According to Richard J. Bernstein, "these themes are also basic applications of urbanism". Under pragmatism, place is defined throughout continuous interactions with its dwellers, therefore there cannot be a platonic ideal of placeness or an essential definition of place. This approach can be seen in the theory of placemaking that emerged in the 1960s, epitomised by Jan Gehl's quote "First life, then spaces, then buildings – the other way around never works".[7]