10 million) was killed in the war, or approximately 1.2 million to 1.5 million people.[20] Armstrong did not separately determine how many of these deaths were among civilians or caused by U.S. bombing. Estimates of North Korean military deaths range from a U.S. Department of Defense estimate of 214,899 to a Correlates of War estimate of 316,579, according to the Peace Research Institute Oslo (PRIO) Battle Deaths Dataset.[34]