In 1533, Henry broke with Pope Paul III so as to annul the long-standing marriage to his wife, Catherine of Aragon, and remarry.[4] Catherine was the aunt of Charles V, the Holy Roman Emperor, and he took the annulment as a personal insult.[5] This resulted in France and the Empire declaring an alliance against Henry in 1538 and the Pope encouraging the two countries to attack England.[6] An invasion of England appeared certain.[7] In response, Henry issued an order, called a "device", in 1539, giving instructions for the "defence of the realm in time of invasion" and the construction of forts along the English coastline.[8]