Christian religious devotion had historically been accompanied by rejection of mundane affairs, including economic pursuit.[28] Weber showed that certain types of Protestantism – notably Calvinism – were supportive of rational pursuit of economic gain and worldly activities dedicated to it, seeing them as endowed with moral and spiritual significance.[12] Weber argued that there were many reasons to look for the origins of modern capitalism in the religious ideas of the Reformation.[29] In particular, the Protestant ethic (or more specifically, Calvinist ethic) motivated the believers to work hard, be successful in business and reinvest their profits in further development rather than frivolous pleasures.[26] The notion of calling meant that each individual had to take action as an indication of their salvation; just being a member of the Church was not enough.[13] Predestination also reduced agonising over economic inequality and further, it meant that a material wealth could be taken as a sign of salvation in the afterlife.[26][30] The believers therefore justified pursuit of profit with religion, as instead of being fuelled by morally suspect greed or ambition, their actions were motivated by a highly moral and respected philosophy.[26] Weber would call this the "spirit of capitalism": it was the Protestant religious ideology that was behind – and inevitably led to – the capitalist economic system.[26] This theory is often viewed as a reversal of Marx's thesis that the economic "base" of society determines all other aspects of it.[12]