text: Chapter 3
  fires and multidomain enablers. Actions taken during conflict can have significant cascading effects across
  an OE. SFA forces, as a crucial force multiplier, enable allies and partners to fight effectively as part of a
  coalition through embedded support teams during multidomain operations. SFA and SA are both used to
  train and equip FSF during long-term conflicts; all critical to consolidating gains. Across the competition
  continuum, SC practitioners build partner FSF combat power; serve as force multipliers while conducting
  support, liaison, and information advantage operations; and shape the environment for post-conflict
  operations.
  SECURITY COOPERATION IN COMPETITION BELOW ARMED
  CONFLICT OVERVIEW
  3-5. SC contributes to the ability of allies and partners to perform roles in support of U.S. campaign and
  contingency plans. SC activities and programs aim to ensure allies and partners can contribute to collective
  or common security effects. Collective security effects are those outcomes associated with achieving U.S.
  warfighting objectives in contested spaces; whereas common security effects are those outcomes associated
  with enabling regional resiliency of allies and partners and facilitating allies’ and partners’ support to
  interagency activities. SC activities and programs seeking to generate common security effects employ SC
  resources in a manner that will reduce risk to priority theaters; create opportunities for allies and partners to
  increase U.S. readiness within priority theaters; support allies’ and partners’ contributions to the maintenance
  of global indicators and warnings of potential threats; and ensure allies and partners in other theaters can
  maintain credible deterrence against threats (JP 3-20).
  3-6. Military engagements, developmental activities, and SA programs are reinforcing and complementary.
  Military engagements facilitate the exchange of information between the United States and ally and partner
  security forces and institutions, which can inform combatant commanders and senior DOD leaders about
  whether and how developmental activities are most appropriate (JP 3-20). 22 USC security assistance
  programs in competition focus on delivering defense articles, military education, and training to allies and
  partners to build partner capacity and develop relationships. The aim of theater-level planners is to integrate
  and synchronize SA, SFA, and military engagements into a coherent plan that achieves the commander’s
  intent.
  3-7. In competition below armed conflict, SFA facilitates the setting of conditions for the theater army
  strategy and the execution of SC activities in support of the combatant command, by pursuing relative
  positional and capability advantages and ensuring a calibrated force posture. More simply—SFA enables the
  right capabilities, in the right place, at the right time, to support and shape joint and multinational security
  and diplomatic efforts.
  3-8. SFA forces are designed to support a multinational force during large-scale combat operations. This
  design contributes to the potency and integration of the other instruments of national power, provides
  combatant commands tailorable capabilities for graduated responses, and enables the Army to help the joint
  and multinational force achieve strategic objectives through competition rather than armed conflict.
  3-9. SC contributes to conventional deterrence during competition by preparing FSF for armed conflict
  across the range of military operations to include LSCO. SC is used to prepare allied and partner forces for
  LSCO by building capabilities needed to counter likely adversaries or capabilities needed as part of a
  multinational coalition, increasing capacity for both operational units and the capacity of the generating
  function to sustain long-term combat operations, and enabling their interoperability with U.S. and other
  multinational forces. This contributes to the potency and integration of the other instruments of national
  power, provides combatant commands tailorable capabilities for graduated responses, and enables the Army
  to help the joint and multinational force achieve strategic objectives through competition rather than through
  armed conflict.
  3-10. The carefully orchestrated deployment of key multidomain capabilities in theater, enabled in large part
  by SC, can help shape the security environment in competition, deter escalation in crisis, and set conditions
  for the joint force to win in conflict. The Army can use forces that operate inside the adversary’s anti-
  access/area denial (A2/AD) zones to impede denial schemes. In competition, these inside forces can
  significantly increase the adversary’s cost and risk threshold while increasing allied and partner capability
  and capacity and enabling interoperability in both direct and indirect competition.