text: Cyberspace Operations and Electromagnetic Warfare Fundamentals
  Threat Warning
  2-57. Threat warning enables the commander and staff to quickly identify immediate threats to friendly
  forces and implement EA or EP countermeasures. EW personnel employ sensors to detect, intercept, identify,
  and locate adversary electromagnetic signatures and provides an early warning of an imminent or potential
  threat. EW personnel coordinate with G-2 or S-2 on the long-term impact of detected enemy emitters. Threat
  warning assists the commander’s decision making process in IPB development, updating electromagnetic
  order of battle, and assisting in the correlation of enemy emitters to communication and weapon systems.
  2-58. Known electromagnetic signatures should be compared against the electromagnetic order of battle,
  high-value target, and the high-payoff target list and action taken as warranted by current policy or higher
  guidance. Unknown radiated electromagnetic signatures detected in the EMS are forwarded to the G-2 or S-
  2 for analysis. The G-2 or S-2 validates known and unknown systems as part of information collection that
  feeds the operations process. Staffs analyze and report information to higher and subordinate headquarters,
  to other Army and joint forces, and to unified action partners in the AO.
  Direction Finding
  2-59. Direction finding is a procedure for obtaining bearings of radio frequency emitters by using a highly
  directional antenna and a display unit on an intercept receiver or ancillary equipment (JP 3-85). EW personnel
  leverage various ES platforms with direction finding capabilities to locate enemy forces. Multiple direction
  finding systems are preferred for a greater confidence level of the enemy location. ES platforms are deployed
  in various formations to create a baseline and increase the area of coverage. Three or more direction finding
  systems are considered optimal in triangulating the targeted emitter.
  ELECTROMAGNETIC SUPPORT AND SIGNALS INTELLIGENCE
  2-60. ES and SIGINT often share the same or similar assets and resources, and personnel conducting ES
  could be required to collect information that meets both requirements simultaneously. SIGINT consists of
  communications intelligence, electronic intelligence, and foreign instrumentation SIGINT. Commonalities
  between ES and SIGINT are similar during the early stages of sensing, collecting, identifying, and locating
  foreign spectrum emissions. The distinction between ES and SIGINT is determined by who has operational
  control of assets collecting information, what capabilities those assets must provide, and why they are needed.
  Information and data become SIGINT when cryptologic processes are applied to a signal to determine its
  relevance, value, or meaning solely for intelligence. There are also delineating hard lines regarding the
  systems, signal complexity, and reporting timeliness that divide ES and SIGINT. While both ES and SIGINT
  report information that meets reporting thresholds directly to the supported unit, SIGINT is obligated further
  to report acquired information through the U.S. SIGINT system. The added requirement for SIGINT provides
  accountability and enables the greater intelligence community access to the information for additional
  intelligence production and dissemination as required. For more information on SIGINT, refer to ADP 2-0.
  ELECTROMAGNETIC WARFARE REPROGRAMMING
  2-61. Electromagnetic warfare reprogramming is the deliberate alteration or modification of
  electromagnetic warfare or target sensing systems, or the tactics and procedures that employ them, in
  response to validated changes in equipment, tactics, or the electromagnetic environment (JP 3-85). The
  purpose of EW reprogramming is to maintain or enhance the effectiveness of EW and targeting sensing
  systems. EW reprogramming includes changes to EW and targeting sensing software (TSS) equipment such
  as self-defense systems, offensive weapons systems, and intelligence collection systems. EW consists of three
  distinct divisions: EA, EP, and ES, which are supported by EW reprogramming activities.
  2-62. Army forces follow the combatant command (CCMD) joint coordination electromagnetic warfare
  reprogramming policy and procedures during all training events and operations. Units establish EW
  reprogramming support programs, and the cyber electromagnetic warfare officer (CEWO) ensures the unit
  follows joint coordination electromagnetic warfare reprogramming policies and procedures regarding EW
  reprogramming and maintain awareness of EW reprogramming efforts conducted by other organizations in
  the AO. See Appendix F for detailed information regarding EW reprogramming.