Since the late 20th century, European and American logicians have attempted to provide mathematical foundations for dialectic through formalisation,[62]: 201–372 although logic has been related to dialectic since ancient times.[62]: 51–140 There have been pre-formal and partially-formal treatises on argument and dialectic, from authors such as Stephen Toulmin (The Uses of Argument, 1958),[63][64][62]: 203–256 Nicholas Rescher (Dialectics: A Controversy-Oriented Approach to the Theory of Knowledge, 1977),[65][66][62]: 330–336 and Frans H. van Eemeren and Rob Grootendorst (pragma-dialectics, 1980s).[62]: 517–614 One can include works of the communities of informal logic and paraconsistent logic.[62]: 373–424