Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the developmental effects of prenatal exposure to alcohol in the forms of ethanol (EtOH) and methanol (MeOH). The consumption of beer, wine, or spirits during pregnancy can have a profound impact on the processes of normal child development. The effects of EtOH are dose dependent, and children born to alcoholic or EtOH‐abusing mothers are at the highest risk for poor developmental outcome. Developmental effects are widespread and range from structural malformations to delays in physical growth and deficits in neurobehavioral development (learning, memory, language, and social behavior). The most serious outcome for the children of drinking mothers is fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS). In addition to microcephaly, facial features caused by the syndrome include short palpebral fissures, flattened midface, indistinct philtrum, thin upper lip, and upturned nose. Common features of the FAS face that are not required for a formal diagnosis include epicanthal folds, low nasal bridge, minor ear anomalies, and micrognathia. The maternal inhalation of MeOH may be related to a subtle but systematic disturbance in the timing of labor and delivery in pregnant nonhuman primates. While no clear pattern of adverse effects is found on neurobehavioral development, visually coordinated reaching and early memory is disrupted in an exposed offspring.