Before specialized bulk carriers were developed, shippers had two methods to move bulk goods by ship. In the first method, longshoremen loaded the cargo into sacks, stacked the sacks onto pallets, and put the pallets into the cargo hold with a crane.[1] The second method required the shipper to charter an entire ship and spend time and money to build plywood bins into the holds.[7] Then, to guide the cargo through the small hatches, wooden feeders and shifting boards had to be constructed.[7] These methods were slow and labor-intensive.