One mode of operation involved clients' assets purchased for them by Epstein being presented as grossly more valuable than in reality, whilst Hoffenberg describes that Epstein was simultaneously cheating very large sums of money for himself.[1] Amidst and within the Towers Financial criminal dealings, Hoffenberg calls Epstein the "mastermind" behind the fraud of an insurance bond scheme and the "technician" of a Wall Street stock manipulation scheme.[26]