In total, 40,000 to 50,000 German troops took part.[5][6] 162 warplanes flew over Berlin.[6] The grandstand comprised 20,000 official guests,[7] and the parade was watched by several hundred thousand spectators.[5] Features of the parade were large long-range air-defence artillery guns, emphasis on motorized artillery, and development of air-defence units.[8] Joseph Goebbels, the event's organizer,[9][unreliable source?] declared in a broadcast address to the German people: