Restorative facework is the act of reinstating face after the loss of it has taken place; preventative face is the act of communicating to safeguard the threat of face being lost. [4]Further research by Penelope Brown and Stephen Levinson on politeness suggests that the desire for face is a universal concern.[8][9] Brown and Levinson further suggested that face can refer to two wants of the individual- the positive face that necessitates approval by others and the negative face that requires that one's actions or thoughts are unimpeded by others.