Bacterial conjugation – Transfer of genetic material between bacterial cells by direct cell-to-cell contact or by a bridge-like connection between two cells.[7] Conjugation is a convenient means for transferring genetic material to a variety of targets. In laboratories, successful transfers have been reported from bacteria to yeast,[8] plants, mammalian cells[9][10] and isolated mammalian mitochondria.[11] Cell culture – The process by which cells are grown under controlled conditions, generally outside of their natural environment. In practice, the term "cell culture" now refers to the culturing of cells derived from multi-cellular eukaryotes, especially animal cells.