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| In sociology and, later, criminology, the Chicago School
(sometimes described as the Ecological School) refers to the
first major body of works emerging during the 1920s and 1930s
specialising in urban sociology, and the research into the urban
environment by combining theory and ethnographic fieldwork in
Chicago, now applied elsewhere. While involving scholars at
several Chicago area universities, the term is often used
interchangeably to refer to the University of Chicago's
sociology department—one of the oldest and one of the most
prestigious. Following World War II, a "Second Chicago School"
arose whose members used symbolic interactionism combined with
methods of field research, to create a new body of works. For a
comprehensive history of the Chicago School, see Martin Bulmer
(1984) and Lester Kurtz (1984). The major researchers in this
School included Ernest Burgess, Ruth Shonle