Jewish attitudes toward slavery were varied and complex. Some publications (such as The Secret Relationship Between Blacks and Jews, a book published in 1991 by the Nation of Islam) have attempted to establish that Jews were the main perpetrators of the African slave trade, but such publications are controversial and considered by many to be antisemitic. Other scholars refute those claims, arguing that "Jews were minimally involved in the trafficking and ownership of African-American slaves."[15]