the 400th anniversary (in 1917) of Martin Luther's publication of the Ninety-five Theses in 1517, an event which endorsed German nationalism, stoked hostility toward foreign peoples, granted Germany a preferred place in the Protestant tradition, and legitimized antisemitism; the antisemitic writings of Martin Luther; the Luther Renaissance Movement of Professor Emmanuel Hirsch; supported by publications by Guida Diehl, the first speaker of the National Socialist Women's League; the revival of völkisch traditions; the de-emphasis of the Old Testament in Lutheran theology, and the partial or total removal of Jewishness from the Bible;[1] the respect for temporal (secular) authority, which had been emphasized by Luther. The movement used scriptural support (Romans 13)[7] to justify this position.