The upper class among the black population was largely mulatto and had been free before the war. During Reconstruction, 19 of the 22 black members of Congress were mulattoes. These wealthier, mixed-race blacks represented the majority of the leaders in the civil rights movement of the 20th century as well.[115] Hahn reports that the mulatto element held disproportionate power in the black political community in South Carolina and Louisiana.[116] Many of the leaders, however, were also dark-skinned and former slaves.[117]