So Europe should promote much more than it has so far an outsourcing model in the most labor-intensive segments of the value chain, as Germany has done with great success (particularly in Eastern Europe), which partly explains its bounce-back to export dominance in global markets. While this model may entail some initial job losses in Europe, it would also preserve jobs in the long run by keeping production sites competitive, and create jobs by paving the way for development – and thus export markets – in North Africa.