text: Indirect Methods for Countering Insurgencies
  * Expansion and membership numbers should not be used as a key indicator of success. It can be
  difficult to accurately track and confirm these numbers with national organizations. A more
  accurate measure is the staff, number of offices, actual activity levels, and efficacy. Activity
  reports and photos can verify progress.
  * A main role for organizations is to make the connections between the local administrations and
  the provincial or national level government, as well as other stakeholders and peer organizations.
  At some point the NGOs will not be present to facilitate government access, and will be most
  effective when they facilitate cooperative and enduring relationships between the population and
  the government.
  10-10. Generational engagement works with factions from a population to get them to see the benefit of
  participating in peaceful means to address their core grievances. Getting youths to understand the legal
  means they have to address root causes of conflict is a critical tool for reducing violence. If commanders
  and staffs believe that insurgencies may occur over extended periods, then some efforts must be made to
  engage this next generation of leaders who can establish a lasting peace. Engagement also has to be made
  with the intellectual elites of the country. They may still be residing in the country of conflict or in another
  country that has significant influence over the insurgent cause.
  10-11. Soldiers and Marines planning to use generational engagement must identify relevant portions of
  the population through their planning. Plans and methods for engagements can vary, depending on the
  operational environment and the culture. This method is used in conjunction with direct methods as part of
  a comprehensive approach to combating insurgent forces. Counterinsurgents can make progress in
  defeating insurgent forces, but if they neglect the younger generation of the population they may lose the
  war. Continued and prolonged efforts must be made to ensure that counterinsurgents and the host-nation
  government are seen as positive influences. The population must identify with and trust their government.
  Counterinsurgent efforts are coordinated and tracked through continued assessments to ensure success.
  10-12. Counterinsurgents engage with young factions of the population by implementing youth programs.
  Counterinsurgents also participate in local council meetings that include representatives from different
  generations of the population.
  10-13. The idea behind these engagements is that they are initiated by the counterinsurgent forces and
  eventually taken over or continued by the host nation. It is not enough for the host nation to just continue to
  implement these engagements, rather the host nation must make every effort to ensure that these elements
  of the population identify more with the government than with the insurgents. Local leaders who identify
  with the government must be protected and supported.
  10-14. Some examples of generational engagement can be as simple as ensuring that schools are open and
  available to students and ensuring adequate access to medical attention as part of the effort to ensure
  essential services. This can address younger portions of the population who, over the long term, will have a
  positive view of counterinsurgents and the efforts of their own government to ensure for their care and
  protection.
  10-15. Some examples of generational engagement along the governance line of effort can include
  recruitment of younger influential leaders and including others in the electoral process. This may be
  difficult based on the culture in which counterinsurgents are operating because some cultures only allow for
  leadership positions for older members of the population. If members of the younger generation cannot
  assume roles in the government, they can still be encouraged to participate in the governance process and
  feel that they have a place where they can make their views heard by their local government.
  10-16. Local participation that builds civil society has proven important in countering an insurgency. This
  can be essential in building legitimacy for a host government. For example, in Vietnam, the U.S. military
  and Department of State, along with the government of South Vietnam, established several youth groups
  that were very successful. One example, the 4-T Youth Club, was modeled after the American 4-H
  organization. Over 2000 4-T clubs served as a model of success for organizing youths at the grassroots
  level. A host government is essential in building local participation and a civil society. The Republican
  Youth Movement, National Revolutionary Movements, and Personnel Labor Revolutionary Parties were all
  models of successful youth engagement. These efforts increased the legitimacy of the host nation while
  decreasing the ability of the insurgency to recruit. These programs were generators of self-esteem for the