Secondly, teleology is linked to the pre-Darwinian idea of natural theology, that the natural world gives evidence of the conscious design and beneficent intentions of a creator, as in the writings of John Ray.[1] William Derham continued Ray's tradition with books such as his 1713 Physico-Theology and his 1714 Astro-Theology.[34] They in turn influenced William Paley who wrote a detailed teleological argument for God in 1802, Natural Theology, or Evidences of the Existence and Attributes of the Deity collected from the Appearances of Nature,[35] starting with the Watchmaker analogy.[36] Such creationism, along with a vitalist life-force and directed orthogenetic evolution, has been rejected by most biologists.[1]