After a short description of problems, the development of electrochemical materials science in ISE is reviewed. Principles of electrochemical experiments are described for high and low speed processes and the correspondent current densities. Coating technologies are characterized by the thickness/overpotential dependence for processes of conducting and insulating films. Surface treatment and characterization are briefly reviewed. Resistances must be analysed for surface and bulk properties and ionic and electronic processes, respectively. Values vary in a wide range due to local electric fields. The opposite dependency of capacities on film thickness and conductivity is described for condensors, semiconductors, and active electrodes. Processes can be controlled during nucleation, growth, limitation and post-treatment. Main topics of the symposium in Pavia are briefly discussed.