A Swedish NGO named EXPO stated in 2015 that both school staff and teaching materials are deficient in avoiding discrimination and stereotypes.[16] Research by Jonas Otterbeck corroborated the conclusion that schoolbooks contained many stereotypes about Islam.[17] A 1993 study by Kjell Härenstam concluded that textbooks often portray Islam as "militaristic."[18] Research by Lena Sawyer[19] and Masoud Kamali[20] in 2006 found that school curriculums frequently pushed a "clash of civilizations" narrative between Swedish society and the Muslim world. A study by Zahra Bayati concluded "racialized segregation in society is reconstructed in education, for example in group work or work placements."[21]