According to the social psychologist Jonathan Haidt, call-out culture arises from what he calls "safetyism" on college campuses.[10] As illustrated by Keith Hampton, professor of media studies at Michigan State University, the practice contributes to the polarization of American society, but it does not lead to changes in opinion.[11] Some students are afraid to express unpopular ideas for fear of being called out on social media[12] and may avoid asking questions as a result.[13] Call-out culture's prevalence can make marginalized groups feel "even more hesitant to speak out for what they feel is right."[14] Cancel culture has also been described by a different media studies scholar, Eve Ng, as "a collective of typically marginalized voices 'calling out' and emphatically expressing their censure of a powerful figure."[15] Cultural studies scholar Frances Lee states that call-out culture leads to self-policing of "wrong, oppressive, or inappropriate" opinions.[16][17] According to Lisa Nakamura, University of Michigan professor of media studies, cancelling someone is a form of "cultural boycott" and that cancel culture is the “ultimate expression of agency” which is "born of a desire for control [as] people have limited power over what is presented to them on social media" and a need for "accountability which is not centralized".[9][18][19]