Pepper systems are controversial, however it is still necessary to explain their use.[1] A pepper is a value that is added to a hashed password that has been salted.[34] This pepper is often unique to one website or service, and it is important to note that the same pepper is usually added to all passwords saved in a database.[35] In theory the inclusion of peppers in password hashing systems has the potential to decrease the risk of rainbow (Input : Hash) tables, given the system-level specificity of peppers, however the real world benefits of pepper implementation are highly disputed.[34]