Due to the Malaccan Sultan lodging a complaint against the Portuguese invasion to the Chinese Emperor, the Portuguese were greeted with hostility from the Chinese when they arrived in China.[81][82][83][84][85] The Sultan's complaint caused "a great deal of trouble" to Portuguese in China.[86] The Chinese were very "unwelcoming" to the Portuguese.[87] The Malaccan Sultan, based in Bintan after fleeing Malacca, sent a message to the Chinese, which combined with Portuguese banditry and violent activity in China, led the Chinese authorities to execute 23 Portuguese and torture the rest of them in jails.