What is the balanced equation for zinc hydrogen carbonate solid when it is heated until it decomposes?
Expert Answers
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When you apply heat to a metal hydrogen carbonate (frequently known as a metal bicarbonate as HCO3- is a bicarbonate ion), it will decompose into the corresponding metal oxide, carbon dioxide gas, and water vapor. The balanced reaction for the decomposition of zinc bicarbonate is as follows:
Zn(HCO3)2(s) --> ZnO(s) + 2CO2(g) + H2O(g)
(When you write out the reaction, heat is written as a delta or triangle above the arrow in the equation.)
The zinc bicarbonate decomposes to form solid zinc oxide, gaseous carbon dioxide, and water vapor. The water vapor is gaseous as it is formed but may condense at the opening of the test tube.
This is a general rule for metal bicarbonates. However, sodium bicarbonate (baking soda) will decompose to sodium carbonate, water vapor, and carbon dioxide when heated instead of going to the metal oxide. The carbon dioxide formed is what causes baked goods to rise in the oven (in the presence of heat).
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8. International Health Regulations and Epidemic Control
- Alert function requires countries that discover an outbreak to immediately notify other countries
- Alert function is non-rivalrous (info used by one country does not prevent another using it)
- Alert function is non-excludable (once information disseminated it is impossible to prevent countries using it)
Just as for national infection control, there are two primary parts to the process: the alert function and the control measures.
The alert function builds on the principle that when a country discovers an outbreak that may spread to other countries, it immediately notifies these other countries. In this sense, the alert function is a non-rivalrous and non-excludable global public good. Other countries are forewarned and can take action to protect their citizens. Tourists can be warned not to travel to the affected area, and arrivals of people or goods from that area can be checked for disease - or even refused. In this example it is the information itself that should be an intermediate good, but it is easy to see that unless the process is totally transparent, some countries could be excluded from information, and it would thus become a 'club good' among countries with sensitive international intelligence systems.
Also, just as in the example of the 'cordon sanitaire', 'global' may not include the affected country. In most instances this country has little to gain from an alert, and more often than not it will suffer - at least in the short run. Tourists will stop coming, its citizens will be subjected to check-ups or quarantine when travelling abroad, and its exports may be stopped.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


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Isabella Rachels married Johannes Lydius during the 1690s while he was domine of the Reformed Church at Antwerp Belgium. With her young children, she accompanied Lydius to New York in 1700 where he had accepted a call to the Dutch Reformed Church at Albany.
Three more babies were born in America and the family settled into a comfortable life in their new State Street home. This minister's wife set down roots in Albany and played a supportive role in church activities. But the untimely death of Johannes Lydius in 1710 left Isabella with charge of his Albany estate and also with responsiblity for administering his property in Holland for the benefit of their five surviving children.
By January 1711, widow Isabella Lydius had entered into a marriage contract with widower Jacob Staats, an Albany physician. With her two European-born daughters, she became a naturalized British subject in 1716. After raising her family and Staats's two daughters as well, she inherited his property after Jacob Staats's death in 1735. She died in December 1745 and was buried beneath the church.
first posted: 1999; last revised 2/03


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The imperative mood expresses direct commands, requests, and prohibitions. In many circumstances, using the imperative mood may sound blunt or even rude, so it is often used with care.
whether there are direct or indirect object pronouns
Positive formal commands.
To form postive formal commands, start with the form of the verb that goes with the pronoun "yo" (e.g., abro, muevo, vengo, etc.). Then take the "-o" off of that verb ending. If the verb is an AR verb, replace the "-o" with "-e." If the verb is an ER or IR verb, replace the "-o" with "-a." If the command is given to more than one person, the endings are "-en" and "-an" respectively. If the verb is reflexive, put the reflexive pronoun "se" after the verb form. If there are object pronouns (it, them) put them after the verb too. The following examples help to clarify.
INFINITIVE "YO" FORM SINGULAR PLURAL
acostarse "to lie down" me acuesto acuéstese acuéstense
calmarse "to be calm" me calmo cálmese cálmense
escribir "to write' escribo escriba escriban
explicar "to explain' explico explique expliquen
sentarse "to sit down' me siento siéntese siéntense
Note: There are some irregular forms as well because the "yo" form does not end in an "-o" as follows:
INFINITIVE "YO" FORM SINGULAR PLURAL
dar "to give" doy dé dén
estar "to be" estoy esté estén
irse "to go away" voy váyase váyanse
saber "to know" sé sepa sepan
ser "to be" soy sea sean
Negative Formal Commands.
The negative formal commands are similar to the positive ones. The difference is that the word "no" goes before the verb and reflexive pronouns and object pronouns also go before the verbs.
No se calme.
No se vaya.
Given the difficulty and the variety of direct command forms, one solution is to use indirect command forms. These are easier to form and do not involve as many choices. There are three phrases that are helpful in giving indirect commands: "hay que..." (one must), "favor de..." (please do the favor of...) and "usted tiene que...." (you have to...). Each of these phrases is followed by a verb in the infinitive. As such, it is not necessary to know the verb conjugation. Be aware, however, sometimes the regular command form sounds much better.
Hay que escucharme primero.
You must listen to me first.
Hay que explicar todo.
You must explain everything.
Hay que levantar el pie.
You must raise your foot.
Favor de mostrarme los papeles.
Do the favor of showing me the papers.
Favor de ayudarme con esto.
Do the favor of helping with this.
Usted tiene que sacar las manos.
You have to take your hands out.
Usted tiene que dejarlo aquí.
You have to leave it here.
Usted tiene que salirse ya.
You have to go away now.
Direct Commands in Spanish (Imperatives)
Let's start our discussion of commands, which are sometimes called "imperatives",y by dividing them into two groups. We know that when we speak with someone in Spanish, we have to decide which form of "you" to use. When we know someone well enough to call him/her by the FIRST NAME, we use the word "tú". If we feel that it is proper to use a title and the last name (for example: Mr. García, Mrs. Fernández, Senator González, President Fujimori), out of respect for the persons age or social position, we use the word "usted". This same distinction must be kept in mind when we use commands. Remember, when we give a command to someone, since it is the person with whom we are speaking directly, the subject of the command is "you". When we say, "Do this," what we really mean is, "I want you to do this".
Now, let's assume that we are talking with someone in a more formal way. We want someone to do something. We have studied "influence" sentences for a long time now. Do you remember what we have to do with the verb in an "influence" sentence? I hope that you recall that we have to use a different form of the verb. For verbs in the "A" category, we change to "e", and for verbs in the "E" category, we change to "a". We have to do this in sentences in which we express how someone feels about what someone else does or will do. Now just think about it for a moment. A command is just a very direct way of expressing our feelings about what we want someone else to do. We could say that it is a direct "influence" sentence. Look at the following example:
Señor García, quiero que usted estudie el documento.
If we just take away the first part, "Señor García, quiero que usted...", we are left with, "estudie el documento". This is exactly what we would say in order to make a direct command in Spanish. The verb form which we are using is the subjunctive, just like we use in "influence" sentences. Really, there is nothing new here. We have used the same verb form. This is because in a command we are expressing our feelings about him doing something, not actually giving information about what he is really doing. Remember, it's feeling, not fact that we are dealing with here.
We can do the same thing with the negative, however in this case we are going to put the negative word "no" in front of the command directly. Here is an example:
Señor García, no quiero que usted firme el documento.
Notice that we have put the negative word "no" in front of "want", so that we are saying, "I don't want you to sign ("firmar") the document." When we make the negative command, we will move the word "no" right in front of the command itself. That would give us the following:
Señor García, no firme el documento.
I hope that you can see that up to this point, it isn't really very complicated. We are just using the same forms that we used before. We are just using them in a different way, so that they tell the person directly what we want him to do, rather than telling him indirectly.
One thing that you may have noticed which is important is that in these command's the verb is the same for the negative command and for the positive command. It doesn't matter whether I say, "do it" or "don't do it". The verb will be the same in both cases.
Mande la carta.>No mande la carta.
If we talk with someone that we know well, the situation is going to be different. Remember that in this case we must use "tú",not "usted". For the negative command with "tú", we will use the subjunctive verb form, just like we did with "usted". However, you should realize than with "tú" there will be an "s" on the end of the verb. For example:
Juan, no mandes la carta.
John, don't send the letter.
When we have a positive command using the "tú" form, the situation changes. In this case we use the "positive informal command", which is in most cases the same thing as the present tense forms for "él" or "ella". That is, for "A" verbs we will just have the first part of the verb, followed by the letter "a". For "E" verbs, we would have an "e" on the end. There is no change of the vowel, like we do with the other commands. Look at the following example:
Juan, manda la carta.
John, send the letter.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


text: OBJECTIVES: To estimate the required spatial alignment accuracy for correctly grading 95 \% of peripheral zone (PZ) prostate cancers using a system for multiparametric magnetic resonance (MR)-guided ultrasound (US) biopsies. METHODS: PZ prostate tumours were retrospectively annotated on multiparametric MR series using prostatectomy specimens as reference standard. Tumours were grouped based on homogeneous and heterogeneous apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) values using an automated ADC texture analysis method. The proportion of heterogeneous tumours containing a distinct, high Gleason grade tumour focus yielding low ADC values was determined. Both overall tumour and high-grade focal volumes were calculated. All high-grade target volumes were then used in a simulated US biopsy system with adjustable accuracy to determine the hit rate. RESULTS: An ADC-determined high-grade tumour focus was found in 63 \% of the PZ prostate tumours. The focal volumes were significantly smaller than the total tumour volumes (median volume of 0.3 ml and 1.1 ml respectively). To correctly grade 95 \% of the aggressive tumour components the target registration error (TRE) should be smaller than 1.9 mm. CONCLUSIONS: To enable finding the high Gleason grade component in 95 \% of PZ prostate tumours with MR-guided US biopsies, a technical registration accuracy of 1.9 mm is required. KEY POINTS : AC/a,!AC/ MRI can identify foci of prostatic cancer with reduced apparent diffusion coefficients AC/a,!AC/ Sixty-three per cent of prostatic peripheral zone tumours contain high-grade tumour low ADC foci AC/a,!AC/ The median volume of such foci is 0.3 ml AC/a,!AC/ Biopsy targets are significantly smaller than whole tumour volumes AC/a,!AC/ Simulated registration accuracy is 1.9 mm for correctly grading 95 \% of tumours.


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In the weld metal of A5083 welded with high energy density such as electron beam and laser beam, the amount of solute (mainly magnesium) of the primary crystals tends to increase with the increase in the welding speed. The solute concentration of solid phase tends to increase generally with the increase in the solid fraction and increases rapidly near the last stage of solidification, that is, the dendrite boundary. Though the dissolved amount of magnesium in the weld metal estimated with Xray diffraction technique becomes lower than that of the base metal, this tends to approach to that of the base metal after the weld metal was homogenized. In this paper, we examined these phenomena more precisely. First, we calculated the distributions of magnesium by applying the rapid solidification theory when the dendrite arm spacings (DAS) were changed to several steps. Then, the dissolved amount of magnesium in the dendrite was calculated by considering the distributions of magnesium and we made clear the influence of DAS on the dissolved amount of magnesium. Next, we also calculated the distributions of magnesium when the weld metal was homogenized and made clear the influence of DAS on the dissolved amount of magnesium after the homogenization. Moreover, the actual weld metals, in which DAS were changed, were obtained by changing the welding conditions with electron beam and we could experimentally confirm the same tendency as mentioned above which were simulated by the calculation. It was made clear that the Charpy impact energy of the weld metals linearly increased with the increase in the dissolved amount of magnesium.
The weldability of Fe-36%Ni alloy (Invar alloy) was investigated to clarify the main factor influential for weld cracking in multi-pass weld metal. The tests were carried out using the Fe-36%Ni plates containing various contents of sulfur. The weld cracking susceptibility was evaluated by double bead longitudinal Varestraint test and restraint weld cracking test using gas tungsten arc welding (GTAW). The ductility of weld metal at an elevated temperature was evaluated by hot ductility test. The crack in multi-pass weld metal occurred in the grain boundary away from the fusion boundary of the subsequent weld pass. From the result of hot ductility test of weld metal, the reduction of area was lower at temperature range from 1073 to 1173K. This range was consistent within the temperature range where cracking portion in the multi-pass weld metal was heated by subsequent weld thermal cycles. Consequently, the crack in the multi-pass weld metal was specified as ductility dip cracking. The ductility dip cracking susceptibility was increased in the higher sulfur content weld metals and sulfur concentration was detected on that crack surface. Further, the oxides and sulfides, such as Mn2SiO4 and α-MnS, were very slightly observed on the grain boundary in weld metal. From these results, the ductility dip cracking in weld metal was concluded to be mainly caused by grain boundary embrittlement by segregation of sulfur.
The effects of alloyed elements on ductility dip cracking susceptibility in multi-pass weld metal of Fe-36%Ni alloy (Invar alloy) was investigated to obtain the proper chemical compositions for preventing the ductility dip cracking and to clarify its mechanism. The tests were carried out using the Fe-36%Ni plates containing various contents of manganese, titanium, calcium, carbon and niobium. The ductility dip cracking susceptibility was evaluated by double bead longitudinal Varestraint test and restraint weld cracking test using gas tungsten arc welding (GTAW). The ductility dip cracking susceptibility decreased with the addition of both carbon and niobium. By the addition of these elements, the micro structure of weld metal was changed from the cellular structure with straight grain boundary to the cellular dendritic structure with grain boundary like saw teeth. Additionally, in the weld metal containing both niobium and carbon, the eutectic microstructure, with the niobium carbide, was produced. From these results, the prevention of ductility dip cracking in weld metal, with the addition of both niobium and carbon, is thought to be due to: (1) the decrease of sulfur concentration in the grain boundary by formation of eutectic structure with niobium carbide; and (2) the locking of the intergranular slip by the anchoring effect of the cellular dendritic structure with grain boundary like saw teeth.
The effects of carbon and niobium on solidification cracking susceptibility of Fe-36%Ni alloy (Invar alloy) were investigated to prove the validity of the addition of both carbon and niobium for preventing the solidification cracking as well as the ductility dip cracking. The tests were carried out using the Fe-36%Ni plates containing various contents of carbon and niobium. The solidification cracking susceptibility was evaluated by transverse Varestraint test using gas tungsten arc welding (GTAW). The microstructure of weld metal quenched by liquid tin was also observed. The solidification cracking susceptibility decreased with the increase of niobium in a range less than 1.5 mass% in weld metal containing 0.2 mass% carbon. In weld metal with 0.2% carbon, the eutectic microstructure of niobium carbide and austenite was produced in the dendrite space of primary austenite. Additionally, the residual liquid at the final stage of solidification disappeared at a higher temperature in weld metal containing 0.2% carbon and 1% niobium compared with the weld with 0.02% carbon and 1% niobium. From these results, the decrease of solidification cracking susceptibility by the addition of both carbon and niobium is considered to be due to reducing the temperature range, which both solid and liquid exist together, as a result of the decreasing niobium content in residual liquid by the formation of niobium carbide.
High temperature tensile tests were conducted on butt brazed joints of type 316 stainless steel. Two kinds of newly developed Ni-cu based filler metals, two kinds of standard nickel filler metals, BNi-2 and BNi-5, and a standard silver filler metal, BAg-21, were tested. Each of the joints was made to have a constant joint clearance of 50 micrometers. Tests were carried out at 298K, 423K, 573K, 723K, 873K and 973K, in air atmosphere. Strengths of the nickel brazed joints were less than 300MPa at all the test temperatures. The relatively low strength were attributed to formation of brittle eutectic phase at the center of the joints. This indicates that the joint clearance for nickel filler metals should be controlled to be narrower than 50 micrometers to obtain practical strength in industrial applications. In the joints with BAg-21, the strength decreased drastically above 573K. This filler metal therefore would not be applicable for the joints used at high temperatures. For the joint with Ni-Cu-Sn filler metal, one of the developed Ni-Cu filler metals, the strength was about 340MPa at 298K. The strength decreased gradually with the increase in temperature. At 973K, the strength was less than 100MPa. This filler metal is not applicable for the use at high temperatures over 600K, consequently. On the contrary, the joints with Ni-Cu-Mn filler metal showed about 400MPa of tensile strength from 298K to 723K. The result indicates that this filler metal can braze wide gap joints with better mechanical property compared to nickel filler metals, and can be used in high temperatures around 700K.
The stress wave propagation and the stress distribution in adhesive scarf joints with dissimilar adherends subjected to impact bending moments are analyzed in an elastic deformation using three-dimensional finite-element method (FEM). An impact load is applied to the joint by dropping weight. The one side of the adherend is fixed and the other side of the adherend is subjected to an impact load. FEM code employed is DYNA3D. The effects of scarf angles of the adherends, the adhesive thickness and Young's modulus of the adhesive, the combinations of materials of the adherends on the stress propagation and distributions at the interfaces are examined. The scarf angles are changed from 15 to 90 degrees. It is found that the maximum value of the Mises' equivalent stress σM appears at the interface between the adhesive layer and the adherend made of mild steel, and it is independent of the combinations of the adherend materials. In the case where the scarf angle is 45 degree, the maximum value of the Mises' equivalent stress σM is minimal. The stress σX is the greatest in all of stress components. The maximum value of the Mises' equivalent stress σM increases as the adhesive layer thickness and Young's modulus of the adhesive increase. It is seen that the position where the maximum value of the Mises' equivalent stress σM occurs moves toward edge of the adhesive interface as the thickness and Young's modulus of the adhesive increase. In addition, experiments were carried out to measure the strain response of the adhesive scarf joints subjected to impact bending moments using strain gauges. A fairly good agreement is seen between the analytical and the experimental results.
Welding deformation is complexly affected by different factors, and that is predicted to depend on the skills of welding operatives, being affected by welding parameters such as the welding current, arc voltage and welding speed. It is therefore desirable to treat welding deformations statically. This paper describes an investigation into the statistical properties of the welding parameters, transverse shrinkage and angular distortion when welding operatives having specified skills are engaged in semi-automatic MAG welding of butt welding joint with backing plate. The results obtained may be summarized as follows.


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Who We Are
What We Do
In 2018, Australia will include, for the first time, an engagement and impact (EI) assessment exercise as a companion to the Excellence in Research for Australia (ERA) national framework. The research underpinning this paper sought to identify the core competencies that are crucial to supporting roles within emerging impact and engagement expectations. A content analysis of research support position descriptions and job advertisements from the UK and Australia was conducted and these were mapped to current industry skill audits for library and information science (LIS) professionals. Also discussed are the current knowledge and skills of LIS professionals and what additional competencies they may need to acquire or develop if they are to contribute to institutions and researchers meeting the requirements of an EI assessment exercise. The hard skills required by both UK and Australian EI support roles are aligned to those endorsed and promoted by the LIS industry and are reflected in the Australian Library and Information skills templates. The study points to the viability of using current academic library networks and LIS professionals to meet the demands of future EI assessment in Australia.


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Dorado - interesting?
Also known as Mahi-Mahi or Dolphinfish, Dorado is a surface dwelling ray-finned fish found in temperate tropical and sub-tropical waters worldwide.
The Golden Dorado (differently) is a large river fish that lives in central and east-central South America.
Dorado is a constellation in the southern sky, labelled in the sixteenth century and now one of the 88 modern constellations. Its name refers to the Dolphinfish, which is known as Dorado in Spanish.
Dorado is notable for containing most of the Large Magellanic Cloud, the remainder being in the constellation Mensa.
Dorado is a small town on the northern coast of Puerto Rico, 24 Km west of San Juan. It is best known as a tourist destination with world class golf courses, hotels and beaches.
El Dorado is Spanish for "the golden one" and is a legend that began with the story of a South American tribal chief who covered himself with gold dust and would dive into a lake of pure mountain water.


What Are Weed Diamonds and How Do You Make This Super Pure Form of Cannabis?
Move over Marilyn Monroe, because diamonds are a stoner's best friend, too.
Published on April 16, 2020
Lead image via
While potency, taste, and safety may represent the holy trinity of valued pot product characteristics, it's hard to beat the aesthetics of crystalline THCA. In the beloved romantic comedy Gentlemen Prefer Blondes, Marilyn Monroe gives an iconic performance of "Diamonds Are a Girl's Best Friend," but today, THCA "diamonds" aren't entirely dissimilar to the high-end gemstone at the center of her song.
Both are rare, and as a result, expensive. However, unlike the diamonds we wear in rings, THCA diamonds must be refined from extracted cannabis oil. Weed diamonds are also unique in that they won't get you high unless properly heated — at which point, get ready...
To help consumers better understand this relatively new addition to the panoply of cannabis products, here's a primer on weed diamonds and how they're made.
What Are Weed Diamonds?
These things are a bit complex! Essentially, weed diamonds are crystals created by extracting the live resin from a cannabis plant using a cold-extraction method and then applying pressure to that oil by means of a chromatography machine until it takes its signature crystalline form.
This temperature part of the extraction is key, because unlike THC, THCA is what's known as an inactive cannabinoid. THCA, which stands for "THC acid," is basically just the same THC we know and love with a few extra atoms attached. Those extra acid atoms means THCA will not provide the psychoactive properties that consumers expect from ingesting THC — unless it is activated with heat. This process is known as decarboxylation.
As for the name "diamonds," it's pretty self-evident once one sees what crystalline THCA actually looks like. Rarely larger than a few millimeters across, these diamonds are 99 percent THCA, with the remaining 1 percent consisting of other terpenes and cannabinoids. Weed diamonds thus represent the purest form of the plant's most famous cannabinoid available today.
The key to unlocking the THC from THCA is to smoke or vaporize these crystals. However, it's important to remember that diamonds are essentially the Everclear of cannabis. The THCA potency of commercial flower is often around 25 percent, while concentrates regularly test anywhere between 70 and 90 percent. Diamonds, by contrast, are just a hair shy of 100 percent THC, which is why even experienced consumers often treat THCA crystals as a heady sesh supplement as opposed to an entree.
Consumption of diamonds often includes "capping" another, less potent concentrate such as wax or shatter by topping it off with some bits of THCA crystals. Remember: Diamonds have the potential to be four times stronger than hitting a joint.
In order to fully understand the appeal, and luxurious cost, of weed diamonds, it helps to understand how they're made.
How Do You Make Weed Diamonds?
Spoiler alert: Don't try this at home.
Unlike some of the other how-to guides at MERRY JANE, weed diamonds require some seriously heavy-duty machinery, as well as expertly handling some incredibly toxic and volatile solvents. In other words, you'll likely blow yourself up trying to make THCA diamonds before you'll ever get to bang them on a dab nail. Only certified pros should attempt this, and even then, only in a regulated lab with extensive safety measures in place.
Regardless, here's how weed "diamond mining" works:
Step I: Make hash oil using a live cold-extraction method. The goal is to ensure the THCA does not convert to THC as a result of the extraction process. THCA will crystallize under the right conditions; THC will not.
Step II: Put the oil through a winterization process, which is just mixing the oily extract with Everclear, freezing it, then filtering the product.
Step III: Soak the winterized hash oil in a methanol liquid before using a rotary evaporator (or rotovap) to remove the methanol.
Step IV: Wash the oil in a pentane solution to remove any remaining plant matter residue. Run the rotovap again.
Step V: Here's where the chromatography machine comes into play. It essentially puts pressure on the oil that compounds it into crystalline form.
Step VI: Allow the diamonds to dry for three to 12 days.
Viola! That's the secret to weed diamonds. Again, this a process best left to expert professionals. Good thing several brands currently offer THCA crystals for sale in US markets, so you don't have to risk your life or your neighbors' just to get lit. These dank diamonds may be pricey, but who can put a cost on (best) friendships?
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Are you tired of supporting the cruel practices involved in down production? Look no further! In this article, we will explore the world of cruelty-free down alternatives that not only protect ducks and geese but also provide you with quality products.
Imagine cozy jackets and pillows that are not only warm and comfortable but also ethically made. With options like Thinsulate® and Pangaia's innovative vegan down-style jackets, you can enjoy the benefits of down without harming animals.
It's time to make a compassionate choice and support the wellbeing of our feathered friends.
- Down is often plucked from living birds, but the US and EU have banned live-plucking.
- China produces 80% of the world's down and lacks laws protecting farmed animals.
- Thinsulate® is a durable and waterproof synthetic alternative to down, offering a kinder option.
- Pangaia's vegan down-style jackets provide an upscale alternative to down, using processed wildflowers.
What is Down?
Down is a type of insulation that is often plucked from living birds, but luckily, the US and EU have banned live-plucking to protect ducks and geese. This cruel practice is still prevalent in China, where 80% of the world's down is produced.
However, there are cruelty-free alternatives available, such as Thinsulate®. Thinsulate® is a durable and waterproof synthetic alternative to down, made by materials science company 3M. It offers a kinder alternative to feathers and is used by various clothing companies.
Another innovative alternative is Pangaia, which makes jackets stuffed with processed wildflowers. These jackets not only provide an upscale vegan alternative to down but also offer warmth and comfort. Pangaia also offers fluffy pillows made from recycled plastic bottles.
By choosing these alternatives, you can enjoy the benefits of down without supporting animal cruelty.
Animal Cruelty and Down
When considering the treatment of animals, it's important to be aware of the practices involved in the production of down. Down, which is often plucked from living birds, has been the subject of animal cruelty concerns. While the US and EU have banned live-plucking, China, which produces 80% of the world's down, lacks laws protecting farmed animals.
Disturbing footage released by PETA has exposed live-plucking practices in China. This is why it's crucial to explore vegan down alternatives. Pangaia's vegan jackets, for example, offer an upscale and guilt-free alternative to traditional down. These jackets are stuffed with processed wildflowers, providing warmth and style without harming animals.
By choosing vegan options like Pangaia's jackets, we can protect ducks and geese while still enjoying the comfort and fashion we desire.
Waterproof Qualities and Care
To maintain the waterproof qualities of your garments and bedding, you should avoid exposing them to water as it can ruin the material. Instead, opt for synthetic down alternatives, which offer numerous benefits.
Durability: Synthetic down is more resilient and long-lasting than traditional down, making it a smart investment for your wardrobe and home.
Eco-friendly: By choosing synthetic down, you are supporting sustainable practices as it does not harm animals or contribute to the demand for live-plucked feathers.
Easy care: Unlike down, synthetics are not affected by water and do not require expensive dry-cleaning. Simply toss them in the washing machine and enjoy their long-lasting softness and warmth.
By embracing synthetic down alternatives, you can protect ducks and geese from cruelty while still enjoying the warmth and comfort that down provides. Plus, you'll have the peace of mind knowing that your choices align with your desire to serve others and the planet.
Frequently Asked Questions
Are there any alternatives to down that are as warm and fluffy?
Yes, there are sustainable insulation options that are as warm and fluffy as down. These ethical fashion choices, such as Thinsulate®, offer a kinder alternative while still providing the same level of comfort and warmth.
What are some other animal-derived materials commonly used in clothing and bedding?
Animal-derived materials commonly used in clothing and bedding include leather, wool, fur, silk, and suede. When determining if a product is vegan, check for these ingredients. While synthetic alternatives have downsides, supporting animal welfare through your purchases is worth it.
How can I determine if a product is truly vegan and does not contain any animal ingredients?
To determine if a product is truly vegan and doesn't contain any animal ingredients, check the product labels for any animal-derived ingredients. Making animal-friendly fashion choices supports animal welfare and aligns with your commitment to a vegan lifestyle.
Are there any downsides or disadvantages to using synthetic alternatives to down?
While synthetic alternatives to down have their advantages, such as being cruelty-free and waterproof, it's important to consider the potential disadvantages. One downside is the impact on the environment, as synthetic materials are often derived from fossil fuels and can contribute to pollution.
How can I support animal welfare by avoiding animal ingredients in my purchases?
To support animal welfare, choose animal-friendly fashion by opting for vegan materials like synthetic alternatives to down, avoiding leather, wool, fur, silk, and suede. Look for beauty products labeled cruelty-free and free of animal ingredients.


Four-thousand footers
In mountaineering, the four-thousand footers (or "4ks") refers to a group of mountains in New England of interest in the sport of "peak-bagging". Each peak is at least four thousand feet above sea level, and also meets a more technical criterion of topographic prominence.
Most often, the term "four-thousand footers" refers to the White Mountains Four-Thousand-Footers List established (and revised from time to time) by the Appalachian Mountain Club. This list of peaks may be referred to as the "Four-thousand footers of New Hampshire," or "The Four-thousand Footers of the White Mountains". The AMC calls it the White Mountains list, but most hikers call it the New Hampshire list because it does not include Old Speck (4,170 ft), located in Maine (and outside the White Mountain National Forest) but within the White Mountains.
The AMC also maintains a list of New England 4000-Footers, including peaks in Vermont and Maine (none in Massachusetts, Connecticut, or Rhode Island are tall enough to qualify). Other lists of 4000-footers, not maintained by the AMC, include the original set of four-thousand foot mountains for peak-bagging: the 46 High Peaks in the Adirondacks. Those who have climbed them all are Adirondack Forty-Sixers or just "46ers".
The AMC has revised its 4000-footer lists, as surveying became more accurate or the selection criteria were adjusted, with the White Mountains list growing from 46 peaks in the 1950s to 48 (unchanged in number since 1982). The proper inclusion or exclusion of several peaks is still a matter of some dispute.
The 48 lie in the White Mountain National Forest and within two of the northernmost counties of New Hampshire, namely Coos and Grafton counties. All peaks except those of Mount Washington, Mount Moosilauke and Cannon Mountain are on land owned by the Forest Service, and even these three are completely surrounded by it.
Prominence criterion
A "prominence" criterion is intended to exclude peaks which are considered local peaks of some larger mountain, rather than "independent" peaks. Prominence is the vertical separation between a peak and the low point of the highest ridge connecting it to a higher peak. In other words, prominence is the minimum distance a hiker MUST descend before climbing to reach a higher peak.
For the AMC's 4000-Footer lists, the minimum prominence for inclusion on the list is 200 feet. Earlier versions of the list required either 300 feet of prominence or a quarter-mile of separation.
Four Thousand Footer club
A committee of the Appalachian Mountain Club (AMC) served as a focus for settling on the criteria and collecting the information that verifies the peaks as meeting them; it also maintains a list of the Four Thousand Footer Club's "members": those who request recognition for having climbed all of the 48, in each case travelling by foot, at least between leaving a point on a caror truck-accessible road and returning to that or another such point. The first of these recognitions was listed in 1958.
Some climbers undertake (usually after having completed the 48) to climb them within more stringent conditions. The club maintains a second list of those who climb each peak in winter (defined as beginning and ending the hike between the time and date of the winter solstice and the spring equinox.
Other variations on climbing the 48, not officially recorded, include:
 - reaching the summits in a specific order (e.g., alphabetically or by elevation),
 - reaching each summit on a moonlit night,
 - reaching each summit from all four cardinal compass points,
 - reaching each summit in the same winter,
 - reaching each summit twelve times, once in each of the twelve months (but not necessarily twelve consecutive months) (As of 2007, seven climbers claim this)
 - meeting various combinations of the above restrictions in the same climbs.
The New Hampshire list
The following is the current list of Four Thousand Footers of the White Mountains, along with their respective elevations (in feet), in descending order. Note that some of these names do not appear on maps, and some alternative names are indicated below.
 1. Washington: 6288 ft
 2. Adams: 5774 ft
 3. Jefferson: 5712 ft
 4. Monroe: 5384 ft
 5. Madison: 5367 ft
 6. Lafayette: 5260 ft
 7. Lincoln: 5089 ft
 8. South Twin: 4902 ft
 9. Carter Dome: 4832 ft
 10. Moosilauke: 4802 ft
 11. Eisenhower: 4780 ft
 12. North Twin: 4761 ft
 13. Carrigain: 4700 ft
 14. Bond: 4698 ft
 15. Middle Carter: 4610 ft
 16. West Bond: 4540 ft
 17. Garfield: 4500 ft
 18. Liberty: 4459 ft
 19. South Carter: 4430 ft
 20. Wildcat: 4422 ft
 21. Hancock: 4420 ft
 22. South Kinsman: 4358 ft ("South Peak")
 23. Field: 4340 ft
 24. Osceola: 4340 ft
 25. Flume: 4328 ft
 26. South Hancock: 4319 ft
 27. Pierce: 4310 ft
 28. North Kinsman: 4293 ft ("North Peak")
 29. Willey: 4285 ft
 30. Bondcliff: 4265 ft ("The Cliffs")
 31. Zealand: 4260 ft ("Zealand Ridge")
 32. North Tripyramid: 4180 ft ("North Peak")
 33. Cabot: 4170 ft
 34. East Osceola: 4156 ft ("East Peak")
 35. Middle Tripyramid: 4140 ft
 36. Cannon: 4100 ft
 37. Wildcat D: 4070 ft ("Wildcat Ridge")
 38. Hale: 4054 ft
 39. Jackson: 4052 ft
 40. Tom: 4051 ft
 41. Moriah: 4049 ft
 42. Passaconaway: 4043 ft
 43. Owl's Head: 4025 ft
 44. Galehead: 4024 ft
 45. Whiteface: 4020 ft
 46. Waumbek: 4006 ft
 47. Isolation: 4004 ft
 48. Tecumseh: 4003 ft
The New England list
This list consists of the New Hampshire list, plus the following:
4000-Footers in Maine:
4000-Footers in Vermont:
See also
 - Smith, Steven; Dickerman, Mike (2001). The 4,000 Footers of the White Mountains. Littleton: Bondcliff Books. ISBN 1-931271-01-1.
 - Gene Daniell and Steven D. Smith (editors) (2003). AMC White Mountain Guide, 27th edition. Appalachian Mountain Club Books. ISBN 1-929173-22-9.
External links
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People go meat-free for a variety of reasons, ranging from environmental causes to health concerns. Another reason might be a genetically determined tendency to dislike the smell of meat, according to a recent study.
Researchers from Duke University Medical Center and colleagues in Norway found that about 70% of people have two functional copies of a gene linked to an odor receptor called OR7D4, which detects androstenone, a compound similar to testosterone that is found in male mammals, commonly in pork.
People with one or no functional copies of the gene can tolerate the scent of androstenone much better than people with two copies can. Reactions to androstenone vary broadly from person to person, the study found, with some comparing it to urine or sweat, while others saying it smelled sweet like vanilla. Some people have no reaction to it at all, and others who are highly sensitive think it's repulsive.
Lead study author Dr. Hiroaki Matsunami, an associate professor of molecular genetics and microbiology at Duke, had identified the gene for the OR7D4 odor receptor in his previous research. Then, scientists in Norway contacted him to take a closer look at how certain genotypes might influence people's perception of the smell of pork.
The Norwegians' interest in the study was piqued because the European Union was considering a ban on castration of male pigs due to animal welfare concerns. Castration drastically reduces the amount of androstenone in pork, so the researchers were concerned about whether consumers would still find meat palatable if the ban were approved.
The researchers looked at a total of 23 participants. Thirteen were consumers and 10 were professional sensory assessors — people with sensitive noses who can successfully differentiate certain smells. Both groups smelled and tasted pork with varying levels of androstenone and were asked whether or not they liked it. Based on their reactions, the subjects were divided into sensitive and insensitive groups.
The study showed that all of the androstenone-sensitive participants had two functional copies of the OR7D4 gene, while those who were better able to tolerate the smell of pork had only one or no copies. "The data raise the possibility that more consumers will dislike male meat as a result of a castration ban," the authors wrote in the study.
"It was surprising how this one gene could have such a clear influence on the preference of the food," says Matsunami. "Taste is a complex mixture of taste, smell, texture and temperature. They combine to create a taste image in the brain. The olfactory component that plays the greatest role in whether you like the pork or not is determined by this gene."
Matsunami says the findings are likely the first of many that will be discovered in the future. Perhaps studies can reveal how odor receptor genes function in populations such as vegetarians or those in the Middle East or near the Arctic, who do not eat pork or other similar meats. Further research could also be useful to product developers, who would probably like to know which receptors correspond to which flavors.
"We do not know all of the genetic components involved in preference, but we may find this in other kinds of food — even vegetables and fruit — and we can address the question, What is the genetic influence behind food preference?" says Matsunami.
The study was published online in the journal PLoS ONE.


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How Many Moves Do Chess Players Think Ahead?
Most people know that chess depends upon players being able to think ahead and predict their opponent's moves to win, but how many moves can chess players actually think ahead? As with any sport, chess players of greater skill have been shown to possess the ability to think many moves ahead, sometimes up to a dozen or more. However, in most cases, even chess grandmasters tend to think ahead in smaller intervals to keep the game from getting too complex. Here, we will look at how many moves the average chess player thinks ahead and how higher-ranking players think.
How Many Moves Do Average Chess Players Think Ahead?
The standard for what makes a novice chess player is usually determined by the Elo Rating System. This numerical scale ranks chess players based on skill, running from 1000 for beginners to over 2500 for grandmasters. A novice chess player usually falls within the five lower classes of the Elo System, Classes A to E, which starts with Class E (_PHONE_) at the low end and ends with Class A (_PHONE_) at the high end.
Novice to average chess players are often known for their ability to see anywhere from one to three moves ahead in a chess game. True beginners at the game often do not yet have the skills to see ahead at all, but once players begin to pick up skills like understanding the structure of the board, the movements of the pieces, and how to perform captures, they will begin to see how their opponent strategizes, and begin to predict moves and develop plans.
Most average chess players retain the ability to see one to three moves ahead in a game, even if they have played chess for many years. This is mostly because thinking ahead requires a lot of meticulous skill. Many average chess players, including most normal people, do not have the unique vision of the few natural chess masters in the world.
How Many Moves Do Master Chess Players Think Ahead?
In contrast to average chess players, master chess players, such as Candidate Masters, International Masters, and Grandmasters, can see many moves ahead in chess. Some grandmasters are reputed to be able to see anywhere from 15 to 20 moves ahead in a given game. Some chess legends suggest that grandmasters can see even further ahead, sometimes 25 to 30 moves, but this is often considered a myth, and even though many grandmasters can see more than a dozen moves ahead, most do not choose to do so very often.
The most common method of seeing ahead for grandmasters and other skilled chess players is to analyze various potential strategies an opponent may employ. Rather than looking at one strategy and following it for 15 or more moves, most grandmasters will think deeply about three or four potential plans an opponent may try to enact, predicting the next few moves for each strategy. The master will then predict which of those strategies their opponent is most likely to choose and make their move based on countering that strategy. In general, this is a more effective means of winning because it does not merely focus on one potential outcome but on many.
How Do You Learn to Think Ahead in Chess?
When looking at a chessboard or when seeing two skilled chess players face off against each other, many average players may feel discouraged, thinking that they could not possibly learn how to think ahead like a chess master. While it is very difficult to cultivate this skill, it is certainly not impossible. Learning how to think ahead in chess rests upon understanding how thinking ahead actually works, and then practicing it extensively.
In basic terms, thinking ahead in chess simply involves a player looking at the entirety of the chessboard, visualizing themselves making a certain move, and then calculating how their opponent would best respond to it. The key aspect of thinking ahead in chess is being aware of where all of your opponent's pieces are and knowing how they can move. For instance, one might see on a chessboard that an opponent's knight is available for capture by their queen, but then also notice that the opponent's queen is in a position to attack the square where the knight currently is. In such a case, the player would be thinking ahead by not capturing the opponent's knight, as they know that this will cause them to put their queen, a much more valuable piece, in danger.
There are many good ways to begin practicing thinking ahead in chess. One such method is correspondence chess, where two players engage in a match by mail, sending their moves back and forth to each other, which gives each player a lot of time to think and strategize. Another method is to memorize the squares on the board with memorization exercises, which will help aid in visualization. A final method is to take online or in-person chess lessons, practice chess puzzles on the Internet, and simply play as many games of chess as possible.
Looking ahead for possible moves is one of the fundamental aspects of a game of chess. Players who can master this ability and improve it to the point of seeing many moves ahead can often see great improvements in their quality of play, and the fostering of these mental skills is also beneficial to one's mental strength in other areas of life.


Version 2 (modified by ross@…, 8 years ago) (diff)
Scoped Type Variables
Brief Explanation
Type annotations, which Haskell 98 allows in expressions, are also allowed in patterns and (currently in GHC only) in result type signatures, attached to the left side of a function definition. New type variables in these annotations scope over the function body, permitting locally defined variables to be given signatures in situations where it would be impossible in Haskell 98, e.g.
sortImage (f::a->b) = sortBy cmp
 where cmp :: a -> a -> Ordering
 cmp x y = compare (f x) (f y)
Note that although GHC and Hugs use the same syntax, the meaning of type variables is quite different, and there are other differences too.


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Monoprinting with Angela Matera
Monoprinting is a form of printmaking that has images or lines that can only be made once, unlike most printmaking, where there are multiple originals.
There are many techniques of monoprinting.
Monoprints are known as the most painterly method among the printmaking techniques; it is essentially a printed painting. The characteristic of this method is that no two prints are alike. The beauty of this medium is also in its spontaneity and its combination of printmaking, painting and drawing media.


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I had thought the term was hind teeth as well, but eye teeth it is. Wikipedia says:
In mammalian oral anatomy, the canine teeth, also called cuspids, dogteeth, fangs, or (in the case of those of the upper jaw) eye teeth, are relatively long, pointed teeth.
In humans, the upper canine teeth (popularly called eye teeth, from their position under the eyes) are larger and longer than the lower, and usually present a distinct basal ridge.
The term eye teeth goes back to at least the 17th century. The earliest I found is in the fascinating 1657 Nature's Cabinet Unlock'd by Thomas Browne:
And the 1660 Lexicon Tetraglotton, an English-French-Italian-Spanish Dictionary by James Howell shows the translations all include eye:
Give [...] eye-teeth
The earliest "give/gave [...] eye-teeth" is illuminating. 1836's The Way-Mark: In Which Some of the Turns of the Broad Road are Pointed Out says:
Rather have [...] eye-teeth drawn [out]
A variant rather have their eye-teeth drawn [out] was said by a Mr. Denny on Wednesday, 17th December 1834 in Congress and recorded in two sources. Once in Congressional Globe says:
And again in Register of Debates in Congress:
As soon part with [...] eye-teeth
From The Town and Country Magazine, or Universal Repository of Knowledge, Instruction, and Entertainment of 1779:
And 1784's The European Magazine:
We can see the phrase has changed slightly from preferring to give your eye teeth than give/lose money; to the modern giving your eye teeth for something you really want.


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Image Gallery: Kalti Paarti - Painted Emu Eggs
Emu egg carving first became popular in the mid to late nineteenth century. Both Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal artists practised the art, with some silversmiths designing elaborate and ornate contraptions to hold the eggs. During the twentieth century Aboriginal people of south-east Australia and the Carnarvon region of Western Australia kept the practice alive. Carving continues today with dozens of artists depicting important animals, people, traditions and scenes from the past or present. Together, these egg-images provide us with a rich visual history - they commemorate, depict and tell stories of Australian traditions, adventure and environment. For Aboriginal Australians, they also reinforce connections to other animals, and especially the emu, as well as to land.


text: Julia Pastrana (1834 – 25 March 1860) was a woman born with hypertrichosis who took part in 19th-century exhibition tours in North America and Europe. Pastrana, an indigenous woman from Mexico, was born in 1834, somewhere in the Sierra of Sinaloa State. She was born with a genetic condition called hypertrichosis terminalis (or generalized hypertrichosis lanuginosa); that is, her face and body were covered with straight black hair. Her ears and nose were unusually large and her teeth were irregular. This latter condition was also caused by a rare disease undiagnosed in her lifetime, namely Gingival hyperplasia, which thickened her lips and gums. Charles Darwin described her as: "Julia Pastrana, a Spanish dancer, was a remarkably fine woman, but she had a thick masculine beard and a hairy forehead; she was photographed, and her stuffed skin was exhibited as a show; but what concerns us is, that she had in both the upper and lower jaw an irregular double set of teeth, one row being placed within the other, of which Dr. Purland took a cast. From the redundancy of the teeth her mouth projected, and her face had a gorilla-like appearance".


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One of the most difficult things for people with social anxiety disorder (SAD) to do is seek help. Making an appointment with a doctor, going for the appointment, and talking about symptoms are all situations likely to elicit the anxiety that you are trying to eliminate.
In the best case scenario, the doctor, psychiatrist, or therapist that diagnoses or treats you is empathetic and respectful. This is especially important when you have SAD. Feeling understood and listened to will make it easier for you to trust and be open.
What happens when your doctor is not empathetic or respectful?
Many problems emerge when someone with SAD visits a doctor with poor bedside manner.
- If your doctor is arrogant, you may feel inferior.
- If your doctor doesn't listen to you, you may feel as though you are not worth being listened to.
- If your doctor dismisses your symptoms, you may start to believe they are not really a problem.
The person who is treating your social anxiety should not make you feel uncomfortable. If this is happening to you, it is time to ask for a referral.
What do you think? Have you had bad experiences trying to get help for SAD? How did you handle bad experiences with doctors?
This post is part of a blog carnival about the impact of doctor's attitudes on patient care, hosted by the Guide to Patient Empowerment, Trisha Torrey.
Photo © Microsoft


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One of the most traumatic events in the early stages of the civil war in Sri Lanka, still raging after more than 25 years, was the burning of Jaffna Public Libraryâ€"a major landmark in Tamil cultural heritage housing more than 97,000 books and irreplaceable palm-leaf manuscripts.
This documentary attempts to document the war-scarred life of the Library and the socio-political violence connected with it. The Jaffna Public Library was the major repository of literary source materials of the Tamil people and Tamil language. It was a vibrant place of historic and symbolic importance to the local minority Sri Lankan Tamil people until 1981, when police and government-sponsored thugs set fire to it, destroying it completely. The film narrates the entire history of the library since its inception in 1933 by juxtaposing voiceovers and interviews with former employees.
The interviews of the people who had benefited from the library are heart-rending, including Mr Sabaratnam who had been the member of the library since 1948. Archival footage of an interview of Mr Rasa Viswanathan in 1981, then Mayor of Jaffna, recollects the entire incident including the involvement of armed constabulary in the devastation.
The film highlights the traumatic cultural impact of the Sri Lankan civil war on Tamil culture and aims to bring the memories of a unique cultural asset to life for newer generations.


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Ark of Taste
Wild Gulf Coast Shrimp
The wild gulf coast shrimp are wild-caught – or free-range – from the Gulf Coast of the US, where they naturally exist. They can be distinguished into white shrimp, brown and pink shrimp. These shrimp are all warm water species recognized for their sweet taste, firm texture, crunchy meat. Aside from their color, the different varieties of the Wild Gulf Coast shrimp are very similar. The white shrimp have grayish-white shells that turn pink when cooked; the brown shrimp have light brown or tan shells that turn coral when cooked and the pink shrimp have light pink shells with a pearl-like texture that turn a deeper shade of pink when cooked.
when new Ark of Taste items are added


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- Aims and Objectives
- Focus Topics for Discussion
- General Information
- Abstract Submission
- Online Registration
- Scientific Session Agenda
Aims and Objectives:
- Provide an opportunity to local health professionals and researchers to update on the latest developments in the field of medical and health sciences.
- Facilitate better cooperation and collaboration among healthcare providers and researchers.
- Provide a scientific platform to present research findings on health sciences for the local as well as international health professionals and researchers.
- Encourage research on the principles and practice of medical and health sciences.
- Encourage Bhutanese health professionals to gather at least once in a year for a scientific session to update and share professional experiences.
1. Primary Health Care services in the wake of covid
2.Maternal and Child health services
3.Innovative health service delivery
4.Sharing of experiences and management of covid and beyond
5.Leadership in times of pandemic
|Date||18 – 20 November 2020 (Wed-Fri)|
|Host||Khesar Gyalpo University of Medical Sciences of Bhutan|
|Language||English and Dzongkha|
||Mr. Tashi Norbu,
Phone No: +975-77109559
|Abstract||The Scientific Committee reviews the submitted abstracts. The outcome of the selection will be notified accordingly. Abstracts must be submitted online|
|Speakers||To be announced|
|Certificate of participation||A certificate of attendance will be issued to all.|
|REGISTERATION IS CLOSED


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The following expression returns -16. This expression returns a number that indicates the difference between the letters r and b when presented in alphabetical order. Since there are 16 letters between the letters b and r, when bob is compared to ray, the value is -16. Alternatively, if r were compared to b, the value returned would be 16.
 bob ray


Has the U.S. Been Too Strict With Kidney Donations?
— Organ discards twice as common than in France; did this cost American patients' lives?
From 2004 to 2014, the U.S. was twice as likely to discard potential donor kidneys than was France, with researchers suggesting the latter country had the better approach.
In a head-to-head comparison, the U.S. discard rate for deceased-donor kidneys during this period was 17.9% versus 9.1% in France, reported Alexandre Loupy, MD, PhD, of the Paris Translational Research Center for Organ Transplantation, and colleagues.
Utilizing a French-based allocation prediction model, the researchers determined that 62% of the discarded kidneys in the U.S. would have been transplanted in France. This translated to nearly 17,500 missed opportunities for kidney transplantation, they wrote in JAMA Internal Medicine.
"This finding indicates that the U.S. kidney transplantation system, which has driven innovations in donor utilization in the domains of kidneys obtained after cardiac death and from hepatitis C virus-infected donors, still has substantial potential for growth by accepting more organs from donors who are older and have comorbidities including diabetes and hypertension," the researchers stated.
This more liberal approach "could provide major survival benefits to the population of U.S. wait-listed patients," they added.
"In the U.S. alone, approximately 95,000 individuals are waiting for a kidney transplant. New, creative solutions to address this concern are needed," co-author Olivier Aubert, MD, PhD, told MedPage Today in 2018 when preliminary findings were presented at Kidney Week. "The French transplant system offers a useful contrast, because French transplant programs face less regulatory scrutiny than U.S. programs and do not use donor kidney biopsies in organ acceptance decisions."
Notably, however, U.S. procedures governing kidney donations were changed in 2012 and again in 2014, introducing use of the Kidney Donor Risk Index (KDRI) and making lower-quality kidneys available to more areas of the country. But the French researchers cited data that suggest no subsequent reduction in the discard rate had occurred by 2016.
The study looked at validated registries of kidneys recovered from donors dying from either circulatory or brain death for the intention of transplantation. Living donor transplants, kidneys offered to transplants centers that were not harvested, and recipients of multi-organ transplants were excluded from the analysis.
During 2004-2014, there were 78,517 deceased U.S. donors, resulting in 156,089 kidneys harvested for potential transplant. Only 128,102 kidneys were actually transplanted, whereas nearly 28,000 kidneys were discarded. During the same period in France, there were 15,500 deceased donors, resulting in nearly 30,000 kidneys recovered, of which 27,252 were eventually transplanted and 2,732 discarded.
Comparing donor kidneys transplanted in the two countries, U.S. donors were significantly younger (mean 37 vs 51 in France over the full study period; 39 vs 56 in 2014) and they were significantly less likely to have hypertension or die from cerebrovascular causes.
Trends in the KDRI -- in which lower numbers reflect higher organ quality -- indicated a steady increase over the 10-year period in France, suggesting a move towards more aggressive donor kidney use (1.37 in 2004 vs 1.74 in 2014). On the other hand, the U.S. didn't show significant change in the KDRI during this time, with values suggesting stricter standards for quality (1.30 in 2004 vs 1.32 in 2014).
In an accompanying commentary, Ryoichi Maenosono, MD, and Stefan Tullius, MD, PhD, both of Brigham and Women's Hospital in Boston, pointed out that population differences could account for the disparity in discard rates.
"The U.S. donor population has a different racial mix, with more African Americans, more donors after circulatory death, and more hepatitis C-positive donors," the commentators noted.
Notably, they pointed out that, due to the 2014 change in U.S. organ allocations, "younger recipients with a longer estimated post-transplant survival have a higher probability of receiving a younger organ, increasing the likelihood that older recipients would receive an older organ."
Maenosono and Tullius also suggested that "regulatory, financial, or medical assessments appear to be the driving force" of this high discard rate in the U.S., as some hospitals may be averse to more aggressive organ use, for fear it could hurt their publicized rankings.
"[W]e should focus more on the needs of the potential recipients and less on the donor kidneys," the pair concluded.
The study was supported in part by French national research agency ATIP Avenir, Fondation Bettencourt Schueller and the French organ allocation authority, the Agence de la Biomédecine, and in part by the Health Resources and Services Administration.
Aubert reported no disclosures. Other study authors did report disclosures.
Commentary authors Maenosono and Tullius reported grants from the National Institutes of Health.


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Residents of Georgia's two breakaway regions will soon be allowed to visit the United States with so-called "status-neutral" documents issued by the authorities in Tbilisi.
U.S. Secretary of State Hillary Clinton made the announcement
on June 5 during a visit to the Caucasus nation, describing the move as "a strong step toward reconciliation" between Georgia and its separatist provinces of Abkhazia and South Ossetia.
What do these "neutral" documents provide for and what does their recognition by Washington mean in concrete terms for residents of the two territories?
When and why did Georgia start delivering so-called "status-neutral" documents?
These documents were introduced by the Georgian government in July 2011 to facilitate travel for people living in Abkhazia and South Ossetia.
Although Tbilisi formally recognizes documents currently issued by the regions' self-styled authorities, crossing into Georgia proper with such documents can pose difficulties.
In terms of overseas travel, only countries that have recognized the two territories as independent -- Russia, Venezuela, Nicaragua, and a few Pacific island nations -- accept locally issued passports.
Many residents hold Russian passports, but they are usually denied visas to Western countries.
Georgian authorities say the new "neutral" documents will help ease travel restrictions for Abkhaz and South Ossetians.
The Neutral Identification Card allows for free travel within Georgia and gives holders access to some Georgian social services, while the Neutral Travel Document is intended for trips abroad.
Prior to the United States, only a handful of countries -- including Japan, the Czech Republic, Slovakia, Latvia, and Lithuania -- had recognized Georgia's "status-neutral" passport.
Why are Abkhazia, South Ossetia, and their patron, Russia, opposed to these documents?
Moscow has granted Russian citizenship to many Abkhaz and South Ossetians and views Georgia's "neutral" passports as an attempt to challenge its influence in the regions.
The Russian Foreign Ministry has described the documents as a misleading "scam." It says the documents, while not specifying that their holders are Georgian citizens, are "not quite neutral" since they indicate Georgia's country code and state the documents are issued by the Georgian government.
Abkhaz leader Aleksandr Ankvab has even ordered all international organizations that encourage residents to get the Georgia-issued documents to be expelled from the territory.
Authorities in both Abkhazia and South Ossetia say they will continue to promote the recognition of locally issued passports as valid travel documents, including at an upcoming meeting in Geneva devoted to security in the Caucasus.
How do residents of Abkhazia and South Ossetia apply for the "status-neutral" documents? Do they need to travel to Tbilisi?
Applicants are asked to file an electronic application form available on a Georgian government website.
A compulsory online web-camera consultation with officials in Tbilisi ensues after which, if the application is successful, the "status-neutral" documents are issued within 10 working days.
Documents are then either picked up in person in Tbilisi or forwarded to the applicants via international organizations operating in Georgia.
If Washington holds its promise, holders of "neutral" documents will soon be free to apply for visas at the U.S. consulate in Tbilisi.
* This article has been amended since it was originally posted
RFE/RL's Georgian Service contributed to this report


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Can Chickens Fly
Many people want to know if chickens can fly, and what to do with backyard chickens in regards to flight. So, can chickens fly? In short, yes they can. However, they cannot fly very far or very high, and are not known for their flying abilities. We will cover a few common questions about chicken flight, including how high they can go, how far, and what to do with a flighty bird.
The chicken flight records show that chickens don't have a great ability to fly. The longest recorded flight of a chicken was 13 seconds, and the farthest distance recorded was over 301 feet. Although these are impressive by chicken standards, consider that birds like eagles can fly over 125 miles without landing.
Different breeds and birds have different abilities. One breed that is known for being able to fly well is the Wyandotte. These birds start flying at a young age and are known to be more flighty birds, although they don't fly well. On the other hand, frizzle chickens often cannot even jump up onto a perch due to their funny feathering!
Let's look at why chickens fly. There are many reasons your poultry may take to the air, but a few are most common. First, chickens will often fly when being chased or when they feel like they are in danger. Flight is a great survival mechanism, helping your flock get away from a predator or threat.
Chickens also fly out of curiosity and perseverance. If they see literal or proverbial greener grass, they may go to investigate. Chickens are extremely determined birds, and will do what they can to see what is going on on the other side of a fence. If there are good pickins on the other side of the fence, your birds may want to see what they can find.
Finally, chickens may fly to find a place to roost. Some breeds may be more prone to this than others. Ameraucanas, for example, love to perch up in trees. They may do this at dusk, or during the day to take a nap. They may jump from branch to branch and get pretty high up there! We've seen our ladies up ten feet or more in the tree.
How Far Can Chickens Fly?
So, can chickens fly long distances? They cannot. When they do fly, it tends to be just a few feet at a time. Many lighter breeds are able to fly a few meters at a time, but this is rare. During a scuffle with another chicken or a predator, you may see your flock taking a low and quick flight a few meters away. In more dramatic cases when a chicken is really trying to escape something, they often will travel over fifty feet in the air.
How High Can Chickens Fly?
This is another common question we hear quite a bit. People ask can chickens fly over fences, walls, or onto roofs. Like many other questions related to chicken flight, it really depends on the breed. Heavier chickens may top out at four feet, while lighter chickens often can reach up to seven feet. Chickens will jump up into trees, onto fences, or onto roofs often in steps. If there is something near a fence for a chicken to jump up to first, they may be able to get over. However, they can be trained to not clear fences or the roof.
According to Live Science, the most simple explanations are that chickens have too small of wings, and they are too large and heavy to fly. However, they were not always that way as we point out in our post 19 Interesting Facts about Chickens. Through selective breeding, we have domesticated chickens today that are larger and less flight-prone than their ancestors, the jungle fowl.
Clipping Your Chicken's Wings
Clipping a chicken's wings is considered harsh by some, while many choose to do it. It does not harm your chicken, but will dramatically impact their ability to fly. By clipping just the flight wings, the birds are prevented from gaining lift. They can still fly and escape danger, but it is much more difficult for them to get good air. Do your research to see if this is right for you. If you're interested in clipping your chickens' wings, make sure you do it right. You can find a good guide to clipping chicken wings from Permaculture.
For more information on chickens, check out our Chicken Keeping Resource Guide with FAQ's, book recommendations, information about different breeds, and all you need to know about coops


Can you say all the Chinese words for the meals that we eat in one day? Most people usually eat about three main meals every day, but South China often have other meals that are very popular in China, here are six words for main and other meals that we often use:
早餐(zǎocān ) breakfast
The first meal of the day. About 6am-8am.
早茶( zǎochá) early morning tea
A meal eaten around 9am. A snack (for example, biscuits, bread and black tea). (Informal)
午餐(wǔ cān)lunch
A meal in the middle of the day. About noon or 1pm.
下午茶(xià wǔ chá ) afternoon tea
A light afternoon meal of sandwiches, cakes etc, with a drink of tea or coffee. About 2pm-4pm. It is also sometimes called afternoon tea.
晚餐(wǎn cān) dinner
The main meal of the day, eaten in the evening. Usually when people say "dinner", they mean an evening meal, about 7pm-9pm.
夜宵( yè xiāo) midnight snack.
An extra meal in the midnight.About 9pm-11pm.


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Picos de Europa National Park
The first National Park in Spain
The Picos de Europa National Park was the first one to be awarded that designation in Spain. Its history goes back to 1918, when don Pedro Pidal, Marquis of Villaviciosa, promoted the law to create the Montaña de Covadonga National Park, which was named Picos de Europa National Park on 30 May 1995. This natural area was awarded the UNESCO Biosphere Reserve designation in 2002.
The Picos de Europa Mountains are made up of three important massifs: eastern or Andara massif, central or Urrieles massif, and western or Cornión massif. Its climate is humid and rainy, because it is affected by the sea (which is only 20 kilometres away). It snows in winter but it is not strange to find year-round snowfields. Because of the park's special climatology, there are often fog banks, much feared by mountain climbers. Regarding its orography, it stands out because of its strong relief, where high peaks are followed by deep ravines and canyons. In more than 200 spots the mountains are over 2,000 metres above sea level and there are slopes that are more than 2,300 metres high. The central massif is the most abrupt of the three, with the highest peaks: Torrecerredo (2,646 metres), the highest peak in the range, Naranjo de Bulnes (2,519 metres) and Pico Tesorero (2,570 metres). The eastern massif is the longest one, where high summits, such as Peña Santa de Castilla (2,596 metres) alternate with meadows, hill forests, beech forests, oak groves and heathland. In this massif you'll find the famous Covadonga Lakes. The eastern massif is shorter and lower, and the sharp crags contrast with the green pastureland. There are four rivers flowing through the park, along deep ravines: Deva River in La Hermida gorge; Sella River in Los Beyos gorge; Cares River in the "Garganta Divina" ravine; and Duje River in La India gorges. There are many viewpoints from where we can contemplate its beauty. A good option is to use the Fuentedé cable car which will take you higher than 1,800 metres above sea level.
Type of area
Parque Nacional, Reserva Biosfera
Area: 64.660 Hectares
Location: It is situated between the regions of Asturias, Cantabria and León, in the heart of the Cantabrian Mountains, in northern Spain.
Information for visits: You can reach the park in your private vehicle all year round except at the busiest times of year (summer, Easter week and national bank holiday weekends). You can check the Visitor Centres on this page.
More access information.
Environmental information: In the Picos de Europa National Park you'll find the best Atlantic forests in Spain. There are many oaks, beech, hazel, maple, chestnut, walnut trees… Many animal species live in the valley: wild boar, roe deer, wolves and some bears, many small birds (robins, coal tits and black woodpeckers), and even the emblematic capercaillie. The terrain is especially rugged and it is crossed by four rivers that cut through deep ravines, forming spectacular canyons in the mountain. You will also be able to enjoy the two most famous alpine lakes in Spain: El Enol and La Ercina, also called the Covadonga Lakes.
There are conservation plans for the capercaillie and recovery plans for the bearded vulture in the Picos de Europa National Park.
Cultural information: The Picos de Europa Mountains cover the municipalities of three provinces: Asturias, Cantabria and León. Excellent cultural tourism is available in these places. For example, in the region of Liébana (in the province of Cantabria but adjoining Asturias and León) you can visit the churches of Santa María de Lebeña and Santa María de Piasca, and the Monastery of Santo Toribio de Liébana. In Asturias you'll have the chance to visit the Shrine of Covadonga, in Cangas de Onís. Make the most of your visit and taste the Picos de Europa cheeses, which are traditional in the area and have a strong flavour. They are fermented in caves, and one of them is the famous Cabrales.
Authorisations: You will find more information about the permits you need at the following links:
Access to the Lakes and Covadonga
Recorridos por el Parque
Tel.: +34 985848614
Fax.: +34 985848699
Amieva, Cangas de Onís
León (Castilla y León)
Oseja de Sajambre, Posada de Valdeón
In Picos de Europa National Park you can...
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Website managed by: Sociedad Estatal para la Gestión de la Innovación y las Tecnologías Turísticas, S.A. (SEGITTUR)


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What is the difference between Volatile and Non-Volatile substances?
The differences between Volatile and Non-Volatile substances are as follows:-
|Volatile Substances||Non-Volatile Substances|
|1. A volatile substance is one that readily evaporates or sublimates at room temperature or below.||1. A non-volatile substance refers to a substance that does not readily evaporates into gas under existing conditions.|
|2. Have a higher vapour pressure.||2. Have a low vapour pressure.|
|3. Have a low boiling point.||3. Have a high boiling point.|
|4. Have weaker intermolecular attractions.||4. Have strong intermolecular attractions.|
|5. When volatile liquids are heated or stored in an open container, the volume of it decreases.|
5. When volatile liquids are heated or stored in an open container, the volume of it does not easily decrease.
|6. It is usually highly flammable.||6. It is usually non-flammable.|
|7. It can be easily detected by smell.||7. It can't be easily detected by smell.|
|8. ExamplesAlcohol, Mercury, and Gasoline.||8. ExamplesSugar, Oil and salt.|
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- Volatile Storage vs Non-Volatile Storage
- What is the difference between transient and volatile in Java?
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- What is volatile keyword in C++?
- Can we make Array volatile using volatile keyword in Java?
- volatile keyword in C#
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- How to Use Volatile Variables in Arduino?


Child Dependency
General Statute 7B-101 (9) defines a dependent child as and juvenile needing assistance or placement because the child has no parent, guardian, or custodian responsible for his or her care or supervision, or the child's parent, guardian, or custodian is not able to provide for the child's care or supervision due to physical or mental incapacity and the absence of an appropriate alternative child-care arrangement.


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Staff-by rule
Create a staff-by rule if you need to define who's available to take call or cover a shift beyond OnCall's standard filters, work preferences and day-after rules.
Create a Staff-by rule
(see video guide)
 1. In OnCall's menu bar go to Window / Rule Writer.
 2. The Rule Writer toolbox has three dropdowns. In the top dropdown, select Staff-by rule.
 3. In the middle dropdown, rename the rule to a more meaningful name that defines the rule. Click on the current name and type over with the new name. When finished, click ENTER. Naming rules is particularly helpful when you have more than one rule for your schedule.
 4. In the bottom dropdown, select a condition and then choose entries to include or exclude from the rule. If your rule has layers of conditions, separate or define them using the icons above. The most commonly used icons are the + to add another set of conditions or - to exclude a condition.
 5. When finished building the rule, click the Apply to icon, => to apply the rule to one or more call services or shifts. If you successfully applied the rule to the correct service or shift, the service's Infobox window displays a box that begins with "Staff rule" followed by the rule name.
 6. Examples:
 For RESIDENT type schedules, below are two common staff-by rules:
 1. A call service is staffed by a combination of block rotations.
 In this example, the Consult Resident service is staffed by PGY2 and PGY3 residents that are on the Amb Care, Card, and Consult block rotations.
 2. A re-purposed call service is providing an inaccurate Team summary list.
 In this example, the Ward call service row was renamed to Night Float Resident. The Team summary list is still providing names of residents on Wards block rotation. It is supposed to be staffed by PGY2 and PGY3 residents that are on the NF block rotation.
 For ATTENDING type schedules, below are three common staff-by rules:
 1. The Call service is only staffed by an MD if nobody is on Back-up Call that day.
 2. A staff type cannot work another service if already scheduled that day.
 In this example, Back-up Call is staffed by MDs and NPs. But if an NP is working Call that day, an MD must work Back-up.
 3. Two different staff types can work the service on different days of the week.
 In this example, Pembroke Call is staffed by MDs Monday - Friday and NPs Saturday, Sunday and Holidays.
 Edit a Staff-by rule
 1. Click on the service or shift name on the left-hand side of schedule.
 2. In the Infobox window, click the box beginning with "Staff rule" followed by the rule name.
 3. The Rule Writer toolbox opens to the rule. Click on the rule's condition icons on the top-right side of the window to edit the entries. Click on the Apply to => icon to edit which call services or shifts follow the rule.
 A Staff-by rule can handle the most advanced staffing rules. If further assistance is needed, please email Amion support or call _PHONE_ ext. 2.
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Recursion is a programming paradigm as well as a problem solving strategy thought to be very challenging to grasp for university students. This article outlines a pilot study, which expands the age range of students exposed to the concept of recursion in computer science through instruction in a series of interesting and engaging activities. In this study, a small number of students (n = 9) aged 11 to 13 years, were presented with a new and unique recursion curriculum involving hands-on experiences over a seven-week period at the University of Victoria, Canada. The curriculum was comprised of a series of progressively challenging recursion activities—roughly based upon the ideas of 'Computer Science Unplugged' (Bell, Witten, & Fellows, 2009)—and included programming applications with MicroWorlds EX, a programming language based on LOGO. Through this engagement, an increased number of students recognized and understood the concepts covered. We hypothesize that through experiences for youth with activities such as those outlined here, the number of students who understand fundamental computer science applications and who might potentially pursue computer science in post-secondary education will increase. We hypothesis further that through an earlier encounter of "challenging" concepts the learning and understanding of those will become easier at the university level. In this paper, the curriculum, classroom experiences, preliminary, largely descriptive and qualitative results and next steps in the research are discussed.
Gunion, Katherine; Milford, Todd; and Stege, Ulrike
"The Paradigm Recursion: Is It More Accessible When Introduced in Middle School?,"
The Journal of Problem Solving:
2, Article 8.


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Science Fair Project Encyclopedia
Mist is a phenomenon of a liquid in small droplets floating through air. It can occur naturally as part of natural weather or volcanic activity, and is common in cold air above hot water, in exhaled air in the cold, and in a steam room of a sauna. It can also be created artificially with aerosol canisters. Fog is a definition closely related to mist, in that their definitions overlap. At performances and parties a fog machine can be used for visual effects, possibly combined with special lighting.
Not to be confused with the Myst computer game series.
The contents of this article is licensed from _URL_ under the GNU Free Documentation License. Click here to see the transparent copy and copyright details


1) Compound Xdissolves in water and needs to be extracted with an organicsolvent. Its solubility in toluene is 0.65 g/mL, in ethanol is 20g/mL and in methylene chloride is 12.5 g/mL. Ethanol forms ahomogeneous layer when mixed with water. Toluene and methylenechloride do not.
b) After the methylene chloride and water layers are mixed andseparated, is it the upper or lower layer that would be the organiclayer?
Get this answer with Chegg Study


Dynamometer: Introduction and Types
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A dynamometer is a device used for measuring the torque and brake power required to operate a driven machine.
Dynamometers can be broadly classified into two types. They are:
 1. Power Absorption Dynamometers: Power Absorption dynamometers measure and absorb the power output of the engine to which they are coupled. The power absorbed is usually dissipated as heat by some means.
 Examples of power absorption dynamometers are Prony brake dynamometer, Rope brake dynamometer, Eddy current dynamometer, Hydraulic dynamometer, etc.
 2. Power Transmission Dynamometers: In power transmission dynamometers the power is transmitted to the load coupled to the engine after it is indicated on some scale. These are also called torque meters.
Some of the different types of dynamometers are discussed below in brief.
Prony Brake Dynamometer:
Pony Brake is one of the simplest dynamometers for measuring power output (brake power). It is to attempt to stop the engine using a brake on the flywheel and measure the weight which an arm attached to the brake will support, as it tries to rotate with the flywheel.
Prony Brake
Figure 1: Prony Brake
The Prony brake shown in the above consists of a wooden block, frame, rope, brake shoes and flywheel. It works on the principle of converting power into heat by dry friction. Spring-loaded bolts are provided to increase the friction by tightening the wooden block.
The whole of the power absorbed is converted into heat and hence this type of dynamometer must the cooled.
The brake power is given by the formula
Brake Power (bp) = 2π NT
Where T = Weight applied (W) × distance (l)
Rope Brake Dynamometer:
The rope brake as shown in below figure is another device for measuring brake power of an engine. It consists of some turns of rope wound around the rotating drum attached to the output shaft. One side of the rope is connected to a spring balance and the other side to a loading device. The power is absorbed in friction between the rope and the drum. Therefore drum in rope brake requires cooling.
Rope brake
Figure 2: Rope Brake
Rope brake dynamometers are cheap and can be constructed quickly but brake power can't be measured accurately because of change in the friction coefficient of the rope with a change in temperature.
The brake power is given by the formula
Brake Power (bp) = π DN (W − S)
where D is the brake drum diameter,
W is the weight of the load and
S is the spring balance reading.
Eddy Current Dynamometer:
The working principle of eddy current dynamometer is shown in the figure below. It consists of a stator on which are fitted some electromagnets and a rotor disc made of copper or steel and coupled to the output shaft of the engine. When the rotor rotates, eddy currents are produced in the stator due to magnetic flux set up by the passage of field current in the electromagnets. These eddy currents are dissipated in producing heat so that this type of dynamometer requires some cooling arrangement. The torque is measured exactly as in other types of absorption dynamometers, i.e., with the help of a moment arm. The load in internal combustion engine testing is controlled by regulating the current in the electromagnets.
Eddy current Dynamometer
Figure 3: Eddy Current Dynamometer
The following are the main advantages of eddy current dynamometers:
 1. High brake power per unit weight of dynamometer.
 2. They offer the highest ratio of constant power speed range (up to 5 : 1).
 3. Level of field excitation is below 1% of total power being handled by the dynamometer. Thus, they are easy to control and operate.
 4. Development of eddy current is smooth hence the torque is also smooth and continuous under all conditions.
 5. Relatively higher torque under low-speed conditions.
 6. It has no intricate rotating parts except shaft bearing.
 7. No natural limit to size, either small or large.
Hydraulic Dynamometer:
A hydraulic dynamometer as shown in the figure below works on the principle of dissipating the power in fluid friction rather than in dry friction.
Hydraulic Dynamometer
Figure 4: Hydraulic Dynamometer
 - In principle, hydraulic dynamometer construction is similar to that of a fluid flywheel.
 - Hydraulic dynamometer consists of an impeller or inner rotating member coupled to the output shaft of the engine.
 - The impeller in this dynamometer rotates in a casing filled with a fluid.
 - Due to the centrifugal force developed in the outer casing, tends to revolve with the impeller, but is resisted by a torque arm supporting the balance weight.
 - The frictional forces generated between the impeller and the fluid are measured by the spring balance fitted on the casing.
 - The heat developed due to the dissipation of power in Hydraulic dynamometer is carried away by a continuous supply of the working fluid.
 - The output power can be controlled by regulating the sluice gates which can be moved in and out to partially or wholly obstruct the flow of water between the casing and the impeller.
Absorption Dynamometers:
Transmission dynamometers are also called torque meters. They mostly consist of a set of strain-gauges fixed on the rotating shaft and the torque is measured by the angular deformation of the shaft which is indicated as the strain the of the strain gauge. A four arm bridge is used to reduce the effect of temperature, and the gauges are arranged in pairs such that the effect of axial or transverse load on the strain gauges is avoided.
Transmission Dynamometer
Figure 5: Transmission Dynamometer
Above figure shows the transmission dynamometer which employs beams and strain gauges for a sensing torque. Transmission dynamometers measure brake power very accurately and are used where continuous transmission of the load is necessary. These are mainly used in automatic units.
All Comments
 - I find the dynamometer very fascinating. I've always wondered how you can check your brake power. There are so many different types. Is there a type of dynamometer that is better for measuring the torque or brake power?
 Grace Turner Feb 1, 2016 7:52 pm Reply
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Calcium Polysulfide (CaS5) Remotox
Hepure is a premier calcium polysulfide supplier. Our remotox is used around the world routinely for remediation of excavation sites.
Remotox is a water-soluble compound that has been shown to be a cost effective for in-situ stabilization of metals. The common name for Remotox is calcium polysulfide, (CaS5) with a molecular weight of 199.8 gram per mole. Remotox has a pH of 11 to 11.5, a specific gravity of 1.27 and is deep orange-red color in solution. It is water soluble and comes as 29% (Wt. % CaS5) aqueous solution.


Is styrofoam poisonous?
Quick Answer
Styrofoam does contain poisonous chemicals, but it is generally safe as a container for food and beverages after service. Microwaving food or drinks inside styrofoam is not recommended, though, as the microwaving process can cause the toxic chemicals to leach from the container into the food.
Continue Reading
Full Answer
The toxins that are present in styrofoam threaten overall health and have particularly damaging effects on the reproductive system. Because styrofoam is made with petroleum, after people throw containers away, those same toxins can leach into the soil and eventually the groundwater, poisoning animals and other species that come across them. Many animals that do not suffer from poisoning as a result of styrofoam end up choking or having digestive clogs after eating the foam pieces.
Learn more about Chemistry
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The U.S. transit industry has essentially converted to low-floor transit buses for most new orders. Much of the rationale for choosing these designs is based on two primary arguments: customer convenience and more cost-effective compliance with accessibility regulations.
As was the case first in Europe, and later in many cities worldwide, low-floor transit buses have virtually completed their conquest of the North American marketplace. Indeed, no manufacturer now offers a standard-floor vehicle (i.e., a higher floor with steps at the doors). Low-floor design advantages include faster boarding and alighting for the majority of passengers, as well as elimination of the traditional wheelchair lift, which has been one of the biggest sources of maintenance-related road calls since accessible buses began to be mandated in the U.S.
However, there are applications where these benefits may be trumped by those of standard-floor buses, including the accommodation of the preference of many riders who would rather sit higher above the roadway, as well as higher capacity in vehicles of comparable size.
To bus engineers, every design decision represents a trade-off, with advantages in certain areas inevitably creating disadvantages in others, and the choice of floor design is no exception. Given the growing, near universal enthusiasm over low-floor buses among today's public transit fleets, could some of their disadvantages be overlooked?
Standard-floor designs may be worth another look for two considerations, the first of which is that many passengers prefer a higher seated position. This is particularly true of passengers on higher-speed commuter routes. Several bus manufacturer executives have noted that the first areas of a stepped low-floor bus to fill up with passengers tends to be the higher-floor sections. Whether it is a perceived safety consideration or preference for looking out the windows at a higher level, many passengers do prefer seating in those sections — even if they prefer the lower floor at entry and exit.
This is particularly true at higher speeds. They report that in express routes, for example, riding in the lower floor section at higher speeds feels to some customers like "riding in a bathtub." Perhaps this explains why many people prefer SUVs and trucks over regular passenger car designs, capacity issues aside.
It is also important to note that wheelchair lifts have substantially improved in reliability during the past two decades. The present generation of wheelchair lifts, now in wide use on paratransit and other fleets, are far more reliable.
Further, in some applications, longer dwell times may not be as important to fleet productivity or customer convenience as the rest of regular-route transit service. One such example is commuter or express service. The additional dwell time needed for wheelchair lift deployment to assist boarding and alighting of mobility-impaired patrons is not as important an issue in these applications as comfort, speed and capacity.
Moreover, wheelchair ramps are still designed with actuator, linkages, safety gates and other components. Although certainly less complex overall than a conventional lift, these ramps also present maintenance challenges — they require the drivers to leave their seats to deploy the ramps and assist passengers with their securement systems. Thus it is not clear how much dwell time or maintenance-related savings are being achieved.
Operating cost advantages?
The second reason why transit agencies may want to reconsider using low-floor buses in all applications in their service areas is the inherent disadvantage in low-floor buses of standard floor design with fewer seats per coach. This could help explain some rising operating costs in recent years.
According to National Transit Database (_URL_) statistics, per-passenger operating costs have actually risen in recent years, from $2.15 in 1995 — when low-floor buses really began to be delivered to agencies in large volumes — to $2.54 in 2002, the most recent year studied. This represents a rise of 18 percent, at a time when the average fleet age was actually decreasing, due to record levels of funding that allowed transit agencies to replace their aging vehicles. It was also at a time when ridership continued to climb at levels not seen since the 1950s. Could low-floor buses be part of the reason?
There could be a number of explanations for rising operating costs, including higher driver and maintenance technician wages, additional high-tech equipment, poorer fuel economy of alternative fuels and costs associated with more stringent emission controls, among other factors.
These rising costs, however, could be exacerbated by the trend toward low-floor bus procurements for the following reasons: