Abstract The high-performance fibrous polymers are incorporated in products for specific uses where have to perform exceptionally (i.e. high strength, stiffness, heat resistance and/or chemical resistance). The lack of certain functional groups and high crystallinity of high-performance fibrous polymers decrease their adhesion when used in a matrix. One of the most promising and environmentally benign methods to overcome these the drawbacks is plasma technology. The chapter reviews the contemporary research on the topic. The plasma surface modifications, such as cleaning, physical etching, chemical modification, and polymerization on glass, aramid, carbon, polyethylene and poly(p-phenylene benzobisoxazole) fibrous polymers are discussed.