Antimony has received a great deal of attention as a promising anode material for sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) due to its high theoretical capacity of 660 mAh g−1. However, this application is significantly hampered by inherent large volume change and sluggish kinetics. To address these issues, an antimony−cyano-based ionic liquid-derived nitrogen-doped carbon (SbCNC) hybrid is proposed and synthesized by ball-milling and subsequent pyrolysis treatment. As an anode material for SIBs, the as-synthesized SbCNC hybrid delivers reversible capacities of 475 mAh g−1 at a current density of 100 mA g−1 and 203 mAh g−1 at 5000 mA g−1, and a 92.4% capacity retention based on the first-cycle capacity after 150 cycles at 100 mA g−1. Using ex situ X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and elemental mapping techniques, we attribute the good structural integrity to the formation of SbNC bonds between Sb and the cyano-based ionic liquid-derived N-doped carbon matrix. Moreover, the presence of N-doped carbon network in the hybrid material serves as a robust protective cover and an electrical highway, buffering the substantial volume expansion of Sb nanoparticles and ensuring the fast electron transport for stable cycling operation.