Fox News has often been described as a major platform for climate change denial.[41][42][43][44] According to the fact-checking website Climate Feedback, Fox News is part of "a network of unreliable outlets for climate news."[42] A 2011 study found Fox News "takes a more dismissive tone toward climate change than CNN and MSNBC".[45] A 2008 study found Fox News emphasized the scientific uncertainty of climate change more than CNN, was less likely to say climate change was real, and more likely to interview climate change skeptics.[45] Leaked emails showed that in 2009 Bill Sammon, the Fox News Washington managing editor, instructed Fox News journalists to dispute the scientific consensus on climate change: "refrain from asserting that the planet has warmed (or cooled) in any given period without IMMEDIATELY pointing out that such theories are based upon data that critics have called into question."[46]