There was, however, an over-representation of civil servants among the collaborators.[11] On average, the collaborators were younger than the general population.[11] In early September 1944, approximately 10,000 people left Luxembourg with the German civil administration: it is generally assumed that this consisted of 3,500 collaborators and their families.[11] In 1945, 5,101 Luxembourgers, including 2,857 men and 2,244 women were in prison for political activities, constituting 1.79% of the population.