Jacques Lacan, a self-styled Freudian, called it "this extraordinary text of Freud's, unbelievably ambiguous, almost confused".[47] One of Freud's most sympathetic biographers wrote that "Beyond the Pleasure Principle is a difficult text ... the reassuring intimacy with clinical experience that marks most of Freud's papers, even at their most theoretical, seems faint here, almost absent.[2] He went on to quote Freud's personal physician: "Max Schur, whom no one can accuse of reading Freud unsympathetically, said flatly: 'We can only assume that Freud's conclusions ... are an example of ad hoc reasoning to prove a preformed hypothesis ... throughout Beyond the Pleasure Principle '".[48]