The T-tail increases the effective aspect ratio of the fin because of 'end plate' effect, where proximity of a perpendicular surface (the horizontal tail and the fuselage in this case) improve aerodynamic efficiency because of reduced air pressure losses over the capped ends of the lifting surface, which in turn provides the same effect of the fin having a higher and more efficient aspect ratio.[2] There is also slightly less drag from airflow around the rudder interfering with airflow over the elevators, compared to a cruciform tail.[citation needed]