Oil spill caused damages across a range of species and habitats in the Gulf.[150] Researchers say the oil and dispersant mixture, including PAHs, permeated the food chain through zooplankton.[151][152][153] Toxicological effects have been documented in benthic and pelagic fish, estuarine communities, mammals, birds and turtles, deep-water corals, plankton, foraminifera, and microbial communities.