text: Chapter 3
  Threat
  This chapter summarizes the operational environment, presents existing and emerging
  threat aerial tactics, and identifies the air and missile threats facing the Army and joint
  warfighting forces. The air and missile threats, the focus of this chapter, are addressed
  in terms of generic capability descriptions. The air and missile threats to be countered
  by ADA systems are ballistic missiles, large-caliber rockets, cruise missiles, air-to-
  surface missiles, hypersonic weapons, UASs, manned fixed- and rotary-wing aircraft,
  and rockets, artillery, and mortars. Electronic warfare and, cyber, and threats from
  space are also addressed.
  OPERATIONAL ENVIRONMENT
  3-1. An operational environment is a composite of the conditions, circumstances, and influences that affect
  the employment of capabilities and bear on the decisions of the commander (JP 3-0). The operational
  environment encompasses the five domains of air, land, maritime, space, and cyberspace. Space and
  cyberspace are relatively “new” domains that individually impact all other domains. Space technologies are
  proliferating throughout the world. “Adversaries have developed their own systems, while commercially
  available systems allow almost universal access to some level of space-enabled capability with military
  applications. Army forces must be prepared to operate in a denied, degraded and disrupted space operational
  environment” (FM 3-14). Cyberspace supports, enables, and integrates operations for Army and joint forces.
  Cyberspace includes and considers friendly, enemy, adversary, and host nation networks, communications
  systems, computers, cellular phone systems, social media web sites, and technical infrastructures. While
  cyberspace enables friendly communications capabilities, it also creates critical vulnerabilities which
  adversaries and enemies can attack or exploit. “Cyberspace and the electromagnetic spectrum will grow
  increasingly congested, contested, and critical to successful operations. Army forces must be able to
  effectively operate in cyberspace and the EMS [electromagnetic spectrum], while controlling the ability of
  others to operate there” (FM 3-0).
  3-2. Army forces must also be able to operate in degraded conditions in the other domains. The worldwide
  availability of advanced military and commercial technologies and information may allow adversaries
  opportunities to acquire, develop, and employ chemical, biological, radiological, and nuclear (CBRN)
  weapons. Such situations could also expose U.S. forces to CBRN threats and hazards. CBRN threats and
  hazards have the potential to cause personal injury, illness, or death, equipment or property damage or loss;
  or mission degradation. CBRN threats include the intentional employment of, or intent to employ, weapons
  or improvised devices to produce CBRN hazards (FM 3-11). CBRN hazards are those elements that could
  cause an adverse effect through accidental or deliberate release, dissemination, or impacts (FM 3-11). CBRN
  hazards present physical and psychological effects well beyond the immediate target area. See FM 3-11 and
  JP 3-11 for more information.
  3-3. As noted in FM 3-0, the operational environment is in a constant state of flux for each commander in
  their respective operational area, when, at any time, friendly or enemy operations are initiated or curtailed.
  What is more of a given, regardless of the turmoil inherent in these environments, is that the United States
  will face a peer threat. In the past, U.S. forces have enjoyed relative advantages over their adversaries with
  superior capabilities in each of the domains. However, adversaries of the past have become peer threats,
  capable of challenging U.S. operations in all domains. Peer threats generate tactical, operational, and strategic
  challenges that are an order of magnitude more challenging militarily than other adversaries.