Perfect.—For the simple perfect and pluperfect periphrastic
forms are often used. a. For the perfect or pluperfect active
indicative the forms of the perfect active participle and εἰμί
or ἦν may be used: as λελυκώς εἰμι for λέλυκα, λελυκὼς ἦν for
ἐλελύκη. So βεβοηθηκότες ἦσαν for ἐβεβοηθήκεσαν (βοηθέω b. For
the perfect active a periphrasis of the aorist participle and
ἔχω is sometimes used, especially when a perfect active form
with transitive meaning is lacking; as στήσα_ς ἔχω c. In the
perfect active subjunctive and optative the forms in -κω and
-κοιμι are very rare. In their place the perfect active
participle with ὦ and εἴην is usually employed: λελυκὼς
(λελοιπὼς) ὦ, εἴην. Other forms than 3 sing. and 3 pl. are rare.
Cp. cross691, cross694. d. The perfect or pluperfect passive is
often paraphrased by the perfect participle and ἐστί or ἦν; as
γεγραμμένον ἐστί e. In the third plural of the perfect and
pluperfect middle (passive) the perfect middle participle with
εἰσί (ἦσαν) is used when a stem ending in a