Four other factors were varied: 1) either pairs or triads of letters; 2) encircling the preferred letter or crossing out the less preferred one(s); 3) the letters QXYZ, infrequent in Dutch, included or excluded; 4) own-name letters presented first or last.[11] All conditions gave a name-letter effect, with a stronger effect when QXYZ were included and the less preferred letter was crossed out.[12] No significant difference was found using family name rather than first name or both names.[13] While the effect was strongest for initials, subsequent data analysis revealed a significant effect even without the first and last initial.[13]