SOAP was designed as an object-access protocol and released as XML-RPC in June 1998 as part of Frontier 5.1 by Dave Winer, Don Box, Bob Atkinson, and Mohsen Al-Ghosein for Microsoft, where Atkinson and Al-Ghosein were working.[3] The specification was not made available until it was submitted to IETF 13 September 1999.[4][5] According to Don Box, this was due to politics within Microsoft.[6] Because of Microsoft's hesitation, Dave Winer shipped XML-RPC in 1998.[7]