Dioscorides, ca. 40 A.D., described the contraceptive property of hemp seeds (Cannabis sativa) and rue (Ruta graveolens) in De Materia Medica, a text widely used into medieval times.[9] One test in rats (20 milligrams of the 80% ethanol extract) found that these reduced sperm count by more than half.[10] In medieval Persia (and in other traditions as cited) these herbs were used for male contraception, as well as Gossypium herbaceum (Malvaceae),[11] Cyperus longus (Cyperaceae), Vitex pseudonegundo (Verbenaceae), Chenopodium ambrosioides (Chenopodiaceae),[12][13] Aristolochia indica (Aristolochiaceae),[14] Punica granatum (Punicaceae),[15] and Sarcostemma acidum (Asclepiadaceae).[16] However, the compound isolated from Gossypium, as well as other cotton seeds and okra (gossypol) has been abandoned for contraceptive use because it was found to cause permanent infertility in ten to twenty percent of users.[17]