Early applications of psychological theory and practice to coaching (in particular, athletic coaching) can be traced to the 1920s.[2] In 1926, Coleman Griffith published The Psychology of Coaching: A Study of Coaching Methods in the Point of View of Psychology.[2] Based on observations of football and basketball teams, Griffith discussed a wide variety of aspects of coaching such as spectator effects, over-coaching problems, principles of learning.[3] Griffith has been noted as "America's first sport psychologist" and a pioneer applying the science of psychology to coaching.[4] Years later, more texts on coaching psychology began to emerge.