Biosynthesis of Copper Nanoparticles using Artocarpus heterophyllus against Dengue Vector Aedes aegypti
In our present study, we account for eco friendly biosynthesis of copper nanoparticles using aqueous leaves extract of Artocarpus heterophyllus against first to fourth instar larvae of Aedes aegypti. The synthesized CuNPs were characterized by UV, XRD, FTIR and SEM analyses were clearly distinguishable. The four different immature mosquito larval stages of A. aegypti were exposed to varying concentrations of aqueous leaf extract of A. heterophyllus, copper sulphate (CuSO4) and synthesized CuNPs for 24 h. The mortality was observed at aqueous extract (LC50= 48.40, 60.55, 70.36, and 82.79 mg/ml) CuSO4 (LC50=21.81, 26.92, 41.38, and 55.12 mg/ml) synthesized CuNPs against first to fourth instars of A. aegypti (LC50= 3.85, 4.24, 4.66, and 5.08 mg/ml) respectively. The novel properties created not only improve the quality of human's life; it also helps in saving energy and environment. Key words: Copper nanoparticles, Jackfruit, Aedes aegypti, aqueous leaf extract INTRODUCTION Dengue is a viral infection transmitted between humans by Aedes mosquitoes as a vector [1] Dengue is prevalent in more than 100 countries as it threatens the health of approximately 2.5 billion people [2] and around eighty million people are infected annually at an attacking rate of 4% worldwide. In India, 7 16 thousand cases of dengue are reported annually. Thus, it led to development of new vector control strategies, antivirals, and vaccines that can positively impact dengue control and prevention In later years, synthetic insecticides in mosquito control programme has been reduced due to lack of novel insecticides, concern for environmental sustainability, How to cite this article Sharon EA, Velayutham K, Ramanibai R. Biosynthesis of Copper Nanoparticles using Artocarpus heterophyllus against Dengue Vector Aedes aegypti. Int. J. Life. Sci. Scienti. Res. 2018; 4(4) 1872 1879. Access this article online www.ijlssr.com high cost, harmful effect on human health, other non target populations, their non biodegradable nature, higher rate of biological magnification through the food chain, and increasing insecticide resistance on a global scale Fusion of the herbal extracts into novel systems have certain advantages, such as their bulk dosing and less absorption can be reduced which is a major problem being faced, enticing the attention of major pharmaceutical corporations. Medicinal plant products are proposed to be more efficient and rapid in extracellular biosynthesis of nanoparticles. Recently, elsewhere reported plant fabricated nanoparticles have been studied for their highly effective mosquitocidal properties. The green biosynthesis of nanoparticles is advantageous over chemical and physical methods since it is cheap; it is a single step process and does not require high pressure, energy, temperature, and the use of highly toxic chemicals Jackfruit (A. heterophyllus) belongs to the family Moraceae. They grow abundantly in India, Bangladesh and in many parts of Southeast Asia. A. heterophyllus is an important evergreen tree in tropical areas and widely Research Article Int. J. Life. Sci. Scienti. Res. eISSN: 2455 1716 Sharon et al. 2018 DOI:10.21276/ijlssr.2018.4.4.4 Copyright (c) 2015 2018| IJLSSR by Society for Scientific Research under a CC BY NC 4.0 International License Volume 04 Issue 04 Page 1873 grown in Asia including India It has also several chemical constituents such as artocarpesin, artocarpin, cynomacurin, isoartocarpin and norartocarpetin The medicinal properties of jackfruit include antiinflammatory, anti asthmatic, antioxidant, antimicrobial, antiviral, anti tubercular, anticancer and anti malarial activities The present study deals with biosynthesis of copper nanoparticles using jackfruit leaf aqueous extracts against dengue vector. MATERIALS AND METHODS Preparation of Aqueous leaves extract of A. heterophyllusThe jackfruit leaves were collected from our university campus and an identity authenticity by plant taxonomists. The leaves were washed thoroughly to remove impurities and under shade dried for about one week to remove the moisture. The leaves powdered in a mixer and then sieved using 20 mesh size sieves to get uniform size range. The aqueous extract was prepared by mixing 10 g of dried leaf powder with 100ml distilled water at 60C for 10 min and filtered through Whatman No. 1 filter paper. Synthesis of copper nanoparticlesTo synthesize CuNPs, an Erlenmeyer flask containing 100 ml of 5 mM copper sulphate (CuSO4) was magnetically stirred for 3 hrs. Following this, 60 ml of the aqueous extract of A. heterophyllus was added with 40 ml of 5 mM CuSO4 at room temperature and was subsequently stirred for 24 hrs Characterization of Copper nanoparticlesThe bioreduction was observed using UV spectra, which was done at regular intervals at 1nm resolution. The solution mixture was subjected to centrifugation at 5,000 rpm for 15min; resulting pellet was dissolved in distilled water and filtered through 0.22 mm millipore filter. The synthesized Copper nanoparticles were used for X ray diffraction (XRD) Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) Scanning electron microscope (SEM) Mosquito rearingThe rearing and collection of Aedes aegypti larvae were done based on the method performed by Kamaraj et al. Aedes aegypti larvae were collected from water bottles, tanks, containers and small water courses. They were kept at a temperature of 28+ 2degC and 80+ 10% RH (Relative Humidity) under the 12 hour light and dark photoperiod cycle. The larvae were fed dog biscuit and a brewer's yeast powder mixture 3:1 ratio is used in the laboratory. After five days, adult male mosquitoes were fed with 10% sucrose solution. The emerging female mosquitoes obtained blood meal from white albino rat for 2 3 hrs for eggs production. Larvicidal bioassayLarvicidal activity was assessed by the procedure of WHO [10] with slightly few modifications as per the method of Rahuman et al. Statistical AnalysisMean percent larval mortality data were subjected to analysis of variance and compared with Duncan's multiple range tests to determine any differences between plant species and within species and concentration (SPSS, 2007) LC50 and their associated confidence intervals were estimated from 24 h concentration mortality data using probit analysis There was a strong relationship between the doses and death rate of parasites showed in the linear correlation (r) and all differences were considered significant if