Sultan Hussein Mua'zzam Shah ibni Mahmud Shah Alam[3] (1776 – 5 September 1835)[4] was the 18th ruler of Johor-Riau.[5] He signed two treaties with Britain which culminated in the founding of modern Singapore; during which he was given recognition as the Sultan of Johor and Singapore in 1819 and the Sultan of Johor in 1824.[6] However, Sultan Hussein was regarded as no more than a British puppet, at least during the first few years of his reign. Towards his last years of his reign and during the first half of his son's reign as the Sultan of Johor, limited recognition was given by a few nobles.[7] The British were concerned mainly with their own economic and political gains.[8]