According to Dale Martin, superstitions may represent long standing popular beliefs and practices which presuppose an erroneous understanding about cause and effect, that have been rejected by modern science.[19] Dale says, in modern times, definition of 'superstition' is dependent on whatever is considered 'science' and hence 'superstition' is the 'other' to 'science' and that modern people accepting certain beliefs even may be aware that those are rejected or marginalized by scientific culture;[19] hence superstitions are often considered as out of place in modern times influenced by modern science and its notions of what is rational or irrational, some how surviving as remnants of older popular beliefs and practices.[19]