In the early days of Islam in Mecca, the new Muslims were often subjected to abuse and persecution by the pagan Meccans (often called Mushrikin: the unbelievers or polytheists). In the contemporary period, Muslims face religious restrictions in some countries. Various incidents of Islamophobia have also occurred, such as the Christchurch mosque shootings, the Afghanistan conflict (1978–present), the Kashmir conflict, the Xinjiang Ethnic cleansing and re-education camps, the West Bank annexation in Palestine, and many more incidents.