The Iranian Revolution (also known as the Islamic Revolution,[33][34][35][36][37][38] Persian: انقلاب اسلامی, Enghelābe Eslāmi) was the revolution that transformed Iran from a secular, modernizing monarchy under Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, to an Islamic republic based on the doctrine of Velayat-e faqih (rule by an Islamic jurist), under Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini, the leader of the revolution and founder of the Islamic Republic.[39] It has been called "the third great revolution in history", following the French and Russian Revolutions,[40] and an event that "made Islamic fundamentalism a political force ... from Morocco to Malaysia."[41]