By the end of 1922 the Khilafat movement had collapsed.[118] Turkey's Atatürk had ended the Caliphate, Khilafat movement ended, and Muslim support for Gandhi largely evaporated.[2][3] Muslim leaders and delegates abandoned Gandhi and his Congress.[119] Hindu-Muslim communal conflicts reignited. Deadly religious riots re-appeared in numerous cities, with 91 in United Provinces of Agra and Oudh alone.[120][121]