SS formations committed many war crimes against civilians and allied servicemen.[233] From 1935 onward, the SS spearheaded the persecution of Jews, who were rounded up into ghettos and concentration camps.[234] With the outbreak of World War II, the SS Einsatzgruppen units followed the army into Poland and the Soviet Union, where from 1941 to 1945 they killed more than two million people, including 1.3 million Jews.[235] A third of the Einsatzgruppen members were recruited from Waffen-SS personnel.[236][237] The SS-Totenkopfverbände (death's head units) ran the concentration camps and extermination camps, where millions more were killed.[238][239] Up to 60,000 Waffen-SS men served in the camps.[240]