James Heckman estimates that the Perry Project saved society $7 to $12 for every $1 invested, mostly due to reduced crime.[9][10] HighScope itself reports that for every tax dollar invested in the early care and education program $7 are saved for tax payers by the time the participant is 27 years old, $13 are saved for tax payers by the time the participant is 40 years old, and that there is a $16 total return including increased income to the participants.[11][12] See also Heckman, Moon, Pinto, Savelyev, & Yavitz (2010a, b).[13][14]