According to Elizabeth B. Dowdell and Brianne Q. Clayton, sleep-deprived college students performed significantly worse than peers who had adequate sleep on cognitive skills.[11] Furthermore, the sleep-deprived students were not aware of the extent to which sleep deprivation negatively affects their ability to complete cognitive tasks.[11] Research has shown that individuals with excessive technology use in the bedroom have later bedtimes and tend to sleep later in the morning.[11] The reliance on technology in the bedroom, which should be associated only with sleep, creates difficulty separating waking and sleeping activities.[11] When measuring the amount of sleep during the week compared to the weekend, students with four or more technological devices in their bedroom had significantly less sleep compared to those with three or fewer devices.[11] Since many students do not utilize a do not disturb mode or silence their phones at night, each notification and alert from their phones disrupts their sleep in terms of quality and duration.[11]