The famine was also a result of the culmination of a long series of poor government decisions that accrued slowly over decades.[1] The attempt to follow a closed-economic model caused the regime to abandon the possibility of engaging in international markets and importing food and instead restrict demand such as carrying out "Let's eat two meals a day" campaign in 1991.[5] Attempts to increase exports and earn foreign exchange through the Najin Sonbong free trade zone in 1991 were unsuccessful - it was located in the most isolated part of North Korea and lacked a clear legal foundation for international business.[5] The North Korean government also missed the opportunity for the short-term option to borrow from abroad to finance food imports after having defaulted on foreign loans in the 1970s.[2] Haggard and Nolan in their book of Famine in North Korea : Markets, Aid, and Reform even explained this as to "North Korea had thoroughly burned its bridges in this regard.[6]" In addition, the government resisted asking for foreign aid for as long as possible, until there was absolutely no alternative option left.