On NATO, France’s Middle East policy, or the constitution, Francois Mitterrand (the Socialist leader in the 1960’s) and the opposition sharply criticized de Gaulle’s go-it-alone ways for shattering the Alliance consensus. Indeed, the Socialists opposed de Gaulle’s decision to withdraw France from NATO’s unified military command, opposed the creation of an independent French nuclear arsenal (they preferred the American nuclear guarantee), and were hostile to de Gaulle’s rupture with Israel after the Six Day War.