In developing nations, access infrastructures are generally
underdeveloped. This means that, potentially, there is room for
new operators to reach un-served end users with access
infrastructure provision. In a number of developing countries,
new operators have difficulties in obtaining reasonable
interconnection agreements with incumbents. The difficulties of
ensuring access to the incumbents’ networks have resulted in
infrastructure-based competition preceding service competition
in many developing countries. To the extent that new operators
are successful in building such access infrastructures, there is
an important issue of network interconnection with other
operators and primarily the incumbents. However, there are also
operators using the access networks of incumbents, first and
foremost in the Internet area as Internet Service Providers. A
regulatory framework including a combination of tools for
advancing service as well as infrastructure-based competition
is, therefore, appropriate. However, great em