Abstract A solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) is a device in totally solid state that can convert chemical energy of various fossil fuels into electric energy directly via electrochemical reaction, at a low pollution level and it possesses high efficiency. In this chapter, the basic characteristics of SOFCs are introduced. The working principle and properties requirements of SOFC components such as electrolyte, anode, cathode, interconnect, and sealant were demonstrated, subsequently the commonly used materials for SOFC components were reviewed. Most of these materials are ceramics or composites that contain ceramics. To meet the property requirements for the operation of SOFCs, the performance of the typical materials was optimized via composition adjustment and preparation procedure control. Sometimes it needs to combine different types of materials to obtain their advantages. This shows us some methods and experiences to improve the performance of ceramic materials. This chapter also provides the readers with the basic knowledge on SOFCs.