In the United States, both tobacco companies and airlines fought any regulation.[1] In 1976, the US Civil Aeronautics Board banned cigar and pipe smoking on aircraft,[4] but under pressure from tobacco interests, it sought to limit this ban in 1978.[5] Also, CAB banned and then unbanned smoking in 1984, with chairman Dan McKinnon saying, "Philosophically, I think nonsmokers have rights, but it comes into marked conflict with practicalities and the realities of life."[6] After years of debate over health concerns,[7][8] Congressional action in 1987 led to a ban on inflight smoking.[9][10][11][12] In 1988, airlines based in the United States banned smoking on domestic flights of less than two hours,[13][14][15] which was extended to domestic flights of less than six hours in February 1990,[16][17][18] and to all domestic and international flights in 2000.[19][20][21][22] The 1990 ban applied to the passengers and the cabin of the aircraft, but not the flight deck; pilots were allowed to continue smoking after the 1990 ban due to concerns over potential flight safety issues caused by nicotine withdrawal in chronic smokers.[23] Despite a prohibition of smoking, the US Federal Aviation Administration regulations mandate that functioning ashtrays be conspicuously located on the doors of all airplane bathrooms. This is because there must be a safe place to dispose of a lit cigarette if someone violates the no-smoking rule.[24]