Senegal was the only colony in Black Africa in which the French used “assimilationist tactics”, allowing elite Senegalese citizenship and political power if they became assimilated into French culture.[1] In the cities, especially the Four Communes the French created, Muslim Sufi marabouts, religious authorities, were involved in Senegalese politics.[9] Some argue that the marabouts collaborated with the French out of best interests for Senegal, because they felt they had no other choice.[7] However, Muslim Reform movements responded angrily to the marabouts’ collaboration with French authorities, calling these moves hypocritical.[9] The most common of these Reformists was the Union Culturelle Musulmane, founded by Cheikh Toure in 1953,[3] led by religious scholars, some of whom studied in Cairo universities.[9]