text: Fundamentals of Operations
  Deep
  3-142. Deep operations are tactical actions against
  Successful deep operations disintegrate
  enemy forces, typically out of direct contact with friendly
  the structures and systems that enable
  forces, intended to shape future close operations and
  enemy operational approaches, isolate
  protect rear operations. At the operational level, deep
  enemy close operations from sources of
  operations influence the timing, location, and enemy forces support, and make enemy forces
  involved in future battles. At the tactical level, deep vulnerable to defeat in detail.
  operations set conditions for success during close operations
  and subsequent engagements.
  3-143. At both the operational and tactical levels, the principal effects of deep operations focus on an enemy
  force’s freedom of action and the coherence and tempo of their operations. Deep operations strike enemy
  forces throughout their depth and prevent the effective employment of reserves, C2 nodes, logistics, and
  long-range fires. Deep operations are inherently joint, since many of the capabilities employed by or in
  support of Army formations are provided by a joint headquarters or Service component.
  3-144. Several activities are typically conducted as part of deep operations. They include—
  (cid:122) Deception.
  (cid:122) ISR and target acquisition.
  (cid:122) Interdiction (by ground or air fires, ground or aerial maneuver, cyberspace forces, special
  operations forces, or any combination of these).
  (cid:122) Long-range fires against enemy integrated air defense systems, sustainment nodes, fires
  capabilities, and echeloned follow-on maneuver formations.
  (cid:122) Electromagnetic warfare.
  (cid:122) Offensive cyberspace operations and space operations.
  (cid:122) Military information support operations.
  3-145. Not all activities focused forward of the line of contact are deep operations. Counterfire, for example,
  primarily supports close operations, even though the targets attacked may be located at great distances from
  the forward line of troops.
  3-146. Deep operations require detailed planning. Because of the relative scarcity of resources with which
  to perform these activities, deep operations focus on the enemy vulnerabilities and capabilities most
  dangerous to the next close operation. Attacks must employ enough combat power to achieve the desired
  result. This is critical when—as is frequently the case—maintaining momentum in close operations depends
  on successful prosecution of deep operations.
  Close
  3-147. Close operations are tactical actions of
  subordinate maneuver forces and the forces providing Seizing and defending contested land
  areas require close operations.
  immediate support to them, whose purpose is to employ
  maneuver and fires to close with and destroy enemy
  forces. Until enemy forces are defeated or destroyed in close operations, they retain the ability to fight and
  hold ground. At the operational level, close operations comprise the efforts of large tactical units—corps and
  divisions—to win current battles by closing with and defeating enemy forces after setting favorable terms to
  do so. At the tactical level, close operations comprise the efforts of smaller tactical units to win current
  engagements through movement combined with direct and indirect fires while physically in contact with the
  enemy forces they intend to destroy and defeat. Close operations concentrate overwhelming combat power
  at the right time and place to create and then exploit windows of opportunity to achieve assigned objectives.
  3-148. Close operations include the deep, close, and rear operations of their subordinate maneuver
  formations. For example, divisions and separate brigades conduct corps close operations. Brigade combat
  teams (BCTs) are the primary forces conducting division close operations.