Alister McGrath, a Christian theologian, has also commented critically on Dawkins' analysis, suggesting that "memes have no place in serious scientific reflection",[1] that there is strong evidence that such ideas are not spread by random processes, but by deliberate intentional actions,[2] that "evolution" of ideas is more Lamarckian than Darwinian,[3] and suggests there is no evidence that epidemiological models usefully explain the spread of religious ideas.[4] McGrath also cites a metareview of 100 studies and argues that "If religion is reported as having a positive effect on human well-being by 79% of recent studies in the field, how can it conceivably be regarded as analogous to a virus?"[5]