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view the complete version of this paper. Today’s emissions from
mobile sources, including cars, trucks, and off-road vehicles,
are estimated to be responsible for about 50% of nationwide NOx
emissions, about 40-50% of HC (or VOC) emissions, and as much as
80-90% of CO emissions in urban areas. Similar contributions are
seen in the USA and in other developed countries, including
Europe and Japan. A large portion of these emissions comes from
gasoline fueled cars and light trucks. However, the relative
importance of NOx and PM emissions from diesel engines has been
increasing. This increase has been caused by (1) the
introduction of three-way catalyst technology for spark ignited
engines in the 1980s, which lowered gasoline NOx emissions, and
(2) increasing trends in diesel vehicle population and diesel
fuel usage. There is a