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| Zener received a PhB from the University of Chicago in 1923,
followed by M.A. and Ph.D. degrees in psychology from Harvard
University in 1924 and 1926. He then went on to spend a year as
a United States National Research Council Fellow at the
University of Berlin before returning to the U.S. After a year
of teaching psychology at Princeton University, Zener took up
what was to be a lifelong post with Duke University. The main
thrust of Zener's work over the next ten years concerned
conditioned responses, and during the 1930s he maintained one of
the few Pavlovian conditioning laboratories in the U.S. It was
also during this time that, along with colleague J.B. Rhine, he
devised the card symbols that were used by Rhine in early ESP
tests. Rhine called cards bearing these symbols "Zener cards" in
honor of his colleague. Zener's later work focused on theories
of perception and the analysi