In September 1991, two judges on cases by the Vicariate and family of disappeared leftist leader Bautista van Schouwen issued court orders to begin research projects to exhume and identify the graves.[1] The majority of the 105 bodies recovered in 1991 appeared to have been shot and beaten. Some were missing limbs or were bound with wire. The victims were as young as 13 years old,[2] and some coffins contained multiple bodies.[3] Pinochet, who remained commander-in-chief of the Chilean army during the 1991 exhumation,[3] explained that bodies were stacked to save space ("What great economizing!"[11]), and later apologized after public outcry.[10] This comment embarrassed Pinochet's followers and "reactivated cultural revulsion and human rights sensibilities".[11][4] In Reckoning with Pinochet, Stern wrote that the 1991 exhumation led the public to view Pinochet soldiers on trial as criminals.[13] The Santiago Catholic Church's antemortem records were matched with autopsy records to identify and return the bodily remains to living relatives.[8]