The IPCC embraced vulnerability as a key category in 2001.[16] A 2002 paper then applied a vulnerability indexing model to analysis of vulnerability to sea level rise for a US coastal community.[17] At a 2008 Capacity Building Seminar at Oxford, the "Climate Vulnerability Index"[3] was presented with an application to the protection of tourist economies, which may be important to small island states and others. By the time of this seminar, vulnerability indexes were established as governance tools. However, despite existing vulnerability assessment methodologies, vulnerability assessments are heavily influenced by data availability, data reliability, extent, scale, rating methods of vulnerability indicators, and interpretation of the 'vulnerability' and related concepts.