After Gilbert White and William Bartram, other significant writers include American ornithologist John James Audubon (1785 – 1851), Charles Darwin (1809 – 1882),[7] Richard Jefferies (1848-1887), Susan Fenimore Cooper (1813-1894), mother of American nature writing, and Henry David Thoreau (1817-1862), who is often considered the father of modern American nature writing. Other significant writers were Ralph Waldo Emerson (1803-1882), John Burroughs (1837-1931) and John Muir (1838-1914).