Early Modern Europe marked a period of transition within the medical world. Universities for doctors were becoming more common and standardized training was becoming a requirement.[1] During this time, a few universities were beginning to train women as midwives,[2] but rhetoric against women healers was increasing.[1] The literature against women in medicine started in the 13th century, and the Early Modern period gave way to a widespread call for licensing and proper training for midwives, which was largely unavailable.[3]