MPP+ and its precursor MPTP are widely used in animal models of Parkinson's disease to irreversibly induce the disease.[1] Excellent selectivity and dose control can be achieved by injecting the compound directly into cell types of interest.[2][3] Most modern studies use rats as a model system, and much research is directed at identifying compounds that can attenuate or reverse the effects of MPP+.[4][10] Commonly studied compounds include various MAO inhibitors and general antioxidants.[7][10] While some of these compounds are quite effective at stopping the neurotoxic effects of MPP+, further research is needed to establish their potential efficacy in treating clinical Parkinson's.[10]