responds with a 302 temporary redirect to the URL of the identity provider. In the case of Windows Live ID, the URL is _URL_ with a series of parameters that identify the site to Windows Live ID and a wctx parameter that matches the ReturnUrl query string provided previously.
 11. The client and server iterate an exchange of information, based on the operation of Windows Live ID and then the user, eventually ending in a post to /_trust/default.aspx, which was configured in Windows Live ID. This post includes a Security Assertion Markup Language (SAML) token that includes the user's identity and Windows Live ID signature that specifies that the ID is correct.
 12. The server responds with a redirect to /_layouts/authenticate.aspx, as was provided initially as the redirect URL in the ReturnUrl query string parameter. This value comes back from the claims provider as wctx in the form of a form post variable. During the redirect, the /_trust/default.aspx page writes two or more encrypted and encoded authentication cookies that are retransmitted on every request to the website. These cookies consist of one or more FedAuth cookies, and an rtFA cookie. The FedAuth cookies enable federated authorization, and the rtFA cookie enables signing out the user from all SharePoint sites, even if the sign-out process starts from a non-SharePoint site.
Note Note
If there is only one authentication mechanism for the zone on which the user is accessing the web application, the user is not prompted for which authentication to use (see step 6). Instead, /_login/default.aspx immediately redirects the user to the appropriate authentication provider—in this case, Windows Live ID.
SharePoint Online Authentication Cookies
Note Note
For SharePoint Online, the FedAuth cookies are written with an HTTPOnly flag. However, for on-premises SharePoint 2010 installations, an administrator could modify the web.config file to render normal cookies without this flag.
The starting point for using the SharePoint client-side object model for remote authentication is getting a ClientContext object. It is this client context object that ties the other operations in the object model to the server and specified site. In a Windows-based HTTP authentication scenario, the client context behaves as Internet Explorer behaves; it automatically transmits credentials to the server if the server is in the Intranet zone. In most cases, this works just fine. The server processes the credentials and automatically authenticates the user.
In a forms-based authentication environment, it is also possible to use the FormsAuthenticationLoginInfo object to provide forms-based authentication to the server. However, this works only for forms-based authentication. It does not work for federated-based claims scenarios because SharePoint does not own the actual authentication process.
Creating an authenticated ClientContext object is a multistep process. First, the user must be able to sign into the remote system interactively. First, the user signs into SharePoint through the federated authentication provider, and SharePoint must issue its authentication cookies. Second, the code must retrieve the authentication cookies. Third, those cookies must be added to the ClientContext object.
Enabling User Login for Remote Authentication
The.NET Framework includes a System.Windows.Forms.WebBrowser object that is designed to enable the use of a web browser inside of an application. To enable the user to log in to the federated authentication provider, this object must be created and displayed. The goal, however, is to retrieve the authentication cookies issued by SharePoint Online. To determine when the login process is completed, you must register a handler on the Navigated event. This event fires after the browser has completed navigation. This event handler watches for the user to be returned to the URL that they started navigating from. When this occurs, the code knows that the user has completed the login sequence.
Fetching the SharePoint Authentication Cookies
Because the FedAuth cookies are written with an HTTPOnly flag, they cannot be accessed from the.NET Framework. To retrieve the cookies, a call must be made to the WININET.dll. The.NET Framework can call COM-based DLL methods through PInvoke (platform invoke). In this case, the method to be called is InternetGetCookieEx. This can return regular cookies and those with the HTTPOnly flag. However, this method works only by starting with Internet Explorer 8. After the cookie is retrieved, it must be added to the client context.
For more information about PInvoke, see Calling Native Functions from Managed Code.
Adding the SharePoint Authentication Cookies to the ClientContext object
The final step is to retrieve the authentication cookies from the user's login and to attach them to the client context. Unfortunately, there is no direct way to add the cookies to the request. However, there is an event, ExecutingWebRequest, which is called before the ClientContext object makes a request to the server. By adding an event handler to this event, you can add a new request header with the authentication cookies. After this is complete, the ClientContext object can be used normally, and the rest of the code is completely unaware that the authentication is based on a federated authentication.
The code sample that accompanies this article demonstrates this technique of adding the SharePoint authentication cookies to the ClientContext object. It provides a set of classes that you can use to perform federated user authentication. You can start with the sample program to see what changes you must make when using this code compared to using an HTTP authenticated web server.
The Sp_Ctx SharePoint Authentication Sample Client Application
The Sp_Ctx project is a command-line program that uses a SharePoint ClientContext object to retrieve information about the web that the context is pointed to.
Note Note
When using the Sp_Ctx sample, you must specify the web URL as an https request. Specifying the web URL as an http request will result in an exception.
The project refers to the ClaimsAuth library but is otherwise the same. In fact, the main code looks almost identical to the code that you would find in a standard client application.
01: static void Main(string[] args)
02: {
03: if (args.Length < 1) { Console.WriteLine("SP_Ctx "); return; }
04: string targetSite = args[0];
05: using (ClientContext ctx = ClaimClientContext.GetAuthenticatedContext(targetSite))
06: {
07: if (ctx!= null)
08: {
09: ctx.Load(ctx.Web); // Query for Web
10: ctx.ExecuteQuery(); // Execute
11: Console.WriteLine(ctx.Web.Title);
12: }
13: }
14: Console.ReadLine();
15: }
In this code, the only difference from code you would find in a standard client application is in line 05. Instead of creating a new ClientContext, we call ClaimClientContext.GetAuthenticatedContext. The big difference is that calling ClaimClientContext.GetAuthenticatedContext displays a form to enable the user to supply his or her credentials to the remote system, captures the authentication cookies needed to authenticate requests, and adds that header to the client context.
ClaimClientContext in the SharePoint Online Authentication Sample
Examining the next layer of the code, notice the ClaimClientContext object that was being called. It exposes two methods, the one used in the sample, GetAuthenticatedContext and GetAuthenticatedCookie. GetAuthenticatedCookie is called by GetAuthenticatedContext. In fact, GetAuthenticatedContext calls GetAuthenticatedCookie to get the cookies and wraps those in a context.
GetAuthenticatedCookie opens the dialog box that displays the website, and watches for the authentication request to complete so that the authentication cookies can be retrieved.
ClaimsWebAuth in the SharePoint Online Authentication Sample
The ClaimsWebAuth class gets the authentication cookies. It encapsulates a form and a WebBrowser object. The first step, which is performed during object construction, is to gather the login and end navigation pages. This is done through the GetClaimParams method, which makes a web request with an HTTP OPTIONS method.
When the Show method is called, the WebBrowser object is created, and an event handler is added for the Navigated event. This event is called every time the WebBrowser object is finished navigating. The event handler detects when the web browser has reached the navigation end URL. The event receiver makes the call to CookieReader, which in turn reads from WinINET to get the HTTPOnly FedAuth cookie.
With the event receiver in place, the WebBrowser is navigated to the login URL and the authentication process occurs. When it is finished, the authentication cookies are returned to the caller.
CookieReader in the SharePoint Online Authentication Sample
The final piece of the sample code is the CookieReader class, which contains the call to WinINET.dll and a helper function to get the cookie. The helper function, named GetFedAuthCookie, returns a string that represents the cookie in the form of "Name=Value." GetFedAuthCookie calls the WinINET.dll method InternetGetCookieEx to fetch the cookie.
InternetGetCookieEx returns false if the size of the string buffer that is passed in is not large enough. It also sets the size parameter to the size of buffer it needs. As a result, GetFedAuthCookie may have to call InternetGetCookieEx twice to get the value of the cookie, if the initial buffer is too small.
This article describes how to perform claims-based authentication for Microsoft SharePoint Online in client applications by using the SharePoint 2010 client-side object models. SharePoint Online provides a compelling and flexible option for companies that want the powerful collaborative platform of SharePoint, without the operational costs that are associated with hosting software on-premises. And, with the techniques discussed in this article, developers can use the SharePoint client-side object models to create client applications that are capable of remotely authenticating against SharePoint Online.
Robert Bogue has been a part of the Microsoft MVP program for 8


text:
Sexual Assault Forensic Examination - Child Abuse Resource and Education (SAFE-CARE)
What is SAFE-CARE?
SAFE-CARE is a state-funded program that develops and maintains a coordinated medical response to child abuse and neglect in Missouri. Through funding from the Department of Health and Senior Services, Missouri KidsFirst and its partners accomplish the program's mission through the following activities:
- Provide annual training for physicians, advanced practice nurses, and physician assistants on the forensic evaluation and comprehensive medical care of children who may have suffered physical or sexual abuse
- Provide mentorship, support, and ongoing education for a network of providers that take an active role in providing these services to children in their communities
- Empower multidisciplinary team members to better recognize and respond to child abuse and neglect through education on injury mechanics/plausibility, sentinel injuries, and other medical aspects of child abuse and neglect
Every maltreated child deserves access to quality medical care.
Direct Patient Care
The primary mission of the SAFE-CARE Network is to provide every abused child easy access to quality and compassionate medical care to ensure their own health and safety through proper diagnosis and treatment. This is typically performed as a scheduled visit to a SAFE-CARE provider at a child advocacy center or clinic in the child's community. Some SAFE-CARE providers are available to respond to emergency departments or hospitals when medically necessary or provide expert consultation/review of medical records if direct care of the child is not possible. Connect with your local child advocacy center.
Commitment to Quality
The SAFE-CARE Network is committed to ensuring that all children have access to quality medical examinations by offering numerous training opportunities for SAFE-CARE providers, other medical providers, and non-medical professionals involved in the investigation and care of maltreated children. All SAFE-CARE providers maintain ongoing education & peer review/mentorship requirements, as SAFE-CARE providers must be the leading medical experts to recognize, respond, refer, report, and reduce the incidence of child maltreatment in the state of Missouri.
- New provider training is an annual, two-day conference that teaches medical providers how to diagnose and treat child physical and sexual abuse.
- Update training is designed to keep active SAFE-CARE providers up-to-date on new and advanced topics. Providers may choose to attend an annual, all-day update conference and/or may attend regularly scheduled webinars.
- Our mentorship program pairs new providers with Board Certified Child Abuse Pediatricians, facilitating easy access to expert consultation.
- Regular case review sessions encourage continuous improvement and fidelity to the program's standard of care.
SAFE-CARE providers understand that their work does not end when a patient walks out of the room. The care of maltreated children requires close collaboration with other agencies and institutions responsible for the health and safety of children. This involves producing a meaningful report, communicating with multi-disciplinary team members, and testifying in court when necessary.
- Missouri Department of Health and Senior Services administers the funding for the SAFE-CARE program.
- The SAFE-CARE Advisory Council informs the program's development, programming, and education. Advisory Council members include professionals from nursing, medicine, social work, and child advocacy centers.
- SAFE-CARE providers are physicians, physician assistants, and nurse practitioners that have successfully completed SAFE-CARE training and have made a commitment to providing quality forensic evaluations to maltreated children in their communities. Providers encompass a wide range of experience: urban to rural, small private practice to large children's hospitals. Each plays a valuable role in ensuring that Missouri's children have access to the best possible care.
- The SAFE-CARE Medical Resource Centers located at Children's Mercy Hospital, St. Louis Children's Hospital, and Cardinal Glennon Children's Hospital are the leading experts in the state in Child Abuse Pediatrics and set the standard of care for the SAFE-CARE program. Board Certified Child Abuse Pediatricians from the three centers provide all of our training and serve as mentors to new SAFE-CARE providers. They also provide consultation services to the Children's Division and handle the most serious cases of child maltreatment.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


text:
LIMEN for violin, cello and piano
Complete music sheet, Violin music sheet and Cello Music sheet
1. Prologo. Scherzando (Allegro)
2. Intermezzo. Quasi un inno (Andante moderato)
3. Finale (Mosso)
The Limen trio is composed of three movements. The first is lighthearted and bright, with a "Bulgarian" rhythm (compound) running almost constantly throughout. It features even in the more lyrical and cantabile middle section of the piece. The second, movement, "Intermezzo", formally a kind of passacaglia (variations on a bass ostinato) starts with a sweet melody, which for its popular simplicity is reminiscent of a lullaby or hymn. This melody, entrusted to the piano in the upper register of the keyboard, is then taken up by other instruments, repeated and elaborated on several times, until the end where it ends peacefully. The song alludes to a flower that opens or a life that is born. The third movement is light-hearted and bright once more, but with a larger and slower middle section, which features an expressive melody played mainly on the violin. In the "Limen" trio can see resemblance and influences of the great composers of the past, from different places and contexts: These diverse stylistic features find common ground in the expansive, melodic singing. Metaphorically, this piece represents the ability of music to act as a universal language, capable of dialogue in all cultures.


text:
Edited by Semir Zeki and Oliver Goodenough, Law and the Brain is a wonderful collection of fourteen essays that examine a range of topics at the intersection of law and neurobiology. Although neurotransdiscipline texts, collections, and journal symposia abound, what makes Law and the Brain so special is its focus on the special challenges raised by the neuroscience-policy interface. These challenges flow from basic differences in the orientation of the brain and brain science, on the one hand, and the law on the other hand.
47 Jurimetrics 377 (2007).
Tovino, Stacey A., "Book Review: "Law and the Brain"" (2007). Scholarly Works. Paper 395.


text:
Corundum brick's compressive strength at room temperature, flexural strength at room temperature, and high-temperature flexural strength at 1400°C. For the compressive strength at room temperature, the T100 of corundum bricks made of tabular corundum as the aggregate is as high as 147MPa, which is twice the T0 of the fused white corundum bricks made of fused white corundum. Similarly, the flexural strength of plate corundum bricks at room temperature and high temperature is also significantly higher. The strength of bricks made entirely of fused white corundum is not only related to the corundum aggregate itself but also related to the ceramic bond formed after the brick is fired. The Main Components of Different Corundum Bricks are the following.
The Physical and Chemical Properties and Advantages of Corundum Bricks
The alumina content of corundum brick is more than 90%, and it is a refractory product with corundum as the main crystal phase. High compressive strength at room temperature, up to 340MPa. High load softening start temperature, greater than 1700°C. Very good chemical stability, strong resistance to acidic or alkaline slag, metal, and glass liquid. Thermal shock stability is related to its organizational structure. Dense products have good corrosion resistance but poor thermal shock stability.
Let's summarize the advantages of corundum bricks:
- It has good sintering activity and can improve the density of corundum bricks.
- Corundum bricks of tabular corundum have high bulk density and low apparent porosity.
- It has high normal temperature compressive strength, normal temperature flexural strength, and high-temperature flexural strength.
- The best wear resistance.
- The corrosion resistance and permeability of coal gasifier slag and oil residue are better than pure fused white corundum bricks.
- As an aggregate, it can improve the thermal shock stability of corundum bricks.
The Main Components of Different Corundum Bricks
Because there are many refractory materials on the market, different corundum bricks are widely used. Because of its good use effect, it is used in a variety of high-temperature industrial furnaces. In fact, corundum brick is a refractory material with alumina content greater than 90%, and often containing trace impurity elements Cr, Ti, Fe, and V. Corundum bricks on the market can also be divided into the following concentrated types according to the composition.
- Brown corundum bricks are mainly made of bauxite and coke (anthracite). The main chemical composition is aluminum oxide, titanium oxide ring contains a small amount of silicon oxide and iron oxide. The microhardness is HV1800-2200, and the toughness is higher than SIC. Abrasive tools made of brown corundum are suitable for grinding metals with high tensile strength, such as various general steels, malleable cast iron, hard bronze, etc.; they can also be used to make brown corundum bricks, which are a kind of advanced refractory materials.
- High-alumina corundum bricks are made of high-quality bauxite as the main raw material, and sub-white corundum bricks are produced on the basis of high-quality brown corundum bricks. Its chemical composition and physical properties are similar to those of white corundum. Sub white corundum is produced on the basis of high-quality brown corundum. Because its chemical composition and physical properties are similar to white corundum, it is called sub-white corundum. Bulk density≥3.8g/cm2, refractoriness≥1850℃. The product has the hardness of white corundum bricks and the toughness of brown corundum bricks. It is an ideal high-grade refractory material and abrasive material.
- White corundum bricks are made by high-temperature smelting with alumina powder as raw material. It is white, slightly higher in hardness than brown corundum brick, and slightly lower in toughness. Made into abrasive tools suitable for the grinding of high carbon steel, high-speed steel, and quenched steel. White corundum can also be used for grinding and polishing materials, as well as precision casting sand, spraying materials, chemical catalysts, special ceramics, and advanced refractory materials.
- Zirconium corundum bricks are made by smelting alumina and zirconia as raw materials in an electric arc furnace at a high temperature above 2000°C. Tough texture, dense structure, and high strength. The main mineral phase of zirconium corundum is a eutectic formed by a-alumina and alumina-zirconia. In order to ensure the quality of zirconium corundum, in addition to a reasonable selection of parameters and technology, cooling technology and processing technology. Choosing appropriate additives to reduce the silicon oxide content in the zirconium corundum bricks, making the alumina and zirconia eutectic, and having a uniform structure is also the key to the production of zirconium corundum bricks.
Classification of Corundum Bricks
Different Corundum Bricks are divided into semi-recombined or directly combined corundum bricks and dense corundum bricks. Semi-recombined or directly combined corundum bricks are made from fused corundum (or sintered corundum) and sintered alumina fine powder. Aluminum sulfate or paper pulp waste liquid is the binding agent. After high-pressure forming, it is a corundum refractory product sintered at a high temperature of 1750~1800°C. Dense corundum bricks are made of light-burned alumina fine powder. Carboxymethyl cellulose or dextrin is the binding agent. It is a corundum refractory product made by artificial granulation, press molding, and sintering at a high temperature of 1750~1800°C. It has the characteristics of high Al2O3 content, extremely low apparent porosity, high strength, corrosion resistance, and strong erosion resistance. It is suitable for the lining of synthetic ammonia converter.
Different Corundum Bricks are also classified into light corundum bricks and heavy corundum bricks according to their bulk density. Corundum bricks with different bulk densities have different performances and require different physical and chemical indicators.
So, what is the chemical composition of fused cast zirconia corundum bricks?
Fused zirconium corundum brick is also called fused zirconium corundum, commonly known as white iron brick. An electrofusion cast refractory material mainly composed of oblique zircon and corundum. A mixture of zircon (or industrial zirconia) and alumina as the main raw materials are made by melting, casting, and annealing in an electric arc furnace. Its chemical composition is: Zr0230%~50%, Al20340%~50%, Si0210%~17%. The mineral composition is mainly corundum oblique zircon eutectic, with a small amount of oblique zircon, corundum, and glass phase. The bulk density is 3.25～3.70g/cm3, the apparent porosity is 0.5%～7%, the compressive strength is 200～500MPa, and the load softening point is 1720～1760℃. Mainly used in glass kilns.
Application Industries of Different Corundum Bricks
Finally, I would like to summarize which industries corundum bricks are suitable for. Corundum bricks have excellent corrosion resistance, wear resistance, high-temperature strength, load softening temperature, creep, and other thermodynamic properties. It is widely used as a lining material for cracking, reforming furnaces, metallurgical industries, slag gasifiers, coal gasifiers, carbon black reactors, pulp waste liquid gasifiers, and other industrial furnaces in petrochemical and fertilizer industries.
Rongsheng Corundum Brick Manufacturer
Rongsheng refractory material manufacturer is an experienced corundum brick refractory bricks for sale manufacturer and sales manufacturer. Rongsheng has advanced refractory brick production lines and experienced furnace refractory lining experts. And our technical team is also a technician with a wealth of refractory lining solutions. Our purpose in making refractories is to provide high-quality refractory lining materials for the refractory surface of kiln equipment, which has reached the maximum saving of energy, production costs, and economic benefits during the production and operation of kiln equipment. To purchase corundum refractory bricks, please contact us. We will provide you with services according to your specific needs.


Thursday, December 23, 2010
Wolves in Sweden
From an article in Rolling Stone about Stieg Larrson:
As a boy, Stieg lived in his grandparents' cottage in the woods. At the time, an old Swedish law was still in effect that barred children from attending school until they were seven. Written a century earlier, the law was intended to protect little boys and girls from being devoured by wolves while walking through the forest on the way to school.
Also, there was a serial killer in Sweden known as The Laser Man.


Take the 2-minute tour ×
In the plane I can integrate a linear function over a triangle as the average of the corner values times the area of the triangle.
Then if I subdivide the triangle into 4 triangles by introducing a new node on each side of the original triangle, and linearly interpolate the value at the new nodes from the edge endpoints (=corners of the original triangle), the sum of the integrals of the sub-triangles is equal to the integral of the original triangle.
Now on the sphere, computing areas as spherical areas (like here), and computing the values at the new nodes on an arc of the original triangle by linear interpolation along the arc, this does not work any more. Computing the integral of the spherical triangles as the average of the corner values times the spherical triangle area, the integrals of the subtriangles do not sum up to the integral of the original triangle.
My suspicion is that I have to integrate the function which is linear over a spherical triangle in some other way, i.e. that the average-of-corner-valuestimes-area rule is not valid on the sphere. Does someone know how to compute this integral?
Also I wonder now if a 'function linear over a spherical triangle' is even defined? I think it should fulfil the property to be linear along any arc contained in the triangle. Then it would be linear along the arc between two new nodes which connects two subtriangles and the integrals of the subtriangles should add up to the big triangle.
Since Willie's comment confirmed my suspicion that I cannot just define a function that is linear over a spherical triangle, let me change the question to:
Given a spherical triangle, subdivide the triangle by bisecting the edges and set the value at the new nodes as the average of the edge endpoints. Recursively repeat this procedure for the sub-triangles. Repeating this subdivision to infinity should prescribe a function dense on the spherical triangle. Is it possible to find an analytic expression for the integral of this function given the values at the nodes of the original triangle?
share|improve this question
Your suspected definition of "linear function over a spherical triangle" won't work, basically because of the failure of the parallel postulate in spherical geometry. In general linearity is only a well-defined concept over a vector (or affine) space (or subsets thereof). – Willie Wong Apr 26 '12 at 16:10
Surely the answer to your edited question would be that it's just the original average, by induction over the level of subdivision? Or am I missing something? – Peter Taylor Apr 26 '13 at 23:20
_USER_ I'm not sure. Since it is a spherical triangle, the edges are arcs, and the 4 small triangles after subdivision have a different area each. It might be true that the integral is just spherical area times average of node values, but it is not obvious to me. – Matthias 009 May 1 '13 at 14:45
1 Answer 1
A relatively straighforward way to see that there's no such thing as a linear function on a spherical triangle is to consider a triangle with three right angles, say, at $(1,0,0)$, $(0,1,0)$ and $(0,0,1)$ on the unit sphere. By symmetry, the function value at $(1,1,1)/\sqrt3$ should be the average of the function values at the corners. On the other hand, interpolating linearly along two arcs, we get that $f(0,1/\sqrt2,1/\sqrt2)=(f(0,1,0)+f(0,0,1))/2$ and then
$$ \begin{eqnarray} f(1/\sqrt3,1/\sqrt3,1/\sqrt3) &=& \frac2\pi\left(\arccos\sqrt\frac23f(1,0,0)+\arccos\sqrt\frac13f(0,1/\sqrt2,1/\sqrt2)\right) \\ &=& \frac1\pi\left(2\arccos\sqrt\frac23f(1,0,0)+\arccos\sqrt\frac13\left(f(0,1,0)+f(0,0,1)\right)\right) \\ &\approx&0.392f(1,0,0)+0.304f(0,1,0)+0.304f(0,0,1)\;. \end{eqnarray} $$
Thus the result depends on the order in which we use the corners for the interpolation.
share|improve this answer
Your Answer


text:
Definition of Anthracycline
Anthracycline: A member of a family of chemotherapy drugs that are also antibiotics. The anthracyclines act to prevent cell division by disrupting the structure of the DNA and terminate its function. They do so in two ways: (1) they intercalate into the base pairs in the DNA minor grooves; and (2) they cause free radical damage of the ribose in the DNA. The anthracyclines are frequently used in leukemia therapy. The anthracyclines include daunorubicin (Cerubidine), doxorubicin (Adriamycin, Rubex), epirubicin (Ellence, Pharmorubicin), and idarubicin (Idamycin).Source: MedTerms™ Medical Dictionary
Last Editorial Review: 6/14/2012
Get tips on therapy and treatment.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


text:
Managing B2B communications involves managing your company's reputation. Monitoring all forms of media, including TV, radio, print, digital, mobile and the social web, requires stakeholder research, comprehensive understanding of industry language, and the technical set-up of listening dashboards. By watching for brand and competitor mentions, including reactions to industry issues and news, a B2B communicator can find opportunities for thought leadership and proactively address potential crises.
To deliver B2B messages, participate in dialogues and respond to comments on multiple platforms, we must address the risks and governances around corporate social media participation. Creating a board of new media advisors that include each department is the first step in developing an organization-wide social media policy. This involves evaluating B2B opportunities for engagement, establishing participation guidelines for each digital touch point, developing risk assessment and flow charts for crisis communications, and preparing brand representatives to respond quickly online.


text:
Hildegard Brauns, Markus Gangl, Stefani Scherer
Education and Unemployment Risks among Market Entrants: A Comparison of France, the United Kingdom and West Germany
In empirical education and labour market research, different approaches for measuring education have been pursued; they reach from 'number of years of schooling' and educational scoring as continuous measures to typologies as the ISCED (International Standard Classification of Education) and CASMIN (Comparative Analysis of Social Mobility in Industrial Nations) classification as categorical approaches. The value of the CASMIN educational classification has been demonstrated in many studies in comparative social mobility and labour market research.
In this paper we present an updated and partly revised version of the CASMIN scheme, that is able to capture also the institutional changes that took place in the course of the educational reforms that affected most European societies following World War II. We also provide the reader with examples for implementation of the schema for France, Italy, West-Germany, and the United Kingdom.


text:
A kimberlite crater in Canada, said to be 53 million years old, yielded exquisitely preserved unfossilized wood.
Miners were digging for diamonds and found unfossilized wood encased in the rock. Diamonds are usually found in kimberlite dikes that erupt the gems rapidly from deep in the earth in "explosive phreatomagmatic events" (1/12/2012, 5/07/2007). The discovery was reported on PLoS ONE by Wolfe et al. ("Pristine Early Eocene Wood Buried Deeply in Kimberlite from Northern Canada," PLoS ONE 7(9): e45537. doi:10.1371/journal.pone._PHONE_):
We report exceptional preservation of fossil wood buried deeply in a kimberlite pipe that intruded northwestern Canada's Slave Province 53.3±0.6 million years ago (Ma), revealed during excavation of diamond source rock. The wood originated from forest surrounding the eruption zone and collapsed into the diatreme before resettling in volcaniclastic kimberlite to depths >300 m, where it was mummified in a sterile environment. Anatomy of the unpermineralized wood permits conclusive identification to the genus Metasequoia (Cupressaceae). The wood yields genuine cellulose and occluded amber, both of which have been characterized spectroscopically and isotopically. From cellulose δ18O and δ2H measurements, we infer that Early Eocene paleoclimates in the western Canadian subarctic were 12–17°C warmer and four times wetter than present. Canadian kimberlites offer Lagerstätte-quality preservation of wood from a region with limited alternate sources of paleobotanical information.
The genus Metasequoia includes the dawn redwood, a "living fossil" rediscovered in China. "Metasequoia was common in southern Alaska in the Late Paleocene and Early Eocene, producing a rich record of foliage and cones," they said. Fossils are rare in the discovery region due to extensive denudation and erosion by subsequent glaciers. Finding warm-climate conifer wood in a glaciated environment indicates huge climatic changes over time, and periods that supported extensive forestation in spite of much higher relative temperatures.
Fossil material can fall into a kimberlite crater as a result of the eruption, or can be washed in later. Both mechanisms occurred in the many kimberlite pipes in the region. Numerous pieces of fossil wood have been found by diamond miners over the years. The authors believe the "exceptional" sample they analyzed was entombed at the time of eruption:
We envisage that the source tree collapsed into the diatreme at the time of kimberlite emplacement. The great depth of burial suggests that it entered a narrow marginal boundary layer between the blast zone and the wall rock before becoming entombed. We consider the wood to be representative of the Early Eocene forest growing at the site at the time of magmatism. The lack of permineralization suggests that burial was rapid, and that little post-eruptive thermal or tectonic alteration has occurred at the locality.
Photographs of the wood tissues in the paper show clear cellular tissues at the microscopic level that retain their original material ("unpermineralized"), including tracheids and parenchyma cells. Most surprising was original cellulose, still intact:
Cellulose preservation in fossil conifers varies tremendously given the labile nature of constituent polysaccharides, mandating the need for quality control prior to isotopic analysis.… To our knowledge, this is the oldest verified instance of α-cellulose preservation to date, testifying to the remarkable preservation potential of kimberlite-hosted wood.
Amber fragments were also found within the wood. How could such delicate features survive a high-temperature eruption?
Despite the relatively subtle features attributed to thermal alteration noted above, we find little evidence that either the quality of cellulose preservation or the isotopic signatures of the various analyzed fractions have been overprinted. We thus envisage that cooling of the igneous body following emplacement in the diatreme was extremely rapid, potentially near-instantaneous, and surmise that any chemical changes to the entombed organic matter occurred in a closed system.
From oxygen isotope ratios, they inferred that the forest lived in a much warmer climate with rainfall four times higher than today. "The state of preservation of this wood is unequalled for material of this age, as exemplified by the exquisite quality of anatomical detail and the presence of α-cellulose," they said, using used the word "remarkable" three times in the paper. The crater was dated by the rubidium-strontium isochron method to be 53.3 million years old.
Update 9/22/2012: Live Science reported on the discovery. The article includes a photo of the specimen; it looks like a good-size chunk of firewood. The tree lived in a "swampier past" it said, noteworthy for the high latitude today (Northwest Territories); the fragment was found 1,000 feet down in the kimberlite pipe.
Well, this should raise some eyebrows. Original intact cellulose 53.3 million years old? Here's another opportunity for skeptics of the Moyboy Club (millions-of-years, billions-of-years) to look critically at this evidence. How long can original cellulose survive intact? You can't even keep it in your freezer for a century. The problem is not the data, but the story painted over it to make it look ancient, like an antiquing trick. (For reasons why isochron dating methods can produce fictitious results that are meaningless, see the 1/12/2005 entry.)
The millions-of-years riff adds nothing. It's like waving a magic wand over the observations to hypnotize the reader into thinking the wood must be incredibly ancient. Why? Because Darwin needs the time. Well, Darwin skeptics don't. Notice how everything else in the story was rapid: explosive eruption, tree falls in that same minute, cools "instantaneously," — 53 million yearzzzzzzzzz — quick discovery of intact cellulose in 2012.
The authors didn't think to look for carbon 14 in the wood, undoubtedly, because they believe (based on their commitment to deep time) that it would be hopeless – all traces of carbon 14 should be long gone. Here's an experiment someone should undertake. If these scientists got samples, there must be many others. Someone go look for carbon 14. Remember, the Moyboys were wrong before. They thought Metasequoia died out 20 million years ago, only to find them alive and well in China. Now you can buy dawn redwoods at the local nursery. Grow this "living fossil" in your yard as a living lesson in the fallibility of experts.


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C++ Boost
Chrobak-Payne Straight Line Drawing
template
void chrobak_payne_straight_line_drawing(const Graph& g,
 PlanarEmbedding perm,
 ForwardIterator ordering_begin,
 ForwardIterator ordering_end,
 PositionMap drawing,
 VertexIndexMap vm
A straight line drawing of a planar graph is a plane drawing where each edge is drawn using a straight line segment. Since all edges are line segments, the drawing is completely determined by the placement of vertices in the plane. chrobak_payne_straight_line_drawing uses an algorithm of Chrobak and Payne [71] to form a straight line drawing of a planar graph by mapping all n vertices in a planar graph to integer coordinates in a (2n - 4) x (n - 2) grid.
The input graph passed to chrobak_payne_straight_line_drawing must be a maximal planar graph with at least 3 vertices. Self-loops and parallel edges are ignored by this function. Note that the restriction that the graph be maximal planar does not mean that this function can only draw maximal planar graphs (the graph pictured above is not maximal planar, for example). If you want to draw a graph g, you can create a copy g' of g, store a mapping m of vertices in g' to vertices in g, triangulate g', and then send g' in as the input to chrobak_payne_straight_line_drawing. The drawing returned can then be applied to g using m to translate vertices from one graph to another, since g contains a subset of the edges in g'.
If the vertex index map provides constant-time access to indices, this function takes time O(n + m) for a planar graph with n vertices and m edges. Note that in a simple planar graph with f faces, m edges, and n vertices, both f and m are O(n).
Where Defined
IN: Graph& g
IN PlanarEmbedding embedding
A Readable Property Map that models the PlanarEmbedding concept.
IN ForwardIterator
A ForwardIterator that has value_type equal to graph_traits::vertex_descriptor.
OUT: PositionMap
A Writable LValue Property Map that models the Position Map concept. The Position Map concept requires that the value mapped to be an object that has members x and y. For example, if p models PositionMap and v is a vertex in the graph, p[v].x and p[v].y are valid expressions. The type of x and y must be implicitly convertable to std::size_t.
IN: VertexIndexMap vm
Default: get(vertex_index,g)
See Also
Copyright © 2007 Aaron Windsor (


GoKunming Articles
Kunming trees and utilities still suffering from January cold
By in News on
One month ago, Kunming suffered through its coldest day in three decades. The temperature dipped to eight degrees centigrade below zero in some parts of the city. While such temperatures were extremely inconvenient for people going about their daily lives, the cold was downright deadly for uncounted numbers of trees and water meters across the Spring City.
Hope for Kunming's trees?
For the past month, tree trimmers have moved methodically through town, hacking dead limbs off of heartier species and uprooting or cutting down tropical perennials that did not survive the January cold snap. Many of the city's trees suffered from the plant equivalent of "frostbite", and the current chill may affect them further, says Professor of Ecology Li Yuanbiao (李元表) of Yunnan Agricultural University.
Most Spring City trees should rebound if not hurt by further subzero weather or over-eager pruning. As long as root systems and trunks remain in good shape, trees should bloom normally when warmer weather returns, according to Li.
However, he cautioned that assessing the health of thousands of trees was nearly impossible, and that the city should not rush to replace or cut down seemingly damaged specimens until they have had a chance to recover. Nevertheless, city workers and tree trimming companies have taken a seemingly drastic approach along roads and inside neighborhoods throughout Kunming. We will have to wait until spring temperatures rise before seeing the full extent of the damage.
Water meter fix almost finished
Sub-freezing temperatures just before Spring Festival also wreaked havoc on more than 60,000 residential water meters. Some froze and quit working, while others ruptured and sprung leaks. Statistics released by the Kunming Water Company (KWC) show outages and damaged meters affected five percent of the company's 1.1 million customers.
Repair crews have worked furiously throughout February, but reports of broken pipes and gauges are still coming in, especially from people returning late from the New Year holiday. A company spokesman said KWC will respond to the forty or so service calls it is currently receiving on a daily basis "in the order they are received", until the problem is fixed.
Households with water problems can call phone a 24-hour hotline at _PHONE_ to report issues. Replacement services for broken meters are free, but those who contract an independent company for speedier labor will not be reimbursed for their trouble, according to a KWC statement.
Image: Patrick Scally
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I would suggest that hundreds of thousands of trees, shrubs and plants were killed by the cold. Air quality and air safety is going to be a real problem in the area without a massive replanting scheme by all. Yes some plants will revive. Some will be finished off by massive over trimming. The continuing cold weather is not helping. What is the government planning to do and how can we help?
I hope someone from local government reads this.
It would be good if they replant with varieties that are more indigenous to the area. Both drought and cold resistant.
Vast amounts of water is used on a lot of the shrubs in the city when the weather is dry, and the subtropical species with very fleshy leaves will tolerate neither frost, nor drought.
Ok, some of these species may not be as pretty but they are more sustainable.
Just went cycling, and really missing the shade the trees provided. Strange that the palm trees all seem fine.
I am no expert on plants and trees but it's fairly common that things die in winter and magically grow back in spring. I was very surprised to see the extent of the cutting back of the trees. But now all is clear.
Today i saw some of the remaining trees in the centre being not only cut back, but then uprooted and taken away. The irony is that they spent such a long time messing round with the trees after the winter and now Spring has arrived most remaining trees are sprouting new shoots. By Summer they'd be fine.
However when someone sees an opportunity to waste funds and fill their own pockets contracts for new trees are drawn up quickly.
Maybe I'm jumping to conclusions but I see no other reason why this is being done.
I'm no expert either, but I'm pretty sure that cutting back the dead areas of the trees, if it's done correctly, helps the living parts of the trees to put out new shoots - uprooting them, probably not.
They may be using the opportunity to switch out some of the tree species that do require a lot of watering for most of the year. This is a huge drain on the water supply (no pun intended) and government budgets for labor.
The water that is sprayed on the streets to reduce dust and on the plants and trees comes from the sewer. If you look carefully, you will see the trucks lined up near the canals filling their tanks. They do not use potable water for these things.
_USER_: I don't think this hurts the trees, does it?
If done right, it can help the trees.
Some old garden hacks even say, once dead tree, will have stronger branches and grow better fruits and better canopies.
But if their water capillaries are cut,or destroyed due to the water expansion, -from the ice or frost, they are gone.
You are right, usually farmers or gardeners with lots of experience even get surprised sometimes what tree or plant, once written off.... came back beautifully.
But let's be honest most of those gardening blokes don't know anything. No blame, they are cheap farmers hired, to do whatever their leader orders them to do.
And there is the problem, that we have complete morons running the watering and gardening in Kunming. I asked one of the fore workers, once what sort of flower bush this is. He had actually no clue, and ordered his team to spray it for 5 minutes. A few weeks later, it was dead.
human poop water isn't harmful for the plant, necessarily but it's harmful for humans and it can lead to unwanted growth and even kill a plant. If you have a garden, pee once a day on a small tree or bush and see what happens.
The sewage water is from a closed water cycle, and it won't come back unless it rains.
Sometimes the stupidity of Kunming's city management is still surprising me. Although it's funny sometimes.
The stuff I mentioned is something anyone, who ever planted more than one flower or plant, knows. And should know.
Can't remember personally planting anything for a very long time. However, I'd imagine the cheap farmers have. I'm not sure the problem is their ignorance, but perhaps that of their leaders, but they're stuck for economic reasons and so have to follow orders. Anyway, it's not as if their are no good gardeners in China - seems it's a matter of making sure those who are are allowed to get into positions where their 'orders' will be the ones that make sense.
I have no problem with cutting back the trees for better growth but the trees on my street and many in Wuhua are now being dug up (roots cut off i.e killed) and bags of earth left for the tree that will replace it. These are tree that have new shoots. Seems very illogical and money/time-wasting. Surely either a big mistake in management or someone is making a big profit on the new trees at the people's expense
Uprooted and destroyed trees again now the weathers got colder. Is this Kunming's new policy? Plant some trees, when it gets cold uproot them, then a month or so later plant some trees again!
I smell the stink of a corrupted politician taking up briberies in favour of this nonsense practice.
The trees are mentioned in this article about the former leader gone to jail. _URL_
Those trees should never have been planted, they were water hungry in a city suffering from drought. They tried to same them where I live, but were not 100% successful, and now they are digging out the stumps. Local species that can survive local weather conditions are more sustainable.
Is Kunming currently still suffering from drought?
nother inane question. a tree isnt just for xmas a tree is for life.
_USER_ +1
No dazzer, trees are not for life
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text:
Half a loaf is better than no bread
What's the meaning of the phrase 'Half a loaf is better than no bread'?
Something, even if it isn't what you ideally would prefer, is better than nothing.
What's the origin of the phrase 'Half a loaf is better than no bread'?
This proverbial saying is first found in the same place as many other proverbial sayings - John Heywood's 1546 glossary A dialogue conteinyng the nomber in effect of all the prouerbes in the englishe tongue:
Throwe no gyft agayne at the giuers head,
For better is halfe a lofe then no bread.
Many proverbs are a form of condensed popular wisdom and 'half a loaf is better than no bread' seems like plain common sense - few would argue with it. Nevertheless, in psychology experiments to determine whether fairness was an innate concept in humans or whether it was learned, pairs of UK and US children have been set the following test:
One child is offered four sweets (or candy if you prefer) and the other is offered one. The child with the opportunity to take four sweets is given this choice:
A. Either, you get four sweets and the other child gets one.
B. Or, you both get nothing.
Surprisingly to many, children routinely choose option B and reject the sweets, preferring to maintain a sense of fairness. In purely material terms this makes little sense as, by maintaining fairness, the choosing child robs the partner of one sweet and him/herself of four.
Heywood might have suggested 'throw no gift at the giver's head' but children don't appear to agree.
See also: the List of Proverbs.


text:
HTML::Fraction - Encode fractions as HTML entities
my $fraction = HTML::Fraction->new; print $fraction->tweak($html);
The HTML::Fraction encodes fractions as HTML entities. Some very common fractions have HTML entities (eg
½). Additionally, common vulgar fractions have Unicode characters (eg
⅕). This module takes a string and encodes fractions as entities: this means that it will look pretty in the browser.
Fractions that are supported:
1/4, 1/2, 3/4, 0/3, 1/3, 2/3, 1/5, 2/5, 3/5, 4/5, 1/6, 5/6, 1/7, 1/8, 3/8, 5/8, 7/8, 1/9, 1/10
Fractions may be in the string in the form numerator slash denominator (
1/5) or in decimal form (
0.5). Numbers must be equal to the fraction to two decimal places. This module supports converting whole and fractional decimal numbers (e.g.
For sanity the decimal
0 will not be turned into the unicode for
The constructor takes no arguments:
my $fraction = HTML::Fraction->new;
Encode the fractions in the HTML as HTML entities:
Encode the fractions that are in the form "1/3" or "5/6" in the HTML as HTML entities, but not decimal fractions of the form "0.5".
Encode the fractions that are in the form "0.5" or "0.5" in the HTML as HTML entities, but not fractions of the form "1/2" or "1/3".
. Mark Fowler
 added some code, and probably some bugs.
Copyright (C) 2005, 2012 Leon Brocard
This module is free software; you can redistribute it or modify it under the same terms as Perl itself.
We don't perform normalisation of the denominator and numerator so "4/6" is not converted like
2/3 is. This is intentional.
2.25 doesn't render to the same thing as
2 1/2 (the latter has a space between the digit 2 and the fraction.)
1/7 doesn't represent as a reoccuring pattern of digits in decimal therefore we don't check that digits after
0._PHONE_ are correct, and assume that they are.


Specifications Explained: NI DSA & SC Express DAQ
The specification manuals for NI Dynamic Signal Acquisition (DSA) & NI SC Express Data Acquisition (DAQ) devices and modules provide the technical details necessary to determine or choose which DAQ device or module is best suited for your application, and as a reference to validate device or module performance during system development. This document provides definitions of the terminology used, in a glossary format, to illustrate the importance and relevance of each specification.
This guide is broken up into the same sections as most NI specifications manuals. Terms and definitions below are listed in alphabetical order and may occur in a different order in the specification manuals. This guide exclusively applies to 44xx (DSA) and 43xx (SC Express) DAQ devices and modules. Other NI product families such as Multifunction I/O (MIO) DAQ, cDAQ and cRIO Chassis and Controllers, 91xx, 92xx, 94xx C Series Modules, Multifunction RIO 78xx R Series, Digital Multimeters, Scopes/Digitizers and other instruments may use different terminology or methods to derive specifications and as such, this guide should not be used as a reference for devices and modules other than those in the DSA and SC Express DAQ families.
Understanding Specification Terminology
First, it is important to note the categorical difference between various specifications. NI defines the capabilities and performance of its Test & Measurement instruments as either Specifications, Typical Specifications, and Characteristic or Supplemental Specifications. See your devices' specifications manual for more details on which specifications are warranted or typical.
 - Specifications characterize the warranted performance of the instrument within the recommended calibration interval and under the stated operating conditions.
 - Typical Specifications are specifications met by the majority of the instruments within the recommended calibration interval and under the stated operating conditions. Typical specifications are not warranted.
 - Characteristic or Supplemental Specifications describe basic functions and attributes of the instrument established by design or during development and not evaluated during Verification or Adjustment. They provide information that is relevant for the adequate use of the instrument that is not included in the previous definitions.
Analog Input Specifications
NI DSA and SC Express devices and modules typically only have analog input or analog output systems. There are specifications unique to DSA or SC Express, but also some specifications which apply to both. This section is organized in three sections to cover the common specifications, DSA analog input specific, and SC Express analog input specific.
Common Analog Input Specifications
Analog-to-Digital Converter (ADC) Type
Successive Approximation Register (SAR)
An ADC which converts an analog signal into a discrete digital representation by using a binary search to match a created voltage to the provided signal voltage.
An ADC architecture consisting of a 1-bit ADC and filtering circuitry which over-samples the input signal and performs noise-shaping to achieve a high-resolution digital output.
Oversample Rate
This terminology applies only to modules with delta-sigma ADCs. Delta-sigma ADCs use sample rates that are large multiples, such as 128 times the Nyquist rate for a given signal. For example, to sample a 25 kHz signal, a sample rate greater than the Nyquist rate (that is above 50 kHz) would be sufficient. However, a delta-sigma ADC using an oversample rate of 128 times, samples the signal at 6 MHz. This approach has several benefits, such as better anti-aliasing and higher resolution.
The oversampled data is processed by a digital filter within the ADC before the data is made available as an output. Since it takes a non-zero amount of time for the oversampled data to be processed by the digital filter, the output data rate is always lower than the oversample rate. The output data rate equals to the oversample rate divided by the ADC decimation ratio.
ADC Resolution
Resolution is the smallest amount of input signal change that a device or sensor can detect. The number of bits used to represent an analog signal determines the resolution of the ADC.
The NI PXIe-4300 is a 16-bit device, which means that lowest amplitude change that can be detected on the ±5 V range is 0.152 mV. On the ± 0.1 V range, this value is 3.05 µV.
This specification will state what frequencies are available to be used as the timebase frequency.
Specified typically in ppm, this specifies how far from the listed frequency the actual timebase frequency can be. This specification is subject to the device's cal interval spec.
This will state what external routes are available to be used as external timebases.
Reference Clock
Locking Frequencies
Typically shown in a table, this will show based on the reference signal provided what are valid locking frequencies for reference clock synchronization.
This will display what are valid reference clock sources for the device. This will typically consist of the onboard clock and the chassis backplane clock.
Filter Group Delay (ADC Filter Delay)
Analog Delay
This filter delay is the result of the signal passing through an analog filter on the device. The values of this will vary based on the range/gain being used on the device.
Digital Filter Delay
 Uncompensated Group Delay
This filter delay is the result of the following: analog filter delay, buffered mode digital filter, or hardware-timed single point mode filter. This delay is not compensated for when synchronizing and will need to be accounted for to not see a phase shift in the data.
Compensated Group Delay
This filter delay is the result of the anti-aliasing filter working in a bufered mode. When synchronized with other hardware this delay will be automatically compensated for.
Base Filter Group Delay
This delay is of a result of the signal passing through the digital anti-aliasing filter on the device. It is a partial component of the Compensated Group Delay spec, and is determined by the input frequency provided to the module.
Variable Filter Group Delay
This delay is of a result of the signal passing through the digital anti-aliasing filter on the device. It is a partial component of the Compensated Group Delay spec and is determined by the sample rate currently being used on the module.
Bandwidth/ Alias Rejection
Passband/ Alias-Free Bandwidth
The passband/Alias-Free Bandwidth is the defined as the frequency range starting at DC to the point where the anti-aliasing filter reaches its' -0.1 dB point. This range is where the signal being measured should exist to get a proper measurement
The PXIe-4464 lists its Alias-free bandwidth (BW) (passband) as "DC to 0.454 * fs" meaning from DC to 0.45 4 times your sample frequency will be the passband for your current measurement
Stopband/Alias Rejection
The stopband/alias rejection is defined by 2 parts, an attenuation or rejection spec as well as a frequency spec. The attenuation/rejection defines the minimum amount of attenuation that will be applied to the signal, while the frequency determines where the starting point for that attenuation will occur.
The specification for the PXIe-4330 is shown below.
For the PXIe-4330 this means that signals found at a frequency of 0.55 times the sample frequency will see an attenuation of 100 dB from the original signal.
Minimum Frequency for Alias Hole
The delta-sigma ADCs on devices include an oversampled architecture and sharp digital filters with cut-off frequencies that track the sampling rate. Due to how the digital filter is designed inside of the ADC, there becomes a small hole, where in theory aliases could be seen, at larger frequencies.
Rejection at Alias Hole
To combat the alias holes left by the ADC an analog fixed frequency filter is applied to high frequency components along the analog path. This specifies what rejection those high frequency components will see.
Common Mode Rejection Ratio (CMRR)
When the same signal is seen on the positive and negative inputs of an amplifier, the CMRR specifies how much of this signal is rejected from the final output (typically measured in dB). An ideal amplifier will remove 100% of the common mode signal, but this is not achievable in implementation.
The NI PXIe-4300 has a CMRR of 100 dB for the 5 V range. This means that it will attenuate common mode voltages by 100,000x. If the signal being measured is a 5 Vpk sine wave, and the offset or common voltage between the positive and negative inputs is 5 VDC, the final output will reject or attenuate the 5 VDC input to 5 µV. CMRR is not included in accuracy derivations and should be accounted for separately if the signal measured contains common mode voltages.
The measure of how much a signal on one channel can couple onto, or affect, an adjacent channel. Crosstalk exists any time an amplitude-varying signal is present on a wire or PCB trace that is physically close to another wire or PCB trace.
The NI PXIe-4464 has a crosstalk specification of -95 dB for adjacent channels and -125 dB for non-adjacent channels when using its' -10 dB Gain range. This means that channel ai2 will have a crosstalk specification of -95 dB between channels ai1 and ai3, and a crosstalk specification of -125 dB to all other ai channels.
Some modules such as the NI 4461 and NI 4464 support both DC and AC coupled modes. When DC coupling mode is selected, any DC offset in the source signal is passed on to the ADC. When AC


text:
Front Page Titles (by Subject) CHAPTER I.: COST AND CONSEQUENCES OF STRIKES. - The Tyranny of Socialism
The Online Library of Liberty
A project of Liberty Fund, Inc.
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Also in the Library:
CHAPTER I.: COST AND CONSEQUENCES OF STRIKES. - Yves Guyot, The Tyranny of Socialism
The Tyranny of Socialism, ed. J.H. Levy (London: Swan Sonnenschein and Co., 1894).
About Liberty Fund:
The text is in the public domain.
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COST AND CONSEQUENCES OF STRIKES.
Strikes in France in 1890 and 1891—Cost of Strikes—Strikes in England in 1892—Statistics relating to Arbitration—Losses resulting from Strikes—Displacement of Trade—Trades Unions and Strikes—Mistrust.
According to the information given by the Labour Department, 313 strikes, involving 118,000 workmen, took place in France in 1890; and 267 strikes, involving 108,000 strikers, in 1891. The Departments which have had the most strikes are the Nord, with 61 in 1890, and 68 in 1891; the Loire, with 29 in 1890; the Ardennes, with 28 in 1890; and the Rhone, with 28 in 1890, and 20 in 1891. Only 52 Departments were affected by strikes in 1890, and 54 in 1891.
The results of these strikes were as follows:—
The 91 successful strikes affected 22,400 workmen; the 67 that were partially successful affected 54,200 workmen; those which miscarried affected 32,200 workmen.
The principal causes of these strikes were demands for increased wages, the shortening of the hours of work, and reduction of salaries effected by employers.
One third of the successful strikes lasted for less than one week. When a strike lasted more than a fortnight it seemed to be doomed to failure.
These figures give a very poor idea as to the importance of strikes. The sacrifices which they have cost, both to employers and to men, the value of the advantages gained, and also the pecuniary and mercantile consequences which may have resulted from them, are unknown.
At Anzin, in 1884, it is calculated that the strike cost the workmen 1,135,000 francs (£45,000), and the company 600,000 francs (£24,000), that is, 1,735,000 francs, without counting the damage caused by the stopping of the works.
In England, the total number of strikes and lockouts for the year 1891, was 893, affecting 295,000 persons, either voluntarily or otherwise; for the striking of certain workmen caused a stoppage of work to others. These strikes had an average duration of twenty-four days.
Most of them were caused by questions of wages. In 1890, there were 59 caused by the question of employment of non-unionists, and in 1891, 47. Fifty-one per cent. were checked; 36 per cent. proved successful; the result of the others is unknown. Four hundred and sixty-eight strikes out of 824, in which 120,579 people were implicated out of 263,507, were terminated by compromise, and only 12, affecting 12,100 workmen were settled by arbitration. It is useful to quote these figures in order to destroy the illusion so wide-spread in France, that it is enough to pronounce the word "arbitration" and to pass a law concerning arbitration, to put an end to all these disputes.
The losses to the workmen who were forced by the strikes to abstain from labour for four weeks, are calculated at £1,500,000.
The cost of the Hull strike in 1892, which lasted for eight weeks, is calculated at £9,000 for the town, and £60,004 in loss of wages.
Mr. Bevan, calculating the loss of wages as at 4s. 2d. per day, for five days a week, for 110 strikes in England, from 1870 to 1879, arrives at a figure of £4,468,000. The strike of the Clyde ship-builders cost 7,500,000 francs (£300,000) in 1877; that of the Durham miners in 1879, 6 millions of francs (£240,000).
The Labour Bureau, in the United States, reckoned that the strikes of 1881 to 1887 cost the workmen 260 millions of francs or 50 million dollars. These are only figures to some people; but the consequences to women, to children, and to the health of the workmen themselves, are terrible. Moreover, the position of the employers has been attacked and weakened; funds destined for improvements have disappeared, and the powers of production in an industry that has undergone a strike are restricted. Sometimes a strike suffices even to ruin a trade.
These examples have made Trades Unions prudent as to striking. In 1888, out of 104 Unions, only 39 subsidised strikes; and a certain number of Trades Unions have specified in their statutes, that the vote on this subject shall not be taken according to the majority, but according to a certain quorum. At the Brussels Congress of 1892, an English Delegate was indignant that the Engineers' Union (the strongest and wealthiest of all), had, in 1889, spent over £100,000 on sickness, funerals, retiring pensions, accidents, etc., as against about £1,800 on strikes and the costs of the struggles.
This powerful and wealthy association seems to mistrust the results of strikes.


Kinesis SoftwareKineticFusion
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9 Working with ActionScript
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9.1 Embedding ActionScript
The simplest way of adding ActionScript to an RVML document is by explicitly embedding the script under one of the four ActionScript-related RVML elements:
The embedded scripts can be either ActionScript 1.0 or ActionScript 2.0 - the ActionScript level is determined by the configuration setting kinesis.actionscript.analyzeScripts. This global setting can be overridden on a per-document basis using the ActionScriptSettings element. When interpreted as AS1.0 no external ActionScript classes are compiled into the output movie and regardless of references within the embedded scripts. KineticFusion will assume that any referenced classes are also defined as embedded ActionScript elsewhere in the document.
When interpreted as AS2.0, all references to ActionScript classes are resolved automatically by the KineticFusion ActionScript compiler and the classes are automatically embedded in the output SWF. Referencing ActionScript classes from embedded scripts is the primary means by which the ActionScript classes used by an SWF are identified. The only other mechanism is by explicitly identifying classes using the IncludeClass element of ActionScriptSettings. There is more information on this setting in the Referencing External ActionScript section.


The incoming treasurer should discuss with the former treasurer the status of current fundraising activities, what money is available to be spent versus what is owed, and the bylaws as they relate to the treasurer's responsibilities.
The treasurer is responsible for:
 1. Ensuring that the PTA's/PTSA financial records are reviewed according to the bylaws before assuming his or her duties.
 2. Ensuring three authorized signatures are on file at the bank for financial transactions; these signatures are usually that of the current president and treasurer, and one other officer as an alternate (no two check signers should be from the same household.
 3. Obtaining two authorized signatures on every check;
 4. Collecting all money from persons delegated to collect or to raise funds during a local unit activity, and providing a written receipt for those funds;
 5. Promptly depositing all money in the name of the local unit in a bank account approved by the board;
 6. Maintaining an accurate record of all receipts and disbursements;
 7. Obtaining authorization from the board before writing a check or spending money;
 8. Remitting, by check, all authorized bills, and statements as prescribed in the bylaws;
 9. Submitting a written financial statement at each board meeting and at each general membership meeting;
 10. Chairing the Budget Committee and preparing the annual budget as prescribed in bylaws;
 11. Reporting income and expenses as compared with the budget;
 12. Ensuring an audit, financial review or compilation is done in accordance with the bylaws, state PTA requirements, and the PTA's business practice;
 13. Preparing an annual report to be used to review PTA/PTSA financial records; and
 14. If your unit is a 501(c)(3), ensure the filing of the PTA's/PTSA 990 report to the IRS.
The PTA/PTSA Finance Quick Reference Guide will help orient the treasurer to his or her main areas of responsibility.
Reference Article 6 Section 6.10 for more information


name="hibernatetool"

Will generate the following schema:
 create table Address (
 id integer generated by default as identity (start with 1),
 flatNumber integer,
 houseNumber integer,
 streetName varchar(255),
 primary key (id)
 create table Address_AUD (
 id integer not null,
 REV integer not null,
 flatNumber integer,
 houseNumber integer,
 streetName varchar(255),
 REVTYPE tinyint,
 primary key (id, REV)
 create table Person (
 name varchar(255),
 surname varchar(255),
 address_id integer,
 primary key (id)
 create table Person_AUD (
 id integer not null,
 REV integer not null,
 name varchar(255),
 surname varchar(255),
 REVTYPE tinyint,
 address_id integer,
 primary key (id, REV)
 create table REVINFO (
 REV integer generated by default as identity (start with 1),
 REVTSTMP bigint,
 primary key (REV)
 alter table Person
 add constraint FK8E488775E4C3EA63
 foreign key (address_id)
 references Address;
When a collection is mapped using these two annotations, Hibernate doesn't generate a join table. Envers, however, has to do this, so that when you read the revisions in which the related entity has changed, you don't get false results.
To be able to name the additional join table, there is a special annotation: _USER_, which has similar semantics to JPA's _USER_.
One special case are relations mapped with _USER_+_USER_ on the one side, and _USER_+_USER_(insertable=false, updatable=false) on the many side. Such relations are in fact bidirectional, but the owning side is the collection (see alse here).
To properly audit such relations with Envers, you can use the _USER_ annotation. It enables you to specify the reverse property (using the mappedBy element). In case of indexed collections, the index column must also be mapped in the referenced entity (using _USER_(insertable=false, updatable=false), and specified using positionMappedBy. This annotation will affect only the way Envers works. Please note that the annotation is experimental and may change in the future.
Generally SQL tables must be partitioned on a column that exists within the table. As a rule it makes sense to use either the end revision or the end revision timestamp column for partioning of audit tables.
The reason why the end revision information should be used for audit table partioning is based on the assumption that audit tables should be partionioned on an 'increasing level of interestingness', like so:
 1. A couple of partitions with audit data that is not very (or no longer) interesting. This can be stored on slow media, and perhaps even be purged eventually.
 2. Some partitions for audit data that is potentially interesting.
 3. One partition for audit data that is most likely to be interesting. This should be stored on the fastest media, both for reading and writing.
In order to determine a suitable column for the 'increasing level of interestingness', consider a simplified example of a salary registration for an unnamed agency.
Currently, the salary table contains the following rows for a certain person X:
The salary for the current fiscal year (2010) is unknown. The agency requires that all changes in registered salaries for a fiscal year are recorded (i.e. an audit trail). The rationale behind this is that decisions made at a certain date are based on the registered salary at that time. And at any time it must be possible reproduce the reason why a certain decision was made at a certain date.
The following audit information is available, sorted on in order of occurrence:
 1. Hibernate main page
 2. Forum
 3. JIRA issue tracker (when adding issues concerning Envers, be sure to select the "envers" component!)
 4. IRC channel
 5. Envers Blog
 6. FAQ


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CLARITY Name Menaing, What is CLARITY, name definition, origin of CLARITY name other details ;
- 1 CLARITY Name Meaning
- 2 Origin of CLARITY Name
- 3 Gender of CLARITY
- 4 CLARITY Name Analysis
- 5 CLARITY Name Statistics
- 6 What is the Numerology of CLARITY?
- 7 Characteristics of CLARITY
- 8 Acrostic Poem About CLARITY
- 9 Is there CLARITY name in the Bible/Torah/Quran?
- 10 Famous People Named CLARITY
- 11 Is CLARITY name fit for baby name?
CLARITY Name Meaning
What Does CLARITY Mean and History?


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A Humanizing Model for Nursing Social Justice Action
The latest featured article from the current issue of ANS is titled "Exercising Nursing Essential and Effective Freedom in Behalf of Social Justice: A Humanizing Model" by Donna J. Perry, PhD, RN; Danny G. Willis, DNS, RN, PMHCNS-BC; Kenneth S. Peterson, PhD, FNP-BC; and Pamela J. Grace, PhD, RN, FAAN. Using powerful personal narratives, the authors provide examples of ways they have broken through barriers, to exercise effective freedom and take specific social justice action within nursing. Dr. Perry provided this description of their work:
It is increasingly clear that health is dependent upon multiple underlying social factors including environmental conditions, economic status, access to education, employment and a peaceful and participatory society. These conditions are distributed unequally within our global community. In this paper we discuss the nursing mandate to act for social justice and the constraints that prevent nursing from realizing this goal. We argue that nursing has been impeded in addressing underlying socio-political issues that impact health because nursing has historically been positioned within an institutionalized medical paradigm. We propose a model of nursing essential and effective freedom based on the philosophy of Bernard Lonergan as a framework for addressing barriers to nursing action for social justice. And we share our personal challenges and strategies for addressing social justice as nurses working in various settings.


EDITORIAL: Historical Museum displays importance of city's past
The Detroit Historical Society, the nonprofit organization which funds and operates the Historical Museum, took several gambles in the years since the city shed most of its support.
Detroit and suburban residents will be glad it did.
The museum, located on Woodward north of the main Detroit Public Library and across from the Detroit Institute of Arts, reopened after being closed for half a year for extensive renovation.
It has several major new exhibits, including some nostalgia.
Exhibits include a 20th century history of the city's culture, its musical heritage, the Underground Railroad and the city's importance to the Allied effort during World War II as the Arsenal of Democracy.
The neon Detroit Tigers sign from the demolished stadium is there. So is a Little Caesar's mascot, a machine gun from the Prohibition era and a bronze drinking fountain from the downtown J.L. Hudson's store.
Museums should provide "aha!" moments for visitors. There are many of them here.
The Historical Society several years ago took over operation of the museum much as the Detroit Zoological Society took over operation of the zoo, after support dried up from the city, which owned both institutions. It might have been a gamble, but in retrospect, it was a safe bet.
The Historical Society currently almost all of a $2.8-million budget from donations.
Some of the rest comes from sales. But museum admission fees have been eliminated.
In another gamble, it mounted a $20 million campaign three years ago for the new exhibits, renovations, digitizing much of its collection and paying for operating expenses. Two-thirds of the amount has been raised.
Many suburban residents, we gather, washed their hands of the central city years ago or avoid it if they never had an earlier connection. That's unfortunate, given Detroit's important place in the development
of the region and the likelihood that it will take on greater importance in years to come.
We hope the Museum with its new exhibits will make that clear to all who visit.


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My wife and I just returned from our winter home in Gilbert, Arizona. One day the humidity was 1 percent. What's Chicago's lowest humidity? And the world's?
--Bob Hansen, Lindenhurst
Chicago climatologist Frank Wachowski reports that the city's all-time low relative humidity is 13 percent, recorded on three occasions. It first occurred during a dust storm on May 10, 1934, and was tied on April 11, 1956, and April 8, 1971. Chicago's low humidity episodes generally occur on warm, windy afternoons when dry air aloft can easily mix down to the surface. For the record, one of the world's lowest humidities was recorded Oct. 24, 2006, in Coober Pedy, Australia, when a temperature of 93 and a dew point of minus 23 produced a relative humidity of less than 1 percent.


Quick Answer: Is A Cucumber In The Melon Family?
What family do melons belong to?
CucurbitsCantaloupe/FamilyA melon is any of various plants of the family Cucurbitaceae with sweet, edible, and fleshy fruit.
The word "melon" can refer to either the plant or specifically to the fruit..
Cucumber, melon, and watermelon are originally from the Old World (primarily Africa and Asia). Although they are in the same family (Cucurbitaceae) with the squashes, pumpkins, and gourds (mostly of the genus Cucurbita ), they are only distantly related.
What are mini cucumbers called?
Gherkins, also called cornichons, or baby pickles, are small cucumbers, typically those 2.5 to 12.5 centimetres (1 to 5 in) in length, often with bumpy skin, which are typically used for pickling.
Is a cucumber an unripe watermelon?
Because watermelons, cucumbers and squash are in the same family and are able to cross-pollinate, place each of these where the vines will not intertwine. … So what we have here would then be an unripe watermelon.
Is watermelon fattening to eat?
What are the benefits of eating cucumbers?
Is a cucumber a fruit or a vegetable?
Cucumbers are a type of edible plant that belongs to the gourd family. It's widely cultivated and makes a nutritious addition to any diet. Cucumber is usually considered a vegetable because of how it's used in the culinary world. However, as it grows from flowers and contains seeds, it's botanically a fruit.
Are cucumbers poisonous?
Are mangoes in the melon family?
I mentioned this is a large family of many unfamiliar members, well there are 7 subspecies of recognized groups of melons. Chito melons are small lemon sized melons used for pickling. They include mango melon, garden lemon, and melon apple. These are also known as pomegranate or plum granny.
What are green melons called?
Is watermelon a natural Viagra?
What does a melon taste like?
A sweet melon with a netted greenish-orange rind, it has white flesh that tastes like a cross between cantaloupe and honeydew. This melon closely resembles a cantaloupe, except it's slightly larger and the rind is greener. The taste is very similar to that of a cantaloupe.
Are cucumbers a gourd?
What family is cucumbers in?
Can I use zucchini instead of cucumber?
Zucchini (aka courgettes) can be used interchangeably usually for cucumber in sliced pickles such as bread and butter, sweet mix, etc. … There are also many pickle and relish recipes for other summer squash.
Are cucumber and melon in the same family?
Is melon a vegetable or fruit?
What is a vegetable? According to Webster dictionary, a vegetable is anything made from, obtained from, or containing plants or plant products. A melon is in the family of Cucurbitaceous, which includes cucumber, squash, gourds, and pumpkins. Therefore, a cantaloupe is a vegetable.
Why are they called Burpless cucumbers?
Burpless cucumbers are cucumbers bred with no or reduced levels of cucurbitacin. This reduces bitterness and reportedly the likelihood of burping. Cucurbitacin is highest on the skin and stem of the cucumber fruit.
Is the green part of a watermelon a cucumber?
Is watermelon a type of melon?
Why is melon good for you?
It also is low in fat and contains several key vitamins and minerals, such as: Vitamin C: proven to boost your immune system, as well as give you healthy skin, strengthen tissues, and promote healthy brain function. Potassium: an important mineral for healthy heart function.


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The field of financial regulation has traditionally focused on consumer protection, microprudential regulation and resolution. However, the 2008 financial crisis highlighted systemic risk as another important dimension of financial regulatory governance. Subsequently, governments and lawmakers worldwide have pursued regulatory strategies to avoid systemic crises and provide for systemic oversight.
At present, Indian law is silent on the subject of systemic risk. RBI often implies that it has been doing work on 'financial stability', however at present, there is no legal mandate, no powers, and no actions.
To some extent, systemic crises are the manifestation of failures in the core tasks of financial regulation, consumer protection, micro-prudential regulation and resolution. Proper functioning of these core tasks, as envisaged in the draft Indian Financial Code, will reduce systemic risk, but not eliminate it. There is thus a strong need for a legal strategy for systemic risk regulation. This has been done for the first time in India in the draft Indian Financial Code.
You should of course read the draft Code and the underlying report. However, in order to help you get a hang of how the FSLRC thinks about systemic risk, here is a bird's eye view which points you to the right places in the Code.
We now turn to the sections of the IFC that directly deal with systemic risk:
- S. 2(36), page 3
- introduces the phrase 'the Council' which is used in the IFC to refer to the Financial Stability and Development Council (FSDC).
- S. 2(78), page 7
- defines a 'financial system crisis'.
- S. 2(154), page 13
- defines 'systemic risk'.
- S. 20, page 19
- sets up the FSDC as a statutory body. A careful study of the composition of the FSDC in S.21 shows that the day-to-day functions of the FSDC will be run by a Chief Executive. There will also be an administrative law member to ensure that regulatory governance norms are followed.
- S.65, page 34
- is an example of the inter-regulatory
co-ordination function of the FSDC. Where two regulators are to take
joint action under the IFC, but are unable to reach a consensus,
they must work with the FSDC to figure out a solution. While
inter-regulatory coordination can be an issue in many contexts
(e.g. SEBI/IRDA on ULIPs), it is certainly a dimension of systemic
risk where the thinking and work cut across all regulators.
- S.141(1)(a)(iii), page 66
- asks that when regulators such as RBI and UFA are regulating SIFIs, they should take the relevance of the systemic risk perspective into account. There is no role for FSDC in what they do here.
- S.141(1)(k), page 67
- asks that micro-prudential regulation should be mindful of systemic risk and particularly pro-cyclical consequences of regulation.
- S.187(1)(c), page 86
- asks that Infrastructure Institutions (such as exchanges, depositories etc., defined in S.183, page 85) are obliged to promote the objective of the FSDC to mitigate systemic risk, when they write bye-laws (which will be approved by the UFA and not FSDC).
- S.221, page 96
- sets up the Resolution Corporation at the level of the entire financial system and details its objectives.
- S.224(1), page 96
- asks that the officers and employees of the Resolution Corporation have knowledge and expertise in resolution of SIFIs.
- S.287(2), page 121
- asks the Resolution Corporation
to consult with the FSDC where the Resolution Corporation is
contemplating certain resolution measures against a SIFI.
- S.290, page 122
- defines the objectives of FSDC. The agency will pursue the objective of fostering the stability and resilience of the financial system by, (a) identifying and monitoring systemic risk, and (b) taking all required action to eliminate or mitigate systemic risk.
- S.291, page 122
- says that the FSDC consists of its board, an executive committee, a secretariat and a data centre. Of particular importance is the data centre, which is defined in S.294.
- S.295, page 123
- sets out the five main activities of the FSDC. It will study data and do research on the financial system; it will designate certain financial firms as SIFIs; it will formulate and implement system-wide measures, it will promote inter-regulatory cooperation, and it will assist the Ministry of Finance and all other agencies during a systemic crisis.
- S.296, page 123
- establishes principles that must guide the FSDC. These principles ensure that systemic risk regulation does not degenerate into achieving the silence of a graveyard.
- S.297, page 123 and 124
- sets forth the analysis and research objectives of the FSDC. Accordingly, S.298 gives the FSDC the powers to obtain relevant data.
- S.299, page 124
- sets up the legal process through which the FSDC will determine the criteria to designate certain financial firms as SIFIs. A financial firm can be adversely affected when it is designated as a SIFI, hence the full legal process of an order is required.
- S.300, page 125
- sets up the legal process through which firms would be designated as SIFIs.
- S.301, page 125
- asks the FSDC to issue policy frameworks and regulations for implementing system-wide measures, in the class of those defined in the Third Schedule (page 185). In the future, if other system-wide measures are thought useful, Parliament would have to approve amendments to the Third Schedule to add such measures.
- S.302, page 125 and 126
- sets up the legal process through which the FSDC will ensure the implementation of system-wide measures.
- S.306, page 127
- asks the FSDC to identify what parameters it would use to determine a financial system crisis. S.306(4) asks the Council to assist the Government and regulatory agencies as specified in S.306(5) (through analysis of data, providing advice, and assisting in efforts).
- S.307 to S.313, page 128 and 129
- constructs the Financial Data Management Centre (FDMC), a single database about the entire Indian financial system, which allows the regulators to have a full picture about the state of the financial system at any point in time, and particularly during a crisis. As a side effect, the unification of all supervisory data filings to FDMC also leads to de-duplication of data and reduces costs for financial firms. This database is essential for thinking about systemic risk (i.e. about the overall financial system) and is conspicuously absent in India today.
- S.345 and S.346, page 141
- define the lender of last resort (LOLR) functions of the central bank. S.345 (temporary liquidity assistance) relates to assistance given to participants in the central bank's payment system, and S.346 (ELA) is about lending against collateral to a more broad class of financial firms.
- S.362, page 147
- defines the notion of an emergency, which can motivate capital controls against inflows under S.365. Similar provisions for outward flows are specified in S.368.


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Tianyun Society's Kunqu Opera Opern
Tianyun Society is a Kunqu Opera singing organization (without makeup and acting) boasting a long history. The society was originally founded in Wuxi during Tianqi and Chongzhen Period of Ming Dynasty (1621—1644) by the name "Wuxi Kunqu Club". In 1920, the organization determined its name as "Tianyun Society". The conventional activities of the society were once interrupted due to the Counter Japanese War (1937—1945) and revived after the victory. However the irresistible aging and successive passing away of the members made the society gradually lost its activity. The 1950s finally witnessed the dissolution of Tianyun Society.
 is a set of materials specially compiled for the society's practical use. Revised and transcribed by Wu Wanqing(1847—1927), a chief of the society, The first edition of the opern was printed and published in 1921 by the national musician Yang Yinliu(1899—1984). The opern provides a large amount of both popular and rare opera highlights in humble handwriting. With the distinguishing features of some time-honoured Kunqu Opera notations well conserved and recorded, the opern was recognized as a valuable piece of reference for Kunqu Opera studies. The book begins with Wu Wanqing's essay , which brings forward eight notations to identify the methodologies of pronunciation and phonological process: U、从、巳、吳、△、戈、□、閉. These notations are recognized as the prime standard and theoretical basis of Tianyun Society's Kunqu Opera singing practice. To emphasize that, the cover pattern of this new edition are created based on Wu Wanqing's handwriting of these notations.
Editor: Rongli Lv
Editorial Design: Jiayan He
Publish: Shanghai Lexicographical Publishing House


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The smoke transmitter is a tool for subduing bees by erupting smoke.
There are many kinds of fuel used in the smoke transmitter.
Any material that burns slowly and produces large amounts of non-toxic smoke to the bees can be used as fuel for the smoke pump (recommended smoke bombs, which do no harm to bees).
Bee smoker transmitter kit is also known as a smoke fumigation machine, used to subdue or drive bees.
The bees will suck up a lot of honey and occurs avoidance behavior. After abdomen filled with honey, the bee is not easy to sting so that a bee sting so they become docile. The smoke transmitter is composed of two main parts: a chimney and a bellows.


Washington, July 1 IANS | 1 year ago
In what may hold lessons for modern society, scientists have sketched out one of the greatest baby booms in North American history, a centuries-long "growth blip" among south-western Native Americans between 500 and 1300 A.D.
It was a time when the early features of civilization, including farming and food storage, had matured to a level where birth rates likely exceeded the highest in the world today, said the researchers.
"Then a crash followed, offering a warning sign to the modern world about the dangers of overpopulation," said Tim Kohler, an anthropologist at Washington State University (WSU) in the US.
"We can learn lessons from these people," he said.
At first, populations were slow to respond, probably because of low productivity, said Kohler, but by 400 B.C. the crop provided 80 percent of the region's calories.
Crude birth rates were by then on the rise, mounting steadily until about 500 A.D.
The mid-1100s A.D. saw one of the largest known droughts in the southwest. The region likely hit its carrying capacity.
"They didn't slow down. Birth rates were expanding right up to the depopulation. Why not limit growth? Maybe groups needed to be big to protect their villages and fields," said Kohler.
It was a trap, however.
The northern southwest had as many as 40,000 people in the mid-1200s, but within 30 years it was empty, leaving a mystery.
"Whatever the reason, the ancient Puebloans show that population growth has clear consequences," Kohler noted.
(Posted on 01-07-2014)
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text:
Participating elementary schools identify and work with TANF children in grades one through eight, and their families, who are not attending school regularly. The school is responsible for defining irregular school attendance. For
example, irregular school attendance may be defined as:
- a combination of school defined absences, tardies, or early dismissals within a 30-day period; or
- a pattern of absence/tardiness/early dismissal, such as absence every Friday within a 30-day period; or
- a pattern of all children in the family being absent on the same day.


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One of the major problems in geotechnical engineering and particularly in tunneling is the planning of exploration, the selection of methods and locations of exploration. The goal of exploration is to reduce our uncertainty about the geologic conditions, but when planning the exploration these uncertainties still exist. An additional consideration is the meaning of "reduction of uncertainty". We have to be able to put a value on this reduction of uncertainty and this can be done only by determining the effect of reduced uncertainty on construction cost. Exploration planning is thus a classic problem of decision under uncertainly where due to the uncertainty of the environment, several actions are possible and where decisions have to be based on potential cost consequences of these actions. The application of decision analysis to the exploration problem is thus strongly indicated. It is, however, fair to say that only in mineral exploration--where the problem is somewhat more straightforward has the decision analysis approach been used. In geotechnical engineering and tunneling in particular, we are only at the very beginning. One of the reasons for this lagging behind is the practical difficulty in geotechnical problems of locating critical areas which should be explored. Approaches that have been used up to now are either based on intuition or on simplifications (Lindner et al, 1975) and contain inconsistencies that may affect the decision. The present paper will introduce a consistent use of decision analysis in exploration for rock tunneling. A brief overview of the principles of the decision analysis approach will be given first, followed by specific application to tunnel exploration which includes details on the analysis. An example will conclude the paper.
Two main topics will be covered in this section: 1) the principle of decision analysis and 2) some of the major elements of decision theory.
Figure 1 is a presentation of the Decision Analysis cycle consisting of the deterministic, probabilistic and information phase leading to the decision, which can be a decision to collect more information thus leading to a cyclic process. Each of the major phases consists of the steps also shown in Figure 1. Most steps will be described in detail in the application of Decision Analysis to tunnel exploration (Section 3) and the only comments made here are to clarify the overall concept.
Figure 1 - The Decision Analysis Cycle (after Stoël van Holstein, 1973) (available in full paper)
In the e one actually goes through the possible courses of action and quantitatively determines their outcome (1-3). In each course of action there are variables that influence the outcome: decision variables that can be controlled by the decision maker and state variables representing the uncontrollable environment (4). The variables and the outcomes have to be related to each other in a model (5). The outcomes have then to be compared with each other which usually involves cost criteria and/or time criteria (6,7). The sensitivity study (9) will make it possible to identify the most important variables. The e is basically a "revision" of the deterministic phase introducing now the uncertainty of the variables.


text:
1809 Pinkerton Map of Korea & Japan
Description: A masterpiece. This fascinating hand colored 1809 map by Edinburgh cartographer John Pinkerton depicts Korea (Corea) and Japan. A spectacular, highly detailed map of this fascinating region with spectacular engraving, practically leaps off the page. Possibly the finest map of Japan and Korea to appear in the 19th century.
References: None found.
Cartographer: John Pinkerton (_PHONE_) was one of the leading masters of the Edinburgh school of cartography which flourished from roughly 1800 to 1830. Pinkerton & his contemporaries (Thomson & Cary) redefined European cartography by abandoning typical 18th century decorative elements such as elaborate title cartouches and fantastical beasts in favor of detail and accuracy. Pinkerton's principle work is the "Pinkerton's Modern Atlas" published from 1808 through 1815 with a special American reissue by Dobson & Co. in 1818. Today Pinkerton maps are becoming increasingly rare as they are highly admired for their unsurpassed quality, monumental size, vivid hand coloration, and flawless detail. Click here for a list of rare maps from John Pinkerton.
Size: Printed area measures 28 x 21 inches (71.12 x 53.34 centimeters)
Condition: Very good condition. Wide clean margins. Several closed tears that have been professionally restored and backed with Japanese paper – hence the reduced price on what is normally a $700 map..
Code: JapanKorea-pinkerton-1809 (Necessary for phone inquiries: _PHONE_)