Assessing Risks to Wildlife Populations from Multiple Stressors:
Overview of the Problem and Research Needs. Wayne R. Munns, Jr.,
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Full Text: HTML Wildlife
populations are experiencing increasing pressure from human-
induced changes in the landscape. Stressors including
agricultural and urban land use, introduced invasive and exotic
species, nutrient enrichment, direct human disturbance, and
toxic chemicals directly or indirectly influence the quality and
quantity of habitat used by terrestrial and aquatic wildlife.
Governmental agencies such as the U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency are required to assess risks to wildlife populations, in
its broadest definition, that result from exposure to these
stressors, yet considerable uncertainty exists with respect to
how such assessments should be conducted. This uncertainty is
compounded by questions concerning the interactive effects of
co-occurring stressors, appropriate spatial scales of analysis,
extrapolation of response da