text: Chapter 11
  11-19. The space planner determines if space operations are acceptable. During the planning process of
  multinational space operations, planners consider how the integration of space operations will affect other
  operations. It is rare for units to conduct space operations independently of other operations. Planners are
  aware of how space operations will affect or impact operations in all domains. Acceptable COAs have fewer
  risks.
  COMMAND STRUCTURE FOR SPACE OPERATIONS IN
  MULTINATIONAL OPERATIONS
  11-20. When determining the placement of space operations personnel within the command structure, the
  multinational force commander considers the complexities of an operational environment and the
  relationships used by space operations to integrate and coordinate with other elements of the staff. In a theater
  of operations, the individual designated as space coordinating authority has the responsibility to plan,
  integrate, and coordinate space operations. The space coordinating authority is responsible for coordinating
  joint and multinational space operations and integrating all space capabilities and effects within a theater of
  multinational operations. The space coordinating authority helps coordinate joint and multinational space
  operations and integrates space capabilities and effects to support the multinational force commander. The
  space coordinating authority is the ultimate decision maker regarding space operations in a theater. The
  multinational force commander does not direct tasking authority of space assets. However, the commander
  can request allocation of space assets.
  11-21. Coordination of space operations within multinational operations typically occurs at a combined
  headquarters such as a joint forces command, Service component command, the Combined Space Operations
  Center, or the U.S. Space Command. Within these headquarters, liaison officers from participating allies and
  partner nations come together to directly interact, collaborate, and coordinate on plans and space support
  requests sent to them. Liaison officers review plans and requests, identify capabilities based on the desired
  effect, determine unintentional effects of the capabilities used, and identify capability gaps required to
  support specific operations. Once a space support request has been assessed and verified, it is sent to the
  director of space forces to be prioritized. The space support request is submitted to the Combined Space
  Operations Center for asset assignment and inclusion into the air tasking order.
  11-22. The U.S. Army typically takes the lead in the coordination process since it possesses the most robust
  and holistic complement of space resources. Though robust, U.S. assets do not represent every capability.
  Through liaison officers’ coordination, allies and partner nations provide their unique capabilities, often
  discrete or specialized, and incorporate these capabilities through data layering into the concept of operations
  to improve mission results.
  11-23. Each combatant commander normally has a chief of space force on staff. The chief of space force is
  a U.S. Space Force officer who oversees all space operations activities and forces conducted by all Services
  in a theater of operations. The chief of space forces is responsible for—
  • Accomplishing the duties of the space coordinating authority.
  • Conducting day-to-day functions of the space staff.
  • Integrating space capabilities, space control operations, and planning into joint and multinational
  operations.
  • Providing advice on space capabilities and employment.
  11-24. In a multinational headquarters, space liaison officers are granted significant authority and reachback
  capabilities, and they are considered invaluable assets for coordination. Army space operations personnel are
  typically assigned under an Army echelon G-3 or an established command and support relationship. In the
  absence of an established or codified command structure, space operations personnel create a support
  relationship with lead nation forces and other supporting liaisons formally or informally if sufficiently
  important to transient requirements. In these instances, normalizing space capabilities into terms more
  commonly used for planning such as fires, maneuver, and intelligence alleviates confusion and simplifies
  requests for support. In doing so, space operations personnel can integrate space capabilities and effects into
  joint targeting, the air tasking order, and the COP.