Historically, the term was commonly applied to changes in the culture of non-Iranian peoples living within the Persian cultural sphere, especially during the early and the middle Islamic periods such as Arabs and various Caucasian (such as Georgian, Armenian and Dagestani) and Turkic peoples including the Seljuqs, Ottomans and Ghaznavids.[1][2] The term has also been applied to the transmission of aspects of Persian culture, including language, to the non-Persian peoples in area surrounding Persia (Iran), such as Anatolia and South Asia.