Major categories of bio-compounds: Carbohydrates : sugar -- disaccharide -- polysaccharide -- starch -- glycogen Lipids : fatty acid -- fats -- essential oils -- oils -- waxes -- cholesterol Nucleic acids : DNA -- RNA -- mRNA -- tRNA -- rRNA -- codon -- adenosine -- cytosine -- guanine -- thymine -- uracil Proteins : amino acid -- glycine -- arginine -- lysine peptide -- primary structure -- secondary structure -- tertiary structure -- conformation -- protein folding Chemical properties: molecular bond -- covalent bond -- ionic bond -- hydrogen bond -- ester -- ethyl molecular charge -- hydrophilic -- hydrophobic -- polar pH -- acid -- alkaline -- base oxidation -- reduction -- hydrolysis Structural compounds: In cells: flagellin -- peptidoglycan -- myelin -- actin -- myosin In animals: chitin -- keratin -- collagen -- silk In plants: cellulose -- lignin -- cell wall Enzymes and enzyme activity: enzyme kinetics -- enzyme inhibition proteolysis -- ubiquitin -- proteasome kinase -- dehydrogenase Membranes : fluid mosaic model -- diffusion -- osmosis phospholipids -- glycolipid -- glycocalyx -- antigen -- isoprene ion channel -- proton pump -- electron transport -- ion gradient -- antiporter -- symporter -- quinone -- riboflavin Energy pathways : pigments : chlorophyll -- carotenoids -- xanthophyll -- cytochrome -- phycobilin -- bacteriorhodopsin -- hemoglobin -- myoglobin -- absorption spectrum -- action spectrum -- fluorescence Photosynthesis : light reaction -- dark reaction Fermentation : Acetyl-CoA -- lactic acid Cellular respiration : Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) -- NADH -- pyruvate -- oxalate -- citrate Chemosynthesis Regulation hormones : auxin signal transduction -- growth factor -- transcription factor -- protein kinase -- SH3 domain Malfunctions : tumor -- oncogene -- tumor suppressor gene Receptors : Integrin -- transmembrane receptor -- ion channel Techniques : electrophoresis -- chromatography -- mass spectrometry -- x-ray diffraction -- Southern blot -- fractionation -- Gram stain -- Surface Plasmon Resonance -- Microscale Thermophoresis