By the end of 18th century, the whole of Kerala fell under the control of the British, either administered directly or under suzerainty.[143] Initially the British had to suffer local resistance against their rule under the leadership of Kerala Varma Pazhassi Raja, who had popular support in Thalassery-Wayanad region.[60] The municipalities of Kozhikode, Palakkad, Fort Kochi, Kannur, and Thalassery, were founded on 1 November 1866[144][145][146][147] of the British Indian Empire, making them the first modern municipalities in the state of Kerala.