By the appendage to the factory we mean those forms of wage-
labour and small industry whose existence is directly connected
with the factory. These include, first of all (in part), the
lumber and building workers, of whom we have spoken and who in
some cases directly form part of the industrial population of
factory centres, and in others belong to the population of
surrounding villages. Further, they include workers employed on
peat bogs—which are sometimes worked by factory owners
themselves; carters, loaders, packers, and so-called labourers
generally, who always constitute a fairly considerable part of
the population of industrial centres. In St. Petersburg, for
instance, the census of December 15, 1890, registered 44,814
persons (of both sexes) in the group of “day labourers and
labourers”; then 51,000 persons (of both sexes) in the carting
industry, of whom 9,500 are specially engaged in carting heavy
and miscellaneous loads. Further, certain auxiliary work is done
for factories by small “independent” i