Satyendra Nath Bose developed statistical methods, later
utilized by Albert Einstein, to describe the behavior of
massless photons and massive atoms, as well as other bosons.
This "Bose-Einstein statistics" described the behavior of a
"Bose gas" composed of uniform particles of integer spin (i.e.
bosons). When cooled to extremely low temperatures, Bose-
Einstein statistics predicts that the particles in a Bose gas
will collapse into their lowest accessible quantum state,
creating a new form of matter, which is called a superfluid.
This is a specific form of condensation which has special
properties. Bose-Einstein condensates were a purely theoretical
conjecture until experimentally observed by Eric Cornell & Carl
Wieman at the University of Colorado at Boulder in 1995, for
which they received the 2001 Nobel prize.