In this work, molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) nanostructures with three different morphologies are synthesized and tested with respect to their applicability as anode material in lithium ion batteries with ionic liquid-based electrolytes. The nanostructured samples are compared with thin-film samples to evaluate the influence of the morphologies on the electrochemical performance. Characterization methods include X-ray diffraction, cyclic voltammetry, galvanostatic cycling, and thin-film calorimetry. The thin-film samples show a reversible capacity of 525 mAh g−1, whereas for the nanostructured samples a maximum capacity 225 mAh g−1 is found.