Structure properties of lithium-ion battery determine the specific energy and specific power of renewable energy vehicle and have attracted extensive concerns. Fundamental innovations in battery system depend on the structure properties, of which graphene and concentration gradient structures become increasingly prospective. As the performance of structure closely relates to the battery performance and the advancement of battery technologies, the paper, based on the research work at our laboratory, discusses about the structure model and energy system design and analyzes the evolution of lithium batteries to provide scientific insights and technical advices for the development of renewable energy vehicle. The review shows that nano and graphene models, with their corresponding energy systems, significantly improve the performance of lithium batteries, thus supporting longer mileage and service life, while providing new ideas for the design of renewable energy vehicles. Compared with other power batteries, lithium-ion batteries are advantageous in addressing the requirements raised by battery electric vehicles, such as, long mileage, high-current charging, and safety. Therefore, lithium batteries are reliable and feasible for the deployment in battery electric vehicles.