Estimates of the total German war dead range from 5.5 to 6.9 million persons.[156] A study by German historian Rüdiger Overmans puts the number of German military dead and missing at 5.3 million, including 900,000 men conscripted from outside of Germany's 1937 borders.[157] Richard Overy estimated in 2014 that about 353,000 civilians were killed in Allied air raids.[158] Other civilian deaths include 300,000 Germans (including Jews) who were victims of Nazi political, racial, and religious persecution[159] and 200,000 who were murdered in the Nazi euthanasia program.[160] Political courts called Sondergerichte sentenced some 12,000 members of the German resistance to death, and civil courts sentenced an additional 40,000 Germans.[161] Mass rapes of German women also took place.[162]