So let's focus on epinephrine and insulin. So, epinephrine is basically released by our body when we're on this stressful situation. So for instance, when we're trying to run away from some type of scary animal, for instance a bear, and as we're running away, we want to produce lots of ATP molecules to allow the skeleton muscle to actually contract. And what will begin to happen is the epinephrine molecules will bind until liver cells that will initiate a specific type of signal transduction pathway. So remember that epinephrine binds unto the beta anginergic receptor of liver cells and that stimulates epinephrine signaling and that ultimately produces a calcium ions and the rise in calcium inside the cell. What that basically does is it stimulates the phosphatase molecule and the phosphatase basically hydrolyzes this bond and transforms the inactive molecule into its active state.