Identifying the gas chemically proved frustrating; Rutherford and Frederick Soddy found it to be inert, much like argon. It later came to be known as radon. Rutherford identified beta rays as cathode rays (electrons), and hypothesised—and in 1909 with Thomas Royds proved—that alpha particles were helium nuclei.[8][9] Observing the radioactive disintegration of elements, Rutherford and Soddy classified the radioactive products according to their characteristic rates of decay, introducing the concept of a half-life.[8][10] In 1903, Soddy and Margaret Todd applied the term "isotope" to atoms that were chemically and spectroscopically indistinct but had different radioactive half-lives.[11][12] Rutherford proposed a model of the atom in which a very small, dense and positively charged nucleus of protons was surrounded by orbiting, negatively charged electrons (the Rutherford model).[13] Niels Bohr improved upon this in 1913 by reconciling it with the quantum behaviour of electrons (the Bohr model).[14][15][16]