Indeed, prior to Saudi/Wahhabi rule in 1932, Mecca was cosmopolitan and open. Adherents of the four Sunni schools of thought, as well as the Shia, the Zaydis, the Ismaelis, etc., and those of different origins and races – Indians, Central Asians, Persians, Moroccans, Africans, and Turks – all recognized their differences but could identify with the one source, the Koran.