Dunn and Gennard found 111 UK cases of dismissals on the introduction of a closed shop, involving 325 individuals,[4]:125 and they stated, "While proponents of the closed shop may argue that an estimated minimum 325 dismissals is a relatively small number compared with the total population covered by closed shops, critics would see the figure as substantial arguing that one dismissal is one too many".[4]:126 In relation to the pre-entry closed shop, they stated, "Its raison d'être is to exclude people from jobs by denying them union membership".[4]:132