text: Chapter 1
  1-7. Space capabilities provide a global perspective as space-based sensors provide support to unified land
  operations. Space capabilities contribute solutions to counter theater antiaccess (A2) and area denial (AD)
  strategies. Antiaccess is action, activity, or capability, usually long-range, designed to prevent an advancing
  enemy force from entering an operational area (JP 3-0). Area denial is action, activity, or capability, usually
  short-range, designed to limit an enemy force’s freedom of action within an operational area (JP 3-0).
  SECTION I – ARMY SPACE OVERVIEW
  DEPENDENCY ON SPACE
  1-8. For over a half century, space capabilities have enhanced the effectiveness of joint forces during times
  of peace and times of war, reinforcing the significance of space capabilities when integrated across the range
  of military operations. Mission planning requires consideration of space operations across all domains,
  activities, and an organization processes to ensure capabilities are available, integrated, and effects used.
  1-9. JP 3-14 lays the foundation of joint space doctrine by establishing principles for the integrated
  employment of space capabilities. It recognizes each Service has a unique role in providing space capabilities,
  and the capabilities provided by one service are integrated into the planning and operations of all services.
  As designated by the DOD, each Service component provides different space-related capabilities designed
  to complement the space capabilities of the other Services, not duplicate them. The Air Force provides launch
  services, the Air Force and Navy acquire military satellites, the Army and Air Force manage long-haul use
  of military SATCOM, and all three operate satellites. The Army, Navy, and Air Force provide ground
  hardware, and all Services benefit from space capabilities.
  1-10. Space superiority is the degree of control in space of one force over any others that permits the
  conduct of its operations at a given time and place without prohibitive interference from terrestrial or space-
  based threats (JP 3-14). In unified land operations, space superiority enables freedom of maneuver and
  accurate fires, when and where needed. Space superiority is a function of the space domain and may be
  maintained for long periods of time, or obtained for short windows of time for specific operations. Space
  superiority contributes decisive wins in high-intensity conflicts against any adversary, anytime, and
  anywhere.
  1-11. The Army leverages space capabilities to support unified land operations from large scale combat
  operations to individual Soldiers at the tactical level of warfare. Space capabilities enhance the Army’s ability
  to communicate, navigate, accurately target the enemy, protect and sustain our forces, and enable intelligence
  preparation of the battlefield (IPB). While the Army is dependent on Army space operations, it is sometimes
  difficult to observe the effects or direct impact of space operations because the desired effect may be difficult
  to observe.
  1-12. Allied Joint Publication (AJP)-3.3, states, “To ensure effective integration, all personnel engaged in
  the planning, conduct, and supervision of joint operations must have a common and clear understanding of
  how space capabilities (military, civil, commercial, national, and multinational) contribute to joint operations,
  and how military space operations can be integrated in military operations to achieve alliance security
  objectives. They should also be aware adversaries will increasingly seek to exploit their own access to space
  products with military utility; many of these can easily be purchased from commercial sources.”
  1-13. Commanders at all echelons must understand the fundamental principles and advantages space
  operations bring to all Army operations, the disadvantages associated with not understanding space
  capabilities, and the impact to mission operations when friendly forces are denied the use of space
  capabilities. Space operations bring essential capabilities with unique tools to influence, enable, and enhance
  all mission areas in unified land operations. Unit commanders must have a clear understanding of the space
  capabilities available that contribute to mission operations and how best to utilize those assets.
  1-14. Army space operations conceptual overview is illustrated in figure 1-1. The illustration highlights
  how unified land operations and Army space operations are indivisible across the range of military options
  in an OE. Without these capabilities, unified land operations as they are conducted today would be
  significantly different.