Anterior segment surgery Retinal ophthalmology, which emphasizes such things as laser treatment of the retina and actual retinal surgery Cataracts – not usually considered a subspecialty per se, since most general ophthalmologists perform cataract surgery Cornea, ocular surface, and external disease Glaucoma Medical retina, deals with treatment of retinal problems through non-surgical means. Neuro-ophthalmology Ocular oncology Oculoplastics and orbit surgery Ophthalmic pathology Pediatric ophthalmology/strabismus (misalignment of the eyes) Refractive surgery Uveitis Immunology Veterinary formal specialty training programs in veterinary ophthalmology now exist in some countries.[25][26] Vitreo-retinal surgery, deals with surgical management of retinal and posterior segment diseases and disorders. Medical retina and vitreo-retinal surgery sometimes together called posterior segment subspecialisation.