According to Friedrich Kluge, the word initially used to have a positive meaning, referring to a strong and tall person - that is, of Goliath's build, but later changed the meaning to refer to city guards.[3] Since the 19th century, the contemporary denotation of philistinism, as the behaviour of "ignorant, ill-behaved persons lacking in culture or artistic appreciation, and only concerned with materialistic values" derives from Matthew Arnold's adaptation to English of the German word Philister, as applied by university students in their antagonistic relations with the townspeople of Jena, Germany, where, in 1689, a row resulted in several deaths. In the aftermath, the university cleric addressed the town-vs-gown matter with an admonishing sermon 'The Philistines be upon thee', drawn from the Book of Judges (Chapter 16, 'Samson vs the Philistines'), of the Tanakh and of the Christian Old Testament.[4]