Oophorectomy has serious long-term consequences stemming mostly from the hormonal effects of the surgery and extending well beyond menopause. The reported risks and adverse effects include premature death,[15][16] cardiovascular disease, cognitive impairment or dementia,[17] parkinsonism,[18] osteoporosis and bone fractures, decline in psychological wellbeing,[19] and decline in sexual function. Hormone replacement therapy does not always reduce the adverse effects.[8]