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ensure accuracy. Women’s Health Research: Progress, Pitfalls,
and Promise examining the effects of gender or sex on a given
outcome. Thus, the issue is not simply including women in trials
but including sufficient numbers to test effects on both women
and men. To be fully informative, findings need to be reported
separately by sex or gender. If a subpopulation, such as women
in this case, is excluded or underrepresented in the sample, it
is difficult to know whether the results will apply to the
subpopulation or whether it would have responded differently.
For example, that lack of data can delay translation of research
findings on effective treatments to the excluded or
underrepresented subpopulation or can lead to adverse outcomes
because of inappropriate application to one population of
treatments developed on another. It migh