Grafting occurs when two different plants are joined together and continue to grow, this technique has been widely employed in agricultural applications and can even occur naturally in the wild.[12] A transplastomic N. tabacum plant was engineered to have spectinomycin resistance and GFP fluorescence.[11] Whilst the nuclear transgenic plants N. benthamiana and N. glauca were engineered to have kanamycin antibiotic resistance and YFP fluorescence.[11] The transplastomic plant and the nuclear transgenic plants were then grafted unto each other and the grafted tissues were then analysed.[11] Fluorescence microscopy and antibiotic selection on agar plates with both kanamycin and spectinomycin revealed that the grafted plant tissue had both transplastomics and nuclear transgene DNA material.[11] This was further confirmed through PCR analysis.[11] This study highlighted that plastids like the chloroplast are able to pass between cells across graft junctions and result in the transfer of genetic material between two different plant cell lines.[11] This finding is significant as it provides an alternative pathway for generation of transplastomic plants for species that are not as easily transformed using our current experimental methodology as seen above.[11]