Mann describes these acts as "murderous ethnic cleansing on stupendous scale not previously seen in Europe" referring to the 1914 Carnegie Endowment report.[81][82] It is estimated that at the turn of the 20th century there were 4,4 million Muslims living in the Balkan regions under Ottoman control.[83] More than one million Muslims left the Balkans in the last three decades of the 19th century.[84] Between 1912 and 1926 nearly 2.9 million Muslims were either killed or forced to emigrate to Turkey.[83]