While conflict has many causes, genocidal conflict is identity-
based. Genocide and related atrocities tend to occur in
societies with diverse national, racial, ethnic or religious
groups that are locked in identity-related conflicts. It is not
simply differences in identity, whether real or perceived, that
generate conflict, but the implication of those differences in
terms of access to power and wealth, services and resources,
employment, development opportunities, citizenship and the
enjoyment of fundamental rights and freedoms. These conflicts
are fomented by discrimination, hate speech inciting violence
and other violations of human rights. Given that no country is
perfectly homogeneous, genocide represents a truly global
challenge. The 1948 Convention on the Prevention and Punishment
of the Crime of Genocide confirms that genocide, whether
committed in time of peace or war, is a crime under
international law which parties to the Convention undertake “to
prevent and to punish”. At the 2005 World Summit, H