And once the insulin binds onto the insulin receptor that initiates a signal transduction pathway. Now what this signal transduction pathway does is it ultimately stimulates protein kinases. So let's see how that takes place. So insulin binds onto the insulin receptor that creates a conformational change on the inner portion of the receptor and that causes a self asphorylation process. And what that does is it basically transforms the IRS molecules from the inactive into the active form by phosphorylating these IRS molecules. Remember IRS stands for insulin receptors substrate.