In gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), acid from the stomach
splashes upward, or “refluxes,” and burns the esophagus (the
tube connecting the mouth to the stomach). Normally, a type of
sphincter muscle keeps the upper part of the stomach closed, but
various factors may loosen it, allowing acid to rise more
easily. The result is pain in the chest (heartburn). GERD is
generally made worse by lying down because gravity no longer
restrains the upward movement of stomach contents. In infants,
the major issue with GERD is spitting up of food or milk rather
than pain. Certain foods may worsen GERD, including alcohol,
carbonated beverages, caffeine, chocolate, citrus juices, milk,
and peppermint. Cigarette smoking may also increase symptoms.
Contrary to earlier beliefs, it does not appear that people with
GERD need to cut down on fat intake to help control the disease.
Pregnant women frequently develop GERD due to changes in muscle
tone. The connection between obesity and GERD remains unclear.
Treatment for GERD