On 20 January 1987 the first of the trained militia were used in what later became known as the KwaMakutha Massacre when 13 innocent people were killed as a result of flawed intelligence.[2] In January 1988 Mangosuthu Buthelezi, leader of the IFP, again approached Chief of Staff Intelligence asking for additional training of his militia in order to swing the balance of power against the United Democratic Front (UDF) and Confederation of South African Trade Unions (COSATU) forces, then operating as a surrogate for the African National Congress (ANC) in areas of KwaZulu. This request was interpreted as being consistent with the Total National Strategy then in place, so the support was given.