text: Appendix A
  Army Methodologies Used for Planning Activities
  Cyberspace operations and electromagnetic warfare require detailed planning
  synchronized with the planning activities of the operations process. During the
  planning activities, units typically rely on the two most common Army methodologies
  to plan for operations: The Army design methodology and military decision-making
  process. This appendix discusses how cyberspace operations and electromagnetic
  warfare are integrated and synchronized into the operations process and integrating
  processes using the Army design methodology and the military decision-making
  process.
  SECTION I – PLANNING METHODOLOGIES
  A-1. Planning is a continuous learning activity, and though it may start an iteration of the operations process,
  it does not stop with the production of a plan or order. Planning may be highly structured, involving the
  commander, staff, subordinate commanders, and others who develop a fully synchronized plan or order.
  Planning may also be less structured, involving only the commander and select staff.
  A-2. Planning techniques and methods vary depending on the circumstances. Planners may plan forward,
  starting with the present condition and layout potential decisions and actions in sequential order until they
  reach the desired end state. Planners sometimes plan in reverse, beginning with the envisioned end state and
  working backward. Planning methods may be analytical, as in the military decision-making process, or more
  systemic, as in the Army design methodology. The Army design methodology and military decision-making
  process are the Army’s two most commonly practiced methodologies when conducting planning activities.
  A product of planning is an OPLAN or OPORD.
  Note. The following discussion only describes integrating and synchronizing cyberspace
  operations and EW through the operations process using integrating processes. This appendix does
  not discuss how the integrating processes or other missions are incorporated into the operations
  process. For more information on how the integrating processes and other missions integrate into
  the operations process, refer to the proponent doctrine for each process.
  ARMY DESIGN METHODOLOGY
  A-3. The Army design methodology is a methodology for applying critical and creative thinking to
  understand, visualize, and describe problems and approaches to solving them (ADP 5-0). When problems are
  challenging to identify, the end state of the operation is unclear, or a COA is not self-evident; commanders
  employ Army design methodology. Army design methodology is particularly useful as an aid to conceptual
  planning, but it must be integrated with the detailed planning, typically associated with the military decision-
  making process, to produce executable OPLANs and OPORDs. The CEMA section participates as part of
  the design methodology team, when directed, for insight on the complexities of cyberspace operations and
  EW concerns. Army design methodology assists in the conceptual planning of integrating and synchronizing
  cyberspace operations and EW with the concept of operations. Army design methodology is systemic (only
  focusing on individual parts of a complete plan) and requires integration with a more detailed and analytical
  planning methodology, such as the military decision-making process, to produce executable OPLANs and
  OPORDs. Unlike the military decision-making process, Army design methodology does not have set
  prescribed steps. However, several activities are associated with Army design methodology. They are—