On 28 January 2010, the GMC panel delivered its decision on the facts of the case: Wakefield was found to have acted "dishonestly and irresponsibly" and to have acted with "callous disregard" for the children involved in his study, conducting unnecessary and invasive tests.[85][86] The panel found that the trial was improperly conducted without the approval of an independent ethics committee,[87] and that Wakefield had multiple undeclared conflicts of interest.[88]