The term originated in English through the translation by Paul Garvin of the Czech aktualisace (literally "to actualise"), borrowing the terms from Jan Mukařovský of the Prague school of the 1930s. [7] The work of the Prague Structuralists was itself a continuation of the ideas generated by the Russian Formalists, particularly their notion of Defamiliarization ('ostranenie'). Especially the 1917 essay 'Art as Technique' (Iskusstvo kak priem) by Viktor Shklovsky proved to be highly influential in laying the basis of an anthropological theory of literature.