Only around 160 cases of the virus have been reported in the 40 years before 2018, mostly in various waterfowl or wild birds.[1] Existing studies show that H10 influenza viruses are present in a wide range of domestic and wild avian species, as well as in mammals, showing potential for adaptation.[2] H10N3 has been isolated across a wide geographic distribution, including in species such as domestic poultry (chickens),[2] ducks,[3][4] other waterfowl, and terrestrial birds.[5] In animals, the viruses display a complex pathology, with complex reassortments and mutations contributing to pathobiology patterns in chickens, ducks and mice indicative of a possible threat to humans,[6] although H10N3 is usually a less severe strain and is unlikely to cause a significant outbreak.[1]