Anti-Japanese anger has an ethical justification rooted in the perceived injustice of “little brother” Japan’s impertinent behavior towards “big brother” China, from China’s loss in the Sino-Japanese Jiawu War and the humiliating Treaty of Shimonoseki of 1895 to the insulting “21 Demands” of 1915 and on to WWII atrocities like the Rape of Nanking. The complexity and depth of these anti-Japanese sentiments helps sustain them and sets them apart from other, more fleeting and contradictory anti-foreign sentiments, such as those Chinese sometimes harbor towards Americans.