Cycle stability is crucial for non-aqueous lithium-oxygen batteries, which is dependent with the cathode performance. In this work, gadolinium doped CeO2 nanoparticles are prepared through one-pot hydrothermal process on reduced graphene oxide, and applied as cathode catalyst for non-aqueous lithium-oxygen batteries. With the catalytic effect of Ce0.8Gd0.2O2-δ nanoparticles on Li2O2 formation and decomposition, the battery delivers both low discharge and charge overpotential about 0.18 V and 0.69 V at the current density of 400 mA g−1. Moreover, cycle stability is enhanced for over 100 times at the capacity limitation of 600 mAh·g−1. The superiority may attribute to the enhanced stabilization of Ce0.8Gd0.2O2-δ nanoparticles through doping process, which can preserve the nanoparticles from migration and aggregation during cycle process.