For instance, we know that the epinephrine pathway and phosphonotype cascades used by the cells of our body utilize G proteins. And because of that, we call these pathways Gproteincoupled signal transduction pathways. So what I'd like to focus us on in this lecture is discussed how a specific type of bacterial pathogenic agent that infect our cells can actually cause the malfunction of G protein coupled signal transduction pathways. And that can lead to many problems as we'll see in just a moment. So what exactly is this bacterial pathogenic agent? Well, we call it Vibriocolarae, which is basically that agent that causes cholera in humans.