Carbon reservoirs in the mantle, crust and surface.[6] Reservoir gigatonne C Above surface ( 43 − 45 ) × 10 3 {\displaystyle (43-45)\times 10^{3}} Continental crust and lithosphere ( 0.9 − 3.1 ) × 10 8 {\displaystyle (0.9-3.1)\times 10^{8}} Oceanic crust and lithosphere 1.4 × 10 8 {\displaystyle 1.4\times 10^{8}} Upper mantle < 3.2 × 10 7 {\displaystyle <3.2\times 10^{7}} Lower mantle < 1.0 × 10 9 {\displaystyle <1.0\times 10^{9}}