Large amounts of specific phthalates fed to rodents have been shown to damage their liver and testes,[12] and initial rodent studies also indicated hepatocarcinogenicity. Following this result, di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate was listed as a possible carcinogen by IARC, EC, and WHO. Later studies on primates showed that the mechanism is specific to rodents; humans are resistant to the effect.[50] The carcinogen classification was subsequently withdrawn.