An overview of the availability and affordability of energy sources and generation potential in Brazil is given in the present manuscript. Most of the information given here up-to-now was only accessible to Portuguese speakers, such as found in governmental plans for the energy sector. Brazilian public strategy for the following years concentrates on the promotion of more efficient energy utilization in different sectors of the society and also on diversifying its energy matrix. A perspective of programs, projects and technologies available in the country is also given. It is known that the Brazilian energy matrix is largely dominated by hydroelectric power, which relies on a consolidated infrastructure. However, recently discovered pre-salt layer of oil and natural gas presents new technological and scientific challenges for the professionals in the sector. National development and solidification of technologies for harnessing energy from the abundantly available biomass is yet another challenging task for Brazil. This manuscript not only presents the current Brazilian energy scenario and perspectives but also intends to identify some opportunities for investment and research, especially in the areas of materials science and engineering. A vision for what is expected for the Brazilian energy matrix based on current governmental actions and future technology is given in this perspective, while maintaining a critical overview on how to achieve optimum results with a balanced economic and environmental approach.