The Canadian media have been criticized for their role in perpetrating Islamophobia, both generally and in their news coverage of specific events. Canadian professor of journalism Karim H. Karim asserts that in the post-9/11 era an "Islamic peril" has replaced the "Soviet threat" of the Cold War years in Canada.[6] After comparing Canadian mainstream media coverage of religious minority communities in Canada, Mahmoud Eid concludes that the Canadian media commonly apply the frames of dehumanization, extremism, fanaticism, inequality and Islamophobia to Muslims.[70] The stereotypes of Muslims, Arabs and Middle Easterners are: terrorists, savage, a fifth column.[71][72] These stereotypes are then said to fuel suspicion of Muslims in general, which then results in hate crimes against them.[73][74] In fact, a study found a similarity between media myths on Muslims and the hate-text of many documented anti-Muslim incidents.[73]