Vitamin A and retinoid signaling: genomic and non-genomic effects.
Vitamin A or retinol is arguably the most multifunctional vitamin in the human body as it is essential from embryogenesis to adulthood. The pleiotropic effects of vitamin A are exerted mainly by one active metabolite, all-trans retinoic acid (atRA), which regulates the expression of a battery of target genes through several families of nuclear receptors (RARs, RXRs and PPARβ/δ), polymorphic retinoic acid (RA) response elements and multiple coregulators. It also involves extra nuclear and non-transcriptional effects such as the activation of kinase cascades, which are integrated in the nucleus via the phosphorylation of several actors of RA signaling. However, vitamin A itself proved recently to be active and RARs to be present in the cytosol to regulate translation and cell plasticity. All these new concepts expand the scope of the biologic functions of vitamin A and RA.
T10 T11 T12 T13 T14 T15 T16 T17 T18 T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 T7 T8 T9
CHEMICAL CHEMICAL GENE-N GENE-N GENE-N GENE-N GENE-N GENE-N GENE-N CHEMICAL CHEMICAL CHEMICAL CHEMICAL CHEMICAL CHEMICAL CHEMICAL CHEMICAL CHEMICAL
Vitamin A retinoid nuclear receptors RARs RXRs PPARβ/δ polymorphic retinoic acid (RA) response elements kinase RARs Vitamin A retinol vitamin A all-trans retinoic acid atRA retinoic acid vitamin vitamin A vitamin A