Nanoscale science and nanotechnology have been demonstrated to have great potential in providing novel and improved solutions to many grand challenges facing agriculture and society today and in the future. This review highlights some of the most promising and important nanotechnology applications in agriculture; and recommends several strategies for advancing the best scientific and technological knowledge presently being examined. In addition, implications for human and environmental health, and technical, financial and capacity-related challenges as they relate to developing countries are identified. Finally, some suggested mechanisms for partnerships and collaborations are also identified and suggested.