C n {\displaystyle C_{n}} = yawing moment coefficient C m {\displaystyle C_{m}} = pitching moment coefficient C l {\displaystyle C_{l}} = rolling moment coefficient C x {\displaystyle C_{x}} = X-force ~= Drag C y {\displaystyle C_{y}} = Y-force ~= Side Force C z {\displaystyle C_{z}} = Z-force ~= Lift ref = reference point (about which moments were taken) c = reference length S = reference area q = dynamic pressure α {\displaystyle \alpha } = angle of attack β {\displaystyle \beta } = sideslip angle