Open access articles often have a surcharge compared to a closed-access APC; for example the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences charges $1590-$4215 per article (depending on length) for closed-access, with a surcharge of $1700-$2200 for open-access (depending on licence).[14] Similarly, AGU's Journal of Geophysical Research charges $1000 for closed-access and $3500 for open-access.[15]