In the case of large integers, the best asymptotic complexity is O(log n M(n)), with M(n) the cost of n-bit multiplication; this is near-linear, and vastly smaller than the O(n²) of the binary GCD algorithm, though concrete implementations only outperform older algorithms for numbers larger than about 64 kilobits (i.e. greater than 8×1019265). This is achieved by extending the binary GCD algorithm using ideas from the Schönhage–Strassen algorithm for fast integer multiplication.[1]