Since then many materials have been encapsulated into CCMV and other VNPs. At about the same time, the research team led by Mann (University of Bristol, UK) pioneered a new area using the rod-shaped particles of TMV (Tobacco Mosaic Virus). The particles were used as templates for the fabrication of a range of metallized nanotube structures using mineralization techniques.[18] Following that invention, TMV particles have been utilized to generate various structures (nanotubes and nanowires) for use in batteries and data storage devices.[19][20]