The exodus of the foreign Mutamassirun ("Egyptianized") community, which included the British and French colonial powers as well as Jews, Greeks, Italians, Syrians, Armenians,[1] began following the First World War, and by the end of the 1960s the exodus of the foreign community was effectively complete. According to Andrew Gorman, this was primarily a result of the "decolonization process and the rise of Egyptian nationalism".[2][3][4] In addition, there was a small indigenous Jewish community, although most Jews in Egypt in the early twentieth century were recent immigrants to the country, who did not share the Arabic language and culture.[5] Until the late 1930s, the foreign minorities, including both indigenous and recent immigrant Jews, tended to apply for foreign citizenship in order to benefit from a foreign protection.[6]