India's population growth rate under the Mughal Empire (16th–18th centuries) was higher than during any previous period in Indian history.[28][29][3] Under the Mughal Empire, India experienced an unprecedented economic and demographic upsurge,[28] due to Mughal agrarian reforms that intensified agricultural production,[30] proto-industrialization[31] that established India as the most important centre of manufacturing in international trade,[32] and a relatively high degree of urbanisation for its time;[33] 15% of the population lived in urban centres, higher than the percentage of the population in 19th-century British India[33] and contemporary Europe[33] up until the 19th century.[34]