A physical system controlled by embedded software is a Cyber-
Physical System (CPS). CPSs require software to control many
individual systems as well as to control the complex
coordination of those systems. Examples include integrated
avionics systems, interacting medical devices, and distributed
power systems in the Smart Grid. The promise of CPSs is that
they can dramatically increase the autonomous capabilities of a
collection of systems. They also generally allow physically
separated devices and vehicles to coordinate in ways not
previously possible.The challenge is that traditional tools and
techniques that have been used to qualify systems for use by
ensuring the timeliness and correctness of software are costly
and ineffective when applied to CPSs. Cyber-physical systems
(CPSs) are a natural consequence of the increased connectedness
and autonomy of real-time embedded systems. Like real-time
embedded systems, CPSs are characterized by a high degree of
coupling between computations and physical processes