text: Chapter 4
  Onenemyindirect-firesystems.
  (cid:132)
  Sequenceandlocationofdeliveryforfieldartilleryandmortars.
  (cid:132)
  SECTION III – AIR-GROUND OPERATIONS
  4-42. Air action by fixed- and rotary-wing aircraft against hostile targets that are in close proximity to
  friendlyforcesrequiredetailedintegrationofeachairmissionwiththefireand movementofgroundforces.
  Thissectiondiscusses fundamentalconsiderations for effective air-ground operations, close combatattack,
  and close air support. Itaddresses unmanned aircraftsystem operationsto provide surveillance capabilities
  and to enhance the ABNAFC’s situational awareness as he plans, coordinates, and executes the airborne
  assault.
  FUNDAMENTAL CONSIDERATIONS
  4-43. To ensureeffective air-ground operations, airborne assault commandersand staffs must consider the
  integration of air and ground maneuver forces. The following fundamentals provide a framework for
  enhancingtheeffectivenessofbothairandgroundmaneuver:
  (cid:122) Understandingcapabilitiesandlimitationsofeachforce.
  (cid:122) Usingstandardoperatingprocedures.
  (cid:122) Forminghabitualrelationships.
  (cid:122) Usingregulartrainingevents.
  (cid:122) Rehearsals.
  (cid:122) Maximizingandconcentratingeffectsofavailableassets.
  (cid:122) Synchronization.
  4-44. Integration involves merging the air and ground fights into one to applyproper aviation capabilities
  accordingto the supported ABNAFC’s intent. Integrationideallybeginsearlyin the planningprocess with
  the involvement of the air defense airspace management/brigade aviation element (ADAM/BAE). The
  ADAM/BAE advises the ABNAFC on aviation capabilities and the best way to use aviation to support
  missionobjectives.Ensuringthe AVNLNOorBAE passesalongthetaskandpurposefor aviationsupport
  and continually provides updates as needed is of equal importance. Simply stated, ensuring the aviation
  brigade and subordinate unit staffs fully understand the ABNAF scheme of maneuver and commander’s
  intentiscriticaltosuccessfulair-groundoperations.
  CLOSE COMBAT ATTACK
  4-45. A close combat attack is a coordinated attack by Army attack reconnaissance aircraft (manned and
  unmanned) against enemy forces that are in close proximity to friendly forces. The close combat attack is
  not synonymous with close air support flown by joint aircraft. Terminal control from ground units or
  controllers is not due to the capabilities of the aircraft and the enhanced situational understanding of the
  aircrew(FM 3-04.126). In most instances, the attack aviation already mayoccupy holding areas, battle or
  support by fire positions or are in overwatch of the ground unit as it begins its assault. The ABNAF
  employsclose combatattack procedurestoensurethat theseaviationfires destroythe enemywithminimal
  risktofriendlyforces.
  4-46. After executing the airborne assault, employing attack reconnaissance aviation with ground
  maneuver forces requires coordinated force-oriented control measures and the close combat attack (CCA)
  5-Lineattack briefallowingaviationforces to supportground maneuver withdirectfireswhile minimizing
  fratricide risks. The aviation liaison officer should identify early in the planning process the minimum
  ABNAF graphics required for operations (boundaries, phase lines, attack by fire positions, objectives, and
  so on). Brigade aviation elements and liaison officer personnel should ensure that supported units are
  familiarwithclosecombatattackrequestproceduresandmarkingmethods
  CLOSECOMBATATTACKREQUEST
  4-47. A close combat attack iscoordinated and directed by a team, platoon, or company level ground unit
  using the standardized Format 22. CCA 5-Line attack brief. (Refer to chapter 10, section III of this