Financing lifelong learning AbstractThis paper describes and
analyzes different financial schemes to promote lifelong
learning. Considered are financial instruments to stimulate
successful early learning, financial aid schemes and
subsidization mechanisms. Theoretical analyses about funding of
early learning have mainly focused on vouchers. Yet, the
available empirical evidence is more ambiguous about the effects
of vouchers than about the effects of conditional cash transfers
and financial incentives for pupils and teachers. Positive
effects of financial incentives to pupils are not restricted to
high ability pupils, as low ability students also seem to
benefit. The evidence regarding the effects of subsidy forms is
limited. The most prominent knowledge gaps regarding the effects
of various financing schemes related to lifelong learning are
the effects of vouchers in compulsory education; financial aid
schemes for students; and entitlements and individual learning
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