 The potential of nanotechnology and nanocomposites in various sectors of research and application is promising and attracting increasing investment. The purpose of this paper is to provide a review of the preparation of nanomaterials from different cellulosic sources including wood. The transformation of cellulose down to the nanoscale endow these nanomaterials with new properties that give cellulose many new industrial applications in different fields, and an overview of the sound markets that can be impacted by cellulose nanomaterials is provided.