Objective To describe cognition among individuals with new amputations at 3 time points: presurgical, 6 weeks postamputation, and 4 months postamputation. Design Prospective cohort. Setting Medical centers. Participants Referred sample Veterans who were primarily men (N=80) experiencing their first lower extremity amputation as a result of complications of diabetes mellitus or peripheral arterial disease. Patients were screened for the absence of gross cognitive impairment using the Short Portable Mental Status Questionnaire (SPMSQ). Of those 87 individuals who were eligible, 64% enrolled; 29 were enrolled presurgically and have cognitive data for all 3 time points, and 58 were enrolled postamputation. Eighty of the 87 individuals enrolled by 6 weeks remained enrolled at 4 months. Interventions Not applicable. Main Outcome Measures Demographic and general health information, general mental status (SPMSQ), and 4 brief, well-established neuropsychological measures. Results Most mean neuropsychological test scores fell in the low average or average range. For most participants, overall cognitive status improved from pre- to postsurgery and then remained stable between 6 weeks and 4 months. There were significant improvements between pre- and postsurgical test scores in verbal learning and memory, and these remained unchanged between 6 weeks and 4 months. Better 4 month cognitive performance was associated with higher perceived general health. Conclusions Overall cognitive performance is poorest presurgically. Though there is improvement between pre- and postamputation, cognition appears generally stable between 6 weeks and 4 months.