Political technology means secretly sponsoring fake politicians like Bogdanov, setting up fake NGO’s and “patriotic” youth movements like Nashi (Ours) to prevent a Russian version of Ukraine’s Orange Revolution, and mobilizing voters against a carefully scripted “enemy.” In 1996, the enemy was the Communists; in 1999-2000, the Chechens; in 2003-04, the “oligarchs.”