Renal Calculi (Kidney Stones) and its Therapy
Kidney stone is one of the most common problems of the urinary system. The epidemiology in US describe prevalence is 3% of the all population and it affects up to 12% of the population during their life time. In 1980, about 3 in every 100 populations developed a stone some points in their life. In 1994 the number rises to 5 in every 100 populations. By 2010, it became almost 9 in 100 populations. The children and adults both are affected in kidney stone. However, males are affected more than females. The risk factors for kidney stones are hypertension, metabolic acidosis, a history of gout arthritis, insulin resistant. The kidney stones are generally due to calcium oxalate, calcium phosphate and uric acid. It can be prevented by dietary control and intake of sufficient amount of water. Recently the Ureteroscopy surgical procedure can able to control 10 20% of kidney stones and the success rate is also very high. (c) 2019 iGlobal Research and Publishing Foundation. All rights reserved. Cite this article as: Mishra, N.K. Renal calculi (kidney stones) and it's therapy. Indo Global J. Pharm. Sci. 2019; 9(1) 1 4 DOI: http:/doi.org/10.35652/IGJPS.2019.9101 Indo Global Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2019; 9(1):1 4 2 value may develop to kidney stone. This can be caused by eating too much calcium rich diet (Fig.1: A) Fig.1: ACalcium rich diet [16] BOxalate rich diet [17] CKidney stone and passing in to the bladder. 2. Oxalate Approximately 30% of kidney stones are due to hyperoxaluria. This can be caused by eating too many oxalate rich diet (Fig.1B: Spinach, Bran flakes, beets, nuts and nut butters) or intestinal diseases. 3. Citrates Citrate reduces the risk of kidney stone by forming complexion with calcium in the urine. This reduces the free calcium level in urine. [3] In case of hypocitraturia the citrate level is less than 325mg/d which facilitate the kidney stone. 4. Uric acid Increase uric acid level in urine (Hyperuricosuria) promotes the stone formation by salting out the calcium oxalate (CaOx) from the urine. [4] Allopurinol has been found to be decreases the uric acid excretion and reduced the CaOx. Different rates of different types of kidney stones in adults and children (Table 1) [5, 6] Table 1: Kidney Stone incidence in adults and children Types of stone Adult Children Calcium oxalate 56 61 45 65 Calcium phosphate 8 18 24 30