Without a collective population that has signaling and interactions among individuals, behaviors such as cheating do not manifest. In other words, in order to study cheating behavior, a model system that engages in cooperation is needed. Models that provide insight on cheating include the social amoeba Dictyostelium discoideum;[10][11][12] eusocial insects, such as ants, bees, and wasps;[13] and inter-specific interactions found in cleaning mutualisms.