According to René Dussaud, the area of Kurd-Dagh and the plain near Antioch were settled by Kurds since antiquity.[10][11] According to Kurdish scholar Ismet Cheriff Vanly, there is reason to believe that Kurdish settlements in the Kurd Mountains go back to the Seleucid Empire, since those regions stood in the path to Antioch; Kurds in the early periods served as mercenaries and mounted archers.[12] In any case, the Kurd Mountains were already Kurdish-inhabited when the Crusades broke out at the end of the 11th century.[13]