These terms are believed to have originally been coined by the late journalist Ufuk Güldemir [tr] in his 1992 book "Teksas Malatya". The term "white Turks" was meant to be analogous to the American WASP,[citation needed] and was used to describe an old elite who opposed the then-Prime Minister Turgut Özal because of his Kurdish origin, religiousness and lack of military service. The term was subsequently taken up by sociologist Nilüfer Göle and popularized by Turkish columnists, journalists and political scientists who used it to refer to various social groups in Turkey.