Sayf ibn Umar claimed that certain rabbis persuaded Paul to deliberately misguide early Christians by introducing what Ibn Hazm viewed as objectionable doctrines into Christianity.[162][163] Ibn Hazm repeated Sayf's claims.[164] Rabbi Jacob Qirqisani also believed that Paul created Christianity by introducing the doctrine of Trinity.[162] Paul has been criticized by some modern Muslim thinkers. Syed Muhammad Naquib al-Attas wrote that Paul misrepresented the message of Jesus,[156] and Rashid Rida accused Paul of introducing shirk (polytheism) into Christianity.[165] Mohammad Ali Jouhar quoted Adolf von Harnack's critical writings of Paul.[166]