Like other tribal nations, the Muscogee (Creek) Nation is self-governing; its National Council generates laws regulating
aspects of community life such as land use and healthcare, while the principal chief and cabinet oﬃcials ______ those laws
by devising policies and administering services in accordance with them.
implement
presume
improvise
mimic
Choice A is the best answer because it most logically completes the text’s discussion of self-government among the
Muscogee (Creek) Nation. In this context, “implement” means to carry out or put into effect. The text states that the National
Council generates laws, while the principal chief and cabinet oﬃcials are responsible for “devising policies and administering
services in accordance with” those laws. This context suggests that the principal chief and cabinet oﬃcials implement the
laws: they put the laws into effect by creating policies and administering services that accord with those laws.
Choice B is incorrect because “presume” in this context would mean to assume based on incomplete information, and the
text does not suggest that the principal chief and cabinet oﬃcials either made assumptions about the content of the laws or
had incomplete information about them. Choice C is incorrect because in this context “improvise” would mean to create
something without preparation, and the text does not suggest that the principal chief and cabinet oﬃcials create policies
and administer services without advance preparation. Choice D is incorrect because nothing in the text suggests that the
principal chief and cabinet oﬃcials “mimic,” or imitate, the laws generated by the National Council. To mimic laws would
mean to generate new laws that are imitations of existing laws, but the text indicates that the National Council, not the
principal chief and cabinet oﬃcials, is responsible for generating laws. Instead of generating laws, the principal chief and
cabinet oﬃcials put laws into effect by “devising policies and administering services in accordance with” the laws.