The Clark's stated in their results that the perception of the African-American children were altered by the discrimination they faced.[43] The tested children also labeled positive descriptions to the white dolls. One of the criticisms of this test is presented by Robin Bernstein, a professor of African and African American studies and women, gender, and sexuality. His argument is that "Clark's child subjects by offering a new understanding of them not as psychologically damaged dupes, but instead as agential experts in children’s culture."[44]