Nanoscale cobalt hydroxide (Co(OH)2) particles are fabricated by electrodeposition on three-dimensional nickel/silicon microchannel plates (Ni/Si-MCPs) as the active electrode materials on the surface and sidewall of the Ni/Si-MCPs for miniature supercapacitors. The relationship among the electrodeposition time, morphology, formation mechanism of Co(OH)2 nanostructure, and capacitor performance is studied. Using an optimal electrodeposition time of 6min, the Co(OH)2 supercapacitor has a capacitance of 697.56Fg−1 (5.72Fcm−2) at 2mAcm−2 and the retention ratio is 91.20% after 2500 cycles. The large areal capacitance and excellent rate capability can be attributed to the unique 3D ordered porous architecture which facilitates electron and ion transport, enlarges the liquid-solid interfacial area, and enhances the utilization efficiency of the active materials. Meanwhile, the weight and size of the device are reduced. By using the Co(OH)2/Ni/Si-MCPs electrode as the positive electrode and CNTs/nickel foam (CNTs/NF) as the negative electrode, the device assembled with CR2025 batteries exhibits high energy density (38.39Whkg−1), high power density (5400Wkg−1 at 9.67Whkg−1), and stable power characteristic (2000 times with 80.63% retention). After charging each supercapacitor for 10s, the device can power a 5mm diameter light-emitting diode (LED) with different colors efficiently, for example, a blue LED for 20min.