After being schooled at the English High School for boys in Istanbul,[7] where his father, who became a British citizen after studying law in England, was a barrister and legal counsel to the British ambassador,[8] he graduated from the University of St. Andrews with an M.A. in classical philology in 1949. He went on to study at the University of Paris, leaving the Sorbonne with a doctorate in history in 1953.[3]