The territories under the jurisdiction of the voivodes are known as Voivodeship of Transylvania[1] or Voivodate of Transylvania (Hungarian: erdélyi vajdaság,[14] Romanian: Voievodatul Transilvaniei).[15] Voivodes were the chiefs of the ispáns of the Transylvanian counties.[4] Although the counties in Transylvania were first attested from the 1170s, earlier references to fortresses at their seats[16] and archaeological finds suggest that a system of counties existed in the 11th century.[17] For instance, Torda County was first mentioned in a charter of 1227, but a royal castle at Torda (Turda) had already been documented in 1097,[18] and three burials coin-dated to the reign of Stephen I of Hungary (1000 or 1001–1038) were unearthed in the same fortress.[19]