1. If we want to find out the Islamic equivalents of the
technical terms, leadership and management in their modern
expanded sense, we should say irshad (direction) and rushd
(maturity), or hidayat (guidance) and rushd. According to
Islamic terminology the capability of leadership is called
hidayat and irshad, and the capability of management is the same
as what is called rushd in Islamic jurisprudence. In ordinary
use and day to day Persian parlance 'rushd' is a physical
quality relating to body and stature, but as a term of Islamic
jurisprudence it is a quality related to mental development. It
means maturity of understanding as distinguished from physical
maturity. When a child has attained this maturity, his property
is handed over to him. The jurists (Fuqaha) say that physical
maturity is not enough for contracting a marriage. Mental
maturity is also required for this purpose. In this sense rushd
means possessing discrimination and common sense and having the
capacity of utilizing and taking care of the