Unlike in Europe, the introduction of gunpowder weapons prompted changes well beyond military organization.[2] Each of the three empires were among the strongest and stablest economies of the early modern period, leading to commercial expansion and greater patronage of culture, while their political and legal institutions were consolidated with an increasing degree of centralisation. They underwent a significant increase in per capita income and population and a sustained pace of technological innovation. The Mughals, based in present-day India, are recognised for having heralded an era of proto-industrialization,[3] while the Safavids created an efficient and modern state administration for Iran and sponsored major developments in the fine arts, and the Turkey-based Ottoman caliphate, particularly under sultan Suleiman the Magnificent, was widely considered to be the most developed empires in the Islamic world.