### Question
How does DISCLOSURE OF FEDERAL CAMPAIGN FUNDS define independent expenditure?


### Answer
Under *2 U.S.C. § 431*, **independent expenditure** is defined as:

> an expenditure by a person expressly advocating the election or defeat of a clearly identified candidate which is made without cooperation or consultation with any candidate, or any authorized committee or agent of such candidate, and which is not made in concert with, or at the request or suggestion of, any candidate, or any authorized committee or agent of such candidate

#### Citation:
  - *2 U.S.C. § 431*
  - Heading: **CHAPTER 14-FEDERAL ELECTION CAMPAIGNS   > SUBCHAPTER I-DISCLOSURE OF FEDERAL CAMPAIGN FUNDS**

