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Types of mining and quarry operations include iron, copper,
lead, zinc, gold, silver, uranium, coal, lignite, anthracite,
oil & gas drilling and extraction, sand and gravel, granite,
limestone, clay, potash, soda, borate, phosphate and other
metallic and non-metallic minerals and fuels. The quarry and
aggregate, often referred to as sand and gravel, industry
encompasses the process of obtaining stone, chalk, shale, etc.,
from its natural source, the earth and further processing it to
a more useable form. This includes limestone, gravel, sand,
etc., and is normally limited to surface, or open pit
excavation, as opposed to underground mining. The actual
excavation or obtaining the stone, or material being recovered,
is essentially the same as open pit or surface mining for coal,
copper and other earth minerals. The equipment found in this
industry includes both heavy construction mobile equipment, such
as that found at a surface/strip mining operat