Now in the absence of oxygen, they will switch to fermentation to produce those ATP molecules. Now Vibrio cholera can only survive and grow under basic conditions. If we place them into an acidic environment where the PH is low, they will not be able to grow. And so eventually they will essentially die. And what that means is these Vibrio cholerate are in fact acid labile. And finally, as we'll see in just a moment, these bacterial cells actually affect the activity of G protein coupled signal transduction pathways as we'll see in this diagram, in just a moment.