Publisher Summary This chapter reviews the morphology, function, and development of malpighian tubule of Drosophila melanogaster. Recent results have provided a reference point for tubule studies for insect physiologists and a unique resource for developmental and genetic analysis of fundamental questions of differentiated cell function. It is noted that the formation of the Drosophila melanogaster malpighian tubule is better understood than that of any other insect and it provides a model for epithelial development in general. In addition to the standard Drosophila techniques of close microscopic examination, genetic screens, enhancer trapping, and reporter gene expression, there are some specific tools that have made progress much easier.