Definition: In this task, you are given a part of an article. Your task is to generate headline (title) for this text. Preferred headlines are under fifteen words.
Input: This paper concerns the probabilistic evalu­ ation of the effects of actions in the presence of unmeasured variables. We show that the identification of causal effect between a sin­ gleton variable X and a set of variables Y can be accomplished systematically, in time polynomial in the number of variables in the graph. When the causal effect is identifiable, a closed-form expression can be obtained for the probability that the action will achieve a specified goal, or a set of goals.

Testing Identifiability of Causal Effects