Michael F. Skrutskie [Wikidata] 2004 Vera Rubin "For her seminal observations of dark matter in galaxies, large-scale relative motions of galaxies, and for generous mentoring of young astronomers, men and women." 2001 David Todd Wilkinson "For elegant precision measurements by Wilkinson, his students, and their students, of universal radiation that is close to blackbody yet wonderfully rich in evidence of cosmic evolution." 1998 Eugene Shoemaker "For their painstaking research, which led to the discovery of more than 800 asteroids and 32 comets, including their co-discovery of Comet Shoemaker-Levy, the first comet observed colliding with a planet." 1998 Carolyn Shoemaker "For their painstaking research, which led to the discovery of more than 800 asteroids and 32 comets, including their co-discovery of Comet Shoemaker-Levy, the first comet observed colliding with a planet." 1994 Yasuo Tanaka "For his leadership in X-ray astronomy since its beginning, and his crucial role in enabling the U.S./Japanese collaboration in the ASCA mission, a beautiful example of international cooperation in sciences." 1991 Maarten Schmidt "First to grasp the extraordinary distances and luminosities of quasi-stellar sources and a pioneer in their use to probe the outer limits of our universe." 1986 Robert B. Leighton "For his work as creator and exploiter of new instruments and techniques that have opened whole new areas of astronomy to us all--solar oscillations, infrared surveys, spun telescopes, and large millimeter-wave reflectors." 1985 Kent Ford "For his work in the area of image enhancement and galactic dynamics, which has contributed greatly to the characterization of the unseen matter in galaxies." 1982 Stanton J. Peale "For his contributions to the dynamics of solar-system bodies, especially for calculations leading to the prediction of volcanic action on Io, dramatically verified by Voyager photography." 1979 Charles Kowal "For his noteworthy astronomical discoveries, particularly of Chiron, Leda, and numerous supernovae." 1975 Gerald Maurice Clemence "For his long and distinguished career in Dynamical Astronomy and his independent determination of a completely new and more accurate Theory of the Motion of Mars." 1972 André Deprit [it] "In recognition of his resolution of the problem of lunar motion around the earth through his adaption of modern computing machinery to algebraic rather than arithmetic operations." 1969 Jürgen Moser 1966 Wallace John Eckert "For his pioneering contributions to scientific computing and to the theory of the motion of the moon." 1965 Paul Herget "For his scientific accomplishments in celestial mechanics and orbit computation, and particularly for his contributions to the knowledge of the orbits of asteroids." 1964 Willem Jacob Luyten "For his outstanding contributions to the understanding of "white-dwarf" stars." 1961 Otto Heckmann 1960 Yusuke Hagihara "In recognition of his noteworthy contributions to astronomy." 1957 George Van Biesbroeck "For his noteworthy contributions to astronomy." 1955 Chester Burleigh Watts 1951 Herbert Rollo Morgan "For his distinguished contributions to fundamental astronomy, more specifically his interpretation of transit circle observations." 1948 Samuel Alfred Mitchell "For his observations of solar eclipses, in particular a detailed study of the spectrum of the chromosphere which has contributed notably to our knowledge of the sun's atmosphere." 1936 Ernest William Brown 1929 Willem de Sitter "In recognition of his research in astronomy." 1924 Carl Charlier "For his outstanding contributions to astronomical science concerning motion and distribution of the stars, and in celestial mechanics." 1916 Armin Otto Leuschner "For the skill and ability shown in supervising the preparation of the tables of the Watson asteroids, involving original methods, and leading to results of value to celestial mechanics." 1913 Jacobus Cornelius Kapteyn "In recognition of his bold and penetrating researches in the problem of the structure of the stellar universe." 1899 David Gill "For his work in perfecting the application of heliometer to astronomical measurements, which has resulted in an important advance in astronomy of precision, especially in the determination of parallaxes of the sun and stars and of the position of the planets." 1894 Seth Carlo Chandler "For his researches on the variations of latitude." 1891 Arthur Auwers "For his researches in sidereal astronomy, including the reduction of Bradley's observations." 1889 Eduard Schönfeld "For his services in cataloguing and mapping the stars visible in our latitudes, and especially for his recently published southern Durchmusterung." 1887 Benjamin Apthorp Gould "For his valuable labors for nearly forty years in promoting the progress of astronomical science."