For example, Pazand, a genre of middle Persian literature, refers to the Zend (literally: 'commentary'/'translation') texts that offer explanation and close reading of the Avesta, the sacred texts of Zoroastrianism.[1] The scriptural commentaries of the Talmud offer a commonly cited early predecessor to close reading.[2] In Islamic studies, the close reading of the Quran has flourished and produced an immense corpus.[3] But the closest religious analogy to contemporary literary close reading, and the principal historical connection with its birth, is the rise of the higher criticism, and the evolution of textual criticism of the Bible in Germany in the late eighteenth century.