Original reasons for collaboration included Ukrainian political aspirations for regaining independence, resurgent nationalism, but also anger and resentment against the Soviet government and ethnic Russians for the Holodomor, mass arrests and deportations, and executions that occurred in Soviet Ukraine due to accusations of collaborations with Nazi Germany only a few years earlier, particularly among the intelligentsia who were disproportionately targeted. These sentiments were coupled with the belief that these acts were orchestrated by other ethnic groups (such as Jews, Tatars, Roma people, and Poles) as well as the prevailing notions of anti-Semitism. However, the absence of Ukrainian autonomy under the Nazis, mistreatment by the occupier, and the deportation of hundreds of thousands of Ukrainians as slave laborers, soon led to a dramatic change in the attitude of some collaborators.[citation needed]