In 2002, Côte d'Ivoire had 12,000 children with no relatives nearby, which suggested they were trafficked,[2] likely from neighboring Mali, Burkina Faso and Togo.[33] According to a 2009 snowball sampling study, the majority of those with childhood cocoa labor experience were trafficked (75% from Burkina Faso and 63% from Mali).[34] The majority of those who were trafficked had no interaction with police, and only 0.5% had any contact from institutions that provided social services.[35] Western African nations of Cameroon,[36] Côte d'Ivoire,[37] Ghana[38] and Mali[39] are on the 2009 US State Department's Tier 2 Watch List for human trafficking in part due to the trafficking of children in cocoa production. Burkina Faso[40] and Togo[41] are rated at Tier 2 in part due to trafficking for cocoa production.