Alpha-cyano-4-hydroxycinnamic acid (ACCA;CHC), a small-molecule inhibitor of monocarboxylate transporters (MCTs; which prevent lactic acid build up in tumors) has been successfully used as a metabolic target in brain tumor pre-clinical research.[21][22][23][24] Higher affinity MCT inhibitors have been developed and are currently undergoing clinical trials by Astra-Zeneca.[25]