Prominent members have included two United States Presidents Thomas Jefferson and James Monroe,[2] as well as numerous well-known scientists such as Asa Gray (who served as the Superintendent of the Academy starting in 1836),[3] John James Audubon,[3] Alexander Graham Bell,[1] Thomas Edison,[1] Louis Pasteur,[1] Charles Darwin,[1] and Margaret Mead (who served for a time as the Vice President of the Academy).[3] Prior to 1877, the Academy only admitted men, but on November 5, 1877, they elected Erminnie A. Smith the first female member.[6] Membership has also included numerous Nobel Prize winners over the years.[1]