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Suppose now we are trying to explain to students who do not know complex numbers, how do we distinguish $i$ and $-i$ to them? They will object that they both squared to $-1$ and thus they are indistinguishable. Is there a way of explaining this in an elementary way without go into introductory things in complex analysis?
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Roughly speaking you can't. The map that takes $a+bi$ to $a-bi$ is an automorphism of $\mathbb{C}$. – André Nicolas Aug 1 '12 at 14:38
$-1$ and $1$ both square to $1.$ Does this means they're indistinguishable? – user2468 Aug 1 '12 at 14:40
_USER_.D. Ah - but there is no automorphism taking 1 to -1. – Old John Aug 1 '12 at 14:50
Does the relationship between $i$ and $-i$ the same with "left" and "right",or "clockwise" and "anticlockwise"? – bigeast Aug 1 '12 at 15:18
First, $1$ and $-1$ are distinguishable because $1$ is its own square, while $-1$ isn't. From this, you also can easily distinguish $2$ and $-2$ because $2=1+1$ and $-2=(-1)+(-1)$. Indeed, it's not hard to extend this to $\mathbb{Z}$, and then to $\mathbb{Q}$. Finally you get all of $\mathbb{R}$ by considering sequences of rational numbers converging to that real number. Thus for each real number $r$ you can uniquely determine which one of $r$ and $-r$ is positive and which one negative. But this doesn't work for $i$. – celtschk Aug 1 '12 at 17:24
6 Answers 6
up vote 22 down vote accepted
If you construct $\Bbb C$ as $\Bbb R[X]/(X^2+1)$ the roots are indistinguishable. You just choose one and identify it with the point $(0,1)$ in the Gauss-Argand plane. That chosen one will be $i$.
If, on the other hand you construct $\Bbb C$ as the set of pairs $(a,b)\in\Bbb R^2$ with suitable addition and multiplication, then $\pm i=(0,\pm1)$.
The two constructions are of course isomorphic but not canonically isomorphic, due to the arbitrarity of the choice of a root which is the effect of existence of a trivial $\Bbb R$-automorphism, namely complex conjugation.
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You mean non-trivial $\mathbb{C}$-automorphism instead of trivial $\mathbb{R}$-automorphism, right? Or do you mean one which is trivial on $\mathbb{R}$, though non-trivial on $\mathbb{C}$? – Nils Matthes Aug 1 '12 at 15:02
_USER_ : No, I mean $\Bbb R$-automorphism! If $F\subset L$ are fields, a $F$-automorphism (of $L$) is an automorphism that leaves the elements of $F$ fixed. – Andrea Mori Aug 1 '12 at 15:22
Ah I see, somehow I forgot that term. Thank you. – Nils Matthes Aug 1 '12 at 15:29
If you construct $\mathbb{C}$ as $\mathbb{R}[X]/(X^2+1)$, then $i$ is the coset $X+(X^2+1) \mathbb{R}[X]$ and $-i$ is the coset $-X+(X^2+1) \mathbb{R}[X]$. – David Speyer Aug 1 '12 at 16:08
If you construct $\mathbb{C}$ as pairs, then there's initially no $i$,. but only the pairs $(0,1)$ and $(0,-1)$. Therefore you still have the freedom which of them you call $i$. – celtschk Aug 1 '12 at 17:33
Simple: there are two distinct values whose square is $-1$, so you choose one of them and call it $i$. The other one, then, is $-i$. It doesn't matter which of them you choose, just as it doesn't matter which direction in space you call $x$.
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Upvoted because OP asked for "explaining this in an elementary way." – user2468 Aug 1 '12 at 14:47
With the proviso that, once you've made your decision, you must stick with it thereafter. – Mark Beadles Aug 1 '12 at 19:14
If you construct $\mathbb{C}$ purely algebraically then there is no distinction until you've chosen what $i$ is, and then the distinction is made by the observation that if $x=i$ is one solution to $x^2=-1$ then $x=-i$ is the other.
This is beause we construct $\mathbb{C}$ algebraically as the field $\mathbb{R}(i)$ obtained by adjoining $i$ to $\mathbb{R}$, where $i$ is an abstract root of the polynomial $x^2+1$. But once you've done this, you can declare that $i$ is the point on the Argand diagram lying at unit length 'above' $0$, and this distinguishes it from $-i$. As André Nicolas says in the comments, if you'd chosen $-i$ instead of $i$ then it doesn't matter, since the (unique!) map fixing $\mathbb{R}$ and sending $i \mapsto -i$ is a $\mathbb{R}$-automorphism of $\mathbb{C}$. (Intuitively: choosing the other root changes nothing except labelling.)
In more human terms, you say $i$ is'something' which squares to give $-1$, and then $-i$ is 'the other thing' which does the same.
We can then make the translation to the Argand diagram by identifying this new field $\mathbb{C}=\mathbb{R}(i)$ with the plane $\mathbb{R}^2$ by using the following correspondence: $$\mathbb{C} \ni a+bi \leftrightarrow (a,b) \in \mathbb{R}^2$$ with operations $$(a,b)+(c,d)=(a+c,b+d)$$ $$(a,b)\cdot(c,d)=(ac-bd, ad+bc)$$
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It doesn't matter which one you call $i$; whichever it is, the other one is called $-i$.
I suspect it's not necessary to say more than that. And in a way, to say much more in answer to that question might amount to making the answer seem more complicated than it really is. That doesn't mean you shouldn't say more after saying that; e.g. that the field $\mathbb{C}$ has exactly one automorphism that's not hideously ill-behaved, etc.
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First off, you don't need to know anything about complex analysis in order to understand this. Complex analysis refers to doing calculus with complex numbers, but this is just a question about the basic complex-number system itself.
By way of analogy, let's think for a moment about the way the ancient Greeks conceived of ordinary numbers. Euclid's Elements is actually not just about what is taught today as geometry; it's full of material that today would be considered to be algebra and number theory. For example, what we would represent as multiplication $xy$, Euclid would represent as the area of a rectangle with sides of certain lengths. An identity like $x(y+z)=xy+xz$ would be represented as cutting a rectangle into two smaller rectangles. In Euclid's system, there is no such thing as the real number system, and in fact there is not even a number 1. If I say I'm 6 feet tall, in Euclid's language we would say that we have two different line segments, and their ratio is 6. The small one is arbitrarily chosen as the unit of measurement. But the choice of the unit segment is completely arbitrary, and it can be different if you finish one calculation and start another one.
Similarly, it's completely arbitrary how to label $i$ versus $-i$. For example, a typical application of complex numbers is to describe oscillations. Suppose two cars' windshield wipers are both running. They have the same frequency, say 1 Hz, but they're out of phase with one another by 90 degrees. We can represent the two oscillations as complex numbers whose magnitudes represent the frequency and whose arguments represent the phase. The magnitudes both have to be 1, but it's completely arbitrary whether we use a bigger argument to represent an oscillation with a leading phase, or a lagging one. We have to make an arbitrary choice. There is nothing obliging us to


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Seminole County, Georgia
From Ancestry.com Wiki
|This article is a stub. Help us to expand it by contributing your knowledge. For county page guidelines, visit U.S. County Page Content Suggestions.|
Seminole is a county in Georgia. It was formed in 1920 from the following county/ies: Decatur/Early. Seminole began keeping birth records in 1921, marriage records in 1921, and death records in 1921. It began keeping land records in 1921, probate records in 1921, and court records in 1921. For more information, contact the county at P.O. Box 458, Donalsonville 31745. On the attached map, Seminole is located at J2.
For information about the state of Georgia see Georgia Family History Research.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


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Embargo expired: 2/4/2013 3:00 PM EST
Source Newsroom: Columbia University School of Engineering and Applied Science
Newswise — New York, NY—February 4, 2013—Researchers at Columbia Engineering and Georgia Institute of Technology have published a study in the online Early Edition of Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS) showing—for the first time—that certain volatile organic gases can promote cloud formation in a way never considered before by atmospheric scientists. The study will be published the week of February 4, 2013.
"This is the first time gases have been shown to affect cloud formation in this way," says V. Faye McNeill, Associate Professor in Chemical Engineering at Columbia University's Fu Foundation School for Engineering and Applied Science, and co-leader of the research team. "This is a very exciting finding that will improve our ability to model cloud formation, an important component of climate."
The research team, co-led by Athanasios Nenes, Professor & Georgia Power Faculty Scholar at the Georgia Institute of Technology, has been focused on understanding the impacts of aerosols, or airborne particulate matter, on clouds, because clouds have such an significant influence over our climate.
"Low-level clouds cool the planet by reflecting incoming sunlight back to space, so anything that perturbs them can have a major impact on our climate," explains Nenes, adding that pollution produced by humans releases many airborne particles to the atmosphere which can act as a seed for forming a cloud droplet, so clouds formed in polluted airmasses have a good chance of being more reflective than their cleaner counterparts.
"Our study," Nenes says, "shows that certain gas phase compounds tend to stick on particles, making them 'soapier' and promoting their ability to form cloud droplets. This mechanism has not been considered in climate models before."
Clouds form when water vapor condenses on atmospheric particulates called cloud condensation nuclei (CCN). Variations in CCN concentrations, say the researchers, can profoundly impact cloud properties with important effects on both regional and global climate. Organic matter, which makes up a significant percentage of aerosol mass in the troposphere, (the lowest layer of the Earth's atmosphere and the one in which we live) can profoundly influence the activity and concentration of CCN and cloud droplets.
In this PNAS study, the researchers present evidence that two ubiquitous atmospheric trace gases, methylglyoxal and acetaldehyde, can enhance aerosol CCN activity even if they do not contribute any detectable organic mass when taken up by aerosol particles. They generated aerosol particles in the McNeill Lab and exposed them to the surfactant gases methylglyoxal and/or acetaldehyde in the lab's aerosol reaction chamber for up to five hours. The exposed particles were then tested for their ability to form cloud droplets using a cloud chamber that was co-invented by the Nenes group. Their results showed the gas-phase surfactants may enhance the activity of atmospheric CCN, so that, as they conclude in the study, "volatile organics in the atmosphere may act as a reservoir of surfactants that can be taken up by aerosol particles and augment their CCN activity."
McNeill and Nenes plan to do more experimental work with other organic gases under a variety of conditions that will, they say, "help us understand how general this newly discovered phenomenon is, and, most importantly, will enable us to incorporate it into models of cloud formation so we can improve the predictive power of climate models."
"The effects of aerosols on clouds is one of the greatest sources of uncertainty in our understanding of climate," adds McNeill, "so it's fun to work on a problem that is both important and intellectually fascinating."
The research was funded in part by NASA, by the ACS Petroleum Research Fund, by the National Science Foundation, and by Georgia Tech.
Columbia University's Fu Foundation School of Engineering and Applied Science, founded in 1864, offers programs in nine departments to both undergraduate and graduate students. With facilities specifically designed and equipped to meet the laboratory and research needs of faculty and students, Columbia Engineering is home to NSF-NIH funded centers in genomic science, molecular nanostructures, materials science, and energy, as well as one of the world's leading programs in financial engineering. These interdisciplinary centers are leading the way in their respective fields while individual groups of engineers and scientists collaborate to solve some of modern society's more difficult challenges. _URL_


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How to design packaging tape (video tutorial)
Publicado por Hayden Aube
Designer, Hayden Aube, shows off his favorite techniques for creating a seamless packaging tape design in Adobe Illustrator.
When ordering from Sticker Mule, our artists will work with you to transform your design into a seamless pattern, but if you'd like to do it yourself, follow along.
Step 1: Create your document
Create a new document. The size of your artboard will determine the size of your pattern.
Step 2: Layout your tape
Using the Rectangle tool (M), create a rectangle that matches the size of your artboard.
Remove the stroke, and give it a fill with you desired background color.
Position the rectangle directly at the center of your artboard and lock it in place.
Step 3: Add design elements
Place any design elements you want to include in your pattern over the existing background.
Be sure to have some of the design overlapping the edge of the artboard. This will help to create the seamless pattern.
Step 4: Reposition overlapping elements
Duplicate each object that is overlapping the edge of the artboard (Copy, then Paste in Front).
Next, move each object to the opposite side of the artboard. Use Object > Transform > Move to move it exactly the same width or height of your artboard.
Step 5: Make your clipping mask
Using the Rectangle tool (M), create another rectangle that matches the size of your artboard, then align it to the center of your artboard.
With everything selected, right click, and select Make clipping mask.
Step 6 (optional): Add to Swatches
With everything selected (including the background), drag the artwork to your Swatches panel. This will create a pattern that you could then apply to any shape.
Once you have a pattern you're happy with, you can upload it to Sticker Mule for printing.
As with all of our orders, you'll receive a proof in 4 hours and our custom packaging tape ships in 4 days or less with free shipping. Samples of custom packaging tape featuring your design are just $4.
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Objective: The objective of this experiment is to study bending loss.
Whenever the condition for angle of incidence of the incident light is violated the losses are introduced due to refraction of light. This occurs when fiber is subjected to bending. Lower the radius of curvature more is the loss.
- Connect function generator square wave output to LED (emitter).
- Connect optical fiber between LED output and PIN (detector) input. An oscilloscope is connected to PIN (detector) output.
- Select the number of turn by clicking the options given. First click "1 Turn optical fiber" button.
- Click run continuously button to run the experiment.
- The received signal can be seen in the oscilloscope. Measure the amplitude of the received signal and name it V1.
- Then change the number of turns to 2 by clicking the option "2 turn optical fiber".
- Measure the amplitude of the received signal by oscilloscope and name it V2.
- Compare the value obtained previously with the latest one. It can be seen easily that due to bends, loss occurs in the cable.
- Explain through sketch how bending loss occur?
- How are micro bending losses reduced?
- Gerd Keiser, Optical Fiber Communications, Tata McGraw Hill, 2008.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


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1. Friction and Slip Behaviors of a Single Asperity
Interfacial slip is the result of a combination of factors, including material properties, interface roughness, local slip, chemical reactions, etc. The force required for sliding has been a hot topic in the past decades. The classical study of asperity sliding originated from the Mindlin model in the 1940s
. According to the Mindlin model, the contact region between two spheres consists of a central adhesion zone surrounded by an annular slip band. As the tangential load increases, the central adhesion region gradually decreases and eventually disappears because the material within the central adhesion region cannot withstand infinite traction. In contrast to Mindlin's analytical solution, Hamilton derived an explicit expression for the stress field under non-axisymmetric sliding contact
Chang et al.'s
CEB friction model is one of the most famous friction models for asperity contact, as shown in Figure 1
. They assumed that sliding happens at the moment of yielding and they used the von Mises yield criterion and Hamilton's stress field to determine the maximum tangential load for a single contact asperity. Since the first yield point of a spherical contact is surrounded by a large elastic region, their results underestimate the maximum tangential load that a single contact asperity can carry.
Figure 1. A deformable asperity in contact with a rigid flat surface under combined normal and tangential loading.
When taking plasticity into consideration, Kogut et al.
combined finite element analysis with analytical expressions to provide a semi-analytical solution for the sliding inception of an elastoplastic spherical contact. In another study
, Brizmer et al. considered local slip effects and extended the study to elastoplastic spherical contacts. They concluded that local slip conditions have a greater effect on the evolution of the plastic zone as the normal load increases. Other models have tried to discuss whether the fully adherent case
or the fully slippery case
could be applied to real interfaces. In other studies, slip initiation conditions between deformable spheres (cylinders) and rigid flat plates were studied using finite element methods. Brizmer studied sliding friction under high adhesion conditions
and extensively investigated the effect of plasticity on friction parameters such as junctional tangential stiffness, static friction force, and static friction coefficient; full adhesion conditions were used, assuming high adhesion strength. In a similar study
, Wu et al. investigated the adhesive friction of an elastoplastic cylinder in contact with a rigid flat plate, establishing a link between static friction and ductility. Later, in order to better characterize the friction process, Shi and Wu et al.
relaxed the all-sticky model to a partial slip state (the finite element model is shown in Figure 2
), and their proposed model revealed the friction transition between the KE model
and the all-sticky model proposed by Brizmer et al.
(BKE model for short). Xie et al.
carried out single-asperity friction simulations by using a molecular dynamic simulation method. They analyzed stress distribution and the dislocation evolution process of single asperities. However, from the above literature review, the competing mechanisms between material plasticity and the effect of partial slip on slip initiation have not been analyzed in depth. Further studies should be carried out to investigate the friction mechanisms.
Figure 2. Schematic of finite element modeling of a spherical asperity.
2. Examples of Interface Friction Behavior Standing on Contact Mechanics
Based on the friction behavior of a single asperity and the contact mechanics of rough surfaces, Xu et al.
proposed a statistical model of the contact area and friction of a soft rough interface in shear, describing the interplay between adhesion and friction at the microcontact scale. The macroscopic friction response is explained by microscopic experimental phenomena combined with microscopic scale parameters and surface statistical data. Maier et al.
determined the contact pressure of real rough surfaces. They coupled the micro-model and the macro-model to consider the influence of different geometry scales on tribology behaviors. Jamshidi et al.
developed a hybrid contact model of a hard rough surface on an elastic substrate by using the multi-asperity contact theory. They obtained interface physical characteristics such as initial tangential interface stiffness, slippage friction force, and maximum pre-slip displacement based on the asperity contact theory. Wu et al.
presented a statistical analysis for the microscale flattening of random surface asperities. They developed a multiscale soft-contact modelling method for rough surfaces contact, in order to characterize the rough surfaces in contact with coupled slipping/sliding and rolling. Salari et al.
introduced the research progress of frictional creep model based on the rough elastoplastic contact model. Kang et al.
established a new contact model for rough interfaces, which was characterized by multiscale topography parameters. They revealed the effects of the multiscale topographies on the normal and tangential contact responses. Mergel et al.
captured shear-induced contact area reduction in Hertzian rubber contact, and they incorporated adhesion, friction, and large deformations. They developed a computational framework, which is suitable to investigate sliding friction even under normal tensile loads. Hu et al.
discussed the friction behavior between an elastic body and a rigid body with a random rough surface based on contact mechanics. According to the characteristics of random rough surface, they carried out numerical experiments on several settings, such as 'rough–smooth', 'smooth–rough', and 'rough–rough' contact, and discussed the affecting factors of the global coefficient of friction. These are typical examples of friction models of rough surfaces based on contact mechanics, which provides many theories and methods for further study of surface friction behavior.
3. Experimental Methods for Friction Studies
In addition to theoretical studies and numerical simulations, the evolution of interfacial friction can also be revealed from an experimental point of view. In order to fully understand the tribological phenomenon and deeply explore the mechanism of friction, wear, and lubrication, it is necessary to carry out relevant tests and analyses. The development of modern surface testing technology and instruments provides an effective means to observe surface phenomena and their changes at the atomic and molecular scales, which makes it possible to carry out experimental studies on tribology at different scales. Examples of the main instruments used for tribology experimental research are as follows: friction and wear testing machine, fretting friction and wear testing system, scanning probe microscope, friction force microscope, etc.
Typical experimental studies on friction coefficients are fretting friction experiments. Fretting is caused by the periodic relative displacement between two objects that are in contact. When the reciprocal motion has a sufficient number of cycles, wear occurs on or near the contact surface. Before wear occurs on the material surface, the fretting process depends on a number of factors dominated by the normal load, the tangential displacement amplitude, and the friction coefficient. Although it is possible to model the contact interface under such loading conditions, it is difficult to specify the value of the friction coefficient in the model (which may vary in space and time) without the help of experimental studies. Therefore, it is important to carry out fretting experiments. The fretting experimental setup which is commonly used is shown in Figure 3.
Figure 3. Schematic diagram of fretting experiment.
In terms of material selection for fretting experiments, the most commonly used materials are titanium alloys
, followed by nickel alloys
, pure copper
, polymers
, etc. Commonly used titanium alloys (Ti-6Al-4V) have low density and good mechanical properties and are commonly used in the dovetail contact area of gas turbine blade/disc attachments. However, titanium alloys have poor tribological properties and tend to have premature crack sprouting due to fretting.
As for fretting experimental methods and measurement equipment, traditional measurement methods, such as extensometers
and differential transformers
, can be used to investigate fretting tribological properties by measuring tangential contact stiffness, but these measurements usually underestimate the stiffness values because of the inclusion of volumetric flexibility contributions. In addition to traditional methods, techniques such as laser interferometry
and ultrasound have also been used to investigate the tangential stiffness of contact surfaces
Oxford University has a long history of studying fretting fatigue
. Kartal et al.
developed a digital image correlation (DIC) technique to characterize the frictional properties of rough contact surfaces, using optical methods to overcome this limitation of not being able to measure full-field displacements.
Mulvihill et al.
compared the frictional properties obtained by DIC and ultrasonic contact stiffness measurements obtained by ultrasonic techniques. Through finite element simulations and experiments, Mulvihill et al.
concluded that friction is caused by plasticity and tangential interface adhesion. Eriten et al.
investigated the effect of surface roughness on energy dissipation in friction problems between rough surfaces, and verified the analytical result that rough surfaces dissipate more energy than smooth surfaces. Mulvihill et al.
investigated the increase in frictional forces during the fretting process as a result of wear-scar interactions.
Cao et al.
investigated the surface morphology and the microstructure evolution of pure copper materials. They investigated the friction mechanism in the wear phase and its influence on the subsequent steady state. Jin et al.
compared experimental and finite element simulation results to investigate the effect of partial slip on the performance of fretting and established a fretting diagram by using fretting fatigue life, relative slip range, and normal force. Through simulations and experiments, Yue et al.
concluded that the use of variable friction coefficient has little effect on the amount of wear at


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Posted 2 years ago
This is a rare grouping that belonged to Leonhard Wagner, a crew member of the U 874. The faded red U on the face page of the pay book, denotes that he was in the U boat force. It consists of his pay book, his glider pilot I.D. book, and two flight log books. He first learned to fly gliders, and then moved up to various aircraft. The type of aircraft, and the times he flew them are logged into the two flight logs. He also learned to fly the Focke-Angelis fa 330A Bachstelze which was a rotary kite that was teathered by a cable to a moving u boat. This allowed the pilot to observe targets up to 33 miles away while at 220 meters high. He would then telephone down to the U boat where the potential target was located. Only a few U boats carried these kites, stored below the decks. A U boat paybook is very rare in itself, but to have this crewman's flight logs as well was a real find. This man survived the war, and was a POW for a short time.


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Click on image for full screen view.
| Southern Red Cedar, Sand Cedar, Coast Juniper|
Southern red cedar grows near water or in areas with a very shallow water table. It is found in southeastern Texas in moist, sandy soils. It has slender, pendulous branches and most often a single trunk. Southern red cedar is closely related to eastern red cedar, but it can sometimes have a more open habit, and the bright blue cones of southern red cedar are much smaller.
Plant Habit or Use: medium tree
Exposure: sun partial sun
Flower Color: small cone
Blooming Period: spring
Fruit Characteristics: blue cones
Height: to 30 ft.
Width: to 15 ft.
Plant Character: evergreen
Heat Tolerance: high
Water Requirements: high medium
Soil Requirements: adaptable


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If you ever want to gather information from people for any reason, the best way is to ask. However, the best way is to make it structured and formal. This will make it faster and will also help you to analyse the results as different people will have to face the same question. This is why we want to show you how to create Google Forms.
To create Google Form isn't a hard nut to crack. It is something very easy to anyone can do. This guide is here to take you by the hand and ensure you do that easily.
You can basically create Google form in two major ways. You can start from the scratch, that is to use the blank option or you can use the templates which have been provided. The templates are actually self-explanatory. Which is why we will show you how to create Google form from the scratch.
Google Form Templates
There are lots of templates you can choose from if you wish to use a template. They include:
- Contact Info
- Party Invite
- Event registration etc.
Uses Of Google Forms
Google Forms can be used for many purposes. they include the following:
- To collect contact information
- To register audience members for an upcoming event
- And to conduct customer surveys
- To collect product orders
How To Create Google Forms Without A Template
Follow this guide now.
- Visit forms.google.com.
- from the options at the to of the bar, click "Blank". This will open a totally blank page.
- You will be required to add the title and description. make sure to include what the form will cover.
- Before moving on, click the Settings button (the "gear") in the top right corner of your screen. This will bring up the following menu:
- You'll likely want to make it mandatory that respondents provide their email address, and only allow them to submit a form once. Whether you'd like to automatically send a receipt confirmation, or allow respondents to edit their responses after submitting a form, is up to you.
- Add Questions. It is best to have your questions written out. This will make the process faster. You can use the + Plus sign to add as many questions as you want. To make it compulsory to answer any question, click on "Required" at the bottom of the page.
- You can also select the theme you want to use. Click on the Icon before the eye icon at the very top.
- When you are done, click on "send".
How To Distribute Your Form
After creating the Google form, the next is to distribute it. You can click send and see the following options.
Note the various ways you can deliver the form. You can do so by:
- Emailing the form to your audience
- Providing a web link to your form
- Embedding your form within your website
- Sending your form via Google+, Facebook, or Twitter
Your choice of delivery will depend on whether you want to actively deliver your form via outbound methods or passively provide your audience with the opportunity to complete the form.
How To Gather Data
After submitting the form and sharing it by any means, you can collate the results by coming to the Google form you created and click on "Responses".
Do you have questions of any kind on how to create Google forms? Use the comment box below and we shall get back to you immediately.


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Meaning of observance
Pronunciation: (ub-zûr'vuns), [key]
- an act or instance of following, obeying, or conforming to: the observance of traffic laws.
- a keeping or celebration by appropriate procedure, ceremonies, etc.: the observance of the Sabbath.
- a procedure, ceremony, or rite, as for a particular occasion: patriotic observances.
- a rule or custom to be followed or obeyed; a customary practice.
- a rule or discipline for a religious house or order.
- a house or order observing a rule or discipline.
- an act or instance of watching, noting, or perceiving; observation.
- respectful attention or service.
- courteous attention as to a person; dutiful service.
- observance (Thesaurus)


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In all their international relief work, Tzu Chi abides by four basic principles of timeliness, directness, priority, and practicality. Tzu Chi provides relief supplies such as food, rice seeds, clothing, blankets, and medical supplies to disaster-hit nations. It has also developed long-term relief plans, such as the rebuilding of houses and schools and developing water sources. Although the type of relief it provides may differ depending on the situation, Tzu Chi serves all who need aid with the same humanitarian spirit.
Tzu Chi carries out this mission in four ways. First, it offers aid independently as an organization, using its own resources, as it did in the eastern China flood in 1991, and in winter relief in Mongolia the following year. Second, it works with its overseas offices for disaster relief, such as during the 2003 earthquake in Iran, and the massive 2004 earthquake and tsunami in the Indian Ocean that affected several countries and claimed some 220,000 lives. Third, overseas offices also work independently, as they have done in the African nations of Mozambique, Zimbabwe, and Botswana since 1992. Fourth, Tzu Chi joins forces with other international charity organizations, such as Medecins du Monde for war victims in Ethiopia and Rwanda in 1993 to 1994, Knightsbridge International for earthquake survivors in Afghanistan in 1998, and the Red Cross for 9/11 in New York, Hurricane Katrina in New Orleans in 2005, and Hurricane Sandy and in the eastern United States, Puerto Rico, Cuba, and others, in 2012.


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Answer the following reflection/synthesis questions:
1. The maximum was 113.4 degrees Fahrenheit
2. The minimum was 44.4 degrees Fahrenheit
3. The range was 69.0 degrees Fahrenheit
4. My group put Aluminum Foil,Foam,Wax Paper, and Bubble Wrap we chose those the were some of the best insulators.
5. We didn't choose Polyester,Carpet Insulation, Fur,Wool,and Nylon because they were all out.
6. Yes there is because I think we bumped it.
7. An insulator is a poor conductor.


Seeking Human Kindness
"Seeking Human Kindness" is a compilation of 50 inspirational true short stories gathered from across the world. In moments of need, will you pay it forward?
Escaping Poverty
Inspirational stories of those who have overcome tremendous odds to become successful
The Grumpy Old Man: A World Without Rainbows
The fully illustrated story describes one man's journey to seek happiness. Leaving in the woods alone, the grumpy old man finds no solace. He devises a plan to rid the world of rainbows. In the process, he comes to learn that true joy comes from helping others.
The Beast of Bellevue
This tale as old as time gets a new spin. What if the roles of beauty and the beast were reversed? Young Ava is looking for love and acceptance. She thinks she finds it online. The only trouble is she is locked in an institution and her prince is not necessarily who she thinks he is.
The Bullied Anthologies
"The Bullied Anthology: Stories of Success" is the cumulative work of those who have survived bullying to become wildly successful.
The Wonderful Life of Sam the Snail
In the children's novel, our heroic young snail grows up from a life in the swamps to discover his calling in the outside world. Despite many of his family's warning, he sets out to find his dream.


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The Bruce Murray Space Image Library
How to tell the size of an asteroid using combined optical and infrared observations
Filed under planetary astronomy, comets, asteroids, explaining science
This chart illustrates how infrared is used to more accurately determine an asteroid's size. As the top of the chart shows, three asteroids of different sizes can look similar when viewed in visible-light. This is because visible-light from the sun reflects off the surface of the rocks. The more reflective, or shiny, the object is (a feature called albedo), the more light it will reflect. Darker objects reflect little sunlight, so to a telescope from millions of miles away, a large dark asteroid can appear the same as a small, light one. In other words, the brightness of an asteroid viewed in visible light is the result of both its albedo and size.
The bottom half of the chart illustrates what an infrared telescope would see when viewing the same three asteroids. Because infrared detectors sense the heat of an object, which is more directly related to its size, the larger rock appears brighter. In this case, the brightness of the object is not strongly affected by its albedo, or how bright or dark its surface is. When visible and infrared measurements are combined, the albedos of asteroids can be more accurately calculated.
NASA / JPL
Most NASA images are in the public domain. Reuse of this image is governed by NASA's image use policy.
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How to Format Your Content With the Scalenut AI Selection Toolbar
If penning down the words is the first step towards forming your content, formatting your piece is what gives it the final, finishing touch of perfection. In this video, we will cover how you can use the Scalenut selection toolbar to -
- Include H2 and H3 tags
- Use the Bold, Italics, and Underline features
- Text and Background highlight
- Linking documents
When it comes to attracting and engaging your intended audience, formatting the content is the final piece of the puzzle. Scalenut offers an array of features to do just that. Let's dive right into the mechanisms and see how they work!
To apply H2, H3 tags, select the text you wish to apply the formatting to. A selection toolbar will appear right beside your chosen text. Click on the format you want to apply to your text!
Similarly, you will find the options for "Bold", "Italic", and "Underline" in the selection toolbar. Click on any or all of them to emphasize the text.
You can change the color of the Text or Background using these options.
If you want to attach a link, select the text and click on the "Chain" icon in the selection toolbar. Paste your link, and click on "Save".
For more formatting options, check the choices below the title bar.
Thanks for watching!


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News media as corporate governance watchdogs
This source preferred by Donald Nordberg
Authors: Nordberg, D.
Start date: 10 September 2013
How do news organizations shape development of regulative measures in corporate governance? The press is often called the Fourth Estate, an acknowledgement of the quasi-regulatory role it plays in investigating and bringing to public attention malfeasance and misdemeanours in public and business life. Recurrent corporate governance problems have raised questions about how well the news media perform this watchdog role, less well understood is how the role they play in framing the debate itself. News organizations respond to the terms in which a debate is cast, but on retelling some aspects of the story can be amplified and others suppressed. So, this project asks, to what extent is our understanding of what corporate practice is legitimate influenced by the terms in which the debate is cast and projected in the press? How has this framing shaped the way we discuss corporate governance and then turn it into policy and practice? This developmental paper sketches a project to undertake such an analysis on a comparative basis, looking at field-configuring events in the US, UK and Germany to track how the vocabulary of corporate governance has developed in the press, and how it does or does not differ from other conceptions of what good governance entails.


How Does Pregnancy Affect Your Dreams?
Updated January 20, 2021
When you are expecting, you experience many new things, and there are a lot of new changes physically as well as mentally. Among these changes, there are several hormonal changes that can affect other aspects that you might not have considered.
One such change is how pregnancy can affect your dreamscapes. Many women discover that when they are pregnant their dreams change. These changes can be different depending on the individual however mostly dreams become more vivid or intense and there can even be an increase in nightmares. There are many reasons why these changes in dreams occur during pregnancy.
Changes to dreams during pregnancy can include:
 - Vivid images
 - Anxiety based scapes
 - Remembering what your dreamed more frequently
 - Experiencing more intense scapes
 - Dreaming more frequently
 - Increased nightmares
Let's look at some of these changes in more detail.
Vivid dreaming
pregnant female sleeping on her side
Dreaming is a normal part of everyday life apart from being pregnant so many people have vivid dreams normally as well. However, the frequency or intensity of these vivid dreams can increase during pregnancy. These vivid dreams are generally clearer, more emotionally intense and can be difficult to differentiate from reality. These dreams can feel like the events occurring in them are actually happening.
Although these vivid dreams can happen to anyone, it seems that pregnancy can stimulate more of these types of dreams. This is in comparison to fuzzy dreams that you cannot put together or barely remember, these dreamscapes feel like reality. You might way up and need a moment to distinguish them from reality.
Overall more frequently dreaming
Many pregnant women claim that while pregnant they tend to dream more frequently. Although, there is no scientific reason to claim why they may dream more frequently. But it is possible that they may be having more dreams within the 8-hour sleep cycle, or the increase in dreams could also be due to sleeping or napping for more hours during the day. This is due to the fact that pregnancy causes fatigue, resulting in more sleep and the more you sleep, the more likely you are to have dreams.
Anxiety based dreamscapes
It's no surprise that while you might be excited about the arrival of your baby, you may also be slightly apprehensive and nervous. Pregnancy dreams can be one of the biggest gateways and manifestations of your emotions and thoughts.
These dreamscapes can provide some insight regarding your fears and anxieties. This can include worries about managing the newborn with other children, financial issues, working with a newborn and many others. You may also be anxious regarding the delivery and labour process.
When you have a lot going on and it is on your mind for a while, these thoughts can then manifest themselves as your dreams.
Remembering them more frequently
During pregnancy, it often becomes easier to recall your vivid dreams. Prior to being pregnant maybe you did not recall your dreams often or maybe you even though you didn't dream at all. However, the experience during pregnancy can be immensely different due to enhanced recollection of your dreams.
Increased nightmares during pregnancy
Why do people dream of scary things? Similar to having anxiety-based dreams and excitement, nightmares are based on emotion and can increase during pregnancy. These pregnancy nightmares are quite common and studies show that they are linked to your emotions.
These can occur due to your fear or anxiety that something might happen to the baby or could be regarding the labor and delivery of your baby.
The nightmares can be in many different forms. You might dream of losing your baby, of a miscarriage or of dropping the baby, and many other scenarios. Although these types of dreams are normal they can be quite distressing.
What are the possible causes of changes to dreamscapes during pregnancy?
pregnant female sleeping on her side
Changes to dreams during pregnancy have many different possible reasons. However, the most likely reason is due to hormonal changes that occur when you are pregnant. The fluctuation of hormones that occurs when you are expecting can have a great impact on your body.
It is due to these hormonal changes that women experience mood swings during pregnancy as well. So if you experience mood swings such as being upset over small things and then forgetting about it, you would not be the first pregnant person to go through that.
As these hormonal changes can make your emotions more intense they can have a similar effect on your dreadreamscapes ms as well.
In addition to this the hormonal instability during pregnancy can also cause increased fatigue which means that you are more likely to sleep more often and therefore dream more often as well.
Based on scientific research vivid dreaming is one of the ways in which you store your memories. In addition to this dreams can also function as a form of therapy according to the National Sleep Foundation.
So dreams can actually help you understand and process better as well as your emotions. In relation to pregnancy which is a very emotional experience, this can result in increased dreams as well as better recall of those dreams.
Tackling unpleasant pregnancy nightmares
Dreams during pregnancy can be used as a method of dealing with any stress of anxiety you might have. As a fact many women who have nightmares while pregnant about labour, generally tend to have easier and shorter deliveries.
However, these nightmares and bad dreams can still be unpleasant especially if they are quite vivid and hard to forget. You try and reduce the frequency of these by consulting your doctor about any questions or concerns you have regarding pregnancy, labour, or motherhood. As well you can try and talk to anyone you might feel comfortable to reduce your fears or relax yourself.
You might want to read: Best Pregnancy Pillows
Changes during pregnancy to your dreams are very common and can cause you to have more vivid, intense dreamscapes as well as nightmares. These changes are caused by hormonal fluctuations and can be based on your emotions. We hope this information was able to help you understand the changes to your dreams better.


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Re-heat is best before use.
- It is best to drink before each meal. For people with gastro-intestional concerns, have the brew after each meal.
- If you dislike the bitter taste of the brew, add pure honey or glucose. (Avoid the use of refined sugar.)
- You can also mix reishi pieces with brandy or Chinese wine. Store for 3 - 4 months before use.
- Used reishi pieces can be used as fertilizers for house plants.
- Raw reishi should be stored in a dry place, but never in the refrigerator.
2. Reishi Soup Recipe
10 grams of sliced reishi pieces ;
6 whole frozen or fresh quails ;
70 grams of dry scallops ;
100 grams of lean pork ;
1.5 litre of hot water ;
salt and pepper ;
A. Soak the sliced reishi pieces in 1.5 litre of water for 4 hours.
B. Remove the quails from boiling water after 5 seconds and put in Chinese steam pot. Pour in the 1.5 litre of water together with the reishi pieces. Add dry scallops, pork lean meat and add adash of cooking wine.
C. Steam boil for 3 hours.
D. Before use, season the soup with salt and pepper to your preference.
Note: You can put in dried long-gang meat or dry red dates to sweeten the soup. You can also substitute 2 frozen whole pigeons, a whole chicken or half a turtle instead of the 6 quails for the above recipe.
3. A Word From the Editor
Reishi is best used as a preventative measure for health.
In addition to a daily consumption of Reishi, we would like to remind our readers that you should pay special attention to the following:
- Refrain from using refined sugar. Substitute with pure honey, glucose or fruit sugar instead.
- Avoid processed foods - canned food, instant noodles, soda pop etc.
- Eat all types of natural foods to maintain your nutritional balance.
- Include all types of vegetables in your diet, especially those with stalks and roots.
- Drink more water to provide excretion ease. This will enhance your metabolism functions and rid your body of poisonous toxins.
- Exercise will definitely help but not rigorous exercise that you cannot handle.
- Avoid stress. Be mentally relaxed and keep an open mind on all matters.
At the present, the recommended daily usage of reishi tea is the boiling of 3 - 5 gm of the dried reishi. One can increase to 10 or 20 gm per day since there is no harm in abundant intake of reishi as it is the 'king herb' and an 'adaptogen'.
There are also reishi essence products by hot-waterextraction method in the market place for sale that comes in tablets, pill or granular form. My final advise is to buy the products from reliable manufacturers.
Best of health to you all.
*These statements have not been evaluated by the Food and Drug Administration. This product is not intended to diagnose, treat, cure or prevent any disease.
last updated: 11/09/09


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Giant Green Anemone
The Giant Green Anemone is found in the waters off the west coast of North America from Alaska to Baja California. It can grow to a size of over seven inches in diameter. The bright green color comes from a symbiotic algae that lives inside the anemone. This algae uses sunlight to make food for both itself and the anemone.


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* Imagine that you have some data on an unemployed population. You would like to give job training to some of these workers however you are concerned that those who volunteer to be part of the job training program are fundamentally different than those who did not sign up for the job training.
* We have data on 2000 individuals
set obs 2000
* Educational attainment is known
gen education = rnormal()
gen ability = rnormal()
gen motivation = rnormal()
* Ability and motivation levels are unobservable.
* Thoe who have greater motivation are more likely to sign up for the job training program.
gen p_sign_up = normal(motivation)
* The decision to seek trianing or not is a random one.
gen sign_up = rbinomial(1,p_sign_up)
* If we give training to everybody that signs up then
gen train = sign_up
* Once, workers have recieved training the training has some benefit on expected earnings.
gen u = rnormal()
gen exp_earn = ability + 2*education + motivation + train*.5 + u*2
* Let's see how well we can estimate the returns to training.
reg exp_earn train education
* We can see that because ability (part of the error term) is correlated with assignment to training selection bias into training is causing it to look more effective than it actually is.
* Alternatively, when choosing who to give training to we could instead choose to give it only to a random selection of those who signed up for training.
gen train2 = rbinomial(1,.5) if sign_u==1
replace train2 = 0 if train2 ==.
gen exp_earn2 = ability + 2*education + motivation + train2*.5 + u*2
* If we stop there then we actually have not helped anything.
reg exp_earn2 train2 education
* However, if we restrict our estimation to only people who signed up for the training program we can use the randomness of the program to estimate unbiased results.
reg exp_earn2 train2 education if sign_up==1
* The only catch is that now we cannot argue that we have an unbiased estimate of the effect of the training program for the entire population. Only for those that chose to sign up. This is not entirely a bad thing. If we make the program voluntary then it will be based on sign up anyways. Thus selecting based on signing up is not an unreasonable restriction.


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Pecan, mesquite and Texas red oak are some common trees found in Texas. Texas is home to many regions and growing climates that support their own unique tree varieties.Continue Reading
Pecan trees are a strain of large hickories that grow naturally along Texas stream banks. They can reach up to 100 feet in height and thrive in sunny conditions and rich, well-drained soils.
Found throughout Texas, mesquite trees are common in dry environments. These thorny trees range from small to medium height and produce beans that can negatively impact cattle, horses and goats.
Texas red oak trees normally range from 30 to 50 feet tall but have occasionally been known to reach over 75 feet. With a high heat tolerance and low water requirements, the Texas red oak is often found west of the Pecos River in central and north central Texas.Learn more about Trees & Bushes


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Bachelor degree in Business Administration or Finance & Accounting from a recognized university, and an MBA is preferable.
Strategic& Operational Skills:
- Assist the General Manager in the development and implementation of QNCC's overall commercial strategy.
- Formulate the strategy, annual business plans, budgets, policies and procedures of the Commercial Department to support the organizational business strategy of QNCC.
- Ensure that the Department's plans are within agreed budgets and timescales.
- Set performance objectives and regularly review performance of the Commercial Department.
- Collaborate with the relevant Heads and Managers in order to ensure that the overall function within QNCC is operating effectively and efficiently towards achieving high operating standards and confirming implementation of efficient and effective processes, policies and procedures.
- Set, manage and control the budget to facilitate the delivery and execution of the Department strategy.
- Direct the preparation and justification of the budget to ensure all programs and activities are appropriately funded and provide guidance where necessary.
- Ensure that the Department's business plans are within agreed budgets and timescales. Provide timely, accurate and complete progress reports to the General Manager and management committees on the financial and operational progress of the Department.
- Create and evaluate Key Performance Indicators (KPIs) for performance monitoring for the entire Department and monitor their achievements on a regular basis.
- Ensure maintenance of the highest standards of professional conduct, ethics and integrity in provision of the services in the Department.
- Develop a pro-active staff communications culture within the Commercial Department through enhancements of Commercial processes and systems to ensure all employees are fully aware of Commercial objectives, policies and procedures.
- Oversee that the annual Procurement planning is effectively carried out
- Handle, manage and report to the GM and T&PC, all procurement related complaints received
- Ensure the implementation of Commercial Department strategy in accordance with the overall strategy of QNCC.
- Ensure the implementation of objectives of the departments under the Commercial Department
- Review the performance of departments under the Commercial Department on a regular basis.
- Review and approve procurement activities and contracts as per the delegation of authority matrix
- Provide input in the vendor evaluation criteria and participate in vendor evaluation
- Ensure an effective internal communications structure to provide regular information to all staff on QNCC's strategy, business plans and performance.
- Provide expert knowledge and advice to the General Manager on Commercial related issues to optimize manpower utilization.
- Manage documentation and records to support all Commercial transactions and operations.
- Ensure the completion and submission of Statutory, Government and Industry requested statistical data.
- Monitor and review the budgets along with the business development of the company for various commercial issues.
- Ensure preparation of technical and financial proposals, prequalification documents and expression of interest (EOI) in accordance with different international formats for different engineering disciplines.
- Develop bold marketing, company structure, company policies, job descriptions, and coordinate with the Human Resources Department on providing training programme to develop the team.
- Analyze the market situation and competition and take timely decisions regarding marketing, advertising, pricing and inventory management.
- Manage price and margin control, product management and product development, and maintain excellent relations with the principals.
- Devise market strategies, market segmentation, pricing vs. product positioning; environment analysis, market analysis, positioning of products/services vis-à-vis strategic implications in the relevant markets.
- Advise and decide on the best methods to resolve contractual issues to manage finalization of accounts.
- Represent QNCC in dealings with employer groups, industry associations, unions and other relevant bodies as required.
- Ensure that adequate controls are in place for all activities within the Department and that all Sections within the Department are adequately geared to achieve the Company's Strategy.
About 9-11 years of related experience of which a minimum of 3-5 years should be in a similar position / responsibility, preferably in a similar Industry.
Responsible for developing QNCC's commercial strategy, handling daily activities and business issues, managing QNCC associations, and recognizing business opportunities. Oversee QNCC's Procurement Management, Store and Sales. Constantly communicate and negotiate with clients or business associates and continuously work to strategically expand, preserve or improve the Company's procedures, standards or policies while sticking to business ethics and regulatory guidelines.
Good communication skill. English is must, Arabic is an advantage


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I have an array of integers stored in a plist. I would to load them and do fast enumeration over the array. Is there a way to do this or does fast enumeration work only for objects?
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2 Answers 2
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Fast enumeration do only work with objects in Obj-C.
However, if you stored integer values in a plist, you'll have an NSArray or an NSDictionary instance representing that plist. The NSArray/NSDictionary works with fast enumeration and will output NSNumbers when working with them, not int.
That way, you can retrieve your int easily with [anNSNumber intValue].
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I do undestand OOP is nice but if You have an array of integers and You must scan values very often, consider storing value in a simple C array:
1) much less memory footprint
2) blazing speed in searching (for via and index, a REAL index in memory.. will be a register in µp directly...)
a) you must think in old style C
b) save the number of items
c) you must convert from plist to int arr[..] but is very easy.
share|improve this answer
Your Answer


Double Red Donations
Red blood cells, which carry oxygen to all parts of the body, comprise 40-50 percent of blood volume and are the most commonly transfused blood product. They are used to treat anemia, for surgical operations and to replace blood lost due to trauma resulting from accidents or injuries.
A double red cell donation is an automated process that allows the donor to give two units of red blood cells in one visit. In this two-step process, two units of red cells are collected from the donor and other blood components like plasma are returned to the donor. A double red cell donation takes 30 to 40 minutes; the entire visit takes about an hour and 15 minutes, a bit longer than a whole blood donation.
Double Impact
As a double red cell donor you double your impact by providing twice as many red cells for patients in need. You also receive a $10 gift card as a thank you for your time and donation.
Donor requirements for double red cell donations:
 - Donors must be at least 17 years of age.
 - Donors must have an adequate blood iron level.
 - Female donors must be at least 5'5" tall and weigh 150 pounds.
 - Male donors must be at least 5'1" and weigh 130 pounds.
 - Donors must have an appointment to make a double red donation.
Type O donors are especially suited for double red cell donations because 45 percent of the population has Type O blood. Additionally, Type O Negative is in even greater demand because all patients can receive that blood type.
A donor can give double red cells every 112 days.
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Jump to: navigation, search
Charente-Maritime department
Charente-Maritime is a department on the west coast of France. It was named after the Charente river. Its is one of the 83 first French departments made during the French revolution. Its population is 557,024 and its prefecture is La Rochelle.


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What the law says
Sections 9 of the Summary Offences Act Queensland states:
- A person must not wilfully expose his or her genitals, unless the person has a reasonable excuse.
- A person who is so near a public place that the person may be seen from the public place must not wilfully expose his or her genitals so that the person's genitals may be seen from the public place, unless the person has a reasonable excuse.
It is a circumstance of aggravation for this section for a person to wilfully expose his or her genitals so as to offend or embarrass another person.
What the police must prove
In order for the Police to prove their case at Court, they must prove each of the following matters beyond a reasonable doubt.
- The accused
- (a) was in or near a public place; and
- (b) did wilfully expose him or herself; or
- (c) Intended to offend or embarrass the person
It will be necessary for the Police in every offence to prove that the accused was the person who committed the offence. Click here to learn more about identification evidence.
The Maximum penalty for the offence of Wilful Exposure
- (a) Section 9 (1) is 2 penalty point unit ; or If the offence involves circumstances of aggravation- 40 penalty points or 1 years imprisonment.
- (b) Section 9 (2) is 2 penalty point units; or if the offence involves circumstances of aggravation-40 penalty point units or I years imprisonment.
Which court will hear the matter
This matter is simple offence which means it is dealt with in the Magistrates Court.
Possible defences to this offence include but are not limited to
- Identification i.e. not the accused.
- The behaviour was not in or near a public place.
- The accused did not wilfully expose him or herself.
- The accused did not intend to offend or embarrass to person.


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Stochastic thermodynamic cycles of a mesoscopic thermoelectric engine
Artikel i vetenskaplig tidskrift, 2021
We analyze a steady-state thermoelectric engine, whose working substance consists of two capacitively coupled quantum dots. One dot is tunnel-coupled to a hot reservoir serving as a heat source, the other one to two electrically biased reservoirs at a colder temperature, such that work is extracted under the form of a steady-state current against the bias. In single realizations of the dynamics of this steady-state engine autonomous, four-stroke cycles can be identified. The cycles are purely stochastic, in contrast to mechanical autonomous engines which exhibit self-oscillations. In particular, these cycles fluctuate in direction and duration and occur in competition with other spurious cycles. Using a stochastic thermodynamic approach, we quantify the cycle fluctuations and relate them to the entropy produced during individual cycles. We identify the cycle mainly responsible for the engine performance and quantify its statistics with tools from graph theory. We show that such stochastic cycles are made possible because the work extraction mechanism is itself stochastic instead of the periodic time dependence in the working-substance Hamiltonian which can be found in conventional mechanical engines. Our investigation brings new perspectives about the connection between cyclic and steady-state engines.


The Latest in Black Tech + Creative
Black Women in Tech: Annie Easley
Working at NASA before it was even called NASA, Annie Easley was a leading pioneer in computer coding. During a time when black people weren't allowed to sit at the same table as their white counterparts let alone work for them, Easley was crucial to getting military, weather, and communication satellites into space. How did she become one of the leading black women in tech?
Annie Easley's Early Career
Annie Easley was born in Birmingham, AL and raised by a single mother who told her "you can do anything you want to, but you have to work at it." And that she did, moving to New Orleans to attend Xavier University to pursue a degree in pharmacy. She left without finishing, moving to Cleveland when she got married. She tried to go back to her pharmaceutical studies but the local pharmacy school shut down. But one fateful day in 1955, she opened up a Cleveland newspaper and read an article about twin sisters working as human computers at NACA (aka the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics). She applied for the job the very next day and was hired.
But wait, what is a human computer? If you remember the movie Hidden Figures, it was a person who had to do analyze data and do mathematical calculations for engineers and researchers. Women were able to land jobs like these back in Easley's time.
Read more about human computers and the other women who worked for NASA.
Annie Easley and the Centaur Project
When the Soviet Union launched the first satellite to orbit the earth, the United States government got a little jealous. NACA was scrapped and NASA (short for National Aeronautics and Space Administration) was created in its place. All the while Easley was still running calculations for the agency engineers in the Computer Services Division, being only one of four black employees in a staff of 2,500 people.
In order for the US to get its own satellites into space, NASA needed to have high powered rockets to launch them. The Centaur was one of those rockets and Easley was part of making that rocket a reality. Her coding skills helped put together the energy conversion system that get this kind of rocket into space during the late 1960s. The Centaur became NASA's "workhouse in space" launching many US satellites into space.
Annie Easley's Legacy
Easley's programming skills went far beyond the Centaur project. When actual computers began to do the heavy calculating, she adapted, learning how to code using programming languages like Fortran (short for Formula Translating System) and Simple Object Access Protocol (aka SOAP). She went back to school while working full-time, even when NASA refused to pay for it because she was black. In 1977 she earned her Bachelor of Degree in Science from Cleveland University. She continued her coding and research of energy systems at NASA for the next thirty-four years, retiring in 1984. She continued to inspire black women in tech until she passed away on June 25, 2011.
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Independence Day: the day we forced our way to Freedom
On 15th August 1947, our country became free from the long imprisonment of the British rule. This date is a red letter day in the history of India. Since then 15th August is celebrated as Independence Day with great joy and pride. This day the great sacrifice of the freedom fighters are remembered which throws light on the development of the country.
Why do we celebrate Independence Day?
We know that India got freedom from the 300 years of British rule in the stroke of midnight as we moved towards 15th August 1947. Many lives were sacrificed on this very day to give India freedom where many of them are not even known or remembered.
The most important reason behind celebrating Independence Day is that we remember and pay homage to these legends. So, it is very important to think and pay respect to those who died for the country.
Different ways of celebrating Independence Day at School:
On Independence Day flag hoisting ceremonies and cultural programmes are organized in schools in Siliguri. The students spend half of the day in preparing their speeches, dance, singing, etc on this auspicious day.
Well, here are a few ways how Independence Day is organized in schools:
1- Flag hoisting ceremonyIt is the 72nd year of India celebrating Independence Day. It is the day when we hoist our National Flag and remember the freedom fighters who struggled to give freedom to our country from the rule of British.
2- March PastStudents participate in March past where they move to the rhythm of the drums. They move in a line with the tri-color flag flying high.
3- Planting treesAfter the March past, the students get divided and they plant trees in the school compound to spread the theme of "Go-Green" this year in Independence Day.
4- Children gather togetherAfter the flag hoisting and March-past, the children sit together for a small speech on Independence Day which is given by the head of the school.
5- Cultural Dance programmesAfter the speech, the children can enjoy the various cultural dance programmes performed by the students based on patriotic songs.
6- Acts on Indian HistoryStudents perform acts on the stories related to our Indian History by getting dressed as Britishers and freedom fighters.
7- Competitions are organizedIn Schools, various competitions like drawing, quiz and debate competitions are organized for the students in Independence Day.
8- Distributions of sweetsAfter the programmes, teachers distribute sweets and chocolates to the students. They spend the whole day with their parents and friends at school.
72nd year of Freedom and Independence
Every school in the country does celebrate this auspicious day and remember the efforts of those countless Indians who sacrificed their lives so that the future generations would not suffer what they had suffered during those times. So, this day the schools offer tribute to those freedom fighters because of whom we have the freedom of education, freedom to speech and equality among other citizens of the country. The main reason behind the celebration is that our young minds must understand our history and work towards creating a nation that they had sacrificed their lives for. Jai Hind!!


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Voice Assistants, love them, or hate them, are becoming more and more commonplace. One problem for voice assistants is the situation of multiple devices listening in the same place. When a command is given, which device should answer? Researchers at CMU's Future Interfaces Group [Karan Ahuja], [Andy Kong], [Mayank Goel], and [Chris Harrison] have an answer; smart assistants should try to infer if the user is facing the device they want to talk to. They call it direction-of-voice or DoV.
Currently, smart assistants use a simple race to see who heard it first. The reasoning is that the device you are closest to will likely hear it first. However, in situations with echos or when you're equidistant from multiple devices, the outcome can seem arbitrary to a user.
The implementation of DoV uses an Extra-Trees Classifier from the python sklearn toolkit. Several other machine learning algorithms were considered, but ultimately efficiency won out and Extra-Trees was selected. Another interesting facet of the research was determining what facing really means. The team had humans 'listeners' stand in for smart assistants. A 'talker' would speak the key phrase while the 'listener' determined if the talker was facing them or not. Based on their definition of facing, the system can determine if someone is facing the device with 90% accuracy that rises to 93% with per-room calibration.
Thanks [Karan] for sending this in!


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OFS 2022 Email List
Get OFS 2022 news and resources sent straight to your inbox.
Tong Sun is Professor of Sensor Engineering and Director of Research Centre of Photonics and Instrumentation at City University of London in the UK. Key areas of her research, as reflected in her ~300 peer-reviewed international journal and conference publications, include innovative designs of a range of optical fibre sensors for physical, chemical and biological measurements, addressing challenges arising from the built environment, energy sector and transportation. Her breadth of research includes the development of a suite of optical fibre sensors and sensor networks for i) structural condition monitoring, ranging from concrete bridges, limestone buildings, through marine propellers, to railway current-collecting pantograph and electric motors for more-electric-aircraft; ii) environmental monitoring, from a sewer system, through automotive emission, soil contamination to nuclear waste condition monitoring; iii) enhanced safety and security through detection of drug/explosives,'smell of fear' and early fires.


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Planet (The Face of Evil)
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Type: Planet
Natives: Horda
Appearance: The Face of Evil
An Earth-like planet had at least part of its surface covered in dense jungle. The Horda was one of the native life forms.
In the far future, the planet was colonised by the Mordee expedition. Shortly after they arrived, the Fourth Doctor visited and assisted them in repairing their computer, Xoanon. Centuries after his original visit, the Doctor returned to the planet, only to find that the Mordee had split into two groups, the Sevateem and the Tesh, both of whom worshipped Xoanon, who had gone mad from the Doctor's efforts to help. After restoring Xoanon's sanity and reuniting the two tribes, the Doctor left, accompanied by the Sevateem warrior Leela. (TV: The Face of Evil)
There were giant jungle birds on the planet. (AUDIO: The Time Vampire)
Leela once compared the Congo in Central Africa to her planet. (AUDIO: The Ghosts of Gralstead)
There were no seasons on the planet. (AUDIO: The Child)
The jungle planet Garros reminded Leela of her home planet. (AUDIO: Zygon Hunt)
Ad blocker interference detected!


text:
October 16, 2011
- arrears (noun)
- What does it mean?
- 1 : the state of being behind in the paying of debts2 : unpaid or overdue debts
- How do you use it?
- After a couple months of being in arrears with the rent, the roommates finally got caught up and started paying rent on time again.
- Are you a word wiz?
Don't get behind on answering this one; start right away! Which of the following words do you think shares a common ancestor with "arrears"?We won't hold back the answer! It's B, "retroactive." Both "arrears" and "retroactive" have as a Latin ancestor the word "retro," meaning "back." "Arrears" traces back through French to the Latin phrase "ad retro," meaning "backward." "Retroactive," which means "intended to apply or take effect at a date in the past," also traces back through French to its Latin ancestor. It derives from the Latin word "retroagere," meaning "to drive back, reverse," a combination of "retro" and "agere," meaning "drive."


text:
Middleware intercepts traffic between the client and the API (whether real or simulated), and allowing you to manipulate it.
You can use middleware to manipulate data in simulated responses, or to inject unpredictable performance characteristics into your simulation.
Middleware works differently depending on the Hoverfly mode.
- Capture mode: middleware affects only outgoing requests
- Simulate mode: middleware affects only incoming responses (cache contents remain untouched)
- Synthesize mode: middleware creates responses
- Modify mode: middleware affects requests and responses
You can write middleware in any language. There are two different types of middleware.
Hoverfly has the ability to invoke middleware by executing a script or binary file on a host operating system. The only requires are that the provided middleware can be executed and sends the Middleware JSON schema to stdout when the Middleware JSON schema is received on stdin.
Hoverfly can also send middleware requests to a HTTP server instead of running a process locally. The benefits of this are that Hoverfly does not initiate the process, giving more control to the user. The only requirements are that Hoverfly can POST the Middleware JSON schema to middleware URL provided and the middleware HTTP server respones with a 200 and the Middleware JSON schema is in the response.
When middleware is called by Hoverfly, it expects to receive and return JSON (see Simulation schema). Middleware can be used to modify the values in the JSON but must not modify the schema itself.
Hoverfly will send the JSON object to middleware via the standard input stream. Hoverfly will then listen to the standard output stream and wait for the JSON object to be returned.
Middleware examples are covered in the tutorials section. See Using middleware to simulate network latency and Using middleware to modify response payload and status code.


Date of Award
Document Type
Degree Name
Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)
First Advisor
Cornelia Yarbrough
The purpose of this study was to examine performance trends of advanced wind instrumentalists with regard to intervallic tuning. Factors of interest were tuning system, location (above or below a referential stimulus), interval type, and group (student or professional). Also of interest was the direction of deviation of the target pitches, sharp or flat, from equal temperament. Subjects (N = 16) were experienced wind instrumentalists, eight experienced professionals, and eight advanced university students. Subjects were recorded performing a two-part reduction of a Bach chorale, first playing the melody with a synthesized harmony line, then vice versa. Performances were transferred to a NeXT computer where target intervals were analyzed and converted to cent distance. Results indicated that overall cent deviation was greatest when compared to just tuning and least when compared to equal tempered tuning. For cent deviation from equal temperament, thirds and sixths were performed slightly less in-tune than fourths, fifths, unisons, and octaves. Location also affected the direction of deviation from equal temperament as it appeared that subjects tended to play sharp and less in-tune when performing below the stimulus. There were no differences found between groups for the magnitude of deviation, however, considering direction of deviation from equal temperament, it was observed that the student group performed less sharp than the professionals when performing below the stimulus and less in-tune when performing above.


[j] = true;
 if (k == T)
 if (k < T)
 sort(S.rbegin(), S.rend());
Why do we need sort by each time $T = 1, \dots, N$? There is a example:
-> 10, 9
-> 10, 9, 9, 8
-> 10, 9, 9, 8, 9, 8, 8, 7
-> 10, 9, 9, 8, 9, 8, 8, 7, 9, 8, 8, 7, 8, 7, 7, 6
Let's explain why the greedy algorithm above works well.
We use the pedigree table to denote the tree that connect the parent and its children.
First, we see that the answer is "No" if we cannot simulate by our algorithm. This is because, when the algorithm is interrupted, there must be so big a slime $X$ that we cannot make by slimes in $V$. If the answer were "Yes", we must have had the valid pedigree table that are not greedy. Suppose $X$ is in $k$-th generation in this table and interrupted in $l$-th. If $k = l$, it is a contradiction. If $k > l$, we don't have to stop algorithm, which implies contradiction. If $k < l$, we can find a slime $Y$ in less-than-or-equal-to-$k$-th generation in this algorithm that can be swapped by $X$, which implies the number of $X$ is greater than $Y$. The greedy algorithm implies the number of $X$ is less than $Y$. This is a contradiction. This is what we want to show.
Second, we prove that, if the answer is "Yes", this greedy succeeds. Suppose we can construct a valid pedigree table that is not greedy, which means we passed the number $x$ to use $y$ with $y < x$. Suppose that $x$ is in $k$-th and $y$ is in $l$-th. We have $k \geq l$. If $k = l$, it means nothing. Assume $k > l$. Let $T _ x$ be the tree that contains all the grandchildren of $x$. Then, we have the tree $T _ y$ which contains the following slimes.
 - $y$ itself.
 - the slimes that was a grandchild of $y$ produced at the time $T \geq k$.
We can swap $T _ x$ and $T _ y$. The validness still follows after the swap. We do this finite times to get the greedy pedigree table.
Review: 2020-06-04
A - sample: 2, tle: 2.000, time: 03:21, from_submit: 54:56
B - sample: 3, tle: 2.000, time: 03:26, from_submit: 51:30
C - sample: 3, tle: 2.000, time: 04:26, from_submit: 47:04
D - sample: 4, tle: 2.000, time: 09:23, from_submit: 37:41
E - sample: 3, tle: 2.000, time: 21:57, from_submit: 15:44
F - sample: 4, tle: 2.000, time: 15:44, from_submit: 00:00


text:
The New Zealand Seafood Standards Council (NZSSC), the seafood industry and the New Zealand Food Safety Authority (NZFSA) have joined forces to develop a more robust and consistent approach to monitoring and dealing with Listeria monocytogenes in ready-to-eat seafood.
The seafood industry had identified that the Listeria Circular 1995 (IAIS 003.9), which ready-to-eat seafood producers have been using to manage the pathogen, needed updating following international advances in how listeria Listeria was managed. A technical working group led by the NZSSC with representatives from industry, NZFSA and other experts undertook the review.
"Listeria monocytogenes is a bacteria that can cause a serious illness called listeriosis," NZFSA specialist advisor Marion Castle says. "Although sickness is rare it can have serious consequences, especially for pregnant women who risk miscarrying or giving birth prematurely."
The Listeria Monitoring Programme for Ready-to-Eat Seafood was developed with two facets; one for long shelf-life products and one for short shelf-life products. "There are inherently different risks associated with products that have a longer shelf-life, and these have been addressed through developing two different monitoring programmes," Marion says.
The new monitoring programmes provide operators with clear direction on sampling frequency, number of samples needed and the steps to take if Listeria is detected in the processing environment or product.
"It is important to understand that finding this organism in the processing environment should not necessarily be seen as a bad thing. In fact, a detection can be a helpful indicator, as it means an operator's looking in the right places and is able to take appropriate steps before the product is contaminated," Marion says.
The revised Listeria Circular was published on May 20, 2010. All ready-to-eat seafood producers who operate under a Risk Management Programme are required to follow the Listeria Monitoring Programme for Ready-to-Eat Seafood by August 20, 2010. The exception is for those who have registered by then an alternative Listeria Monitoring Programme that provides an equivalent outcome as part of their Risk Management Programme.
NZFSA and NZSSC conducted workshops during June in Nelson and Auckland to assist affected producers with the implementation of the new programme and to explain the ideas and practical realities behind the monitoring regimes. Marion says the workshops provided a great opportunity to receive feedback from processors on any difficulties they had encountered so far in implementing the new monitoring programme.
More information can be found on NZFSA's website:
Published in Seafood, August 2010


text:
The question of noise in gene expression has been more and more important recently, both as an interesting question in its own right, and as a necessary piece of information for constructing random processes to describe other aspects of biology.
There is a problem with measuring noise, however: how much of it is actually noise associated with the components of a pathway operating in a thermal bath, and how much is cell to cell variation, the local density of a necessary enzymes, and other things that are extraneous to the pathway?
Take an ensemble of cells whose expression X of some gene we can monitor (say, with a fluorescent protein on the same promoter). We define the noise in X as
We use the variance instead of the standard deviation because in most cases we are talking about small numbers of things, and this form gives us a good reference point: if X is Poisson, η2 = 1.
We want to decompose this into something measuring the stochastic details of our process of interest and something measuring the variation due using this or that particular cell. Let and be the intrinsic and extrinsic variables respectively which together entirely determine the state of X. Then (bringing the mean over to the left hand side so we don't have to carry it through)
The first term we can take as a measure of the intrinsic noise: is the variance due to the intrinsic variables, and its expectation if just averaged over the ensemble of different cells (and their corresponding different extrinsic conditions).
The second term is a measure of the extrinsic noise. is the average expression for a given set of extrinsic conditions (i.e., in one cell), and we take its variance across many cells, and this is purely the variation caused by changes in the extrinsic conditions.
The term we added and subtracted in our computation we can experimentally measure: put two different genes which we can assay on the same promoter in a given cell. They will have the same extrinsic conditions, and different intrinsic variables (since they will be in different parts of the heat bath). Let X1 and X2 be the different expressions for the two. Then
It is important to remember what is actually measurable here. We can measure mean levels of expression in individual cells. Thus η2 is measurable, and we are trying to work backwards to the two noise terms. Consider the observable.
The first two terms are both direct observables as well, so we can find the last term:. Note that the other term in our extrinsic noise is an observable as well: in its original form, it is E[X]2. We have the whole extrinsic noise now, and the total noise, and their difference is the intrinsic noise. Viola!


text:
Ig Nobel prize for UC Davis Ophthalmologist
|Schwab, who delivered his acceptance speech wearing this woodpecker headdress, received the Ig Nobel prize for authoring "Cure for a Headache," a study published in the British Journal of Ophthalmology.|
When your daily routine involves slamming your head against a tree, you might expect to get an occasional headache. Such could be the fate of woodpeckers as they search for worms, grubs and insects.
However, woodpeckers experience no ill effects from their head-banging ways and, for explaining why, UC Davis ophthalmology professor Ivan Schwab was chosen for the 2006 Ig Nobel Prize in ornithology. He received the award at Harvard University.
A parody of the Nobel Prizes, the Ig Nobel Prizes are awarded annually for 10 achievements that "first make people laugh, and then make them think." Bestowed by the scientific humor journal Annals of Improbable Research, the awards are intended to "celebrate the unusual, honor the imaginative and spur people's interest in science, medicine and technology." This is the first year that the journal has awarded a prize in ornithology. In keeping with tradition, six genuine Nobel laureates presented this year's Ig Nobel Prizes.
Schwab, who delivered his acceptance speech while wearing a woodpecker headdress, received the prize for authoring "Cure for a Headache," a study published in the British Journal of Ophthalmology in 2002. He shared the prize with the late psychiatrist Phillip R.A. May, whose previous research formed the basis for the study written by Schwab.
In addition to accepting his Ig Nobel Prize on Oct. 5, Schwab, along with the other award winners, took part in the Ig Informal Lectures on Saturday, Oct. 7, at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. At this event, the prizewinners delivered five-minute lectures in which they "attempted to explain what they did, and why they did it," followed by questions from the audience.
Woodpeckers interested May and Schwab because the birds do not experience retinal detachments, brain damage and spinal cord injuries, damage that one would expect as a result from the birds' repeated hammering. In his study, Schwab noted that North America's largest woodpecker may strike a tree at the rate of 20 times a second and up to 12,000 times a day, with forces as high as 1,200 g's with each impact.
"That is equivalent to striking a wall at 16 miles an hour — face first — each time," Schwab wrote.
|Schwab has a special interest in comparative ophthalmology, a field in which he and others examine how insects, birds, reptiles and other nonhuman animals process images.|
In his research, May found that woodpeckers have evolved several unique mechanisms that prevent them from inflicting harm upon themselves. Among them are a thick, bony skull with relatively spongy bone, and cartilage at the base of the mandible (lower jaw bone) that partially cushions the incessant blows. The mandibles are attached to the skull by powerful muscles that contract a millisecond before each strike, creating a tight but cushioned structure at the moment of impact and distributing the force of the blow to the base and posterior regions of the skull, thus bypassing the brain.
Schwab has a special interest in comparative ophthalmology, a field in which he and others examine how insects, birds, reptiles and other nonhuman animals process images.
"In fact, many advances in optics and high-tech instrumentation have come from comparative ophthalmology," Schwab said. For example, he said, studies in the 1970s of the square-shaped facets of the surface of the eyes of lobsters are being used in the development of X-ray optics, including X-ray lithography and X-ray telescopes used in outer space. Also, studies of woodpeckers' thick skulls have provided insight into protecting humans from head injuries.
Schwab, who specializes in disorders of the cornea, helped develop a bioengineered corneal transplant procedure that restored or improved eyesight in patients suffering from severe corneal damage. The technique involves growing replacement cornea tissue in a laboratory dish. Ultimately, the technique may allow tissue engineers to produce readily available, "off-the-shelf" cornea replacements that can be easily transplanted into patients with severe cornea damage.
Among the past Nobel laureates who presented the 2006 Ig Nobel Prizes are Roy Glauber, Physics, 2005; Dudley Herschbach, Chemistry, 1986; International Atomic Energy Agency spokesperson Melissa Fleming, Peace, 2005; William Lipscomb, Chemistry, 1976; Rich Roberts, Physiology or Medicine, 1993; and Frank Wilczek, Physics, 2004.


Sometimes, what is on the outside does count
Hoard's Dairyman:
Sometimes, what is on the outside does count
Mon, 04/22/2013
It is what's on the inside AND outside that affects consumer enjoyment of drinking milk.
by Abby Huibregtse, Hoard's Dairyman Associate Editor
children drinking milkThe old saying "Don't judge a book by its cover" could be used to describe fluid milk packaging. Milk packs nine essential nutrients and is part of a healthy diet for children and adults. No matter what shape or form the packaging comes in, the health benefits of milk are the same.
However, an unappealing package, in both appearance and how it affects beverage quality, impacts people's purchasing and drinking decisions.
In our Hoard's Dairyman March 25 Editorial (page 200), we stated that the dairy industry needs to take advantage of the opportunity we have every day to encourage milk consumption through school lunches. That can be done through more appealing packaging and offering a product students enjoy.
A recent example of this happened in Wisconsin, when three milk processing plants placed bids to supply milk to 13 school districts in the southeastern part of the state. Prairie Farms Dairy Inc., based in Carlinville, Ill., topped the two other companies and secured the contract last week.
Prairie Farms Dairy Inc., did not have the lowest bid; in fact, they came in $35,000 higher than the most affordable milk contract option, according to the Milwaukee Journal Sentinel. However, the decision was made not only on price but also flavor, service, package appearance and other criteria.
In blind taste tests, students chose the Prairie Farms Dairy Inc., products over the others. When one of the 13 school districts changed milk vendors this year, they saw milk consumption drop 10 percent, the result of a different milk source that didn't appeal to the students. This further supported the decision to sign a milk contract based on students' preferences. You can read the full article "Kids taste buds seal school milk deal" at
This echoes research done by the National Dairy Council several years ago. They found that milk had an 18 percent unit increase and a 37 percent volume surge when plastic bottles were used and flavored milk was offered in schools.
There is no doubt that all three milk plants that placed bids had a good, healthy product, but the flavor and packaging helped win over the taste buds of the students. Rather than letting this be a disappointment, hopefully it spurs a healthy competition between these milk plants and others to continuously improve the products they supply. Changes inside and out, in quality and packaging, could help reverse the current trend of declining fluid milk consumption and, in the end, the entire dairy industry can come out ahead.


text:
The whole blood volume is used as a general guide in estimating reasonable volumes of blood that can be removed safely.
The table below shows values for mean blood volume in children, men and women (Geigy Scientific Tables, 7th Ed; 1971):
|Whole Blood Volume||(ml/kg Body Weight)|
|Newborn, 15-30 minutes of age||76.5|
|Newborn, 24 hours||83.3|
|Children, 3 months||87|
|Children, 6 months||86|
|Children, 1 year||80|
|Children, 6 years||80|
|Children, 10 years||75|
|Children, 15 years||71|
Blood banks consider that 7-9% of whole blood volume can be removed safely on a single occasion in a person in good health and with a hematocrit level not less than 38 volume%. For this purpose, guidelines have been developed that are based on body weight, starting at 41 lb. Available data suggest that similar criteria can be applied also to children weighing less than 41 lb, and to infants and newborn.
The IRBMED has modified and extended the criteria of blood banks, and recommends that they be followed in removing blood from human subjects for research purposes:
1. In human subjects in good health, and a hematocrit of not less than 38 volume%, the following volumes of blood may be removed over a 3-month period, on a single occasion or in divided portions:
Body Weight (lb) Blood Volume (ml) 0-10 20 11-20 30 21-30 50 31-40 100 *41-51 164 *52-63 214 *64-74 260 *75-85 308 *86-97 355 *98-109 403 *>110 450
Body Weight (kg) Blood Volume (ml) 0-5 20 6-10 30 11-15 50 16-20 100 21-25 150 26-30 200 31-35 250 36-40 300 41-45 350 46-50 400 >50 450
* Specified by Blood Banks
2. Additional volumes of blood may be removed in subsequent 3-month periods using the same criteria, as long as the subject remains in good health and maintains a hematocrit level of not less than 38 volume%.
3. If a subject may not be in good health, and in particular may have a cardiovascular, pulmonary or hematopoietic problem, the volume of blood to be removed should be reduced appropriately.
4. If the study protocol necessitates that the volume of blood to be removed exceeds the above criteria recommended for subjects in good health, or that the volume cannot be reduced in consideration of poor health or low hematocrit level, IRBMED may consider approving the project only if the added risk can be justified by the expected direct benefit to the subjects.
5. Whenever the volume of blood to be removed will exceed 1% of whole blood volume of the subject, hematocrit should be determined in advance, to ascertain that it is not <38%. The frequency of monitoring hematocrit levels should be commensurate with the volume of blood to be removed, and the estimated vulnerability of the subject to blood loss.
6. The estimated volume and frequency of blood to be removed, risks associated with blood removal, and the measures to be taken to minimize those risks should be included in the information to be given to the subject in a written informed consent document.


text:
Architect: William Deane Butler & Iarnród Éireann Architects
Originally constructed for the Drogheda and Dublin Railway Company, this was the first of the four major Dublin Railway termini to be constructed. Still in use today, it has been renamed Connolly Station after James Connolly who was executed for his part in the 1916 rising although many people still refer to it as Amiens Station. The station was built between 1844-46, and it is constructed on an axis with Talbot Street allowing the central tower to act as a signpost for the station. A symmetrical five bay façade with three towers and an enormous entrance arch – the main façade does not hang together particularly well as an integrated design.
In the late 20th century Iarnród Éireann Architects renovated the building by adding a new entrance foyer to the south and cleaning the brickwork inside the shed. In addition to the mainline trains, Connolly also services the local DART and Suburban Rail services. These trains operate from platforms adjacent to the main railway shed, on an elevated railbed before crossing the river via the Loopline Bridge.
The removal of the traffic access ramp to the south has allowed a terminus of sorts for the Luas Light Rail system, which had now been negated by the extension of the route to the Point on North Wall Quay.


text: Until the last few decades, anthropogenic chemicals used in most production processes have not been comprehensively assessed for their risk and impact on wildlife and humans. They are transported globally and usually end up in the environment as unintentional pollutants, causing long-term adverse effects. Modern toxicology practices typically use acute toxicity tests of unrealistic concentrations of chemicals to determine their safe use, missing pathological effects arising from long-term exposures to environmentally relevant concentrations. Here, we study the transgenerational effect of environmentally relevant concentrations of five chemicals on the priority list of international regulatory frameworks on the keystone species Daphnia magna. We expose Daphnia genotypes resurrected from the sedimentary archive of a lake with a known history of chemical pollution to the five chemicals to understand how historical exposure to chemicals influences adaptive responses to novel chemical stress. We measure withinand transgenerational plasticity in fitness-linked life history traits following exposure of "experienced" and "naive" genotypes to novel chemical stress. As the revived Daphnia originate from the same genetic pool sampled at different times in the past, we are able to quantify the long-term evolutionary impact of chemical pollution by studying genome-wide diversity and identifying functional pathways affected by historical chemical stress. Our results suggest that historical exposure to chemical stress causes reduced genome-wide diversity, leading to lower cross-generational tolerance to novel chemical stress. Lower tolerance is underpinned by reduced gene diversity at detoxification, catabolism and endocrine genes in experienced genotypes. We show that these genes sit within pathways that are conserved and potential chemical targets in other species, including humans.