The use of traditional Arabic elements, notably, calligraphy, in modern art arose independently in various Islamic states; few of these artists working in this area, had knowledge of each other, allowing for different manifestations of hurufiyya to develop in different regions.[9] In Sudan, for instance, the movement was known as the Old Khartoum School,[10] and assumed a distinctive character in which both African motifs and calligraphy were combined, while media such as leather and wood replaced canvas to provide a distinct African style.[11] In Morocco, the movement was accompanied by the replacement of traditional media for oils; artists favoured traditional dyes such as henna, and embraced weaving, jewellery and tattoo as well as including traditional Berber motifs.[12] In Jordan, it was generally known as the al-hurufiyyah movement, while in Iran, the Saqqa-Khaneh movement.[13]