First, false statements of fact that are said with a "sufficiently culpable mental state" can be subject to civil or criminal liability.[15] Second, knowingly making a false statement of fact can sometimes be punished. Libel and slander laws fall under this category. Third, negligently false statements of fact may lead to civil liability in some instances.[16] Lastly, some implicit statements of fact—those that have a "false factual connotation"—can also fall under this exception.[17][18]