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We have already noted the basic difference between a neder and a shevua that is commented on by the Gemara. While a neder acts on an object (e.g. a person declares that meat is forbidden to him), a shevua acts on the person (e.g. he accepts upon himself a prohibition that will keep him from eating meat).
When examining the case of the Mishna (14b) where someone who takes a neder that he will not sleep is understood to be obligated by this pronouncement, the Gemara objects that "sleep" is not an object, and it can only become forbidden by means of a shevua (which will create a prohibition on the person keeping him from sleeping). In response, the Gemara offers the possibility of taking a neder forbidding one's eyes from closing with sleep. In this case, since the neder is made on a specific object (his eyes) the neder will take effect.
Still the Gemara points out another difficulty with a vow against sleeping. If the person did not state a specific amount of time that he will not sleep, we know that Rabbi Yohanan teaches with regard to shevuot that a person who takes an oath not to sleep for three days is understood to have taken a false shevua – since it is impossible to go without sleep for 72 hours. Therefore, rather than forcing him to attempt the impossible we punish him immediately (for having made a false shevua) and allow him to sleep whenever he wants. Thus the Gemara is forced to offer an alternative case of neder, where the person in fact did limit the amount of time that he would keep his eyes from sleeping.
In theory it is possible for a person to go without sleep for a period of three days if he is constantly prodded and woken by others whenever he begins to doze off. Nevertheless, withholding sleep from someone for that length of time will likely cause long-term physical and psychological damage, which the Talmudic Sages could not condone.


):
 Precision Recall F1-score
 Basic LSTM 0.92 0.96 0.94
 CNN 0.92 0.97 0.94
 CRNN 0.93 0.97 0.95
 DNN 0.85 0.97 0.91
 DSCNN 0.94 0.98 0.96
 GRU 0.90 0.95 0.93
 LSTM 0.92 0.97 0.94
 You can apply different processing method tricks to decrease the False Positives rate. First, take a sliding window of the audio stream and check consecutive audio frames to compare the results – it removes most of the FP if the model is well-trained. Then, take an even smaller sliding window and set a threshold of the number of consecutive frames to trigger an alert in the system. It's also a good idea to set the audio volume threshold to skip through the silent/quiet parts of the stream.
 Stream processing
 Now that we had all of our models trained and tuned, we needed to create the audio processing pipeline itself. There's a convenient setup in PyAudio to process an audio stream. The created stream has a callback option where you can infer the models using input data. You can also tune the parameters to have the sliding window mentioned in postprocessing.
 # instantiate PyAudio (1)
 p = pyaudio.PyAudio()
 # define callback (2)
 def callback(in_data, frame_count, time_info, status):
 data = wf.readframes(frame_count)
 return (data, pyaudio.paContinue)
 # open stream using callback (3)
 stream =,
 # start the stream (4)
 # wait for stream to finish (5)
 while stream.is_active():
 Final words
 While all of the methods are legitimate and aimed at a successful result, during real-life testing using an audio stream from the target device, you might encounter certain issues.
 For example, the dataset might not be balanced to take into account the realistic audio feed: silence and/or background noises. It can be either fixed by creating rules in the audio processing pipeline or by incorporating the negative samples of the dataset. The target device (e.g., microphone) can also differ from the one used to record the data, this is why there is a need to conduct additional tests on the target platform itself.
 And this is how you work with audio data in data science projects. We hope that our quick-start guide will help you with your audio-related projects. You can also try it out as a less ordinary research project. And stay tuned for more experiments from the Quantum team.
 - _TAG_ Processing
 - _TAG_&D
 - _TAG_ classification


Bosnian pyramids
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The term Bosnian pyramids has been used for a cluster of natural geological formations sometimes known as flatironsColin Woodard, December 2009, "The Pyramid Man", Smithsonian 40:9 near the Bosnia and Herzegovina town of Visoko, northwest of Sarajevo. The hill named Visočica became the focus of international attention in October 2005 following a news-media campaign promoting the idea that they are human-made and the largest ancient pyramids on Earth.
Scientific investigations of the site show that the so-called pyramids are natural formations and that there are no signs of human building involved. Additionally, scientists have criticised the Bosnian authorities for supporting the pyramid claim saying, "This scheme is a cruel hoax on an unsuspecting public and has no place in the world of genuine science", Just a pseudoscience.
The Visočica hill, upon which the Old town of Visoki was once sited, is roughly pyramid-shaped. The idea that it constitutes an ancient artificial edifice was publicised by Bosnian author and metalworker Semir Osmanagić. His subsequent excavations at the site have uncovered what he claims to be a...
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RELEVANCE OF THE CELL NUCLEUS IN CORONAVIRUS RNA SYNTHESIS
All positive strand RNA viruses that infect animals replicate in the cytoplasm of the infected host cell. However, there is ample evidence that implicated the nucleus and nuclear proteins in the replication and pathogenesis of positive-strand RNA viruses, including coronaviruses. The replication of these RNA viruses in enucleated cells is variable, ranging from 10% to 100% of that in nucleated controls. The relocation of nuclear proteins to the cytoplasm and of viral proteins to the nucleus during virus replication highlights the relevance of this organelle during the coronavirus infectious cycle and raises important question: What is the role of nuclear factors in the replication of these viruses, and do viral proteins traveling to the nucleus participate in RTC activity?

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


Frequently Asked Questions and Answers
What is the purpose of the Driver Eligibility Certificate (DEC)?
A DEC is used to determine if a student is maintaining adequate progress toward graduation and has not been suspended for having an illegal substance on campus or assaulting a staff member.
When are grades checked to measure adequate progress?
- At the end of the first semester and at the end of the school year.
- When measuring adequate progress at the end of a school year:
Schools on a traditional schedule use the end of the year grads
Schools on a block schedule use the semester grades.
What happens to students who leave school to attend a Community College?
- When a student leaves a public school to attend a community college and is NOT making adequate progress at the point of withdrawal the public schools should revoke that student's driving privileges.
-When a student leaves a public school to attend a community college and IS making adequate progress the public school should not revoke that students driving privileges.
Who is responsible for issuing a DEC to a student who lives in North Carolina but attends a boarding school out of state?
- A student who has permanent residency in North Carolina but attends a boarding school out of state shall receive a DEC from the school they would normally attend. That school may ask for the following documentation.
 1. Proof of residency within their district
 2. Transcript/report card showing the latest semester from the school.
 3. A letter on school letterhead stating the student is currently in attendance at that school.
 4. A report card/transcript at the end of each semester until the child graduates - making sure the student understands that they will lose driving privileges if this is not presented at the end of each semester
Can Public schools share their DECs with other schools?
No. North Carolina public schools are not permitted to share Driving Eligibility Certificates with conventional non-public schools operating within North Carolina's geographical borders, home schools, community colleges or even other public schools.
Are public schools allowed to revoke private schools students' license?
No. Conventional non-public or home schools located within the State of North Carolina wishing to have a student driver's license revoked must contact the North Carolina Division of Non-Public Education.
Who can public schools issue DECs to?
Only to students who are currently enrolled in that public school. Public schools may not issue a DEC to a student who currently attends or is enrolled in a conventional non-public school within North Carolina, a home school, community college or an out-of-state correspondence or other distance learning program.
How does Dropout Prevention (DOP)/Lose Control Lose License (LCLL), affect minors who are emancipated?
- Emancipated minors are still affected by both the Dropout Prevention and the lose Control Lose Your Licenses Laws.
Is a hardship permanent?
Yes. Hardships should only be granted under extreme circumstances. Once a student has been granted a hardship, however, his/her driver's license should not be revoked again.
Can the Division of Motor Vehicles (DMV), the Department of Public Instruction (DPI), or the Division of Community Colleges issue DECs or grant hardships?
No. Hardships can be granted only by the chief administrator (or his/her designee) of the North Carolina school in which the student is currently enrolled.
Who is responsible for charges incurred when a license is revoked in error?
- If a school revokes a student's license in error and the student has to have a duplicate license issue the school system is responsible for the duplication fee.
What is the earliest date a student under a LCLL suspension can be issued a DEC?
- A student who is under a Lose Control Lose Your License suspension may only be issued a DEC after at least 6 months has expired from the date the license was suspended, and the student demonstrated exemplary behavior and successfully completed a drug and alcohol counseling program (for those suspend for drugs or alcohol on campus). DMV examiners cannot accept a DEC for a LCLL suspension before the end of the 6-month waiting period.
When should the school send the names of licenses to be revoked to the DMV?
- A school should wait the determined time period to receive any hardship requests after notifying parents of the student's license revocation before sending the names to the DMV.
- It is imperative that schools revoke a student's driving privileges immediately following the 30 day grace period post withdrawal.
- It is also important that once a student drops out of school and their name is sent to the DMV that their name is removed from the list so that it is not inadvertently sent in again to the DMV.
How does summer school affect students who lose their license under DOP?
At the end of the school year (once final grades are posted), non-public schools should send DNPE their license revocation recommendations. At the conclusion of summer school, those students eligible may then receive a DEC from their North Carolina non-public school principal in order to have their license re-instated. Schools should not wait until summer school is over to turn in the names of students not making progress toward high school graduation.
When errors occur...
- If a school places a suspension in error it is important that DPI is contacted and the suspension is deleted. If suspension placed in error are not delete the student may incur increases in their insurance premiums.
-Schools should use extreme caution when entering suspension so, as not to label a student as a Lose Control suspension when it should been under Drop Out Prevention. Each suspension has different guidelines for reinstatement and special attention should be paid when entering this information.
© 2021 Asheboro City Schools. All Rights Reserved.


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- State and Regional
Water Boards' Map
- Board Priorities
- Decisions Pending and Opportunities for Public Participation
Water Rights Hearings Program
Welcome to the Division of Water Rights Hearings Program home webpage.
This website provides posted information related to current and archived hearings conducted by the State Water Board, and provides generally information, via FAQs, describing the nature, conduct and immediate results of a water right hearing. [NOTE: The general information provided is not intended to either alter or supersede State Water Board regulations or policies regarding the conduct of such hearings.]
HEARINGS PROGRAM SITE INDEX
Subscribe to the Water Rights e-mail list(s) to receive updates regarding current issues.
FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS: THE HEARING PROCESS
A water right hearing is a quasi-judicial adjudicative proceeding that has, as an objective, the development of an adequate record upon which the State Water Resources Control Board (State Water Board) can rely to make good decisions. (Govt. Code Sec. 11405.20)
A water right hearing is conducted as a formal proceeding to ensure that due process standards are afforded to the participating parties.
In general, water right hearings are conducted in a manner deemed suitable to the particular case. The State Water Board, assisted by personnel from the Division of Water Rights and Office of Chief Counsel, holds hearings to secure relevant information promptly and without unnecessary delay and expense to participating parties or the State Water Board. Subsequently, the record developed at the hearing is used to formulate a decision that affects the rights of the participants.
Water right hearings are conducted in accordance with the State Water Code (Statutory Water Rights Laws (effective January 1, 2016: California Water Code (particularly Division 2) and other California Code sections relevant to water rights) and the California Code of Regulations pertaining to water rights laws and proceedings (Title 23. Waters (Division 3) - Portions Pertaining to Water Rights - effective April 1, 2016).
As detailed by this Hearings Matrix, water right hearings conducted by the State Water Board fall under three basic categories:
- Evidentiary Hearings
- Application and Petitions
- Public Trust/Public Interest
- Fully appropriated Streams
Water right hearings are conducted with a (1) the Hearing Officer or Hearing Panel, and (2) State Water Board staff.
- Hearing Officer: The Hearing Officer assigned to hear a case is a Member of the State Water Board.
Role: The Hearing Officer (1) preside over the hearing (neutral judge), (2) provide policy direction to staff during preparation of Decision/Order, and (3) comment or recommend actions to the other Board Members during deliberation.
Authority: The Hearing Officer (1) decides all procedural matters prior to and during the hearing, (2) rules on motions prior to and during the hearing, (3) rules on objections during the hearing, and (4) directs staff regarding preparation of Decision/Orders.
The Hearing Officer will act much like a judge to ensure that the hearing is conducted in an orderly fashion. More than one State Water Board Member may sit in the hearing. Should this occur, one State Water Board Member will take the lead as the Hearing Officer and will be with the case until it ends.
- State Water Board Staff Hearing Team: An advisory Hearing Team is drawn from the Division of Water Rights and Office of Chief Counsel to assist the Hearing Officer. The Hearing Team may include a staff engineer, an environmental specialist, a geologist and a staff attorney.
Role: The Hearing Team participates in the development of the hearing record and subsequently writes an analysis of the hearing record. Under the guidance of the Hearing Officer, the Hearing Team prepares the draft Decisions/Orders to be considered by the State Water Board.
Authority: The advisory Hearing Team has no authority.
In accordance with the definition set forth in Section 648.1 of Title 23, Cal. Code of Rags., Parties include:
- Persons against whom enforcement action is taken
- Persons designated as parties in accordance with procedures specified in the hearing notice.
- Persons presenting policy statements are not parties.
- Only the Hearing Officer may grant "interested party" status to someone other than those set forth in Section 648.1 of Title 23, Cal. Code of Rags.
Party participation limits are:
- Set forth in the hearing notice.
- Imposed by the Hearing Officer at the hearing
- Self-imposed by a party (i.e., participating by cross-examination or rebuttal only).
Due Process includes:
- Reasonable Notice being provided.
- An opportunity to be heard.
- Preparation of Decisions/Orders is based only on the administrative hearing record developed during the hearing.
- Improper conduct by any hearing participant is not permitted.
- To ensure that a fair and impartial hearing is conducted, the Hearing Officer and Hearing Team are subject to disqualification for bias, prejudice, or interest in the proceeding.
This flowchart shows the Division of Water Rights' general process for a Water Right Hearing.
Rule for the conduct of hearings include the following:
- Hearings are conducted pursuant to rules set forth in Administrative Procedures Act (Government Code) and California Code of Regulations, title 23.(SEE: Laws and Procedures website)
- The Notice of Hearing drives the hearing and specifies the scope of hearing, deadlines application rules, etc. All evidence introduced at a hearing must address the key issues identified in the notice. (SEE: Hearing & Workshop Notices website)
- The Hearing Officer (Board Member) is in charge and is assisted during the hearing by State Water Board staff Hearing Team.
- Written testimony and exhibits must be submitted in advance, in accordance with deadlines set forth in the Notice of Hearing.
- The general Order of Proceeding is a follows:
- Opening Statements
- Direct Testimony
- Closing Statements
- Decisions must be based only on evidence within the hearing record and it is unfair for Board Members to rely on information outside the record.
The Ex-parte rule is:
- Parties to a hearing cannot talk, off the record, to Board Members and the Hearing Team about the substance of the hearing (except non-controversial procedural issues) without notice to all other parties and the opportunity for the parties to be present. (Caveat: sometimes what appears to be procedural is really substance.)
- Generally, the Hearing Notice provides the trigger for application of the Ex-parte rule.
- Violation of the Ex-parte rule can invalidate the State Water Board's Decision/Order.
- Board Members must disclose Ex-parte communications.
A much more detailed question and answer document on ex-parte communications is available HERE: _URL_
The purpose of a Hearing Notice is to inform parties and others interested in the subject of the hearing of:
- Date, time and place of the hearing.
- Subject of the hearing
- Issues that all testimony and exhibits must address.
- Procedural rules that apply to the hearing.
- Contacts for more information
The hearing notice is important because it ensure Due Process. If issues are not properly noticed for the hearing (directly or indirectly), then the State Water Board cannot make findings and conclusions related to that noticed issue.
The Administrative Hearing Record is:
- The complete record of the hearing that includes:
- Transcripts of the hearing (records everything said "on the record" at the hearing).
- Exhibits admitted into evidence
- The Administrative Records is used:
- To provide the basis for the State Water Board's Decision/Order
- To provide the basis for judicial review
- The Administrative Record is important because:
- The State Water Board is limited to the record in making its Decision/Order (cannot consider things that are not in the record)
- Testimony, writings, material objects or other things offered to prove the existence or non-existence of a fact.
- Documents must be submitted into evidence by the Hearing Officer, otherwise they are just an exhibit and they cannot be relied on by the Board.
- Legal arguments and policy statements are not evidence.
- Allegations are not evidence... they must be proved.
- Labels are not conclusive.
Evidence admissibility is:
- Determined by the Hearing Officer
- Generally not an issue: "Any relevant evidence shall be admitted if it is the sort of evidence on which reasonable persons are accustomed to rely in the conduct of serious affairs..." (Gov. Code sec. 11513 (c.)
HEARSAY EVIDENCE is evidence of a statement that was made other than by a witness while testifying at the hearing and that is offered to prove that truth of the matter stated. (Evidence Code Section 1200)
An expert witness:
- Can offer an opinion that goes beyond common experience
- Must have special knowledge, skill, experience, training or education.
- Expert opinion would help the State Water Board understand the evidence or determine a fact at issue.
- Cannot testify to legal conclusions.
- You do not need to be an expert to testify to facts (vs. opinion)
Burden of Proof is:
- An obligation of a party to a hearing to introduce evidence that affirmatively proves a fact or facts in dispute on an issue noticed for hearing.
Burden of Proof going forward is:
- An obligation of a party to a hearing to introduce evidence or cross-examine witnesses to elicit testimony that refutes or explains the evidence offered by the party with the burden of proof.
A hearing will result in:
- A Decision/Order adopted by the State Water Board.
- The Decision/Order will be limited to the administrative hearing record and will be based on substantial evidence.
- The Decision/Oder must contain findings based on factual and legal basis.
- Adopted State Water Board Decisions/Orders are posted at the Board's Water Right Decisions webpage


text:
Go to Set Theory Part II. Linear Sets (Serial Theory)
Abdo. see pitch number
div, or directed-interval vector, also interval string. The distance between successive (ordered) pcs cycling to an octave. A prime div is the div of a prime form.
Forte Prime. A generalized version of a set that includes its inversion.
Index number. The transposition number, in semitones, above a reference pc. P5 would be a transposition up 5 semitones from P0.
Interval. The distance between two pitches. In set theory intervals are measured by the number of semitones. Thus, CE is not a major third (M3) but 4 semitones, or simply 4. A minor sixth would be 8.
Interval class (ic). The distance between two pitch classes, measured by the shortest distance. C to G may be the interval of 7, but its interval class is 5. Thus, the largest ic is the tritone (6).
Interval String. see div
Modulo 12 (mod12). An arithmetic system nearly identical to that of a clock, where 13=1, 14=2 etc. However, in modulo 12 the number 12=0. If we want to know what 2 hours past 11 is (11+2), we say it is one o'clock (1). Thus, in mod12, 11+2=1, and there is no number greater than 11.
Normal form or normal order. A cyclic permutation of a pc set arranged in ascending order as compactly as possible with respect to the first pc. Each pc is represented by a pitch number in the absolute-do system. The normal order of an F major chord would be 590.
Pitch class (pc). All pitches with the same name plus their enharmonic equivalents; e.g. all C#s make up a single pitch class. But, Db and Bx are also in the same class.
Pitch number (pin). Each pc can be represented by a number from 0 to 11 in the twelve-tone system.
The first row of numbers in this table indicates the decimal notation for each pc. The last row shows the same pcs in hexadecimal (base 16) notation. The table shows abdo (absolute-do) notation, where C is always zero (0). In the reldo (relative-do) notation, any pc may be set to zero, usually the first of an arbitrary rotation. Thus, FAC is represented as 590 in abdo, but as 047 in reldo.
pcs or pitch-class set. A group of pitch classes.
Protoprime. The prime form of a set without including its inversion.
Reldo. see Pitch number
Unordered set, (or nonlinear set). A set whose temporal order is irrelevant, as in chords.
The first and most important way that a pc set is identified is by its protoprime, or simply prime. However, sometimes the normal form, or normal order, is used. The normal order may be considered as a step on the way to the prime. So, we'll start by figuring it. As in the above glossary, the normal order is a cyclic permutation of a pc set arranged in ascending order as compactly as possible with respect to the first pc. Each pc is represented by a pitch number in the absolute-do system. Thus, the normal order of an F major chord would be 590. Here are the quickest steps for finding the normal form and then the prime:
1. Eliminate any duplicate pcs. For example, D# C G# F# A C G#, eliminate the duplicate G# and C. Thus, this pc set is initially labeled 30869, with the pitch duplications eliminated.
2. Place the numbers in ascending order, 03689.
3. Figure the intervals between consecutive pairs of pitch numbers, cycling back to the initial pc. 3-0=3, 6-3=3, 8-6=2, 9-8=1, 0-9=3. Thus, the intervals are 33213. This is called the directed-interval vector, or div.
pins= 0 3 6 8 9
div= 3 3 2 1 3
4. Find the index number by locating the largest interval number. In this case, the largest interval number is 3, but there are three of them. When there are more than one of the largest number, choose the one with the smallest number following it (cyclically). This would be the second 3 in the above example. The pin (pitch number) following this is the index number. In our example the index pin is 6. (If the "smallest" number occurs more than once following a tie, then the next number should be considered using the same criteria, etc.)
5. Arrange the pins ascending from the index number: 68903. This is the normal form. The normal form has very little use and can be discarded.
6. The prime is figured from the normal form by setting the first pin to zero by transposition. This is done in our example by subtracting 6. Subtract the same number from all the pins. [6-6=0, 8-6=2, 9-6=3, 0-6=6, 3-6=9]. The result is 02369. This is the prime, which may be simplified to 2369, omitting the superfluous leading zero.
A more elegant (simpler) way to get the prime is to use the div, or interval string. In our example this is 33213. The largest interval followed by the smallest is the second 3. This points to the next interval as the starting interval for the prime. Therefore, cycling the intervals, we get 21333. The digits should always sum to 12 to complete an octave. If we build a set class from this we get 02369. To get the Inversion (I), reverse the div: 33312. Then find the inversion's prime div by the same method: 12333. Building a set class from this we get: I=01369.
6. The Forte prime may or may not differ from the protoprime. To get the Forte Prime (after Allen Forte), compare the prime with its inversion. The one which is most compacted toward zero is the Forte Prime. In this case, compare P=02369 with I=01369. The latter is most compacted (smallest interval) near zero. So, the Forte Prime is 01369. Remember that Forte Primes do not discriminate between major and minor.
NOTICE: This is all that is required to identify the set class (The set class is the protoprime). The following are additional steps for computing the inversion and the Forte Prime.
To find the Forte Prime;
The Forte Primes can be computed in real time on the Internet at Paul Nelson's Tools.
Primes from the Keyboard
The keyboard of a piano, organ, or other electronic keyboard, can be used to simplify the determination of the prime. For example, a dominant seventh chord, e.g., a C7, can be imagined or played on a keyboard in four possible configurations or positions.
(1) (2) (3) (4)
These are the cyclical rotations of this set, commonly known as root, first, second, and third inversions. From these, choose the most compact form under the hand, i.e., number 2, which encompasses the smallest inverval of a minor sixth or 8 semitones. Using this form, set the first pc to zero, i.e., using reldo, and figure the intervals in semitones above it; i.e., 0368. This is the prime. This method can be used for any set. If two or more forms compete with the smallest span, choose the one with the smallest interval from the bass to the next note above.
Interval String Notation
The most elegant way to represent a set class is with Interval String Notation (ISN), first documented by Ernst-Lecher Bacon in The Monist, 27:1, October 1917, under the title "Our Musical Idiom". In this system a pc set is represented by a series of intervals (in semitones) that fills an octave. Thus, the minor 7th chord, 037, becomes 345 in ISN, the intervals between the pcs with one more to complete the octave. On close scrutiny it will be ascertained that a set class is really a directed-interval vector, or div, rather than a pitch-class set. A new catalog of sets may be constructed with this notation in which set identity is very elegant and economical, without the need for set names; e.g., C7 chord, 0368 ( 4-27B), becomes 3324. The half-diminished seventh (0258 or 4-27) becomes simply 2334. In ISN, the difference between major (435) and minor (345) chords are clearly nonequivalent, just as are the dominant seventh and half-diminished seventh. The intervals in ISN should always add up to 12.
Allen Forte's "prime forms" are actually combined pairs of protoprimes (or simply, primes) that are not perceived or conceived as such in our music. As a simple example, 047, the major chord, does not appear in Forte's table, but

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


text:
This small pointed hand-axe comes from the Leyton area. It is over 300,000 years old.
One axe of many
Thousands of these ancient tools have been found across London. Many lay in the riverbeds of the ancient Thames and its tributaries. This particular hand-axe is made of a distinctive banded flint, which may have had special value or significance to its maker or owner.
See the axe
The hand-axe is currently on display in the Museum of London's London before London gallery. The gallery describes what London was like for thousands of years before the Romans arrived.
Museum number 49.107/308


text:
Here's a scenario. You catch a brook trout in a seemingly clear and clean stream. There is no industry to speak of, but the stream is open to Great Lakes salmon that come up and spawn and die in the fall.
What are the chances of that brook trout being contaminated with nasty chemicals? The answer is they just might be, according to a story in Science Daily today that reports on University of Notre Dame research that found that the unintended consequences of allowing Great Lakes migratory fish to pass upstream can be a transfer of the contamination from salmon to say, a brook trout – and your dinner.
Salmon accumulate a variety of toxic chemicals during their stay in the Great Lakes, particularly near big urban centers. Those chemicals are left behind upstream in both their rotting bodies after death and in their eggs which brook trout eat.
As Michigan moves ahead with dam removal projects on Great Lake tributaries like the Boardman River, this is an issue that will come into ever-sharper focus. And it should. As the story suggests, we have fish consumption advisories for salmon, but not for stream fish.
What is safe and how many and how often? Those questions are likely to come up more and more. Read more: Migrating Toxics in Fish


text:
🧮 Fuel Economy
Miles per Gallon to Kilometer per Liter
The fuel economy conversion of 50 miles per gallon is ~21.258503401361 kilometer per liter.
|Miles per Gallon||Kilometer per Liter|
Fuel efficiency is a form of thermal efficiency, meaning the ratio from effort to result of a process that converts chemical potential energy contained in a carrier (fuel) into kinetic energy or work. Overall fuel efficiency may vary per device, which in turn may vary per application, and this spectrum of variance is often illustrated as a continuous energy profile. Non-transportation applications, such as industry, benefit from increased fuel efficiency, especially fossil fuel power plants or industries dealing with combustion, such as ammonia production during the Haber process.


Question: What wines are low in histamines?
Try drinking dry whites like Sauvignon Blanc or sparkling wines like Cava or Prosecco as they are lower in histamines than red wines.
Which wines have histamines?
Red wines typically have the highest histamine levels when compared to white wines and champagnes. The levels are typically between 60 to 3800 micrograms per liter (mcg/L). Red wines normally need the longest aging time to "soften" and fully develop their desired flavor.
Which alcohol has least histamine?
When it comes to spirits, stick to tequila, vodka and gin.
They're lower in histamine than other liquors. For vodka, stick to the plain types, as flavored vodkas can have higher histamine levels.
Which wine has less sulfites red or white?
Fact: Red wines typically contain less sulfites than white wine. Why do red wines have less sulfites? They contain tannin, which is a stabilizing agent, and almost all red wines go through malolactic fermentation. Therefore, less sulfur dioxide is needed to protect the wine during winemaking and maturation.
What alcohol contains histamines?
Wine and beer have a lot of histamines in them, which is a substance your body produces naturally. Histamines develop over time, mostly in aged beverages or foods, like wine and aged cheese.
IT IS INTERESTING: Best answer: What can you take for food allergies?
Does B12 increase histamine?
Folic acid (with vitamin B12) can help to raise the histamine level.
Is Turmeric high in histamine?
5. Turmeric is a spice that can prevent the release of histamine from mast cells and can even inhibit anaphylactic reactions. It can be used in cooking or can be made into a tea.
Does Coca Cola contain histamine?
The problem is that histamine is not only produced by cells in our immune system, it can also occur naturally in some foods such as champagne, wine, beer, sauerkraut, vinegar, pickles, mayonnaise, tofu cheese, sausages, processed meats, mushrooms, prepared salads, tinned vegetables, dried fruits, seeds, nuts, yeast, …
Is Pinot Noir high in histamines?
Most of the wines had similar amine levels except for Pinot noir and St. … For example, when wines from 2004 and 2005 were compared, it was found that levels of histamine, putrescine and tyramine were higher in 2004 (a vintage with very good red wines) than in 2005 (a year delivering average red wine) [4].
What fish is low in histamine?
Histamine levels of fish
Fish product Histamine level
Fresh fish (e.g. salmon, saithe, redfish, cod, hake, hoki, plaice, trout, zander) low-histamine
Frozen Fish (also fish fingers) low-histamine
Fish oil capsules low-histamine
Canned fish (e.g. tuna, anchovies, sardines, mackerels, herring, rollmops) histamine-rich
Which wines have less sulfites?
Wines with more color (i.e., red wines) tend to need less sulfites than clear wines (i.e., white wines). A typical dry white wine may have around 100 mg/L whereas a typical dry red wine will have around 50–75 mg/L.
IT IS INTERESTING: Quick Answer: What are the signs of being allergic to latex?
What brands of wine are sulfite-free?
Here's what you need to know about these compounds, plus a few of our favorite low-sulfite wines to add to your cart like, now.
 - 2019 Ace in the Hole Cabernet Sauvignon. …
 - Frey Agriculturist Organic Blanc. …
 - 2018 Bruno Dubois Saumur Rococo. …
 - 2018 Trés Chic Rosé …
 - 2019 Wonderful Wine Co.
18 нояб. 2020 г.
What wine has the least amount of sulfites?
Frey Vineyards Natural Red NV, California ($9)
A pioneer of organic and biodynamic wines, Frey also prides itself on adding no sulfites to its wines. Their basic red blend is comprised of Carignan, Zinfandel, and Syrah – fruity and easy drinking.
Does coffee contain histamine?
Coffee is high in histamine which can set off what looks like an allergic reaction but it doesn't occur through the typical allergy mechanism. Instead, the histamine from the coffee causes an inflammatory reaction that can be quite severe in some people.
Is wine high in histamine?
"Red wine migraines" are often histamine intolerance headaches, and red wine is indeed high in histamine. All alcoholic beverages can be problematic for people with histamine intolerance because alcohol can make DAO, one of the enzymes your body uses to process histamine, less effective.
Does alcohol contain histamine?
Beer, wine and liquor contain histamine, produced by yeast and bacteria during the fermentation process. Histamine, of course, is the chemical that sets off allergy symptoms. Wine and beer also contain sulfites, another group of compounds known to provoke asthma and other allergy-like symptoms.
IT IS INTERESTING: You asked: Can you eat oats if you have a wheat allergy?
Immune response


text:
The fact that female wasp spiders have numerous sexual contacts is something which their male partners cannot prevent. What they can do, however, is ensure that no offspring ensue from these tête à têtes with their rivals: the male spiders simply place a chastity belt on their partner while copulating. The tip of their genital breaks off during intercourse, blocking the sexual orifice of the lady spider. Biologists from the universities of Bonn and Hamburg report on this amazing mechanism in the journal 'Behavioral Ecology' (vol. 18, pages 174-181, 2007).
When a male wasp spider discovers a potential partner, he turns her on by shaking her web. The female thereupon supports herself on her long legs on the web so that the male, who is much smaller, can then creep under her body. The rest works hydraulically: the tip of a transformed leg filled with sperm is inserted into the female's sexual orifice – like a ski boot in its binding. Wasp spider. Courtesy: University of Bonn. (c) Frank Luerweg
The female usually puts an end to the affair after a few seconds by attacking her partner and killing him if he does not escape in time. 'When the male detaches himself from the female, in more than 80 per cent of cases the tip of his genital breaks off,' the Bonn lecturer Dr. Gabriele Uhl says. 'The tip then remains in the sexual orifice like a cork, blocking it.'
Together with her colleague Professor Jutta Schneider and the behavioural biologist Stefan Nessler (both now at the University of Hamburg), Dr. Uhl has been looking for a reason for this genital mutilation. 'There are basically two hypotheses,' she explains. 'On the one hand detaching part of the genital organ could help the male to escape from the female's murderous attack. On the other hand it might be a mechanism ensuring that paternity is maintained, preventing or impeding further copulation by the female.'
Genital tip as a 'cork'
Even when giving her a quickie, a male transfers enough sperm to fertilise all his partner's eggs. However, if a rival male then gets a look in, his sperm cells compete during copulation with those of his predecessor. 'The detached tip might prevent subsequent intercourse, like a chastity belt,' Jutta Schneider explains. 'The first male would thereby ensure that all the egg cells were fertilised by him rather than his rival.'
In his diploma thesis at the University of Bonn, Stefan Nessler has been examining more closely which of the two hypotheses is correct. The result is that whether the tip broke off or not had no significant effect on the male's survival rate – but it did affect any subsequent copulation with another male: when the sexual orifice was blocked, the game was over after only eight seconds; normally male spiders copulate for twice as long. 'The results show that the blockage at least impedes copulation,' Stefan Nessler emphasises. 'Initial morphological studies show that the detached tip plugs the orifice so securely that the transfer of semen is probably largely excluded.' Dr. Gabriele Uhl with a poster of the wasp spider. Courtesy: University of Bonn. (c) Frank Luerweg
The researchers have now been able to show that other species of wasp spiders also have this 'plugging mechanism'. What they all have in common is that the female attempts to kill her partner during intercourse. 'We presume that genital mutilation only makes sense if there is hardly any chance of further copulation anyway,' Gabriele Uhl explains. 'The males show maximum investment.'
Dr. Uhl's diploma student Martin Busch is currently investigating a completely different strategy for preventing competitors from having intercourse: the dwarf spider produces a viscous secretion in its genital which it spurts after the sperm. This mucus plug blocks the female genital aperture so effectively that rivals can no longer copulate. Whether a mucus plug or the tip of the genital organ is used, the oviposition is unaffected by the 'chastity belt': 'for that the females have a separate aperture,' Dr. Uhl stresses. 'In spider species with only one aperture for copulation and oviposition no such contraceptive strategies exist.'
Written from a news release by University of Bonn.


and beyond such necessity for meaning: God 'makes' meaning, he is not subject to our meaning. Paradox. If he is not subject to our meaning making, how might we have a meaning of God? And how could we know what He wants? since if he is beyond human meaning, how could he instill in our meaning making any knowledge of himself? For he would then be subjecting himself to human meaning making for the purpose of establishing himself as true for humans.
 Hence Ks founding question.
 5. (Pt 2) now, it seems I just contradicted myself my indicating a human and a 'natural' situation, saying they are the same 'ethically' but using the example based in that they are not.
 Sounds pretty nonsense. But that is part of the point: our ability to make meaning when taken to its meaningful ends finds nonsense.
 How are we able, capable, then to determine the 'right' meaning? The 'ethical' meaning?
 6. I don't think that "because I am human, there is ethics" is an adequate ground for your conclusion that what was done to Nirbhaya was "absolutely wrong" and "wrong in a universal sense."
 A human could believe that Nirbhaya is essentially made of the same stuff as rocks and flowers. I don't see how this belief would lead to the ethical conclusion that what was done to Nirbhaya was absolutely, universally wrong. It seems like it could just as easily lead to the conclusion that humans can do what they want with rocks and they can do what they want with other humans. There's no qualitative difference between the two.
 I think there is equivocation in your question, "if [God] is beyond human meaning, how could he instill in our meaning making any knowledge of himself?"
 God is beyond human meaning in this respect: we do not make God meaningful. But I don't think this makes God inaccessible – unknowable. Instead, I think God is the ground of meaning, and because we have the capacity for making meaning, we can recognize God. I don't see why our meaning-making has to lead to nonsense.
 7. So if God made us for our ability for meaning, and we thus have such meaning then of Himself that he gave us, how do you account for ethical (good) people who disclaim the Bible?
 8. (Pt3) I merely mean to point out all the various ideas of God. And so it comes back to the Jesus question. There are deeply religious people who do not see Jesus as the Son of God as it tells in the Bible.
 So when it comes down to it, who is right? To you it makes sense, enough to try and tell others; but so do other people have theirs. So we all try to convince each other, but inside or in secret, everyone really holds onto the idea that they are correct and the other argument is not. Is God present in all these opinions? It would seem if he was then my personal 'belief' is not as correct as I would like it to be. If my personal belief is correct, then we are back at square one: so 'I' am going to be saved and 'you' are not.
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text: AbstractCellobiose-pendant polymers were synthesized by radical polymerization and their affinity for a cellulose matrix was investigated by quartz crystal microbalance (QCM). A 2-(methacryloyloxy)ethylureido cellobiose (MOU-Cel) macromer was synthesized by coupling cellobiosylamine with 2-(methacryloyloxy)ethyl isocyanate followed by polymerization in an aqueous radical reaction system. The interaction of the resulting poly(MOU-Cel) with a pure cellulose matrix in water was evaluated by QCM analysis. Poly(MOU-Cel) was strongly adsorbed to the cellulose substrate, whereas neither cellobiose nor MOU-Cel macromer exhibited an attractive interaction with cellulose. This specific interaction was not inhibited by the presence of ionic contaminants, suggesting that multiple cellobiopyranose moieties in each polymer molecule might cooperatively enhance its affinity for cellulose. Moderate insertion of acrylamide units into the polymer backbone improved the affinity for cellulose, possibly due to an increased mobility of sugar side chains. Polymers such as these, with a high affinity for cellulose, have potential applications for the surface functionalization of cellulose-based materials, including paper products.


text:
Establish a connection between a process and a channel
_TAG_ _TAG_ int ConnectAttach( uint32_t nd, pid_t pid, int chid, unsigned index, int flags ); int ConnectAttach_r( uint32_t nd, pid_t pid, int chid, unsigned index, int flags );
Treating a connection as a file descriptor can lead to unexpected behavior.
Therefore, you should OR _NTO_SIDE_CHANNEL into
index when you create a connection.
If you do this, the connection ID is returned from a different space than
file descriptors; the ID is greater than any valid file descriptor.
Once created there's no difference in the use of the messaging primitives on this ID. The C library creates connections at various times without _NTO_SIDE_CHANNEL (e.g. during open()), however, it's unlikely that any applications would want to call it this way.
Use the -l c option to qcc to link against this library. This library is usually included automatically.
The ConnectAttach() and ConnectAttach_r() kernel calls establish a connection between the calling process and the channel specified by chid owned by the process specified by pid on the node specified by nd. Any function that passes a node descriptor can use either the value 0 or the constant ND_LOCAL_NODE to refer to the local node.
These functions are identical except in the way they indicate errors. See the Returns section for details.
|If a process wants other processes to communicate with it, it typically uses name_attach() to create a channel and associate a name with it, and the sender process uses name_open() to locate that name and create a connection to it.|
The return value is a connection ID, which is a small int representing the connection. The system returns the first available connection ID starting at the value specified by the index argument. Any thread in the calling process can use either MsgSendv() to send messages or MsgSendPulse() to send pulses over the connection. The connection ID is used directly as a POSIX file descriptor (fd) when communicating with I/O Resource managers such as a filesystem manager.
If you don't OR _NTO_SIDE_CHANNEL into index, this behavior might result:
File descriptor 1 (i.e., connection ID 1) is used as stdout, which is what printf() writes to. If your process makes any calls to printf(), NULL-terminated character strings are sent to the channel that you've connected to. Similar situations can happen with connection IDs 0 (stdin) and 2 (stderr).
Since connections are treated like file descriptors, a connection created by the parent without _NTO_SIDE_CHANNEL in index and without _NTO_COF_CLOEXEC in flags, causes a child process to inherit that connection during process creation. This inheritance is done during process creation by duplicating file descriptors.
During duplication, an _IO_DUP message (with 0x115 as the first 2 bytes) is sent to the receiver on the other side of the connection. The receiver won't be expecting this message.
If index has _NTO_SIDE_CHANNEL set, the index is ignored and the connection ID returned is the first available index in the _NTO_SIDE_CHANNEL space.
If a process creates multiple connections to the same channel, the system maintains a link count and shares internal kernel object resources for efficiency.
Connections are owned by the process and may be used simultaneously by any thread in the process. You can detach a connection by calling ConnectDetach(). If any threads are blocked on the channel (via MsgSendv()) at the time the connection is detached, the send fails and returns with an error.
|Connections and connection IDs persist until you call ConnectDetach(), even if the other process dies.|
The connection is strictly local (i.e., it doesn't resolve across the network) and is resolved on the first use of the connection ID.
These calls don't block.
The nd (node descriptor) is a temporary numeric description of a remote node. For more information, see the Qnet Networking chapter of the System Architecture guide.
|To:||Use this function:|
|Compare two nd objects||ND_NODE_CMP()|
|Convert a nd to text||netmgr_ndtostr()|
|Convert text to a nd||netmgr_strtond()|
A connection ID that's used by the message primitives. If an error occurs:
ChannelCreate(), ConnectDetach(), execl(), execle(), execlp(), execlpe(), execv(), execve(), execvp(), execvpe(), MsgSendPulse(), MsgSendv(), name_attach(), name_open(), netmgr_remote_nd()
Message Passing chapter of Getting Started with QNX Neutrino


text:
Male dogs are notorious for start-and-stop walks that consist of them spreading their manly scent across the neighborhood, but they're not the only dogs that mark their territory with urine. Female dogs also urine mark, and they usually have a good reason for it—at least if you're a dog. You'll know your girl likes to mark when you find yourself stopping frequently on walks to let her squat and let out a small amount of urine. In worst case scenarios, she might even mark things inside your house by leaving behind surprise pee puddles. If this sounds familiar, here's what it means.
Over-Marking vs. Adjacent-Marking
It might all look the same to you, but there are actually different kinds of urine marking, and their self-explanatory names make it easy to keep them straight. Over-marking is when a dog smells the scent of another dog and decides to pee directly over that spot. Their aim might be a little off, but their goal is to completely cover the old scent with their superior smell.
The other option, adjacent-marking, is exactly what it sounds like. Instead of peeing directly on top of another dog's scent, the dog will mark an area next to it. Adjacent could mean a few feet away or sometimes only a few inches. You probably can't tell one area of grass from another without a black light, but your dog's strong sniffer can locate exactly where old pee is and where it isn't.
Dominant male dogs are the biggest culprits of over-marking. They like to assert their top-dog status by snuffing out one scent with their own. Female dogs, however, are much more likely to adjacent-mark. In fact, a study conducted in 2011 found that over-marking is rare for females. The study took place in a dog park where researchers observed the bathroom habits of male and female dogs. During their time at the park, several female dogs took part in adjacent-marking, but none of them over-marked.
The study gives insight into marking habits of female dogs, but many pet owners observe their females over-marking on a regular basis. Some female dogs take marking to the extreme and do awkward-looking handstands with both their hind legs off the ground in order to over-mark on vertical surfaces. The reasons behind why dogs mark are not set in stone, but researchers know leaving behind a scent is serious business for dogs.
Why Female Dogs Urine Mark
To Attract a Boy
Female dogs that have not been spayed make up the largest population of female dogs that mark. They'll slow you down during a walk most often when they're in heat and when they're about to be in heat. In this case, marking is their method of sending out calling cards to all the eligible bachelors on the block. Chemicals in their urine emit a distinct smell that tells other dogs they're ready to mate. When a male dog walks by and catches a whiff, they'll know your girl is somewhere nearby and ready to reproduce.
To Assert Social Status
While males are generally known for being the more dominant sex, that doesn't mean female dogs aren't concerned with social status. Social status in the dog world is all about the pack. Dog packs are made up of leaders and followers, and the system only works when each dog knows where they fall in the hierarchy. Your dog might not be in a traditional pack, but those instincts govern how they interact with other canines.
Dr. Becker with Mercola Healthy Pets explains there will always be dominant and subordinate dogs, and the message a dog leaves behind in their urine is their way of asserting their position over other dogs. When you're out on a walk, your female dog could be marking to make sure other dogs that pass by know her status. In your home, your female dog could be marking to send a message to another pet or even a human family member. She feels the need to establish her place in the hierarchy, and marking is how it's done.
To Express Stress and Anxiety
Some dogs are especially prone to anxiety and choose to express their feelings through marking. A new baby in the family, a new pet, a change in their environment, or a conflict with another family member are all possible triggers for a dog's anxiety. Marking can sometimes stem from feelings of insecurity and can happen both outside and inside a home. If the issue has to do with another family member, the marking will most likely happen inside near objects that smell like the family member they're having a problem with. American Kennel Club says,
"If she's already spayed, then anxiety is probably underlying the behavior. If the cause of the anxiety can be addressed, the urine-marking will cease. "
If your dog marks due to anxiety while they're outside on a walk, there could be something in their environment that makes them uncomfortable. Dr. Becker points out sending and receiving "pee mail" is a way for dog to communicate without coming in contact with each other. An anxious dog might mark an area as a preemptive strategy to avoid potential conflict with another dog.
Should You Be Concerned?
Urine marking is natural instinct for dogs. It's a method of two-way communication that's an essential part of their interactions. When your dog stops you during a walk to sniff a seemingly inconspicuous light pole, she's actually collecting information left behind by another dog. They can tell that dog's gender, whether they're spayed or neutered, if a female dog is pregnant or in heat, if they're stressed, and what their social status is. And when your female dog decides to urinate in a particular spot, she's leaving behind a message of her own.
It's easy to think your dog is randomly running around and peeing on everything, but their decision to leave behind a mark is anything but random. Dogs choose which scent messages are important to pay attention to, when their reply is needed, and when they can move on without leaving a mark. It's more complicated than peeing on everything in sight, and it's a completely natural behavior. Stopping and starting on a walk can get tiresome, but remember the reason why you leashed up in the first place. When you take your dog on a walk, you're doing it for their benefit. There's always the added advantage of getting your own exercise, but after waiting hours for you to come home and following your arbitrary human rules, your dog's walk should be all about them. Animal behaviorist Marc Bekoff Ph.D. says,
"When it's dog walk time, let your dog set the pace and let their walk be for them. Let them sniff and pee to their heart's content and enjoy the fact that you are allowing them to be dogs."
There's an obvious difference between a dog marking out on a walk and one that marks inside your house, however. If you're finding pee puddles in particular places inside, first check to make sure your dog is actually marking or if there's something else going on. It could be an issue of house training or a medical problem. If it is indeed marking behavior, consider Pets Web MD's advice to first determine if the issue is being caused by a social conflict or anxiety. By resolving that issue, the marking will most likely stop. And as always, a professional dog trainer will be your best option when you're not sure what else to do.
Do you want a healthier & happier dog? Join our email list & we'll donate 1 meal to a shelter dog in need!


The Art of Paper Cutting
Annie Howe in Action
Annie Howe
Text by Linda Wright/Photography by Sean Scheidt Photography
The word "scherenschnitte," meaning scissor snips, is the German name for the art of paper cutting. Today, however, you are more likely to find artists making creative cuts with a craft knife.
For as long as paper has existed, people have been cutting it. The oldest surviving paper cutwork is a circle discovered in China dating back to the 6th century. Detailed paper cuts have been found in a variety of styles from countries and cultures around the world.


text:
input - Yagi-Uda project antenna defining program
input [ - h ]
The program input is one of a number of executable programs
that forms part of a set of programs, collectively known as
the Yagi-Uda project, which were designed for analysis and
optimisation of Yagi-Uda antennas. input is an interactive
program, that asks the user for information about a Yagi
design, such as position of elements, spacing between elements, frequency span of interest and a filename to save the
data to. input then writes this information into an ASCII
file, which can be read by yagi or optimise The file is
ASCII and it's format is easily understood by inspection
(there are comments printed in it), so it can if necessary
be edited manually.
After running input and specifying a filename (for example
144e10) you should then type yagi 144e10 and then output
144e10 and optionally optimise 144e10
-h Print a help message.
filename ASCII data file in which design is put.
Both DOS and Unix versions have been built. The DOS version
as distributed requires a 386 PC with a 387 maths coprocesDr. David Kirkby G8WRB (_EMAIL_). with help
with in converting to DOS/PC from Dr. Joe Mack NA3T
first(1), yagi(), output(1), optimise(1), input (5),
first(5), yagi(5), output(5) and optimise(5).
Bugs should be reported to
Bugs tend actually to be fixed if they can be isolated, so
it is in your interest to report them in such a way that
they can be easily reproduced.
If a mistake is made during inputting of data (such as
entering an incorrect length), it is not possible to go back
and correct this. You should make a note of the error, and
edit the ASCII text file with a text editor (vi, DOS edit
Man(1) output converted with


How a sensory garden can improve your wellbeing
Thursday, 18th June 2020, 9:00 am
Updated Thursday, 18th June 2020, 9:01 am
Sensory gardens are great for helping to reduce anxiety and stress, providing a natural retreat to relax in and offering us a place that encourages wellbeing and mindfulness, writes Sara Milne.
A sensory garden is really just a collection of plants and materials with different textures, shapes, colours, scents and heights that are laid out in such a way to stimulate our senses through smell, sound, touch, taste and sight.
Adding visual interest to a garden can be easily achieved by being clever and selective with your planting.
Use flowering perennials, layer plants at different heights, use screens or hedges to form backdrops and plant rows of the same species to elongate areas.
You can also make sure your planting has the desired effect by using colour to provide focal points and ambience.
For stimulating, invigorating areas use hot, vibrant colours - reds, pinks and yellows.
Think sunflower, echinacea, marigold, salvia, dahlia even ornamental vegetables such as swiss chard with its multi-coloured stems and leaves.
For a more gentle, calm effect use cool, relaxing colours such as whites, blues and greens.
Lavender, foxglove, hydrangea, delphinium and climbers that also provide height such as jasmine and honeysuckle.
Plants and trees that change colour through the seasons also provide interest with blossoms and berries and leaves that turn to shades of gold, red and brown in the autumn.
Changes in colour and appearance of materials like paved and pebble pathways when they get wet also add colour and visual appeal.
Shapes are also important in a sensory garden, so try using materials like crazy paving and rough-cut flagstones.
You can also create interesting routes and pathways through the garden to promote a sense of discovery and orientation.
Movement catches the eye, so think about trees that wave in the wind such as willow or grasses that sway in the breeze.
Water features provide wonderful focal points and also attract wildlife.
Make sure you have a variety of plants that attract pollinators such as bees and butterflies as well, lovely to watch of a summer's afternoon.
Our general wellbeing is intrinsically linked to the natural world which is why Thrive - the gardening for health charity - has developed the Thrive Gardening Club.
Fortnightly tips on getting the most out of your garden, whatever you age or ability, and information on how gardening can keep you healthy and feeling good.
For more details, click here.


text:
|Slideshow ^ |< << Slide 24 of 44 >> >||
Creating more pages
The easiest and best way to create more pages is to:
think of a good page name.
- edit an appropriate page, add a link to the new page, and save it.
- click on the link to the new page
- prepare to edit using:
- an empty page.
- a page template (a list of templates is displayed on the left).
the list of similar page names shown to ensure that there isn't any slightly different named page on the same topic.
- start editing, fill the page with content, and save it.
This method makes sure that new pages are always accessible from links on already existing pages.


Most embedded devices provide a JTAG interface for debugging purposes. However, if left unprotected, this interface can become an important attack vector on the system. The i.MX6 series System JTAG Controller (SJC) allows you to regulate JTAG access with three security modes using OTP (One Time Programmable) eFuses:
 - Disable:
 - Disabled JTAG: This mode provides maximum security. All security-sensitive JTAG features are permanently blocked, preventing any debug. This mode is not recommended as boundary scan is currently used by Digi on its manufacturing process and could affect the RMA procedure.
 - Disabled debugging: This mode disables debugging but leaves the boundary scan functionality enabled. This is the recommended mode for maximum security.
 - Enabled: This mode provides low security. This is the default mode of operation.
 - Secure: This mode provides high security. JTAG use is regulated by a 56-bit secret key-based challenge/response authentication mechanism.
The response key must be programmed in the target and configured in the debug tool.
Secure JTAG key management
Key management is an important consideration when configuring the secure JTAG mode. The response key can be:
 - A unique key for all devices. Compromising this key would make all deployed devices subject to attack.
 - A key per device.
 - The keys and device identification, such as the serial number or MAC address, must be kept in a secure database.
 - A secure algorithm can be used to generate a response key from the device identification such as the serial number or MAC address. In this case, compromising the algorithm would make all deployed devices vulnerable.
Key management implementation is customer-dependent.
Program JTAG security mode
JTAG functionality is enabled by default. Digi's U-Boot provides the trustfence jtag command that allows you to permanently change the secure JTAG mode.
Programming eFuses is an irreversible operation and should only be done at the final stages of product manufacturing. OTP confguration can still be overwritten using the shadow registers unless the JTAG mode is locked.
To permanently program the JTAG configuration by burning the eFuses, execute the following command sequence:
=> trustfence jtag prog
In this sequence, mode can be one of the following strings:
 - disable-jtag, to block all JTAG features.
 - disable-debug, to disable JTAG debugging while allowing boundary scan.
 - secure, for secure JTAG mode. In this mode, the response key also needs to be programmed into the eFuses as follows:
 => trustfence jtag prog_key
 A quick way to generate a random response key on a Linux machine is:
 ~$ openssl rand -hex 7 | sed's,^\([[:xdigit:]]\{6\}\)\([[:xdigit:]]\{8\}\),0x00\1 0x\2,g'
Lock JTAG mode
Once the desired JTAG interface configuration is programmed, you must lock the JTAG mode configuration so it cannot be overwritten by the OTP shadow registers.
To protect the JTAG mode configuration, use the following command:
=> trustfence jtag lock
To protect the response key from being read or overwritten, use the following command:
=> trustfence jtag lock_key
Configure secure JTAG with IDE
When configuring secure JTAG mode, you must set up your debugger tool to verify the response key sent by the target device and make debugging possible. This example uses the ARM DStream DS-5 Eclipse-based IDE debugger tool.
 1. Enter the Eclipse environment into the Run>Debug Configurations>DS-5 Debugger menu.
 2. Select the configuration created for your debug session.
 3. Click DTSL Options. A new dialog appears.
 4. Select the SJC tab and enable the Secure JTAG support by clicking the checkbox.
 5. Enter the response key into the SJC key field. This is the same key that has been set up on the target eFuses with the trustfence jtag prog_key command.
The debugger is now ready to connect to the target again. In the case of a response key mismatch, the debugger will not be able to connect to the target.


text:
Definition of Retinitides
1. retinitis [n] - See also: retinitis
Click the following link to bring up a new window with an automated collection of images related to the term: Retinitides Images
Lexicographical Neighbors of Retinitides
Literary usage of Retinitides
Below you will find example usage of this term as found in modern and/or classical literature:
1. The American Journal of the Medical Sciences by Southern Society for Clinical Investigation (U.S.) (1870)
"The retinitides are, therefore, classed as idiopathic inflammations, those forms occurring in consequence of diseases of the kidneys, syphilitic retinitis,..."
2. Annals of Ophthalmology (1917)
"retinitides and diseases of the choroid respond only occasionally to this treatment. The consensus of opinion is that..."
3. Relations of Diseases of the Eye to General Diseases: Forming a by Max Knies (1895)
"... roidal diseases—perhaps preferably chorio-retinitides and retinal affections with decided implication of the external layers of the retina and intact..."


text:
Here's two beginner solos to Nine Pound Hammer! We're going to go deep on the basics for this lesson. Here's a slow note-for-note breakdown of both solos and a lesson on backup!
Lesson Includes Access To:
- Watch Videos On Lesson Page
- Download Practice Tracks (MP3 Format)
- Download Tabs (PDF/TEF Format)


text: This is a captivating image showing a group of children surrounded by cabbages that they are preparing. They are refugees from civil war-ravaged towns of northern Spain. In May 1937 nearly 4000 children arrived by boat in Southampton. Suffering terrible sea-sickness, they underwent medical examination before being housed in a temporary camp at nearby North Stoneham. Aged mostly between five and sixteen, and from both sides of the conflict, they were to be rehoused by the Basque Children?s Committee in residential 'colonies? around the country. Refugees were settled as far north as Montrose in north east Scotland.


text:
A measurement of volume
"Item, sack, two gallons..........5s. 8d."
- Henry IV, Part 1, Act II Scene IV
"The report of the committee of 1757 - 8, shows that the gallon is of very various content"
- Plan for Establishing Uniformity in the... Measures of the United States
It was a puzzle to me for a long time. Two nations, separated by more than just language - even our pints and gallons of beer were different sizes. Of course, ever the insular and arrogant Englishman, I put it down to the same American spirit of damnable independence that brought us Noah Webster's mis-spelling of -our words. "Color", indeed.
It took me a long time to discover the real story behind the tiny "girly" pints of our Merkin cousins, but at last, the tale can be told...
A Brief History of the Gallon
In good old British style, the gallon measure was ever somewhat confusing. Whether for reasons of professional pride, indolence, drunkenness or general obstinacy, the vinters and brewers and presumably, the millers, could not agree on what consituted a gallon. For not only were wine and beer gallons different, but the dry measure (for wheat and so on) was different again.
For a long time there were almost as many gallon measures as there were people using them, but by the end of the 18th century, there were three generally fixed and agreed measures.
The ale gallon was 282 in³ (4.62 litres)
The wine gallon, ("Queen Anne's gallon") was 231 in³ (3.79 litres)
The corn gallon, ("Winchester gallon" was c. 268.8 in³ (4.405 litres)
If this appears confusing, consider that in the years since the 12th century, there were gallons measuring between 224 in³ and 282 in³, some of which are worthy of mention for various reasons (all measures in cubic inches, quotations from the Commitee of 1757)
"224 cubic inches, according to the standard wine gallon preserved at [London] Guildhall"
"231, according to the statute of 5th of Anne"
The Rumford gallon of 1228 (266.25 in³ or 264.8 in³, depending on whether you believed the ancient quart measure, or ancient gallon measure)
"271, less 2 spoonfuls, according to a standard gallon of Henry VII., and another dated 1601, marked E. E., both in the Exchequer"
"277.18 as established for the measure of coal by the statute 12 Anne"
"282 according to the standard gallon for beer and ale in the Treasury"
There are, moreover, varieties on these varieties, from the barrel to the ton, inclusive; for, if the barrel be of herrings, it must contain 28 gallons by the statute 13 Eliz. c. 11. If of wine, it must contain 31 1/2 gallons by the statute 2 Henry VI. c. 11, and 1 Rich. III. c. 15. If of beer or ale, it must contain 34 gallons by the statute 1 William and Mary, c. 24, and the higher measures in proportion.
The English had set their measure by some strange standards, intertwined with their strange, pre-decimal currency. For instance, in 1266, Henry III decreed that a penny should weigh as much as 12 grains of wheat, twenty pence to an ounce, twelve ounces to the pound. Eight pounds was the weight of a gallon of wine. This is how we got to have 240 pennies in the Pound Sterling. No wonder the poor colonials were in such a state.
The need for standardisation was obvious, and the fledging USA made a decision on the size of the gallon (and the bushel too). The standard US gallon would be the "Queen Anne" wine gallon, of 231 cubic inches (3.785 litres). The "corn gallon" or dry gallon was used in the US until fairly recently recently for grain and other dry goods, being _PHONE_ cubic inches, one-eighth of a Winchester bushel. Oddly though, the initial recommendation was to
Let the measures of capacity, then, for the United States be ---
A gallon of 270 cubic inches;
The gallon to contain 2 pottles;
The pottle 2 quarts;
The quart 2 pints;
The pint 4 gills;
Meantime, the UK struggled on with the many and various "standards" until 1824, when the Imperial Gallon was defined, and all others abolished. This new measure (close in size to the old ale gallon) was defined as being "the volume of 10 lb. of distilled water weighed in air with brass weights with the barometer standing at 30 inches of mercury and at a temperature of 62 °F". This was subsequently refined to be the volume occupied by 10 lb of distilled water of density 0.998 859 g/mL weighed in air of density 0.001 217 g/mL using weights of density 8.136 g/mL. This means that the new gallon is 4.546 litres (_PHONE_ in³).
That the British declined to standardise on the US gallon is mystifying, for now there are two systems bearing the same name, with wildly differing volumes. One hopes that one day, we'll all be metric, and drink beer by the litre.
Summary and Conversions
The gallon is still of "very various content". Whichever variant of the gallon Falstaff had his sack in, it was unlikely to be either of those available today.
Imperial gallon = 4.54609 litres (277.419 in³)
US (liquid) gallon = 3.785411784 litres (231 in³)
US (dry) gallon = 4._PHONE_ litres (268.8 in³)
1 Imperial gallon = 8 pints
1 Imperial pint = 20 fluid ounces
1 US gallon = 8 pints
1 US pint = 16 fluid ounces
1 US pint = 0.832673844 Imperial pints
1 Imperial pint = 1.20095042 US pints
1 US fluid ounce = _PHONE_ Imperial fluid ounces
1 Imperial fluid ounce = 0.960760333 US fluid ounces
"Plan for Establishing Uniformity in the Coinage, Weights, and Measures of the United States" - _URL_
Heh. Now I discover US Survey feet
and wonder why they are larger than a reg'lar ol' foot.


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Adding movement to mental rehearsal can improve performance finds a study in BioMed Central's open access journal Behavioral and Brain Functions. For high jumpers the study shows that dynamic imagery improves the number of successful attempts and the technical performance of jumps.
The technique of mental rehearsal is used to consolidate performance in many disciplines including music and sport. Motor imagery and physical practice use overlapping neural networks in the brain and the two together can improve performance as well as promoting recovery from injury. Researchers from the Centre de Recherche et d'Innovation sur le Sport found that adding simple movements to mental rehearsal could further improve performance by a third.
When they looked at the rates of 'hit' or'miss' for high jumpers taught to use either internal visual imagery or external visual imagery (such as mimicking the arm movements during the jump), the researchers found that while mental rehearsal improved performance by 35%, mental rehearsal plus 'dry run' movements increased performance by 45%. Dynamic imagery scored the highest for all measured aspects of the jump including approach, curve, impulsion, and bar clearance. It also shortened the number of jumps required
Prof Aymeric Guillot, who led the study, said, "Our study on high jumpers suggests that dynamic imagery may provide a training edge to professional and amateur athletes. This technique may also be of use to people in other disciplines where 'dry run' rehearsals are routinely used."
Dr Hilary Glover
Scientific Press Officer, BioMed Central
Tel: +44 (0) 20 3192 2370
Mob: +44 (0) _PHONE_
1. Moving while imagining as a new perspective for motor imagery practice: a within-subjects design Aymeric Guillot, Kevin Moschberger and Christian Collet
Behavioral and Brain Functions (in press)
Please name the journal in any story you write. If you are writing for the web, please link to the article. All articles are available free of charge, according to BioMed Central's open access policy.
Article citation and URL available on request on the day of publication.
2. Behavioral and Brain Functions is an open access, peer-reviewed, online journal that encompasses all aspects of neurobiology where the unifying theme is behavior or behavioral dysfunction.
3. BioMed Central is an STM (Science, Technology and Medicine) publisher which has pioneered the open access publishing model. All peer-reviewed research articles published by BioMed Central are made immediately and freely accessible online, and are licensed to allow redistribution and reuse. BioMed Central is part of Springer Science+Business Media, a leading global publisher in the STM sector. _USER_
AAAS and EurekAlert! are not responsible for the accuracy of news releases posted to EurekAlert! by contributing institutions or for the use of any information through the EurekAlert! system.


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Science Fair Project Encyclopedia
William Bligh (September 9, 1754 - December 7, 1817) was an officer of the British Royal Navy and colonial administrator. He is best known for the famous mutiny that occurred against his command aboard HMAV Bounty. After the Bounty mutiny he became Governor of New South Wales, where his stern administration engendered another insurrection, the Rum Rebellion led by John Macarthur.
Bligh was born in Plymouth, a seaport in south-west England, and went to sea at the age of eight. In 1776, he was selected by Captain James Cook for the crew of the Resolution and, in 1787, selected as commander of the HMAV Bounty. He would eventually rise to the rank of Vice Admiral in the British Navy.
William Bligh's naval career consisted of a variety of appointments and assignments. A summary is as follows:
- July 1, 1762: Ship's Boy and Captain's Servant, HMS Monmouth
- July 27, 1770: Able Seaman, HMS Hunter
- February 5 1771: Midshipman, HMS Hunter
- September 22, 1771: Midshipman, HMS Crescent
- September 2, 1774: Able Seaman, HMS Ranger
- September 30, 1775: Master's Mate, HMS Ranger
- March 20, 1776: Master, HMS Resolution
- February 14, 1781: Master, HMS Belle Poule
- October 5, 1781: Lieutenant, HMS Berwick
- January 1, 1782: Lieutenant, HMS Princess Amelia
- March 20, 1782: Lieutenant, HMS Cambridge
- January 14, 1783: Joined Merchant Service as Lieutenant
- 1785: Commanding Lieutenant, Merchant Vessel Lynx
- 1786: Lieutenant, Merchant Vessel Brittania
- 1787: Returns to Royal Navy active service
- August 16, 1787: Commanding Lieutenant, HMAV Bounty
- November 14, 1790: Captain, HMS Falcon
- December 15, 1790: Captain, HMS Medea
- April 16, 1791: Captain, HMS Providence
- April 30, 1795: Captain, HMS Calcutta
- January 7, 1796: Captain, HMS Director
- March 18, 1801: Post Captain, HMS Glatton
- April 12, 1801: Post Captain, HMS Monarch
- May 8, 1801: Post Captain, HMS Irresistible
- May 2, 1804: Post Captain, HMS Warrior
- May 14, 1805: Governor of New South Wales
- September 27, 1805: Post Captain, HMS Porpoise
- July 31, 1808: Commodore, HMS Porpoise
- April 3, 1810: Commodore, HMS Hindostan
- July 31, 1810: Appointed Rear Admiral of the Blue
- June 4, 1814: Appointed Vice Admiral of the Blue
The voyage of the Bounty
In 1787, Bligh took command of the Bounty. He first sailed to Tahiti to obtain breadfruit trees, then set course for the Caribbean, where the breadfruit were wanted for experiments to see if breadfruit would be a successful food crop there. The Bounty never reached the Caribbean, as mutiny broke out onboard shortly after leaving Tahiti. In later years, Bligh would repeat the same voyage that the Bounty had undertaken and would eventually succeed in delivering the breadfruit to the West Indies. Bligh's mission may have introduced the akee to the Caribbean as well, though this is uncertain. (Akee is now called Blighia sapida in binomial nomenclature after Bligh).
The mutiny, which broke out during the return voyage, was led by Master's Mate Fletcher Christian and supported by a quarter of the crew. The mutineers provided Bligh and the eighteen of his crew who remained loyal with a 23 foot (7 m) launch, provisions sufficient to reach the most accessible ports, a sextant and a pocket watch, but no charts or compass. Bligh disdained the obvious course of action, which would have been sailing for nearer Spanish ports where they would be repatriated to Britain after delays. Bligh was confident in his navigational skills and considering his first responsibility to be getting word of the mutiny as soon as possible to British vessels that could pursue the mutineers, so he embarked instead on a 3618 nautical mile (6701 km) voyage to Timor. In the successful 41 day voyage, the only casualty was one crewman killed by hostile natives.
To this day, the reasons for the mutiny are a subject of considerable debate. Some feel that Bligh was a cruel tyrant whose abuse of the crew led members of the crew to feel that they had no choice but to take the ship from Bligh. Others feel that the crew, after having been exposed to freedom and sexual excess on the island of Tahiti refused to return to the "Jack Tars" existence of a seaman. They hold that the crew took the ship from Bligh so that they could return to a life of comfort and pleasure on Tahiti.
After the Bounty
Bligh was buried in a family plot at Lambeth. This church is now the Museum of Garden History. His gravestone is topped by a breadfruit. Bligh's house is marked by a plaque a block east of the Museum.
- Caroline Alexander, The Bounty: The True Story of the Mutiny on the Bounty, Viking Penguin, 2003, hardcover, 512 pages, ISBN 067003133X
- A Voyage to the South Sea by William Bligh, 1792, from Project Gutenberg. The full title of Bligh's own account of the famous mutiny is: A Voyage to the South Sea, undertaken by command of His Majesty, for the purpose of conveying the bread-fruit tree to the West Indies, in his majesty's ship the Bounty, commanded by Lieutenant William Bligh. Including an account of the Mutiny on board the said ship, and the subsequent voyage of part of the crew, in the ship's boat, from Tofoa, one of the friendly islands, to Timor, a Dutch settlement in the East Indies. The whole illustrated with charts, etc.
- Portraits of Bligh in the National Portrait Gallery, London.
- There is a display devoted to Bligh at the Museum of Garden History.
The contents of this article is licensed from _URL_ under the GNU Free Documentation License. Click here to see the transparent copy and copyright details


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Electronic funds transfer instruction (EFTI)
An instruction for the transfer of money controlled by a customer to another person, where:
 - the transfer instruction is carried out or passed on electronically
 - the transfer is within the same financial institution or between financial institutions.
AML/CTF Act 2006 sections 5, 8 and 9


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Northern Pine Snake - September 2003 Species of the Month
If unexpectedly encountered on the trail or in the
woods, this large, white-and-black patterned snake would most likely vibrate
its tail, hiss loudly, and then try to escape. Though its bold appearance
and actions may fool or scare some people, this particular species of
snake is not venomous. In fact, it is harmless to people and is a beneficial
predator in nature.
The Northern pine snake (Pituophis melanoleucus
melanoleucus) is a threatened species in New Jersey and was the September
Species of the Month. The designation was part
of a yearlong program to commemorate the 30th Anniversary of the New
Jersey Endangered Species Conservation Act and the formation of DEP's
Endangered and Nongame Species Program (ENSP).
Northern Pine Snake
Coiled Northern Pine Snake
Northern Pine Snake on sand
Northern PIne Snake
In Search of a Secretive Snake...
- There are four types of pine snakes that
can be found in the United States. The northern pine snake is
found in the Northern and Eastern-Central regions of the country,
in areas with sandy soils and dry upland forests. The population
distribution of this pine snake is spotty and all indications
suggest that pine snake abundance is decreasing throughout the
- The New Jersey Pinelands may provide residence
for some of the largest populations of pine snakes in the Northeast,
but even in the protected Pinelands this species may be at risk.
- The northern pine snake is known for being
secretive and is therefore challenging to study and detect.
This species of snake, which rarely climbs vegetation and prefers
to be on the ground, has the ability to tunnel underground and
excavate its own nests, summer dens and places to hibernate.
Therefore, scientists believe that it prefers the more pliable
sandy soils and forested areas of the Pinelands.
- The northern pine snake populations in
New Jersey have been affected by a loss of habitat due to development,
illegal collecting (due to its popularity as a pet), and other
more individualized behavior such as the thoughtless killing
of snakes by hikers, automobile drivers and users of off-road
- Department biologists in the Endangered
and Nongame Species Program have created a technique for
using land cover and soils information to produce maps of potential
pine snake habitat. They used scientific literature, information
from pine snake experts and the DEP's
Geographic Information Systems and wildlife databases to
develop the maps. These maps, which depict potential pine snake
habitat, have been completed for the southern New Jersey Pinelands.
Biologists plan to compare known locations of pine snakes with
the mapped habitat to help refine the mapping criteria and guide
future management plans.
Northern Pine Snake Facts
- The northern pine snake can grow to 5 feet to 7
feet long and has a black and dull white pattern. There are dark blotches
along the top and sides of the body which are less distinct in the front
part of the body and more distinct in the hind part. The belly is white
with rows of black dots along either side.
- This species of snake has a small pointed
head with a tipped snout and thick neck, which are helpful when
it moves soil around or burrows. It also has a special scale at
the front of its snout that shields its nose and protects it as
it tunnels underground. In fact, much of its time is spent hidden
- The pine snake is a nonvenomous constrictor.
It kills its prey by coiling itself around it in order to suffocate
the animal. Pine snakes are known to eat mammals as large as rabbits,
as well as small rodents and birds. They are usually most active
in early morning or late afternoon when they leave their burrows
- Pine snakes are egg-layers and typically
lay their eggs in underground nests that they excavate in open
sandy areas. Eggs are usually laid in mid-summer, and adult females
have the tendency to re-use their nest sites year after year.
|Ways You Can Help
- Avoid killing a snake if encountering one in a
natural area, either when you are traveling on foot or in a vehicle.
Back away slowly and do not disturb it.
Anyone who is interested in reptiles and amphibians
and enjoys being outdoors can become a volunteer with the Herp
Atlas Project. Department staff and volunteers are collecting
data on the locations and abundance of all reptile and amphibian species
throughout the state. This data will be used to map the critical habitat
and distribution of these species, which will allow the agency to
better plan for the state's wildlife conservation efforts.
- Attention, observant nature lovers! Department
staff would like to learn about your sightings of an endangered, threatened or rare
species in New Jersey. To file a report of a sighting, download and
complete the Threatened and Endangered Species
Report Form. This data helps biologists and wildlife managers to
look at habitat and population trends and then develop appropriate conservation
Conserve Wildlife special interest license plate for your vehicle. It's
tax-deductible, with 80% of the payment benefiting New Jersey's Endangered
and Nongame Species Program.
Do you enjoy learning about New Jersey wildlife? Being
outdoors? Interacting with the public? Assisting with meaningful volunteer
If so, join the Wildlife Conservation Corps,
the state's largest natural resource management volunteer group. Volunteer
opportunities are diverse and include lending assistance with trout stocking;
operating check stations; maintaining shooting ranges; and instructing
the public. Adults interested in public speaking are also invited to join
the Corp's Endangered and Nongame Species Program's
Speakers Bureau. The bureau provides speakers to organizations interested
in learning more about New Jersey's threatened and endangered species.
Want to learn new information quickly about New Jersey
wildlife? The Division of Fish and Wildlife offers eight E-mail "mailing
list" choices to the public. Visit the E-mail
List Subscription Page to learn more about this free service and how
to sign up.


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15 W. Kellogg Blvd.
St. Paul, MN
- View Map:
St. Paul's first courthouse was a small, two-story, brick, Greek Revival style building with a classic portico and Tuscan columns. Dr. David Gray, a physician serving as county clerk, designed the building in 1851. The total cost of construction was $9,000.
The second courthouse was built in 1885 and, like the old one, was combined with the city hall. Local architect Edward P. Bassford designed the Romanesque Revival style building built of Kasota stone at a cost of $600,000. It resembled the Hennepin County Courthouse and the old federal courthouse, now the Landmark Center, in downtown St. Paul.
The exterior of the current Ramsey County Courthouse, which opened in 1932, is pictured above and its interior is pictured below. The projected $4 million cost of the building had been secured through a bond issue approved in 1928. However, by the time construction began, prices of materials had dropped significantly. The contract required that the Foley Brothers of St. Paul pay 12.5 percent above the prevailing wage to secure the most skilled workmen, which meant 45 cents an hour. As a result, "the commission was able to afford construction materials and decorative details of unparalleled opulence."
The 18-story Perpendicular Moderne style building was designed by Thomas Ellerbe & Co. of St. Paul and Holabird & Root of Chicago. It is built of smooth Indiana limestone and was dedicated in December 1932 by William D. Mitchell, U.S. Attorney General and son of Minnesota Supreme Court Justice William Mitchell.
Inside, the building is finished in the Art Deco style. Twenty-three different kinds of wood are used in the woodwork, furniture, and paneling. Five kinds of imported marble walls and floors were cut and dressed by local artisans. The entrance relief sculpture was carved by Lee Lawrie, whose larger figures can be found at Rockefeller Center in New York City. Four vertical murals in the council chamber were done by John Norton of Chicago, an associate of Frank Lloyd Wright. The six bronze elevator doors were made by Albert Stewart of New York.
Dominating the dark marble, three-story, memorial concourse along the Fourth Street entrance is Carl Milles' creamy white onyx Indian God of Peace. The statute stands 38 feet tall and is placed on a base that turns the figure 132 degrees every 2.5 hours. The 60-ton Native American and his peace pipe are a memorial to the war dead.
The second of Ramsey County's courthouses was built in 1885 at Fourth and Wabasha Streets in St. Paul.
- Historical information adapted from "The First 100 Years... The Minnesota State Bar Association."
Return to Courthouse List


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Our Scopolamine Main Article provides a comprehensive look at the who, what, when and how of Scopolamine
Definition of Scopolamine
Scopolamine: A naturally occurring member of a large chemical class of compounds called alkaloids. Scopolamine was first introduced into medical usage in 1902. The name comes from that of the 18th-century Italian naturalist Giovanni Scopoli.
Scopolamine and atropine, comes from the plant Atropa belladonna also called "deadly nightshade." It was once used by the Spanish ladies to dilate their pupils and make their cheeks rosy. It has also been used as a poison. When scopolamine is given in lower (non-poisonous) doses, it causes "mad as a hatter, dry as a beet, hot as a hen" hallucinations, fever, flushed skin and cardiac arrhythmias. The jimson weed seeds are sometimes used for this sense of euphoria (a "high").
Scopolamine together with morphine provided childbirth without pain (or without the memory of pain), once a much sought-after objective. Known as twilight sleep, this combination of drugs could cause serious problems. It completely removed the mother from the birth experience and it gravely depressed the baby's central nervous system. This sometimes made for a drowsy depressed baby with depressed breathing capacity. Twilight sleep therefore has fallen entirely out of favor and is now a chapter in the history of obstetrics.
Last Editorial Review: 9/20/2012
Back to MedTerms online medical dictionary A-Z List
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How Much Does Calcium Chloride Cost?
Calcium Chloride is a salt of calcium and chlorine. This chemical compound often includes brine and is used for refrigerating plants; ice and dust control on roads; and desiccation. Calcium chloride is hygroscopic in nature and should be kept in tightly sealed air tight containers.
As a desiccant, calcium chloride is used to absorb moisture mainly on the road since it is thrown on the road which makes it hold the dust down. This chemical compound is often sold in bags in various amounts. This is one of the factors being considered for the price of it. Other factors that affect the price are the types of calcium chloride as it can be used in a number of ways.
How much is it?
- A pallet of calcium chloride can cost anywhere from $550 to $650, while a single bag can run anywhere from $12 to $25. Ice melter that is designed to melt the snow and ice in the winter months can cost $10 to $18 per 5 to 10 pound container.
- Calcium chloride used in the food industry is usually sold in bottle. Food grade calcium chloride is water soluble and is used in food preparation, such as in the process to obtain firmness of certain vegetables. A 500g bottle can cost anywhere between $18 and $24.
- Calcium Chloride is also sold in a pellet form, which is stored in buckets. This product is sold for $30 to $55 per 50 pound bucket. For example, the PELADOW brand sells a 50 pound bucket for $30 to $40. The chloride that commonly comes in pellet form can be a great solution for icy driveways as well as melting snow.
What are the extra costs?
- If you're going to be using the product to thaw or melt ice, you'll need to spread it evenly; this is where a hand held spreader may come in handy. This device can cost anywhere from $14 to $26, depending on the size.
What is going to be included?
- Calcium chloride comes packaged either in a clear container or a bag. Ice melter containers may have a cap that can act as a spreader to make it easier.
How can I save money?
- Calcium chloride is not an everyday household item. Purchase an appropriate amount every time you need it and save any remaining product after use. A good time to get a discount is after the winter season as many retailers are trying to get rid of their overstock.


Top Definition
1. AP World Life and Literature project at Hickman High School, typically comprising 600 to 700 points and including reading assignments from World Civilizations by Peter Stearns (Really Important Historical and Literary Analysis)
2. Arabic term for a journey or pilgrimage, especially one of religious significance; a work written to describe such a journey
I learned my lesson after pulling two all-nighters on RIHLA #1.
He managed to make an 'A' due to his dedicated and obsessive work on his fourth and final RIHLA.
Ibn Battuta's Rihla detailed his travels across much of Africa and Asia.
One goal of all able Muslims is to complete a Rihla to Mecca within their lifetime.
by XYZZY54 May 06, 2009
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text:
1997-98 UAF Catalog
Degrees and Programs
Course Description Index
College of Science, Engineering and Mathematics
Department of Physics _PHONE_
Minimum Requirements for Degree: 130 credits
Undergraduate Degree Requirements
Applied Physics -- B.S. Degree
- 1. Complete the general university requirements and B.S. degree requirements.
- 2. Complete the following program (major) requirements:
- Complete MATH 200-201-202, 302 and 9 additional credits in mathematics at the 200-level or above.
- *Complete PHYS 213, 311, and 331 and 12 additional credits in physics at the 300-level or above.
- Complete 20 approved credits** in a chosen subject area of applied physics.
- 3. Minimum credits required (130 credits)
- * Implicit in this requirement are 8 credits of lower-division physics courses which are prerequisites for these courses.
- ** These credits must be approved before the beginning of the student's final semester by the head of the Physics Department.
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Last modified June 9, 1997