1871–1957 Kiyoshi Shiga Japanese Discovered a bacterium causing an outbreak of dysentery.[2][7] 1854–1917 Emil Adolf von Behring German 1901 Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine for discovering diphtheria antitoxin.[8] 1857–1932 Sir Ronald Ross British 1902 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for discovering that malaria is transmitted by mosquitoes[9] 1843–1910 Robert Koch German 1905 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for work on tuberculosis; identified causative agents of tuberculosis, cholera, and anthrax.[10] 1845–1922 Charles Louis Alphonse Laveran French 1907 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for recognizing parasitic protozoa as the causes of malaria and African sleeping sickness.[11] 1857–1940 Julius Wagner-Jauregg Austrian 1927 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for discovering the neurosyphilis could be treated by inducing fever with malaria parasites.[12] 1866–1936 Charles Jules Henri Nicolle French 1928 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for determining that typhus is transmitted by body lice.[13] 1895–1964 Gerhard Domagk German 1939 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for the discovering the first commercially available antibiotic: prontosil.[14] 1881–1955 Sir Alexander Fleming Scottish 1945 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for discovering penicillin.[15] 1906–1979 Sir Ernst Boris Chain British 1898–1968 Howard Walter Florey Australian 1899–1972 Max Theiler South African 1951 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for developing a vaccine against yellow fever.[16] 1888–1973 Selman Abraham Waksman American 1952 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for identifying streptomycin and other antibiotics.[17]