Year after year -(2003 includinged 2003, when the proliferation controversy was already red-hot-) Islamabad was festooned with colorful banners advertising workshops on "Vibrations In Rapidly Rotating Machinery" and "Advanced Materials," sponsored by the Dr. A. Q. Khan Research Laboratories (also known as the Kahuta Research Laboratories). These had obvious and immediate utility for centrifuge technology, essential for producing weaponsbomb-grade uranium.