Multipurpose α-MnO2 nanorods were synthesized by facile hydrothermal method. The synthesized α-MnO2 nanorods were characterized by PXRD, UV-vis, SEM, EDX, TEM and SAED pattern to confirm their purity and morphology. These α-MnO2 nanorods were employed as a low cost counter electrode in dye sensitized solar cell (DSSC) and sensor for the detection of nitroaromatic compounds. DSSC device using α-MnO2 nanorods as counter electrode exhibited excellent power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 4.1% with 0.75V (Voc) and 0.38 (FF). Furthermore, active surface area of the glassy carbon electrode (GCE) was modified by α-MnO2 nanorods (GCE/α-MnO2 ) which showed a rapid sensitivity towards p-nitrotoluene (p-NT), 2, 4-dinitrotoluene (DNT) and 2, 4, 6-trinitrophenol (TNP) with distinct cathodic peaks. The GCE/α-MnO2 exhibited the limit of detection (LOD) of 144nM, 133nM, 100nM and a high sensitivity of 17.6μAμM−1cm−2, 22.6μAμM−1cm−2, 54.82μAμM−1 cm−2 for p-NT, DNT and TNP, respectively.