Peters (2012) argues that engaging in violence is seen by many African youths as having more meritocratic opportunities than remaining in a patrimonial system that would exacerbate their marginal status,[28] for example in Cameroon after the introduction of Structural Adjustment Programs in 1987.[29] However, it must be made clear that not all African youths are in a crisis, but further study is needed into how youths who do not engage in violence make their own livelihood in a system that is viewed to have failed them.