A novel type of renewable lignin-based mesoporous carbonized nanofibers (MCNFs) has been fabricated via electrospinning technique and thermal treatment, using lignin with polyacrylonitrile (PAN) as the carbon source and triblock copolymer Pluronic P 123 as the template. The obtained MCNFs were directly used as anodes of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) without binder and current collector. The MCNFs anode exhibited a large reversible capacity of 384.4mAhg−1 at 20.0mAg−1 and maintain 177.7mAhg−1 at a current density of 1.0Ag−1 after 400 cycles. Even at a fast (91s) discharge condition, the MCNFs achieved a high discharge capacity of 127.7mAhg−1.