title: Membership Attacks on Conditional Generative Models Using Image Difficulty
abstract: Membership inference attacks (MIA) try to detect if data samples were used to train a Neural Network model. As training data is very valuable in machine learning, MIA can be used to detect the use of unauthorized data. Unlike the traditional MIA approaches, addressing classification models, we address conditional image generation models (e.g. image translation). 
  Due to overfitting, reconstruction errors are typically lower for images used in training. A simple but effective approach for membership attacks can therefore use the reconstruction error.
  However, we observe that some images are "universally" easy, and others are difficult. Reconstruction error alone is less effective at discriminating between difficult images used in training and easy images that were never seen before. To overcome this, we propose to use a novel difficulty score that can be computed for each image, and its computation does not require a training set. Our membership error, obtained by subtracting the difficulty score from the reconstruction error, is shown to achieve high MIA accuracy on an extensive number of benchmarks.
authors: Avital Shafran Shmuel Peleg Yedid Hoshen
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