PSS-10 scores are obtained by reversing the scores on the four
positive items, e.g., 0=4, 1=3, 2=2, etc. and then summing
across all 10 items. Items 4,5, 7, and 8 are the positively
PSS-4 scores are obtained by reverse coding items # 2 and 3.
PSS-14 scores are obtained by reversing the scores on the seven
positive items, e.g., 0=4, 1=3, 2=2, etc., and then summing
across all 14 items. Items 4, 5, 6, 7, 9, 10, and 13 are the
positively stated items. The PSS was designed for use with
community samples with at least a junior high school education,
The items are easy to understand and the response alternatives
are simple to grasp. Moreover, as noted above, the questions are
quite general in nature and hence relatively free of content
specific to any sub population group. The data reported in the
article are from somewhat restricted samples, in that they are
younger, more educated and contain fewer minority members than
the general population. In light of the generality of scale
content and simplicity of language