Reichsführer-SS Heinrich Himmler established the Schutzmannschaft on July 25, 1941, and subordinated it to the Order Police (Ordnungspolizei; Orpo).[2] By the end of 1941, some 45,000 men served in Schutzmannschaft units, about half of them in the battalions.[3] During 1942, Schutzmannschaften expanded to an estimated 300,000 men, with battalions accounting for about a third, or less than one half of the local force.[4][5] Everywhere, local police far outnumbered the equivalent German personnel several times (in most places, the ratio of Germans to natives was about 1-to-10).[6]