BMMSCs have been reported to repair craniofacial defects. In 1994, it was demonstrated that when BMMSCs were grown in culture with dexamethasone, ascorbic acid 2-phosphate, and inorganic phosphate, they differentiated into functional osteoblast-like cells.[9] However, when challenged in vivo, it was reported that only “a little over half” of the mice with the differentiated BMMSCs showed potential to develop bone structure.[10] Developments in BMMSCs application to bone repair have nonetheless been proven successful in many animal models including canines,[11] mice,[12][13] and sheep.[14]