Now, how exactly did we discover the fact that penicillin actually acts indirectly on the peptidoglycan cell wall? Well, in the late 1950s, scientists carried out the following experiment. They basically took bacterial cells, they placed them into a hypertonic environment, and then they added penicillin. And what they found was, even though we had penicillin, those cells did not actually lice. They did not actually die. So if we took bacterial cells and grew them in the presence of penicillin in a hypertonic solution, those cells did not actually die off.