In petrochemical plants, hydrocracking, vapocracking, catalytic reforming, and steam reforming are all hydrogen-based processes, in which were hydrogen leak testing is required. When manufacturing semiconductors, all processes taking place in a process chamber at atmospheric pressure or under vacuum – diffusion, oxidation, LPCVD, PECVD, PVD and ion implantation – require helium or hydrogen leak testing. In vehicles, airbags have to be tested for leaks so they remain functional for a long time.