While there is a lack of craniofacial-specific clinical trials regarding stem cell therapies, there has been great effort in identifying craniofacial-specific stem cell populations, precursor cells that can give rise to many specific structures of the skull. Such stem cells include bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMMSC),[4] adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells (AMCs),[5] muscle satellite cells (MuSCs),[6] periodontal ligament stem cells (PDLSCs),[7] and stem cells from human exfoliated deciduous (SHED teeth).[8] The following section will outline the two most promising stem cell populations in craniofacial bone regeneration.