With respect to the United States Military, the federal government has extremely broad power to restrict the speech of military officers, even if such a restriction would be invalid with a civilian. The Supreme Court affirmed this principle in the closely determined 5 to 3 decision, Parker v. Levy (1974), when the Court held the military was essentially a "specialized society from civilian society", which necessitated stricter guidelines.[73] Justice William O. Douglas, writing the dissent, argued that “Uttering one’s belief is sacrosanct under the First Amendment.”[74] Since Parker, there have been few cases to issue more specific limits on the government's control of military expression.