The Pax Hispanica (1598-1621) comprises the two peaceful decades of the Spanish Golden Age (1492-1661), a distinct and broader concept marked by wars of conquest in the Americas and the involvement in several European conflicts. The Spanish Golden Age began as Spain established its empire under Isabella I and Ferdinand II and continued with the Habsurg monarchs Charles I, Philip II, Philip III and Philip IV. Under the Habsburgs, the use of force as part of Spanish colonial policies in the Americas was reviewed following the Valladolid Debate but Spain became more and more involved in the European wars of religion.[2][3]