The Art of Sanctions: A View from the Field is a 2017 book written by Richard Nephew.[1][2] It discusses the role of sanctions as a foreign policy tool.[3] Nephew argues about interpreting targets' responses to sanctions based on two critical factors: pain and resolve. When sanctions have achieved maximum effectiveness that lies in the application of pain against a target, but targets may have significant resolve to resist, tolerate, or overcome this pain.[clarification needed][4] The author believes that sanctions have achieved maximum effectiveness resulted Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action.[clarification needed][5]