Numeric rainbow and sun positioning changed a great deal in version 4 of Bryce. Use this tutorial only for Bryce 4. Bryce 3 users should refer to Peter Sharpe's Rainbows by Numbers.
Get the most out of Bryce 4's fractal terrains, including how to use the tiling feature and how to work around the gap problem.
Build a complex arch, where more than one material is applied to the same lattice arch object using ABC mode in the material lab.
A tutorial on using pictures in materials, in answer to an oft-asked question.
The Miracle Tree technique uses a pair of intersecting symmetrical lattice objects to make tree-like shapes.
The new tree tutorial involves symmetrical lattice objects, ABC mode in the material lab and the Deep Texture Editor. There is a sample branch to download for study.
Dragon Eyes and Alpha Channels is about how to use alpha channel transparency to create a glowing eye effect.
The Secret Texture Library is a quick tour of the Material Lab pointing out some features you may not have found yet. It also explains how to access the Texture Library and how it can be used to help you compose new materials.
The ABCs of Naturalistic Marbles discusses ABC mode in the material lab, specifically geared towards creating marbled stone materials.
The first of two parts on roads, the Flat Roads tutorial covers the creation of roads which parallel a given elevation along your Bryce terrains.
The second of two parts on roads, the Swooping Roads tutorial covers the creation of roads which can go over hills and through the valleys of your Bryce terrains.
Clipart and Bryce talks about using clipart as a source for creating Bryce objects with symmetrical lattices.
Yes, I've hidden the downloads way down here so you'd have to scroll past all the tutorials first. There aren't many now, we'll see how things go.
These are all in Bryce 4 format.
Voronoi Blue
Black White Marble
Bridgepaths Rock
Genie Bottle Glass
Gold Confetti
Mirror Mountain
Stone Wall


text:
The decision to close La Porte ISD schools or to change the start time of classes is made by the Superintendent.
A closing may occur when:
- Bad weather conditions exist.
- Hazardous driving conditions exist.
- Chemical or hazardous materials spill or contamination has occurred.
Students, parents and employees are encouraged to listen to the following radio/television stations for the latest school closing or class delay information:
- KTRH 740 AM (Official emergency notification station for Houston area)
- KHOU-TV Channel 11 (CBS)
- KRIV-TV Channel 26 (FOX)
- KPRC-TV Channel 2 (NBC)
- KXLN-TV Channel 45 (Spanish)
- KTRK-TV Channel 13 (ABC)
- Text Alerts/Apps:
- LEPC (for evacuation notices, chemical incidents, and major road closures)

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


text:
Test Your Learning
Test your knowledge about immigration to Manitoba
0 of 10 questions completed
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- Question 1 of 10
Manitoba became open to limited immigration in 1867.CorrectIncorrect
- Question 2 of 10
Push factors are negative things, such as war and persecution, that cause a person to decide to leave their country. Pull factors are positive things, such as liberty or better opportunities, that attract a person to another country.CorrectIncorrect
- Question 3 of 10
Overpopulation and a lack of jobs are 2 push factors that brought many Europeans to Manitoba.CorrectIncorrect
- Question 4 of 10
Sir Clifford Sifton became the prime minister of Canada in 1896.CorrectIncorrect
- Question 5 of 10
The Dominion Land Act was designed to encourage newcomers to move to Winnipeg and surrounding cities.CorrectIncorrect
- Question 6 of 10
The North West mounted police later became know as the Royal Canadian Mounted Police, better known as the R.C.MP.CorrectIncorrect
- Question 7 of 10
The British were among the "non-traditional" immigrants that Sifton wanted to attract to Canada.CorrectIncorrect
- Question 8 of 10
The Hungarians, Romanians and Ukrainians were among the settlers that helped to settle the prairies.CorrectIncorrect
- Question 9 of 10
One of the reasons Manitoba was able to attract so many newcomers to was the efforts of immigration agencies, which advertised free land for those willing to settle on the prairies.CorrectIncorrect
- Question 10 of 10
Immigration to Manitoba helped to create our agriculture, mining and oil industries.CorrectIncorrect
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text:
| NAME: Chilili
CLIMATE: The weather will be no problem
BEST TIME TO VISIT: Any time
. Present spanish village was established
in 1841, however this site was visited by Chamuscado in 1581 and probably
is referred to by Onate in 1598 as Chiu Alle. Alonso de Benavides mentions
it in 1630 as the first pueblo of the Tompira Indian group, and refers to
missionary activity begun by the Fransicans about 1613. Pueblo was abandoned
between 1669 and 1676 because of Apache raids. Chilili' on L'Atlas Curieux
(1700). Ruins of Indian pueblo lie on W side of ARROYO DE CHILILI.Post office
from 1882 to 1937.CHILILI GRANT. In the SE corner of Torrance County line.
On March 8, 1841, Sandiago Padilla and six others, for themselves and twenty
more heads of families, petitioned Gov. Manuel Armijo. Grant was approved
March 20 and the men took possession on March 29, 1841.
|Chilili. In the Manzano mountains SE of Albuquerque, on US 10. One of the oldest place names in NM records, since the site was first visited in 1581. Submitted by: Samuel W McWhorter||

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


text:
|Jan30-13, 08:44 AM||#1|
Continuous functions on metric space, M
If every continuous function on M is bounded, what does this mean?
I am not sure what this function actually is... is it a mapping from M -> M or some other mapping? Is the image of the function in M? Any help would be greatly appreciated!
|Jan30-13, 11:33 AM||#2|
|Jan30-13, 11:38 AM||#3|
A map [itex]f:X\rightarrow M[/itex] where X is a set and M is a metric space, is called bounded if the image f(X) is bounded. This means that there is an [itex]x\in X[/itex] and an [itex]\varepsilon>0[/itex] such that [itex]f(X)\subseteq B(f(x),\varepsilon)[/itex].
This is what I would call bounded. But you will need to specify the context.
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|Let f be a continuous real function on a metric space X. Let...||Calculus & Beyond Homework||4|
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text:
QAṢR IBN HUBAYRAH
QAṢR IBN HUBAYRAH (Kasr ibn Hubayrah), town that was situated south of the ruins of ancient Babylon, west of the Euphrates (i.e., then its eastern arm, which was known as the Sura River). Qaẓr ibn Hubayrah was founded by Omar ibn Hubayrah, the last governor of Babylonia appointed by the
G. Le Strange, The Lands of the Eastern Caliphate (1930), 70f., 83.
Source: Encyclopaedia Judaica. © 2008 The Gale Group. All Rights Reserved.


Am I Evil Because of the Darkness? Vitamin D Explains The Hobbit
A medical journal's scientific analysis of diet, sunlight exposure, and of the role of vitamin D in fantasy characters is excellent.
"Systematic textual analysis of The Hobbit supports our initial hypothesis that the triumph of good over evil may be assisted to some extent by the poor diet and lack of sunlight experienced by the evil characters," write Dr. Nicholas Hopkinson of Imperial College London and his 15-year-old son Joseph Hopkinson in the current Medical Journal of Australia. They take advantage of the special Christmas edition of the journal to posit a physiologic contributor to a timeless duality at the core of fiction (and life), and why good characters tend to win:
A striking feature of fantasy literature has been the consistent victory of good characters over bad. While the consensus has been to attribute this to narrative conventions about morality and the necessary happiness of endings, we hypothesized that a major contribution to the defeat of evildoers in this context is their aversion to sunlight and their poor diet, which may lead to vitamin D deficiency and hence reduced martial prowess.
Their analysis is also an opportunity to remember that evil people in your life may just have a garden-variety vitamin deficiency or hormonal imbalance. You don't have to be afraid of them. Are they evil because they live in a dark cave, or do they live in a dark cave because they are evil? Does it matter? Assume the best and offer a fish. If you get eaten, you get eaten.


4 Models of family Power
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FOUR MODELS OF FAMILY POWER Student's Name Course Title: Course Name Date Patriarchal Model This model is ubiquitous in most societies even to the present age. In most Christian homes, there is a belief that the Scripture commands man as the head of the family, which implies that the man should be the lord of his household and that submission means that the wife should kneel to his authority. Nevertheless, it should be noted that the scripture calls for shared deference and the servant role model developed by Jesus (Philippians 2:5-8 and Ephesians 5:21) should be used as a guide. God requires both the husband and the wife to keep the glory and fear of the Lord ever before them. The entire submission is made only to the Jesus who was acquired them by the priceless value of life. Democratic-Exchange Model This model is premised on a belief that authority and control dwells in the family entity in its entirety. Family strategies are derived from negotiations and bargains. The use of power gives room for say to every member of the family, but since parents are the ones with the resources, they often have the upper hand about the family power compared to the other members of the family. This implies that they have an ultimate say in most decisions made in the family. The Self-Interest Model Societies in the present age are full of materialistic and self-centered hedonistic individuals. They keep on making bargains with their interests first. This is a major concern for many. In this model, the personal interests become primal compared to the needs of the others. In this model, people compete for places of authority, which inadvertently leads to a chaotic
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text:
What are 2 a4 sides?
"Sides" mean writing on the front and back sides of a sheet of paper.
So "four sides of an A4 [sheet]" means the front and back of two A4 sheets — four sides..
How many words is a side of a4?
How many words can you fit on an A4 sheet? ANSWER: 500 words when typed single spaced or 250 words when double spaced. Normally, for academic writing, 12 points Arial or Times (New) Roman is required for fonts.
What does 6000 words look like?
A 6,000 word count will create about 12.0 pages single-spaced or 24.0 pages double-spaced when using normal margins (1″) and 12 pt. Arial or Times New Roman font.
How many a4 sides is 1000 words?
The most common format required for essays is double-spaced, font type Times New Roman, and font size 12pt. With that in mind, 1,000 typed words is about four pages.
How many sides of a4 is 800 words?
If you're using a typical word processing setup with Arial or Times New Roman 12 point font with regular margins your results should be about the same, but as always can vary depending on word length and other factors. Answer: 800 words is 1⅗ pages single spaced or 3⅕ pages double spaced.
How many a4 sides is 1500 words?
500 words is 1 page single spaced, 2 pages double spaced. 1,000 words is 2 pages single spaced 4 pages double spaced. 1,500 words is 3 pages single spaced, 6 pages double spaced. 2,000 words is 4 pages single spaced, 8 pages double spaced.


text:
Most modern spear fishers use one of two types of spear gun. Band-powered models rely on strong elastic bands to fire the spear, while pneumatic spear guns rely on a small quantity of compressed air to send the projectile forth. In both cases, a trigger fires the weapon, by either releasing the bands or discharging a quantity of air. Impaled fish are retrieved via a line attached to the spear, or -- if the water is suitably clear -- by tracking the fish visually.
Pros and Cons
Band-powered spear guns are easier to maintain than pneumatic models are, as they have very few moving pieces and need not be airtight. You can adjust the power of a pneumatic gun, by adjusting how much air is forced inside the tank, but it is easier to adjust the power of a band-powered model. In this case, the spear fisher need only add or subtract bands from the gun. Additionally, while band-powered models are generally silent, pneumatic weapons are noisier. This can startle nearby fish, making it more difficult to achieve success.
- Rostislav Ageev/iStock/Getty Images


text:
This article will show you how to download maps to use while offline and out of cell service, view and delete downloads, and check the progress of a map download.
2. Navigate to the area you would like to download by:
- Panning the map
- Search Points of interests or trails by tapping the Search icon
- Search using coordinates.
3. Tap the Create icon.
4. Tap Download Maps (Note: This menu option will not appear while offline)
5. Tap and drag the dots at the corners of the highlighted rectangle to cover the area to be downloaded
6. Use the Max Zoom slide bar to adjust the detail level for the map download.
- Higher zoom = more detail
- Increasing the zoom level also increase the file size
7. Tap "Save"
8. Add a name for your saved map or keep the auto-generated name
View and Delete Map Downloads
After the download is complete, you can view your map within the "Saved" menu.
1. Tap "Saved" in the bottom control bar
2. Tap on the Filter icon
3. Select Maps from the list of filters
4. Tap a map download to open the details screen
5. Tap the three dots
- Select 'Show on Main Map' to center your map download on the Main Map screen
- Select Delete to delete the download
The spinner will be displayed when a download is currently in progress.
- Tap on the spinner to view the download details screen.
- Gaia GPS must be running in order for downloads to complete. If you close Gaia GPS beforehand, you can Resume or Delete from the Saved Maps screen.
Downloading Multiple Maps
When you download new maps, already saved areas will display as colored boxes.
- The Red box with blue corner dots indicates the region you're currently downloading.


Textile Width 750mm, China
Discharge dyeing works with the removal of the dye originally applied to the fabric. In this case, it was originally a red piece of fabric using a dye remover was applied through a stencil resulting in a pattern of the red colour. This technique was introduced into China in the 50s which became very popular in the rural area. Traditional fabric dyeing technique in China are based on vegetable dye where the intensity of the colour will run through time and wash. Discharge dyeing was most welcomed as the colour stays and the patterns are fine. This fabric has a butterfly and flower print.


text:
Stone Frames for Endless Landscapes
Two huge dams in Chile offer enjoyable spaces for people.
By Jimena Martignoni
Mediterranean arid landscapes, vineyards, green farmlands cultivated mostly with papaya, limpid blue skies, and a flowing river
characterize two Chilean agricultural valleys more than 300 miles north of the nation's capital city, Santiago. Unfortunately, the highly irregular year-round
rainfall typical of Mediterranean arid climates creates a cycle of flooding and drought that has historically been the biggest concern for farmers and locals
whose life and work depend on water.
For this reason, the architecture department of Chile's Ministry of Public Works decided to build two dams to create a reservoir that
would regulate the water supply: Santa Juana Dam in the Huasco River Valley and Puclaro Dam in the Elqui River Valley. Although both projects are typical huge
concrete-faced gravel dams (a variation of concrete-faced rock-fill dams), the sites were also potential recreational areas and tourism attractions enclosed
as they are in a fabulous landscape of mountains.
Usually a project like this would be headed up by engineers with little thought for the landscape. The good news for the landscape
architecture profession, especially in Latin America, is that a landscape architect was called in to work on the design of the public areas around the
huge dams, attracting visitors and creating spaces people can enjoy.
Chilean landscape architect Carlos Martner was commissioned to design the mirador (overlooks) of
Santa Juana Dam in 1995 and the Puclaro Dam walkway and public areas in 2000. Martner's work is characterized by references to the natural and cultural
history of Chile and Latin America. He created the first undergraduate course of studies in landscape architecture at Chile University in 1970 and has been
teaching landscape architecture design at the Metropolitan Technological University in Santiago since 2001 (see "Stones Over the Pacific," Landscape Architecture, June 2005).
…To read the entire article, subscribe to LAM!
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text:
The goal of the Minority Science and Engineering Improvement Program is:
To contribute to the development and increase the number of African Americans who graduate from LeMoyne-Owen College and enter into careers in the STEM (science, technology, engineering and mathematics) fields.
The objectives to support the goal of the program are:
(1) To increase the number and proportion of STEM majors by 10% each year.
(2) To provide strictly monitored tutorial programs to increase the retention and achievement of STEM majors.
(3) To increase the number of STEM education majors to teach K-12 students.
(4) To provide strictly monitored mentoring services designed to increase the number of STEM graduates.
(5) To place at-risk or high-need STEM graduates in their declared major fields.
807 Walker Ave.
Memphis, TN 38126


text:
On the acoustic response of a generic gas turbine fuel injector passage
2019-01-31T14:39:51Z (GMT) by
A current trend in the design of modern aero engines is the transition towards leaner combustion as a solution to satisfy increasingly stringent emission regulations. Lean combustion systems are often more susceptible to thermoacoustic instability and the fuel injector can play a critical role. This paper presents an analytical study on the unsteady air flow through a generic injector passage in response to incident acoustic waves. The injector passage is represented by a simplified geometry which comprises the main geometrical passage features. The unsteady flow through the passage is obtained by combining the elemental solutions for different parts of the passage. This enables the transfer impedance of the injector passage to be determined and the effects of different design parameters on the sensitivity of the air flow to acoustic perturbations to be examined. The convective wave associated with the unsteady swirl vane wakes is also visited and compared with the results from the numerical simulations obtained in previous works. In addition to helping derive design practices for injector passages from the perspective of thermoacoustic instability, the current analysis can also be applied as a preliminary design tool to assess the acoustic characteristics for an injector passage of the axial swirler type.


text:
Pattern #22: Empowering Headline
Pattern #22 Tested 7 timesFirst tested by Mike Smith Recently tested by Daniel Shapiro on Sep 24, 2020
For each pattern, we measure three key data points derived from related tests:
REPEATABILITY - this is a measure of how often a given pattern has generated a positive or negative effect. The higher this number, the more likely the pattern will continue to repeat.
SHALLOW MEDIAN - this is a median effect measured with low intent actions such as initiating the first step of a lengthier process
DEEP MEDIAN - this is derived from the highest intent metrics that we have for a given test such as fully completed signups or sales.


text:
The Answer to the Global Food Shortage?
With severe weather conditions threatening food supplies everywhere, this new research from the Philippines is more important than ever.
Scientists at the International Rice Research Institute are honing in on a gene found in Kasalath rice from India. The gene is called Phosphorous Starvation Tolerance-1, and scientists say that they can breed the gene into other forms of rice – boosting crop yields by 20%.
As scientist, Sigrid Heuer, says, "When we look at the young seedlings, we find that they have a little bit larger root system, at a very early developmental stage. And this enables plants to explore a larger area in the soil, to forage… more phosphorous. And this gives the plant, especially under phosphorous-deficient conditions… a growth advantage."
Better yet, the addition of the phosphorous-boosting gene means that fertilizer isn't as important. So this research could lead to lower production costs down the road, too.


text:
Sixth Grade Students played with state-of-the-art military robots, explored wind technology, danced to music of the past several decades, and discovered static electricity at 4-H Days: Back to the Future, held this week on Fort Leonard Wood.
4-H Days: Back to the future gave students the opportunity to explore science and technology through several work stations including Video Game technology, Mad Science - All About Polymers, Wind Works, Robotics, American Bandstand to Now - Dance to be Fit, Worm Holes in Space Challenge, and Shock Wave Static Electricity.
4-H Days is a collaborative program with 4-H, Fort Leonard Wood, Pulaski County Missouri Extension, the Waynesville School District, and Child Youth and School Services.
"This introduces the sixth graders to the Pippin Youth Center and the 4-H Program. And gives the staff an opportunity to share their talents with other students in the community," Waita Karcher, 4-H Program Assistant, said.
Throughout the day, volunteer soldiers from the 14th Military Police Brigade worked with the students.


Execution Slots
Execution slots are an advanced feature in kenaflow.
They can be used to execute workflows on different levels or "execution lanes" so that they work on distributed execution venues.
Workflows in kenaflow are executed in parallel. For this purpose sub processes are executed. Each sub process executes one workflow. All workflows are in a common queue. The maximum number of parallel executions is defined in the global configuration.
Please read this article for the details.
Workflows usually have a "TBE" time: Time Between Execution. This specifies how many seconds must elapse between two starts of the workflow before it is executed again. The specification of the "TBE" is a "minimum" specification. There is no guarantee that the workflow will restart after this time, since other workflows may be scheduled in the queue beforehand.
If it is now necessary for certain workflows to have a highly probable execution lane in the specified time, then execution slots can be used.
An analogy: Imagine a 5-lane highway. Each highway lane is a kenaflow execution lane. Slow workflows can prevent the fast ones from getting past them when the slow ones are allowed to occupy all lanes. Execution Slots can be used to specify that certain workflows are to be defined for certain lanes. Slot "0" (zero) accepts all non-configured workflows.
Any slots can be defined via the global configuration. This is configured in the "slots" setting in the "Main Mode" section. A list of slots is created here by specifying how many execution venues are provided per slot.
For example, if you have this settings in global configuration:

 2;3
...than you have configured 10 execution lanes ("parallelWFExecutors"). And you have configured 3 slots: Slot #1 with 2 execution laness, Slot #2 with 3 execution lanes - and Slot #0 (default slot) with the rest of 4 execution lanes (10 - 2 - 3 = 7).
In the workflow configuration (missing) you can specify on which slot the workflow should run. All workflows that are configured for a certain slot will share all execution lanes that are assigned to the slot.


text:
Initial results of combining GPS occultations with ECMWF global analyses within a 1DVar framework
© The Society of Geomagnetism and Earth, Planetary and Space Sciences (SGEPSS); The Seismological Society of Japan; The Volcanological Society of Japan; The Geodetic Society of Japan; The Japanese Society for Planetary Sciences. 2000
Received: 20 January 2000
Accepted: 28 August 2000
Published: 24 June 2014
We present results of combining occultation refractivity profiles from GPS/MET with ECMWF global analyses in a 1DVar framework in order to separate the wet and dry contributions to refractivity and assess their impact on the analyzed temperature, surface pressure and specific humidity fields. We find significant zonal mean temperature, surface pressure and humidity differences between the 1DVar solutions and the ECMWF analyses reflecting biases between the GPS refractivities and ECMWF analyses. Large profile-to-profile temperature discrepancies in the tropical lower stratosphere are due to waves not represented in the analyses. The 1DVar solution is generally drier than ECMWF particularly in the southern subtropics. Lack of moisture above 300 hPa in the present model caused the solution to make large adjustments in low latitude surface pressure and tropospheric temperatures to increase upper troposphere densities and compensate for the missing upper level moisture. The discrepancies between the solution and the background and observational data sets represent roughly a 2-sigma level of agreement rather than the 1-sigma level desired in a 1DVar solution. Given the simplicity of our error covariances, our results are promising as a first step. In the future, the error covariances need to be refined and, in particular, to vary with location.


text:
The basic difference between fixed investment and inventory investment is the type of goods on which investment is to be made. Firstly, Fixed investment refers to expenditure on investment in capital goods. On the contrast, inventory investment refers to the expenditure incurred on investment in stock.
To know the difference between these two, we must clear the meaning of these terms:
The Content covered in this article:
Meaning of Fixed Investment:-
It refers to the increase in the stock of fixed assets of the producers during a year. In other words, it can be described as the expenditure incurred by producers on purchase of long term assets or capital goods during the year. For example, Plant and machinery, Furniture and Building etc.
It can be calculated as:
Fixed investment during the year = Stock of fixed assets at the end of the year – Stock of fixed assets in beginning of the year
Let's assume, a producer has a stock of 20 machines at the beginning of year i.e. 1st Jan 2020. On 31st December 2020, he has a stock of 35 machines. Thus, the fixed assets stock of producer is increased by 15 machines during the year.
Therefore, fixed investment during the year 2020 = 15 machines.
Due to this, fixed investment is also known as Fixed capital formation. Thus, It means the increase in capital in terms of fixed assets which are used in the process of production for several years.
Meaning of Inventory Investment:-
It refers to the change in the stock of finished, semi-finished and raw material during a year. Here, the finished goods refer to the final goods ready to sale or unsold. And, Semi-finished goods include goods which are in the process of production. Thus, The stock of these goods is known as Inventory stock. It keeps on varying with the passage of time. Hence, the change inventory stock during the year is known as inventory investment of producers.
It can be calculated as:
Inventory investment during the year = Inventory stock at the end of the year – Inventory stock at the beginning of the year.
Let's assume the producer has 1,25,000 units of inventory stock including finished, semi-finished goods and raw material at the beginning of year i.e. 1st Jan 2020. On 31st December 2020, he has 2,25,000 units of inventory stock with him. Thus, the inventory stock of producer is increased by 1,00,000 units.
Inventory stock during the year = 1,00,000 units.
Chart of Difference between Fixed investment and inventory investment:
|Basis of Difference||Fixed Investment||Inventory Investment|
It refers to expenditure incurred on the purchase of fixed assets or capital goods.
|It refers to expenditure incurred on the purchase of raw material, semi-finished or finished goods.|
|Purpose||Here, the purpose is to continue further production.||Here, the purpose is to meet the demands of consumers in case of shortage.|
Can be known as
|It can also be known as Capital investment.||It can also be known as Working Capital investment.|
|Here, the investment can be considered as expenditure on long term assets.||And, this investment can be considered as expenditure on income yielding short term assets.|
Resale of assets
|In this type of investment, the assets are not meant to be resold at any period of time.||Here, the inventory is not meant to be resold immediately but stays in stock to raise inventory level.|
|The stock of fixed assets at the end of the year – Stock of fixed assets in beginning of the year||Inventory stock at the end of the year – Inventory stock at the beginning of the year.|
|In short, It leads to a higher rate of economic growth.||Generally, It avoids the uncertainties related to price and availability of raw material.|
Download the chart:-
If you want to download the chart please download the following image and PDF file:-
Thus, these both investments are essential for any business enterprise. As one is required for further production. And, other is required to make profits.
Thanks Please share with your friends
Comment if you have any question.


Code segment
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
In computing, a code segment, also known as a text segment or simply as text, is a portion of an object file or the corresponding section of the program's virtual address space that contains executable instructions.[1] The term "segment" comes from the memory segment, which is a historical approach to memory management now known as paging. When a program is stored in an object file, the code segment is a part of this file; when the loader places a program into memory so that it may be executed, various memory regions are allocated (in particular, as pages), corresponding to both the segments in the object files and to segments only needed at run time. For example, the code segment of an object file is loaded into a corresponding code segment in memory.
The code segment in memory is typically read-only and has a fixed size, so on embedded systems it can usually be placed in read-only memory (ROM), without the need for loading. If the code segment is not read-only, then the particular architecture allows self-modifying code. Fixed-position or position independent code may be shared in memory by several processes in segmented or paged memory systems.[1][2] As a memory region, the code segment may be placed below the heap or stack in order to prevent heap and stack overflows from overwriting it.[3]
See also[edit]
 1. ^ a b Jason W. Bacon (2012-03-13). "Chapter 10. Subprogram Calls and the Stack". Retrieved 2014-05-02. |section= ignored (help)
 2. ^ Kai Wang (2012-09-20). "Code Segment and Data Segment: Memory Layout of a Program". Retrieved 2014-05-02.
 3. ^ Yu-An Tan; Ji-yan Zheng; Yuan-Da Cao; Xue-lan Zhang (October 2005). "Buffer overflow protection based on adjusting code segment limit". Retrieved 2014-05-02.


Arabia
With short legs, a stout body, and a long tail, sand cats are among the tiniest of cats. Full-grown adults weigh only 1.35 to 3.2 kg (3.0 to 7.1 lb). Sand cats live in discontiguous ranges—so they are separated into several subspecies which are evolving in different ways. The tough little cats thrive in the deepest hottest deserts—the Sahara, the Rub' al Khali, the Lut—where they live without water by surviving on the moisture in their prey. Like all cats, they are formidable predators, but their hearing is superior even to other felids: sand cats have huge highly-refined ears which are capable of hearing tiny burrowing animals moving deep beneath the sand. They survive on rodents such as jerboas, gerbils, and spiny mice, but they also hunt small birds and reptiles (and they are known as a particularly adept killer of snakes). Sand cats have heavy fur on the pads of their paws so they can run across burning desert sands. They co-opt the abandoned burrows of other desert creatures as their own to hide from the scorching daytime heat.
A sand cat with a snake
A sand cat with a snake
Sand cat populations are diminishing in the wild as human development encroaches on the edge of their habitat–but the true depths of their hellish deserts are places where humans are unlikely to build condominiums, so sand cats are merely listed as near-threatened. Until recently sand cats did not do well in zoos, and they are a somewhat unfamiliar animal. Because they are used to profoundly arid climate, they would die of respiratory infections when brought into humid locations. Today zookeepers know to keep their sand cats in dry arid enclosures—which mean the creatures are beginning to do much better in captivity. In 2012, the first captive sand cat kittens were born in a zoo in Israel, and this year three kittens were born in the Czech Republic. Look at how adorable they are (well, assuming you are not some timid burrowing desert creature).
Sand cat kittens at Zoo Brno (credit: Zoo Brno)
Sand cat kittens at Zoo Brno (credit: Zoo Brno)
Ye Olde Ferrebeekeeper Archives
July 2021


text: Structure of the human Bach2 POZ domain. (a) Ribbon representation of the form I (Cys20 reduced) and form II (Cys20 oxidized) structures of the human Bach2 POZ domain. Secondary-structure elements of the A subunit are labelled; a prime (′) indicates a secondary-structure element of the B chain. The lower images depict an enlargement of the region surrounding the Cys20 residue; S atoms are coloured orange. A 2Fo − Fc electron-density map is shown contoured at 1.5σ. The charged pocket and lateral grooves are indicated; these regions have previously been described in other POZ-domain proteins (Ahmad et al., 1998, 2003). (b) Size-exclusion chromatograpy of wild-type and mutant Bach2 POZ domains using Superdex 75. The top left trace represents the elution profile of marker proteins (low-molecular-weight gel-filtration calibration kit; GE Healthcare). Sizes are indicated in kDa. The wild-type and mutant Bach2 POZ domains eluted at volumes corresponding to dimeric species.


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Gay messages built into school maths lessons for children as young as FOUR
Controversial: Children will be taught about gay issues in maths, English, science and geography lessons (picture posed by models)
Young children are to be taught about homosexuality in their maths, geography, science and English lessons, it has emerged.
As part of a Government-backed drive to 'celebrate the gay community', maths problems could be introduced that involve gay characters.
In geography classes, students will be asked why homosexuals move from the countryside to cities – and words such as 'outing' and 'pride', will be used in language classes.
The lesson plans are designed to raise awareness about lesbian, gay, bisexual and transsexual issues and, in theory, could be used for children as young as four.
They will also mean youngsters are exposed to images of same-sex couples and books such as And Tango Makes Three, which tells the story of two male penguins raising a chick, which was inspired by events at New York's Central Park Zoo.
Meanwhile, statistics students may use census data on the number of homosexuals in England.
However critics warn that the drive is an unnecessary use of resources and distracts attention from learning, as British schools tumble down international league tables in maths, English and science. Although the lesson plans are not compulsory, they are backed by the Department for Education and will be available for schools to download from the Schools Out website.
Sue Sanders, from Schools Out, said: 'All we are attempting to do is remind teachers that LGBT people are part of the population and you can include them in most of your lessons when you are thinking inclusively.'
David Watkins, a teacher who is involved in the scheme, said: 'When you have a maths problem, why does it have to involve a straight family or a boyfriend and girlfriend? Why not two boys or two girls?
'It's not about teaching about gay sex, it is about exposing children to the idea that there are other types of people out there,' he added.
However, Craig Whittaker, who is a Conservative MP and a member of the education select committee, said: 'We are too far down the national comparative league tables in core subjects. Teachers should concentrate on those again.
Same sex: Geography lessons will explain why homosexuals move to
cities and language classes will teach gay vocabulary (picture posed by models)
'This is not about being homophobic, because there are other schemes around the education which support the LGBT agenda.'
John O'Connell, of campaign group the TaxPayers' Alliance, said: 'Parents will wonder if this is a right use of funds and time, particularly when we keep hearing how tight budgets are.'
The plans are funded by a £35,000 grant from education quango the Training And Development Agency For Schools. They will be launched in February at the start of LGBT History Month.
A Department for Education spokesman added: 'These are optional teaching materials.
'It is for head and teacher to choose the most appropriate teaching resources to help promote equality and tolerance.'
LGBT History Month started in 2005 and has previously focused more on raising awareness of prominent figures said to be homosexual.
A list on its website includes Hadrian the Roman emperor and Michaelangelo the Renaissance painter.


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In this study, the experimental and theoretical vibrational frequencies of a newly synthesized tert-Butyl N-(thiophen-2yl)carbamate have been investigated. The experimental FT-IR (4000-400 cm(-1)) spectrum of the molecule in the solid phase have been recorded. The theoretical vibrational frequencies and optimized geometric parameters (bond lengths and bond angles) have been calculated by using density functional theory (DFT/B3LYP: Becke, 3-parameter, Lee-Yang-Parr) and DFT/M06-2X (the highly parametrized, empirical exchange correlation function) quantum chemical methods with the 6-311++G(d,p) basis set by Gaussian 09W software, for the first time. The vibrational frequencies have been assigned using potential energy distribution (PED) analysis by using VEDA 4 software. The computational optimized geometric parameters and vibrational frequencies have been found to be in good agreement with the corresponding experimental data, and with related literature results. In addition, the highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) and the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) energies and the other related molecular energy values have been calculated and are depicted.
Keywords: FT-IR spectra; HOMO–LUMO; Thiophene; Vibrational study.
Copyright © 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.


Introducing an Invention: Puzzle Shaped Cast for Upper Limb Fractures
1 University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
2 Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Upper limb fractures are prevalent injuries. An essential element of fracture healing is to maintain the bones alignment. However there are lots of complications associated with traditional ways of treatment, such as compartment syndrome and stiffness due to immobility for long time. Also evaluation and observation of the limb under the casts for potential infections and skin issues are not possible. By this article an invention of puzzle shaped cast for upper limb is introduced. This novel cast is made up of different parts that they complete each other and join as pieces of a puzzle to shape a cast. By this mean physical examination during the healing process is possible and the complications could be less.
1. Davis DI, Baratz M. Soft tissue complications of distal radius frac-tures. Hand Clin. 2010;26(2):229-35.
2. Bohm ER, Bubbar V, Yong Hing K, Dzus A. Above and below-the-elbow plaster casts for distal forearm fractures in children. A randomized controlled trial. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2006;88(1):1-8.
3. Delasobera BE, Place R, Howell J, Davis JE. Serious infectious com-plications related to extremity cast/splint placement in children. J Emerg Med. 2011;41(1):47-50.
4. Williams M. The patient's experience in a plaster cast. Int Journal of Orthopaedic and Trauma Nursing. 2010;14:132-41.
5. Kleinman WB. Distal radius instability and stiffness: common com-plications of distal radius fractures. Hand Clin. 2010;26(2):245-64.
6. Ceroni D Martin X, Delhumeau C, Farpour-Lambert N. Decrease of physical activity level in adolescents with limb fractures: an acceler-ometry-based activity monitor study. BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2011 May 4; 12:87.
7. Colaris JW, Allema JH, Biter LU, Reijman M, van de Ven CP, de Vries MR, et al. Conversion to below-elbow cast after 3 weeks is safe for diaphyseal both-bone forearm fractures in children. Acta Orthop. 2013;84(5):489-94
8. Kalyani BS, Fisher BE, Roberts CS, Giannoudis PV. Compartment syndrome of the forearm: a systematic review. J Hand Surg Am. 2011;36(3):535-43.
9. Grottkau BE, Epps HR, Di Scala C. Compartment syndrome in children and adolescents. J Pediatr Surg. 2005;40(4):678-82.
10. Turner RG, Faber KJ, Athwal GS. Complications of distal radius fractures. Hand Clin. 2010;26(1):85-96.


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In the bible, many (most?) of the major characters are given meaningful names. For example, the name of the prophet Ishmael literally means "God has heard" in Hebrew, and is derived from the following Biblical revelation (from Genesis 16):
Similarly, in Islam, the name of the prophet Muhammad also has the clear meaning of "Praised one" in Arabic.
Given that the languages of Arabic and Hebrew are so closely related, do the Arabic names of the Biblical prophets in the Qur'an (or any of the major Biblical persons) maintain such meaning to their names, or were these simply transliterations?
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2 Answers 2
No, absolutely not. The Quranic names are direct Syriac transliteration, so they lose the meaning. The Quran doesn't use the genius of the 2 languages to connect words.
Some names do have archaic connections, but no Arab can tell today. For example, Adam means dark/dirt in early Arabic and Hebrew, but no one knows that today. Talut is Saul, and everyone knows that Tawl means 'Tall' in Arabic, which matches the Biblical description of him.
Ibraheem is connected to Hebrew Ab-RaHam (Father of Nations). Ibraheem means nothing close. For Isma'il, The root word Sama'(Hear) is there, but it is not a translation and no Arab could easily pick that up. No other names have these type of connections.
Only Muhammad, Ahmad, Iblees and Zaid are Arabic names, the rest are just meaningless translations, like English.
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Of course every single name in the Quran has a meaning for e.g Ibrahim name has a Hebrew origin and if u translate it in Arabic it's will be ab raheem meaning merciful father and Musa means saved from the water and e.t.c. Every single word in the Quran of course has meaning but huroof muqattat like alif lam meem have a meaning but we haven't been given knowledge about what their meaning is. EVERY SINGLE WORD IN THE NOBLE QURAN HAS A MEANING l. Jazakallahkhair
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Sacred Texts Taoism Index Previous Next
1. Reason quickens all creatures. Virtue feeds them. Reality shapes them. The forces complete them. Therefore p. 109 among the ten thousand things there is none that does not esteem Reason and honor virtue.
2. Since the esteem of Reason and the honoring of virtue is by no one commanded, it is forever spontaneous.
3. Therefore it is said that Reason quickens all creatures, while virtue feeds them, raises them, nurtures them, completes them, matures them, rears them, and protects them.
4. To quicken but not to own, to make but not to claim, to raise but not to rule, this is called profound virtue.
Next: 52. Returning to the Origin


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When you create a Microsoft SQL Server database, you must configure it correctly to support vSphere Replication.
About this task
You use SQL Server Management Studio to create and configure an SQL Server database for vSphere Replication.
This information provides the general steps that you must perform to configure an SQL Server database for vSphere Replication. For instructions about how to perform the relevant steps, see the SQL Server documentation.
Verify that the SQL Server Browser service is running.
- Select Mixed Mode Authentication when you create the database instance.
The vSphere Replication appliance and the database server run on different hosts, so you must use mixed mode authentication and not Windows Authentication.
- Use either a named instance or the default instance of SQL Server.
If you intend to use dynamic TCP ports, you must use a named instance of SQL Server.
- Enable TCP on the database instance.
- Set a TCP port.
Static TCP port
Set the TCP port to the default of 1433.
Dynamic TCP port
Use a named instance of SQL Server. You can only use dynamic ports with a named instance of SQL Server.
Select the Show DB URL check box in the virtual appliance management interface (VAMI) of the vSphere Replication appliance.
Modify the DB URL value. Replace port=port_number with instanceName=instance_name in the URL.
Use the PortQuery command from a remote machine to check that the port on which the SQL Server Browser service runs is not blocked by a firewall. The SQL Server Browser runs on port 1434. Type the PortQuery command in a terminal window.
PortQry.exe -n Machine_Name -p UDP -e 1434
- Verify that the firewall on the database server permits inbound connections on the TCP port.
- Create the vSphere Replication security login.
- Create the vSphere Replication database and set the vSphere Replication security login as the database owner.
- Keep the dbo user and dbo schema settings.
Because the vSphere Replication security login is the database owner, it maps to the database user dbo and uses the dbo schema.


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Skinner presentation at GEOIDE 2009
The Geoweb Goes Wild: Developing A Participatory Geoweb Site As An Aid In Determining Rare Species Distribution, Randy Skinner, Yolanda Wiersma Erioderma pedicellatum (Ep), or boreal felt lichen, is critically endangered worldwide. Newfoundland currently has 95% of the known world population. The province of Newfoundland and Labrador has developed a five year management plan to assess the spatial distribution of Ep on the island. Surveys in the past have been largely opportunistic and focused on two hyperpopulated regions on the island. The provincial government has restricted use and development in regions where Ep has been found. To facilitate public awareness, as well as foster stewardship practices, our project will tap into the use of participatory Geoweb applications to gauge public awareness of the species in the province. Our project has a two‐fold focus. Web 2.0 widgets and applications will be used to develop a map-based interactive website so that users can pinpoint Ep sightings, add photos, or post forum info online. Web‐based aids will be provided to give the novice lichen hunter information and field tools to find and identify Ep. The ultimate goal is to determine the amount and degree of public input with Ep – a species that is still relatively unknown to the general public (i.e., uncharismatic), with a secondary objective of gathering more information on the spatial distribution of Ep. The second focus of our project will be to expand the Geoweb to allow for citizen‐derived observation about a suite of species, some of which will be more well‐known (charismatic) to the public. Public participation will be measured with each species via web statistics and user-generated input, noting the types of users, and the amount of participation and interest with each species. This project is part of a larger Phase IV Project (Team 41) on the Participatory Geoweb, which is being led by Dr. Renee Sieber of Mc Gill University.


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Quota costs, billing, and limits usage is billed by org memory quota.
The cost is $130 per GB of memory reserved per month, with no limit except the quota you set.
You set your memory quota in advance. This helps you control the maximum amount that your team will spend, and helps us avoid over-provisioning resources that won't be used.
(Sandboxes offer resource usage for free, but it is capped at 1 GB of RAM.)
Quotas are associated with and billed to a project IAA number or equivalent billing tag. Quotas are billed by the amount of memory reserved and tallied monthly.
What quotas limit
Quotas provide a not-to-exceed reservation of memory, which you set at the amount appropriate to your usage. In the underlying technical system, quotas also limit number of application routes and service instances, but you can request an expansion of those limits at any time.
Quotas limit the following resources:
If a new application push would exceed your organization's quota, the request will fail with status code 400 and a message that describes the limit that would be exceeded.
Creating app APPLICATION in org ORG / space SPACE as USER… FAILED Server error, status code: 400, error code: 100007, message: You have exceeded the instance memory limit for your organization's quota.
In this situation you have three options:
 1. Delete existing resources with cf delete, delete-service, delete-route or similar.
 2. Reconfigure individual existing application quotas and redeploy.
 3. Request a quota change by asking support. You can request an increase in number of routes or service instances with no cost impact. Increasing memory quota changes your costs (as described above).


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Pensions were one of the great inventions of the past century. Now the European Central Bank (ECB) has issued a 'wake-up call' on the affordability issues that lie ahead.
The reason is very simple. As we note in 'Boom, Gloom and the New Normal', pensions were introduced first introduced in Germany in 1889, and then in the UK in 1908. The idea was to provide a small amount of money to a small number of people for a small period of time:
- Life expectancy then was 30 years lower than today
- Pensions only went to those who lived 20 years longer than average
Since then, we have failed to index pension age to rising life expectancy. In addition, Westerners have come to assume that pensions are a 'universal right'. We forget that younger people will have to pay the bill for this dramatic increase in costs.
The ECB's report summarises the result. It calculates state-funded pension obligations in 19 EU countries where sufficient data exists:
- They have combined obligations of €30trn ($39trn)
- By comparison, total EU GDP in 2010 was only $12trn
The ECB is not supposed to intervene in political issues. So it cannot publically state the obvious conclusion. But most people reading the report will be in no doubt about what this means. Put simply, future pensioners are most unlikely to actually receive the money that has been 'promised' to them. Younger generations cannot, and will not, afford to pay the bill.
In turn, this has enormous implications for the type and cost of the products and services that older people will require. Affordability will be the key criteria for them in future years, not 'value in use'.
Companies that grasp this challenge will not only help to cushion the transition for disappointed would-be pensioners. They will also build a robust platform for their own future growth.


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Depressor Supercilli
The depressor supercilii muscle is a facial muscle which is located in the eye region. But, instead of being a separate muscle a lot of anatomical experts assume it to be a portion of the orbicularis oculi muscle.
The depressor supercilii arises:
 - From the medial orbital rim.
 - From the fascia covering the lower part of the nasal bone.
The depressor supercilii attaches into the skin inferior to the eyebrow and on the medial side of the bony orbit within the intercanthal zone.
The depressor supercilii mainly lowers of the eyebrow. Furthermore, it is assumed to help in moving the glabella, the skin superior to the nose and in the middle of the eyebrows.
The temporal branch of the facial nerve (CN VII) supplies the depressor supercilii.
Blood Supply
Mainly, divisions of the facial artery supply the depressor supercilii.
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next up previous
Next: Combining the Models Up: Overview of the Algorithm Previous: POS Sequence Model
The Phrase Break Model
The phrase break model is trained by examining the database again, but this time ignoring the POS information and only examining junctures. A n-gram of order N is constructed which represents the probability of different sequences of junctures. Using JNi-1 to represent the the previous sequence of N junctures, we have:
P(ji | JNi-1) = P(ji | ji-1, ji-2, ji-3,...,ji-N+1) (3)
Alan W Black


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Master of Science
Epidemiology and Biostatistics
Dr. Moira Stewart
The experience of fatigue has been a common problem among community populations for decades. The symptom of fatigue is also a frequent health complaint in primary care practices. Fatigue patients have been shown to be significantly high users of health care resources, particularly when compared to non-fatigued patient populations. To date, an understanding of the presence and the impact of the symptom of fatigue within the context of the Canadian health care system has been understudied.
The objective of this research was to determine the number of patients who were suffering from the symptom of fatigue within a primary care setting and to explore the determinants of their health care utilization patterns. Furthermore, these patterns of health care use were compared to a non-fatigue symptom patient population, who were also from a primary care setting. The data were extracted from a longitudinal electronic medical record database, which captures details of primary care encounters throughout Southwestern Ontario.
The fatigue symptom patients were found to experience a large complex of co-occurring morbidity and a markedly high level of referral following their visit with the symptom of fatigue. As well, the fatigue symptom patients were found to have an increased number of subsequent visits to their primary care provider and an increased number of investigations during a one year follow-up period, when compared to the non-fatigue symptom group.
These findings begin to create an understanding of fatigue symptom patients, their complex of morbidity, and their subsequent health care use patterns. This information will help to improve the management of fatigue symptom patients in Canadian primary care practices and in the Canadian health care system more broadly.
Nicholson, Kathryn A., "The Symptom of Fatigue in Primary Care: A Comparative Study of Health Care Utilization Patterns Using Electronic Medical Records" (2012). Electronic Thesis and Dissertation Repository. 627.


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10/18/2022 5 things you may not have known about Bearing Clearance Monitoring
Liebherr will showcase around 100 exhibits and numerous innovations at Bauma 2022. We have selected some special exhibits that you shouldn't miss during the trade show. Here are 5 exciting facts about digital wear measurement of slewing bearings, Bearing Clearance Monitoring (BCM). Would you have known everything?
1. Digital monitoring system for slewing bearings
Anyone who works with Liebherr machines knows how large slewing bearings are. The gigantic steel components enable, among other things, the rotation of cranes and uppercarriages. The Bearing Clearance Monitoring (BCM) digital wear measurement system allows these giants to be monitored remotely via an app. BCM is used, for example, in mining equipment and material handling technology or in maritime applications.
2. Focus on occupational safety
When a construction machine is in daily use, highly stressed components are subject to wear. Naturally this wear has to be monitored. With many wear measurement methods, the monitoring is, of course, done manually. Service technicians mount dial gauges or other measuring devices directly on the slewing bearing. This is not always easy, because they also have to work in dangerous areas, for example under excavators. With the BCM system, the measuring devices are already permanently installed in the bearing. The measurement by the installed sensors is triggered via the app. Safety first.
3. A small helper with a big effect
More than three hours can pass if a mining excavator is at a standstill due to manual wear measurement. But what does that mean? The mining excavator cannot load about 60 trucks during this time. So time and money are lost. The digital BCM system comes in handy here. Through its regular use, replacement intervals can be optimally planned and spare parts ordered accordingly. The measurements with the BCM system help to identify what the condition of a bearing is, whether it needs to be replaced or whether further measures are necessary to preserve the bearing. This way, downtimes can be greatly minimised since, with a measurement duration of 30 minutes, only 10 trucks cannot be loaded by the mining excavator.
4. There's technology inside
How does BCM work in the first place? It's all about the combination of preicse technology and the optimal connection. The sensor connection box receives the data from the sensors attached to the slewing bearing and supplies power to the entire BCM system. This sensor data is stored in the gateway, i.e., the hardware used for the BCM, and updates for the BCM can also be installed there. The sensors then transmit the data to the app users.
5. No reception? No problem!
Not every location has an Internet connection. BCM can even be used autonomously in regions without a data connection. This is the case in mines, for example, because they often do not have the necessary reception. A direct connection via Bluetooth makes the measurement process possible from a safe distance and without a network connection.
Bearing Clearance Monitoring can be found at the Liebherr booth A326 in Hall A4.


*)(v2 + 48) = 'y';
*(char *)(v2 + 49) = 'E';
That's good enough – there is no reason to dive into assembly code for purposes of understanding the video stream format.
Interpreting the header
Rather than going through the video stream by hand and extracting frame headers, I used the Ragel regular language parser generator to create a tool that would do so automatically.
The stream language is as follows:
begin = ('BoundaryS');
end = ('BoundaryE');
header = (
jpeg = (any* -- end);
main := (begin header jpeg end)*;
It is unlikely that the stream BoundaryE will occur within the JPEG image data. If it does, the video output is already pretty corrupt, so this really won't make things much worse.
Interpreting the JPEG frame contents
I used the 010 Editor to extract the first frame by hand. According to mediainfo, it's a 1280x720 JPEG image encoded in the YUV color space with 4:2:2 chroma subsampling. Not much of a surprise.
It is more surprising that the frame contains a DRI (Define Restart Interval) marker.
FF DD 00 04 00 50
The last two bytes in this marker tell us that the image will contain an RSTn (Resync) marker every 80 image blocks called minimum coded units (MCUs). See the JPEG File Layout and Format for further (terse) explanation of JPEG marker types, and see ImpulseAdventure for an excellent explanation of MCUs.
Restart markers allow resynchronization after an error, so it should be possible to mitigate the stream corruption – especially since things look pretty much fine in the mobile app.
Image decoding failure with libavcodec
Both VLC and ffmpeg use libavcodec under the hood so both tools will present similar viewing issues.
Viewing issues can be reproduced on the first frame, which I previously extracted. Using ffmpeg to convert the frame to JPEG gives a half-green image when the whole thing should be black. This command results in the following image:
$ ffmpeg -loglevel warning -i frame1.log 1.jpg
[mjpeg @ 0x7f98ba003400] mjpeg_decode_dc: bad vlc: 0:0 (0x7f98ba002448)
[mjpeg @ 0x7f98ba003400] error dc
[mjpeg @ 0x7f98ba003400] error y=43 x=78
Corrupt image
The ffmpeg run's output on stdout says that a bad variable-length code was encountered while attempting to decode the direct current (DC) term of a discrete cosine transform. The error occurred in MCU (78, 43).
A brief aside: mcutool
Since very few tools display information about the size and number of minimum coded units in JPEG images, I wrote mcutool, an extension of a shell script on, to extract that information from the images produced by the borescope.
Running the tool on the frame under examination yields the following output:
$ frame1.log
width 1280
height 720
mcu_x 16
mcu_y 8
n_full_mcu_x 80
n_full_mcu_y 90
n_mcu_x 80
n_mcu_y 90
n_mcus 7200
The image is 80 MCUs wide and 90 MCUs tall, so it's remarkable that libavcodec fails to decode the whole bottom half of the image after an error is encountered.
Analysis of libavcodec's mjpeg decoder
To understand what's happening, I cloned the ffmpeg Git repository listed on the download page and dug into libavcodec/mjpegdec.c. I did not run a debugger as I did not want to compile from source.
Line numbers discussed are as of commit e3dddf2142e21354bbeb27809e7699900a19ee0c made on December 7, 2019.
The error output mjpeg_decode_dc: bad vlc: 0:0 is printed from mjpeg_decode_dc on line 773. At that point, the call stack must be as follows, with the most recent call listed last:
 - ff_mjpeg_decode_frame (line 2322, called via function pointer on line 2368)
 - ff_mjpeg_decode_sos (line 1616, called on line 2537)
 - mjpeg_decode_scan (line 1408, called on line 1765)
 - decode_block (line 791, called on line 1484)
 - mjpeg_decode_dc (line 773, called on line 797)
On line 2378 within ff_mjpeg_decode_frame, the library notes restart markers when it sees them:
 if (start_code >= RST0 && start_code <= RST7) {
 av_log(avctx, AV_LOG_DEBUG,
 "restart marker: %d\n", start_code & 0x0f);
 /* APP fields */
However, it doesn't do anything about them. The switch block in that same function does not respond to restart markers so ff_mjpeg_decode_sos must decode the whole image in one pass.
In short, decoding is not resumed at the next restart marker if an error is encountered. In the future, it may be beneficial to add error recovery behavior to the decoder.
Fixing the stream
While adding error recovery to libavcodec's JPEG decoder will be the most complete and authoritative fix to the issue, I don't feel like doing that right now. Let's be honest, I'm doing this for fun, and compiling ffmpeg from source doesn't sound appealing right now.
There is another way. The jpegtran program accepts JPEG input on stdin, transforms it, and writes a new JPEG to stdout. The tool uses restart markers correctly when decoding an image, so the output is far more reasonable:
$ vid.fifo & \
 ffplay -hide_banner -loglevel error -f mjpeg vid.fifo
It uses about 50% CPU on a mid-2012 i7 MacBook Pro.
Source code for the borescope_stream program is available on GitHub.
Output latency is low and consistent.
In a sample capture of 1000 frames, jpegtran found that 60% of them contained corrupt data. However, even frames that jpegtran does not flag as corrupt generally contained a significant banding artifact about halfway down the height of the image.
image with artifact
Visual artifacts don't show up in the DEPSTECH mobile app. It's not clear what is different about the decoder used in the mobile app or if some form of stream obfuscation is performed.
Future work
Multiple Android apps exist to read data from these wi-fi borescope cameras. For example:
The DEPSTECH-Wifi app appears to be packed/encrypted using Jiagu and Qihoo. Analysis won't be straightforward but it may yield information about differences in JPEG decoding.


What is a Charrette?
What is a Charrette?
A charrette is a holistic, collaborative planning process that harnesses the talents and energies of all interested parties to create and support a feasible plan. It is implemented as a collaborative design and planning workshop that gives local stakeholders and the community a chance to learn what's happening and to provide input. During this time, a multidisciplinary team including planners, architects, and engineers can collaborate with citizens, town staff and officials to help bring forth a vision that will guide the land use for the U.S. 13 Corridor.
You may also wish to watch the YouTube video NCI Charrette System(TM): Stories of Community Transformation. It is a documentary showing charrettes in action.
What is a Charrette?
What is the Focus Area?
Why was this Area Selected?
Who are the Stakeholders?
What is a Form-Based Code?
How can you Participate?
Calendar of Events


PS3 power requested for research project
Sony invites PlayStation 3 owners to loan their machines' processing power to Stanford study of protein chemistry. Images: Harnessing PS3 power for Folding@home
If you bought a PlayStation 3 thinking it was just for games or watching movies, Sony wants you to know you can use the powerful device for something a lot more important.
Sony announced on Thursday that owners of any Internet-connected PS3 will be able to participate in a wide-ranging, distributed, scientific experiment led by Stanford University's Folding@home program, which is seeking to better understand a process called protein folding and its relationship to several serious diseases.
According to a release from Sony, the Stanford program is focusing on how two-dimensional protein strands in the human body fold into the three-dimensional molecules that determine their biological functions, and why incorrect folding can lead to debilitating diseases such as cancer, Parkinson's and Alzheimer's.
But studying the folding process is an extremely complex task requiring vast amounts of computing power, Sony said in its release. Hence the PS3/Folding@home initiative. PS3 participants will be able to lend their console's massive processing power to the effort, much as PC users are able to assist in the SETI@Home project, which is seeking to identify extraterrestrial life.
PS3 users are expected to be able to start lending their machines to the project on March 23, accessing Folding@home via the PS3's XrossMediaBar, the console's interactive menu system. Once participating machines are connected to the project and idle, Folding@home will tap the devices' unused processing power. Users will be able to watch the scientific simulations in real time, Sony said, as well as interact with the research by manipulating protein strands.
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PANOLIN CO2 emissions calculator
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The future is greener with PANOLIN!
* PANOLIN ECL = Environmentally Considerate Lubricant
(e.g. CAT 325 D)
Comparison of PANOLIN HLP SYNTH 46 (compared to PANOLIN HLP/HVLP 46)
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text:
Sending Data from Splunk To Database Using DB Connect ( DBX – Part 3)
In this post we are covering how to to create an output in the "Splunk DB Connect" application and get the most out of your database with Splunk.
Creating an "Output" in "Splunk DB Connect" application
Step-1: Navigate to the "Outputs" page, and click on the "New output" button.
Step-2: Set up Search,
Search/Saved Search : Select whether you want to write a new search or you want to use a saved search.
Run the search to check the output of your search/saved search.
Once you are satisfied with the output, click on the "Next" button.
Step-3: Choose Table,
Connection : Select the connection you want to use
for this input.
Catalog : Select the Catalog (if available).
Schema : Select the Schema from your database.
Table : Search for the table/click on the table
name where you want to push the data
Here, we are using a table "METHOD_INFO",
Verify the "Table Schema"and click on the "Next" button.
Step-4: Fields Mapping
Fields Mapping Section:
Here, you map the data fields from Splunk to the database table. You just need to click on the "Search fields" and the corresponding "Table Contents".
You can add multiple search fields by clicking on the "Add Search Field" button.
Enabling this behavior overrides any rows with the same values, you need to choose a column that can be used as a "key".
Click on the "Next" button to move further into the configuration.
Step-5: Set properties,
Name : Provide a unique name for this output.
Description (Optional): Add a description about what
this output does.
Application: Select the app context.
Query Timeout : Specify how long to wait for the query to
Scheduling : Click on the box to enable scheduling for
this output, otherwise the output behaves as
a single shot query.
Execution Frequency : Set the time interval(s) at which
this query should run (CRON Expression).
Click on the "Finish" button to finish the configuration.
You should get the "Done" screen as shown below.
Step-5: Now you will be to see the data in the database. You can check with Database Team to verify whether data has been stored into the database or not. See the below screenshot for our database.
Additionally, you can use the "SQL Explorer" to test/experiment with your SQL queries before you use them to create inputs/outputs etc.
Hope, this post was worth a read. If you want to know more about the DB connect configuration and operations please visit the below links.


text:
Vernon business classes observe Week of Respect
In conjunction with the mandate by the State of New Jersey to observe a Week of Respect during the first week in October, Mrs. Kathie Belli's classes at Vernon Township High School completed related activities on their class wikis and glogster accounts.
Students responded each day to a different prompt, including providing individual feedback about a simple quote, interpreting a fable to find the moral of the story, extolling the virtues of someone they admire, viewing and reacting to a bullying video, and creating an online Respect glog.
School districts are directed to observe the week by providing age-appropriate instruction focusing on preventing harassment, intimidation, or bullying. Throughout the school year, districts are expected to provide similar instruction in accordance with the New Jersey Core Curriculum Content Standards.


text:
In June 2005, Weill Cornell Medicine - Qatar opened the first clinical skills center (CSC) in the region. Standardized patients (SPs) and simulation models are used in the teaching and assessment of clinical skills. Modalities of teaching and assessment include large group lectures, small group guided practical teaching sessions and workshops, and Objective Structured Clinical Examinations (OSCEs) using SPs, simulation models or a hybrid method.
Simulation-based medical education provides risk-free learning that can encompass many complex elements of critical and rare clinical scenarios. The optimal integration of simulation-based medical education into medical student, resident and fellow education is meant to complement direct bedside clinical instruction.
Our mission is to provide services in a state-of-the-art clinical skills and simulation center that offers simulation-based medical education as an educational and/or assessment modality that can assist/augment purposeful, goal-oriented, skills-based learning and/or offer standardized skills assessments relevant to medical and allied healthcare professionals at various stages of training and practice in Qatar.
To view the Clinical Skills and Simulation Lab page please click here.


spin-density approximation (LSDA) is a straightforward generalization of the LDA to include electron spin:
E_{\rm XC}^{\rm LSDA}[n_\uparrow,n_\downarrow]=\int\epsilon_{\rm XC}(n_\uparrow,n_\downarrow)n (\vec{r}){\rm d}^3r.
Highly accurate formulae for the exchange-correlation energy density \epsilon_{\rm XC}(n_\uparrow,n_\downarrow) have been constructed from quantum Monte Carlo simulations of jellium.[13]
Generalized gradient approximations[14][15][16] (GGA) are still local but also take into account the gradient of the density at the same coordinate:
E_{XC}^{\rm GGA}[n_\uparrow,n_\downarrow]=\int\epsilon_{XC}(n_\uparrow,n_\downarrow,\vec{\nabla}n_\uparrow,\vec{\nabla}n_\downarrow)
Using the latter (GGA) very good results for molecular geometries and ground-state energies have been achieved.
Potentially more accurate than the GGA functionals are the meta-GGA functionals, a natural development after the GGA (generalized gradient approximation). Meta-GGA DFT functional in its original form includes the second derivative of the electron density (the Laplacian) whereas GGA includes only the density and its first derivative in the exchange-correlation potential.
Functionals of this type are, for example, TPSS and the Minnesota Functionals. These functionals include a further term in the expansion, depending on the density, the gradient of the density and the Laplacian (second derivative) of the density.
Difficulties in expressing the exchange part of the energy can be relieved by including a component of the exact exchange energy calculated from Hartree–Fock theory. Functionals of this type are known as hybrid functionals.
Generalizations to include magnetic fields[edit]
The DFT formalism described above breaks down, to various degrees, in the presence of a vector potential, i.e. a magnetic field. In such a situation, the one-to-one mapping between the ground-state electron density and wavefunction is lost. Generalizations to include the effects of magnetic fields have led to two different theories: current density functional theory (CDFT) and magnetic field density functional theory (BDFT). In both these theories, the functional used for the exchange and correlation must be generalized to include more than just the electron density. In current density functional theory, developed by Vignale and Rasolt,[11] the functionals become dependent on both the electron density and the paramagnetic current density. In magnetic field density functional theory, developed by Salsbury, Grayce and Harris,[17] the functionals depend on the electron density and the magnetic field, and the functional form can depend on the form of the magnetic field. In both of these theories it has been difficult to develop functionals beyond their equivalent to LDA, which are also readily implementable computationally. Recently an extension by Pan and Sahni [18] extended the Hohenberg-Kohn theorem for non constant magnetic fields using the density and the current density as fundamental variables.
In general, density functional theory finds increasingly broad application in the chemical and material sciences for the interpretation and prediction of complex system behavior at an atomic scale. Specifically, DFT computational methods are applied for the study of systems exhibiting high sensitivity to synthesis and processing parameters. In such systems, experimental studies are often encumbered by inconsistent results and non-equilibrium conditions. Examples of contemporary DFT applications include studying the effects of dopants on phase transformation behavior in oxides, magnetic behaviour in dilute magnetic semiconductor materials and the study of magnetic and electronic behavior in ferroelectrics and dilute magnetic semiconductors.[19][20]
In practice, Kohn–Sham theory can be applied in several distinct ways depending on what is being investigated. In solid state calculations, the local density approximations are still commonly used along with plane wave basis sets, as an electron gas approach is more appropriate for electrons delocalised through an infinite solid. In molecular calculations, however, more sophisticated functionals are needed, and a huge variety of exchange-correlation functionals have been developed for chemical applications. Some of these are inconsistent with the uniform electron gas approximation, however, they must reduce to LDA in the electron gas limit. Among physicists, probably the most widely used functional is the revised Perdew–Burke–Ernzerhof exchange model (a direct generalized-gradient parametrization of the free electron gas with no free parameters); however, this is not sufficiently calorimetrically accurate for gas-phase molecular calculations. In the chemistry community, one popular functional is known as BLYP (from the name Becke for the exchange part and Lee, Yang and Parr for the correlation part). Even more widely used is B3LYP which is a hybrid functional in which the exchange energy, in this case from Becke's exchange functional, is combined with the exact energy from Hartree–Fock theory. Along with the component exchange and correlation funсtionals, three parameters define the hybrid functional, specifying how much of the exact exchange is mixed in. The adjustable parameters in hybrid functionals are generally fitted to a 'training set' of molecules. Unfortunately, although the results obtained with these functionals are usually sufficiently accurate for most applications, there is no systematic way of improving them (in contrast to some of the traditional wavefunction-based methods like configuration interaction or coupled cluster theory). Hence in the current DFT approach it is not possible to estimate the error of the calculations without comparing them to other methods or experiments.
Thomas–Fermi model[edit]
The predecessor to density functional theory was the Thomas–Fermi model, developed independently by both Thomas and Fermi in 1927. They used a statistical model to approximate the distribution of electrons in an atom. The mathematical basis postulated that electrons are distributed uniformly in phase space with two electrons in every h^{3} of volume.[21] For each element of coordinate space volume d^{3}r we can fill out a sphere of momentum space up to the Fermi momentum p_f [22]
\frac43\pi p_f^3(\vec{r}).
Equating the number of electrons in coordinate space to that in phase space gives:
Solving for p_{f} and substituting into the classical kinetic energy formula then leads directly to a kinetic energy represented as a functional of the electron density:
t_{TF}[n] = \frac{p^2}{2m_e} \propto \frac{(n^\frac13)^2}{2m_e} \propto n^\frac23(\vec{r})
T_{TF}[n]= C_F \int n(\vec{r}) n^\frac23(\vec{r}) d^3r =C_F\int n^\frac53(\vec{r}) d^3r
where C_F=\frac{3h^2}{10m_e}\left(\frac{3}{8\pi}\right)^\frac23.
As such, they were able to calculate the energy of an atom using this kinetic energy functional combined with the classical expressions for the nuclear-electron and electron-electron interactions (which can both also be represented in terms of the electron density).
Although this was an important first step, the Thomas–Fermi equation's accuracy is limited because the resulting kinetic energy functional is only approximate, and because the method does not attempt to represent the exchange energy of an atom as a conclusion of the Pauli principle. An exchange energy functional was added by Dirac in 1928.
However, the Thomas–Fermi–Dirac theory remained rather inaccurate for most applications. The largest source of error was in the representation of the kinetic energy, followed by the errors in the exchange energy, and due to the complete neglect of electron correlation.
Teller (1962) showed that Thomas–Fermi theory cannot describe molecular bonding. This can be overcome by improving the kinetic energy functional.
The kinetic energy functional can be improved by adding the Weizsäcker (1935) correction:[23][24]
T_W[n]=\frac{\hbar^2}{8m}\int\frac{|\nabla n(\vec{r})|^2}{n(\vec{r})}d^3r.
Hohenberg–Kohn theorems[edit]
1.If two systems of electrons, one trapped in a potential v_1(\vec r) and the other in v_2(\vec r), have the same ground-state density n(\vec r) then necessarily v_1(\vec r)-v_2(\vec r) = const.
Corollary: the ground state density uniquely determines the potential and thus all properties of the system, including the many-body wave function. In particular, the "HK" functional, defined as F[n]=T[n]+U[n] is a universal functional of the density (not depending explicitly on the external potential).
2. For any positive integer N and potential v(\vec r), a density functional F[n] exists such that E_{(v,N)}[n] = F[n]+\int{v(\vec r)n(\vec r)d^3r} obtains its minimal value at the ground-state density of N electrons in the potential v(\vec r). The minimal value of E_{(v,N)}[n] is then the ground state energy of this system.
The many electron Schrödinger equation can be very much simplified if electrons are divided in two groups: valence electrons and


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Windows XP Hacks
By Preston Gralla
February 2005
More Info
Generating Folder and File Listings for Printing or Editing
Longtime PC users and former Mac users alike are often shocked when they realize that there's no easy, built-in option to print a list of files in a folder. This hack creates a context-menu right-click option to create such a list, which you can then edit, copy, paste, and—most usefully—print
Contributed by:
[09/03/03 | Discuss (34) | Link to this hack]
How many times have you been browsing through directories in Windows Explorer and wished you could generate a text file or printout listing the files and folders? It seems like such a simple request that it's amazing the option isn't available. You don't believe me? Right-click on a folder and see for yourself if there is an option to list or print the structure. There isn't, but there is a workaround that doesn't require any third-party software. Here's how to create a context menu item that, when clicked, generates a printable (and editable) text-file listing of the selected directory.
dir /a /-p /o:gen >filelisting.txt
The name of the.txt file can be whatever you like. In this example, I've used filelisting.txt, but it could just as easily be filelist, listoffiles, namedfiles, or even Wally if you enjoy the bizarre in your filenaming schemes. Once you've decided on the filename, create the file in Notepad, as shown in.
Figure 1. Creating a batch file in Notepad
Save the file in your WINDOWS folder as shown in, making sure to use the.bat extension and not the default.txt extension. It's important to set "Save as type" to All Files and "Encoding:" to ANSI.
Figure 2. Saving file listing.bat
Now that we have the.bat file created, the next step is to make it functional and easily accessible by integrating it into the context menu that opens when a right click is executed. Open Windows Explorer and choose Tools → Folder Options → File Types tab → Folder → Advanced → New, to open the New Action box shown in.
Figure 3. Creating a new action for the context menus
Figure 4. The revised Edit File Type box with your new action
That's it! Congratulations. You've created a new item on the context menu that's ready to go to work. So, now that's it there, what can you do with it?
Open up Windows Explorer. Navigate to whatever folder you want to use as the basis for the file list, and right-click to open the context menu. Click on the Create File Listing item (see ), and the list will be generated and displayed at the bottom of the open Notepad window as filelisting.txt. shows the file listing generated from the Sample Music folder shown in. Since it is a text file, it can be fully edited, copied, pasted, printed, and so on for any purpose.
Figure 5. Your new context-menu action: Create File Listing
Figure 6. The generated file listing, all ready for editing and printing
If for any reason you want to remove the Create File Listing entry from the context menu, you must edit the Registry [Hack #68]. Navigate to HKEY_CLASSES_ROOT\Folder\shell\Create_File_Listing and delete the Create_File_Listing key in the left pane. Close regedit and reboot to complete removal.
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text: In biology, gonochorism (Greek seed + disperse) or unisexualism describes sexually reproducing species in which there are at least two distinct sexes. The sex of an individual is genetically determined and does not change throughout its lifetime. Good examples of this type of pollination are hollies, and kiwifruit. In these plants the male plant which supplies the pollen is referred to as the pollenizer. The vast majority of mammals, for example, are gonochorists.


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Understanding Dredging
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Hydrogen-fuelled dredgers to maintain Netherlands' coastline
hydrogen fuel, dredging, THSD, LEAF, environment, zero emissions, government
CIN28042021 Hydrogen THSD Royal IHC // tshd_93-537-per_front_sb-_water-02_credit_royal_ihc.jpg (569 K)
Caption: Royal IHC's hydrogen-fuelled THSD is being developed to help the Dutch government reach its C02 neutral by 2030 target. Credit: Royal IHC
Hydrogen is the choice of fuel for a new trailing hopper suction dredger (THSD) design being developed through a partnership between Royal IHC and the Dutch government.
The fuel type was chosen based on its emissions reduction potential, the availability of the fuel and the readiness of the components, including fuel cells and fuel storage, Royal IHC's Leonard den Boer told CEDA Industry News. Following analysis, hydrogen was found to fit "best with the timeline of being operational in 2024," said den Boer who is the project leader.
The Dutch Rijkswaterstaat (Ministry of Infrastructure and Water Management) has set itself a target to be CO2 neutral by 2030. To achieve this, it sought cost-effective solutions for its coastal protection projects to significantly reduce CO2 from 2024.
Known as the 'LEAF' (low energy adaptive fuel) hopper, the design received an approval in principle (AiP) from classification society Bureau Veritas at the end of March.
The project's next step is "to form a consortium with dredger operator(s) and to define the conditions together with Rijkswaterstaat," said den Boer.
Project research began in 2019, and before hydrogen was agreed as the fuel of choice, other options such as methanol and ammonia were considered as possible zero emission fuels for the dredger, he said. The exact capacity of the LEAF hopper is still under discussion.
In a statement, Royal IHC said: "The AiP from Bureau Veritas means that the proposed design of the vessel, encompassing its features and specifications, has been deemed acceptable in this early stage and that the hydrogen system has been safely integrated".
According to the company, minimal CO2, SOx, NOx and particulate matter is released during the construction of the LEAF hopper, and when operating, like other hydrogen-fuelled vessels, it will release only water vapour.
"In addition, many design features on the LEAF hopper contribute to low energy consumption, including an electric drive train and energy recovery systems," it said.


text:
Liquid is pouring into a container at a constant rate of 20 cm 3s-1 and is leaking out at a rate proportional to the volume of the liquid already in the container.
(a) explain why, at time t seconds, the volume, V cm3 of liquid in the container satisfies the differential equation dv / dt = 20 - kV, where k is a positive constant.
The container is initially empty.
(b) by solving the differential equation, show that V= A + Be-kt, giving the values of A and B in terms of k.
So given that dv / dt = 10 when t = 5
(c) find the volume of liquid in the container at 10s after the start.
(p.s.i have attached a document with my own answers)


Ronin - Meaning of Ronin, What does Ronin mean?
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Ronin - Meaning of Ronin
What does Ronin mean?
Meaning of the name Ronin
[ 2 syll. ro-nin, ron-in ] The baby boy name Ronin is pronounced as ROWNihN †. Ronin is used mostly in Hebrew and English, and its language of origin is Hebrew and Celtic.
Ronin is a derivative (Hebrew) of the English, Spanish, Dutch, and Hebrew name Ron.
Ronin is also a derivative (English) of the English and Irish name Ronan.
Ronin is somewhat popular as a baby name for boys. The name has been rising in popularity since the 2000s; prior to that, it was of infrequent use only. At the modest peak of its usage in 2012, 0.015% of baby boys were named Ronin. Its ranking then was #771. In 2012, out of the group of boy names directly related to Ronin, Ronan was the most commonly used. The name was twice as popular as Ronin in that year.
Baby names that sound like Ronin include Ronan (English and Irish), Raam (Hebrew), Racham (Hebrew), Raemonn, Rahaeim, Raham (English and Hebrew), Rahan, Rahane, Raheem (Arabic and English), Rahiem, Rahim (Arabic, English, and Iranian), Rahma, Rahmahn, Rahman (Arabic and Turkish), Rahmen, Rahmin, Rahym, Raimee, Raimey, and Raimi.
Ronin Baby Name Explorer
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Ronin - Meaning of Ronin, What does Ronin mean?


Last updated August 1, 2015. Created on December 24, 2010.
Edited by akashjain132, mikeryan, Sheldon Rampton, StuartDH. Log in to edit this page.
A key feature of the Migrate module is the tracking of relationships between source records and the Drupal objects that have been created from them. This tracking is managed by the map classes - the abstract class MigrateMap and the concrete class MigrateSQLMap.
MigrateMap defines the API to be provided by concrete map classes (and, in hindsight, really should have been a PHP interface rather than abstract class). While in theory different representations of the map and message data could be implemented, in practice MigrateSQLMap (described below) is the only known implementation, so we will focus on usage of that class.
MigrateSQLMap maintains two tables for each defined migration - a map table and a message table. For each source record that is processed by the import function (whether or not it is successfully imported), a row in the migration's map table is added, keyed by the source record's unique ID. If import of the record was successful, the unique ID of the resulting Drupal object is also stored there. Thus, we know what Drupal objects have been created via migration (thus which ones can be rolled back), and when updating imported content we know what source records to update it from. And, critically, when migrating relationships between objects, we can use the map table to rewrite those relationships so they are properly maintained on the Drupal side.
Usually, in developing migrations you only need to worry about constructing the map object in your migration constructor:
 $source_key = array(
 'pgid' => array('type' => 'int',
 'unsigned' => TRUE,
 'not null' => TRUE,
 'description' => t('Source ID'),
 $this->map = new MigrateSQLMap($this->machineName, $source_key,
 MigrateDestinationNode::getKeySchema(), 'legacy', array('track_last_imported' => TRUE));
The constructor parameters are:
 1. Machine name - this may actually be any string, but is usually the machine name of the migration. This string will be appended to migrate_map_ and migrate_message_ to form the map and message table names. If your migration machine names are very long, you may prefer to pass a shorter string here.
 2. A Drupal schema definition for the source key - that is, a field or set of fields that is unique for each distinct record to be imported from the source. The keys (pgid in the example above) must correspond to fields in the raw data - Migrate will pull the values (e.g., $row->pgid) to save as the source IDs in the map and message tables.
 3. A Drupal schema definition for the destination key - that is, a field or set of fields that is unique for each Drupal object (such as uid for users, nid, for nodes, etc.). While you need to build this array by hand for the source key, because Migrate knows nothing about the legacy data, in this case the destination object usually knows the correct Drupal schema and you can call its getKeySchema() method to obtain it.
 4. Connection key - this identifies the Drupal database connection where the map and message tables should be created and referenced. It defaults to 'default' - the Drupal database itself - but could be set to another connection, in particular the source connection for MigrateSourceSQL migrations. The advantage of this is that if the map table is on the same connection as the source data, the MigrateSourceSQL class can speed things up by adding the map table to the source query.
 5. Options array - you can pass array('track_last_imported' => TRUE) to have the map table track the last time imported for each individual row. There is currently no builtin feature for displaying or using this information in Migrate, but the data is available for querying the table directly. Also, you may set array('cache_map_lookups' => TRUE) to have lookups of source or destination IDs against the map table be statically cached, which can help performance on sites with a large volume of relationships.
The map and message tables are lazily created by the MigrateSQLMap constructor - if the map table does not exist when the constructor is called, both tables are created based on the source and destination key parameters. It is important to understand that if you change the schema you pass to the constructor - for example, you decide that the source key must be a varchar rather than an int - the tables are not automatically changed. In this instance, you must make sure the migration is fully rolled back and manually drop the map and message tables so they can be recreated with the new schema.
seanbfuller's picture
This has tripped me up on three different migrations so I figured I'd add a note. As discussed in, if you get a database warning about ambiguous keys you may need to add an alias to the source key definition. The alias it is looking for is the primary table alias. For example, if you're migrating from an older drupal database and your source query's primary table is "node" with an alias of "n", then your source key alias would be "n".
 // Set the mapping
 $source_key = array(
 'nid' => array(
 'type' => 'int',
 'unsigned' => TRUE,
 'not null' => TRUE,
 'alias' => 'n',
 $this->map = new MigrateSQLMap(
Sean B. Fuller
opdavies's picture
I was having the same issue. Thanks for posting!