AccessMyLibrary provides FREE access to millions of articles
from top publications available through your library. In
southwestern Wisconsin, close to the southern limit of its
range, eastern white pine (Pinus strobus L.) grows in isolated
stands on steep slopes of exposed Ordovician St. Peter sandstone
and Cambrian sandstone of the Tunnel City group. On a larger
geographic scale, white pine is associated with a humid, cool
climate, which is typical of the northern two-thirds of the
state of Wisconsin, where the species grows best on deep loams
or sandy loams (Curtis, 1959). In southwestern Wisconsin, south
of its typical range, white pine also grows from cracks in
sandstone cliffs (Curtis, 1959). On sandstone outcrops, the
establishment of hardwood competitors is impeded by low water
retention of the weakly developed soils (Wilson and McQuilkin,
1965). Thus, white pine located on steep sandstone bluffs in
southwestern Wisconsin has an advantage over species with less
tolerance of xeric sites with minimal soi