The introduction of implantable or wearable electronic devices has revolutionized diagnosis and therapy in cardiovascular medicine, reducing morbidity and mortality of millions for patients with cardiovascular disease.Current battery-powered cardiovascular electronic devices have a limited life and do not allow long-term, uninterrupted monitoring or treatment of cardiovascular disease, which is crucial for preventing death and/or improving quality of life.Abundant sources of energy exist in the human body and the surrounding environment, such as biomechanical, solar, thermal and biochemical energy.Self-powered technology, which converts energy from the human body or surrounding environment into electricity, can provide a sustainable source of power to replace or supplement battery technology.
