The title makk was used for the ruler of the Funj Sultanate and for all his vassal rulers in the region of Sennar.[1] It was used by the ruler of Taqali, whose tributaries were also known as mukūk al-ʿāda (sing. makk al-ʿāda), "customary kings".[7] The ruler of Shendi also bore the title, and Shendi's last ruler, Mek Nimr, resisted the Egyptian conquest of Sudan in 1821–22.[3]