African regimes are presidential, which facilitates clientelism since power is concentrated in a single individual with ultimate control of networks.[6] As Joel Migdal puts it, the state in African countries seems omnipresent in all aspects of people's lives, from the very local to the central government levels.[7] Van de Walle introduces the notion that in Africa, states are hybrid regimes where patrimonial practices and bureaucracies coexist to a higher or lesser degree. African states have laws and constitutional order and in parallel are ruled by patrimonial logic in which political authority is based on clientelism and office holders constantly appropriate public resources for their own benefit. The dual nature of African regimes means that clientelism is not incidental and cannot be easily corrected with capacity building policies and at the same time formal structures play an important role, even in the least-institutionalized states.