Analyzing of Distribution, Standars and Percapita in Urban Green Space (Case Study: Boroujerd City)
Green urbanism probably contains the most similar ideas with sustainable urbanism. They both emphasize on urban design with nature, as well as shaping better communities and lifestyles. However, the principles of green urbanism are based on the triple zero frameworks: zero fossil fuel energy use, zero waste, and zero emissions. Sustainable Urbanism, on the other hand, is more focused on designing communities that are walk able and transit served so that people will prefer to meet their daily needs on foot. In this research has been studied urban green space development process in Boroujerd city. Also, the aim of research, is achieving sustainable city. This study is applied and the research method is" descriptive analytical" Also data collected is documents and field. In order to analyzing of data, was used spearman correlation and Bahram Soltani method .The findings show, percapita of green space isn't well and far from with global standards. So, should be attempted in this issue. At finally was proposed percapita based on Bahram Soltani method. Keyword: Urban Green Space, Percapita, Bahram soltani method, Boroujerd city 1INTRODUCTION To transition from the sanitary city of the twentieth century to the sustainable city of the twenty first, new knowledge needs to be developed and applied to understanding the role of nature in cities and in supplying the resource requirements for their growth. Cities are, of course, human creations, a big factor in contributing to the drivers of human ecological geochemical change (Vitousek, Mooney, Lubchenco, Mellilo, 1997) This review suggests bridging between three distinct research paths concerned with urban areas and nature: urban ecosystem services, urban metabolism and urban political ecology. New Urbanism inspired Farr's definition of Sustainable Urbanism is based around bringing everything closer together, using higher quality goods, being more efficient, and having everything within walking distance, but Sustainable urbanism closes the loop. The criticism of New Urbanism is that it attempts to apply 19th century urban form to 21st century cities and that New Urbanism excludes economic diversity by creating expensive places to live that are highly privatized and controlled. One current articulation of city branding, in line with the increased focus on sustainable development, is the "green" city or environmentally sustainable city brand. The word green, when used in a marketing sense, encompasses both an environmental policy and biophysical dimension. The environmental policy dimension of green addresses issues of sustainable urban development through a concern for pollution control, reduced carbon dioxide output and limited resource consumption (Kahn, 2006) The biophysical dimension of green celebrates the green space component of cities, highlighting the important role of urban vegetation in securing a high quality of life (Beatley, 2011) Thus a green city brand can be related to a vision for (1) increased urban environmental political oversight, an ambition to (2) focus on and develop urban biophysical Analyzing of Distribution, Standars and Percapita in Urban Green Space (Case Study: Boroujerd City) http:/www.ijSciences.com Volume 4 December 2015 (12) 2 qualities, or (3) both aspects combined in order to achieve a market advantage. 2LITERATURE REVIEW Since as early as the 1970s, researchers have been experimentally studying the influence of greenery on human attitudes and functioning. One of the main findings for which a large body of empirical evidence has accumulated is that natural (i.e. green) environments are consistently preferred over nongreen urban settings, or environments dominated by artifacts (for a review see Ulrich, 1993) Another important observation is that nature can have 'healing' effects on human individuals. One illustrative inquiry in this respect is Ulrich's (1984) Science study, which reports that hospital patients that had undergone a gall bladder operation recovered more rapidly and felt better when they had views on trees than when they viewed a brick wall from their hospital rooms (Ulrich, 1984) Since Ulrich's pioneering inquiry, many environmental psychology studies have investigated and corroborated the beneficial or 'restorative' effects of vegetative elements (flowers, trees, plants) on human functioning and health (For reviews Ulrich, 1993; Van den Berg, 2005, 2009) Nowadays this field of inquiry is often referred to as 'Restorative Environments Research' (Van den Berg, 2009) Over the past two decades, two major interpretations of what constitutes a 'restorative experience' have dominated the restorative research literature. One interpretation is termed 'Stress Recovery Theory' (SRT) which has been advanced and elaborated by Roger Ulrich (see Ulrich et al. 1991; for early foundations of SRT see Ulrich, 1983) According to SRT, exposure to unthreatening nature leads to more positively toned emotional states and is better able to bring physiological arousal in stressed individuals back to more moderate levels than environments devoid of natural elements. SRT has been corroborated by different empirical studies (e.g. Ulrich et al. 1991, 2003; Parsons et al. 1998; Hartig et al. 2003; Custers, 2006; Dijkstra et al. 2008) Quite often, these stress reducing effects are claimed to be rooted in our shared human evolutionary past, during which early humans were deeply dependent on nature for their subsistence and survival (see especially Ulrich, 1993; also Heerwagen and Orians, 1993; Lohr and Pearson Mims, 2006) In particular, vegetative elements were a source of food and medicine, and offered early humans opportunities for prospect and refuge (e.g. from weather conditions or predators) Ulrich (1993) contends that individuals who genetically retained restorative responses (i.e. stress reduction) toward these natural elements had higher survival chances than those who had not evolved such a hardwired trait. This retention also explains why the stress reducing effects of (unthreatening) nature are still widespread among modern world individuals. (Note that greenery also positively impacts behavioral states that are closely related to stress, such as higher frustration tolerance (Cackowski and Nasar, 2003) prolonged pain tolerance (Lohr and Pearson Mims, 2000) and alleviation of states of anger (Kweon et al. 2008) Green spaces are as a complement of urban physical structure. These spaces are a type of urban land use that has ecologic and social traits. On the other hand, today planning and design is adaption green space networks (leqaee, 1995) Today, urban green spaces are introduced as appropriate method for promotion of life quality due to impressive social and ecological influences (Barker, 1968) So, an urban green space is important issue due to creating beautiful landscape, also it is as obstacle air pollution in cities. Last years in Iran, don't achieve sustainable cities especially in Tehran metropolitan due to development of cities without regard to infrastructure such as green spaces. In different section of cities exist problems such as air pollution, terrific, shortage of green spaces. Appropriate planning effective management in urban green section are necessary for eliminating these problems. Effective management is led to promotion of human life quality in cities. Some countries in world are successful to decline shortage of green spaces by implementing different plans of developing green spaces. The propose of research is, promotion of quality of urban environment. 3RESEARCH METHOD The studied area is 17 of Boroujerd district. Boroujerd is a city in and capital of Boroujerd County, Lorestan Province in western Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 227,547 in 59,388 families. Among the existing modern cities in Iran, Boroujerd is one of the oldest reported at least since the 9th century. In Sassanid Empire, Boroujerd was a small town and region neighboring Nahavand. Gaining more attention during Great Seljuk Empire in the 9th and 10th centuries, Boroujerd stood as an industrial, commercial and strategic city in Zagros Mountains until the 20th century. In its golden ages, Boroujerd was selected as the state capital of Lorestan and Khuzestan region during Qajar dynasty in the 18th and 19th centuries. Today, Boroujerd is the second largest city of Lorestan; hence, the major industrial, tourist and cultural center of the region. The city has kept its old architecture and lifestyle mostly through mosques, bazaars and houses built in the Qajar era. Boroujerd city is located approximately 1670 meters above sea level and has a moderate climate with cold winters. The highest point is Garrin Mountain 3623 m above sea level and the lowest area is Gel Rood River in South with 1400 m elevation. Boroujerd Township has 2600 km2 area with approximately 400,000 inhabitants distributed in the city of Oshtorinan and more than 180 villages. Analyzing of Distribution, Standars and Percapita in Urban Green Space (Case Study: Boroujerd City) http:/www.ijSciences.com Volume 4 December 2015 (12) 3 Boroujerd is located on Silakhor Plain which is the largest agricultural land of Lorestan. The highelevated Zagros Mountains surround it from South East to North West and the peaks are covered with snow most of the times. Rural people work in farms or keep their domestic animals. Other people work in governmental offices, armed forces, factories or small local businesses. The feet of Zagros Mountains is a great destination for nomads and many Lurs and Bakhtiari nomads move there in summer. The area is paved with highways and is a crossroad between Tehran and Khuzestan Province as well as Isfahan Province and Kermanshah Province. This research is applied. Research method is "descriptive analytical" At first, was studied area of green space between seventeen districts. In order to analyzing data was used Bahram Solta