Historically, an estimated 30% of slaves brought to the Americas from West/ Central Africa were Muslims.[3] They were overwhelmingly literate in contrast to many of the slave owners, and thus were given supervisory roles.[3] Most of these captives were forced into Christianity during the era of American slavery;[4] however, there are records of individuals such as Omar ibn Said living the rest of their lives as Muslims in the United States.[4][5] During the twentieth century, some African Americans converted to Islam, mainly through the influence of black nationalist groups that preached with distinctive Islamic practices including the Moorish Science Temple of America, founded in 1913,[6] and the Nation of Islam, founded in the 1930s, which attracted at least 20,000 people by 1963.[7][8] Prominent members included activist Malcolm X and boxer Muhammad Ali.[9] The Indian-originated Ahmadiyya Muslim movement also sought converts among African Americans in the 1920s and 1930s.[10]