Continuing professional development (CPD) or continuing professional education (CPE) is continuing education to maintain knowledge and skills. Most professions have CPD obligations. Examples are the Royal Institution of Chartered Surveyors,[19] American Academy of Financial Management,[20] safety professionals with the International Institute of Risk & Safety Management (IIRSM)[21] or the Institution of Occupational Safety and Health (IOSH),[22] and medical and legal professionals, who are subject to continuing medical education or continuing legal education requirements, which vary by jurisdiction.