Direct extractive uses: e.g. timber from forests, food from plants and animals Indirect uses: e.g. ecosystem services like flood control, pest control, erosion protection Optional uses: future possibilities e.g. unknown but potential use of plants in chemistry/medicine Non-use values: Bequest value (benefit of an individual who knows that others may benefit from it in future) Passive use value (sympathy for natural environment, enjoyment of the mere existence of a particular species)