The "Schools of the Wise" of the Arab world began spreading across the continent, becoming known as "penny universities" in England, and developed to satisfy the needs of various social classes. In addition, coffee replaced beer and wine as the "breakfast drink", improving the quality produced by the working classes. Once Pope Clement VIII gave a papal pardon to coffee in 1615,[2] it increased the coffee consuming population and contributed to its eventual expansion to the Americas.[1]