However, other legal experts argued against charges. Alan Jackson said "To be arrested on a misdemeanor, it has to happen in front of the authorities, or conversely the person against whom the crime was allegedly committed has to file a formal complaint with police". Loyola Law School professor and former federal prosecutor Laurie Levenson said that the case was not serious enough to merit being treated as a priority; defense attorney and former prosecutor Michael Cardoza agreed, saying that while Smith's actions did constitute a crime, "it's not significant enough to clog our courts".[92] Defense attorney Lou Shapiro argued that Smith was not being given any special treatment by not being arrested, stating "On a simple battery with no injury, LAPD is not deviating from the norm on this one.