title: Adversarial Machine Learning at Scale
abstract: Adversarial examples are malicious inputs designed to fool machine learning models.
  They often transfer from one model to another, allowing attackers to mount black
  box attacks without knowledge of the target model's parameters.
  Adversarial training is the process of explicitly training a model on adversarial
  examples, in order to make it more robust to attack or to reduce its test error
  on clean inputs.
  So far, adversarial training has primarily been applied to small problems.
  In this research, we apply adversarial training to ImageNet.
  Our contributions include:
  (1) recommendations for how to succesfully scale adversarial training to large models and datasets,
  (2) the observation that adversarial training confers robustness to single-step attack methods,
  (3) the finding that multi-step attack methods are somewhat less transferable than single-step attack
        methods, so single-step attacks are the best for mounting black-box attacks,
        and
  (4) resolution of a ``label leaking'' effect that causes adversarially trained models to perform
        better on adversarial examples than on clean examples, because the adversarial
        example construction process uses the true label and the model can learn to
        exploit regularities in the construction process.
  
authors: Alexey Kurakin Ian J. Goodfellow Samy Bengio
hIndex: Samy Bengio 83