The proportion of female personnel varies internationally; for example, it is approximately 3% in India,[3] 10% in the UK,[4] 13% in Sweden,[5] 16% in the US,[6] and 27% in South Africa.[7] Many state armed forces that recruit women bar them from ground close combat roles (roles that would require them to kill at close quarters).[8] Compared with male personnel and female civilians, female personnel face substantially higher risks of sexual harassment and sexual violence, according to British, Canadian, and US research.[9][10][11]