In August 2010, The Swedish Medical Products Agency (MPA) and The Finnish National Institute for Health and Welfare (THL) launched investigations regarding the development of narcolepsy as a possible side effect to Pandemrix flu vaccination in children,[5] and found a 6.6-fold increased risk among children and youths, resulting in 3.6 additional cases of narcolepsy per 100,000 vaccinated subjects.[6] Stanford University studies suggested that narcolepsy is an autoimmune disease[3] and that it appears to be triggered by upper airway respiratory infections in China, where 2009 H1N1 vaccines did not contain adjuvants.[4]