text: Foundations of Operations
  1-85. Land-based domain capabilities are able to use or alter the terrain, operate in all forms of weather, and
  operate among populations. Land capabilities extend operational reach and provide options for enabling joint
  operations. Long-range artillery provides the joint force with a fires capability that is more survivable in some
  circumstances than air and maritime fires. Land-based electromagnetic capabilities are capable of jamming
  enemy communications and C2 systems. Land-based air and missile defense (AMD) capabilities, enabled by
  space and cyberspace capabilities, provide protection for Army and joint forces.
  1-86. The other four domains depend, in some way, on land. Airfields, ports, servers, ground control stations
  and land-based radars support or enable operations in other domains. Most cyberspace capabilities and all
  the electricity that powers them depend on land-based networks. The energy that fuels air, space, and most
  maritime platforms comes from locations on land.
  1-87. Operations on land depend on capabilities from other domains. Air lift, sea lift, cyberspace networks,
  and all non-land based examples of ISR and fires enable operations on land. (See JP 3-31 for information on
  joint land operations.)
  Maritime Domain
  1-88. The maritime domain is the oceans, seas, bays, estuaries, islands, coastal areas, and the airspace above
  these, including the littorals (JP 3-32). It overlaps with the land domain in the seaward segment of the littoral.
  Maritime capability may be viewed as global, regional, territorial, coastal, and self-defense forces. Only a
  few navies are capable of sustained employment far from their countries’ shores. However, whether or not
  their navies are capable of global power projection, most maritime nations also maintain air forces capable
  of conducting operations over the adjacent maritime domain. This air capability, combined with land-based
  long-range fires, greatly impacts operations in the maritime domain.
  1-89. The Navy and its partners employ five functions in a combined arms approach to provide a unique
  relative advantage for the joint force. These functions are deterrence, operational access, sea control, power
  projection, and maritime security.
  1-90. Maritime forces move strategic fires capabilities globally, conceal strategic capabilities below the
  surface of the ocean, transport personnel and equipment over vast distances, and sustain maritime operations
  for long periods. Maritime forces depend on or require support from the joint force to—
  (cid:122) Protect maritime capabilities from enemy interdiction.
  (cid:122) Protect ports.
  (cid:122) Secure geographic choke points.
  (cid:122) Influence populations.
  (cid:122) Mitigate long timelines associated with maritime movement.
  (cid:122) Compensate for the limited number of available maritime platforms.
  (cid:122) Mitigate the inability to replace ships lost during a conflict.
  1-91. Army forces rely on maritime capabilities for deployment and sustainment. Additionally, maritime
  fires and AMD complement and reinforce land-based systems. Army forces assist maritime forces with sea
  control, projecting power ashore to neutralize threats or control terrain in the landward portion of the littorals.
  Army long-range fires, attack aviation, AMD, and cyberspace capabilities contribute to local and regional
  maritime superiority.
  1-92. For intratheater operations, Army watercraft provide a capability to move maneuver formations and
  sustain operations in a maritime environment. Army watercraft systems support joint and combined seabasing
  and joint logistics over-the-shore (JLOTS). In some circumstances, Army watercraft capabilities can mitigate
  enemy antiaccess (A2) or area denial (AD) approaches by providing access to shallow coastal waters, rivers,
  and narrow inland waterways where mature ports or road networks are unavailable. (See JP 3-32 for
  information on joint maritime operations.)
  Air Domain
  1-93. The air domain is the atmosphere, beginning at the Earth’s surface, extending to the altitude where its
  effects upon operations become negligible (JP 3-30). The speed, range, and payload of aircraft, rockets,