text:
Might As Well Jump
Laszlo Laufer and Bottyan Nemeth, two Hungarian researchers at the Budapest University of Technology and Economics, have found that gamer's button pressing is predicatable two seconds beforehand based on skin conductance. Using a basic game called YetiSports JungleSwing that involves a yeti jumping from tree to tree, they measured volunteer's heart rate, skin conductance and electrical activity. After analysis of the data, they found that skin conductance by itself is enough to predict a jump two seconds before the player does it.
They think the technology could have useful applications for pilots among others, helping to speed up reaction time. They also see usefulness in computer games that could incessantly piss you off by predicting your next move. Sensors could probably easily be built into the next generation of console controllers with feedback actually affecting gameplay. To what extent is obviously unknown, but this should come in handy when somebody creates a game where you have to fight a gun-wielding psychic.


text:
Definition of Kearns-Sayre syndrome
Kearns-Sayre syndrome: A neuromuscular disorder characterized by three primary findings:
Kearns-Sayre syndrome is one of the mitochondrial encephalomyopathies. These disorders are due to defects in the DNA of the mitochondria, the cell structures that produce energy. These defects cause the brain and muscles to function abnormally (encephalomyopathy). In about 80% of cases of Kearns-Sayre syndrome, tests reveal deletions in mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA).
There are many other names for the Kearns-Sayre syndrome including: CPEO with myopathy; CPEO with ragged-red fibers; KSS; Mitochondrial cytopathy, Kearns-Sayre type; Oculocraniosomatic syndrome; Ophthalmoplegia-plus syndrome; Ophthalmoplegia with myopathy; and Ophthalmoplegia with ragged-red fibers.Source: MedTerms™ Medical Dictionary
Last Editorial Review: 6/14/2012
Medical Dictionary Definitions A - Z
Search Medical Dictionary
Find out what women really need.
Most Popular Topics
Pill Identifier on RxList
- quick, easy,
Find a Local Pharmacy
- including 24 hour, pharmacies

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


Light Modifier Glossary
Start experimenting with strobes, and you'll quickly learn that there's a limit to what you can achieve with a bare flash. Without modifiers, you can't control many factors that determine how your photo will be lit. But if you aren't familiar with common modifiers and how they work, tips and tutorials on flash photography can sound like a lot of nonsense. Use this glossary of light modifier terms to increase your versatility with flash photography.
Beauty Dish
Day 171 – salad anyone? by Mathias
A beauty dish is a round, reflective dish around the strobe or other light source that directs the light toward a subject and creates circular catchlights in a model's eyes.
Street Strobist Backstage by Andres Nieto Porras
A diffuser is anything placed in front of a light source to soften the light. Often, it's a piece of fine screen mesh or translucent fabric that reduces the intensity of the light. Diffusers are commonly found as the innermost part of a 5-in-1 reflector disc.
See "Gobo".
Roscolux Gels by Omer Wazir
A gel, or color filter, is a colored piece of transparent film that's placed over a light source to change its color temperature. Gels are often used to balance out mixed lighting sources, for example, you might use them to color correct when shooting in a room that has both incandescent and fluorescent lights.
_IMG3851-Edit by OzAdr1an
Gobo stands for "go between". It is also called a flag. A gobo or flag is anything that goes between the light source and the subject to block some of the light. This kind of light modifier can help with eliminating unwanted reflections in glass or with keeping a backdrop from being lit by a flash.
7dcp3035969-4mm-grid-modeling-light by Wolfgang Lonien
A grid is a honeycomb or similar pattern that's placed over a light to direct the light without diffusing it. The grid creates a spotlight while keeping light from spilling onto other parts of the frame.
Setup by Derek Dysart
A reflector is a board or piece of material used to bounce light back onto a subject. Reflectors are usually, white, silver, or gold, though other colors exist. Commercial varieties exist, but you can also use foam board, a sheet, or any other reflective material as a reflector. A reflector is probably the most common light modifier used by photographers.
The term scrim is often used interchangeably with the word diffuser. Some photographers define it as a type of diffuser that is a piece of material placed in front of the light source with the purpose of softening the light.
Last minute adjustments by Gene
A snoot is a light modifier that is essentially a tube that lets the photographer use a strobe like a spotlight, narrowing the light's radius. It directs light to a small, specific area of the scene.
90/365: SOFTBOX! :: Setup by Andres Nieto Porras
A softbox is a tent-like device that accommodates a strobe. The light is directed through a diffusion material, and the inside of the softbox is often reflective. The main purpose of a softbox is to enlarge the size of the light and soften it.
Strobist by Vikram Vetrivel
R'adys / Swing Shoot Setup by chriscom
An umbrella, in photographic lighting, looks just the same as a typical umbrella used on a rainy day. Shoot through umbrellas, which are usually white, are placed in front of light sources to diffuse the light in a way that's similar to a softbox. Reflective umbrellas usually have a silver surface on their undersides. A strobe is pointed back toward the inside of the umbrella, and the light reflecting from the umbrella is bounced back onto the subject.
A bare flash can certainly create interesting images, but it does have its limits. With a few inexpensive purchases or DIY projects, you can expand the possibilities of flash photography. What are your favorite light modifiers, and how do you use them?
PhotographyVox Newsletter
Profile photo of Nicoal Price About Nicoal Price
Nicoal is a New England photographer with a penchant for learning. Her work ranges from nature-inspired portraiture to outdoor product photography. Visit for more info.
Leave a Comment
Skip to toolbar


Take the 2-minute tour ×
I'm facing problem in adding a drawable object to a Parcel object, in order to send an object from one activity to another activity.
There are methods like writeString(String) to add strings to a Parcel object. But do not know how to add a Drawable to the Parcel object.
share|improve this question
3 Answers 3
up vote 3 down vote accepted
You cannot add a Drawable to a Parcel, as Drawable does not implement the Parcelable interface. Certain types of Drawable might implement Parcelable, but I am not aware of any.
You can put in the Parcel some identifier (e.g., drawable resource ID) and have the recipient obtain the Drawable on its own.
share|improve this answer
I think you can try wrapping the Drawable inside an object that implements Parcelable.
share|improve this answer
You can do that using Bitmap and BitmapDrawable.
Let's say you have a Drawable called drawable and a Parcel (in which the object should be written) called parcel.
To write a Drawable into a Parceable:
if ( drawable!= null ) {
 Bitmap bitmap = (Bitmap) ((BitmapDrawable) drawable).getBitmap();
 parcel.writeParcelable(bitmap, flags);
else {
 parcel.writeParcelable(null, flags);
To read the Drawable from the Parceable:
Bitmap bitmap = (Bitmap) in.readParcelable(getClass().getClassLoader());
if ( bitmap!= null ) {
 drawable = new BitmapDrawable(bitmap);
else {
 drawable = null;
In particular, since the constructor BitmapDrawable (Bitmap bitmap) has been deprecated, you might want to use BitmapDrawable (Resources res, Bitmap bitmap) instead.
drawable = new BitmapDrawable(context.getResources(), bitmap);
share|improve this answer
Your Answer


text:
This topic deserves special attention because many people from database designers to application developers (sometimes one person does both) do not get it right. A Many-to-Many relationship occurs when each instance from the entity on the left can have many instances from the entity on the right, and vice versa.
Some examples of many-to-many relationships are as follows:
- Each order can contain many items. Each item can also belong to many orders as it can be purchased by different customers.
- Each student can be signed up for many coursers. Each course can be assigned to multiple students.
Incorrect implementation of many-to-many relationships
We see this problem when people are trying to use foreign keys to solve this problem. Let's illustrate it with the second example listed above as follows:
What we are trying to say here is that each student can take many courses and that each course can be taken by many students. So to implement this we have put a FK to the student table which will point to the course table.
Do you see any problems with this?
- Yes!!! we will have repeated student rows for each different course a student is taking.
- At the moment you do this your database would no longer be in 3NF because we would have repeated groups.
- This issue above can potentially yield to update anomalies.
- This relationship is said to be unresolved.
Correct implementation of many-to-many relationships
In order to correct the many-to-many implementation above we have to resolve relationship. This is done as follows:
- By adding another table between the two entities; this table is called associative entity or intersection table.
- By making the PK of the associative entity a composite key that consist of each of the parent's PK (We are using Identifying relationship).
- By naming the intersection table as follows (not required by DBMS, but suggested): ENTITYA_ENTITYB. In our case STUDENT_COURSE or STUDENT_COURSE_REL.
- By Changing the cardinality of the parent tables to be One-to-Many to the associative entity.
Let's see it in action:
What improvements do you see?
- The student is defined once so we avoid duplicate data.
- The courses are defined once and we avoid the same problem as if we would have put the FK in the course table in scenario #1.
- We do not run the risk of update anomalies.
- We can add meaningful fields in the associative entity. Those are called the Fixed Intersection data.
Alert: The FID will become your FACT tables and the parent entities would become your DIMENSION tables in OLAP database structures. Dimensional modeling is a different modeling technique which uses a lot of denormalization so that you can yield better query performance as data is only 1 join away at most.


text:
| We Got It!
This article is featured on the home page.
- For more information, see Humans.
Aliens is the term that the animals use to describe humans.
The Aliens are very nice to the penguins but they don't see it, Mumble was taken by an "Alien" but was brought back with some sort of tracker on his back, he was fine with it, but his parents weren't. The Aliens seem to interact with Mumble, they can reply back to Mumble, every time he dances by dancing back.
Despite the nickname the penguins have given, the aliens look like live-action humans.
- Actual extra-terrestrial aliens from outer space were meant to be seen at the end of the film originally, and their dialogue and scenes can be read in the original script.
- The Aliens are not rendered in CGI, they are live. Look closely, and you might think a little like the people are live motion-captured in a CGI film, and they are indeed.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


text:
Fire Safe is a 10-session one-to-one cognitive behavioural programme aimed at medium/high-risk offenders aged between 12 and 17 years old.
The programme is based on a model of change (suggested in the theory model within the scheme programme) and covers:
- cognitive behavioural skills.
- education and fire awareness.
- family involvement (where appropriate).
Young people are referred to this programme through a youth Referral Order, which means that they have been charged with the offence of arson. They are required to attend all sessions with their case worker.
Each Fire Safe session is led by a trained Fire Safe practitioner from our Community Safety team.


text:
your portal, first make sure your ArcGIS Enterprise has image server configured as a hosting server, then create an imagery layer from your data in your local folder or in a user-managed data store. The workflow is the same as the workflows described in the ArcGIS Online workflow section. You can also learn more about publishing hosted imagery layers here.
Workflow 6: Publish an imagery layer from ArcGIS Pro
To publish an imagery layer from ArcGIS Pro, you will need to create a mosaic dataset or CRF file from the data using the same workflow 2 described in the ArcGIS Pro workflow section. When the mosaic dataset is created, right-click the dataset in the Catalog pane and choose Share as Web Layer to publish. See Publish an image service from ArcGIS Pro for more information.
With these workflows, you can create informative maps to visualize your vector field data using ArcGIS Pro, publishing a service in your organization's portal, or creating an imagery layer in ArcGIS Online. Have fun creating your maps!


Nalçacı, Gamze
Ozmen, Ayse
Weber, Gerhard Wilhelm
Electric energy plays an irreplaceable role in nearly every person's life on earth; it has become an important subject in operational research. Day by day, electrical load demand grows rapidly with increasing population and developing technology such as smart grids, electric cars, and renewable energy production. Governments in deregulated economies make investments and operating plans of electric utilities according to midand long-term load forecasting results. For governments, load forecasting is a vitally important process including sales, marketing, planning, and manufacturing divisions of every industry. In this paper, we suggest three models based on multivariate adaptive regression splines (MARS), artificial neural network (ANN) and linear regression (LR) methods to model electrical load overall in the Turkish electricity distribution network, and this not only by long-term but also midand short-term load forecasting. These models predict the relationship between load demand and several environmental variables: wind, humidity, load-of-day type of the year (holiday, summer, week day, etc.) and temperature data. By comparison of these models, we show that MARS model gives more accurate and stable results than ANN and LR models.
Citation Formats
G. Nalçacı, A. Ozmen, and G. W. Weber, "Long-term load forecasting: models based on MARS, ANN and LR methods," CENTRAL EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF OPERATIONS RESEARCH, vol. 27, no. 4, pp. 1033–1049, 2019, Accessed: 00, 2020. [Online]. Available: _URL_


What is the value of the questionnaire's information? What is its efficiency?
You have to use the add-in tool called "Tree Plan" to solve this question here by using the Excel.
question: Jim Sellers is thinking about producing a new type of electric razor for men. If the market is good, he would get a return of $140,000, but if the market for this new type of razor is poor, he would lose $84,000. Because Ron Bush is a close friend of Jim Sellers, Jim is considering the possibility of using Bush Marketing Research to gather additional information about the market for the razor. Ron has suggested two options to Jim. The first alternative is a sophisticated questionnaire that would be administered to a test market. It will cost $5,000. The second alternative is to run a pilot study. This would involve producing a limited number of the new razors and trying to sell them in two cities that are typical of American cities. The pilot study is more accurate but is also more expensive. It will cost $20,000. Ron has suggested that it would be a good idea for Jim to conduct either the questionnaire or the pilot before making the decision concerning whether to produce the new razor.But Jim is not sure if the value of either option is worth the cost. For the sake of solving this problem, assume that Jim has the following probability estimates available: the probability of a successful market without performing the questionnaire or pilot study is 0.5, the probability of a successful market given a positive questionnaire result is 0.78, the probability of a successful market given a negative questionnaire result is 0.27, the probability of a successful market given a positive pilot study result is 0.89, and the probability of a successful market given a negative pilot study result is 0.18. Further, the probability of a positive questionnaire result is 0.45 and the probability of a positive pilot study result is also 0.45.
(a)Draw the decision tree for this problem and identify the best decision for Jim.
(b)What is the value of the questionnaire's information? What is its efficiency?
(c)What is the value of the pilot study's information? What is its efficiency?
My MasterPapers
Calculate your paper price
Pages (550 words)
Approximate price: -
Why Us
Outstanding Academic Writing Service
Top Writers
Plagiarism-Free Papers
24/7 Customer Support
Swift Delivery & 100% Money Back Guarantee
Free Unlimited Revisions
Try it now!
Calculate the price of your order
Total price:
How it works?
Follow these simple steps to get your paper done
Place your order
Proceed with the payment
Choose the payment system that suits you most.
Receive the final file
Our Services
Academic Help Service
Admission Essays & Professional Writing
Editing & proofreading
Revision Support


Spanish-speaking stroke survivors face more obstacles
Stroke survivors who speak Spanish are more likely to have low stroke literacy and a negative perception of their health care, according to a new study that called for breaking down language barriers.
How meaning is represented in the human brain
Representations reflecting non-linguistic experience have been detected in brain activity during reading in study of healthy, native English speakers published in JNeurosci. The research brings us one step closer to a more...
Psychology & Psychiatry
People track when talkers say 'uh' to predict what comes next
Spontaneous conversation is riddled with disfluencies such as pauses and 'uhm's: On average, people produce 6 disfluencies every 100 words. But disfluencies do not occur randomly. Instead, 'uh' typically occurs before 'hard-to-name'...
page 1 from 4


Take the 2-minute tour ×
I would swear that years back I saw a definition of the word bury and it contained a noun, not only a verb. If my memory serves me well, the noun meaning was associated with church. Today I cannot find even a trace of a noun bury — only verbs. Could anyone definitely confirm or deny such noun exists, please?
share|improve this question
The suffix -burg in Old English signified a habitation like a town or village and would have been pronounced -bury, which is how Cantwaraburg became Canterbury. – Robusto Nov 6 '12 at 20:46
_USER_ In Swedish, a close relative of English, a similar thing happens. The cider called Kopparberg almost sounds like 'Kopparbarry' on a Swede's tongue. I live in a city called Edinburgh, which in Scotland we call 'Edinburra'. – Iain Elder Nov 7 '12 at 2:10
_USER_ without looking up the history, I'd suspect that most English-Scandinavian language cognates are loan words retained from the several generations prior to the Norman Conquest that southern England was dominated by Norse speaking invaders and not due to shared word origins from proto-germanic languages in the much more distant past. – Dan Neely Nov 7 '12 at 13:54
4 Answers 4
up vote 10 down vote accepted
For the noun bury, wiktionary shows "A borough; a manor". The OED shows similar meanings: "A manor-house, or large farm ; a specialization of the OE burh, byrig 'an enclosed or fortified place' which still survives in many local names..."."
share|improve this answer
I just leafed through several pages of Google Books results for a bury and the bury, but I never saw a single instance of this usage. I did find a preponderance of rabbit/ferret references though, so I've extended my answer... – FumbleFingers Nov 6 '12 at 22:07
Among other interesting answers, this one corresponds with what I've remembered. Thank you all for your insights! – Artur Nov 6 '12 at 23:04
Dictionary.com lists one noun for bury:
Nautical. housing (def. 8a, b)
So it's listed as a synonym for a nautical term: housing.
Here's the definition for housing :
(8.) Nautical.
a. Also called bury. the portion of a mast below the deck.
c. the doubling of an upper mast.
share|improve this answer
I'm reading a book entitled At Home in France by Ann Barry, and there is a reference to a letter by the former owners of the house identifying some of the furniture and items left in the house after it sold to Ms. Barry. One item is an "Eton bury" and it is later defined as an oak cabinet with a top drawer. Perhaps because you can secretly hide things inside, hence "bury" them?
share|improve this answer
Your Answer


Interactive art
New exhibit at DuPage Children's Museum lets kids play with art
You won't hear anyone say, "Don't touch the artwork" at the DuPage Children's Museum. In fact, their new exhibit "Animals in Artland: Wild Wings" encourages kids to touch, push, trace and rub all kinds of art.
From the moment we stepped off the elevator on the second floor, my sons were mesmerized by the giant "Ornithopter" which flapped its wings whenever someone triggered its motion sensor. But that was just the beginning.
For a relatively small exhibit, the designers have provided endless opportunities to learn and explore.
The kinetic sculptures gave my boys the chance to pump and crank different handles to make the artwork "fly." Being 4 and 5 years old, they thought making artwork move was the "coolest."
The museum's designers have also wisely provided "Can You Find It?" booklets to help kids explore on different levels, from finding individual colors to matching small portions of artwork. The books encouraged us to move around the exhibit to find its hidden secrets.
Anchoring the space is a giant wooden tree house that kids can climb into. At the top level they find binoculars they can use to spot many beautifully sculpted birds hanging high throughout the room. The "tree" was also filled with birds that sounded calls when squeezed.
My 4-year-old climbed and played happily for twenty minutes just in this space. Meanwhile my older son was fascinated with the light table, where he could combine parts from different animals to create his own creature. Inspired by the picture of a "Rhinomingo" he made his own "Elebear."
In addition to interacting with the works of professional artists, my sons happily made their own art. They loved using the foam, plastic and wooden shapes to make their own birds and designing their own crayon rubbings.
As usual at the DuPage Children's Museum, staff and volunteers were everywhere to help kids make the most of their experience.
DuPage Children's Museum is located at 301 N. Washington St. in Naperville. General admission in $7.50 per person, $6.50 for ages 60 and over. Visit or call _PHONE_ for more information.
Alena Murguia


Choose a language
Use Arthive in the language you prefer
Sign up
Create an account
Register to use Arthive functionality to the maximum
Exhibition October 16, 2020 − January 17, 2021
Caravaggio. Human and divine
Dresden Picture Gallery of Old Masters holds an exhibition "Caravaggio. Human and Divine ".
Visitors will see more than 50 works from the museum's collection. Among the exhibits is the painting "John the Baptist" from the collection of the Capitoline Museum, Rome.
The works of Caravaggio's immediate successors, such as Leonello Spada (_PHONE_) or the Genoese Bernardo Strozzi (_PHONE_), illustrate how Italian contemporaries adopted his visual language. In Rome, the creative center of Europe, Caravaggio was a major attraction for foreign artists. Nicolas Tournier (_PHONE_), Peter Paul Rubens (_PHONE_) and Gerard van Honthorst (_PHONE_) spread the Caravaggio style to Northern Europe. Spanish artists saw his work mainly in Naples, then ruled by Spain. Paintings by Giusepe de Ribera (_PHONE_) and Francisco de Zurbaran (_PHONE_) bear witness to these visits.
Based on site materialsPicture gallery of Old Masters.
Galleries at the exhibition


Are Cardinals Endangered?
are cardinals endangered
It seems that you can't turn on the TV or look at a news report without coming across another beautiful and fascinating species that calls our planet home listed as being endangered. As birdwatchers we have a strong love for all species of our feathered friends. However, there is one that has a special place in the heart of most birders and that is the cardinal.
There have been surveys to suggest that cardinals are one of the main reasons why people gain an interest in taking up the hobby of birdwatching in the first place. That's certainly why I did, as I have mentioned a few times here at BirdWatchingBuzz.
Which is why you may be wondering as I was before I investigated the subject further, if the cardinal was endangered.
Are They Classified as Endangered?
With regards to the northern cardinal, those you are most likely to see in our neck of the woods, they are not considered either endangered or threatened. (Unlike the Yellow Cardinal Gubernatrix cristata, whose population suffers due to illegal trade of it as a caged bird in its native home of South America.)
However, they do face various hazards, like attacks by feral and outdoor domestic cats, the overuse of various insecticides and various other chemicals. They are also known to suffer from injuries and death due to window collisions.
As the birds are known to be adaptable and will readily visit cardinal bird feeders wherever they are set up, their range in the north has extended considerably and continues to expand. As a result of birders offering additional food during the wintertime, it often leads to cardinals living in locations that are less hospitable than they are used to.
They still have the Conservation status of Least Concern (Population Stable) as noted by the IUCN Red List.
There is no signs of it reaching the threshold for inclusion as an endangered or threatened species. For that to be the case there would need to be a decrease in the number of cardinals by over 30% over the course of either 10 years or 3 generations.
Are Cardinals a Protected Species?
Although they are not considered endangered or threatened in any way, in the US, the bird is protected under the 1918 Migratory Bird Treaty Act. This ruling also bans them being sold as caged birds. In the US, it is against the law to possess, kiss or take in any way shape or form, cardinals and violation of this ruling could result in a prison sentence of as much as 6 months and a fine of as much as $15,000.
The species also receives protection under the Convention for the Protection of Migratory Birds in Canada.
You may wonder why anyone would want to keep them as an aviary bird, but cardinals are popular for just that in Europe. If you wanted to keep cardinals, you could apply for a special license in your home state to become an official wildlife rehabilitator.
So, although they do face some dangers, there seems to be no stopping everyone's favorite vibrantly red and handsome cardinal.
Leave a Comment


Redefining IAM: Harnessing AI to Identify Risk at the Speed of Change
 - LANGUAGE: English DATE: Thursday, May 28, 2020 TIME: 4:00pm CEST, 10:00am EDT, 7:00am PDT
Upcoming Webinars
Redefining IAM: Harnessing AI to Identify Risk at the Speed of Change How IAM Can Use AI to Enable Access Predictively With Less Effort and Risk
In an increasingly complex and rapidly changing business, IT and regulatory environment, traditional approaches to identity governance must evolve to keep up with the rate of change. Given the dynamic nature of today's business, managing entitlements and conducting access reviews have become particularly challenging, for example.
There is a lot of potentials, however, in IAM tools using artificial intelligence (AI) in the form of machine learning (ML) to address these challenges. Such tools could provide support in: creating roles, groups and other elements of entitlement models; identifying high-risk items for focused access reviews; and suggesting new entitlements in response to business, IT or regulatory change.
This webinar will look at:
 - How AI & ML can help deliver a more autonomous, predictive approach to identity and reduce manual work.
 - Where SailPoint Predictive Identity can deliver the biggest benefit.
 - Challenges and prerequisites for efficient use of an AI and ML-enabled identity platform.
 - SailPoint Predictive Identity as a solution for moving IAM to a new level.
Martin Kuppinger, Principal Analyst at KuppingerCole, will look at current challenges in IAM deployments and how modern technologies could help in overcoming these.
Paul Trulove, Chief Product Officer for SailPoint, will look at how this can be done in practice, discuss the considerations for efficient use, and provide insight into SailPoint Predictive Identity.
Lead Sponsor
SailPoint, the leader in identity management, delivers an innovative approach to securing access across the enterprise with the SailPoint Predictive IdentityTM platform. With SailPoint, enterprises can ensure that everyone and everything has the exact access they need, exactly when they need it, intuitively and automatically. Powered by patented Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Machine Learning (ML) technologies, the SailPoint Predictive IdentityTM platform is designed to securely accelerate the business while delivering adaptive security, continuous compliance and improved business efficiency. As an identity pioneer and market leader serving some of the world's most prominent global companies, SailPoint consistently pushes the industry to rethink identity to the benefit of their customers' dynamic business needs.
Watch now
Popular Videos
Next Webinar
Enabling Zero Trust With Dynamic Authorization
Become a Sponsor
+49 211 23707710
Mo – Fr 8:00 – 17:00


text:
Effect of far scatterer clusters in MIMO outdoor channel models
Publikation/Tidskrift/Serie: The 57th IEEE Semiannual Vehicular Technology Conference. VTC 2003-Spring.
We consider the clustering structure of wireless MIMO channels, and the impact that multiple clusters have on the performance of MIMO systems. We show that multiple clusters frequently occur in urban environments. We then proceed to demonstrate that a channel with multiple scatterer clusters behaves differently than a channel with one cluster and the same rms angular spread. The differences are quantified in terms of correlation coefficients, information-theoretic capacity, and interference-suppression capabilities. This demonstrates the necessity of correctly taking into account the clustering structure.
- Electrical Engineering, Electronic Engineering, Information Engineering
- 3G mobile communication
- MIMO systems
- channel capacity
- correlation theory
- electromagnetic wave scattering
- interference suppression
- radiofrequency interference
57th IEEE Semiannual Vehicular Technology Conference. VTC 2003
- ISSN: _PHONE_
- ISBN: 0-7803-7757-5


text:
History of the swan
The 'Swan Inn' was opened in 1861 by Mr George John Swann. Mr Swann had previously been manager at the Queen's Hotel during the period when the German Legion were camped on the Queen's Parade opposite the Hotel in 1857 on the Legion's return from the Crimea War.
Mr Swann did all the catering for this legion and with the profits made decided to start on his own account and became the first Landlord of the Inn and it became known as the 'Swan Inn".
An anecdotal story from the local newspaper tells us that on every Easter Monday there were sports held in the gardens, including cock fighting in pits.
The following is an extract from a letter from Mr Swann's grandson to the proprietor in 1949.
A Mr Cocks followed as Landlord until about 1880 when the Inn was taken over by Mr Reeves the father of Mr George Pryor Reeves who died at the Inn several years ago (1938).
The following items may be of interest to you:
The Architect who designed all the roads in this new part of Farnborough had his office and lodging at the Inn. In 1869 the Rateable Value of the Inn was 13.10.0 and the total ANNUAL Rates amounted to 27/- (Good old times).
There were two Parish Constables in 1869 each being paid the sum of 1.0.0 per year. Their names were J White and A Young.
In 1861 on the site which is now the R.A.E. there were usually a Brigade of Cavalry camped every Spring time and during the month of August the whole of the land now used for Flying was covered with tents accommodating about thirty thousand Volunteers and Militia.
The Inn was enlarged by adding the two bay window portions to give more room to the workers of the newly built Army Balloon Factory.
Until the 1890's it was all open ground opposite the Inn and the only exciting item was the running of the Trams from Farnborough Station to North Camp Station via "Queen's Hotel". The Trams always stopped at the "Swan" to refresh both horses and driver.
Thanks to Jo Gosney for providing the above information.


X-Rite photo
Follow Us:
Sign Up | My X-Rite
Date Created: 3/9/2007 Date Modified: 6/14/2016
+USB Device Could Not Be Found on Windows Vista
This document outlines a step-by-step procedure to assist the customer with a USB device driver problem on Windows Vista. This could be helpful for any X-Rite USB instruments using the XrUsb.sys driver file.
The following error (or similar) might occur when attempting to calibrate a monitor with an i1 Display 2 instrument if it's device driver is not installed properly:
You will need to navigate to the "Device Manager". To do so follow these instructions
 1. Click on the Windows icon in the lower left hand corner of your monitor (in older version of Windows this button was labeled "Start").
 2. The following menu will appear, click on "Control Panel"
 3. If your Control Panel looks like the image below, click on "Classic View"
 4. Double click on the "System" icon
 5. Click on "Device Manager"
If the instrument driver is not properly installed, you will find the instrument somewhere in the list, with a yellow exclamation point over the icon. In the example below, the instrument appears under the heading "Other devices".
To correctly load the driver follow these instructions:
 1. Right click on the improperly installed device, left click on "Uninstall", and then select "OK" in the "Confirm Device Removal" window to remove the device.
 1. Unplug the instrumentUSB cable, wait a moment, and then reconnect the USB cable to the PC
 2. The following window will appear:
 1. Select "Locate and install driver software"
 2. Select "Install this driver software anyway" if you see the following"Windows Security"window:
 1. The wizard will install the driver. When complete the instrument will appear without the yellow exclamation point. In the example shown below, the instrument appears under the heading "GretagMacbeth Device", in other cases the instrument will appear under the heading "Universal Serial Bus controllers"


Sheet #
Microscale 48-107 for P-80A
See review
Review By:
Scott Van Aken
The F-80 Shooting Star was the US's first operational jet fighter. It was designed by Kelly Johnson, who also designed the P-38 and went on to be involved in other great Lockheed aircraft like the F-104 and SR-71.
It was a basic WW II aircraft that just happened to be powered by a turbojet engine. It was nothing fancy and still very much an aircraft of the early 40's. Armament was 6.50calibre machine guns, which was standard for the day.
Like all early Allied jets, it was powered by a centrifugal flow turbojet. These didn't provide the same level of power as the axial flow turbojet used by the Germans and what is used in modern fighters today, however it was a simpler design and was easier to maintain than the more complex German engines. Today, the centrifugal flow engine is what is in most helicopters.
The P-80 was actually flown in the war zone. This happened in April of 1945 when four of them were taken to Italy. None ever saw any combat as the war ended soon after their arrival.
Early P-80s were all painted an overall pearl grey color. Later variants were left in natural metal.
This sheet offers two aircraft for the 416th Fighter Group. All of the group's aircraft were named and had the pilot's WWII scores on the tail. The trim on the nose and tip tanks is yellow. The insignia for these aircraft are the older WWII type without the red bar.
The only kit available for this sheet is the Monogram 1/48 F-80C. It can be used pretty much as is with a few modifications. First of all the nose must be modified to accept the landing light. This is a pretty straight-forward job where you cut out a section and insert some clear sprue then sand to shape. Next the aft section of the canopy needs modified by removing a section of plastic and sanding the area smooth. These early P-80s also only used the smaller tear-drop wing tip tanks
All the markings except the insignia are on the sheet allowing you to do both aircraft. Overall a nice sheet of America's first production jet fighter.
Review copy courtesy of me and my wallet!!!


text:
Sunday 19 May
Campbell Island teal (Anas nesiotis)
What's the World's Favourite Species?Find out here.
Campbell Island teal fact file
- Find out more
- Print factsheet
Campbell Island teal description
Once thought to be extinct, the Campbell Island teal (Anas nesiotis) is now believed to be one of the world's rarest ducks, after just 20 individuals were found on Dent Island in 1975 (4). One of the few remaining flightless birds in the world, this duck is a product of an island environment isolated from the rest of the world for more than 80 million years, and free from mammalian predators. To compensate for its lack of flight, the Campbell Island teal can run very rapidly along the ground when disturbed (4) (5).
Breeding males are a dark sepia colour, with strong green iridescence on their head, neck and back, dark chestnut tones on the breast, and lighter plumage on the abdomen, in addition to a conspicuous white ring around the eye and obvious white tail spot. During non-breeding plumage, the iridescence on the head and back becomes less intense, the tail spot becomes indistinct and the eye ring becomes pale fawn. Females are uniformly dark brown with a paler abdomen, and prominent white eye ring (2). The call involves a series of soft, high-pitched whistles from the male, and low quacks and growls from the female (6).
- Also known as
- Campbell Island flightless teal.
- Anas aucklandica nesiotis.
- Male wingspan: 128 – 138 cm (2)
- Female wingspan: 114 – 125 cm (2)
- Male weight: 290 – 500 g (2)
- Female weight: 280 – 265 (2)
- Williams, M. (2005) Campbell Island Teal Anas nesiotis Species Account. In: Kear, J. (Ed.) Ducks, Geese and Swans: Anseriformes (Bird Families of the World S.). Oxford University Press, Australia and New Zealand.
- Order of crustaceans.
- A species or taxonomic group that is only found in one particular country or geographic area.
- The state of being pregnant; the period from conception to birth.
- Animals with no backbone.
- Active at night.
IUCN Red List (June, 2011)
- Williams, M. (2005) Campbell Island Teal Anas nesiotis Species Account. In: Kear, J. (Ed) Ducks, Geese and Swans: Anseriformes (Bird Families of the World S.). Oxford University Press, Australia and New Zealand.
CITES (November, 2005)
TerraNature (November, 2005)
Department of Conservation (June, 2008)
BirdLife International (November, 2005)
Pukaha Mount Bruce (November, 2005)
- Seddon, P.J. and Maloney, R.F. (2003) Campbell Island teal re-introduction plan. Department of Conservation, Wellington, New Zealand.
Wellington Zoo (November, 2005)
- view the contents of, and Material on, the website;
- download and retain copies of the Material on their personal systems in digital form in low resolution for their own personal use;
- teachers, lecturers and students may incorporate the Material in their educational material (including, but not limited to, their lesson plans, presentations, worksheets and projects) in hard copy and digital format for use within a registered educational establishment, provided that the integrity of the Material is maintained and that copyright ownership and authorship is appropriately acknowledged by the End User.
Campbell Island teal biology
There has been no biological study of the Campbell Island teal on Dent Island, with most knowledge of the bird coming from captive or post-release populations (8). Clutches are small compared to most ducks, consisting of one to five eggs, with a typical clutch size of three or four (6). In captivity, these are laid from October to January. The gestation period lasts for 30 to 34 days and both sexes can breed at one year (2). Campbell Island teal generally live to about 10 years, usually in pairs or small flocks (9). Pairs appear to demonstrate territoriality year round (2).
This nocturnal bird has not been observed feeding on Dent Island, but feeds on amphipods, weevils, earthworms, seaweed and other insects in captivity, and has been seen eating invertebrates in piles of rotting seaweed on Codfish Island (6).Top
Campbell Island teal range
Endemic to New Zealand, the Campbell Island teal is confined to the 23 hectare Dent Island, an offshore islet of Campbell Island (6). Campbell Island is thought to have been a stronghold for the species in the past, before becoming extinct there over 180 years ago (6) (7). In 1990, a survey of Dent estimated a population of 60 to 100 birds, probably equating to no more than 25 breeding pairs (6). In 1999 and 2000, a total of 24 captive-bred birds were released on Codfish Island but have since been removed, and in 2004 and 2005 a total of 105 birds were released on to Campbell Island (4).Top
Campbell Island teal habitat
Found under thick, chest-high tussock grass. The Campbell Island teal is sighted over most of the island but probably more common below 100 metres, and in damp areas (6).Top
Campbell Island teal statusTop
Campbell Island teal threats
Having disappeared from much of its former range, the Campbell Island teal population reached critically low numbers and has clung to a precarious existence. This bird's extirpation from it presumed former stronghold, Campbell Island, has largely been attributed to predation by introduced Norway rats (Rattus norvegicus) that got ashore from sealing and whaling ships in the early 19th Century (4). Present-day potential threats include the accidental introduction of predators or avian disease to Dent Island, the bird's last natural refuge, or even severe weather conditions, which could have a catastrophic effect (6). Indeed, with such a small current population and limited natural range, this bird is now extremely vulnerable; just a single event is capable of driving it to complete extinction (5).Top
Campbell Island teal conservation
The outlook for the Campbell Island teal looked bleak when first rediscovered in 1975, but thankfully since then there has been fantastic progress with captive breeding programmes and the population has increased to a healthier, though still unstable, level (5). Captive breeding was started by New Zealand's Department of Conservation in 1984, from three males and one female taken from the small population on Dent Island, and another four males and three females captured in 1990. The first duckling finally hatched in 1994 at the Pukaha Mt Bruce National Wildlife Centre, receiving international attention, and by 2000 the captive population had reached 60 (4). The Department of Conservation initially released a total of 24 captive-bred birds on to the predator-free Codfish Island in 1999 and 2000 as an insurance population, and to be eventually used to restock Campbell Island (4) (5). These had an 88 percent survival rate. With this success, the Department of Conservation decided to translocate captive-bred birds directly to Campbell Island, made viable by a successful rat and cat eradication programme in 2001 (4). Thus, 50 teal, including 28 from Pukaha Mount Bruce and 22 from Codfish Island were released onto Campbell Island in September 2004, and a further 55 in September 2005 and 54 in 2006 (4) (5). A check in February 2005 found no evidence that the first batch of released birds had bred, but this may be due to their being moved close to the breeding season (4). Two decades of conservation effort have brought this bird back from extinction on Campbell Island, and meant that it now has a good chance of being able to recover and thrive once more in its native home (7).Top
Find out more
For further information on the Campbell Island teal:
This information is awaiting authentication by a species expert, and will be updated as soon as possible. If you are able to help please contact:
More »Related species
Play the Team WILD game
MyARKive offers the scrapbook feature to signed-up members, allowing you to organize your favourite ARKive images and videos and share them with friends.
Terms and Conditions of Use of Materials
Copyright in this website and materials contained on this website (Material) belongs to Wildscreen or its licensors.
Visitors to this website (End Users) are entitled to:
End Users shall not copy or otherwise extract, alter or manipulate Material other than as permitted in these Terms and Conditions of Use of Materials.
Additional use of flagged material
Green flagged material
Certain Material on this website (Licence 4 Material) displays a green flag next to the Material and is available for not-for-profit conservation or educational use. This material may be used by End Users, who are individuals or organisations that are in our opinion not-for-profit, for their not-for-profit conservation or not-for-profit educational purposes. Low resolution, watermarked images may be copied from this website by such End Users for such purposes. If you require high resolution or non-watermarked versions of the Material, please contact Wildscreen with details of your proposed use.
Creative commons material
Certain


text:
Learn some pokie slang
Learn some pokie slang
Just like in a team of doctors or a motorcycle gang, the casino and gaming industry has its own jargon. The web is teeming with slang and short terms and every gaming category has its own language, with words that have acquired new meanings as well as brand new coined words. You may recognise terms such as 'paylines', 'scatter', 'paytable' and 'progressive pokies' – if not, it's high time you learned some pokieplayer slang.
Pokies – slot machines/web-based one-armed bandits
When you're playing online pokies, you are playing the modern-day equivalents of one-armed bandits. 'Slots' has become an internationally recognised term, even outside the English language and Pokies is used in Australia.
Paylines – the potential winning lines in pokies
Almost all modern pokies have been equipped with a certain number of paylines. A payline is a line in the pokie on which you want the winning symbols to stop. If the right number of winning symbols stop on a payline, you win! The number of paylines varies from machine to machine. The variation between two games can be as large as 20 to 30 paylines.
Paytable – a table of winning symbols and combinations
Every pokie has a paytable showing the winning symbols of the game and the value of each symbol. A paytable shows you how many winning symbols are needed in order to reach a certain prize.
Scatter & Wild – function-activating symbols
Scatter and wild are two types of function symbol, which activate the special functions of a game. The scatter symbol usually activates free spins and the wild symbol is usually seen as the joker card of a pokie. That means that it can be turned into a winning symbol, which can increase the frequency and amount of your winnings.
Progressive pokies – pokies where the jackpot keeps growing
As the name indicates, progressive pokies involve something that keeps on growing – namely the jackpot. This increases in size with the number of people playing the slot and the amount of money being put at stake, resulting in an ever-growing gold mine – until somebody wins it, of course.
Bonus game – an extra game within a game
Bonus games are commonly found in pokies. A bonus game is usually activated when two or three bonus symbols come up on the screen. As a rule, the bonus game is essentially a new game within the pokie machine and it is usually in keeping with the general theme of the slot.
Now that you've learned the most common slang terms and expressions, you'll have no problems keeping up with the jargon used by other online pokieplayers!


Should Steam Escape From A Slow Cooker?
Slow cookers are a great way of being able to cook tasty meals without having to spend hours in the kitchen, they use the heat and steam created to cook the food inside the pot.
A small amount of steam should escape a slow cooker as most slow cookers have holes in the top to allow for the steam to naturally release. If you notice a lot of steam escaping your slow cooker this can affect your cooking times and may require you to replace your lid.
In this article, we are going to talk about whether steam should be leaving your slow cooker, if it is normal and how to adjust your slow cooker lid to stop too much steam from leaving your slow cooker.
Can Steam Escape From A Slow Cooker?
The simple answer to this question is Yes.
While it is accurate and acceptable that the steam escapes a slow cooker, there is a limit to it. Steam escaping in large quantities might not be a good sign as your food will take forever to cook.
Slow cookers are designed in a way that keeps the steam inside and lets the food cook at its own temperature. It gathers all the steam inside that it needs and slowly works for cooking the food.
If you notice that the lid is loose or the steam is escaping from the cooker, do not panic as it is normal. If the seal is tight, it might blow the lid off. For safety purposes, it is designed in a way that keeps the lid a bit loose.
In addition to this, it is designed differently from a traditional cooker that makes it easy for you to use it. You do not have to be concerned about the safety, and you can even leave it unattended. If you want to multitask, just put the ingredients inside and let it do its job.
There are a variety of foods you can cook in a slow cooker, and it is designed to make it easy for you to cook. Just set the timer and put in the ingredients. The cooker can do the rest.
One of the best features of using a slow cooker is that you do not have to stand by it the whole time it is on. You can leave it unattended and do other work. This feature makes it easy for you to cook and, at the same time, finish up some pending tasks.
So, if you are still concerned about the steam coming out of a slow cooker, let us help you.
Should Steam Escape From A Slow Cooker?
Like any other slow cooker, the purpose is to cook the meat or ingredients inside to the point that it makes it edible. Ideally, a large amount of steam should not escape the slow cooker. If you notice that all the steam is escaping the slow cooker, you might have done something wrong.
You should cover the lid properly or fix it at an angle that will not let the steam escape.
Usually, a slow cooker brings your food to a temperature around 210 degrees. It keeps it there to cook it slowly. If the lid is loose and it is not snug properly, there is a chance that you might have to wait for long to cook food.
The vent at the top of the slow cooker allows the steam to escape while cooking the food. One of the reasons for steam coming out of the cooker is related to the taste of the food. If there is too much steam inside (more than you want), it will ruin the taste.
So, make sure that you double-checked the cooker's lid to let the optimum steam stay inside.
How To Stop Steam Escaping From A Slow Cooker?
It is normal for the steam to escape the slow cooker, but if nothing remains inside, then it is quite alarming. There are different methods that can help you keep the steam inside needed to cook the food.
Your main goal is to cook the food at an optimum temperature that keeps the taste intact.
Below are a few methods that you can follow to make the most out of the slow cooker and prevent the steam from escaping.
1. Clean the pot thoroughly.
There might be a chance that the cooker's residue is coming in the way of letting the steam accumulate. Do not let the food stay inside and after each use, make sure you wash the cooker properly.
You can use baking soda, vinegar, and water to clean the cooker thoroughly. Cleaning it will help you and improve the performance of the cooker.
2. Use parchment paper or aluminum foil.
If there are fewer ingredients inside the cooker, you can cover them with parchment paper or a foil to seal the moisture inside. This will contain the steam inside and keeps the juicy flavor of the items.
Moreover, the material also keeps the steam inside, so you do not have to worry about steam coming out.
3. Use flour with water.
Make a mixture of flour and water and use the mixture to fill in the gaps. This method will prevent the steam from escaping the cooker.
So, these are some of the tips you can follow to keep the steam inside. It is necessary to follow the instructions and keep in mind the safety instructions so you do not hurt yourself.


On Wet Plate Workshops
Photo: John Brewer
Photo: John Brewer
We've seen a small explosion in interest in wet plate recently and more course providers are starting to offer wet plate courses.
Here's a little check list if you're wondering how best to choose your wet plate course or if you even need one.
1. Do I need to attend a workshop?
While wet plate isn't inherently difficult troubleshooting can be difficult. We would recommend going to a workshop if you can.
Before attending a workshop we would recommend you ask and check with the tutor what will be covered.
2. How many people will attend a workshop?
We teach a maximum of four on my own or six if we are assisted.
3. Will chemistry be covered explaining what each individual component does?
4. Is the workshop two days or longer?
For example, in our opinion wet plate cannot be learnt in one day.
Here are more factors to consider;
5. Will you get a comprehensive manual so that you can continue on your own?
6. Does the tutor have experience in teaching?
7. Will you get to make images of different sizes?
8. Will the tutor explain the different types of cameras and lenses suitable for wet plate and will you get to try them?
10. Is the tutor a practising wet plate artist?
11. Can the tutor show you his or her work first hand or on a website?
If the answer to any of these is no we would recommend choosing a different workshop… and it just so happens that the highly experienced wet plate artist John Brewer offers workshops at Double Negative!
Photo: John Brewer
Photo: John Brewer
Photo: John Brewer at Double Negative Darkrooms
Photo: John Brewer at Double Negative Darkroom
Leave a Reply


What Is The Definition Of An Hypothecation Agreement
The investment hypothesis arises when a trader or investor promises guarantees for a margin-to-purchase credit or short securities. In particular, brokers/traders (BDs) offer marginal accounts that allow traders to borrow up to 50% of the value of securities. The margina account agreement contains a mortgage agreement for guarantees. As a general rule, the former and the second holders of pledges draw up an agreement on how to handle this unfortunate event. If you are interested, you can read this real example of hypothesis agreement. Rehypothecation is more common when it comes to stocks, as a broker will use collateral stocks to secure their own trades. In the past, this rate was more frequent, but popularity declined after the 2008 and 2009 recession. In the United Kingdom, there is no limit to the amount of a client's assets that can be rehypothecated[3] unless the client has negotiated an agreement with his broker that includes a limit or prohibition. In the United States, re-mortgage is limited to 140% of a customer's balance. [4] [6] The following language is for a form for a real estate mortgage contract and comes from Law Insider: As a pledge, you intend to transfer the asset to another owner.
If not, your intention is to secure the asset to secure a loan. What is important is that you plan to keep the security on the hypothetical asset after you have repaid the loan. "We believe that the assumption agreement signed by Ms. Lauver was sufficient to demonstrate that the bank held a contractual pledge in the account represented by the CD. The hypothesis agreement makes it clear that it is intended to guarantee Mr Cummins' debt to the bank, and the specific security is described. We are not informed that Ms. Lauver was incompetent, deceived or involved under inappropriate influence when the hypothesis agreement was signed. We believe that her intention is under-interpreted by the mortgage agreement, in which she clearly granted the bank a contractual guarantee over the proceeds of her bank account at the Federal Capitol.
The right to pledge that it created is certainly valid and before any interest that its executor may have acquired on the proceeds of the bank account. A hypothesis agreement may stipulate that a tenant cannot submit his interest to a rental agreement or premises without the landlord's consent. The following example shows this type of hypothesis agreement. In 2007, re-mortgages accounted for half of the activities of the shadow banking system. Because security is not cash, it is not displayed in traditional accounting. Before Lehman's collapse, the International Monetary Fund (IMF) calculated that U.S. banks received more than $4 trillion through the re-library, much of which comes from the United Kingdom, where there are no legal limits on the reuse of a customer's guarantees. It is estimated that only a trillion dollars of initial security have been used, meaning that security has been re-hepthetized several times with an estimated emigration factor of 4. [5] Hypothecation Letter is another name for a mortgage agreement.


Minerva Fellow Interview: Charlotte Bloom
Charlotte Bloom. Ddegeya, Uganda
My placement was at Engeye Health Clinic in Ddegeya, Uganda, and I was incredibly fortunate to be placed there. It was a wonderful and challenging honor to live in Ddegeya.
2. What was your fondest memory of your time as a Minerva Fellow?
All of the relationships I formed with community members and the Engeye staff. All of the time I spent with the community members, coloring, playing with the babies, and talking with the clinic staff.
3. What did you do during your time? What does the fellowship entail?
I worked in the clinic, completing simple lab tests, taking vitals, and filling pharmaceutical orders. I played with the babies and the village kids when the clinic was slow. In the past 4 months, my fellow fellow, Joe Hinderstein, and I, worked with the staff and the U.S.-based board to develop comprehensive plans to add maternal services to the clinic. Each day was different, but we spent time getting to know the community, learning as much as we could about the clinic and central Uganda, and ultimately devised plans to make the community stronger–all things inline with the fellowship's ideals.
4. How has the trip changed you?
I learned what mattered to me, and often these were thing that were far different from what held importance in my life before living in Ddegeya, Uganda. I learned a lot about perseverance, healthcare, dedication, grit, and global health. I learned about passion, and following my dreams. It gave me passion for global health and women's health. My time in the village added to my perspective in many ways.
Leave a Reply


text:
Blog written by Kayla Davis. Read the full paper here.
Imagine you are a newly fledged tern chick, bright-eyed and ready to take on the skies with your freshly grown feathers. There's a problem though; catching fish is hard, and you always seem to be hungry because you are still growing! Luckily, your dad (or mom, if you were hatched second) is by your side at the breeding colony and during pre-migratory staging to make sure you stay healthy and strong by feeding you tasty sand eels. However, as with most growing youths, the relationship between parents and offspring changes as offspring grow and gain independence. Do you try to maximize parental care from your dad or mom by begging dishonestly? Or are you an honest tern chick that only begs when you need to be fed?
Honest signaling theory seeks to explain animal communication and interactions by describing signals as "honest", meaning that the sender displays a reliable signal, or "dishonest", meaning that the sender gives false information to the receiver of the signal. Theory states that costs imposed on creating signals should function to maintain honest signaling mechanisms. However, in the case of begging, especially for nearly adult-sized fledglings, this behavior may not be particularly costly. There is a long history of research on begging behavior as an honest signaling mechanism in birds, but most of this work has focused on nestlings. Parent-offspring communication is expected to change as offspring gain the functional independence needed to survive on their own, and the costs and benefits of behaving honestly or dishonestly are also likely to change during this time.
In our study, we conducted behavioral observations of roseate tern fledglings during the post-breeding, pre-migratory staging period at Cape Cod National Seashore, Massachusetts, USA to investigate the honesty of parent-offspring interactions during the postfledging period. Roseate terns are unique in that most of the northwest Atlantic breeding population departs the breeding colonies (Nova Scotia, CA to Connecticut, USA) after chicks have fledged to stage for several weeks on beaches and islands around Cape Cod, Massachusetts. While there, roseate tern fledglings continue to depend on their care-giving parent for food as they continue to grow and build fat reserves for fall migration to South America. This unique staging strategy gave us the opportunity to observe post-fledging parent-offspring interactions, including lots of begging behavior.
We located tern flocks at the Cape Cod staging grounds and conducted focal sampling of uniquely-marked roseate tern fledglings to quantify begging behavior as it related to date of the staging season and time of day. We expected tern fledglings to gain independence from their parents and improve their fishing skills over the course of the staging season, so we predicted that begging behavior would decrease with date of the staging season if begging was an honest signal of need. We also predicted that begging would increase with time of day if begging was an honest signal of need because roseate terns do not fish during the night, and dusk would be the last time fledgling terns could be fed before nightfall. Thus, we expected fledgling need, and therefore begging behavior, to be highest at the end of the day before a night-time fast.
We also were interested in identifying whether young terns begged at non-parents. In colonially breeding species like roseate terns, offspring may deceitfully beg at non-parents to try to receive extra-parental care. Based on previous work on parent-offspring recognition and discrimination, we expected that non-parents would be able to discriminate their offspring from the offspring of others and would therefore not be fooled by deceitful begging. Thus, we predicted that the lack of benefits to be gained from begging deceitfully at non-parents would result in honesty of parent-offspring interactions.
Our predictions about begging as an honest signaling mechanism were upheld. Roseate tern fledglings begged at their parents more than non-parents, but they did not always beg at true parents. Recent conceptual studies have shown that partial honesty, particularly if the signal is low cost to produce, may be an evolutionary stable strategy. It is likely that begging is a low-cost behavior for tern fledglings, so begging at non-parents may have more potential benefits than costs, even if non-parents are rarely fooled and begging at them often does not result in feeding. The relative lack of benefits to be gained from begging at non-parents has likely resulted in mostly honest communication between tern fledglings and adults; however, the low cost of this behavior may keep deceitful begging present at low frequency because the possible benefits of extra-parental care outweigh the low cost of deceitful begging.
Begging behavior increased with time of day as would be expected if fledgling needs were highest before nightfall and further supports our finding of honest communication between parents and offspring. We also found that begging behavior decreased throughout the staging period. However, tern fledglings continued to beg at their parents even at the end of the staging period, albeit at reduced frequency relative to the beginning of the staging season. This may be evidence to suggest that parental care continues past the staging period into migration and possibly the wintering period. If this is true, begging behavior may function as more than a signal to indicate need; it could also function to reinforce the parent-offspring bond prior to migratory departure from staging areas.


Overcoming Challenges as an Entrepreneur with Disabilities
Life isn't easy when it comes to being a Person with Disabilities (PWDs). Whether its access to public transport, doing sports, going to school, or many other things we take for granted, PWDs often face challenges due to their physical disabilities.
With the social stigma PWDs face everyday, securing a job is especially hard for them as society often views them as a burden or unable to contribute to the community. This has greatly impacted not just their livelihood, but their self-esteem as well, despite their individual talent and skills.
At PSC, we often work very closely with the PWD community as we believe they have the ability to create opportunities for themselves. Through our partnership with Maybank Foundation, the Reach Independence & Sustainable Entrepreneurship (R.I.S.E) program is an Entrepreneurship program that aims to empower the marginalised community, particularly the PWDs, to increase their own income by running their own businesses.
Since 2014, we're constantly inspired by their determination and achievement in becoming successful business owners. Here's how we've seen them overcome their challenges as an entrepreneur.
1. Becoming Mentally Positive
Everyone has their own insecurities, and this is especially true for PWDs. Imagine being told you cannot do certain things because of your physical challenge for so many years and bearing negative remarks by so many people. Its a demotivating thought which often prevents most people in that mental state to even believe they can succeed.
At PSC, we first aim to change that thought through our Awareness and Change module. Participants are taught to change their mindset and FLIP their negative thoughts into positive ones. Through this exercise alone, we've seen many PWDs become motivated in their cause and often they would be able to find ways to work through their challenges.
2. Finding Ways to Work WITH Your Disability
Everybody has their own strengths and weaknesses. And that's why even PWDs need to find ways that could complement their current skills and talent. With a positive attitude, anyone could find something they can do, and use it to their full potential.
We've seen a blind participant become an expert at body massages, a woman with Osteoporosis become a makeup guru, a wheelchair-bound person running a restaurant AND a tailoring business, and even a spinal cord injury victim becoming a specialist at modifying cars for others with disabilities.
Through their determination and strengths, we're inspired by their will to overcome their disabilities and use it to their advantage!
3. Hire People to Help
Running a business doesn't have to be a one-man show. For entrepreneurs with disabilities, teamwork is essential to a business' success.
As a thriving business owner, we've seen participants' confidence in themselves grow, often forgetting about their physical lack which helps them to hire others and eventually lead a team.
With the success of their growing business, we've seen participants create jobs for their community where fellow PWDs are given jobs and even able bodies individuals are also employed by them. This in turn has helped increase efficiency in the business operations as well as expanding the business.
4. Learn Proper Techniques as an Entrepreneur
Like any other business owner, knowledge is power and that's what we equip our participants with. Through our entrepreneurship program, participants are taught essential topics that can be easily implemented into their businesses such as the Blue Ocean theory, Sales Strategies, Customer Analysis, Customer Value Proposition, Financial Management and more.
With the proper training and mentoring, we've seen participants with disabilities soar through the success of their businesses. As a PWD, this is especially encouraging when they are given the right opportunity.
As an entrepreneur with disabilities, being physically challenged is not an issue in becoming a successful business owner. At PSC, we strongly believe that anyone with the right mindset and proper training has the chance of creating their own opportunities.
To learn more about our programs and how YOU can make a significant change in the world, email us at _EMAIL_
Recent Posts
You can contact us by using our form below
 Unit 502, Block A,
 Phileo Damansara II,
 No.15, Jalan 16/11,
 Off Jalan Damansara,
 Pusat Perdagangan Phileo Damansara,
 46350 Petaling Jaya,
 Tel: +60379552528
 Fax: +603 79581888


Ace: It's dangerous to go alone! Take this
Mac the cat examining the Aces
Have you ever felt a spark of excitement when you begin something new? Maybe you felt that way when you began learning tarot, or starting a new relationship or career path. The Ace cards represent a new start, planting a seed, potential. They're similar to the energy of The Fool, there's a journey ahead.
There is so much possibility in the Aces. You can see a hand reaching out, offering the element to you like a gift. It's exciting but also in a way, it leaves you with a lot of responsibility. What do you want to do with this wand, cup, sword, or pentacle that you are being handed? Each element rules a different part of life.
Ace of Wands
The wands suit is all about that fire burning inside you. What gets you going, motivates you. The Ace of Wands asks you to say yes to whatever that passion is. Wands represent the element of fire, so be careful to control that flame and don't let it consume you. Light that wand and let it guide you. If you pull this card, think about what inspires you. Journal or meditate ways in which you can use passion and power to begin a new project, or maybe come back to something you've neglected.
Ace of Cups
The Cups suit rules water. It's all about emotion and intuition. Again, this card represents new starts, but those related to relationships, love, and feelings. Think of it as an opportunity for emotional growth. Maybe you're starting therapy, or confronting a trauma for the first time. Don't be afraid to dive deep, but remember not to wallow. The cup in the imagery is overflowing, and of course those feelings can be positive, but it's equally possible to be drowned in negative emotion. If you pull this card, be receptive to change and open your heart.
Ace of Swords
The suit of Swords rules air and deals with some difficult parts of life. But the Ace is all about piercing through illusion and being perceptive. It's about using your intellect to find new perspectives. Studying, teaching, writing, planning, these are all great ways to use the Ace of Swords. Think of the potential of a sword. You can use one to be a hero and save the world, or you can use it to hurt and oppress others. The element of air is often associated with communication, so think about the ways you use your words. Are they sharp and cruel, or truthful and fair. You have the choice of how you use this power.
Ace of Pentacles
Pentacles is earthy and grounded. It's about nature, work, abundance, and stability. It's much more practical than some of the other elements. Rather than jumping in without thinking, this Ace asks you to think about how you can build your best life. It can seem mundane, but it can represent things like getting a new home or job, being able to provide for yourself. It can be a long and arduous journey, so if you pull this card, be patient and focus on hard work. Think of gardening, where you plant a seed and watch it grow for many months before it bears fruit.
One thought on "Ace: It's dangerous to go alone! Take this
 1. Thanks a lot for the lessons! It's super nice learning without talk of the supernatural. As a beginner, that there are other people interested in the tarot for introspection/meditation only means a lot.
Leave a Reply
You are commenting using your account. Log Out / Change )
Google photo
Twitter picture
Facebook photo
Connecting to %s


Mamoru Meaning in English, Mamoru Baby Name Origin Gender Meaning Pronunciation
Does Mamoru Baby Name seem like an intriguing name for your baby? Learn Mamoru Name Meaning in English, its origin and which gender Mamoru Baby Name is most suitable for. Check through our list of names that are related to the name Mamoru, names similar to Mamoru and sibling names of Mamoru. Also, read through a detailed numerology report for the name Mamoru.
Baby Image
Related Mamoru Baby Names
Arlen, Harrison, Noah, Masami, Ember, Rowan, Kalel, Kai, Ethan, Haruto, Finn, Avery::Aimory, Amor, Amora, Amory, Bamard, Cador, Camero, Camira, Catori, Damara
Similar Mamoru Baby Names
Maher, Mahir, Mahuru, Mair, Maira, Maire, Mairi, Mairia, Manar, Manara
Mamoru is a boy's name. Similar names are Major, Mayor, Malory, Mamoun, Mazor and Minoru.


Lighting Regulations
Printer-friendly versionPrinter-friendly version
Lighting regulations for pedal cycles
Lighting regulations for pedal cycles
The current version of the RVLR was published in 1989, then amended in 1994, 1996, 2001, 2005, again in 2005 and most recently in 2009. So it can be a bit of a puzzle to work out exactly what applies here and now!
It has to be said that the fine details of RVLR are seldom enforced, and provided you show some kind of white light in front and red behind, you are unlikely to be challenged. If you are involved in a night-time accident however, any slight illegality with respect to your lights or reflectors may be regarded as contributory negligence.
The main points of RVLR are as follows:
 - Lights (and reflectors) are required on a pedal cycle only between sunset and sunrise.
 - Lights (and reflectors) are not required when the cycle is stationary or being pushed along the roadside.
 - When they are required, the lights and reflectors listed below must be clean and working properly.
The following items are the minimum required, on a bicycle or tricycle, in order to ride it legally at night:
Front Lamp
One is required, showing a white light, positioned centrally or offside, up to 1500mm from the ground, aligned towards and visible from the front. If capable of emitting a steady light, it must be marked as conforming to BS6102/3 or an equivalent EC standard.
If capable of emitting only a flashing light, it must emit at least 4 candela.
Rear Lamp
One is required, to show a red light, positioned centrally or offside, between 350mm and 1500mm from the ground, at or near the rear, aligned towards and visible from behind. If capable of emitting a steady light it must be marked as conforming to BS3648, or BS6102/3, or an equivalent EC standard.
Rear Reflector
One is required, coloured red, marked BS6102/2 (or equivalent), positioned centrally or offside, between 250mm and 900mm from the ground, at or near the rear, aligned towards and visible from behind.
Pedal Reflectors
Four are required, coloured amber and marked BS6102/2 (or equivalent), positioned so that one is plainly visible to the front and another to the rear of each pedal.
Exceptions and explanations
Age brings privileges. To name but two: cycles manufactured before October 1990 can have any kind of white front lamp that is visible from a reasonable distance, and pre-October 1985 cycles don't need pedal reflectors.
Cycle trailers need a rear lamp as above and a triangular rear reflector with an ECE mark III or IIIA. (Trailer manufacturers appear blissfully unaware of this however, and generally fit cycle-type reflectors whilst making no provision for a rear lamp.)
In the absence of any more specific requirement, a cycle-type rear reflector can be presumed okay on a sidecar, which also needs its own front and rear lamps.
Seriously reduced visibility
Unlike other vehicles, pedal cycles are not required to light up when conditions of seriously reduced visibility occur in daytime. That's because this clause applies only to lights that are required to be fitted, and lights are not required to be fitted to a pedal cycle between sunrise and sunset. So even if the cycle has lights fitted and is ridden into a bank of fog for example, they do not have to be switched on. It would nevertheless be wise to do so!
'Lighting-up time' and the 'Hours of Darkness'
These commonplace phrases have meant many different things in the past and continue to cause confusion. Remember: for a cyclist the only thing that matters is the sun, the moment it dips below the horizon, our lights must go on, even though there may be plenty of light to see by for another half hour or so on a clear evening.
Sunset to sunrise: that's lighting-up time, when drivers must also switch on their sidelights at least. They can leave off the headlights for another 30 minutes, until - you guessed it - the 'Hours of Darkness', which nowadays endure from half an hour after sunset until half an hour before sunrise.
Prior to 1989, cyclists could also wait until then before switching on their lights, and if you go back further, the 'hours of darkness' were 60 minutes shorter, starting a whole hour after sunset and ending an hour before sunrise. Go back further still, to before the roads were nationalised, and some counties didn't require lights at all during full moon! It wasn't any lighter back then, but when things moved more slowly I guess we didn't need to see them coming so far off.
Beware that some publishers of 'lighting-up times' are a bit careless and give the 'hours of darkness' instead. Don't trust any such data unless it clearly states the times of sunset and sunrise.
The Euro-friendly clause
Thanks to a European Directive of a few years ago, wherever a British Standard (BS) is referred to, equivalent standards from other EC countries must now also be recognised - but only if they provide an equivalent level of safety. It's not exactly clear which do. However Germany has arguably the strictest cycle lighting laws in Europe so we consider it safe to use equipment that is marked accordingly, with a "K~number".
It should also be noted that wherever a British Standard is referred to, that reference applies to a specific edition. In the case of BS6102/3, that is the 1986 edition, as amended on 15th April 1995 and again on 1st September 2003. These amendments (in conjunction with the 1994 amendment of RVLR) removed the filament bulb design restrictions, so that lamps may now get their light from LEDs, HIDs – or whatever comes next!
Dynamo powered lights are legal even though they go out when you stop. That's allowed so long as you stop on the left. Usually it's much safer to stay where you are (e.g. in a stationary queue with left-turning traffic filtering up your inside), since most cars do stop for red traffic lights and those that don't are unlikely to pay more heed to a bike lamp!
Nevertheless, dynamos and lamps are now available with reliable back-up (standlight) features that either keep them on or light up a diode instead of the bulb.
Additional lamps and reflectors
Some cyclists like to fit extra lamps and reflectors, in addition to the approved ones specified above. This is perfectly legal provided they are the correct colour and in an appropriate position.
These optional lamps and reflectors do not have to comply with any standards, but it's illegal to use some designs of lamp or reflector that have specific other uses. You must not, for instance, show a red light at the front, or a white light to the rear, or fit triangular-shaped rear reflectors on anything other than trailer.
The suggestion that any lamp on a bicycle might cause undue dazzle or discomfort to other users of the road would have been laughable a few years ago, but not any more. It is not only illegal but doesn't actually improve your safety, should the person driving a heavy motor vehicle towards you be temporarily blinded by your headlamp! So please don't let it do that.
The Pedal Cycles (Safety) Regulations (PCSR) ensure that every new bicycle is sold with several extra reflectors, not required by RVLR, but (strangely) does nothing at all to facilitate the fitment of front and rear lamps.
These additional reflectors are found on the sides of the wheels, clear white or coloured yellow, and there's also a "white" reflector on the front of the bike. You are at liberty to remove the front and side reflectors, but beware that there are some situations (albeit most unusual) where a front reflector might improve your safety, and be sure to fit the necessary front and rear lamps.
Thanks to the 2005 RVLR amendment on 23 October of that year it finally became legal to have a flashing light on a pedal cycle, provided it flashes between 60 and 240 times per minute (1 – 4Hz).
Even better: it became possible for a flashing light to be approved, meaning no other light would be needed in that position. And since BS6102/3 does not cater for flashing, approval is granted simply on the basis of brightness (as specified above).
Because DfT very much prefer things to be evaluated against a proper technical standard wherever possible: any flashing lamp that is also capable of emitting a steady light is approved only if it conforms with BS6102/3 when switched to steady mode. Since most flashing lights do also have a steady mode, they're legal but not approved, so you'll probably need another lamp that is.
Unfortunately Britain is not the force it once was in the world cycle market, with the result that very few manufacturers can nowadays be bothered to test and mark their products to our standards. So it can be really hard nowadays, to find any approved lamp for sale these days, flashing or not!
Fortunately our Police seem hardly more concerned by legal niceties than lamp manufacturers. Since it became theoretically legal to ride a bike with just flashing lights on it, they're nowadays no more likely to quibble its legal status than one equipped with steady lights – unless they're rather dim (the lights that is) or involved in an accident. Then it's


text:
ISBN: _PHONE_ Publisher:Mittal Book Format: Hard Bound Language: English Physical Description: 262pages Year of Publication: 2005
Arunachal Pradesh, literally meaning the Land of the Rising Sun occupies important position in India due to its strategic location. Earlier known as NEFA, this mountainous states endowed with rich fauna and flora and inhabited by different tribal groups caught the attention of Government of India only after Chinese invasion in 1962. Since then development efforts are made on large scale, yet industrially the state is backward. The present book relates the journey of Arunachal from past to the present. Supported by facts and figures drawn from various authoritative accounts (official and individual), this book contains eleven chapters, highlighting all major issues. Definitely, the present endeavour will prove useful and informative to one and all concerned.


Definitions for take apart
This page provides all possible meanings and translations of the word take apart
Princeton's WordNet
 1. disassemble, dismantle, take apart, break up, break apart(verb)
 take apart into its constituent pieces
 2. dismember, take apart, discerp(verb)
 divide into pieces
 3. analyze, analyse, break down, dissect, take apart(verb)
Kernerman English Learner's Dictionary
 1. take apart(verb)ɪk
 to separate sth into the pieces it is made of
 She had taken the whole bike apart.
 1. take apart(Verb)
 to dismantle something into it's component pieces.
 2. take apart(Verb)
 to soundly defeat someone, or a team
 3. take apart(Verb)
 to criticise someone
 4. take apart(Verb)
 to move someone away from others to be able to talk to, or give them something in private.
Translations for take apart
Kernerman English Multilingual Dictionary
take apart
He took the engine apart.
Get even more translations for take apart »
Find a translation for the take apart definition in other languages:
Select another language:
Discuss these take apart definitions with the community:
Use the citation below to add this definition to your bibliography:
"take apart." STANDS4 LLC, 2014. Web. 26 Nov. 2014. < apart>.
Are we missing a good definition for take apart?
The Web's Largest Resource for
Definitions & Translations
A Member Of The STANDS4 Network
Nearby & related entries:
Alternative searches for take apart:


Challenge to the tobacco ban goes up in smoke: High Court declares the prohibition of the sale of to
In order to curb the spread of COVD-19, Minister of Cooperative Governance and Traditional Affairs ("the Minister") issued regulations prohibiting the sale of tobacco products, e-cigarettes and related products ("the tobacco prohibition"). This prohibition has been subject to widespread criticism and controversy surrounding the thriving trade of illicit tobacco products as a result of the ban as well as much political heat.
As a result of the tobacco prohibition, the Fair-Trade Independent Tobacco Association ("FITA") lodged an application against the President of South Africa and the Minister seeking an order declaring that:
 - cigarettes and tobacco products are essential goods in terms of the Level Five Regulations;[1]
 - regulation 27 of the Level Four Regulations to the extent that the sale of tobacco products are prohibited is invalid, alternatively is reviewed and set aside;[2]
 - regulation 45 of the Level Three Regulations is invalid to the extent that the sale of tobacco products are prohibited, alternatively is reviewed and set aside;[3] and
 - the sale of tobacco products and cigarettes is lawful.
As with the recent court judgement de Beers v Minister of Cooperative Governance and Traditional Affairs, in which the Lockdown Regulations were declared invalid and unconstitutional, legality and rationality formed the crux of FITA's argument. Simply put, FITA's argument was that the ends sought to be achieved by the Minister of curbing the spread of COVID-19 and ensuring that healthcare facilities are not overwhelmed, bears no relationship to the means adopted by her i.e. the prohibition of the sale of tobacco. As a result, FITA argued that the Minister acted irrationally and in so doing, breached the principle of legality.
The question before the court was whether the regulations are rationally related to a legitimate governmental purpose. If not, the regulations may be declared inconsistent with the rule of law, and therefore invalid. Judgment was handed down by the Pretoria High Court on 26 June 2020 in which the prohibition of the sale of tobacco products, e-cigarettes and related products was declared valid. The reasoning for the court's decision is analysed below.
Reasons for the judgement
The legality principle forms part of the rule of law, which is one of the constitutional control mechanisms on the exercise of public power. Rationality is the minimum threshold requirement applicable to the exercise of all public power by members of the Executive and other functionaries.
The rationality test requires that there must be a rationally objective basis which justifies the conduct of the Minister. Once this hurdle is overcome, the conduct of the Minister is deemed rational. In this respect, the Minister's task involved striking a balance between a number of complex economic, medical and social considerations in order to protect the public from the devastating effects of the pandemic. This entailed making informed policy choices.
The primary reason advanced by the Minister for the tobacco prohibition was "to protect human life and health and to reduce the potential strain on the health care system." She recorded that this will ensure that healthcare facilities are not overwhelmed to the extent that those in need will be denied access to healthcare. The Minister further asserted that the reality is that South Africa is a developing country with limited access to healthcare facilities as demanded by the pandemic. This reality places a duty on her in her role as Minister to take measures that would prevent unnecessary strain on the limited healthcare facilities to ensure that COVID-19 patients have access to such facilities.
Although studies around the potential link between the use of tobacco products and COVID-19 are in the developmental stage, medical evidence shows that the use of tobacco products increases not only the risk of transmission of COVID-19, but also the risk of developing more severe symptoms of the disease. The Minister referred to a variety of medical sources and statistical figures, which she submitted presented a serious potential of harm which, as a responsible decision-maker, she could not "in good conscience ignore". In this regard, the court held that the Minister had not cherry-picked medical evidence in favour of the tobacco prohibition, but that she had made a properly considered decision which was rational and intended to assist the State in complying with its responsibilities to its people.
FITA contended that the Minister failed to consider a number of other relevant factors such as the economic impacts of the prohibition, the potential health and psychological impact on smokers as well as the illicit trade in cigarettes. On the contention that the Minister failed to consider the economic impacts of the prohibition, she submitted that the economic impacts of the tobacco prohibition were indeed considered. However, it was decided that any impact that the tobacco prohibition may have on the economy was outweighed by the harm posed to life and the healthcare system by allowing the continued sale of tobacco products.
The court held that the illicit trade of tobacco products was not fatal to the rationality of the ban. This is considering that the Minister need only show that the means chosen to achieve the intended objective were reasonably capable of achieving it, and not whether it was the most effective or the best means possible. The continuing illicit trade in tobacco products does not negate the overwhelming view that smoking affects the respiratory system. It further renders smokers more susceptible than non-smokers to the heightened progression of COVID-19, especially amongst persons with comorbidities.
FITA lastly contended that tobacco related products ought to be classified as essential goods. This is because tobacco is addictive and the withdrawal from tobacco related products may lead to serious physical, psychological and emotional harm. This is aggravated by the freely available illicit, non-regulated products which are most hazardous to health.
The court however held that tobacco does not fall within the ambit of essential goods. Tobacco is not food, cleaning and hygiene products, fuel nor is it a medical product, and would only constitute as "essential goods" if it is considered as a basic good, akin to airtime and electricity. Accordingly, FITA's argument that tobacco ought to have been considered as "essential" because it is addictive, does not hold water.
Originally appeared in Lexology at
Recent Posts


Are valuable British tourists on the way?
If the British start travelling overseas this summer, they could provide quite a springboard for Icelandic tourism. In 2019, nearly one of every eight foreign tourists in Iceland was from the UK. British tourists have smoothed out seasonal fluctuations in the tourism sector and tend to spend freely, although their stays are brief.
Yesterday the UK government introduced a dated plan for the relaxation of public health restrictions in England. Although the plan applies to England alone, other parts of the UK – Scotland, Wales, and Northern Ireland – are likely to follow suit. The part of the plan that probably has the strongest short-run impact on the Icelandic economy centres on travel, with restrictions on international travel set to be eased significantly in mid-May, although the British prime minister stressed that the relaxation would be based on "data, not dates".
The COVID-19 pandemic has been receding rapidly in the UK recently, and inoculation efforts are proceeding apace. As of yesterday, over one-fourth of all Britons had received at least one shot. The share who have been fully inoculated is much smaller, however, at around 1%, as the UK is taking a different path than most other countries that have begun inoculating in earnest. By way of comparison, just over 3% of Icelanders have been fully inoculated, and about 5% have received at least one shot.
Booking engines rebooted
As the BBC reported on its website, the British public have welcomed the news about easing of restrictions, responding with a surge of bookings through UK travel agencies. It is worth remembering, however, that even if the UK authorities ease their own border restrictions, the question of how easily British travellers can enter other countries remains unanswered. The UK is no longer a member of the European Union (EU), of course, and unlike Iceland, it has never been part of the Schengen Area, which provides for open borders within Europe. As a result, it is not covered by the EU's harmonised travel guidelines and the guidance issued by the European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control, on which the colour-coding scheme for COVID risk is based. Even so, we think it likely that both sides will exert significant pressure to grease the wheels of travel between the UK and other European countries over the course of this year, and we in Iceland will reap the benefits of Schengen participation and EEA membership in this respect.
The importance of British tourists
The recent reports from the UK are good news for the Icelandic tourism industry, irrespective of the aforementioned uncertainties. Although surveys taken in our key market areas suggest that appetite for travel is still strong and that European people are generally willing to make travel plans at much shorter notice than before, there has been little solid information on when such travel can resume with minimal inconvenience at national borders. The news from the UK shows that greater certainty about the border situation encourages many would-be travellers to go ahead and book trips abroad.
But how much could this easing in the UK affect tourism in Iceland?
According to data from the Icelandic Tourist Board, some 262,000 British tourists visited Iceland in 2019, or just over 13% of the total for the year. Only the US, at 23%, accounted for a larger share of visitors in 2019. The UK percentage rose steadily in the early part of the 2010s but then tapered off as the number of travellers from North America and Asia increased during the years just before the COVID-19 pandemic.
But the importance of British travellers for Iceland's tourism sector is in some respects greater than these numbers suggest. For instance, British visitors bought some 16% of all hotel bed-nights in domestic hotels in 2019.
In addition, British visitors exhibit different travel patterns and behaviour than travellers from other market areas do. Britons' visits to Iceland have been spread much more evenly over the year, for instance: a full ¾ of their trips to Iceland in 2019 took place outside the peak season; i.e., the first four months and the last three months of the year. Because of this, they play an important role in smoothing out the seasonal peaks and valleys in Icelandic tourism, and they generate off-peak revenues for hotels, restaurants, and recreation providers.
On average, British tourists spend a shorter time in Iceland than others do – 5 nights as opposed to the 6.6-night average for all tourists combined. This shorter stay goes hand-in-hand with the larger share of wintertime trips, as people's free time is generally more limited in the winter, with long weekends often taking the place of stays of a week or more.
Furthermore, Britons have generally spent more per day in Iceland than the average tourist does. In 2018, for example, average spending among British travellers in Iceland came to just over ISK 37,000 per day, and of the countries most heavily represented among visitors to Iceland in recent years, only American and Chinese visitors spent more.
Britons could prove a windfall next winter
In 2019, revenues from foreign tourists totalled ISK 470bn, including an estimated ISK 50bn from British wallets, based on the aforementioned figures on length of stay and daily spending. Thus it is very important for revenues and overall activity in the tourism industry that Britons resume their travel to Iceland sooner rather than later. But it takes two to tango, as the saying goes, and assuming that the UK authorities' plans to ease border restrictions in May actually materialise – which in turn depends on the pandemic itself and the progress made with inoculations in Iceland and abroad – we think there is reason to be optimistic that British tourists will start coming to Iceland in greater numbers later this year. In particular, they could provide a real boost to tourism in Q4/2021 and Q1/2022 if they resume their established winter travel pattern.
One of the main assumptions underlying our recent macroeconomic forecast is that 700,000 tourists will visit Iceland this year. In that forecast, we projected that the Nordic countries and the western part of mainland Europe (Germany, France, etc.) would account for the lion's share of summer visitors but that British tourists would arrive in greater numbers as the year advanced. It could take longer, however, for American and Canadian tourists to arrive, and longer still for visitors from Asia. The latest news from the UK reinforces our opinion. Hopefully, other European countries, as well as the US and Canada, will prepare and publish similar plans in the weeks and months to come, as reducing uncertainty about travel restrictions is exceedingly important for the tourism sector – and, by extension, for the economy as a whole.
Jón Bjarki Bentsson
Chief economist