These medications include short-acting muscarinic antagonists (SAMAs) such as ipratropium, and long-acting muscarinic antagonists (LAMA) such as tiotropium. Onset of action for SAMAs is typically between 30–60 minutes, making these drugs less efficacious in treating acute asthma attacks and bronchospasm.[5] Most common side effects for these drugs may include dry mouth, headache, urinary tract infection, and bronchitis. Other: Other prescription and over-the-counter medications, such as theophylline, cromolyn, and montelukast are indicated for specific diseases and may only provide bronchoconstriction relief to these studied populations.[6]