Mangalore is bounded by the Arabian Sea to its west and by the Western Ghats to its east.[1] As a municipal entity, the city spans 170 km2 (65.64 sq mi).[2] The Netravati and Gurupura rivers encircle the city; the Gurupura flows around the north and the Netravati flows around the south of the city.[71] The rivers form an estuary in the south-western region of the city, from where they flow into the Arabian Sea.[72] Coconut, palm and ashoka trees comprise the primary vegetation of the city.[71]