Tax Specialists for Expats & Startups in America
Book your free consultation today
Accidental Americans
Are you an accidental American? At first, this may sound like a silly question. After all, a German person knows he is German, a Japanese person knows she is Japanese, and so forth. How could someone who has never lived in the United States and who does not identify with the United States, still be considered American by the U.S. tax authorities?
If you were born in the United States and/or hold a U.S. passport or green card, you will be considered an American for tax filing purposes in the United States.
In fact, there are numerous scenarios under which one would be considered a resident for tax purposes in the United States, even if they do not live in the U.S. or do not spend much time there:
 - A person born in the United States and/or holding a U.S. passport
 - A person possessing a U.S. green card
 - A person with at least one parent who is a U.S. citizen
By U.S. Department of State estimates, there are nearly 9 million Americans living overseas. Normally, this would not be an issue, because most countries do not tax based on citizenship. However, the United States taxes its citizens globally, which means, if one is considered a U.S. person, they must file income taxes reporting their worldwide income, and, in some scenarios, also file estate and gift tax returns.
What's more, a person considered a U.S. tax resident must also report ownership of their foreign bank accounts and pension accounts, not to mention any ownership in foreign corporations that is greater than 10 percent of the entity, as well as ownership of foreign mutual funds, among other reporting requirements.
To further complicate matters, many people who may be considered U.S. persons for tax purposes and have U.S. tax filing obligations will need to obtain a tax identification number in order to file a tax return. Obtaining a tax ID number such as a Social Security number or individual tax identification number (ITIN) requires documentation (such as a birth certificate) to be provided and special forms to be submitted along with their tax return. For someone living outside the United States, this may be a challenge, as they may need to submit a Form W-7 to obtain a tax ID number with an acceptance agent certified by the Internal Revenue Service (IRS). To date, there are no more than a handful of acceptance agents in the entire country of Australia, for instance, so even doing this presents challenges.
Given that these challenges exist, what if one finds out they have a U.S. tax filing obligation but does nothing about it? What are some of the penalties associated with non-compliance in U.S. tax matters? In addition to the failure-to-file penalty (which occurs when one does not file a tax return or files a late tax return), failure-to-pay penalty (which occurs when one files a tax return but does not pay the tax owed on a timely basis), and interest charged on the amount of tax owed, there are numerous penalties associated with not reporting foreign assets, such as bank accounts.
For instance, if the non-compliance is deemed non-willful, the penalty for not filing a Form FinCEN 114 (also colloquially known as the FBAR) to report foreign bank accounts can be $10,000 per year per account. If the non-compliance is deemed willful, the penalty can be up to 50 percent of the account balance. If the non-compliance is deemed to be a criminal rather than a civil case, the penalty can be up to $250,000 and 5 years in prison. Further, as part of the Foreign Account Tax Compliance Act (FATCA), foreign financial institutions are required to share with the IRS information on their American clients, or face penalties themselves.
Therefore, if you were born in the United States, even if you do not live there or have never lived there, but you have not filed a U.S. tax return, you may currently have a tax filing obligation. Further, you may also have a potential filing obligation if at least one of your parents is American and they hold assets such as property, or they have gifted a certain amount of money or property to you.
In these sorts of scenarios, you may very well be in non-compliance with U.S. tax obligations and will likely require the assistance of a professional well-versed with helping Americans get back on track with their tax filing obligations while minimizing or eliminating any risk exposure and penalties.
If you are an accidental American, and you have not filed tax returns or reported foreign assets, you may currently be "off the grid", but you only have one shot at getting back on the grid. We recommend you engage the services of a qualified tax professional experienced in dealing with U.S. expat tax matters.
The Asena group of companies and its partner firms specialize in assisting U.S. taxpayers living overseas with their tax filing obligations in a professional, courteous, and kind manner. Please get in touch with us today for a no-obligation consultation to determine whether you may have U.S. tax filing obligations.


text:
The purpose of this report is to provide information concerning injury mortality among infants, children (ages 1-14) and adolescents (ages 15-19) in Arizona. The data for 1997 are placed in a temporal context by comparison with the data for the preceding ten years.
Data on the number and characteristics of injury deaths among Arizona residents 19 years old or younger were obtained from the death certificates filed with the Arizona Department of Health Services.
In this report, fatal injuries as the underlying cause of death are defined and coded according to ICD-9* in the following manner:
Population denominators for Arizona residents, used to calculate rates, are projections from the Population Statistics Unit in the Arizona Department of Economic Security (data for _PHONE_ and _PHONE_) and the U.S. Census Bureau (data for 1990 and data by ethnic group for 1997). Detailed population data by gender, age and county were unavailable for _PHONE_. In order to obtain the population denominators for these two years, the 1990 percentages of population breakdowns (or census shares) were applied to 1991 and 1992 total state or county population estimates published by the DES.
Office of Epidemiology and Statistics
Bureau of Public Health Statistics
Arizona Department of Health Services
Phone: _PHONE_
FAX: _PHONE_

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


Internet Radio
Last Updated: December 9, 2016
Definition - What does Internet Radio mean?
Internet radio is an audio service that uses the Internet as a distribution medium of broadcasting instead of the traditional radio waves. The proper term used for internet radio is webcasting, as it is not actually broadcast through wireless signals. It is a form of streaming media where content is usually provided live instead of being prerecorded like some podcasts.
Techopedia explains Internet Radio
Internet radio refers to audio services that are transmitted via the Internet. Most are associated with a traditional radio station that simply streams its content over the internet in simulcast with traditional radio signals.
Other internet radio stations are independent. The beauty of internet radio is that it has a global reach. Anyone, anywhere with a PC, mobile device and web browser can to connect to an internet radio station.
Internet radio may also refer to standalone devices that connect to the internet via Wi-Fi or a local area network (LAN) in order to stream Internet radio audio services. These devices are usually shaped like traditional FM radios for nostalgia, while some manufacturers use a modern design approach.
Share this:


text:
Grammar 101: Discrete and DiscreetApril 10th, 2009 by Michael Kwan
For many of these Grammar 101 posts, I've focused on the confusion between a pair of seemingly similar words, like compliment and complement. Today, we're doing that again by discussing the difference between discrete and discreet. In terms of spelling, the only difference is that the final two letters are transposed. In terms of meaning, the words are worlds apart.
Discrete is defined as being a separate entity or part. A discrete element is distinctly separated from the other elements. The American flag is composed of three discrete colors: red, white, and blue. These three colors are completely separate and independent. The colors of the rainbow, by contrast, are not quite discrete, because they blend into one another. They are not distinctly independent and separated from one another.
Discreet, by contrast, refers to a respect for privacy or secrecy. Some definitions will say that it also refers to modesty or prudence, but more widespread usage refers to keeping something private. If you are telling your friend to keep a secret, you are telling him to keep that piece of information discreet. Alternatively, you could think of something as being "discreet" if it is meant to not draw too much attention. It lurks in the shadows or blends into the background. Dennis Rodman, for instance, is anything but discreet.
A great way to remember the difference between discrete and discreet? With the former, the two Es are separated from one another by the T. The two Es are discrete and distinctly separate from one another. With discreet, the T is pushed to the end of the word, as if it is a secret lurking in the shadows.
Don't be discreet with your good grammar. Be discretely better.
Filed under Freelance Writing.


© PressTV
People walk on an island that that rose from the sea just off Pakistan's southern coast following Tuesday's earthquake on September 25, 2013.
A new island that rose from the sea just off Pakistan's southern coast following Tuesday's earthquake is emitting methane gas.
The 7.7-magnitude quake, which killed at least 328 people, occurred on Tuesday at 4:29 p.m. local time (1129 GMT). Its epicenter was 20 kilometers below ground in the Awaran district of southwestern Balochistan province, which borders Iran.
The powerful quake caused the seabed to rise and create a new island about 600 meters off the South Asian country's Gwadar coastline in the Arabian Sea.
A man living near the coastline sent a text message to local journalist Bahram Baloch, saying "a hill has appeared outside my house."
On Wednesday morning, Baloch and some of his friends visited the island and took photographs.
"It's an oval shaped island which is about 250 to 300 feet (76-91 meters) in length, and about 60 to 70 feet (18-21 meters) above the water," he said
Baloch and his friends put a match to the fissures from where methane was emitting, and set it on fire.
Muhammad Danish, a marine biologist from Pakistan's National Institute of Oceanography, said a team of experts landed on the island on Wednesday and found methane gas coming out.
Rashid Tabrez, the director general of National Institute of Oceanography, said, "The seabed near the Makran coast has vast deposits of gas hydrates, or frozen gas having a large methane content."
"These deposits lay compressed under a sediment bed that is 300 meters to 800 meters thick," he added.
"When the plates along the fault-lines move, they create heat and the expanding gas blasts through the fissures in the earth's crust, propelling the entire sea floor to the surface," Tabrez explained.
He also said that the island that emerged near Gwadar is the fourth in this region since 1945.


text:
Health Benefits Of Eating Ice Cream
1. It Is Loaded With Vitamins
Because ice cream contains milk and milk solids, it provides the body with vitamin D, vitamin A, calcium, phosphorus, and riboflavin when consumed.
It Is Loaded With Vitamins
Dark chocolate ice cream, for instance, is loaded with antioxidants and flavonoids, which help lower bad cholesterol and promote heart health.
2. It Gives You Energy
If you are curious as to why ice cream is healthy, it is because it provides immediate energy.
It Gives You Energy
Therefore, the next time you are feeling fatigued, take a scoop of ice cream and enjoy it.
3. It Helps Boost Your Immunity
No, it is not odd because ice cream can truly have such a negative effect on your health.
It Helps Boost Your Immunity
If you have a healthier respiratory system and digestive tract, your immunity will eventually improve.
4. It Helps in Stimulating Your Brain
Eating ice cream can stimulate the brain and increase intelligence.
It Helps in Stimulating Your Brain
According to one study, individuals who consume ice cream in the morning are more alert than those who do not.
5. It Helps in Strengthening Your Bones
Calcium is one of the most essential minerals for maintaining bone health in the human body.
It Helps in Strengthening Your Bones
Calcium-rich ice cream can be incorporated into a diet to fulfill calcium needs.
6. It Makes You Happier
Feeling down or depressed? Grab a spoon and dig into your favorite ice cream flavor, because consuming ice cream can actually improve your mood.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


text:
The Kashaya Pomo name for tanoak means "beautiful tree" (Goodrich et al. 1990). Tanoak is an attractive tree that is shade tolerant.
Tanoak can be easily propagated by seed. Use only fresh seeds, as the seeds do not retain viablity. The seeds of tanoak require no pretreatment and germinate quickly. Tanoak acorns germinate faster if they are planted with their point facing upward in the soil (McMurray 1989). The seeds may be directly sown into the ground or planted into flats or pots using a light soil mixture or peat moss. If flats are used it is necessary to transfer the seeds into pots or the ground once they have germinated. Pots should be of the kind that are long and deep to allow for the taproot to develop. Set the seeds or seedlings into a carefully chosen spot keeping in mind that they can be long lived, with an average age of about 180 years and a maximum to 400 years. Seedlings do best in a moist area with partial shade. Do not plant in areas with frequent irrigation. Give seedlings an occasional deep watering until established.
No one has provided updates yet.


text:
Tentiform leafminers—Phyllonorycter spp.
Adult tentiform leafminers are small, golden brown moths with white bands or spots that give them a silvery
appearance when they fly in sunlight. Their hind wings are gray with long hairs on the margin. At rest,
wings are held like a roof over the body.
Damage is restricted to foliage. The upper side of the leaf takes on a light, spotted appearance, and
leaves may be puckered. Snakelike mines begin to become evident on the leaf. Severe infestations (twenty
mines per leaf) may cause defoliation.
Leafminers are generally not pests in organic apple or pear orchards or where IPM is practiced. Populations
are kept at low levels by several species of parasites. Occasional outbreaks of this insect occur, possibly
the result of the chemical disruption of their parasites. Treatment of backyard trees should not be necessary.
advanced leafminer infestation


text:
VERMONT DESIGN INSTITUTE
sustainable community development and problem-solving through holistic design and planning
DEFINITION OF THE TERM ECOLOGICAL DESIGN
By John Todd and Diane Gayer, April 20, 2010
Ecological Design, or ecomimetics, is an applied ecological science and holistic practice that is rooted in the precepts, principles, and dynamic systems inherent in ecosystems and evolutionary patterns and processes.
Ecological Design sees all systems as complex, adaptive systems, whether they contain human actors or not. Ecological Design therefore takes a systems approach. This perspective is essential if one hopes to reintegrate humans with the rest of nature and begin to heal the ecosystems we co-habit. Ecological Design employs transdisciplinary integration, cooperative energy, creative synthesis, and true participatory problem-solving to understand and resolve increasingly complex issues.
Ecological Design and engineering can be applied to a broad spectrum of activities including energy and fuel production, the cultivation of foods, waste treatment and conversion, landscape restoration and management, forestry and agro-ecosystems.
Ecological Design can be applied to architecture, community and urban design and planning. It can be used to create ecological industrial parks, including the manufacturing of new materials and products from natural systems. Ecological Design can assist in the formation of social and economic systems adapted to an emerging era of resource constraints and information richness.


text:
High-Intensity Ultrasound OK for Cesarean Scar Pregnancy
(HealthDay News) — High-intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) can play a role in treating cesarean scar pregnancy (CSP), according to a small study published in the October issue of the American Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology.
Juhua Xiao, MD, from the Jiangxi Maternal and Child Health Hospital in Nanchang, China, and colleagues treated 16 patients with CSP with ultrasound-guided HIFU ablation. Disappearance of CSP mass, undetectable serum beta human chorionic gonadotropin, and no serious complications such as severe bleeding, uterine rupture, or hysterectomy were the criteria used to define successful treatment.
The researchers found that after 2–5 treatment sessions, the mean time for achieving undetectable serum beta human chorionic gonadotropin was 4.94 weeks, and the mean time for CSP mass disappearance was 6.69 weeks. In 1–2 days the moderate abdominal pain in three patients subsided, while nine patients experienced mild vaginal bleeding (<30mL) that resolved within 2–3 days. At follow-up, all 16 patients had recovered their normal menstruation function.
"These preliminary results suggest that ultrasound-guided HIFU ablation is a noninvasive, feasible, and effective method for the treatment of CSP," the authors write.


text:
Learning from practice - A brief history of performance measurement
Measurement is in the realm of mathematics. It is about keeping track, about establishing dimensions. Some of the earliest measurement activities in human history track back to 35,000 B.C. (Lebombo bone) and 9,000-6,500 B.C. (Ishango bone). Researchers consider them the first measurement tools in human history used for measuring intervals of time.
The Salamis metrological relief, dating back to the 4th century B.C. is considered an important measurement tool for architecture, as it illustrates the correlation between the different measuring systems used in Ancient Greece: Doric, Ionic and Common. This unification facilitated the construction of one of the symbols of civilization: the Parthenon, incorporating beauty, science and art.
In a business, measuring is linked to the use of money and can be traced back to Mesopotamia, where writing was first invented (3100 BC), banking was first developed (3000-2000 BC), and laws were first used to regulate banking operations (1792 – 1750 BC, The Code of Hammurabi).
Standards around measurement in a business environment are owed to the Venetians, who evaluated the performance of their sailing expeditions by calculating the difference between the investment made by the ship owner and the money obtained by selling the goods brought back by the journey. Venice merchant's need for a more elaborate approach to evaluating outcomes lead to double-entry bookkeeping system, described by Luca Pacioli's: 'Summa de arithmetica, geometrica, proportioni et proportionalita' ('Everything on arithmetic, geometry, proportions and proportionality'), published in Venice in 1494. While Pacioli is considered today the "father of accounting", the emergence of the discipline represents one of the earliest illustrations of learning from practice.
From this point on, the evolution of measurement in business was driven by three institutions: church, military and the public service, at both organizational and individual level. In mid 1500s, Ignatius Layola instituted a procedure to formally rate members of the Jesuit Society. In 1648 Dublin Evening Post in Ireland evaluated legislators by using a rating scale based upon personal qualities. Most Western armies did appraisals as early as the 19th century.
One of the earliest books on performance measurement that used used the term "measure" in the context of evaluating performance is: Efficient Democracy, by William Harvey Allen. It was written in 1907, not before the age of management consultants, business schools and strategy gurus. Allen was a practitioner, secretary of the Committee on Physical Welfare of School Children and General Agent of the New York Association for Improving the Condition of the Poor. He wrote on education, healthcare and philanthropy.
In _PHONE_ DuPont started using Return on Investment as a performance measure, one in a long series of business and technology innovations that emerged from the company.
In 1951, General Electric introduced the use of key corporate performance measure, through an initiative commissioned by the then CEO, Ralph Cordiner. The selected measures were grouped in categories such as market share, productivity, employee attitudes and public responsibility.
In the 1970s, General Motors used a system of performance measures that included non-financial indicators, considered a precursor of the Balanced Scorecard as measurement tool as introduced in 1992.
In the 1990s, performance measures use gained in popularity across a variety of sectors, most importantly in government. Not all implementations of performance management systems were smooth sailing and sometimes they generated more harm than good. However, both good and bad experiences contributed to making more informed decisions about the use of measures by learning from practice.
Where does all this history lead us? Practice has lead the emergence of management concepts and not the other way around. The use of performance measures has evolved organically over time, consultants being facilitators and enabler of better results, but not drivers.
Regarding the popularity of performance measurement terminology, as of August 2010, _URL_ searches illustrated the following results:
- "kpi" = 9,670,000 results
- "kpis" = 3,480,000 results
- "key performance indicator" = 215,000 results
- "key performance indicators" = 1,190,000 results
- "performance measure" = 1,150,000 results
- "performance measures" = 2,180,000 results
Ultimately, as Protagoras of Abdera said in Ancient Greece:"Man is the measure of all things."
Stay smart! Enjoy smartKPIs.com!


text:
The archives of the Museum of English Rural Life are the leading resource for anyone studying the history of British agriculture, the countryside and rural society.
Caring for millions of individual documents, photographs and volumes, we are an Accredited Archive Service and a Place of Deposit for Public Records. The MERL Collections as a whole are Designated as outstanding by Arts Council England.
These include substantial archives of agricultural engineering firms such as Ransomes, seed producers such as Suttons, and trade literature. The records of many landscape architecture businesses are also in our collections.
Records of organisations / societies
Our records of hundreds of individual farms across the UK, recording day to day farming routine, date back to the 17th century. There are particular strengths in smaller farms, the southern parts of England and the period after 1850. We hold the records of some larger estates such as the Wellington Estate in Hampshire.
In addition to the above, we hold collections of documents – large and small – relating to rural crafts, research and innovation, and individuals from authors to collectors. Examples include the memoirs of children evacuated to the countryside during the Second World War; research papers of scientists Hugh Macdonald Sinclair and R.G. Stapledon, and the historian W.E. Tate; and documents from the author H.E. Bates and the poultry expert David Scrivener.
Photographic and film collections
With more than a million images and hundreds of motion picture films, we are one of Britain's largest specialist sources for images and footage of farming and rural life.
- Search the collection via the catalogue
- This collection for consultation via the Reading Room
- Please contact us about your research.
- For digital access services see: _URL_


text:
Estimated reading time: 6 minutes
Ear piercing in infants has been a cultural practice for centuries, with proponents and opponents expressing varying views on its appropriateness. The decision to pierce a baby's ears is deeply personal and often influenced by cultural, religious, and familial factors. Let's explore the different perspectives on piercing babies' ears. Providing a well-rounded understanding of the debate and the ethics of baby ear piercing.
Cultural and Familial Traditions:
Many families view ear piercing as a cultural or familial tradition, often passed down through generations. In some cultures, piercing a baby's ears is seen as a rite of passage or a symbol of cultural identity. Families that hold these beliefs may choose to pierce their infants' ears shortly after birth as a way of honouring their heritage. Other cultures wait until much later as having your ears pierced is considered a more adult thing. In the UK, many parents will take their children to get pierced at the end of year 6.
Respect for cultural diversity and sensitivity to cultural practices are important considerations in discussions about baby ear piercing. For many communities, ear piercing holds cultural significance and is deeply ingrained in traditions and customs. Criticising or condemning these practices without understanding their cultural context can be perceived as ethnocentric or culturally insensitive.
Religious beliefs can significantly impact the decision to pierce a baby's ears. Some religious traditions have specific rituals or ceremonies associated with ear piercing. Others may discourage or prohibit the practice altogether. Families often consult religious leaders and adhere to specific guidelines within their faith when deciding whether or not to pierce their baby's ears. When we have a family that comes as part of their religious beliefs, we need be informed ahead of time. We can then then comply on the piercing day with the correct ear piercing process.
Ethical Concerns of Baby Ear Piercing:
On the opposing side of the debate, there are medical and ethical concerns associated with piercing infants' ears. Critics argue that subjecting a baby to the pain and potential risks of infection is unnecessary. We practice painless ear piercing in our clinic.
Infants may not have the ability to consent to the procedure, raising ethical questions about bodily autonomy. Some healthcare professionals recommend waiting until a child is old enough to express their own desire for ear piercing. Allowing them to participate in the decision-making process.
We are of the opinion that once a child is old enough to communicate their feelings, they need to be prioritised in the decision making process. You can read our negative reviews that we "don't know what we're doing" because we have shown parents the door when the child made it clear they didn't want to have their ears pierced. We are ok with that, in fact, proud!
Parental Autonomy vs. Child Autonomy:
One of the central ethical dilemmas surrounding baby ear piercing is the tension between parental autonomy and child autonomy. Parents have the legal authority to make decisions on behalf of their children, including decisions about their appearance. However, some argue that children should have the right to bodily autonomy and self-determination, which includes the right to decide whether or not to undergo cosmetic procedures like ear piercing.
Waiting until the child is old enough to consent:
Whilst this sounds like a good idea on the surface, we also need to be aware of the downside of leaving it until the child is older. We see children with a huge amount of anxiety coming in for ear piercing. This anxiety primarily comes from her school friends telling her how "painful" it was, how they "nearly died" from the pain and could not "sleep for days" post the piercing. By the time they get to Lorena they're are an axious mess. They don't believe when she promises that it will be pain free and the next hour is full of dread and anxiety. Not to mention the emotional build up the day.
Also, we need to consider that the older the child gets the higher the chances of complications such as infections. Parent's tend to be under the impression that an older child can look after their piercing. Please consider the general state of the average 13 year old's bedroom before placing this responsibility on their child. Lorena is passionate about this point and she equates it to a parent finally allowing a child to have a pet but only if she agrees to do 100% of the care of that pet. In other words, setting up the child to fail…because…she's…a child…unable to keep her promise.
Teens face a different type of problem. Having waited so long to have their ears pierced they want to change their earrings as soon as possible. Ensuring an infection to the area. Sometimes they will exchange earrings with their friends at school straight from one ear to the other. Every single time that we have had a complication with one of our piercings (because we want to know immediately and see you if something goes wrong regardless of how much time has passed) the child has walked in with a different, and/or dirty earring on.
Practical and Medical Considerations of the ethics of Baby Ear Piercing:
Practical considerations, such as hygiene and aftercare, also play a role in the debate. Infants require meticulous care to prevent infection, and parents must commit to cleaning the pierced ears regularly.
Additionally, concerns about potential allergic reactions to certain metals used in earrings may influence the decision-making process. What we do know is that infections among infants are rare whilst on older children the infection rate is as much as 50%. This is because parents do the aftercare rather than leave it to an older child. Also, infants tend to not play with their ears therefore keeping bacteria at bay.
In case of infections, antibiotics is the only way to fight the infection. The ear is an area of the body that doesn't fight off infection on it's own so a prescription from your doctor is the only way to fight it.
The Importance of Informed Consent:
One common thread in the discussion is the importance of informed consent. Regardless of cultural, religious, or familial traditions, advocates for waiting until a child can express their own wishes argue that individual autonomy should be respected.
Allowing the child to participate in the decision-making process when they are older may foster a sense of ownership over their body. Cultures that pierce as an infant argue that it's only one of many decisions that the parents make for this children. Doing it young has huge benefits with future possible complications. We have made the decision to not pierce a child that says NO or shows signs of fear.
Making the decision to pierce your baby or not:
The debate surrounding ear piercing in infants is nuanced and multi-faceted. Cultural, religious, and familial traditions often clash with medical and ethical considerations. Ultimately, the decision to pierce a baby's ears is a personal one that falls on the parent. It should be made with careful thought and consideration of the child's well-being. As societal perspectives evolve, conversations around informed consent and bodily autonomy will likely continue to shape the way we approach this age-old practice. Ultimately, this is a personal decision made by the child's family. Along with the piercer's responsibility to have the child's best interest at heart. Sadly, we have seen in our practice that some parents have other priorities above their child's.
We take ear piercing very seriously. We use numbing cream to make the child have a pain free procedure that both parents and child can enjoy. You can call us on 0800 _PHONE_ and you can book online HERE. You can book a free video consultation if you wish to speak to Lorena directly.


text:
NURS 451 Resilience-Oriented Assessments – Assignment SolutionYou have explored different resilience-oriented assessments and interventions that can be used once the assessments have been completed. In this Assignment, you will have the opportunity to develop a fictional case study and then use a specific resilience-oriented assessment, a relational genogram, to map the relationships of the fictional family and then identify evidence-based interventions that can be used with either individuals or the family unit in the fictional case study. Please respond to the following:
- Develop a fictional case study that details a specific crisis event. The case study must include information about family relationships.
- The interventions can be either for a specific individual presented in the case study or the family unit as a whole. You can also identify one individual intervention and one family intervention. Be sure you clearly indicate if the intervention is for a specific individual or for the family as a whole.
- Evaluate the success of the interventions using empirical support (results of research studies on each intervention discussed above).


text:
"A subject dead is not worth presenting": Cromwell, the Past, and the Haunting of Thomas Carlyle
This essay examines Thomas Carlyle's painful struggle to write a book on Oliver Cromwell and the Puritan era in the years 1838 to 1845, and seeks to discover why this otherwise prolific author found it so difficult to produce a history of the man who occupied the central place in his pantheon of heroes. It does so by examining his metaphoric conception of the past as a body that could, if treated correctly by the historian, be presented "alive" rather than "dead," and his feeling that the past and the voices of its "dead heroes" were haunting him like ghosts. The metaphoric construction and progress of this haunting is explored using critical approaches derived from Jacques Derrida and Paul de Man. By placing Carlyle's crisis of authorship in conversation with these thinkers, I attempt to cast a new light on his relationship to the past and his sense of the difficulties involved in giving voice to the dead. It was only through a subjugation of his own authorial voice to that of his dead subject that Carlyle was able to bring an end to the haunting that had threatened to silence him in the early 1840s.
Copyright © Université de Montréal, 2013


Tech firm helps district with computer lessons
2013-02-13T00:00:00Z Tech firm helps district with computer lessonsJamar Younger Arizona Daily Star Arizona Daily Star
February 13, 2013 12:00 am •
Ava Bemer watched over her seventh-grade science class at Sierra Middle School early Thursday afternoon as the students completed an assignment on earthquakes.
The class was mostly quiet as the students studied the difference between a seismograph and a seismometer, and attempted to describe what "magnitude" is.
Instead of flipping through textbook pages to find the answers, however, the students watched a video and viewed images on their individual laptop computers before completing the assignment.
The videos, images and accompanying text are the result of a partnership between the Sunnyside Unified School District and Discovery Education, which provided digital textbooks and an accompanying science curriculum to the school district.
Discovery Education, which is part of the media company that owns the Discovery Channel and Animal Planet, is pitching in to assist Sunnyside's latest effort to enhance its One-to-One computing program, which provides a laptop computer to a every one of the 8,500 district students in fourth through ninth grades.
Discovery Education continues to work with the district to develop its science, technology and math programs, after charging $58,000 for the digital textbook.
In this, the first year the district implemented the Discovery Education program, it is being used in sixththrough eighth-grade science classes, said Pam Betten, director of middle schools and the One-to-One program.
The district adopted the program because of Discovery's reputation as well as its focus on the new state-adopted Common Core standards, which are expected to better prepare students for college and careers by teaching them to think more critically.
"Unlike a traditional textbook, you can actually engage the students into seeing these science concepts in real time," said Steve Holmes, assistant superintendent for curriculum and instruction.
District officials still face many challenges with its technology, ranging from maintaining the equipment and online content to figuring out how the computers and programs can lead to better academic achievement.
"Of course we want the growth of the learning to show on tests. We also want to be able to capture how kids are beginning to think and what that looks like," Betten said.
Options for learning
In Bemer's class, students had different options for reviewing the lesson and answering the questions.
In addition to the video, the lesson includes photos, diagrams and captions that read aloud when students clicked on the paragraph.
The home page is similar to what's found in a college course, with an overview of the class along with previous and current assignments.
When students are done with a lesson, they click a "submit" button at the end of the assignment instead of leaving a piece of paper on the teacher's desk.
If students don't finish the assignment in class, Bemer allows them to finish the work and submit it from home.
When children complete a test, they receive their grades immediately.
"It shows kids where they did poorly," Bemer said. "It's easier for students to see how they're doing. They can go back and look at grades."
It's easier for Bemer to give students feedback on their work, she said.
Bemer does not view the program as a replacement for a textbook, but rather as a supplement that can help students, especially those with learning disabilities, she said.
Some of the students who use the program see advantages as well.
"It's much easier to use the website than using normal textbooks and having the teacher explain it," said seventh-grader Oscar Fuentes, 12.
Fuentes said seeing the videos and images helps him remember the lessons better than just reading the information in a textbook.
"Once I see the videos and diagrams, it gets stuck in my head," he said.
For seventh-grader Julissa Reyes, the program allows her to better understand the class assignments, she said.
"I like that it's really organized," said Reyes, 13.
Ongoing challenges
Although district officials, teachers and students have benefited from the increased technology, there are still challenges associated with relying on computers and the Internet.
"It's cool, but it's presented new challenges for us," said Holmes, the assistant superintendent. "Like what happens when one breaks? How do we take care of them?
"Unlike a textbook, where a page gets ripped out and you can figure it out. If you break your computer, we have to go through a whole series of troubleshooting."
Teachers have also had to learn how to teach in a classroom where usually every student has his or her own computer with Internet access. Bemer described the changes as an "evolution in classroom management."
"It's keeping them on focus. We've learned how to spot the kids on the wrong websites," she said.
One of the bigger challenges will involve using the increased technology and online curriculum to improve academic results in the district, which received a C grade from the state department of education in 2011-12.
Sunnyside started giving laptops to students in fifth grade three years ago and has added grades each year since, Betten said.
The district is making the transition to the Common Core standards, along with the new Partnership for Assessment of Readiness for College and Careers (PARCC) assessment.
The state will phase out the AIMS graduation test by 2017. Students will be evaluated using the PARCC assessment in 2015, while the Common Core standards will be fully implemented next year.
On StarNet: Find education-related resources and special reports at
Follow the Arizona Daily Star
Featured businesses
View more...
Deals, offers & events
View more...
Event Calendar
Today's events | Add an event
Most viewed:


text:
Abraham and Coprius of Gryazovets
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
They were born in Russia, and built the monastery of Gryazovets, near Vologda, around 1492, on the banks of Petshenga River. Their feast day is celebrated on February 4 in the Russian Orthodox Church.
- Holweck, F. G. A Biographical Dictionary of the Saints. St. Louis, MO: B. Herder Book Co. 1924.
|This article about a saint is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.|


text:
- Do plants need salt?
- Is salt bad for soil?
- Is Fruit dead or alive?
- What are 5 non-living things?
- What are 10 living things?
- Can humans eat non-living things?
- Is salt the only non-living thing we eat?
- Is onion living or nonliving?
- What are 5 living things?
- Are dead leaves living things?
- Is salt water living or nonliving?
- Which things are nonliving?
- Does salt kill slugs?
- Does Salt Kill Grass?
- Is an apple dead or alive?
- Is everything we eat living?
- Is hair a living thing?
- Is water living or non-living?
- Is Sun a living thing?
- Why is a car not alive?
- Are bananas living or nonliving?
Do plants need salt?
Salt's Effect on Plants Salt is a very common substance in the soil as well in the sea.
Plants need a small amount of salinity to survive, since salt is one of the nutrients necessary for plants to grow, so the presence of some salt is necessary..
Is salt bad for soil?
In saline and saline-sodic soils, high concentrations of soluble salts reduce the amount of available water for plants to use. High levels of sodium can be toxic to certain plants. Also, the very high soil pH in high-salt soils greatly changes the nutrients available to the plants.
Is Fruit dead or alive?
The fruits and vegetables we buy in the grocery store are actually still alive, and it matters to them what time of day it is. … "Vegetables and fruits don't die the moment they are harvested," said lead researcher Dr. Janet Braam, Professor of Biochemistry and Cell Biology at Rice University in Houston, Texas.
What are 5 non-living things?
Some examples of important nonliving things in an ecosystem are sunlight, temperature, water, air, wind, rocks, and soil. Living things grow, change, produce waste, reproduce, and die. Some examples of living things are organisms such as plants, animals, fungi, and bacteria.
What are 10 living things?
10 Living things: human being, plants, bacteria, insects, animals, lichens, reptiles, mammals, trees, mosses. Non-Living things: chair, table, books, bed, newspaper, clothes, bed sheets, curtains, bag, pen.
Can humans eat non-living things?
We — along with all other animals — are not autotrophs, but heterotrophs. This means that we cannot produce organic compounds by ourselves but need to 'reuse' the ones that are produced by autotrophic organisms. That's why no human will ever be able to live without consuming other life.
Is salt the only non-living thing we eat?
The most common one is, of course, salt, aka halite, which provides us with sodium and chloride. Some humans who are unable to obtain enough calcium, potassium, iron, etc. from once-living food also eat other mineral substances such as various kinds of clay, ground-up seashells.
Is onion living or nonliving?
Onions are loaded with cells so onions must be a living thing.
What are 5 living things?
Living things are divided into five kingdoms: animal, plant, fungi, protist and monera. Living things are divided into five kingdoms: animal, plant, fungi, protist and monera.
Are dead leaves living things?
A leaf that has fallen off a tree is dead, which also means not alive. This must mean dead leaves are non-living things. People need water to live, so water must be a living thing too.
Is salt water living or nonliving?
High Biodiversity. Salt water ecosystems are the most diverse repository of living things on the planet. They support nearly half of all Earth's current known species, with possibly up to a million more still to be discovered.
Which things are nonliving?
Non-living things cannot move by themselves. They respire and exchange of gases takes place in their cells. Non-living things do not respire. Example: Humans, animals, plants, insects.
Does salt kill slugs?
Many people suggest controlling slugs with salt. But salt will kill them, rather than simply control them. … Making a direct slug kill using salt will draw out the water from a slug's moist body, resulting in death by dehydration.
Does Salt Kill Grass?
Because salt not only inhibits grass growth but also kills grass in high doses, you can destroy unwanted grass, such as grass sprouting in driveway crevices, by dosing it with salt. It absorbs moisture, preventing it from reaching the roots of all types of plants, including grass.
Is an apple dead or alive?
After apples are picked, they are still alive – they continue to carry out the chemical processes of a living plant, more or less, as they take in oxygen, create energy, and get closer and closer to ripeness.
Is everything we eat living?
Everything else is a heterotroph and must eat autotrophs for food. We can get nutrition from substances that were not once an organism themselves (milk and honey), but everything we eat comes from living organisms. everything we eat that you count as food is based on plant matter.
Is hair a living thing?
Even though the hair you can see isn't made of living cells, your hair is very much a living thing. Taking care of your hair properly can make all the difference in helping your hair strands last longer and look healthier.
Is water living or non-living?
Living things need food to grow, they move, respire, reproduce, excrete wastes from the body, respond to stimuli in the environment and have a definite life span. Water, sun, moon and stars do not show any of the above characteristics of living things. Hence, they are non-living things.
Is Sun a living thing?
For young students things are 'living' if they move or grow; for example, the sun, wind, clouds and lightning are considered living because they change and move. Others think plants and certain animals are non-living.
Why is a car not alive?
A car is not a living thing because it does not fulfill some key characteristics that define living things. All living things are composed of cells. … A car is not composed of cells. All living things grow and develop over time.
Are bananas living or nonliving?
Fruits and vegetables when they are in plants they grow and hence they are called as living things. But once plucked from the plants or trees, they do not grow and hence they become a non-living things.


text:
709 City Hall
Buffalo, New York 14202
Welcome to the Buffalo Public Schools Budget Department website. Below is a summary of our main responsibilities:
- Manage the annual District Budget process beginning in November of each year and culminating in a Board Approved Balanced Budget during May.
- Administer the Board Approved Budget throughout the fiscal year including:
- Review and process all Budget Transfers.
- Review and process all Unbudgeted Requests.
- Review and process all Staffing changes.
- Monitor all General Fund Projects, including CSP (Community Schools), LEP, MAG and CFE, throughout the year.
- Establish annual amounts of Non Public allocations and monitor spending activity throughout the year.
- Monthly Reporting.
- State Aid and Revenue Maximization including:
- Supervise the processing and submission of all State Aid initial claims, through the SAMS and STAC systems, by September 30th each year.
- Review SIRS data that impacts State Aid prior to August submission deadlines.
- Audit prior year submissions and submit revised claims.
- Obtain reimbursement from other School Districts, Non Publics and Charters for all special education services provided by the District.
- Monitor monthly Medicaid submissions into Kinney System and review data prior to filing year-end report into the PCG system due December 31st.
- Charter Schools:
- There are currently 19 Charter Schools in the District, with over 9,000 Buffalo students attending these schools. The Budget Department is responsible for reviewing the bi-monthly Charter School invoices for accuracy, maintaining these student records in Infinite Campus, and performing annual attendance audits at the Charter Schools. The department is the primary liaison for the Charter Schools and the District.


text:
We have invited a special guest for this month's Freedom Toast Café. Chris Kozak from Climate Change Reality will talk about how climate change impacts our lives now and in the future and its relationship to human rights.
Let's discuss together the impact of climate change on human rights and what we can do to stop it.
We will provide English-language support if you need it, plus complimentary snacks and drinks, to create a friendly and relaxed atmosphere.
Learn about human rights, brush up your English, and connect with like-minded people.


PHP-5 DomDocument: Creating a Basic XML
DomDocument is a powerful library of PHP-5 to create XML. In this article, I will try to explain the basics of DomDocument and then will create a couple of simple XML files.
First, lets have a look at a simple XML file:
Taken from W3C's example:
 Don't forget me this weekend!
We see an XML version and character encoding at the first line, followed by XML Tags/Elements. I am going to create the above XML using DomDocument
In PHP, at first let's create an instance of DomDocument and initialize it, and set its version and character encoding
// 1st param takes version and 2nd param takes encoding;
$dom = new DomDocument("1.0", "ISO-8859-1");
// it can also be set later, like below, if you decide not to declare at first line:
$dom->version = "1.0";
$dom->encoding = "ISO-8859-1";
To create a Node, the following method is used:
// OR
$dom->createElement('NODE_NAME', 'NODE_VALUE');
To set a node as a child node of another node:
$dom->appendChild( 'PREVIOUSLY_CREATED_NODE' );
Now, we are going to create Nodes:
// we create a XML Node and store it in a variable called noteElem;
$noteElem = $dom->createElement('note');
// createElement takes 2 param also, with 1st param takes the node Name, and 2nd param is node Value
$toElem = $dom->createElement('to', 'Tove');
// now, we add $toElem as a child of $noteElem
$noteElem->appendChild( $toElem );
//we don't need to create a new variable for each node, we can do the following to quicken the steps:
$noteElem->appendChild ( $dom->createElement('from', 'Jani') );
$noteElem->appendChild ( $dom->createElement('heading', 'Reminder') );
$noteElem->appendChild ( $dom->createElement('desc', 'Dont forget me this weekend!') );
So, $noteElem, now has all its child added properly. So we add $noteElem to $dom and then we can save it as File or output as XML like below:
// add $noteElem to the main dom
$dom->appendChild( $noteElem );
// $dom has entire XML, but, it's not clearly formatted, i.e there's no space or new lines in between tags, so I do this:
$dom->formatOutput = true; // this adds spaces, new lines and makes the XML more readable format.
// now $dom has all the entire XML properly, we can output it like below,
$xmlString = $dom->saveXML(); // $xmlString contains the entire String
// or we can save it as XML
$dom->save('filename.xml'); // returns true/false upon failure or success
The above was a very simple XML, with no Attributes or CDATA/PCDATA on any element, so, lets say we have the following XML below:

 SCJP 1.5

To set Attribute of any Element, use:
$dom->setAttribute('name', 'value');
To create a CDATA, use:
$dom->createCDATASection('The CData for the Node');
Below, I will create the above XML
$library = $dom->createElement('library');
//1st item
$bookElem = $dom->createElement('book');
// set it's attribute
$bookElem->setAttribute('isbn', '781');
$bookElem->appendChild( $dom->createElement('name', 'SCJP 1.5') );
//create infoElement and append a CDATA as its child
$infoElem = $dom->createElement('info');
$infoElem->appendChid( $dom->createCDATASection('Sun Certified Java Programmer book') );
$bookElem->appendChild( $infoElem );
$library->appendChild( $bookElem );
$dom->appendChild( $library );
$xmlData = $dom->saveXML();
Sometimes you may want to have comments in an XML, use:
$dom->createComment('some comment data');
I think thats about it. One important thing to know that DomDocument can be used to create HTML files. It have several functions like saveHTML, please read the PHP 5's official Documentation to know more.


text:
|dc.description.abstract||This dissertation proposes a strategy for training indigenous youth ministers in Singapore as a means to reach and disciple Singaporean youth. Chapter 1 defines the problem of Singaporean Baptist youth ministry and argues that current needs could be met by training indigenous youth ministers.
Chapter 2 provides the historical and cultural background of Singapore. The characteristics of the church in general, as well as the Baptist church specifically, are explored. Chapter 3 analyzes the major global changes currently directing the shape of youth cultures worldwide. I assert that, in the same way that Singaporean youth are greatly influenced by the practices and lifestyles of the indigenous adults, they are also affected by ubiquitous global forces.
Chapter 4 is entirely focused on youth culture in the Singaporean context. Singaporean youth culture is compared and contrasted with characteristics of both global youth culture and indigenous adult culture. Chapter 5 explores the history of youth ministry in Singapore. There is consideration of both church-based and parachurch youth ministries. The Baptist church's missed opportunities to reach out to youth and their current desire to take the necessary steps for student evangelism are highlighted.
Chapter 6 proposes the missiological principles necessary for the justification of a cross-cultural youth ministry training program. Subjects discussed include the use of buildings, the strategy of multiplication, problems of dependence upon foreign leadership, and the importance of implementing a cross-cultural approach to reach youth.
Chapter 7 proposes specific strategies to train indigenous youth ministers in Singapore on an informal basis. After the strategies of Youth Ministry International and Sonlife are examined, specific methods of informal training through the Singapore Baptist Convention are discussed.
In chapter 8, I present a model of formal training that could be established at the Baptist Theological Seminary of Singapore. The model includes mandatory internships and a list of classes necessary to make up an undergraduate youth ministry major. Chapter 9 contains the conclusion of the dissertation.||en_US


text:
ACEC Texas Awards Gold Medal to LAN for SARA Water Quality Modeling Tool Development Project
December 11, 2015
(HOUSTON – Dec. 10, 2015) The American Council of Engineering Companies (ACEC) Texas awarded civil engineering firm Lockwood, Andrews & Newnam, Inc. (LAN) a gold medal for its work on the San Antonio River Authority (SARA) Water Quality Modeling Tool Development project. The award, given under the Studies, Research and Consulting Engineering Services category, will be presented during the ACEC Texas Engineering Excellence Awards Gala at the La Cantera Resort in San Antonio on March 21, 2016.
The Engineering Excellence Awards Competition has been held by the American Council of Engineering Companies of Texas since its inception in 1975 to honor and recognize outstanding achievements within the engineering community. A panel of judges around the state select projects based on innovation, future value to the engineering profession, social and economic considerations, complexity and exceeding the client's needs.
In recent years, selection and implementation of Best Management Practices (BMPs) and low-impact development (LID) strategies to address urban runoff pollution have become important components of holistic watershed master planning and stormwater management. However, these strategies have been limited to qualitative planning due to the lack of suitable tools to conduct quantitative assessment. As a result, the effectiveness of the BMP/LID practices could only rely on follow-up long-term monitoring to verify, and there is in general a lack of planning effort prior to implementing BMPs or LID.
To help address these issues and support compliance with increasing water quality regulations, professional engineers with SARA, LAN and software developers with AQUA TERRA Consultants created a number of innovative water quality modeling tools to allow quantitative water quality master planning and BMP/LID prioritization for three major water sheds in the San Antonio River Basin: Salado Creek, Leon Creek, and Upper San Antonio River watersheds.
Under the sponsorship and direction of SARA, the LAN team conducted the following main tasks:
- Authored a "SARA Water Quality Modeling Standards" document to ensure consistency in the development, calibration, and validation of water quality models;
- Developed and calibrated dynamic water quality models to identify impaired water bodies (locations, timing, and constituents);
- Developed and tested a SARA Load Reduction Tool to determine percent load reductions needed to achieve selected screening levels for each of the modeled constituents on a sub-basin basis;
- Developed and tested a SARA Enhanced BMP Tool to determine the optimal (minimal cost) combination of the types and numbers of BMPs and LID units needed to achieve the required load reductions.
"The models and tools developed are on the cutting edge of the water quality modeling profession nationwide," said Dr. Yu-Chun Su, Environmental and Water Resources Engineering technical director for LAN. "These tools provide water authorities and stormwater professionals around the country a new and more effective way to address water quality issues in their communities."
Using these SARA models and tools, water quality agencies and stormwater professionals can now determine the optimal combinations of BMPs/LID to accomplish their goals and save substantial stormwater infrastructure and management costs.
Furthermore, the results from these models could potentially help the Environmental Protection Agency and state agencies to determine BMPs/LID needed to delist many impaired water bodies around the country (or if delisting is possible or not using BMPs/LID strategies alone).
In the long run, applying these models and tools will enable water authorities and stormwater professionals to effectively manage stormwater runoffs as close as possible to the source, thereby creating more sustainable watersheds, improving public health and quality of life, enhancing natural habitats, supporting public recreation as well as boosting the local economy.


text:
Publication Date: November 25, 2011
Source: Ivey Publishing
The marketing manager for Canadian Blood Services (CBS) is concerned about a growing demand for blood - 2 per cent per year - driven by a number of factors, including the decrease of wait times in local hospitals, new operating procedures and increased use or requirements of an aging population. Peak demand seasons coincide with low supply seasons, such as summer and winter holidays. Two issues require attention: the first involves increasing the absolute number of donors, currently in the 400,000 range. Indications are that the percentage of Canadians (four per cent) who donate blood is lower than other countries such as Sweden (five per cent). The second need is to retain more donors and increase the number of donations per donor, per year. The CBS still faces issues stemming from the tainted blood scandal of the 1980s and the subsequent Krever inquiry. They are working to rebuild the trust of the public. The crux of the issue is understanding consumer behaviour toward blood donation. The manager needs to understand the consumer decision process, examine segments, determine a target segment and develop communications to increase both the absolute number of donors and the repeat donations of identified donors.


text:
Mountaintops, like Mount Dana in Yosemite National Park, have extreme conditions of cold and wind. The mountaintops are isolated from one another and so create a small island of favorable conditions for some plants.
Why It Matters
- Yosemite has high flat plateaus at around 12,000 feet elevation. The plateaus stuck up while glaciers carved around them.
- On these rocky plateaus are plants that grow nowhere else. They are endemic to these high altitude environments.
- Animals can be found up this high too but they are rare. Some, like the marmot, hibernate during the long winters.
Explore More/Show What You Know/Can You Apply It?
With the link below, learn more about sky islands. Then answer the following questions.
- Yosemite National Park, Yosemite Nature Notes – 16 – Sky Islands (video): _URL_
- Why are the locations discussed in the video called sky islands?
- As you move up in altitude along the Tioga Road in Yosemite, what happens to the vegetation?
- What characteristics of the plants in the sky islands are the scientists putting in their inventory?
- What is the long-term goal of this type of study? Why are scientists interested in doing studies like this long-term?
- As climate warms, what will happen to these plants that live at the tops of mountains?
- How much biodiversity is found in sky islands in Yosemite National Park?


text:
[The Leaven – exploring the relationship between science and religion (cont)]
The Jewish word for leaven is chametz. This is not normally thought to be yeast but naturally fermenting grain, particularly wheat, barley, rye, spelt or oats. In this respect, wine being fermented from grapes would not be considered leavened but beer probably would, as it is likely to contain barley. Sour wine or vinegar was also likely to be considered leavened. The Hebrew for vinegar is chometz meaning sour. This is almost the same as the word chametz which is probably derived from a similar meaning. Vinegar is made by fermenting an alcoholic substance, such as wine, a second time with acetic acid bacteria to convert ethanol into acetic acid. Turning wine into vinegar can be avoided by excluding air from the process as these bacteria are predominately aerobic. It is likely that wine frequently turned to vinegar in the Biblical era as a consequence of contamination and therefore it was thought to simulate corruption in a similar way to leaven. It has been suggested that when the term chometz is used in the Bible it refers to both leaven and vinegar as they are both considered to be sour. The Hebrew word for wine was yayin derived from the word yaneh meaning to squeeze or press. Sour wine was usually referred to as chometz yayin or chometz yin.
It is believed that vinegar or sour wine was offered to Jesus before and after the crucifixion:
And when they were come unto a place called Golgotha, that is to say, the place of the skull, they gave him vinegar to drink mingled with gall: and when he had tasted thereof, he would not drink. They crucified him, and parted his garments, casting lots: that it might be fulfilled which was spoken by the prophet, they parted my garments among them, and upon my vesture did they cast lots. And sitting down they watched him there; And set up over his head his accusation written, THIS IS JESUS THE KING OF THE JEWS.
Golgotha was thought to be called the place of the skull because it was a hill that resembled a skull although it may have also been called this because it served as a place for executions. It was located at the entrance of Jerusalem. Some translations say that Jesus was offered vinegar while bearing the cross to Golgotha whereas others say it was wine containing gall. Gall was often referred to as anything that was bitter so it was more likely to be sour wine or vinegar. In his gospel, Matthew states that this was done to fulfil a prophecy. The particular prophecy that Matthew refers to is in the Old Testament. It describes the demeaning manner by which vinegar is offered to quench a thirst. The guards further demean Jesus by removing his clothing in order to share them between themselves. This is also predicted in a prophecy:
When I was hungry they gave me poison. When I was thirsty they offered me vinegar.
The gamble for my clothes and divide them among themselves.
In the Gospel according to John, Jesus drank vinegar just before he died whilst on the cross in order to fulfill the prophecy.
Later, knowing that everything had now been finished, and so that Scripture would be fulfilled, Jesus said, "I am thirsty." A jar of wine vinegar was there, so they soaked a sponge in it, put the sponge on a stalk of the hyssop plant, and lifted it to Jesus' lips. When he had received the drink, Jesus said, "It is finished." With that, he bowed his head and gave up his spirit.
It would seem that vinegar could be more likely to be viewed as a leavened drink than either wine or grape juice as it was synonymous with a corruptive influence in the same way as leaven.


Dog Ear Hematoma Popped – Diagnose & Treat it
Have you noticed a swelling or lump on the ear of your dog? You might be looking at something called a hematoma, also called an aural hematoma. A dog ear hematoma is a blood blister that forms on the inside of the ear flap, caused when a blood vessel bursts. Simple actions, like head shaking or ear scratching can cause hematoma in dogs when they already have an underlying issue, like an ear infection or skin problems, but usually they form after a knock or injury.
A canine's ears give them their lovely appearance – two triangles framing the face, sometimes pointy and long and in other dogs cute and floppy, but either way, they really add a bit of personality to the animal. But aside from being aesthetically pleasing, dogs' ears are vital to hearing and letting the dog manoeuvre its world with confidence.
Hematomas can occur in all types of dogs, but those with droopy ears are more likely to suffer from them.
What to do If Dog Ear Hematoma already Popped?
In case your Dog has scratched an already developed Hematoma and popped it, it should be cleaned thoroughly with hydrogen peroxide or alcohol using a sterile cloth/ cotton wool – afterwards it can be wrapped with gauze or even a plaster to avoid infections. It's very unlikely that a hematoma would pop on its own however.
It is tempting to try to treat a hematoma yourself, but that is not advised. If you aren't sure whether your dog's ear flap is swollen because of a hematoma or something else, read common symptoms below for a better diagnosis.
Is it dangerous If Dog's Ear Hematoma Popped?
In simple terms, Hematoma is an accumulated sack of fluid, In extremely rare chance that it might pop on it's own there is no real danger to your dog provided that the wound is thoroughly cleaned to avoid infection. Once the Hematoma "pops" the accumulated blood would come out draining itself, this should be cleaned and discarded. You should however call vet if there are any obvious signs of infections starting to appear after it has popped which can be extremely dangerous if left untreated.
What causes hematoma on dogs' ears?
If a blood vessel in the dog's ear bursts a hematoma can develop. As the vessel bleeds, the dog's ear may swell like a balloon, become heavy, warm and uncomfortable.
In treating the hematoma, it is important to understand the root cause. Burst blood vessels can be caused by a variety of factors, such as:
 - A knock or bump to the head/ear
 - Mites
 - Skin infection or irritation
 - Ear infection
Symptoms of a dog ear hematoma
Depending on the severity of the hematoma, your dog may or may not be acting differently to its usual self. Look out for the following symptoms to assess whether your pooch is suffering from dog ear hematoma:
 - A red, swollen ear flap that will be hot to the touch
 - The ear flap will be droopy or hang down at a slightly strange angle
 - Scratching of the ear
 - Tilting of the head
 - Head shaking
Treatment of dog ear hematoma
Dog hematoma treatment very much depends on the size and cause of the swelling. There are a few cases which warrant leaving the hematoma to heal on its own, but in any case, it is not a good idea to treat it yourself. Your vet can advise on the best course of action.
As well as resolving the hematoma itself, vets can address the underlying causes and prescribe to treat mites, or the irritated skin, for example, reducing the likelihood of future issues reoccurring.
If the hematoma is too large and complex to leave alone, the following options will be discussed:
 1. Draining
This is usually done using a syringe and needle, although in some cases an indwelling plastic drain is necessary. If the swelling refills, next steps will be surgery. In some cases, a drain with negative pressure is set up to constantly suck out any liquid. This helps also bring the separated layers together again. This technique is less invasive than full surgery and does not require a general anaesthetic. It is also fairly straightforward to perform.
 1. Surgery
Surgery involves making a slit in the ear flap to drain it before compressing it with stitches so it can't refill. General anaesthetic is needed, the procedure is more painful and the post-op recovery time is obviously a little longer. It is the best route for achieving a flat flap again though.
 1. Medication
Dog ear hematoma can be treated with anti-inflammatory medication. This reduces the swelling and eases the pain. If the underlying cause of the hematoma requires additional medication, the vet will prescribe that too.
If draining or surgery are the chosen route, your vet will supply a head cone to stop your pet from rubbing against the ear or causing further infection or damage to the area. The hematoma wound may continue to leak blood for a little while after treatment. If that worsens or lasts for longer than a couple of days you should contact your vet again.
Massaging the dog's ear helps the ear get back to normal quickly and is something the owner can easily do at home.
Less traditional methods of treatment for Dog hematoma
There are also alternative methods for treating dog ear hematoma. The following are probably not going to be prescribed by your vet, but that doesn't mean you might not want to consider them:
 - Holistic medicines
Homeopathic remedies, such as hypernicum and arnica, can be effective on smaller hematomas – those that take up one-fourth or less of the ear. But as time progresses, and the hematoma begins to clot and harden, homeopathy can be less effective.
 - Inclusion of steroids
Because eosinophils (a type of white blood cell) and mast cell infiltrations have been found in hematomas some experts speculate that hematoma blood blisters may partly be due to an allergic reaction. Little data has been found to support this theory, but in some cases prescribing steroids alongside the other treatments can help reduce inflammation and resolve the hematoma.
 - Leeches
These wriggling black worms have been used for centuries to remove excess bloods. Because they inject numbing chemicals into the skin when they bite, no additional pain relief is needed with their use. Treatment can be slow – it might take up to a month for the swelling to properly subside – but the ear's appearance is usually back to normal afterwards.
Is a dog ear hematoma painful
Yes, your dog's ear will hurt and throb; particularly, if it has been caused by a bump, knock or scratching. Pain will reduce after a couple of days, but of course will return if draining or surgery are performed to treat the hematoma.
Can a dog ear hematoma heal on its own
In some cases dog ear hematoma can be left to heal on its own. The body reabsorbs the fluid and blood and the swelling subsides. In more serious cases, the ear does not revert back to its previous appearance. Also, as the cause of the hematoma can often be due to other issues, such as mites, skin or ear infections or skin irritations, it is not a good idea to ignore it. The problem is unlikely to go away.
What happens if a dog ear hematoma is left untreated
The severity of the hematoma very much decides whether leaving it untreated will cause a problem or not. The challenge with hematomas is in reattaching the skin to the ear cartilage, which separates when the flap swells with blood. The best course of action is to get guidance from a vet. Leaving complex hematomas untreated can cause scarring, leaving a thickened, crinkly ear flap – like a rugby player with 'cauliflower ear'. This is unsightly and can in some cases be very uncomfortable for the animal.
When to call a vet?
In all circumstances it is best to get a vet to check your dog's ear over. Primarily to accurately diagnose that it is a hematoma, but also to establish the reason for its appearance, as well as helping with treatment.
Can a dog ear hematoma burst on its own
No, dog ear hematomas will not burst of their own accord. If untreated they can scar, but smaller ones may disappear as the body reabsorbs the blood, leaving the ear as it was before. The only way for it to "burst" is if your dog pierces it by scratching it.
How to do hematoma treatment / remedy at home
So, how do you drain a dog's ear hematoma? If you feel you must carry out a hematoma drain at home yourself, get hold of a sterilised, surgical needle and syringe. Pierce the swelling and drain the fluid. Wash well with hydrogen peroxide, alcohol or salty water a couple of times a day until the wound has healed.
How long does it take for a dog ear hematoma to go away
Without treatment, hematomas can continue for quite a while (up to a month). Once treatment has been administered (particularly draining or surgery) the ear should heal within one to two weeks.
Related Questions
I'm unsure why my dog's ear flap is swollen
The main causes for a swollen ear are that your dog has a hematoma. If your furry friend is holding its head at an angle, is scratching or shaking its head a lot and the ear feels squishy and is swollen, it is likely to be a


text:
Conditions of Use
have you ever wondered what makes flamingos pink.Baby flamingos are grey when they are born.But they only eat shrimp and alge.They are high in pigments called carotenoids, that is also the reason that shrimp turn from grey to pink when we boil them.If a flimingo stops eating shrimp it feathers colors will fade.
ornithology is the study of birds. I study omnithology
a habitat is a place where a kind of animal lives.this is a habitat.
balenced means even. I eat on a balaced diet
Article posted February 1, 2012 at 10:36 AM •
comment • Reads 378
Return to Blog List
Add a Comment
About the Blogger


text:
Spectrum Works Consulting is a boutique consulting firm designed to support individuals on the Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) with employment issues. We have a unique mandate to deliver targeted services that have been designed by highly trained professionals in the health care and legal industries.
The focus of Spectrum Works is on:
- Employment support for individuals on the spectrum
- Training and support for employers
Spectrum Works has brought together a highly trained team of professionals with considerable experience supporting individuals with ASD over the lifespan. Specialists include:
- Occupational Therapists
- Employment Lawyers
- Job Coaches
- Management Consultants
Why do we do what we do?
Current estimates indicate that 1 in 68 people fall somewhere on the Autism Spectrum. Unfortunately, there are a number of potential challenges for individuals with ASD in the workplace. A recent review1 found that up to 54% of young adults with ASD had not found paid work up to 4 years after high school graduation—this is a staggering unemployment number when compared to the typical young adult employment numbers. More importantly, this employment figure is even higher than among young adults with other disabilities (such as learning disabilities, intellectual disability, etc.)!
We know that adults with autism spectrum disorders have unique skills to offer and reducing unemployment among this group is the challenge we want to help solve.


text:
Joined: 14-Feb-07 10:05
A stack is a efficient copy of your archive, stored nearby or far away.
Stacks are designed to be incrementally synchronized with your archive. So as your archive changes; new layers are added and merged layers replaced (or not, your choice).
A stack can later be used to restore detail, repair layers, or even recover the entire archive.
Stack data is stored in a Stack Container. Curently there are (fundamentally) two container types: a writable filesytem or an Amazon Web Services (AWS) S3 cloud object storage bucket. Additional container types are being developed.
A stack is bound to a single archive and can only exchange data with that one archive.
An archive can have multiple stacks. But all of the stacks will be copies of the same archive. For example, an archive of extremely sensative data might have a local (filesystem) stack for immediate duplication of captured files, along with a second long-term stack maintained on a remote cloud data service that only gets updated once or twice a month.
Stacks are organized into layers, just like your archive.
A key concept of stacks is a "slice." A slice is a set of layers in the archive that paired with an equivelent set of layers in the stack. In this context, "equivelent" means those layers represent the same set of captured changes.
In the beginning, when the layers in the archive are first transferred to the stack, there's a one-to-one pairing of layers, which each layer pair forming a single slice.
As layers are merged, however, this relationship changes. For example, if you merge layers 3-5 in the archive, the new singe (merged) layer now represents the same captured data as layers 3-5 in the stack.
In the above example, layer 30 in the archive can replace layers 31-33 in the stack. When that happens, the stack size is reduced by the same amount of storage receovered in the archive.
But the reverse is also possible. Archive layer 30 can be replaced with stack layers 31-33, restoring the intermedaite changes that were lost during in the merge.
Only whole slices can be transferred between the archive and the stack. This is an important concept, and the reason should be obvious. The single merged layer (30) in the archive represents the same set of item changes as layers 31-33 in the stack, just without the intermediate detail.
The post on creating stacks will show you how to seed the stack with the initial set of layers. Then read the post on updating stacks, and then the post on restoring slices and archives.


text:
Proceedings of the XXVIII Congress of the International Society of Biomechanics in Sports
This study evaluated and compared the peak vertical ground reaction force (GRF) and rate of force development (RFD) for the eccentric and concentric phases of 4 lower body resistance training exercises, including the back squat, deadlift, step-up, and forward lunge. Sixteen women performed 2 repetitions of each of the 4 exercises at a 6 repetition maximum load. Kinetic data were acquired using a force platform. A repeated measures ANOVA was used to evaluate the differences in GRF between the exercises. Results revealed significant main effects for GRF both the eccentric (p ≤ 0.001) and concentric (p ≤ 0.001) phases. Significant main effects were also found for RFD for the eccentric (p ≤ 0.001) and concentric phases (p ≤ 0.001). Force and power requirements and osteogenic potential differ between these resistance training exercises.


Active Shooter Training
Violence may take many forms and may include use of deadly weapons. Advance warning of the violence is unlikely.
"Run. Hide. Fight." Video - Surviving an Active Shooter Event
MSU Active Shooter Training
Gunshots Heard
If you are involved in a situation where gunshots are heard, the following actions are recommended:
 1. Exit the building immediately.
 3. Call MSU Police at 911 or 2222 and provide details of the situation.
 1. Go to the nearest room or office.
 2. Close and lock or barricade the door.
 3. Cover the door windows and turn off lights.
 5. DO NOT answer the door.
 6. Call MSU Police at 911 or 2222, and inform of:
 a. Your name
 b. Your location (be specific as possible)
 c. Number of shooters (if known)
 d. Identification of shooter(s)
 e. Number of person involved in situation (if known)
 7. Wait for emergency responders to assist you out of the building.
Hostage Situation
 1. Immediately evacuate the building, using the established evacuation route. Carefully avoid the attention of those taking hostages.
 2. Take no action to intervene.
 3. Call MSU Police at 911. If there is no answer, or if the line is busy, call 2222. Provide as much accurate information as possible and, if it is safe to do so, stay on the line with the dispatcher.
Remember to never put yourself in harms way.
Our site is new


The oldest love poem in history
The oldest poem in history
Museum of Archaeology, Istanbul
'Bridegroom, dear to my heart; goodly is your beauty, honeysweet; lion, dear to my heart'. These are the passionate words of a lover to a king, from more than 4,000 years ago, in the oldest known love poem ever found.
The loving words were passed down over generations, eventually inscribed on an 8 th century BC Sumerian cuneiform tablet small enough to fit in the palm of one's hand. It was uncovered in the 1880s in Nippur, a region in what is now Iraq, and has been held by The Istanbul Museum of the Ancient Orient ever since.
Historians say the words were recited by a bride of Sumerian King Shu-Sin, fourth ruler of the Third Dynasty of Ur, who reigned between 2037 and 2029 BC, and used as a script for a ceremonial recreation of the sacred marriage. It would have been sung at the New Year festival, and at banquets and festivals accompanied by music and dance.
The full translation of the poem is as follows:
Bridegroom, dear to my heart,
Goodly is your beauty, honeysweet,
Lion, dear to my heart,
Goodly is your beauty, honeysweet.
Bridegroom, let me caress you,
My precious caress is more savory than honey,
In the bedchamber, honey-filled,
Let me enjoy your goodly beauty,
Lion, let me caress you.
My precious caress is more savory than honey.
Bridegroom, you have taken your pleasure of me,
Tell my mother, she will give you delicacies,
My father, he will give you gifts.
You, because you love me,
Give me pray of your caresses,
My lord god, my lord protector,
My SHU-SIN, who gladdens ENLIL's heart,
Give my pray of your caresses
Uruk Vase, with procession of naked priests carrying gifts to Inanna's shrine. Inanna greeting them at its door marked by her gateposts. Alabaster. 3′. Uruk, Mesopotamia. Fourth millennium BCE.
According to the Sumerian belief, it was a sacred duty for the king to marry a priestess every year in order to make the soil and women fertile. The ritual of sacred marriage involved the re-enactment of the union of two deities, usually Inanna/Ishtar and Dumuzi/Tammuz. Thus, the priestess represented Inanna, the goddess of fertility and sexual love, while the king represented Dumuzi, on the eve of their union.
J. Stuckey (2005) describes the ritual of the sacred marriage:
From extant hymns, we can piece together what happened in the ritual. First, Inanna was bathed, perfumed, and adorned, while Dumuzi and his retinue processed towards her shrine.
The famous Uruk vase may represent this procession. All the while, temple personnel sang love songs, many of which are extant. Resplendent Inanna greeted Dumuzi at the door, which, on the Uruk vase, is flanked by her signature standards (gateposts), and there he presented her with sumptuous gifts. Subsequently, the pair seated themselves on thrones, although sometimes the enthronement took place only after sexual consummation. The deities entered a chamber fragrant with spices and decorated with costly draperies. Lying down on a ceremonial bed constructed for the occasion, they united in sexual intercourse. Afterwards, pleased by and with her lover, Inanna decreed long life and sovereignty for him and fertility and prosperity for the land.
Muazzez Hilmiye Cig, a retired historian at the Museum, who worked with Professor Samuel Noah Kramer in 1951 to identify and translate the text, explained that the Sumerians "believed that only love and passion could bring them fertility, and therefore praised pleasures".
In the agriculture-based Sumerian community, she said, lovemaking between the king and the priestess would have been seen as a way to ensure the fertility of their crops, and therefore the community's welfare, for another year.
No Comments


Ancient Greek History
Was There Beer in Ancient Greece?
Written by in Comments Off on Was There Beer in Ancient Greece?
Beer in Ancient GreeceThere is no doubt that wine was probably the most popular beverage in Ancient Greece. It was so important to the culture, in fact, that they had an official God of Wine, Dionysius. However, wine wasn't the only fermented beverage in existence during the time of the Ancient Greeks.
The ancient cultures in China, Iran, Egypt, and Northern Europe all had beer thousands of years ago. In fact, it is the Chinese who have the honor of being the first producers of beer and they've been brewing it since 7000 B.C. Given its prevalence throughout the world, why is it that the Ancient Greeks aren't really associated with beer?
What is beer?
Beer is an alcoholic beverage that is the result of fermenting various grains, such as malt and barley, with yeast. The end result is a beverage that has a distinct, yeasty flavor and has a noticeable carbonation. Some beer makers let the fermentation process create the carbonation while others add it in. This beverage wasn't that much different in ancient times because it still involved the fermentation of grains.
Beer Traveled Throughout the Ancient World
By 5000 B.C, the Ancient Egyptians were amongst those who brewed and drank beer. At this point, the beverage did travel to Greece. Some evidence does exist that suggests that people were brewing beer in Greece for thousands of years. It is highly possible that they drank beer produced by other countries. Despite this, it seems that wine was the more popular beverage.
The Goddess Demeter
Demeter is the Ancient Greek Goddess of the Harvest. Each year, around the time of the biggest harvest, the Greeks would hold a large festival. At this festival, there is evidence that shows that the Greeks did drink beer at occasions such as these. Imported blonde ale was a particular favorite at this particular festival.
Did Beer Ever Become Popular?
Yes, people did know about beer in Ancient Greece. However, it never really achieved the kind of popularity that it did in other places such as Northern Europe. In fact, Greeks much preferred wine and since beer was associated with Northern Europe, the place where "barbarians" lived, the Greek people had a difficult time enjoying a beverage created by these people.
An Inferior Beverage
Not only did the Ancient Greeks prefer their wine, they also considered beer to be an inferior beverage. Once beer traveled to Egypt, the knowledge of how to brew it was passed along to the Greeks, who then passed it along to the Romans. However, it was looked at as a "low-class" drink because it was fairly easy to make and a little bit too expensive.
Beer in Ancient Greek Literature
Even though there have been archaeological sites that have shown evidence of beer drinking and storage, proof of its existence in Greece also exists in literature. Xenophon, for example, mentioned beer in his Anabasis. Sophocles also mentioned beer but only in the context of staying away from it.
Yes, there was beer in Ancient Greece. However, it wasn't considered a high quality beverage in the same way that wine was.
Categorized in:
This post was written by


Gerberga of Saxony
Get Gerberga of Saxony essential facts below. View Videos or join the Gerberga of Saxony discussion. Add Gerberga of Saxony to your PopFlock.com topic list for future reference or share this resource on social media.
Gerberga of Saxony
Gerberga of Saxony
Gerberga depicted in the Ottonian family tree in the Chronica St. Pantaleonis
Queen consort of France
SpouseGilbert, Duke of Lorraine
Louis IV, King of France
Lothair, King of France
Matilda, Queen of Burgundy
Charles, Duke of Lower Lorraine
FatherHenry the Fowler
MotherMatilda of Ringelheim
Gerberga of Saxony (c. 913 - 5 May 968/9 or 984?) was a French queen who ruled as regent of France during the minority of her son Lothair in 954-959. She was a member of the Ottonian dynasty. Her first husband was Gilbert, Duke of Lorraine. Her second husband was Louis IV of France. Contemporary sources describe her as a highly educated, intelligent and forceful political player.
Gerberga was born c. 913. She was the second daughter of Henry the Fowler, King of Germany, and his second wife, Matilda (after Hedwig of Saxony, three years her senior). Her older brother was Otto I of Germany.
First marriage
In 929, Gerberga married her first husband, Gilbert, Duke of Lorraine.[1] They had four children:
 1. Alberade of Lorraine b. about 929. Married Renaud (originally as Ragenold), a Viking chieftain who became the Count of Roucy.
 2. Henry, Duke of Lorraine b. about 932
 3. Gerberge of Lorraine b. about 935. Married Adalbert I of Vermandois.
 4. Wiltrude, b. about 937.
Jocundus, a Lotharingian chronicler writing in the 1070s, recorded that Gerberga was the driving force behind Gilbert's decision to support her younger brother Henry when he rebelled against her older brother Otto I c. 936.[2] Gilbert was defeated by Otto I in 939 at the Battle of Andernach and, while trying to escape, drowned in the Rhine.
Second marriage
When Gilbert died, Gerberga was about 26 years old. She married secondly Louis IV of France in 939. They were parents to eight children:
 1. Lothair of France (941-986)
 2. Matilda b. about 943; married Conrad of Burgundy
 3. Hildegarde b. about 944
 4. Carloman b. about 945
 5. Louis b. about 948
 6. Charles, Duke of Lower Lorraine (953-993)
 7. Alberade b. before 953
 8. Henry b. about 953
As regent
Louis IV died on 10 September 954. At this time, his son and heir with Gerberga, Lothair of France, was only thirteen. Gerberga took action to ensure that Lothar could succeed his father. She reached an agreement with her brother-in-law Hugh the Great, who had been an adversary to Lothair's father.[3] In exchange for supporting Lothair's rule Hugh was given rule over Aquitaine and much of Burgundy.[4] Gerberga did not seek the support of her brother, Emperor Otto I, because the interference of the East-Frankish emperor in West-Frankish affairs would have placed the West-Frankish kingdom in a weak position politically, and angered the West-Frankish nobles.
After the death of Hugh the Great in 956, Gerberga and her sister Hadwig (who was Hugh's widow) were the heads of the two most powerful dynasties in West Francia. Along with their brother, Bruno, who was both archbishop of Cologne and duke of Lotharingia, Gerberga and Hadwig ruled the kingdom, until Lothair came of age.[5]
As abbess
In 959, after Lothair had come of age, Gerberga became abbess of the Benedictine monastery of Notre Dame in Soissons. Nevertheless, she remained politically active. In 961 she was involved in choosing the new archbishop of Reims, Odalric. In 965 she was present at the imperial court in Cologne, when her son Lothair married Emma of Italy, the step-daughter of her brother Emperor Otto I.
There is some debate about when Gerberga died.[6] She is last documented in May 968. Since necrology records indicate that she died on 5 May, her date of death is often given as 968 or 969,[7] The death date of 5 May 968 is not possible since Gerberga was still alive on 17 May 968 so her death date could only be in 969 or later some maintain that Gerberga did not die until 984.[8] She is buried in the Abbey of Saint-Remi in Reims, Champagne.
 1. ^ On Gerberga's marriage to Gilbert, and their children, see Glocker, Verwandten, pp. 28-33.
 2. ^ Jocundus, Translatio, pp. 123f., but Glocker, Verwandten, p. 32 argues against this view.
 3. ^ The Annals of Flodoard of Reims, 916-966, eds & trans. Steven Fanning: Bernard S. Bachrach (New York; Ontario, Can: University of Toronto Press, 2011), p. xix
 5. ^ Glocker, Verwandten, esp. pp. 37-45.
 6. ^ For an overview, see Glocker, Verwandten, p. 272.
 7. ^ Hlawitschka, 'Gerberga,' Archived 2014-02-01 at the Wayback Machine p. 256; Schwennicke, Europäische Stammtafeln, table 10
 8. ^ e.g. Thiele, Erzählende genealogische Stammtafeln, table 11.
 - Bouchard, Constance Brittain, Those of My Blood: Constructing Noble Families in Medieval Francia (University of Pennsylvania Press, 2001).
 - "Women in power _PHONE_" from Guide2womenleaders.com, last accessed January 13, 2007
 - Jocundus, Translatio sancti Servatii Tungrensis episcopi et miracula, ed. R. Koepke, MGH SS 12 (Hannover, 1856), accessible online at: Monumenta Germaniae Historica
 - W. Glocker, Die Verwandten der Ottonen und ihre Bedeutung in der Politik. Studien zur Familienpolitik und zur Genealogie des sächsischen Kaiserhauses (1989).
 - D. Schwennicke, Europäische Stammtafeln Neue Folge Band I. 1
 - A. Thiele, Erzählende genealogische Stammtafeln zur europäischen Geschichte Band I, Teilband 1
External links
Preceded by
Emma of France
Queen of Western Francia
Succeeded by
Emma of Italy
Music Scenes