Shape and proportion Positioning/orientation/balance/harmony among the elements The area within the field of view used for the picture ("cropping") The path or direction followed by the viewer's eye when they observe the image. Negative space Color Contrast: the value, or degree of lightness and darkness, used within the picture. Arrangement: for example, use of the golden mean or the rule of thirds Lines Rhythm Illumination or lighting Repetition (sometimes building into pattern; rhythm also comes into play, as does geometry) Perspective Breaking the rules can create tension or unease, yet it can add interest to the picture if used carefully