In 1916 there was an uprising of Krygyzstanis against Tsarist Russia in the territory now known as the Urkun. A public commission in Kyrgyzstan called the crackdown of 1916 in which 100,000 to 270,000 Kyrgyzstanis were killed a genocide though Russia rejected this characterization.[223] Russian sources put the death toll at 3,000.[224]