A primary theme of the defense was that the CPUSA sought to convert the US to socialism by education, not by force.[52] The defense claimed that most of the prosecution's documentary evidence came from older texts that pre-dated the 1935 Seventh World Congress of the Comintern, after which the CPUSA rejected violence as a means of change.[53] The defense attempted to introduce documents into evidence which represented the CPUSA's advocacy of peace, claiming that these policies superseded the older texts that the prosecution had introduced which emphasized violence.[52] Medina excluded most of the material proposed by the defense because it did not directly pertain to the specific documents the prosecution had produced.