Stoma formation[27] Bypass of the obstruction[27] Resection of bowel segments[27] Placement of stents.[7][27] Percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy (PEG) tube placement to enable gastric venting.[7] Gastric venting through a nasogastric tube is a semi-invasive possibility for palliation of nausea and vomiting due to gastrointestinal obstruction in people with abdominal malignancies who decline surgery or where surgery may not be indicated. However nasogastric tubes are not recommended to be used over a long period of time because of the high risk of displacement, poor tolerance, restrictions in daily routine activities,[10] coughing, clearing pulmonary secretions and can be cosmetically unacceptable and confining.[7] Complications of nasogastric tubes include aspiration, hemorrhage, gastric erosion, necrosis, sinusitis and otitis.[10]