These were factories, construction teams, and processing operations, most of which were owned by collectives, primarily villages, towns, and townships.[1] Some were owned by voluntary groups of families.[1] Township enterprises were considered by the government to be the main source of employment for rural workers who were leaving agriculture because of rising productivity under the responsibility system.[1] By the end of 1986, township enterprises employed 21 percent of the rural labor force.[1] The movement of rural labor into township enterprises helped to increase average rural incomes because of the higher productivity in nonagricultural jobs.[1] In 1986 industrial workers in rural areas produced an average annual value of ¥4,300 per person, compared with about ¥1,000 per farmer in the same year.[1]