China is the world's largest energy consumer and is also leading in the solar photovoltaic industry. The solar energy industry, with advantageous clean and highly efficient production, is integral in maintaining the sustainable energy supply in an environmentally sensitive manner. Further development of the Chinese photovoltaic industry requires a status assessment for the current industrial setting. An analysis on the 58 Chinese photovoltaic listed enterprises is conducted in this study to analyze the operating performance, industry agglomeration and spatial characteristics of Chinese photovoltaic industry. Comprehensive analysis and evaluation of the enterprises’ operating performance are based on financial data by utilizing the Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) method; Systematic analysis examines spatial characteristics through the application of the spatial autocorrelation analysis method. Results confirm the Chinese photovoltaic industry preliminarily appeared industry agglomeration with enterprises mainly distributed in east and north China, and gathered in developed coastal provinces. Superior performing photovoltaic enterprises are specifically located in north China. Most of the enterprises are in the up-stream or mid-stream of the photovoltaic industrial chain. Overall operating performance of the photovoltaic industry in China suffers from weak profits due to low technical efficiency. The key to improve the future development of these enterprises is the improvement of operating performance by strengthening technical efficiencies. Concurrently, governmental guidance should address profitable photovoltaic industry investments and improvement of production rates.