- Orlando Bandinelli - Rolandus Bandinelli Alexander’s papal
election led some cardinals to elect an anti-pope, Victor IV who
was supported by Germany and some Lombards. The schism continued
through anti-popes Paschal III and Calixtus III until 1178. In
1162, Alexander was forced into exile in France by Emperor
Frederick I. In his long struggle with the emperor, the pope was
aided by the Lombard League, which named the town of Alessandria
for him. In 1174, he received the penance of King Henry II of
England for the murder of Saint Thomas Becket. Following the
Battle of Legnano in 1176, Frederick was finally forced to
submit to papal authority. Alexander convened the Third Lateran
Council. He issued many decretals, established the procedure for
canonizing saints, inaugurated the two-thirds rule for papal
elections, protected universities, and was one of the most
distinguished champions of ecclesiastical independence in the
Middle Ages.