging the enemy; and
   An aircraft crew that feigns loss of control and the appearance that the aircraft is about to
  crash in order to dissuade further enemy attack and to break contact with enemy forces.
  * Feigning civilian status to facilitate spying or sabotage, such as false use of journalist credentials;
  and
  * Using an informal ceasefire for the purpose of collecting wounded and dead to withdraw unseen
  by the enemy.
  PROHIBITION AGAINST COMPELLING ENEMY NATIONALS TO
  TAKE PART IN MILITARY OPERATIONS DIRECTED AGAINST
  THEIR OWN FORCES OR STATE
  During international armed conflict, it is prohibited to compel nationals of the hostile party to take
  part in military operations directed against their own country or forces, even if they were in the belligerent’s
  service before the commencement of the war (see HR art. 23). Underlying this prohibition is the principle
  that States must not compel persons to commit treason or otherwise violate their allegiance to their country.
  Additional restrictions are applicable with respect to POWs, retained personnel, and protected persons (see,
  for example, GPW art. 52, prohibiting POWs from being employed in dangerous or humiliating work).