Low sample consumption (e.g. blood from a finger prick) or the ability to measure in noninvasive samples (e.g. saliva, urine or exhaled breath condensate) Fast sample-to-result times enabling an immediate treatment Long shelf life with extended reagent storage Ease of storage Comparable test results with central laboratory findings ensuring international quality standards (ISO 15189) Automatic or facile system operation with minimized user intervention Cheap and portable readout systems (e.g. handheld readers) along with disposable test strips or cartridges fulfilling the in vitro diagnostics guideline (EU Directives or FDA regulations).