Some directors such as Sarah Maldoror have experienced difficulty receiving recognition as an African film director, resulting in exclusion from lists of African filmmakers while their films are discussed in studies on African cinema.[10]:10 Paulin Soumanou Vieyra has cited citizenship as a major component on identification as an African film director, stating that films directed by non-citizens about Africa are “of African inspiration/film d’inspiration africaine", which scholar Alexie Tcheuyap argues "would automatically disqualify directors like Sarah Maldoror or Raoul Peck who are too often, almost intuitively, considered “African.”"[10]:11–12 Some scholars, such as art historian Beatriz Leal Riesco have noted that Maldoror is "African with respect to her motivation and themes"[11]