1 Children s Schooling and Parents Behavior Evidence from the Head Start Impact
Parents may have important effects on their children, but little work in economics explores whether children's schooling opportunities crowd out or encourage parents' investment in children. We analyze data from the Head Start Impact Study, which granted randomly chosen preschool aged children the opportunity to attend Head Start. We find that Head Start causes a substantial increase in parents' involvement with their children such as time spent reading to children, math activities, or days spent with children by fathers who do not live with their children both during and after the period when their children are potentially enrolled in Head Start. These results are not predicted by the model of Becker and Tomes (1976) who argue that child schooling should crowd out parent investment in children. 1 We thank Jay Bhattacharya, Hanley Chiang, David Cutler, David Deming, Mark Duggan, Olivia Mitchell, Michael Puma, Dan Sacks, Todd Sinai, Danny Yagan, and seminar participants at Wharton for suggestions. Gelber acknowledges financial support from the Center for Human Resources, the Risk and Decision Processes Center, and the Zicklin Center for Business Ethics, all at Wharton. Isen acknowledges financial support from the Institute of Education Sciences, U.S. Department of Education, through Grant #R305B090015 of the U.S. Department of Education. All errors are our own. Email: agelber@nber.org, isen@wharton.upenn.edu.