It is also seen as central to developing "inclusive participation" in civil society.[19] Numerous national initiatives have utilized that belief to rationalize a variety of programs, including efforts focused on civic engagement, social justice and education reform.[20] In the latter field, student engagement is used to specifically address this issues within school environments.[21] Several researchers, such as Barry Checkoway, Peter Levine and Shawn Ginwright, as well as advocates including Karen Pittman and Adam Fletcher have been acknowledged for their efforts to promote youth engagement.[22]