Having refused all of Minh Mang's requests to surrender,[18] in summer or unknown month of 1833, katip Sumat and his forces began a general uprising in a large area in Southern Vietnam, from Ninh Thuan to Dong Nai: Tuan Lik in Phan Rí, Kuac Riwa in Long Hương (Bà Rịa), and Ja Thak Wa in Phan Rang, all raised flags with two Cham words Po Rasak (figuratively: His Great Glorious Wonderful, an implication for either Allāh and prophet Mohammed) enlarged on them.