Miscarriages in the first trimester appear either to have no known cause or to be associated with signs of active lupus.[7] Later losses appear to occur primarily due to the antiphospholipid syndrome, in spite of treatment with heparin and aspirin.[7] All women with lupus, even those without previous history of miscarriage, are recommended to be screened for antiphospholipid antibodies, both the lupus anticoagulant (the RVVT and sensitive PTT are the best screening battery) and anticardiolipin antibodies.[7]