A series of composites manganese oxide/carbon with one-dimensional structure are synthesized using electrospinning. The phase composition, morphology and electrochemical performance of MnO x /carbon are studied, which affected by the manganese concentration in precursor and subsequent carbonization conditions. The manufacture of MnO x /carbon is composed of two steps including thermal stabilization (at 250 °C in air) and carbonization (at 700 °C in nitrogen). The main functional groups of samples are well identified by FT-IR spectra. The sample Mn33_3h with the lowest manganese content presents the construction structure which amorphous and/or nanosized MnO x with smaller crystal size are grown and enwrapped in carbon fiber during carbonization. Mn33_3h presents the initial charge and discharge capacities of 1054.1 and 665.6 mAh g−1, and the discharge capacity at the 50th cycle remains 99.7% of that at the 2nd cycle. Beside the well rate capability at the range of current densities from 20 to 1000 mA g−1, Mn33_3h presents very good recovery ability after high rate cycling at 1000 mA g−1. The advantages of this composite structure as well as its high capacity make manganese oxide a very attractive candidate as an anode material for the next generation of rechargeable lithium ion batteries.