Rizal, José (hōsāˈ rēsälˈ) [key], 1861–96, Philippine
nationalist, author, poet, and physician, b. Calamba, Laguna
prov. He studied at a Jesuit school in Manila, at the Univ. of
Madrid (M.D., 1884; Ph.D., 1885), and in Paris, Berlin,
Heidelberg, and Leipzig. In Berlin he published his first novel,
Noli me tangere (1886, tr. The Lost Eden, 1961), a diatribe
against Spanish administration and the religious orders in the
Philippines. Because of this attack he was compelled by Spanish
officials to leave the islands soon after his return home in
1887. He lived successively in China, Japan, the United States,
England, and France, before establishing himself in Hong Kong to
practice medicine. In 1890 he published an annotated edition of
Antonio Morgas's Sucesos de las islas Filipinas, and in 1891 he
published his second novel, El filibusterismo (tr. The
Subversive, 1962), a sequel to his first. Returning to Manila in
1892, he was arrested as a revolutionary agitator and banished
to Dapitan on Mindanao. While on his