text: Chapter 3
  Cooperation and Collaboration
  3-130. The highest level of interaction entails cooperation or collaboration that can include jointly
  conducted operations, co-location of organizations, exchange of liaisons, and other measures to achieve
  more effective integration. In a loosely collaborative relationship, Army units may occasionally provide
  direct security for the other partners (such as a convoy escort). In a closer collaboration, the interaction is
  substantive and more permanent.
  3-131. Other partners can beneficially contribute to Army units by providing independent, external
  assessments of relevant issues, to include the military’s activities and benchmarking. Army units should
  invite partners’ input and contribution to after action reviews, either by direct participation or through
  acceptable intermediaries such as civilian personnel associated with the operation.
  3-132. Some general guidelines will help foster improved coordination with other partners:
  * Take time to develop and maintain relationships.
  * Identify and include stakeholders early. Coordination with host-nation security forces (especially
  police) is particularly important to create a secure environment, particularly since police forces
  will become responsible for civil security. Army units should seek input from vulnerable societal
  groups that lack power, as these may have long been without a voice.
  * Consult; do not dictate.
  * Be honest and reliable. Back up words with action.
  * Be respectful. Avoid appearing arrogant or condescending. Show proper courtesy to older or
  higher-ranking counterparts.
  * Conduct vertical efforts to supplement horizontal engagements. Direct engagements with
  counterparts may prove futile for a variety of reasons. It may be necessary to identify a problem
  to higher echelons in the chain of command that can in turn encourage higher counterparts to
  direct or take necessary actions.
  * Consider the impact of and the effect on informing and influencing audiences.
  Challenges
  3-133. Many critical actors attempt to preserve their neutrality and avoid the appearance of collaborating
  with political and military entities such as Army units or the host-nation government. Because of different
  objectives, cultures, and chains of authority, disagreements and misunderstandings between the actors
  occur. Additionally, the competition for scarce resources such as infrastructure and a qualified host-nation
  work force can create tensions between Army units and other actors.
  CONSIDERATIONS FOR MULTINATIONAL OPERATIONS
  3-134. Multinational operations are vital to achieve efficiency, unity of effort, and synergy to perform the
  primary stability tasks. Multinational operations integrate the wide variety of partners essential for stability
  and strengthen the population’s confidence in Army units and other security organizations. Multinational
  operations expand mutual situational understanding and can improve the effectiveness of the participants
  and enhance their relationships with each other. These operations enable host-nation involvement in and
  ownership of the primary stability tasks, since the host-nation retains its sovereign obligations and
  eventually must be capable of meeting them effectively. Multinational operations also capitalize on the
  host-nation security forces’ understanding of the terrain and population. By providing a method to monitor
  and mentor host-nation security forces, multinational operations can also support security sector reform.
  3-135. While it is possible to integrate individuals at the lowest unit levels (for example, Soldiers and
  host-nation police operate a vehicle checkpoint together), it is often more appropriate to maintain unit
  integrity and assign tasks to Army units only. For example, a host-nation platoon might be tasked to
  establish a security cordon for a search operation conducted by an Army unit, or vice versa. Language
  differences and the availability of interpreters determine the possible level of integration. Staff integration
  can be extremely useful, depending on considerations such as language skills, security access requirements,
  and operations security precautions.