There are two types of logical argument, inductive and
deductive. In an inductive argument, the reader holds up a
specific example, and then claims that what is true for it is
also true for a general category. For instance, "I have just
tasted this lemon. It is sour. Therefore, all lemons are
probably sour." Deductive reasoning works in the opposite
manner; it begins with a general or universal rule accepted by
most people ("all lemons are sour") and then applies that claim
to a specific example. ("That is a lemon. Therefore, it too must
be sour.") A third type of logic is reductive or eliminatory
logic, in which a conclusion is reached by a process of
elimination. For example, "The only ways out of the building are
the front door, the window, and the fire escape. Since the
burglar did not take the front door or the window, he must have
used the fire escape." The other types of persuasive appeal are
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