Under the Miller test (which takes its name from Miller v. California (1973)), speech is unprotected if (1) "the average person, applying contemporary community standards,[22] would find that the [subject or work in question], taken as a whole, appeals to the prurient interest" and (2) "the work depicts or describes, in a patently offensive way, sexual conduct or excretory functions specifically defined by applicable state law" and (3) "the work, taken as a whole, lacks serious literary, artistic, political, or scientific value".[23] Some subsidiary components of this rule may permit private possession of obscene materials at one's home.[24] Additionally, the phrase "appeals to the prurient interest" is limited to appeals to a "shameful or morbid interest in sex".[25][26]