In 2013, an estimate of 17.3 million deaths per year out of the 54 million total deaths was caused by cardiovascular diseases, meaning that 31.5% of the world's total death was caused by this.[6] Often, the only viable treatment for end-stage heart failure is organ transplantation.[2] Currently organ supply is insufficient to meet the demand, which presents a large limitation in an end-stage treatment plan.[3][5] A theoretical alternative to traditional transplantation processes is the engineering of personalized bioartificial hearts.