In 1900, 60% of the village population (age 12 and over) couldn't read or write.[7] Education was obligatory until the age of 12, but this requirement was often ignored.[7] Between the years 1850 and 1914 it is estimated that about 1 million people from Galicia (mostly Poles) emigrated to United States.[7] Poverty in Austrian Galicia to this day has survived in Polish language as an expression of hopelessness (adage: bieda galicyjska or nędza galicyjska).[7][14]