Pathogens may be intentionally or unintentionally genetically modified to change their characteristics, including virulence or toxicity.[1] When intentional, these mutations can serve to adapt the pathogen to a laboratory setting, understand the mechanism of transmission or pathogenesis, or in the development of therapeutics. Such mutations have also been used in the development of biological weapons, and dual-use risk continues to be a concern in the research of pathogens.[6] The greatest concern is frequently associated with gain of function mutations, which confer novel or increased functionality, and the risk of their release.