The CFPB's creation was authorized by the Dodd–Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act, whose passage in 2010 was a legislative response to the financial crisis of 2007–08 and the subsequent Great Recession.[4] The CFPB's status as an independent agency has been subject to many challenges in court.[5] In June 2020, the United States Supreme Court found the single-director structure removable only with-cause unconstitutional, but allowed the agency to remain in operation.