The goal of the present research was to study the content and types of childhood fears of primary schoolchildren living in urban and rural areas. 72 children aged between 7 and 8 (42 children live in Kazan, 30 children live in the country) took part in the experimental research carried out for this purpose.The battery of tests was used for the data collection. The obtained results were exposed to statistic processing. It was found out that urban children have bigger quantity of fears than rural schoolchildren. They experience the fear of assault, they are afraid of strangers, transport, open space and sleep. Rural children are afraid of pain, sharp sounds, fairy-tale characters. Primary schoolchildren with a high level of anxiousness have more than 20 types of fears. The article presents some recommendations for children's fears correction.