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Index][Thread Index][Subject Index][Author Index] Breathing
Apparatus in Tyrannosaurines The subject of various breathing
apparati in extant animals as applied to dinosaurs is
interesting, because there are obvious alternate systems which
may be applied, and I think Ruben et al. 1999 did not confront
this. Am hoping to get the article today, so bear my unread
comment on that. Otherwise, there are apparently various
breathing systems employed by modern animals, including:
hepatic: liver is pushed into lungs to force expelling of
breath. -- employed by crocs and lizards(?). continuous
circulation: lungs are rigid, air is forced in and out by
powered airsacs manipulated by movement of muscle compression.
-- employed by birds. diaphragmatic: lungs are flexible and are
compressed by movement of ribs, and expelled by reactive
movement of diaphragm. -- employed by mammals and snakes(?).
grastralic: gastralia compress internal organs to force flexible
lungs to exp