In women, the desire for a reversal is often associated with a change in spouse.[77] Pregnancy success rates after tubal reversal are between 31 and 88 percent, with complications including an increased risk of ectopic pregnancy.[77] The number of males who request reversal is between 2 and 6 percent.[78] Rates of success in fathering another child after reversal are between 38 and 84 percent; with success being lower the longer the time period between the vasectomy and the reversal.[78] Sperm extraction followed by in vitro fertilization may also be an option in men.[79]