Despite a professional officer corps, severely under-equipped Italian units lacked morale.[15] Also many troops deeply disliked the newly appointed Italian commander, general Luigi Cadorna.[16] Moreover, preexisting equipment and munition shortages slowed progress and frustrated all expectations for a "Napoleonic style" breakout.[3] Like most contemporaneous militaries, the Italian army primarily used horses for transport but struggled and sometimes failed to supply the troops sufficiently in the tough terrain.