A phase of intense aridity about 4.2 ka BP is recorded across North Africa,[8] the Middle East,[9] the Red Sea,[10] the Arabian Peninsula,[11] the Indian subcontinent,[5] and midcontinental North America.[12] Glaciers throughout the mountain ranges of western Canada advanced about that time.[13] Evidence has also been found in an Italian cave flowstone,[14] the Kilimanjaro ice sheet,[15] and in Andean glacier ice.[16] The onset of the aridification in Mesopotamia in about 4100 BP also coincided with a cooling event in the North Atlantic, known as Bond event 3.[11][17][18] However, evidence for the 4.2 kyr event in Northern Europe is ambiguous, which suggests that the origins and the effects of the event to be spatially complex.[19]