The following HTML text is provided to enhance online
readability. Many aspects of typography translate only awkwardly
to HTML. Please use the page image as the authoritative form to
ensure accuracy. Plant Biology Research and Training for the
21st Century of the origins and provisions of the formula grant
program can be found in Kerr, 1987.) In 1887 the Hatch act
provided annual funding to support state agricultural experiment
stations. The Smith-Lever Act of 1914 established cooperative
extension programs at the land grant colleges. In 1962, the
McIntire-Stennis Act gave funding to public colleges and
universities for forestry research and graduate programs. USDA
agencies that conduct a significant amount of plant-biology
research include the Agricultural Research Service (ARS), the
Cooperative State Research Service (CSRS), and the Forest
Service (FS). ARS and CSRS are under the Assistant Secretary for
Science and Education and FS is under the Assistant Secretary
for Natural Resources and the Environment.