The EU’s traditional foreign-policy tools – “promoting civil society” and “encouraging trade” – are no substitute for a strategy to confront the new power game in the Mediterranean. And yet Europe has proven utterly incapable of developing an appropriate response to conditions in which Islamist regimes are independently shaping their priorities and external actors – Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Turkey, Russia, China, and perhaps even Iran – are vying for influence with an extraordinary combination of financial firepower and political muscle.