An editorial commentary in the Proceedings of the Tenth Congress of the ICLA (published in 1985) asserted that “references to neo-Marxist explanations and ideological analysis” could be found in the paper that Youssef presented at this Congress.[24] Whether this label suggested by either D. W. Fokkema or E. C. Smith or both is appropriate, is subject to further debate.[25] Other, more careful commentators defined Youssef as a sharp critic of “Eurocentrism” (respectively “West[ern]-Centrism”).[26]