Processes of transculturation become more complex within the context of globalization, given the multiple layers of abstraction that permeate everyday experiences. Elizabeth Kath argues that in the global era we can no longer consider transculturation only in relation to the face-to-face, but that we need to take into account the many layers of abstracted interactions that are interwoven through face-to-face encounters, a phenomenon that she describes as layers of transculturation.[3] Kath draws upon the concept of constitutive abstraction as seen in the work of Australian social theorists Geoff Sharp[4] and Paul James.[5][6]