The Zavanelli maneuver is performed only after other maneuvers have failed, as it is associated with high risk to both the mother and the fetus.[3][4] A review published in 1985 found that 84 of 92 cases of Zavanelli maneuver were successful in replacing the head of the fetus back into the uterus.[3] Risks of the maneuver to the mother include soft tissue damage and puerperal sepsis. The Zavanelli maneuver is not performed very often in the United States.[4] It is named after William Angelo "Bill" Zavanelli (born October 10, 1926), who performed the procedure on January 18, 1978 as a clinical instructor in obstetrics and gynecology at the University of California, San Francisco.[5]