This chapter should be cited as: Fischlin, A., G.F. Midgley,
J.T. Price, R. Leemans, B. Gopal, C. Turley, M.D.A. Rounsevell,
O.P. Dube, J. Tarazona, A.A. Velichko, 2007: Ecosystems, their
properties, goods, and services. Climate Change 2007: Impacts,
Adaptation and Vulnerability. Contribution of Working Group II
to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel
on Climate Change, M.L. Parry, O.F. Canziani, J.P. Palutikof,
P.J. van der Linden and C.E. Hanson, Eds., Cambridge University
Press, Cambridge, 211-272. During the course of this century the
resilience of many ecosystems (their ability to adapt naturally)
is likely to be exceeded by an unprecedented combination of
change in climate, associated disturbances (e.g., flooding,
drought, wildfire, insects, ocean acidification) and in other
global change drivers (especially land-use change, pollution and
over-exploitation of resources), if greenhouse gas emissions and
other changes continue at or above current rates (high
confidence). By 2100, ec