text: Threat
  ranges. This mix may include any and all air and missile threats, from ballistic missiles to RAM. The
  defending force’s surveillance and firepower must be capable of defending throughout the entire 360 degrees;
  if focused on only one threat or sector (for example, the ballistic sector of attack), the complex integrated
  attack will destroy or significantly damage the defended asset. Complex integrated attacks will likely be
  supported by enemy activities in other domains, such as jamming efforts in the cyberspace domain and special
  operations forces’ attacks in the land domain.
  THEATER AIR AND MISSILE THREATS
  3-10. The emerging air and missile threats encompass a wide range of missiles, rockets, projectiles, and air
  platforms. The number of countries developing weapons of mass destruction is unconstrained, and delivery
  systems with increasing range and accuracy are being sought and developed. Compounding these threats is
  the potential for or initiation of electronic and cyber-attacks.
  3-11. Air and missile threats encompass ballistic missiles, air threats, and rockets, artillery, and mortars. A
  ballistic missile is any missile that does not rely on aerodynamic surfaces to produce lift and consequently
  follows a ballistic trajectory when thrust is terminated (JP 3-01). Air threats include manned fixed- and rotary-
  wing aircraft, UASs, and aerodynamic missiles. Rockets, artillery, and mortars comprise the indirect fire
  threat.
  BALLISTIC MISSILES
  3-12. Ballistic missiles are a means to project power in regional and strategic contexts, and they provide a
  capability to launch an attack from a distance. Ballistic missile proliferation continues and countries are
  acquiring a greater number of ballistic missiles, increasing their range, incorporating ballistic missile defense
  countermeasures, and making them more complex, survivable, reliable, and accurate. Ballistic missiles can
  be used as anti-access weapons by potential regional adversaries. These weapons can be used to reduce
  military options for combatant commanders and threaten the survivability of regional military assets. There
  is an increasing threat of the technologies falling into the hands of other countries and hostile non-state
  groups.
  3-13. Ballistic missiles include close-range ballistic missiles with ranges up to 300 kilometers, short-range
  ballistic missiles with ranges up to 1,000 kilometers, medium-range ballistic missiles with ranges from 1,000
  to 3,000 kilometers, and intermediate-range ballistic missiles that range from 3,000 to 5,500 kilometers.
  These are surface-launched missiles with ballistic trajectories. Ballistic missiles, often launched from highly
  mobile, difficult-to-detect transporter erector launchers, can carry nuclear, biological, and chemical weapons.
  Most are single-stage missiles with an estimated circular error probable accuracy of one-tenth of one percent
  of the range. State-of-the-art guidance technologies, such as the Global Positioning System, can increase this
  accuracy to less than 50 meters. The most proliferated of these missiles are the close- and short-range ballistic
  missiles which are available to more than 30 states and non-state actors worldwide. Ballistic missiles are
  inherently difficult to defend against. Characteristics that increase their survivability include a small radar
  cross section, high terminal velocity, short notification time for defending forces, a variety of difficult-to-kill
  warheads, and an all-weather launch capability. With the introduction of penetrations aids such as decoys,
  chaff, and maneuvering warheads, ballistic missiles have become increasingly sophisticated, accurate, and
  more difficult to defeat.
  3-14. Iran has steadily increased its ballistic missile force, deploying next-generation short- and medium-
  range missiles with increasing accuracy and new submunition payloads. It is continuing to develop new
  missiles and working to enhance lethality and effectiveness of existing systems with improvements in
  accuracy and warhead designs, to include maneuvering reentry vehicles and submunition payloads.
  3-15. North Korea has expanded the size and sophistication of its ballistic missile forces - from close-range
  to intercontinental variants - and has conducted an unprecedented level of nuclear tests and ballistic missile
  launches since 2016, including its short-range, medium-range, intermediate-range, long-range, and
  submarine-launched ballistic missile (SLBM) launches. In February 2016, Pyongyang launched a satellite
  launch vehicle. The technology involved in a satellite launch would be applicable to North Korea's other
  long-range missile programs. In 2016 and 2017, North Korea conducted an aggressive testing campaign,
  launching multiple intermediate-range ballistic missiles, with a range greater than 3,000 kilometers. Today,