In this work, carboxyl groups were introduced on the organic ligands of ZIF-67 through post-synthetic modification (-CH3→-CH2Br→-CHO→-COOH). A thin layer of Ag nanoparticles (3 nm in diameter) coating was deposited on external surface of ZIF-67 crystals through the reaction between the aldehyde groups in the ligands and silver ammonia solution. The carboxyl groups can participate in the lithium storage while the Ag nanoparticles coating help in increasing the conductivity. Electrochemical properties of the modified ZIF-67 electrodes are examined by cyclic voltammetry and galvanostatic charge/discharge tests. Benefiting from the outstanding conductivity of Ag nanoparticles and the synergistic effect between Ag nanoparticles and the modified ZIF-67, the composite exhibits enhanced electrochemical performance compared to its ZIF-67 counterpart. Nearly an invariable capacity of 800 mA h g−1 is maintained up to 100 cycles at 0.28 C (1C = 137 mA g−1) with a Coulombic efficiency of 99%. Furthermore, the ex situ X-ray diffraction and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy studies on the electrode material under different states suggest that the Co ions remain in the Co2+ state during the charging/discharging process and the usual conversion reaction mechanism for lithium storage might not be suitable for the modified ZIF-67 electrode material.