Critic Robert McMahon thinks Congress has been excluded from foreign policy decision making, and that this is detrimental.[101] Other writers suggest a need for greater Congressional participation.[2] Jim Webb, former Democratic senator from Virginia and former Secretary of the Navy in the Reagan administration, believes that Congress has an ever-decreasing role in U.S. foreign policy making. September 11, 2001 precipitated this change, where "powers quickly shifted quickly to the Presidency as the call went up for centralized decision making in a traumatized nation where, quick, decisive action was considered necessary. It was considered politically dangerous and even unpatriotic to question this shift, lest one be accused of impeding national safety during a time of war."[102] Since that time, Webb thinks Congress has become largely irrelevant in shaping and executing of U.S. foreign policy.