France annexed Madagascar as a colony in the late 19th century. Governor-General Joseph Gallieni then implemented a hybrid corvée and poll tax, partly for revenue, partly for labour resources (the French had just abolished slavery there), and partly to move away from a subsistence economy; the last feature involved paying small amounts for the forced labour. This is a solution to problems typical of colonialism, and the contemporary thinking behind it, are described in a 1938 work: