In the early Roman Republic, plebeians were the group excluded from high religious and civil offices. The patrician elite held a monopoly on these positions, which led to plebeians resorting to strikes and violence to break this oppressive control. Eventually, plebeian tribunes were appointed, and in principle, the augural and pontifical colleges were opened to plebeians as well. However, in reality, the patrician and, to a lesser extent, plebeian nobility continued to dominate religious and civil offices throughout the Republican era and beyond.<|im_end|>

 Based on the article, the group that was excluded from high offices in ancient Rome was the plebeians. The article states that in the early Republic, plebeians were excluded from high religious and civil office, and could be punished for offenses against laws of which they had no knowledge. This exclusion was a source of tension and conflict between the plebeians and the patrician elite, who held the majority of high offices. The article also notes that the plebeians resorted to strikes and violence to break the oppressive patrician monopolies of high office, public priesthood, and knowledge of civil and religious law. Despite the eventual appointment of plebeian tribunes with sacrosanct status and the right of veto in legislative debate, the patrician and plebeian nobility continued to dominate religious and civil office throughout the Republican era and beyond.<|im_end|>

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Answer a question about this article:
The links between religious and political life were vital to Rome's internal governance, diplomacy and development from kingdom, to Republic and to Empire. Post-regal politics dispersed the civil and religious authority of the kings more or less equitably among the patrician elite: kingship was replaced by two annually elected consular offices. In the early Republic, as presumably in the regal era, plebeians were excluded from high religious and civil office, and could be punished for offenses against laws of which they had no knowledge. They resorted to strikes and violence to break the oppressive patrician monopolies of high office, public priesthood, and knowledge of civil and religious law. The senate appointed Camillus as dictator to handle the emergency; he negotiated a settlement, and sanctified it by the dedication of a temple to Concordia. The religious calendars and laws were eventually made public. Plebeian tribunes were appointed, with sacrosanct status and the right of veto in legislative debate. In principle, the augural and pontifical colleges were now open to plebeians. In reality, the patrician and to a lesser extent, plebeian nobility dominated religious and civil office throughout the Republican era and beyond.
What group was excluded from high offices ?<|im_end|>
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