Both positive and negative inotropic effects on heart muscle[6][11] Secretion from salivary gland[6] Increase salivary potassium levels Glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis from adipose tissue[6] and liver. Secretion from sweat glands[6] Contraction of the urinary bladder urothelium and lamina propria [12] Na+ reabsorption from kidney[6] Stimulate proximal tubule NHE3[13] Stimulate proximal tubule basolateral Na-K ATPase[13] Activate mitogenic responses and regulate growth and proliferation of many cells Involved in the detection of mechanical feedback on the hypoglossal motor neurons which allow a long-term facilitation in respiration in response to repeated apneas.[14]