This hegemonic approach towards other knowledge systems has resulted in reduction of epistemic diversity and constituted the center of knowledge which eventually suppressed all other forms of knowledge.[10] Boaventura de Sousa Santos argues that "throughout the world, not only are there very diverse forms of knowledge of matter, society, life and spirit, but also many and very diverse concepts of what counts as knowledge and criteria that may be used to validate it."[11] This diversity of knowledge systems, however, has not gained much recognition.[12] Lewis Gordon acknowledges that the formulation of knowledge in its singular form itself is unknown to times before the emergence of European modernity.