In the years that followed the riots of June 1963, there was
little overt political opposition. The political parties that
had been prominent in the 1950-63 period were weakened by
arrests, exile, and internal splits. Political repression
continued, and it proved more difficult to articulate a coherent
policy of opposition in a period of economic prosperity, foreign
policy successes, and such reform measures as land distribution.
Nonetheless, opposition parties gradually reorganized, new
groups committed to more violent forms of struggle were formed,
and more radical Islamic ideologies were developed to revive and
fuel the opposition movements. Both the Tudeh and the National
Front underwent numerous splits and reorganizations. The Tudeh
leadership remained abroad, and the party did not play a
prominent role in Iran until after the Islamic Revolution. Of
the National Front parties that managed to survive the post-1963
clampdown, the most prominent was the Nehzat-e Azadi-yi Iran, or
the Iran Freedom Movement (