Sassanian Empire (224 – 651) Byzantine Empire (330 – 1453) Khazars Arab Caliphates Rashidun Caliphate (632 – 661) Umayyad Caliphate (661 – 750) Abbasid Caliphate (750 – 1258) Kingdom of Georgia (1008 – 1490) Kingdom of Abkhazia (767 – 1014) Kingdom of Tao-Klarjeti (888 – 1008) Kingdom of Kakheti-Hereti (1020s – 1104) Kingdom of Imereti (1260 – 1810) Samtskhe-Saatabago (1266 – 1625) Kingdom of Kakheti (1465 – 1762) Kingdom of Kartli (1466 – 1762) Persia Sallarids Sajids Shirvanshah Kingdom of Armenia (Middle Ages) Seljuq dynasty (1037 – 1194) Ilkhanate (1256 – 1335) Timurid dynasty (1370 – 1526)