Members of the United States Department of Homeland Security laid out the groundwork for the initial drill in February 2004.[87] In May 2005, 5,000 volunteers participated in the $1 million evacuation drill, which included mock explosions.[88] A goal of the drill was to test the response of 49 western Pennsylvania emergency agencies.[89] In April 2006, the Department of Homeland Security worked in conjunction with the United States Coast Guard to develop a plan of response for the 2006 All-Star Game.[90] Similar exercises were conducted on the Allegheny River in 2007.[91]