Nephrolithiasis (kidney stones) Can cause hydronephrosis (swollen kidneys) and renal failure Can predispose to pyelonephritis (kidney infections) Can progress to urolithiasis Urolithiasis (urinary bladder stones) Can progress to bladder outlet obstruction Cholelithiasis (gallstones) Can predispose to cholecystitis (gall bladder infections) and ascending cholangitis (biliary tree infection) Can progress to choledocholithiasis (gallstones in the bile duct) and gallstone pancreatitis (inflammation of the pancreas) Gastric calculi can cause colic, obstruction, torsion, and necrosis.