Second, there are those who also deny the virgin birth. This includes Ebionites and later Unitarians, such as Joseph Priestley,[37][38][39] and Thomas Jefferson.[40][41] This view is often described as adoptionism, and in the 19th century was also called psilanthropism. Samuel Taylor Coleridge described himself as having once been a psilanthropist, believing Jesus to be the "real son of Joseph."[42] Friedrich Schleiermacher, sometimes called "the father of liberal theology",[43] was one of many German theologians who departed from the idea of personal ontological pre-existence of Christ, teaching that "Christ was not God but was created as the ideal and perfect man whose sinlessness constituted his divinity."[43] Similarly, Albrecht Ritschl rejected the pre-existence of Christ, asserting that Christ was the "Son of God" only in the sense that "God had revealed himself in Christ"[43] and Christ "accomplished a religious and ethical work in us which only God could have done."[43] Later, Rudolf Bultmann described the pre-existence of Christ as "not only irrational but utterly meaningless."[44]