In late October 2018, fourteen packages containing pipe bombs were mailed via the U.S. Postal Service to several prominent critics of U.S. President Donald Trump, including various Democratic Party politicians (Joe Biden, Cory Booker, Hillary Clinton, Kamala Harris, Eric Holder, Barack Obama, Debbie Wasserman Schultz, and Maxine Waters), actor Robert De Niro, billionaire investors George Soros and Tom Steyer, former CIA Director John O. Brennan, and former Director of National Intelligence James Clapper.[2][5][6][7] No one was injured in the attempted attacks. The attacks prompted an investigation by the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) and other federal, state, and local law enforcement agencies.[2] All 14 bombs sent were actual improvised explosive devices rather than hoax devices,[8] but none of the devices exploded outside of a controlled setting.[9]