In the early 16th century, northern India, being then under mainly Muslim rulers,[79] fell again to the superior mobility and firepower of a new generation of Central Asian warriors.[80] The resulting Mughal Empire did not stamp out the local societies it came to rule, but rather balanced and pacified them through new administrative practices[81] and diverse and inclusive ruling elites,[82] leading to more systematic, centralised, and uniform rule.[83] Eschewing tribal bonds and Islamic identity, especially under Akbar, the Mughals united their far-flung realms through loyalty, expressed through a Persianised culture, to an emperor who had near-divine status.[82] The Mughal state's economic policies, deriving most revenues from agriculture[84] and mandating that taxes be paid in the well-regulated silver currency,[85] caused peasants and artisans to enter larger markets.[83] The relative peace maintained by the empire during much of the 17th century was a factor in India's economic expansion,[83] resulting in greater patronage of painting, literary forms, textiles, and architecture.[86] The Mughal Empire was the world's largest economy in the 17th century, larger than Qing China and Western Europe, with Mughal India producing about a quarter of the world's economic and industrial output.[87][88]