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Ordering of Branches Important When Visualizing Git Changesets
Fisheye 2.6 introduced the repository commit graph. The commit graph allows you to visualize changesets in their branches by showing them in configurable branch "swimlanes". One of the ways in which you can configure the commit graph is by reordering the swimlanes. Reordering swimlanes is useful for non-Git repositories, if you want to show branches in a certain order. However, ordering swimlanes is vital for Git repositories, as it is the only way of determining which branch a commit is displayed in, when a commit belongs to multiple branches.
Git Branches and Changesets in Fisheye
Before considering how Git repositories are visualized in the commit graph, it is important to understand how Fisheye relates Git changesets to branches.
In Fisheye 2.6 and later, Fisheye considers the ancestry of a Git changeset when determining which branch it is a part of. Branches can effectively be considered as pointers to changesets. Hence, merging and branching can change the branches that a changeset is considered part of.
For example, if a branch 'fisheye-2.6' is merged back to the'master' branch, then all changesets that were seen as part of the 'fisheye-2.6' branch only will also be considered to be part of the'master' (e.g. the changeset will be seen as part of'master' and 'fisheye-2.6' in the activity stream).
Viewing Git Changesets and Branches in the Commit Graph
The previous section describes how a changeset can be associated with multiple branches, due to its ancestry. Instead of showing the changeset in every branch swimlane on the commit graph, Fisheye represents these changesets as described below.
When you view the commit graph for a Git repository, Fisheye works from the leftmost swimlane to the right doing the following:
- For each swimlane, Fisheye checks if the commit is in that branch. If the commit is in the branch, a dot is shown representing the commit.
- If the commit is not in the branch, the dot for the commit is moved to the next column on the right.
For example, if the'master' swimlane is to the left of another swimlane, e.g. 'fisheye-2.6' branch, there will be no changesets shown in the 'fisheye-2.6' swimlane, as all the commits will be picked up in the'master' swimlane. However, if you move the 'fisheye-2.6' swimlane to the left of the'master' swimlane, it will pick up all of the Fisheye 2.6 commits.
This allows you to visually isolate changesets in the desired branches by reordering the swimlanes. For example, if you want to see the lineage of a branch, 'fisheye-2.6', but not 'fisheye-2.5' after both branches have previously been merged to'master', you could arrange your swimlanes to 'fisheye-2.6','master', 'fisheye-2.5' from left to right. You will be able to see the 'fisheye-2.6' changesets and where the merge back to'master' was made. The 'fisheye-2.5' changesets will just be seen as part of the'master' branch.
Screenshots below: Example of how ordering swimlanes affects the branches that changesets are displayed on (click to view full-size images)


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TikTok has become one of the most popular social media platforms in the world, with millions of users creating and sharing short videos every day. One of the platform's most popular features is its text-to-speech function, which allows users to add voiceovers to their videos without actually speaking. However, did you know that you can also change the voice to that of SpongeBob SquarePants? In this article, we will show you how to do just that.
Step 1: Open the TikTok app To get started, open the TikTok app on your smartphone.
Step 2: Create a new video Tap the "+" icon at the bottom of the screen to create a new video.
Step 3: Add text to your video Add the text you want to use for your video. You can do this by tapping the "Text" icon at the bottom of the screen and typing in your text.
Step 4: Choose the text-to-speech option Next, tap on the "Text-to-Speech" option, which is represented by a speaker icon. This will bring up a menu of different voice options.
Step 5: Select the SpongeBob voice Scroll through the different voice options until you find the SpongeBob voice. Tap on it to select it.
Step 6: Preview and save your video Once you have selected the SpongeBob voice, you can preview your video to see how it sounds. If you're happy with it, tap "Save" to save your video.
Benefits of using SpongeBob voice in TikTok videos Using the SpongeBob voice in your TikTok videos can be a fun and unique way to stand out on the platform. It can also make your videos more entertaining and engaging, especially for younger audiences who are fans of the beloved cartoon character.
Monetizing your TikTok videos If you have a large following on TikTok, you may be able to monetize your videos through brand partnerships, sponsored content, or by becoming a TikTok creator fund recipient. By creating unique and entertaining videos, you can grow your following and potentially earn money from your content.
In conclusion, changing the text-to-speech voice on TikTok to SpongeBob is a fun and simple way to add a unique twist to your videos. By following the steps outlined in this article, you can easily change the voice and create engaging content that stands out on the platform.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


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Importing External Models in a Rotary Project
This section will present the process of importing the Full-3D STL model into rotary project, using a table leg as an example.
There are two basic use cases when importing an external model into the rotary job. The first case involves bringing a model designed for this particular job in another software. Thus the dimensions of the imported piece may already be correct and it can be desired to use them for the size of project. The second use case is when importing a stock model that would have to be scaled to fit on particular machine.
Aspire uses following workflow that covers both of those cases:
- Setting-up rotary project
- Choosing file for import
- Orientating the model in material block
- Scaling the model
- Finishing the import
Create a new job using the Job Setup form. It is important to set the job type as rotary to ensure a proper import tool is used in the next step.
If the dimensions of the project are already known, they could be specified directly.
If it is desired to fit the model to a given machine or stock available, set both the diameter and length to maximum. During import the model will be scaled to those limits.
If it is desired to use the imported model size, any size can be specified at this time. During the model import the project can be automatically resized to match the model dimensions.
In this example it was desired to fit the model into a specific stock size with a Diameter of 4 inches and a Length of 12 inches. XY origin was set to centre.
To start the importing process, use Import a Component or 3D Model tool from the Modelling tab
Make sure that the Imported model type is set to Full 3D model.
The first step is to position the imported model within the material. This step is necessary as this information is not present in the imported file. When the model was opened, the import tool chose the initial orientation, as can be seen below.
To help with orientating the model, the software displays a blue bounding cylinder. This cylinder has the rotation axis aligned with that defined for the material block and thus can be used as a reference. Its size is just big enough to contain the imported model at the current orientation. When the model orientation is changed, this blue cylinder will shrink or grow so it always contains the model. At this stage its exact dimensions are not important, as we are only interested in positioning the model correctly.
The software also highlights the rotation axis in red. This is particularly important when importing bended models. It is currently not possible to represent areas of model that are entirely below or above the rotation axis. This is the case in the example shown here. If the model was imported as is, the distortion would be created as can be seen below. Therefore it is important to position the model in a way such that the rotation axis is contained within the model.
The last guiding element displayed by the software is the red half arrow on the side of the cylinder. This arrow is indicating the position that corresponds to the center of the wrapped dimension in the 2D view. In this example the model is orientated in such a way, that front of the leg would be placed on side of the 2D view, rather than centre. Thus it is better to rotate model so this arrow points to the front of the imported model.
The import tool provides a few ways of adjusting the model orientation. The most basic one is the Initial Orientation. This can be used to roughly align the model with the rotation axis. This can also be combined with the Rotation about Z Axis.In this example the tool chose Left with no rotation. In order to align the front of the leg with the red arrow, one could use the Front and -90 as the Rotation about Z Axis.
Once the initial orientation is decided, further adjustments can be made using the Interactive Rotation. The default option - XYZ View - disables the interactive rotation. That means that the 3D view can be twiddled with a mouse. Selecting other options enables the rotation around the specified axis.
In this example, instead of changing the initial orientation to align the front of the leg with the red arrow, one could select X Model option and rotate the piece manually. When selecting single axis rotation, the 3D view will be adjusted to show that axis pointing towards the screen. If any mistake is made, it is possible to undo rotation using Ctrl+ Z
Notice that whenever the part is rotated, it is always centered in the cylinder. In this example it is not desired, since we need the rotation axis to be contained within the model. In order to move the model in relation to the rotation axis, one can use the Rotation Axis Movement
Similarly to the previously described tool, when Rotation Axis Movement is set to Off, the 3D view can be panned
Correctly positioning the model for importing may require a combination of the Rotation Axis Movement and the Interactive Rotation to achieve desired results with models that bend. It is important to make sure that rotation axis is hidden in order to avoid distortion. However it is also desirable to have the rotation axis being in the center of each segment of the piece to ensure tool has angle close to the optimal during machining. Usually it is also useful to rotate the model in view around the axis after the adjustment, as this allows us to inspect the model from each side without the need to disable the Interactive Rotation before changing the viewing angle.
It is important to understand that Aspire does not support 4-axis machining. That means that while the machined piece can be rotated and tool moves along the rotation axis and in the Z direction, it is not possible to move the tool in the wrapped dimension and thus the tool is always above the rotation axis and cannot be moved to the side.
This limitation is shown below. The first picture presents correct machining of the point. If the tool moves to another location though, the angle will be incorrect and even worse, the tool side will be touching the stock.
Once model has been positioned as desired, its size can be taken into account.
By default the tool will assume that imported model is using the same units as the project. If that is not the case, model units can be switched. In this example project was set-up in inches, while imported model was designed in mm. After switching model becomes considerably smaller and a red cylinder, representing current material block is shown, as can be seen below.
At this point it is possible to specify the model size, in terms of diameter and length. This can be done manually by typing desired dimensions, or by fitting to material. If Lock ratio option is selected, the ratio between diameter and length is kept. One can also tick Resize material block option. If it is selected, the material block will be scaled to match current size of the model, after OK is clicked.
If it is desired to use model size as material block size, one can just make sure units are correct, then tick Resize material block option and press OK.
If it is desired for the model to fit material, one could click Scale model to fit material and tick Resize material block.
In this example model was fitted to material. Since in this case length of the piece is limiting factor and lock ratio is maintained, this results in model having considerably smaller diameter than material block. Hence Resize material block option was ticked.
After pressing OK the model will be imported as a component. It is possible to modify it as any other component or add pieces of decorative clipart onto its surface if desired.
It is important to keep in mind the distortion caused by the wrapping process. That means that wrapped toolpaths will match flat toolpaths only at the surface of the blank. The closer to the rotation axis (i.e. deeper) the toolpath is, the more it will be 'compressed'. This fact have a profound implication for 3D toolpaths. Consider the example shown below.
As can be seen if there is substantial difference in diameter in different parts of model, generating one 3D toolpath for whole model will result in wrapped toolpath being overly compressed. Thus it is usually better to create boundaries of regions with significantly different diameter and generate separate toolpaths using correct settings for each diameter.
This section will present a process of importing Flat STL model into rotary project. Flat models are similar to decorative clipart pieces provided with Aspire and are supposed to be placed on the surface of modelled shape.
To start the importing process, use Import a Component or 3D Model tool from the Modelling tab
Make sure that Imported model type is set to Flat model
Again the first step is to select proper orientation of model. The tool will chose initial orientation and display model in the red material box. This box corresponds to the 'unwrapped' material block and its thickness is equal to half of the specified diameter of the blank.
If model is not oriented correctly, that is, does not lie flat on the bottom of the material box, as can be seen above, orientation have to be adjusted. To do that one can change Initial Orientation option and/or Rotation about Z Axis.
If imported model is not aligned with any of the axes, it may be necessary to use Interactive Rotation.The default option - XYZ View - disables interactive rotation. That means that 3D view can be twiddled with a mouse. Selecting other options enables rotation around specified axis.
Each rotation can be undone by pressing Ctrl+ Z.
Once model is properly orientated, units conversion can be performed. By default the tool will assume that imported model is using the same units as the project. If that is not the case, model units can be switched.
There is also model scaling option included. When Lock ratio option is selected, the ratio between X, Y and Z lengths are kept. Note that once model is imported, it


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The city of Richmond, capital of the Confederacy and primary target of Union campaigns, was also the central destination for thousands of Confederate soldiers wounded on the battlefields of Virginia during the Civil War. Realizing that a long war and thousands more casualties lay ahead, Southern leaders ordered the construction of five general hospitals in Richmond. The largest of these was Chimborazo.
Today the Chimborazo Medical Museum houses a collection of equipment used by the doctors and nurses who tended to the soldiers of the Confederacy. Exhibits include a 17 minute film and a diorama of the hospital.
Last Updated: 12/21/2011 10:43 AM

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


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Studio 3T Crack + Activation Key Download [Latest]
Studio 3T Crack is a GUI and IDE available for data engineers and developers who use MongoDB. With the generation of Polyglot requests code, data management functions like direct editing and simple connections to databases are synchronized. An extended shell that allows for automatic completion, SQL import/export, and authentication at the enterprise level with LDAP or Kerberos. Studio 3T was designed to help professional teams grow.
This tool allows for rapid team development. It provides trees, tables, and JSON views of your data. There are also a variety of query options including advanced aggregations, native Mongo JSON extension, SQL queries, and a builder to drag and drop requests. Studio 3T allows you to view your data in a spreadsheet format. Studio 3T also offers features such as: displaying embedded fields; entering columns with table values and hiding columns.
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- Direct editing is possible in Update Studio 3T mac crack. Data processing can be done in real-time with the three views table, tree, or JSON.
- Double-click any field in the tree structure or the table.
- You can also open a multiline editor by clicking on an ellipsis sign.
- Right-click on any tab in JSON mode and select Document> Edit Document. This will open the JSON editor.
- The Collection tab is where you start for any exploration or analysis of MongoDB data. Studio 3T. This page provides access to the Visual Query Builder and other functions that are associated with the current collection.
- Visual Query Builder allows users to create MongoDB queries by dragging and dropping. Drag and drop the fields you want into the query builder. Then, create the operators and run the query. It supports all MongoDB field values and operators.
- The main query bar displays the query in Visual Query Builder. Users can edit it using JSON format. It includes the query, projection, and jump fields.
- Studio 3T keygen displays only a portion of a query in the main query bar. However, the JSON query editor displays all queries in JSON. Users can edit queries in this editor just like they would in Mongo shell.
Studio 3T Student License:
- The Execute ("Play") button is located directly to the right of the "Query JSON editor" button and runs the query for the respective collection. This button also contains a drop-down menu with two other operations:
In the tree view, users can display hierarchies in the data. In addition, the data can be changed directly. Learn more about Tree View.
- Studio 3T Serial Key Creating requests by drag and drop is not available in the JSON view. For quick modification on the spot, however, select the target value and Cmd-J opens the JSON editor window. Learn more about the JSON view here.
- You can use one of three predefined queries (all documents in the collection, the documents selected from the collection, or the current results in the collection view), but you can customize the query in the editor to suit your needs.
Studio 3T Crack System Requirements:
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Canada Safety Council
The Canada Safety Council is an independent, knowledge-based, charitable organization dedicated to the cause of safety. We provide national leadership in safety through information, education and collaboration. We are Canada's voice and resource for safety.
As a not-for-profit, non-government organization, the Council draws upon the dedication and commitment of its directors, committee members and instructors. Contributions from corporate and individual members enable a small professional staff to maintain programming and respond to inquiries from the public, professionals, the media and others.
- To minimize avoidable death, injury, and damage to property by devising, recognizing, encouraging and promoting methods and procedures leading to improved safety, protection and health among all persons in public and private places throughout Canada.
- To focus attention on the vital importance of safety.
- To arouse public interest and participation in safety measures.
- To publish and disseminate educational programs and information relating to safety.
- To promote and support the development of safer products and services.
- To provide incentives for leadership and to recognize achievement in safety.
- To assist in the drafting and enactment of safety legislation.
Saskatchewan Government Insurance (SGI) provides the following information for individuals relating to the use of snowmobiles, ATV's, and UTV's.
You don't need a special class of driver's licence or an endorsement to operate a snowmobile or ATV, but you must meet these requirements:
- You must hold a valid Class 1 to 5 driver's licence.
- You must be at least 16 years old.
- If you were born after Jan. 1, 1989, you must take an approved safety course.
If you're under 16 and/or have a Class 7 driver's licence, you can only operate a snowmobile or ATV while either:
- Accompanied by someone who holds a Class 1 to 5 licence.
- Supervised (within 5 m of and in view of) by someone on another machine that holds a Class 1 to 5 driver's licence.
Government of Saskatchewan
Legislation entitled "The All Terrain Vehicles Act " governs the use of all terrain and off-road vehicles with in the province of Saskatchewan. A copy of the complete Act can be downloaded from the Government of Saskatchewan website.
Occupational Health and Safety
In Saskatchewan the operation of motorized recreatioinal vehicles is governed by the Occupational Health and Safety Act, 1993 and the Occupational Health and Safety Act, 1996 under the section for Powered Mobile Equipment (PME). Table 14.1 in Section 154 establishes the minimum training requirments for competent operator of Power Mobile Equipment. Also available on the Government of Saskatchewan website is a list of frequently asked questions (FAQ) related to Operator Training Requirements.


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The diagonal fraction
bar in mathematics
. Also called virgule
. This symbol
was used to replace
, sometimes referred to as a vinculum
, due to the typographic
difficulty imposed by the horizontal bar which requires three terraces
An early written example of this usage can be found in a 1718 ledger by Thomas Twining. In his article "The Calculations of Functions" from 1845 and published in the Encyclopaedia Metropolitana, De Morgan recommended the use of the solidus.
Also, an ancient Roman gold coin used until the fall of the Byzantine Empire and introduced by Constantine.


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In today's digital age, where communication is often swift and concise, your Whatsapp Bio With Emoji serves as a crucial introduction to who you are or what your business represents. It's the first impression users get when they visit your profile, and making it impactful is key to engaging your audience effectively. In this comprehensive guide, we delve into the art of crafting a compelling Whatsapp Bio With Emoji enriched with emojis, elevating your profile's appeal and making it stand out amidst the digital clutter.
The Power of Emojis in Communication
Emojis have become ubiquitous in digital communication, transcending language barriers to convey emotions, ideas, and context succinctly. Their visual nature enables quick comprehension, making them a powerful tool for expressing personality and tone in written text. Incorporating emojis into your Whatsapp Bio With Emoji adds vibrancy and personality, instantly capturing the attention of visitors and infusing your profile with warmth and relatability.
Crafting Your WhatsApp Bio: Best Practices
1. Reflect Your Personality
Whatsapp Bio With Emoji is an opportunity to showcase your unique personality or brand identity. Whether you're an individual or a business entity, infusing your bio with emojis that reflect your persona or values adds depth and authenticity. Consider incorporating emojis that resonate with your interests, profession, or the essence of your brand.
2. Keep It Concise
While emojis can enhance your Whatsapp Bio With Emoji, it's crucial to maintain brevity to ensure clarity and readability. Aim for a concise yet impactful bio that communicates essential information while leaving a lasting impression. Select emojis that complement your text and convey meaning succinctly, avoiding overcrowding or ambiguity.
3. Highlight Key Information
Your WhatsApp bio should provide relevant information that enables visitors to understand who you are or what your business offers. Incorporate emojis strategically to highlight key details such as your profession, interests, contact information, or a brief description of your services. Emojis serve as visual cues that draw attention to critical elements, enhancing the overall readability and appeal of your bio.
4. Use Emojis Sparingly
While emojis can enhance the visual appeal of your WhatsApp bio, moderation is key. Avoid overusing emojis, as it can dilute their impact and detract from the clarity of your message. Select emojis judiciously to complement your text and convey emotions or concepts effectively without overwhelming the reader.
- Best Bio For Twitter
- Twitter Bio For Programmer
- Lawyer Twitter Bio Ideas
- Twitter Bio For Cool
- Twitter Bio For Professional
Whatsapp Bio With Emoji as Brand Signifiers
For businesses, emojis can serve as powerful brand signifiers that reinforce brand identity and values. Selecting emojis that align with your brand's tone and messaging can strengthen brand recognition and resonate with your target audience. Whether it's a playful emoji to convey creativity or a symbol that embodies your brand's ethos, incorporating emojis strategically can elevate your brand's presence on WhatsApp and foster a deeper connection with users.
Optimizing Your WhatsApp Bio for Engagement
In addition to incorporating emojis, optimizing your Whatsapp Bio With Emoji for engagement involves strategic placement of keywords, clear calls to action, and regular updates to keep it relevant. Emojis can enhance the visual appeal of your bio, but pairing them with compelling copywriting and a clear value proposition can maximize engagement and drive desired actions from visitors.
Crafting a captivating Whatsapp Bio With Emoji is an art form that requires careful consideration of your audience, messaging, and brand identity. By leveraging the power of emojis to express personality, highlight key information, and engage your audience effectively, you can create a memorable bio that leaves a lasting impression on visitors. Embrace creativity, stay true to your brand, and let emojis add flair to your WhatsApp bio, making it a compelling gateway to who you are or what your business represents.


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Date of this Version
Urban-suburban Canada geese (Branta canadensis) create nuisance problems at their foraging sites by littering them with feces. An ecological approach to the problem involves inducing the geese to use alternate foraging sites by reducing the attractiveness of problem sites. This can be accomplished by reducing the forage quality at the nuisance site by not fertilizing and infrequently mowing the lawn or by replacing the lawn with a less palatable grass species or other ground cover. Further, sites can be made less attractive to geese if they are surrounded by tall trees which make it harder for geese to land or take off, and planting bushes and hedges to reduce a goose's ability to watch for approaching predators. Another approach involves relocating roosting areas to more remote sites so that geese have to expend greater time and energy to reach the problem site.


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A sanatorium (also sanitorium, sanitarium) is a medical facility for long-term illness, typically tuberculosis. A distinction was sometimes made between a "sanitarium" (a kind of health resort, as in the Battle Creek Sanitarium) and "sanatorium" (a hospital).
The rationale for sanatoria was that before antibiotic treatments existed, a regime of rest and good nutrition offered the best chance that the sufferer's immune system would "wall off" pockets of pulmonary tuberculosis infection. In 1863, Hermann Brehmer opened the Brehmerschen Heilanstalt für Lungenkranke in Görbersdorf (Sokołowsko), Silesia, for the treatment of tuberculosis, where patients were exposed to plentiful amounts of high altitude fresh air, and good nutrition. Tuberculosis sanatoria became common throughout Europe from the end of the late 19th century onwards.
The Adirondack Cottage Sanitarium, established in Saranac Lake, New York in 1882, was the first such establishment in North America. According to the Saskatchewan Lung Association, when the National Anti-Tuberculosis Association (Canada) was founded in 1904, it was felt that a distinction should be made between the health resorts with which people were familiar and the new tuberculosis treatment hospitals: "So they decided to use a new word which instead of being derived from the Latin noun sanitas, meaning health, would emphasize the need for scientific healing or treatment. Accordingly, they took the Latin verb root sano, meaning to heal, and adopted the new word sanatorium".
Switzerland had many sanatoria, as it was believed that clean mountain air was the best treatment for lung diseases. In Finland a series of tuberculosis sanatoriums were built throughout the country in isolated forest areas, the most famous of these being the Paimio Sanatorium, built in 1930 and designed by world-renowned architect Alvar Aalto, with its roof-top terraces where the patients would lay all day on specially designed chairs, the so-called Paimio Chair. In Portugal, the Heliantia Sanatorium in Valadares, was used for the treatment of bone tuberculosis between the 1930s and 1960s.
In the early twentieth century, tuberculosis sanatoria became common in the United States. The first tuberculosis sanatorium for blacks was Burkeville, Virginia's Piedmont Sanatorium. Waverly Hills Sanatorium, a Louisville, Kentucky tuberculosis sanatorium, was founded in 1911. It has become a mecca for curiosity-seekers who believe it is haunted. Colorado Springs, because of its dry climate was home to several sanatoriums. A. G. Holley Hospital in Lantana, Florida is the last remaining freestanding tuberculosis sanatorium in the United States.
After 1943, when Albert Schatz, a graduate student at Rutgers University, discovered Streptomycin, the first true cure for tuberculosis, sanatoriums began to close, or (as in the case of the Paimio Sanatorium) were transformed into general hospitals. Around the 1950s, tuberculosis was no longer a major public health threat and so most of the sanatoriums had reached the end of their lives. Most sanatoriums were demolished years ago.
Some, however, have assumed updated medical roles. The Tambaram Sanatorium in south India is now a hospital for AIDS patients. The state hospital in Sanatorium, Mississippi is now a regional mental retardation center.
In the former Soviet Union the term has a slightly different meaning. It is mostly a combination of a resort/recreational facility and a medical facility intended to provide short-term complex rest and medical services, thus it is common to spa resorts


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Comprehensive DescriptionRead full entry
Pelobates varaldii is known only from fragmented localized areas along the Atlantic coastal plains of northwestern Morocco, within the Mediterranean forests and woodlands ecoregion. This small fossorial toad is particularly associated with sandy plains near cork oak forests. Diagnostic features include vertical pupils and webbed toes. Breeding sites are ephemeral lentic water bodies, which are scarce in this region. This endangered species is under threat from an expanding human population in the region, with proximate drivers of urbanization, conversion of coastal plains to farmland, and extraction of scarce water resources for human use.


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Significance and Use
The ring shear apparatus maintains the cross-sectional area of the shear surface constant during shear and shears the specimen continuously in one rotational direction for any magnitude of displacement and along entire cross-sectional area.
The ring shear apparatus allows a reconstituted specimen to be consolidated at the desired normal stress prior to drained shearing. This simulates the field conditions under which the fully softened strength develops in overconsolidated clays, claystones, mudstones, and shales because the fully softened strength corresponds to the peak shear strength of a normally consolidated clay.
The ring shear test is suited to the relatively rapid determination of drained fully softened shear strength because of the short drainage path through the thin specimen and failure occurring near the top porous stone.
The ring shear test minimizes the effect of initial disturbance that may result from adjusting/creating a gap before starting shearing, especially in the direct shear device.
The test results are primarily applicable to assess the shear strength of overconsolidated soils for drained analysis in slopes that do not have a pre-existing shear surface, sheared bedding planes, joints, or faults.
Note 1—Notwithstanding the statements on precision and bias contained in this test method: The precision of this test method is dependent on the competence of the personnel performing it and the suitability of the equipment and facilities used. Agencies that meet the criteria of Practice D3740 are generally considered capable of competent testing. Users of this test method are cautioned that compliance with Practice D3740 does not ensure reliable testing. Reliable testing depends on several factors; Practice D3740 provides a means of evaluating some of those factors.
1.1 This test method provides a procedure for performing a torsional ring shear test under a drained condition to determine the fully softened shear strength and nonlinear strength envelope of cohesive soils. The fully softened strength is used to evaluate the stability of slopes that do not have a preexisting shear surface. In addition, the fully softened shear strength corresponds to the peak shear strength of a normally consolidated specimen. This test method focuses on the use of a reconstituted specimen to measure the fully softened strength. This test method is performed by shearing a normally consolidated, reconstituted specimen at a controlled displacement rate until the peak shear resistance has been obtained. Generally, the drained fully softened failure envelope is determined at three or more effective normal stresses. A separate test specimen must be used for each normal stress to measure the fully softened strength otherwise a post-peak or even residual strength will be measured if the same specimen is used because of the existence of a shear surface.
1.2 The ring shear apparatus allows a reconstituted specimen to be normally consolidated at the desired normal stress prior to drained shearing. This simulates the field conditions under which the fully softened strength develops in overconsolidated clays, claystones, mudstones, and shales.
1.3 A shear stress-displacement relationship may be obtained from this test method. However, a shear stress-strain relationship or any associated quantity, such as modulus, cannot be determined from this test method because possible soil extrusion and volume change prevents defining the height needed in the shear strain calculations. As a result, shear strain cannot be calculated but shear displacement can be calculated.
1.4 The selection of normal stresses and final determination of the shear strength envelope for design analyses and the criteria to interpret and evaluate the test results are the responsibility of the engineer or office requesting the test.
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to inch-pound units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
2. Referenced Documents (purchase separately) The documents listed below are referenced within the subject standard but are not provided as part of the standard.
D422 Test Method for Particle-Size Analysis of Soils
D653 Terminology Relating to Soil, Rock, and Contained Fluids
D854 Test Methods for Specific Gravity of Soil Solids by Water Pycnometer
D2216 Test Methods for Laboratory Determination of Water (Moisture) Content of Soil and Rock by Mass
D2435 Test Methods for One-Dimensional Consolidation Properties of Soils Using Incremental Loading
D2487 Practice for Classification of Soils for Engineering Purposes (Unified Soil Classification System)
D3740 Practice for Minimum Requirements for Agencies Engaged in Testing and/or Inspection of Soil and Rock as Used in Engineering Design and Construction
D4318 Test Methods for Liquid Limit, Plastic Limit, and Plasticity Index of Soils
D6026 Practice for Using Significant Digits in Geotechnical Data
D6467 Test Method for Torsional Ring Shear Test to Determine Drained Residual Shear Strength of Cohesive Soils
consolidated; drained test conditions; fully softened shear strength; reconstituted specimens; ring-shear test; strength envelope;
ICS Number Code 13.080.20 (Physical properties of soil)
ASTM International is a member of CrossRef.
Citing ASTM Standards
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text:
The red-handed tamarin's body measures 20.5–28 centimeters (8.1–11 in); including the tail they measure 31–44 centimeters (12–17 in). They weigh 400–550 grams (0.88–1.2 lb). Their life expectancy is approximately 10 years in the wild and 16 years in captivity. The tamarin's diet consists of fruit, flowers, insects, frogs, spiders, lizards, and nectar. Their natural predators are small cats, birds of prey, and snakes. (information from Wikipedia)
These tamarins were spotted at Dallas World Aquarium, and the final shot shows the huge palm tree they were in. It's at least 30 feet tall! You can see the tamarins on the upper-right frond.


text:
3D Shape Reconstruction from Multiple Range Image Views
Ganapathi Annadurai, K. (2006). 3D Shape Reconstruction from Multiple Range Image Views (Thesis, Master of Science (MSc)). The University of Waikato, Hamilton, New Zealand. Retrieved from _URL_
Permanent Research Commons link: _URL_
Shape reconstruction of different three dimensional objects using multiple range images has evolved recently within the recent past. In this research shape reconstruction of a three dimensional object using multiple range image views is investigated.Range images were captured using the Waikato Range Imager. This range images camera is novel in that it uses heterodyne imaging and is capable of acquiring range images with precision less than a millimeter simultaneously over a full field. Multiple views of small objects were taken and the FastRBF was explored as a mean of registration and surface rendering. For comparison to the real range data, simulated range data under noise free condition were also generated and reconstructed with the FastRBF tool box.The registration and reconstruction of simple object was performed using different views with the FastRBF toolbox. Analysis of the registration process showed that the translation error produced due to distortion during registration of different views hinders the process of reconstructing a complete surface. While analyzing the shape reconstruction using the FastRBF tool it is also determined that a small change in accuracy values can affect the interpolation drastically. Results of reconstruction of a real 3D object from multiple views are shown.
The University of Waikato
All items in Research Commons are provided for private study and research purposes and are protected by copyright with all rights reserved unless otherwise indicated.
- Masters Degree Theses


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Rediff.com » News » Caste cloud over tsunami relief
Caste cloud over tsunami relief
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September 15, 2005 21:13 IST
Mary Kalyani has a simple question for the authorities: "Why are we treated like dogs and not like human beings?"
Kalyani, who lives in Chennai, is one of the thousands who lost everything to the tsunami that unleashed death and destruction across South Asia on December 26, 2004. She is also a Dalit -- the lowest strata of the caste hierarchy -- and not from the fishing community.
A United Nations study conducted in conjunction with the Asian Development Bank and the World Bank estimates that 20 percent of the tsunami-affected people are not fishermen, but engaged in agriculture and small and micro enterprises.
Most of them are Dalits.
Tsunami: Waves of destruction
Generally, fishermen live close to the sea. Dalits live next to them and work for the fishermen when they go out to the sea. The unwritten law is that only the fishing community can fish in the sea. Other communities can only help them. So, Dalits assist fishermen in making nets and selling their catch. Many Dalit women carry fish to the towns to sell. Dalits also cultivate on 'borrowed' land.
"Dalits lost their houses, their cultivation, everything (to the tsunami). Because they are not into fishing, these losses were not taken into consideration at all by the government," said V Karuppan, a former civil servant who is the convener of the National Campaign for Dalit Human Rights. "That was the first discrimination the Dalits faced."
In urban areas, mainly in places like Chennai, the fishing community live in government-allotted houses. They rent out the area in front of their houses to Dalit labourers. So, in these areas, it is not the fishermen but the Dalits who live close to the sea, but on illegal, unauthorised land.
Tsunami: picking up the threads
"I have been living in this area for the last 16 years. We lost everything to the tsunami," says Ramani, a Dalit who lives in Uroorkuppam in Chennai. "The fishermen drove us away from temporary shelters. They did not even allow us to have the food the government and the NGOs (non-government organisations) distributed. The government says only the fishermen lost everything. What about us, people who have voter's id card, ration card and electricity card? Do we exist only when they (politicians) need our votes?"
Sudhamma, who lives in Thiruvanmiyoorkuppam in Chennai, echoed Ramani. "When an NGO gave us food, the fishermen started abusing us; they even snatched the food that we had accepted," she complained. "We spent days and nights on the footpath -- we were not allowed inside the temporary shelter."
When Vallimayil, who works as a maid, asked some government officers for help, they allegedly asked her: 'Are you willing to do anything?'
Limping back: tsunami marriages
"This is the kind of humiliation we have to face," she said.
Karuppan said there were instances when the police refused to record the information about missing Dalits, while they did register FIRs  first information reports  about missing fishermen.
The NCDHR, the Human Rights Forum for Dalit Liberation and the Dalit Mannurimai Kootamaippu held a national public hearing in Chennai on discrimination against Dalits in tsunami relief and rehabilitation. The organisers informed the gathering that though the Tamil Nadu government had issued nearly 175 Government Orders after the tsunami, none took into account relief and rehabilitation for Dalits.
GO 583 speaks of livelihood and refers only to fishermen while GO 8 refers only to'marine' fishermen. What about the backwater fishermen, some of whom are Dalits, the organisers asked.
"Because the GOs refer only to fishermen, relief did not reach the Dalits," said Karuppan.
Despair, anguish and hope
It was also alleged that when the government was assessing tsunami damage in the first half of January, livestock owned by Dalits was not taken into account.
"Only when they (Dalits) blocked roads and put intense pressure was a re-enumeration started," said one of the organisers. "The outcome: The government wrote that the Dalits had no evidence of possession."
The question that was raised at the public hearing was: If there are fishermen next to the sea, and they have a total of 15 GOs that identify them as affected and there are two GOs for the sake of farmers who live further inland, why is it that the band of labourers who live physically between these two communities have no GOs that speak about their plight?
The organisers blamed the fishing community too for discriminating against the Dalits. About 210 Dalits had to walk 21 km to Mayiladuthurai when fishermen drove them out of a temporary tsunami shelter in Seerkazhi district, it was alleged. "The government officials turned a blind eye to it. The same thing happened in Tharangambadi district. Here, the Dalits were not given food for three days," said one of the organisers.
The heroes by the sea
The Dalit forum has asked for a white paper from the government about how much money was spent on fishermen and how much on Dalits. "Similarly, Dalits did not get the 60 kg rice and Rs 1000 a month promised by the government though the fishermen got both," said an activist.
The tsunami waves brought in seawater as much as 3 km inland. As 22,000 hectares of agricultural land was inundated, the winter crop that was ready for harvest in January was completely destroyed. The soil turned brackish, rendering it unfit for agriculture. The NCHDR estimates the loss to agriculture and livestock in India at over $37 million.
But Rajeswari of Odaikuppam, like Kalyani, has a smaller problem. "All that we had saved is gone with the waves. But according to the government, we don't exist."
Photographs: Sriram Selvaraj
Lead Photograph: Ami Vitale/Getty Images
Design: Dominic Xavier
Next week: The God of Small People. Life in the Andamans after the tsunami. Don't miss it!
Shobha Warrier in Chennai
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students abilitiesPTE Academic writing sample essay
Admittedly, mixed ability classes provide a better environment for children's all-round development. In such classes, children with different abilities study together and in turn, they can learn from one another. For example, a student, who is good at the academic study but weak in dancing or painting, can learn how to dance or paint form his peers. In this sense, mixed ability classes allow students to develop their abilities in different subjects instead of only academic abilities.
Despite the argument above, I believe streaming students bring more benefits to teachers and students. As for teachers, separating children with better academic abilities from others facilitates effective teaching. This practice helps teachers to control their students more conveniently and easily. Compared with mixed ability in which a teacher should consider students' differences when they are using teaching methodologies, streaming makes this situation simpler. To be more specific, students are at the same level of academic ability in a class, and in turn, teachers can use the same methodologies for them all. In this way, the narrower the spread of ability in the class, the more convenient the teaching can be.
On top of this, steaming enables students to learn in an effective way. According to students' different abilities, they are taught in different ways that are more suitable for them. In the top streams, students use more difficult materials, therefore, they can learn more. In sharp contrast, teachers can explain the material more slowly to those in bottom streams. Under this circumstance, children with different academic abilities can study effectively and efficiently.
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In many countries, children are engaged in different kinds of paid work. Some people regard this as completely wrong, while others consider it a valuable work experience, important for learning and taking responsibility. What is your opinion?
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On the afternoon of February 28, 1953, a regular at The Eagle made an announcement to the other patrons enjoying their lunch in the Cambridge pub. He, along with his colleague James Watson, had discovered "the secret of life."
The regular was Francis Crick, who worked at the nearby Cavendish laboratory, and the two scientists had cracked the double-helix structure of DNA. It marked a pivotal moment in science. Today, the pub has a plaque commemorating this momentous occasion and serves an ale called DNA.
The Eagle was opened in 1667 as the Eagle and Child and its proximity to the university made it a favorite for scientists and thinkers. It was also a favored haunt for soldiers and airmen. During World War II, RAF and American airmen used candles to burn graffiti of their names and nicknames on the pub's ceiling during their evenings out. The graffiti was preserved and tourists visit the pub to catch a glimpse of this wartime form of art.
Update: The plaque outside was recently updated with a hand-scrawled "+ Franklin" by an anonymous passerby to highlight Rosalind Franklin's key contributions to understanding DNA.


Dan in CA
The functions in the plugin are really just stubs. They print a message to the console in order to demonstrate that they work. They can/should be extended to send messages to an MQTT broker, do data manipulation etc. The python-mosquitto client modules seem like they could work here.
The blinker signals can also include a data payload. When a user performs an action such as selecting an option, the UI sends a GET request with a query string containing the selected option to a URL which triggers some processing. The blinker signal from such an event could include a Python dictionary object containing the elements of the query string, providing more specific data about the change. I 'm just learning abut MQTT but it seems like sending the entire contents of the dictionary with each change is a bit of overkill. It would require further processing to figure out what the change actually was was.
This new signalling feature will certainly make writing plugins a lot easier and eliminate most of the looping/polling that is now necessary to get data about the state of the system. It has the potential to enhance performance by eliminating HTTP REST calls:
The idea of using MQTT for the sensor network crossed my mind but there are some reasons I want to at least try modprobe. There is a separate thread on that so I won't go into it here.


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New test for developers in Maine: climate change
Huge development around Moosehead Lake would create 500,000 tons of CO2 over 50 years, environmentalists say.
A plan to build thousands of new homes next to a lake in Maine's north woods faces an environmental test that may one day challenge developers nationwide: What's the carbon footprint of a new subdivision or land development?Skip to next paragraph
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At hearings last month, Maine environmentalists unveiled for state regulators what is being called a first-in-the-nation study of the greenhouse-gas emissions expected from a huge development planned for Maine's Moosehead Lake. Some observers call it a new front in an emerging battle between environmentalists and developers that started in California two years ago.
"What we're asking in the [Maine] case, for the first time, is to consider the net carbon impacts of a major proposed development," says Michael Stoddard, deputy director of Environment Northeast, the Boston environmental research group that did the study.
So how much carbon does a development emit? Environment Northeast estimates that the plan to clear 14,000 acres of forest to build about 2,300 apartment units and homes could generate up to 500,000 metric tons of carbon-dioxide emissions over 50 years, if emissions of vehicles traveling to the distant site are included. The US emits some 12,000 times that amount in a single year.
The developer, Plum Creek Timber Co., disputes the analysis.
"Our plan in Maine is very sensitive to the carbon-footprint issue," says Kathy Budinick, spokeswoman for Seattle-based Plum Creek. "If our plan is approved, more than 400,000 acres of land will be permanently conserved in perpetuity for sustainable forestry, representing the second-largest conservation easement in US history. It's really quite a phenomenal carbon outcome."
At issue is not just the size of a development but the amount of driving it encourages. By being so far from major cities and accessible only by car, the Plum Creek project would produce, conservatively speaking, an additional 9,500 tons of emissions annually, according to the Environment Northeast study. That's the equivalent of putting an extra 1,850 vehicles on the road.
"It's our belief that we can't meet the nation's transportation goals for climate change just by improving automobile technology," says Alan Caron, president of GrowSmart Maine, an antisprawl group that lobbies for compact urban planning and public transportation systems and helped sponsor the Plum Creek study. "You have to pay attention to where things are located."
States eye impact of developments
Other states are beginning to scrutinize the climate impact of real estate developments.
At least 35 states have climate-action plans or are in the process of developing them, says Reid Ewing, executive director of the National Center for Smart Growth Research and Education at the University of Maryland. Of those, 17 states have set emissions targets for greenhouse gases.


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Dinky Duck was a Terrytoons cartoon character that appeared in a number of animated shorts. Dinky was a young duck that lived on a farm with ducks, chickens and other typical farm animals. Dinky often took on the role of an orphan who simply wanted a place to call home. Other times, Dinky would perform some heroic deed and help restore calm to the barnyard when adult animals quarreled. Dinky first appeared in the 1939 short The Orphan Duck.


the any generators of $N$. If we define $$\phi_h, h\in H$$ then it is clear that $\phi_h(n)\in N$. In fact, $\phi_h\in Aut(N)$. So there is for example $l$, $0\leq l\leq 16$ such that $$\phi_h(n)=n^l$$ Note that $H,N$ both are cyclic. Since we assume that $\phi_h$ for all $h\in H$ is an automorphism and $|N|=17$ then we should have $(l,17)=1$. In fact we define $$h^{-1}nh=n^l,\;\;0\leq l\leq 16,\;\;(l,17)=1$$ These are well defined relations for our desired $G$.
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Rising Divorce Rate in Korea
Rising Divorce Rate in Korea
Rising Divorce rate in Korea
Name: Seoh, Julia
Class: #11
Due date: Jan. 18, 2011
Teacher: Daryl Bergman
Rising Divorce rate in Korea
Ⅰ. Introduction
Thesis statement: There are several main causes that many married couples get divorced in Korea; a lack of communication, differences in values, and abuses.
Ⅱ. Body
1. Causes
A. Changed women's role
* Increase the women who get a job
- Destruction of patriarchal system
B. Stress in modern living
* Economical problem
* personality
* abuse
C. lack of communication
* individualism
* weak family bond
Ⅲ. Transition paragraph
Also, these three causes of divorce have an influence on divorced people, children, and even in whole society. (Using news articles)
1. Effects
A. Positive effect
* Establish their independence again
* Retrieve better quality of life
* Recovery of personal relations
* Reduce of economical burden
B. negative effect
* Violence, (using statistics), lack of socialization
* Poor educational achievement : low grade and adaptability, dropouts,
* Mental problem: psychological, behavioral problems
* It caused lack of love from parents and families
Ⅳ. Conclusion
To sum up, divorce has become a sort of an epidemic in today's society and poses a big threat to it. Rising divorce rate is a serious problem in Korea in recent days. The cause and effect of divorce can go to such an extent that it might leave a permanent scar on the mind of the children which might last forever, forcing the child to indulge in violent crimes. Researchers have shown that children from divorced families mostly resort to robbery, and drug abuse.
The first cause is that changing women's role in the present society. Differently with former days, now, the women can get a more opportunity to get a job
Rising Divorce rate in Korea
Nowadays, According to...
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WHAT'S THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN FEATHER DUSTER AND CHRISTMAS TREE WORMS? For one thing, the conical feathery crowns of Christmas tree worms shout out their presence with color and beguiling shapes. Feather dusters' fan-shaped crowns often whisper with subtle elegance.
If it's simply about appreciating the beauty of the reef, that's the main point – conical versus fan-shaped, bold versus muted. It's the fan shape that gives feather dusters their other common name, fan worms.
Christmas trees present dramatic sights in shades of oranges, rusty reds, yellows, whites, blues, browns and tans. There are dramatically colored feather dusters, but mostly they're more muted. Yet a colony of pure white or reddish brown social feather dusters displays an elegant beauty.
SIMILARITIES BETWEEN FEATHER DUSTER AND CHRISTMAS TREE WORMS
Feather dusters and Christmas trees are both sessile tube worms – that is, they spend their lives fixed in holes in coral masses or sandy seafloors. They're both members of Phylum Annelida, Class Polychaeta, worms with bodies of ring-like segments, although they're in different families (Christmas trees: Serpulidae; feather duster: Sabellidae).
They both extend their paired crowns of some 30 feathery radioles into the water column to breathe and to filter plankton, passing it down to their mouths at the crown base. Rather than wait passively for plankton to pass by, they can wave their feathers to create a mile flow of water that brings their tiny prey to them. Coated with sticky mucus, the radioles trap any particle that contact them.
But Christmas trees, members of species Spirobranchus giganteus, are pretty much entirely found in embedded in corals. Feather dusters may be just as happy on a sandy bottom. S. giganteus builds its protective tubes of calcium they secrete as the coral builds up around them. Feather dusters, in many genuses and species, create parchment-like tubes of mucus, strengthened with bits of sand and shell. One genus of feather dusters, does create its tubes with calcium carbonate.
For both feather duster and Christmas tree worms, those feathery whorls of gills are also attractive to predators hoping to pick off an easy snack, so the ability to quickly withdraw into a protective tube home is important the worms' survival. Christmas trees have the advantage of opercula, or trap doors, they can snap shut above them, flush with the coral surface.
Feather dusters lack this, and in fact their tubes often extend above the substrate, even when they have withdrawn into it. Still, they find safety in their retreats.
CROWD SOURCING – OR NOT
If Christmas trees are often found bunched together, it suggests that the conditions are attractive for their settlement there as larvae, and it makes for efficient broadcast spawning. But they're still individuals who may be closely packed or spread sparsely on coral surfaces, often displaying an array of hues. And they're S. giganteus, regardless of the colors of their canopies.
Some species of feather dusters seem to be determined loners. But members of the Caribbean species Bispira brunnea are socialites – okay, social feather dusters. They gaggle together in solidarity and uniform coloration.
BEHIND FEATHER DUSTER AND CHRISTMAS TREE WORMS' PLUMES
Like land-based earthworms, as polychaetes feather duster and Christmas tree worms sport bodies of ring-like segments. While a central gut runs through a polychaete's body, each segment features parapodia – appendages sort of like undeveloped feet. Extending off them are setae, in many cases best described as bristles (the bristleworm, or fireworm, is a free-ranging polychaete).
As tubeworms, the mucus they secrete helps them slide up and down their tubes.
Both groups of worms reproduce through broadcast spawning. And, they're apparently picky about what kinds of corals they settle on. Biologists know that but they're still trying to figure out what the criteria are. One suggestion is that they try to avoid corals frequented by algae-eating parrotfishes, which tend to scrape away the corals and anything else in their way while ferreting out algae.
FAN WORMS' FANTASTIC EYES
Recent research has focused on feather dusters' remarkable visual capabilities. As a team of Swedish and Norwegian researchers put it in a paper titled "Here, There and Everywhere: The Radiolar Eyes of Fan Worms (Annelida, Sabellidae), fan worms "possess some of the strangest eyes in nature… They display a surprising diversity of eyes of varying levels of sophistication, ranging from scattered single ocelli to compound eyes with up to hundreds of facets."
Since their primary polychaete eyes are unfortunately stuck inside their tubes most of the time, various species have evolved additional eyes all over the place, including on their radioles. While some are simple light-detecting ocelli, some are resemble arthropod compound eyes, sometimes with vertebrate-like characteristics.
PRINCIPAL SOURCES: Marine Biology, Fourth Edition, Peter Castro, Michael Huber; Reef Creature Identification, Florida, Caribbean, Bahamas/Reef Creature Identification, Tropical Pacific, Paul Humann, Ned DeLoach; "Feather Duster Worm," Marine Education Society of Australasia; "Featherduster Worms," Waikiki Aquarium; "Here, There and Everywhere: The Radiolar Eyes of Fan Worms (Annelida, Sabellidae)," Integrative and Comparative Biology; "Fanworms, 'Nature's Eye Factories,' Stick Them Pretty Much Anywhere," Scientific American; "Sebellidae," Wikipedia.


What is C-RAN? The Evolution From D-RAN to C-RAN
By Sean Hsu
what is CRAN title image
Who came up with C-RAN?
Centralized Radio Access Network or C-RAN, was first introduced by the China Mobile Research Institute in 2010 in an effort to create a new cloud computing architecture for supporting a the 5G Mobile network. C-RAN breaks apart the traditional cell-based network infrastructure into separate parts that meet the requirements of 5G, while supporting the existing 2G, 3G, and 4G infrastructures. It includes a centralized processing, collaborative radio, and real-time radio networking.
The Building Blocks of RAN
Telecom base station
Picture of a telecom base station.
Traditionally, a Radio Access Network (RAN) consists of a group of Base Stations (BS) or NodeB (NB), usually sprinkled on top of buildings to form a cell network, which provided wireless access to mobile users. It is composed of an antennas, radio frequency (RF) equipment, digital processors, and baseband units.
The base stations are used to interconnect phone signals between a user's device and the core network. When a mobile device is connected to the nearest cell tower, it was the base station's job to transmit the traffic (voice, data, video traffic) to the core network owned by the telecom company.
Telecom base station components
Parts of a telecom base station.
The base station is made up of two separate parts that will function individually called the Baseband Unit (BBU) and the Remote Radio Unit (RRU) or Remote Radio Head (RRH). When the signal arrives at the base station, the RRU retrieves the signal or radio frequency from the antenna and creates the analog transmitted RF to the baseband unit. Then the BBU refers to the original frequency range of a transmission signal before it modulates, generates, and processes the digitalized signal. Functions such as de(coding) and de(modulation) are done in this part as well. In other words, BBU handles most of the digital processing while the RRU takes care of the analog side of things. The combination of both units at the cell site is called a Distributed-RAN (D-RAN) architecture.
Beginning from D-RAN
In a D-RAN architecture, the whole base station is located at the cell tower site. The RRUs are located at the top of the tower next to the antennas and the BBUs are located in an equipment room not too far from the tower itself. The RRUs and BBUs are directly connected via CPRI or Common Public Radio Interface, meaning that for every one RRU there will be one BBU connected to process the data.
Example of D-RAN
Although simple, D-RAN presented several issues for telecoms especially in terms of managing the space and capacity needed at the base stations. Most of the base stations were deployed to meet peak capacity periods for that region. However, peak periods come and go, so there were often be times where that processing capacity was underutilized. There's also the issue of the need to meet short bursts of traffic (for example, if there's a concert or event nearby), the RRUs and BBUs were not designed for this type of flexibility.
CRAN: BBU Pooling and Virtualization
Example of C-RAN
In a C-RAN architecture, the base station is split up. The RRUs stays at the cell site, while the BBUs are aggregated into a centralized office, sometimes called a BBU hotel, with a centralized controller to process calculations digitally. This concept breaks the 1:1 connection between RRU and BBU, virtualizes the heavy-loaded baseband calculation, and brings key functions to the central office, which is much closer and convenient for the telecoms to manage. Also, by aggregating all the BBUs, telecoms can better organize their computing resources, which can reduce the costs on the maintenance of the 5G network.
The virtualization technologies facilitate the logical isolation of resource while the physical resources are shared in dynamic and scable way. In the context of C-RAN, network virtualization is done at the BBU pool level including network, computing and storage. Each BBU is a virtual node while the communication between them are virtual links. The pool operates on one machine sharing CPU, memory and network resources between multiple BBUs.
Advantages of Centralized BBU in C-RAN (BBU pooling)
Centralizing the BBUs come with several advantages, including resource virtualization, better service deployment at the edge and the potential to utilize advanced technologies that require high processing power. With BBU pooling, joint processing and cooperative radio sharing will become possible.
In the traditional network, the BBU is located far from the central office usually spanning across several roof tops or at the cell tower, which are difficult or costly to maintain. As BBUs are brought closer to the central office, they can potentially be placed inside secured data centers. This would improve data security and would allow for more efficient data processing for more extensive computations. With multiple BBUs sharing a common processing pool, its resources can be utilized more effectively with less power consumption and as well as allowing access to larger amounts of resources when needed.
Lastly, by pulling together resources at central offices, services can be deployed on the network edge instead of the core. By moving service closer to the user, telecoms gain faster responses with edge computing while reducing the bandwidth needed for backhaul traffic.
The Fronthaul Network Transition to 5G C-RAN
With 5G, the design of BBU pooling is faced with another issue. The transport requirements of 5G vastly surpasses that of 4G. Here are some of the differences between 4G and 5G.
4G vs 5G
Meeting the requirements of 5G meant changes had to be made to the fronthaul network, in particular the use of CPRI between RRUs and BBUs. The CPRI standard defines an interface between the Radio Equipment Control (REC) and the Radio Equipment (RE), which is mostly used to carry data between cell sites and base stations. Since, CPRI was not designed to meet the timing, latency or efficiency requirements of 5G, eCPRI was developed specifically for 5G fronthaul transport.
Fiber is the preferred choice recommended from the C-RAN community due to the higher bandwidth requirement, however, cellular or millimeter wavelength do offer cheaper and easier deployment, but at higher latency.
5G from C-RAN toward O-RAN
Past RAN architectures (3G/4G) constructed their NodeB (NB) and eNodeB (eNB) based on monolithic building blocks. However, 5G introduced massive MIMO (multiple-input, multiple-output) to overcome the high data rate and low latency requirements. It combined the RRU and the antenna into an Active Antenna Unit (AAU), which hangs on top of the antenna system. This reduced the signal loss caused by the transmission of multiple antennas to the RRU.
BBU split into CU DU
Within the 5G RAN, the BBU can be split into the Distributed Unit (DU) and the Centralized Unit (CU). The DU runs close to the RRU and is responsible for real-time Layer 1 (Physical) such as OFDMA and MIMO as well as the Layer 2 scheduling functions such as RLC (Radio Link Control) and MAC (Media Access Control). RLC contains ARQ and HARQ to support the re-transmission functions and the MAC mainly provides QoS (Quality of Service) features.
The logical node includes a subset of the eNB/gNB functions, depending on the functional split option, and its operation is controlled by the CU. The CU is a centralized unit connected between the 5G core network and the DUs. It provides the access control and coordinates high-level protocols including RRC (Radio Resource Control) from the control plane and IP, SDAP (Service Data Adaptation Protocol), PDCP (Packet Data Convergence Protocol) from the user plane. SDAP is a new protocol aimed at the QoS flow for the user's access to the 5G network. PDCP compresses and decompresses the IP headers and maintains the wireless payload integrity of the sequence.
To lower cost, improve performance, and scale up baseband processing from the base station, C-RAN has come to the center stage. It separated the BBU and RRU from the base station. It centralized the BBU into a shared resource pool for heavy computation with virtualization from the cloud. It removed the real-time function from the BBU and integrated it into an AAU box. Furthermore, the pooled resources makes it easier to deploy services at the edge, which improves user satisfaction, improves resource utilization, and reduces the pressure of backhaul traffic.
In this Article: 5G RAN


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Marian Anderson's brilliant singing career began at age six when she sang spirituals at the Union Baptist Church in her hometown of Philadelphia. She toured Europe in the 1920s, drawing vast acclaim; however, when she returned to the United States she was still barred from performing 5 on the American operatic stage. After she was prevented from singing in Washington's segregated Constitution Hall in 1939, Eleanor Roosevelt intervened and arranged for Miss Anderson to perform at the Lincoln Memorial. A crowd of 75,000 people came to watch her sing before the Memorial. Marian Anderson's beautiful contralto voice broke down 10 racial barriers, showing white Americans that blacks had a profound contribution to make to America's cultural life. Eventually, in 1955, she became the first AfricanAmerican singer to perform at New York's Metropolitan Opera. In her many years of touring she had to endure a racism that forced her to enter concert halls and hotels through 15 service entrances. Her grace under this stress showed a moral perseverance that paralleled that of the famous Martin Luther King, Jr.
1. We can conclude from the passage that Marian Anderson first toured Europe instead of the United States because
2. The word "vast" in line 3 could best be replaced by which of the following?
3. The word "barred" in line 4 could best be replaced by which of the following?
4. The significance of Anderson's Lincoln Memorial performance was that
5. In line 7, the word "intervened" means that Eleanor Roosevelt
6. In line 9-10, the phrase "broke down... barriers" means
7. In line 10, the word "profound" could best be replaced by
8. The word "eventually" in line 11 could best be replaced by which of the following?
9. The word "grace" in line 15 is similar in meaning to which of the following?
10. According to the passage, what did Marian Anderson have in common with Martin Luther King, Jr?
11. The author's tone in this passage is
12. In line 15, what does the word "this" refer to?
Đề thi ViOlympic Lớp 12 Trên Mạng có thể tìm thấy tại đây.


text:
Neighborhood Matching for Curved Domains with Application to Denoising in Diffusion MRI.
Med Image Comput Comput Assist Interv. 2017 Sep;10433:629-637
Authors: Chen G, Dong B, Zhang Y, Shen D, Yap PT
In this paper, we introduce a strategy for performing neighborhood matching on general non-Euclidean and non-flat domains. Essentially, this involves representing the domain as a graph and then extending the concept of convolution from regular grids to graphs. Acknowledging the fact that convolutions are features of local neighborhoods, neighborhood matching is carried out using the outcome of multiple convolutions at multiple scales. All these concepts are encapsulated in a sound mathematical framework, called graph framelet transforms (GFTs), which allows signals residing on non-flat domains to be decomposed according to multiple frequency subbands for rich characterization of signal patterns. We apply GFTs to the problem of denoising of diffusion MRI data, which can reside on domains defined in very different ways, such as on a shell, on multiple shells, or on a Cartesian grid. Our non-local formulation of the problem allows information of diffusion signal profiles of drastically different orientations to be borrowed for effective denoising.
PMID: 29577115 [PubMed – indexed for MEDLINE]


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The Health Information Management and Systems Society opened the HIMSS Innovation Center today as part of the Global Center for Health Innovation, in downtown Cleveland. The 30,000-square-foot Innovation Center includes a Health IT Simulation Center testing health IT interoperability, and a Healthcare Technology Showcase demonstrating the value of IT and information exchange to patient care, clinician and patient satisfaction, population health, and the bottom line.
"The HIMSS Innovation Center is a milestone in our mission to improve health through the best use of information technology," according to Carla Smith, executive vice president of HIMSS, in a prepared statement. "As a permanent facility capable of hosting virtual and in-person experiences, clinicians, health professionals, consumers, and policy-makers can see how the secure and appropriate exchange of health information improves the outcomes, safety, cost-effectiveness, and access to care. It is an interactive setting where, with our collaborators, HIMSS enables testing of interoperable IT products, and provides knowledge and firsthand demonstrations of the value of health IT for patient care."
The Health IT Simulation Center is a multi-care environment populated with simulated patient demographic, clinical and financial data. Members of the health and healthcare communities can interact in real-time to scenarios that elicit a specific product's interoperability and other capabilities to improve quality and patient outcomes, cost-effective care coordination, secure data exchange and better business performance. The Healthcare Technology Showcase includes exhibitions on information exchange, mobile health, and consumer-driven health.
Get the latest information on Health IT and attend other valuable sessions at this two-day Summit providing healthcare leaders with educational content, insightful debate and dialogue on the future of healthcare and technology.


DevOps and Security Glossary Terms
Log Levels
What are Log Levels?
Computer system designers implement a logging function into devices and applications that automatically documents events. When an event occurs within an application, the logging function creates a log and adds it to the log file for that application. Many enterprise IT organizations use log aggregation software tools to centralize log data from applications and systems throughout their public and hybrid cloud environments.
Logs can be transmitted across IP networks from the application where they originate to event message collector applications or servers using the Syslog protocol. The Syslog protocol was initially written in 1980 by Eric Allman and has since become the de facto standard for message logging in computing. Systems and application designers write their logging functions in compliance with the Syslog standard, making it easier for downstream log aggregation and analysis tools to effectively normalize, index and analyze the data. In the Syslog standard, each log is assigned a facility code and a log level.
Log levels describe the type and severity of a logged event. In the Syslog standard, there are eight different log levels, each with its own unique conditions. While the meaning ascribed to various log levels is particular to each application, the general purpose of log levels is to categorize event logs according to the severity of impact to users and the urgency of response required by the IT organization.
Why are Log Levels Important?
Log levels are just one of many types of data that are contained within the system and application event logs. Most logs contain at least the following information:
 - The date and time that the event happened
 - A description of the event
 - The log level or severity level
 - An error code, if applicable
 - The name of the user that was logged in when an event occurred
 - The name of the device where the event took place
 - The MAC address or IP address of the network device where the log was generated
Log levels are a fundamental tool for tracking and analyzing events that take place throughout your IT infrastructure and cloud-based computing environments. Log files contain a wealth of information about all of the events that take place within a system and log levels allow users to categorize those events by type and severity so they can be treated accordingly.
Using log levels, a security analyst can look at a single value in an event log and start to determine whether that event needs to be immediately investigated, whether it can be put off for later, or whether it can safely be ignored.
What are the Standard Log Levels?
Application developers and IT organizations are free to customize log levels and categorize log events according to their own specific needs. For applications that log events based on the Syslog standard, there are 8 different log levels that can be used to categorize a log according to its severity:
Emergency logs are given the numerical value "0". This category is assigned when an event log indicates that the system is completely unusable.
Alert logs are given the numerical value "1". This category is assigned when an event log requires an immediate response, such as when a system database becomes corrupted and must be restored to prevent the loss of critical data or services.
Critical logs are given the numerical value "2". This category is assigned for critical errors, such as hardware failure.
Error logs are given the numerical value "3". This category is assigned to event logs that contain an application error message.
Warning logs are given the numerical value "4". Warning conditions are slightly less severe than error conditions. Error conditions happen when an operation fails, while a warning might indicate that an operation will fail in the future if action is not taken now.
Notice logs are given the numerical value "5". They include information about events that may be unusual but are not errors. Notice logs are technically normal, but still significant enough to have their own severity level between information and warning.
Informational logs are given the numerical value "6". They include information about successful operations within the application, such as a successful start, pause, or exit of the application.
Debug logs are given the numerical value "7". These logs typically contain information that is only useful during the debug phase and may be of little value during production.
Log Levels and Log Management
Organizations that maintain a large number of applications in one or more cloud environments use log management to capture event logs from throughout the system, centralize and normalize the data, perform analysis, and extract actionable insights. Log levels play an important role in supporting the log management process at each of its five stages:
 1. Instrument and Collect - IT organizations must implement the appropriate software tools to start collecting log data from different sources in the application stack. A log aggregator application may be configurable to assign specific log levels to event logs based on their content and characteristics.
 2. Centralize and Index - Data from event logs need to be aggregated, organized and indexed in a central location where it can be accessed on a single platform. This allows logs of various log levels from across the network to be analyzed side-by-side, which helps analysts detect patterns that may be connected to security or application performance incidents.
 3. Search and Analyze - Once log data is aggregated and indexed, humans or machines can search through the log files and conduct analysis. The purpose of log analysis is to identify any unexpected application behaviors that might indicate a security threat or poor application performance. Machine learning tools can use pattern recognition to detect underlying performance issues by analyzing large volumes of log data.
 4. Monitor and Alert - Log levels play a central role for organizations that use log management to monitor application status and trigger alerts when outliers, anomalies or suspicious patterns are detected. Log management software tools can be integrated with messaging applications to deliver alerts to security analysts based on log levels. This helps to ensure a rapid response to urgent application-related issues.
 5. Report and Dashboard - Log management software tools can be used to track and report on the frequency of each of the log levels within the aggregated and analyzed event logs. Organizations should work towards minimizing the number of errors that cause business interruptions by proactively addressing application errors that crop up in event logs.
Use Log Levels to Filter Alerts with Sumo Logic
IT organizations can configure log monitoring and alerting functions to notify IT, operators when an event occurs that requires an urgent response. A common risk associated with this type of alert is known as alert fatigue: if IT operators receive too many alerts, they may accidentally overlook important events that require urgent action.
Sumo Logic helps mitigate alert fatigue by using log levels to ensure that IT security and operations teams only receive alerts for events that are genuinely worthy of investigation. IT organizations can also use Sumo Logic to extract event logs with specific log levels and selectively monitor specific types of errors or warnings.
Complete visibility for DevSecOps
Reduce downtime and move from reactive to proactive monitoring.


text:
Organic farming – A boon to Terrace farming in watershed
The terrace farming is certainly not an easy task. It requires proper management in watershed. The soil is prone to erosion with increase in wind velocity and Rainfall intensity. The water and the wind are the main soil erosive agents. Organic farming – A boon to Terrace farming in watershed
Comparative advantage of terrace farming
However, in hills most of the lands are slopy and terrace farming is the only option left with the farmers. This existing condition should be taken as a challenge in watershed. The climatic conditions of hills are different from plains. The terrace farming in hills are having comparative advantages rather to say climatic advantage for supplying horticulture produce like Vegetables down to plain areas in times when there is scarcity of vegetables in plains. So, terrace farming in hills can take advantage of off season vegetable production grown through terrace farming in hills. This way the terrace farming can give more value of their harvested vegetable crops to the farmers in watershed.
Use of organic inputs for terrace farming
The terrace in slope breaks the length of slope.This way it reduces the velocity of flowing water moving as runoff.It helps in reducing the soil erosion. All this creates a condition conducive for cultivation of crops. However, organic farming in these terraces can further help in effective management of the terraces.
It is important to increase the carbonic content of the soil in terraces. Soil organic content modifies the soil structure.The organic content in the soil enhances the inherent capacity of the soil. Hence the soil in terraces can be kept intact.
Originally posted 2017-06-22 11:21:54.


text:
Scenario: A game starts at noon and the last out is made at 16.10. During the game there is a 60-minute delay for rain and a 10-minute delay to adjust the umpire crew after the plate umpire twists an ankle.
As the official scorer, what do you put down as the duration of the game in your report?
A – 3 hours.
B – 3 hours 10 minutes.
C – 4 hours.
D – 4 hours 10 minutes.
Highlight the text below to reveal the answer:
Answer: B – 3 hours 10 minutes.
Rule 10.02(l) states:
Time required to play the game, with delays deducted for weather, light failure or technological failure not related to game action.
Rule 10.02(l) Comment states:
A delay to attend to the injury of a player, manager, coach or umpire shall be counted in computing time of game.


text:
Definitions for underconsumption
This page provides all possible meanings and translations of the word underconsumption
Insufficient consumption (for financial stability)
consumption of less than is produced; consumption of less than the usual amount
In underconsumption theory in economics, recessions and stagnation arise due to inadequate consumer demand relative to the amount produced. The theory formed the basis for the development of Keynesian economics and the theory of aggregate demand after the 1930s. Underconsumption theory narrowly refers to heterodox economists in Britain in the 19th century, particularly 1815 onwards, who advanced the theory of underconsumption and rejected classical economics in the form of Ricardian economics. These economists did not form a unified school, and their theories were rejected by mainstream economics of the time. Underconsumption is an old concept in economics, going back to the 1598 French mercantilist text Les Trésors et richesses pour mettre l'Estat en Splendeur by Barthélemy de Laffemas, if not earlier. The concept of underconsumption had been used repeatedly as part of the criticism of Say's Law until underconsumption theory was largely replaced by Keynesian economics which points to a more complete explanation of the failure of aggregate demand to attain potential output, i.e., the level of production corresponding to full employment.
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to the success of Swachh Bharat Abhiyan? (10 Marks)
Social influence is the process through which a person's attitudes, opinions, or behaviour are changed through social communication. Persuasion is a method of social influence.
UPSC Ethics GS-4 Diagram. Ethics paper Flow chart.
Social influence and persuasion contribute to Swacch Bharat Abhiyan (SBA) through:
- Behavioural change among all the stakeholders: By changing attitude toward open defecation in the society through campaigns and media. E.g: Darwaza Band campaign and rallies by school children to build awareness
- Social pressure and peer pressure: By naming and shaming people who don't have toilets, they will be forced to build one.
E.g: Children persuading their parents, Gram sabhas reading out names of households without toilets. Positive peer pressure in the form of prizes and rewards for building and using toilets can also help people change.
- Role-Model effect: When celebrities like Amitabh Bachchan persuade for SBA, it can bring about a change in orthodox opinions about open defecation.
- Community Ownership: Through Gram Swachhdhoots, SBA can be made community driven to make it. Such persuasive methods were very successful in Bangladesh.
- Healthy competition among stakeholders: through initiatives like Swacch Survekshan.
Thus social Influence and persuasion techniques, by effectively targeting the social psyche and behaviour can accelerate the goal of Swacch Bharat Mission.
Q. You are aspiring to become an IAS officer and you have cleared various stages and now you have been selected for the personal interview. On the day of the interview, on the way to the venue you saw an accident where a mother and child who happen to be your relatives were badly injured. They needed immediate help. What would you have done in such a situation? Justify your action. (25 Marks)
Subject matter: Dilemma between achieving career ambition Vs responding to accident as a good samaritan.
Stakeholders involved: The mother, child, me, my family, society at large and the UPSC.
Ethical dilemmas:
- Personal ambitions vs. Moral responsibility to help others
- Being punctual to the interview vs Saving life
- Personal and family's dream to be civil servant vs Moral
obligation to relatives
Options Available
Ignore the accident and head to the interviewPunctuality will bemaintainedPersonalambition will be fulfilledMorally abdicating my duty to save lifeSelfish and against my consciencePoor example of an aspiring civil servant
Skip the interview and help the victimsMoral obligation towards my relatives will be metA good example to the societyHampers the years of hard work to be a civil servantFailing my and my family's dreamUnbalanced decision making in response to multiple needs
Admit them to a nearby hospital and quickly try to reach the interview venueRescue the relativesRealise mycareer goalsClearconscience• Risk of missing the interview
Final Course of action
I shall choose the last option because I have a moral responsibility to help the victims, and a personal responsibility to myself, my family and my career. I worked hard to reach the interview stage, so it makes sense to balance both these obligations.
So my immediate response would be to quickly move the victims to my cab. Using Google Maps, I'll check for nearby hospitals and find the shortest route possible to get there. I will call the hospital and ask them to arrange emergency services by the time we reach.
Along the way, I will also call the relatives' family and ask them to reach the hospital. I will admit the victim to the hospital and pay any charges, if required. If it gets late for the relatives to reach, I will entrust the cab driver to kindly look after her, pay him his waiting charges and proceed to the interview.
In the meantime, I will also check if I can reach out to anyone who can inform the interview panel about my situation and that I may reach late. If I do get delayed, I will make every attempt to convince the authorities involved as to the reasons why it happened. As soon as the interview is done, I will come back to the hospital and check on the victims' condition and help them in anyway I can.
As remarked by Gandhiji "The best way to find yourself is to lose yourself in the service of others". By helping people, we not only make the world a better place but also stay true to our conscience. It leads to harmony, balancing social good with personal ambition.
34 thoughts on "How to Answer GS 4 Ethics Paper in UPSC Mains
 1. Anonymous
 Hey anudeep, thank you so much for the invaluable insights you have provided us in your book. Its a wonderful piece of your hard work. I got so much to learn from it. Thank you so much. God bless you 🙂
 1. Chetan
 क्या आपकी पुस्तक हिंदी में या फिर English में
 1. Alam Khan
 2. Sartaj Bagali
 Sir please can you tell me that this is ebook or it is hard copy?Will it be delivered to our home?
 3. Laxmiprasad
 Sir meru guidance esthara
 4. Anonymous
 Sir how you learn fluent english
 Please give reply sir
 5. maithili gole
 respected sir, i have made the payment of 389 for essay answer writing book and videos but still it is showing to pay the amount. how should i access the book?
 plz reply it would be helpful for me.
 thanking u
 6. Podhila Shivaprasad
 Anna nv super anna I am full inspired
 2. Chetan
 Kya main BA karke CSE apply karskta ho
 Apki 5 tips aur konsi konsi books Leno chahiye…
 3. Ruchi Kushwaha
 Good Evening sir, I want to write GS paper in English and take Hindi Literature. It's possible or not.
 Yes,Of course.
 Explanation: If your optional is a literature paper then you have to write those optional papers in that very language. Except them, all papers, Essay and G.S I, II, III, IV are to be written only in Hindi or English. So, You can choose English as your medium and Hindi Literature as your optionals.
 4. Ayush
 Wonderful Sir
 Salute to your hard work and perseverance
 You are a true IAS officer,dedicated to Steve your country's people.
 5. Sunayana
 Sir. 1.May I know which online platform for prelims and mains test series is the good one?
 2.whether to join integrated prelims and mains or separate prelims and separate mains test series?
 3.what is the right time to join?
 6. Vaidik
 Sir I am unable to open the video lectures of your those videos are unsupported in my mobile…sir Its a …….please send me those videos in my gmail account as your each video and lecture is very important to me and all the upsc aspirants..
 Really it is very helpful for the beginners..
 Thank you so much anudeep sir.
 8. Madhu
 for beginners it will give full clarity on how be a good thinker and on track aspirants it will give value addition. we good to see u providing this enormous information which u are giving for aspirants. THANK YOU BRO..KEEP ON GIVE THIS BOOST TO ASPIRANTS
 9. Sartaj Bagali
 Sir Thankyou very much for this book.Immensely helpful.Sir is your book enough for upsc preparation if we understand it and like this way.
 10. Anonymous
 Will you release new editions in the upcoming years?? Or is this book useful for upsc 2022 please reply sir….
 11. Lakshmi
 Sir is this only e-book or can I get its hard copy? If yes can I know how to get it.
 Thanks a ton sir! What an exaplanation you have presented before us. I cleared all doubts and ambiguities related to paper 4. thanks again sir.love you sir..
 13. Anonymous
 Thank you sir
 14. Dr. Ganesh Vinayak Jadhwar
 Tnq so much resp. Sir..! Valuable guidance for us…To clear all doubts regarding paper IV.🙏
 15. Pulin Malik
 Hello Sir,
 Your ethics notes are very concise and effective and I am grateful to you for providing these notes.
 One thing i can't make out is the LMR you've written at certain places with an highlighter. Please decode this puzzle so that I can be at peace.😭🙏
 16. Anonymous
 Thank u very much sir 😊 such a wonderful explanation for the beginers like me.
 Keep going in writing such awesome books like this. Actually sreaching for good network,I think this is the correct platform for not only me but also all the asparents …
 Thank u sir from the bottom of the heat 😁
 17. Anonymous
 Hello Sir, but sir from where i get all quotes.
 18. Riya
 Your advice is solid. This is amazingly articulated with detailed suggestions.


text:
A block has a volume of 0.600 m^3 and a density of 3.50x10^2 kg/m^3. The block is placed into a container of water of density 1.00x10^3 kg/m^3. Determine the following:
a) Determine the percentage of the block's volume that is above the water when it is placed in the container of water.
b) A second block of density 4.5x10^2 kg/m^3 is placed on top of the original block. This causes the original block to be completely submerged and the second block to be 10% submerged in the water. Determine the volume of the second block
Please show all steps