The manufacture of proto-fritware began in Iraq in the 9th century AD under the Abbasid Caliphate,[7] and with the establishment of Samarra as its capital in 836 there is extensive evidence of ceramics in the court of the Abbasids both in Samarra and Baghdad.[8] A ninth-century corpus of 'proto-stonepaste' from Baghdad has "relict glass fragments" in its fabric.[3] The glass is alkali-lime-lead-silica and, when the paste was fired or cooled, wollastonite and diopside crystals formed within the glass fragments.