In Iran's legal markets, the price of a kidney ranges from $2,000 to $4,000.[10][11] On the black market, however, the price may be above $160,000, most of which is taken by middlemen.[12] Additionally, when done through black market-affiliated medical providers, the transplant operation is dangerous to both the donor and recipient, and the recipient often contracts hepatitis or HIV.[10] The typical price paid to donors on the black market is thought to be about US$5,000, but some donors receive as little as $1,000.[13]