Abstract This chapter provides a general overview of advanced oxidative and catalytic processes. First, the fundamentals and applications of advanced oxidation technologies (AOPs) are described, proposing a classification and application range of AOPs based on the concentration of total organic carbon content and the flow. Then, a full discussion of characteristics, mechanisms, advantages, disadvantages, and measures to increase the efficiency of photochemical (UV/H2O2, photo-Fenton, and heterogeneous photocatalysis) and nonphotochemical processes (Fenton, electrochemical AOPs, ozonation, sulfate radial AOPS, and assisted AOPS) is included. Finally, the main costs, energy demand requirements, and environmental impacts of these processes are explained, followed by concluding remarks and future trends for AOPs.