There are possible (though not conclusive) associations between phthalate exposure and adverse child neurodevelopment,[44][45] including the development of ADHD and autistic behaviors and lower cognitive and motor development.[citation needed] Most common associations found in medical reports link the phthalates exposure to hyperactivity, aggression, defiance, and other adverse behaviors.[citation needed] Some studies have found the childhood exposure to be as early as in utero.[46]