Al-Ghazali was a twelfth-century Muslim theologian from Persia,
or modern-day Iran. He was concerned that Muslim philosophers of
his day were being influenced by ancient Greek philosophy to
deny God’s creation of the universe. One of the most astonishing
developments of modern astronomy, which Ghazali would never have
anticipated, is that we now have strong scientific evidence for
the beginning of the universe. Not only must the various
constituents that make up Earth’s present-day atmosphere be
carefully fine-tuned, those constituents must vary in highly
specified ways throughout all of Earth’s history. The history of
science reveals many instances where the majority of scientists
have been convinced as to a particular theory and yet been
wrong. Sometimes, scientists cling to a belief because they
prefer its philosophical implications. Researchers are
uncovering more and more examples of the functional importance
of junk DNA. In light of this on-going advance, it is becoming
harder and harder to maintain tha