every driver of a motor vehicle must hold a driving licence; driving licences can be issued only after passing theoretical and practical exams, which are regulated by each country or jurisdiction; Contracting parties shall recognize as valid for driving in their territories: domestic driving licence conforms to the provisions of annex 6 to the convention; International Driving Permit conforms to the provisions of annex 7 to the convention, on condition that it is presented with the corresponding domestic driving licence; driving licences issued by a contracting party shall be recognised in the territory of another contracting party until this territory becomes the place of normal residence of their holder; all of the above does not apply to learner-driver licences; the period of validity of an international driving permit shall be either no more than three years after the date of issue or until the date of expiry of the domestic driving licence, whichever is earlier; Contracting parties may refuse to recognise the validity of driving licences for persons under eighteen or, for categories C, D, CE and DE, under twenty-one; an international driving permit shall only be issued by the contracting party in whose territory the holder has their normal residence and that issued the domestic driving licence or that recognised the driving licence issued by another contracting party; it shall not be valid for use in that territory.