British historian Ian Kershaw (born 1943) wrote a two-volume biography of Hitler between 1998-2000 (Hitler 1889–1936: Hubris and Hitler 1936–1945: Nemesis) which has been hailed by historians as definitive, and has not yet been displaced at the top of the bibliographies.[23] His approach is to emphasize structural factors, and then bring in Hitler's personality by arguing that the top leadership, the middle leadership, and even the lower ranks of the Nazi movement devoted themselves to carrying out the Fuehrer's intentions, whether or not he put them in writing. That is, Kershaw depicts Hitler's leadership as charismatic, which emphasizes its profound influence on the audience, and so the audience—and thereby the German society as a whole—was acting under his very broad command.[24]