In 1984 Nicolas Gisin’s proposed stochastic Schrödinger equations [41] and his subsequent work together with Ian C. Percival is now widely used in the study of the dynamics of open quantum systems. [42] Before becoming a quantum engineer, Nicolas Gisin worked as a classical telecommunication engineer, first in industry, next at the University. In particular he invented a technique to measure Polarization Mode Dispersion (PDM) in optical fibers.[43][44] This turned out to be an extremely important parameter of telecom fibers whose importance was initially underestimated.