More contemporary research on writing processes suggests it inaccurate to describe these "stages" as fixed steps in a linear process. While accepting as a given that some kind of process is necessarily involved in producing any written text, contemporary studies endorse "the fundamental idea that no codifiable or generalizable writing process exists or could exist.”[7] In this view, "writing processes are historically dynamic -- not psychic states, cognitive routines, or neutral social relationships."[8] Rather, they are overlapping parts of a complex whole or parts of a recursive process that are repeated multiple times throughout the writing process.