after the Napoleonic era, the 1815 division of the Duchy of Warsaw at the Congress of Vienna; the 1832 incorporation of the "Congress Kingdom" into Russia, the 1846 incorporation of the Republic of Kraków into Austria, and the 1848 incorporation of the Grand Duchy of Posen into Prussia; and the 1939 division of Poland between Germany and the Soviet Union pursuant to the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact.[24]