Antisemitism (alternatively spelled anti-semitism or anti-
Semitism; also rarely known as judeophobia) is the prejudice
against or hostility toward Jews as a group. The prejudice or
hostility is usually characterized by a combination of
religious, racial, cultural and ethnic biases. While the term's
etymology might suggest that antisemitism is directed against
all Semitic peoples, since its creation it has been used
exclusively to refer to hostility towards Jews. Antisemitism may
be manifested in many ways, ranging from individual expressions
of hatred and discrimination against individual Jews to
organized violent attacks by mobs or even state police or
military attacks on entire Jewish communities. Extreme instances
of persecution include the German Crusade of 1096, the expulsion
from England in 1290, the Spanish Inquisition, the expulsion
from Spain in 1492, the expulsion from Portugal in 1497, various
pogroms, and the most infamous, the Holocaust under Adolf
Hitler's Nazi Germany. In addition, from the 199