Methane by Alessandro Volta The synthesis of urea from inorganic chemicals, by Friedrich Woehler, disproving Vitalism Law of conservation of mass by Antoine Lavoisier Chirality or handedness of asymmetrical molecules, by Louis Pasteur Periodicity of the elements by Dmitri Mendeleev Practical synthesis of ammonia, by Fritz Haber and Carl Bosch X-ray crystallography, allowing for the determination of molecular structures Synthesis of Neoprene and Nylon by Wallace Carothers and colleagues Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy for the rapid determination of molecular structures in solution. Chromatography for the efficient separation and purification of chemicals. Dideoxy method of DNA sequencing, by Fred Sanger