Biomass materials have attracted much attention in the functional composites, due to the bio-mesopores structure, recyclability and electrochemical properties. Herein, a two-step route for manufacturing the mushroom-derived carbon/Co3O4 functional composite (MC/Co3O4-FC) has been developed, based on carbonizing mushroom and ultrasonic coating Co3O4. The experimental results indicate that MC/Co3O4-FC has bio-mesopores structure and the sizes of pores are between 3.0 nm and 6.5 nm. In addition, the specific surface area of MC/Co3O4-FC is 122.4 m2 g−1. As an anode material, the MC/Co3O4-FC shows a reversible capacity of 528.1 mAh g−1 at a current density of 100 mA g−1 after 200 cycles, about twice as well as MC (~262 mAh g−1). Even at a high current density of 2000 mA g−1, the discharge capacity of MC/Co3O4-FC also can reach to 260 mAh g−1. The good electrochemical performances can be imputed to the bio-mesopores structure and synergistic effect between MC and Co3O4 particles. Furthermore, a solid electrolyte of polymer (instead of the liquid electrolyte) has been also prepared to improve the safety performance and electrochemical performances (298 mAh g−1).