Learning by doing vs. teacher presenting – Students often learn more by doing rather than simply listening to instructions given by the teacher. Attainment based vs. time based progress – The instruction can either be based on the focus on the mastery of the concept or the time spent on learning the concept. Customized vs. standardized instruction – The instruction can be different for different learners or the instruction can be given in general to the entire classroom Criterion referenced vs. norm referenced instruction – Instruction related to different types of evaluations.