"Essence" in this context is a synonym for "element", and "essential" for "elemental".
In pre-atomic theory, there were four "known" elements or essences — Earth, Air, Fire and Water — and a putative fifth element (quinta essentia).
The fifth element was believed to be superior to the others, and so, "quintessential" has come to mean something that is superior.
english.stackexchange.com/users/7/Michael Scott Shappe
Somewhat missed in the answers thus far: the "fifth essence" is in fact identical to the "æther" of yore; said to be the stuff the stars and other heavenly bodies are made of.
Thus, anything composed of the "fifth essence" had to be exceptional.
english.stackexchange.com/users/None/
It's the fifth element after earth, air, fire, and water, so it is presumably superior to those or completing those.
english.stackexchange.com/users/21/Peter Eisentraut
"quint" means fifth.
The "quintessence" is the fifth essence.
The fifth element was the one supposed to come after air, fire, earth, and water in the Medieval Age.
english.stackexchange.com/users/13078/Truemilk
The origin of the word quint is the late 17th century; it derives from French, which took the word from Latin quintus (fifth) from quinque (five).
In Italian, quinto means fifth , and has the same origin.
Quintessential derives from quintessence (from Latin quinta essentia ), which was considered thought to fill the Universe beyond Earth.
In modern physics, quintessence is a hypothetical form of dark energy.
The NOAD reports that the origin of quintessence is late Middle English (as a term in philosophy), via French from medieval Latin quinta essentia ("fifth essence").
english.stackexchange.com/users/252/kiamlaluno
Sorry, I don't agree with the previous answers.
In alchemy, "essence" was the result of the distillation in an alambic (still used for perfumes) ; the process leads to a fairly purified product, but it can't be perfect ; you still have some impurities.
Thus, you repeat it again and again.
On the fifth time, it was considered that you could not do any better.
english.stackexchange.com/users/51194/ex-user2728
"Essence" means "element".
It was believed in the Medieval Age to be the fifth element behind Earth, Air, Fire, and Water.
english.stackexchange.com/users/39588/litlmissgoal
Doesn't "quint" mean "five"?  What does that have to do with the meaning of "quintessential"?
Where does the "quint" in "quintessential" come from?
english.stackexchange.com
<meaning><etymology>
english.stackexchange.com/questions/2
english.stackexchange.com/users/16/Daniel LeCheminant
"Essence" in this context is a synonym for "element", and therefore, "quintessential", means "the fifth element". In pre-atomic theory, there were four "known" elements, and therefore, the fifth element was believed to be superior than the others. Therefore, anything composed of the "fifth essence" had to be exceptional. Quint'  means 'fifth' and it refers either to the 'fifth element' or to the fifth stage in the purification process used in achemy.
"Essence" in this context is a synonym for "element", and therefore, "quintessential", means "the fifth element". In pre-atomic theory, there were four "known" elements, and therefore, the fifth element was believed to be superior than the others. Therefore, anything composed of the "fifth essence" had to be exceptional. Quintessential  derives from  quintessence, which was considered thought to fill the Universe beyond Earth. "Essence" in this context is a synonym for "element", and "essential" for "elemental". S1: The "quintessence" is the fifth essence.  The fifth element was the one supposed to come after air, fire, earth, and water in the Medieval Age. The fifth element was believed to be superior to the others, and so, "quintessential" has come to mean something that is superior.
The fifth element after earth, air, fire and water was believed to be superior to the others, and so, "quintessential" has come to mean something that is superior. Quintessential  derives from  quintessence  (from Latin  quinta essentia ), which was thought to fill the Universe beyond Earth. The word "quintessential" is derived from the word "quintessence", being the fifth element, which was believed the fill the universe.
quit' means 'five' as the word refers to the mysterious 'fifth' element, sometimes referred to as 'aether'.  'quint' does refer to 'five' but it is actually the fifth refinement stage in the purification process used in alchemy.
"Essence" in this context is a synonym for "element", and "essential" for "elemental". S1: The "quintessence" is the fifth essence.   The fifth element was the one supposed to come after air, fire, earth, and water in the Medieval Age. The fifth element was believed to be superior to the others, and so, "quintessential" has come to mean something that is superior. Quintessential  derives from  quintessence, which was considered thought to fill the Universe beyond Earth.
The word "quintessential" is derived from the word "quintessence", being the fifth element, which was believed the fill the universe.