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Arjuna Bark ( Arjun Ki Chaal )
SKU: jbp3570 Category: Tags:,,,,
also known as
Arjun Tree Bark
ارجن کی چھال
Scientific Name: Terminalia Arjuna
 221 1,684
Arjuna Bark / Arjun Ki Chaal (ارجن کی چھال) also known as Terminalia Arjuna, is a tree bark that is used medicinally in Ayurveda for the purposes of cardiovascular health pertaining to the heart itself. It has a large variety of bioactives, with the water extract showing promise at improving left ventricle function of the heart without any observable toxicity of side effects.
Ingredient Name :
Terminalia arjuna Roxb.
Bengali Name : Arjun Gach
Chinese Name : San guo mu
English Name : Arjuna Myrobalan, White Murdah
German Name : Arjunbaum
Gujarati Name : Arjun
Hindi Name : Arjuna, Koha
Kannada Name : Matri
Latin name : Terminalia arjuna Roxb.
Marathi Name : Arjun, Arjun Sadra
Punjabi Name : Arjon
Sanskrit Name : Arjuna, Kukubha
Urdu Name : Arjun
Recommended Dosage:
3 to 6 g powder of bark.
This herb has no known warnings or contraindications.
Health Benefits:
 1. One of the health benefits of the arjuna herb is that it is known to be effective against the symptoms of asthma and can even cure the individual of this medical problem. As part of the natural treatment for asthma, the arjuna bark powder should be mixed with hot water or with milk and then consumed in the form of a tea.
 2. The arjuna herb is a powerful antioxidant and hence is it known to be good for the skin. One of the terminalia arjuna uses in skin treatment involves preparing a paste from the arjuna bark along with some honey and applying this paste on the acne prone area. The astringent property of the arjuna herb is known to help in the prevention of acne.
 3. Similarly another one of the arjuna bark benefits is based on the fact that the compounds that are present in the arjuna herb are known to protect the DNA from any possible damage from toxins. The arjuna herb also protects the DNA from damage induced by adriamycin.
 4. Health benefits of arjuna also involve it being able to flush out small stones that may have formed within the kidney thereby hampering the functioning of the kidney as well as the resulting pain. In this treatment, the bark of the arjuna tree should be boiled well and then the liquid should be filtered and consumed. The arjuna herb is known to break the kidney stones that may have formed into small pieces and then eventually flush them out via urine.
 5. Health benefits of the arjuna bark also include it being used against heart disease. The Arjuna herb is known to raise the coronary artery flow thereby protecting the cardiac tissue from any ischemic damage. Additionally, the arjuna herb is also known to be a mild diuretic besides blood lipid lowering, blood thinning and prostaglandin properties. On account of the benefits of the arjuna herb against heart disease, it is also recommended to be consumed by smokers.
 6. Another one of the terminalia arjuna uses is that it acts as a cardiac stimulant and thereby has a tonic and cooling effect. Thus the arjuna herb is used in reducing the body temperature during a fever. The arjuna herb is also used in home treatments to arrest any bleeding or secretions. This is because the arjuna herb accelerates clotting and thereby promotes quick healing of the wound.
 7. One of the most important health benefits of the arjuna herb is that the compounds that are present in this herb are known to help in maintaining healthy levels of cholesterol. Additionally, the presence of the phytochemicals in the arjuna bark are also known to lower the levels of bad cholesterol. The arjuna herb is also known to stimulate the pumping function of the heart thereby strengthening the heart muscles. Hence as one of the medicinal uses of the arjuna bark, it is used to treat angina and other cardiovascular medical issues.
 8. Arjuna tea is also used as a natural treatment for dysentery and diarrhea.
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Results Follow Up, UNAD 2017
The project "Digitalizing Uganda Sign Language" aims to make Uganda sign language accessible via digital platforms.
There is no digital resource available to learn Uganda sign language today.
Spider supports the implementation and research for the project "Digitalizing Uganda Sign Language". The project is based in Uganda and aims to make Uganda sign language accessible via digital platforms across the country. The Spider results follow up performed a baseline study at the beginning of the project to examine the level of ICT use and accessibility for sign language in Uganda's various regions. This will help UNAD understand stakeholders' experiences, expectations and the challenges in utilising Uganda's digital sign-language content.
The baseline study on use of ICTs for learning sign language in Uganda shows that mobile apps, social media networks and CDs are very helpful in learning sign language.
The baseline study on use of ICTs for learning sign language in Uganda shows that mobile apps, social media networks and CDs are very helpful in learning sign language. Findings show that there are low levels of ICT use and accessibility among sign language learners in the different regions of Uganda. Yet the attitude towards using ICTs to learn sign language is positive, among the deaf, their friends, sign language instructors, parents and community service providers (such as nurses, the police, teachers, business persons, etc.).
Social media groups, videos on WhatApps and Facebook, mobile apps and compact discs (CDs) were among some of the commonly used ICTs for learning sign language.
The baseline study found that challenges related to use of these ICTs include unaffordable costs for Internet especially when learners have to share and download videos and also acquiring the artefacts (smartphones, CDs, etc.).
The Channel 4 Documentary "Patrick Speaks" shows how 15 year Patrick Otema learns sign language and how this knowledge breaks the silence he has lived in so far.
Literacy among deaf persons was found to be low. A majority of them have only primary school education. Most schools offer no special education beyond primary level. Literacy challenges also make it difficult to use ICTs as well as other learning materials such as dictionaries and tutorials.
The baseline study highlights some of the interventions to address challenges faced by deaf people and sign language learners in Uganda. The Ugandan population has to be sensitised on how to communicate with the deaf rather than stereotyping them as social misfits. To achieve this, the study recommends creating awareness programmes and integrating sign language learning into national education programmes.
Literacy challenges also make it difficult to use ICTs as well as learning materials such as dictionaries and tutorials.
There is a need to borrow a leaf from universal sign language programmes but also to contextualise particular interventions, especially the curriculum and content developed. Some of the signs are not universal and for this reason the signs confuse learners. Therefore, learning materials should address content localisation issues.
When it comes to learning sign language using ICTs, the study found that there is a need to streamline strategies for digital sign language implementation. For example availing digital resources (content, devices, etc.) to the deaf and their helpers and empowering people and institutions which were found to be influential in supporting the deaf: that is, friends, religious institutions, family members and deaf instructors. These would scale the cause.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


Men Who Pay For Sex Also In Debt To Society
For example, significantly fewer sex buyers, 47 percent against 70 percent, reported that they were taught about respect for women in sex education classes.
What's interesting about this study isn't that it found that men who buy sex are more likely to commit crimes; it seems like a redundant no-brainer that men committing a crimepaying for sex from a prostitutewere more likely to commit a crime. This also far from implies that every single man who has ever bought a lap dance is a Patrick Bateman-in-waiting, either. It seems that willful blindness to the plight of exploited sex workers is a symptom of a deeply seated problem in our society, and that there's no clear solution to eradicating the sexism at the root of it.
Men who buy sex tend to commit more crimes, survey says [Reuters]


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WP3 Structural changes
WP3 aims to identify meaningful and effective structural changes in the partner institutions leading to an improvement of gender equality and to develop recommendations to guide the implementation of Gender Equality Plans.
Task 3.1: Review and improvement of policies and practices (Task leader: Kiel CAU)
Structural changes in an institution mean that improved systematic and sustainable approaches are applied to key processes and procedures within and throughout the institution. Structural changes in order to improve gender equality include the removal of often-unconscious barriers and the reduction of the influence of implicit stereotypes on decisions and developments.
This task aims to review and assess structures and processes (including recruitment procedures, decision-making processes and allocation of resources) in the partner institutions regarding their gender balance, fairness and transparency. In this regard, the top-level personnel, units and committees responsible for gender equality policies at the partner institutions play an important role.
Tasks 3.2 & 3.3. Setting targets and monitoring progress via gender-sensitive indicators on structural changes (Task leader: Kiel CAU)
Aggregated gender segregated data on structural changes could comprise, e.g., horizontal/ vertical segregation (gender pay-gap), allocation of lab space, gender balance in decision-making boards and committees. This task aims to develop indicators from such data and analyse the resultant trends, enabling the consortium to recommend possible targets and innovative strategies toward Gender Equality Plans of the partner institutions.


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Emotions play a significant role in our decision-making. It goes beyond intuition as an emotional state when deciding also contributes to the final verdict given. We let go when we are happy and often get super annoyed over little things when we are already stressed out. Emotions reflect in our behaviors and actions, thus the need to trigger the right emotions.
Let's face it straight away – every graphic designer experiences emotional burnout at some point in his/her career. As a matter of fact, it's a widespread problem that affects professionals in all fields of work.
What does it mean to create a design that satisfies a person on an emotional level? That is a pretty loaded question, yet fair enough for those that are aiming to improve on the quality of their project outputs. Some would say it is the aesthetic factor that reels people in. Others would counter that by saying the emotional effect is due more to the way the website works. The truth would be a mixture of both. Read on to find out some Tips To Create Emotionally Satisfying UX Designs.


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Faceless body in performance
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Faceless Body in Performance is a practice-led research project in live and digital performance. There are two series of solo performances, Breath of Air and Black Glove, which explore choreographic procedures that can direct the audience towards ambiguous plays of relation within the embodied, sensory encounter of the performance. The focus is on decentring the modalities of visibility, invisibility, aurality, stillness, and motion, with the aim of exposing intermodal relationships across the senses and genders. The project is located in a post-phenomenological paradigm where the body, environment, and technology are regarded as a field of mutually dependent relations. Don Ihde's post-phenomenological exploration of amplification technology and notion of an auditory turn, provide a framework for viewing the solo performances as indeterminate plays of relation across the senses and technology. Jacques Derrida's strategies of deconstruction and notion of undecidability, provide a lens for viewing each of the solo performances as an open-ended process that is irreducible to a final meaning. The project argues that there is a range of choreographic procedures, which can expose performance as an embodied, relational process that resists stabilisation into a single modality or meaning.


Construction Zones
When approaching or entering a highway construction or maintenance area (also known as work zones), Illinois law requires motorists:
 - Slow down
Discontinue wireless/cellphone use (unless using a hands-free device that may include the use of a single-sided headset), yield to any authorized vehicles or workers in the area,
Change to a lane away from the workers when possible and proceed with caution.
Motorists must obey the posted construction zone speed


Home » The App At The Heart Of The FBI's Major Global Phone Sting – Newspot
Law enforcement agencies from three continents on Tuesday revealed a vast FBI-led sting.
Law enforcement agencies from three continents on Tuesday revealed a vast FBI-led sting operation that sold thousands of supposedly encrypted mobile phones to criminal organisations and intercepted their messages for years.
Police accounts and unsealed US court documents, first cited by Vice News, reveal an ambitious worldwide plot that was years in the making.
What is ANOM?
ANOM was billed as a fully secure encrypted mobile phone that promised the user total secrecy in communications.
Essentially it was a jailbroken handset that used a modified operating system — removing any of the normal text, phone or GPS services that would make it trackable and traceable.
On the surface, the device would look like a normal mobile phone, but it contained a "secure" messaging service hidden behind a functioning calculator app.
In theory, the phone operated on a closed network — ANOM phones could only communicate with other ANOM phones using "military grade" encryption that transferred data via secure proxy servers.
The phones also contained a kill switch to delete contacts or any other data stored locally.
Similar services like Phantom Secure, Sky Global, Ciphr, and EncroChat have for years been used by criminal networks for planning and communication — and many have been exploited by law enforcement.
Where did the FBI come in?
In March 2018 Phantom Secure's CEO Vincent Ramos was indicted by grand jury and along with colleagues would eventually plead guilty to a raft of charges related to drug trafficking.
Shortly after that, an unnamed "confidential human source" presented the FBI with a next-generation encrypted device — that would be dubbed ANOM — which was designed to replace discredited, defunct or infiltrated systems.
The same source agreed to disseminate the now FBI-compromised devices among a network of blackmarket distributors who had sold Phantom Secure to carefully vetted or vouched-for individuals, usually members of organised criminal gangs.
Why did criminals buy it?
Initially, 50 ANOM phones were distributed in a test run, mostly to members of Australian organised criminal gangs.
But through word of mouth they gained in popularity with criminal underworld figures, who reportedly recommended them to friends.
Interest in ANOM exploded in 2020 when European authorities rolled up EncroChat, with dozens arrested, and after Sky Global CEO Jean Francois Eap was detained.
In the end, the FBI, Australian authorities and an unnamed "third country" were able to access more than 20 million messages from 11,800 devices in 90 countries.
They were most popular in Germany, the Netherlands, Spain, Australia and Serbia.
Why did the operation stop?
There is no clear rationale given about why the operation stopped now. However a mixture of suspicions, legal hurdles and strategy may have contributed.
Law enforcement did not have real-time access to phone activity but instead, all sent messages were blind copied or 'BCCed' to FBI servers where they were decrypted.
FBI saw devices with the ANOM app.
One server was in a third country where the warrant was due to expire on June 7, 2021.
But even ahead of that deadline, suspicions were being raised.
In March "canyouguess67" posted on WordPress that ANOM was a "scam" and that a device he had tested was "in constant contact with" Google servers and relayed data to non-secure servers in Australia and the United States.
"I was quite concerned to see the amount of IP addresses relating to many corporations within the 5 eyes Governments (Australia, USA, Canada, UK, NZ who share information with one another)," the post said before it was deleted.
In addition, one stated aim for "Operation Trojan Shield" was to undermine trust in encrypted devices, a goal that could only be widely achieved when the operation was made public.
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March 5, 2013
LONDON (AP) -- Despite six decades of free medical care and widespread health campaigns, Britons are among the unhealthiest people in Western Europe, a new study says.
International researchers analyzed the country's rates of sickness and death from 1990 to 2010 in comparison to those of 15 other Western European countries in addition to Australia, Canada and the U.S. Experts described the U.K. results as "startling" and said Britain was failing to address underlying health risks in its population, including rising rates of high blood pressure, obesity and drug and alcohol abuse.
"It's incredibly surprising," said Dr. Christopher Murray, who studies health metrics at the University of Washington in Seattle and is the lead author of the latest report.
"We all think of the U.K. as having a great health system and as one of the most sophisticated medical research communities in the world," he wrote in an email. "Nobody would have really expected that the U.K. would be toward the bottom."
Overall, the U.K. was 12th for healthy life expectancy, with most Britons expected to live 68.6 years in good health. The United States came in 17th out of 19 countries with 67.9 years. Spain topped the charts with a healthy life expectancy of 70.9, while Finland came last, with most Finns likely to live 67.3 years in good health. Australia ranked third with 70.1 years, while Canada was fifth with 69.6 years.
In terms of years of life lost to health conditions, Britain ranked just above last place for serious respiratory infections, preterm birth complications, and breast cancer. In comparison, Italy had the lowest death rates from respiratory infections while Norway was best at handling birth complications. Sweden had the lowest death rates for breast cancer.
Murray and colleagues said there was virtually no change in the rate of premature deaths among British adults aged 20 to 54 but found a spike in deaths caused by drug and alcohol abuse for that age group. Cirrhosis, or liver disease often linked to alcohol consumption, has jumped by more than 65 percent in Britain in the last two decades, prompting a recent government proposal to crack down on cheap drinks by setting minimum prices.
As in most Western nations, heart disease, stroke and cancer were the leading killers and in the U.K. there were higher death rates from those compared to other developed countries studied. The research was paid for by the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation and was published online Tuesday in the journal Lancet.
"In some areas like tobacco control and road safety, we have done very well," said Edmund Jessop of the U.K. Faculty of Public Health in London, who wrote an accompanying commentary. But he said it was worrying that Britain was lagging behind many other European nations with similar income levels and socialized health care systems.
Jessop called for British officials to take "bold action" to tackle issues including alcohol consumption and obesity, "otherwise there will be serious consequences and the U.K. could remain at the bottom."
Copyright 2013 The Associated Press. All rights reserved. This material may not be published, broadcast, rewritten or redistributed.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


Functional analysis
Functional Analysis is a branch of mathematics that originates from both the classical analysis and initial development of the quantum mechanics formalism. Its development started less than 100 years ago. Nowadays functional analytic methods become useful tools in various branches of mathematics and physics, e.g. ordinary and partial differential equations, integral equations, approximation theory, inverse problems, quantum and statistical mechanics
Course period1/09/13 → …
Course levelAdvanced
Course formatCourse


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Applications Administration Guide > Using Accounts in Siebel Call Center >
Adding Contacts to an Account
As agents work closely with prospective or customer accounts, they need to accurately maintain the contacts associated with the account. The following procedure describes how to add one or more new contacts for an account.
To add contacts to an account
- Navigate to the Accounts screen, and select the account in the Accounts list.
- Click the Contacts view tab.
- In the Contacts list, create a new record and complete the necessary fields.
- Click the hyperlink in the Last Name field to navigate to the Contacts screen to add additional information about the contact.


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What does BARU mean in Railroads?
This page is about the meanings of the acronym/abbreviation/shorthand BARU in the Regional field in general and in the Railroads terminology in particular.
Find a translation for BARU in other languages:
Select another language:
What does BARU mean?
- Baru was an extinct genus of Australian mekosuchine crocodilian. It was semi-aquatic, around 4 m in length. Being semi-aquatic its habitat was around fresh pools of water in wet forests, ambushing their prey, much like modern species. The word Baru is Aboriginal and means "crocodile's ancestor". Fossils have been found in Australia at Riversleigh in north-western Queensland and Alcoota Station it the Northern Territory.


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Drag queening for the birds say Spanish boffins
Priscilla, Queen of the Raptors
Fetch out the sequins: Spanish biologists working in western France have explained a curious characteristic of a bird called the marsh harrier: some males "dress" as females in their permanent plumage to win chicks and territory.
The boffins, led by Audrey Sternalski of the Instituto de Investigacion en Recursos Cingeticos in Ciudad Real, say that the female-coloured male harriers are able to avoid copping the aggression that's typical of males defending their territory.
The researchers set up decoy birds with three plumage styles: the grey of the male, the brown-and-white of the female, and the imperfect mimicked plumage of the "she-male". They found that aggressive males focused on attacking decoys that were typically male, making less effort to try and drive the other two off their territory.
This, they argue in a paper published in the Royal Society's Biology Letters, gives the males-in-female-plumage a chance to cozy up to females without being driven away by jealous males. It also means they can seek out new feeding territories with less chance of having to do battle with the incumbent.
They also found that the "drag queen" marsh harriers would take their act to extremes, even attacking the female decoys rather than the males.
AFP says only one other bird has a similar "transvestite" trick up its sleeve – the wader Philomachus pugnax. ®


A TetR-family transcription factor regulates fatty acid metabolism in the archaeal model organism Sulfolobus acidocaldarius.
Wang K, Sybers D, Maklad HR, Lemmens L, Lewyllie C, Zhou X, Schult F, Bräsen C, Siebers B, Valegård K, Lindås AC, Peeters E
Nat Commun 10 (1) 1542 [2019-04-04; online 2019-04-04]
Fatty acid metabolism and its regulation are known to play important roles in bacteria and eukaryotes. By contrast, although certain archaea appear to metabolize fatty acids, the regulation of the underlying pathways in these organisms remains unclear. Here, we show that a TetR-family transcriptional regulator (FadR Sa) is involved in regulation of fatty acid metabolism in the crenarchaeon Sulfolobus acidocaldarius. Functional and structural analyses show that FadRSa binds to DNA at semi-palindromic recognition sites in two distinct stoichiometric binding modes depending on the operator sequence. Genome-wide transcriptomic and chromatin immunoprecipitation analyses demonstrate that the protein binds to only four genomic sites, acting as a repressor of a 30-kb gene cluster comprising 23 open reading frames encoding lipases and β-oxidation enzymes. Fatty acyl-CoA molecules cause dissociation of FadRSa binding by inducing conformational changes in the protein. Our results indicate that, despite its similarity in overall structure to bacterial TetR-family FadR regulators, FadRSa displays a different acyl-CoA binding mode and a distinct regulatory mechanism.
NGI Stockholm (Genomics Applications) [Service]
NGI Stockholm (Genomics Production) [Service]
National Genomics Infrastructure [Service]
QC bibliography QC xrefs
PubMed 30948713
DOI 10.1038/s41467-019-09479-1
Crossref 10.1038/s41467-019-09479-1
pii: 10.1038/s41467-019-09479-1
pmc: PMC6449355


Tangent Lines ( Read ) | Geometry | CK-12 Foundation
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Tangent Lines
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Tangent Lines
What if a line were drawn outside a circle that appeared to touch the circle at only one point? How could you determine if that line were actually a tangent? After completing this Concept, you'll be able to apply theorems to solve tangent problems like this one.
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Tangent Lines CK-12
First watch this video.
James Sousa: Tangent Lines to a Circle
Now watch this video.
James Sousa: Tangent Lines to a Circle Example Problems
There are two important theorems about tangent lines.
1) Tangent to a Circle Theorem: A line is tangent to a circle if and only if the line is perpendicular to the radius drawn to the point of tangency.
\overleftrightarrow{BC} is tangent at point B if and only if \overleftrightarrow{BC} \perp \overline{AB}.
This theorem uses the words "if and only if," making it a biconditional statement, which means the converse of this theorem is also true.
2) Two Tangents Theorem: If two tangent segments are drawn to one circle from the same external point, then they are congruent.
\overline{BC} and \overline{DC} have C as an endpoint and are tangent; \overline{BC} \cong \overline{DC}.
Example A
\overline{CB} is tangent to \bigodot A at point B. Find AC. Reduce any radicals.
\overline{CB} is tangent, so \overline{AB} \perp \overline{CB} and \triangle ABC a right triangle. Use the Pythagorean Theorem to find AC.
Example B
Using the answer from Example A above, find DC in \bigodot A. Round your answer to the nearest hundredth.
DC & = AC - AD\\DC & = \sqrt{89}-5 \approx 4.43
Example C
Find the perimeter of \triangle ABC.
AE = AD, \ EB = BF, and CF = CD. Therefore, the perimeter of \triangle ABC=6+6+4+4+7+7=34.
\bigodot G is inscribed in \triangle ABC. A circle is inscribed in a polygon if every side of the polygon is tangent to the circle.
Tangent Lines CK-12
Guided Practice
1. Find AB between \bigodot A and \bigodot B. Reduce the radical.
2. Determine if the triangle below is a right triangle.
3. If D and C are the centers and AE is tangent to both circles, find DC.
4. Find the value of x.
1. \overline{AD} \perp \overline{DC} and \overline{DC} \perp \overline{CB}. Draw in \overline{BE}, so EDCB is a rectangle. Use the Pythagorean Theorem to find AB.
2. Again, use the Pythagorean Theorem. 4\sqrt{10} is the longest side, so it will be c.
Does 8^2+10^2 \ & = \ \left ( 4\sqrt{10} \right )^2?\\64+100 & \ne 160
\triangle ABC is not a right triangle. From this, we also find that \overline{CB} is not tangent to \bigodot A.
3. \overline{AE} \perp \overline{DE} and \overline{AE} \perp \overline{AC} and \triangle ABC \sim \triangle DBE by AA Similarity.
To find DB, use the Pythagorean Theorem.
To find BC, use similar triangles. \frac{5}{10}=\frac{BC}{26} \longrightarrow BC=13. \ DC=DB+BC=26+13=39
4. \overline{AB} \cong \overline{CB} by the Two Tangents Theorem. Set AB = CB and solve for x.
Determine whether the given segment is tangent to \bigodot K.
Find the value of the indicated length(s) in \bigodot C. A and B are points of tangency. Simplify all radicals.
A and B are points of tangency for \bigodot C and \bigodot D.
 1. Is \triangle AEC \sim \triangle BED? Why?
 2. Find CE.
 3. Find BE.
 4. Find ED.
 5. Find BC and AD.
\bigodot A is inscribed in BDFH.
 1. Find the perimeter of BDFH.
 2. What type of quadrilateral is BDFH? How do you know?
 3. Draw a circle inscribed in a square. If the radius of the circle is 5, what is the perimeter of the square?
 4. Can a circle be inscribed in a rectangle? If so, draw it. If not, explain.
 5. Draw a triangle with two sides tangent to a circle, but the third side is not.
 6. Can a circle be inscribed in an obtuse triangle? If so, draw it. If not, explain.
 7. Fill in the blanks in the proof of the Two Tangents Theorem.
Given : \overline{AB} and \overline{CB} with points of tangency at A and C. \overline{AD} and \overline{DC} are radii.
Prove : \overline{AB} \cong \overline{CB}
Statement Reason
1. 1.
2. \overline{AD} \cong \overline{DC} 2.
3. \overline{DA} \perp \overline{AB} and \overline{DC} \perp \overline{CB} 3.
4. 4. Definition of perpendicular lines
5. 5. Connecting two existing points
6. \triangle ADB and \triangle DCB are right triangles 6.
7. \overline{DB} \cong \overline{DB} 7.
8. \triangle ABD \cong \triangle CBD 8.
9. \overline{AB} \cong \overline{CB} 9.
 1. Fill in the blanks, using the proof from #21.
 1. ABCD is a _____________ (type of quadrilateral).
 2. The line that connects the ___________ and the external point B __________ \angle ABC.
 2. Points A, \ B, and C are points of tangency for the three tangent circles. Explain why \overline{AT} \cong \overline{BT} \cong \overline{CT}.
point of tangency
point of tangency
The point where the tangent line touches the circle.
The distance from the center to the outer rim of a circle.
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Anne of Denmark was the wife of James I, the first of the Stuart monarchs. Anne was born on October 14th, 1574 at Skanderborg Castle in Denmark. She married James by proxy in August 1589 though the actual marriage took place in Oslo on November 23rd, 1589.
James thought of himself as an intellectual and academic. It is said that he found Anne frivolous and less than academic. With little to bond them, James preferred the company of his favourites though he always ensured that Anne lived the life as befitted a queen. Anne shared her husband's view that monarchy should live the lifestyle of monarchy. She spent large sums of money on clothes and jewels. Anne also ensured that her eldest son, Henry, heir to the throne, was equally lavished with gifts and symbols of what James called'magnificence'. Anne spent large sums of money on Somerset House (her residence in London) and re-named it Denmark House. Neither Anne nor James had any real understanding of finance - both believed that if they needed something, they should have it.
The early death of Henry in 1612 meant that Anne's second son, Charles, became the heir to the throne.
Anne died on March 4th, 1619 aged 44. She was buried in Westminster Abbey.


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1. To drive out or destroy the property of by fire
2. To cause to fail, wear out, or become exhausted especially from overwork or overuse
3. To suffer burnout
4. When a fire, candle, or other flame stops burning because it has no more fuel, it burns out.
5. When a light bulb stops producing light because it has reached the end of its useful life, it burns out.
Sinonimi: run off
To run away secretly with one's beloved; SYN. run off.
To escape from the control of
1. To become plastic or fluid or liquefied from heat.
2. To equip with a fuse; provide with a fuse.
3. To make liquid or plastic by heating.


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Document Publishing Using IBM Rational Publishing Engine (RPE)
River North has developed document Publishing services and DOORS add-on products that simplify and facilitate document publishing from DOORS.
Please contact River North Sales for further inquiries into products and services listed.
- Generate an output document in DOORS with a single-click of a drop down menu item
- Increases document publishing efficiency and productivity
- Decreases generated document variability
- Opens up ability for all DOORS users to generate documents in a controlled context
- Requires zero end-user training
- Enables an organization/project to rapidly get started producing documents with RPE
- Provides basic RPE training for a team of admins assigned the task of document publishing
- Provides mentoring during the production of the first few RPE templates
- Provides best practice guidance on usage of RPE with DOORS, such as utilization of a central RPE repository for templates enabling sharing and reuse across the enterprise which reduces template maintenance costs and document variability across projects
- Can be customized to include solutions for non-standard document publishing requirements such as the following
- Producing change bars in the generated document
- Producing an automated Requirements Index that sequentially lists requirements with associated page numbers where each requirement resides in the document - important because requirements never appear sequentially in a generated document
- Producing extracted content from embedded OLE objects in DOORS - displays the CONTENTS of DOORS embedded OLE objects such as MS Word or MS Excel files in the generated document


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Radioisotope-Powered Voltaic Cells
Small Business Information
One Patriots Park, Bedford, MA, 01730
AbstractSpire's program will develop a high energy density, long life power source for space applications such as Brilliant Pebbles and Brilliant Eyes. The essential element of the proposed device consists of a radioisotope powered indium phosphide voltaic cell that can achieve an energy density over ten thousand times greater than that of chemical batteries. In past attempts to develop radioisotope powered voltaic cells, the power attained was severely limited by radiation damage to the silicon semiconductor material used in the cells. This limitation has been removed by the recently discovered radiation damage resistance and annealing properties of indium phosphide. High energy beta and alpha emitters can now achieve high power and long life, and the use of alpha emitters can eliminate external radiation. Spire's voltaic cells represent a power source for remote or inaccessible locations such as space, ocean depths, arctic or mountainous regions, as well as for implantable power sources for cardiac pacemakers, insulin pumps, and ventricular assist devices.
* information listed above is at the time of submission.


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Devon™ hands-free transfer and related safety products are specifically designed to attract and hold surgical instruments on the sterile field. These products help minimize the risk of percutaneous injuries. They provide for safe, effective instrument transfer in the operating room.
- Helps reduce risk of percutaneous injuries and helps enhancesafe, effective instrument transfer in the OR
- Flexible drapes conform to any shape with non-slip foam backing for secure positioning
- Patented "stays" in some models allow the formation of a "safety trough" along the edges
- Raised magnets provide strong holding power and allow instruments to be grasped easily
- The kidney-shaped basins and rectangular trays attach easily to the drapes.
- "Neutral Zone" in some models is a convenient non-magnetic area to hold or safely transfer sharp instruments


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Over 8,000 websites created by students around the world who have participated in a ThinkQuest Competition.
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Racial Harmony in Singapore
This entry, titled RACIAL HARMONY IN SINGAPORE, hopes to introduce to the world the different culture. Even though the original population of the country is made up of immigrants, working for the colonial government back in 1800s, they had brought along individual culture to Singapore. Despite the difference in background, culture, language, beliefs etc, they managed to stick together at work. Through interaction and the willingness to share and to tolerate each other, Singapore has these three main ethnic groups who are living harmoniously. The younger modernized generation tends to loose their roots. The media plays their part in creating the awareness and reminding them of their roots. By completing the project, the members came across matters that they are not aware about its existence. And the group hopes to share whatever knowledge they have acquired with other who wish to know about the culture of various ethnic group. The details are by means exhaustive.
Shy YunITE DOVER, Singapore, Singapore
Nasron NasirITE DOVER, singapore, Singapore
TaufiqITE DOVER, Singapore, Singapore
19 & under
SUMARNI SELAMATITE DOVER, Singapore, Singapore
Social Sciences & Culture > Conflict Resolution


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Step 1a: Outlook 2010 - Click the File Tab, click Open, click Import.
Step 1b: Outlook 2007 - On the File menu, click Import and Export.
Step 2: 2. Click Export to a file, and then click Next.
Step 3: In the list, click Personal Folder File (.pst), and then click Next.
Step 4: 4. Click the folder that contains the messages you want to back up. If the folder contains a subfolder that you want to include, select the Include Subfolders check box, and then click Next.
Note: if you want to export the entire mailbox, make sure you select "Mailbox – Your Name" for 2007 or Your email address for Outlook 2010 and make sure Include subfolders is selected.
Step 5: Under Save exported file as, click Browse, and then specify a name and location for your backup file, for example, Mail Backup.
If you back up a.pst file that you have backed up to before, click one of the following:
Step 1a: Outlook 2011 - On the File menu, click Export.
Step 2: Select your export options.
Step 3: Select the option "No, do not delete items"
Step 4: 4. Type a name that is suitable for the backup file in the Save As: box, and select a location where you can easily find your exported file.
Step 5: 5. You're all done. Click the Done button to complete the export process.


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An assessment of the stray light in 25 years of Dobson total ozone data at Athens, Greece
Abstract. In this study, we investigated the susceptibility of the Dobson spectrophotometer No. 118 to stray light interference. In this regard, a series of total ozone content measurements were carried out in Athens, Greece for air-mass values (μ) extending up to μ = 5. The monochromatic-heterochromatic stray light derived by Basher's model was used in order to evaluate the specific instrumental parameters which determine if this instrument suffers from this problem or not. The results obtained indicate that the measurements made by the Dobson instrument of the Athens station for air mass values up to 2.5, underestimates the total ozone content by 3.5 DU in average, or about 1 % of the station's mean total ozone content (TOC). The comparison of the values of the same parameters measured 15 years ago with the present ones indicates the good maintenance of the Dobson spectrophotometer No. 118. This fact is of crucial importance because the variability of the daily total ozone observations collected by the Athens Dobson Station since 1989 has proved to be representative to the variability of the mean total ozone observed over the whole mid-latitude zone of the Northern Hemisphere. This stresses the point that the Athens total ozone station, being the unique Dobson station in south-eastern Europe, may be assumed as a ground truth station for the reliable conversion of the satellite radiance observations to total ozone measurements.


Looking for Holistic/Spiritual University Degree Programs?
Your Path to Earning Holistic/Spiritual Bachelor's, Master's, and Doctor of Divinity Degrees
Are you trying to find a divinity degree that recognizes abilities that are overlooked by mainstream educational system? Then Awakenings' degree programs may be right for you. Awakenings offers programs that could be seen as a new paradigm in higher education.
Here are some key points that may help you to understand Awakenings' approach to earning divinity degrees:
- You can attend in your local community. Rather than having a campus and classrooms, Awakenings is a community-based university, where your own city or town is the "campus." This means that you can attend Awakenings Institute wherever you are. Awakenings honors the community, its resources, and existing educational institutions as viable learning environments.
- Awakenings regards learning as a lifelong process and helps you to integrate your most relevant spiritual/life experiences into your degree program. This integrates your studies into the broader and more profound context of your spiritual journey.
- There are no predetermined curriculums. With Awakenings, you as the learner design your own degree program with the guidance of your provost.
- You have the power to determine the direction of your program. Awakenings' approach is based on self-initiated learning and you are known as a "learner" rather than a "student." The distinction points to the difference between being an involved and empowered participant in the learning process and being a passive participant following a standardized curriculum.
- You receive individual guidance through the entire program. Rather than teachers, each learner works with a provost, who is his or her primary facilitator. Awakenings' provosts personally guide you through every aspect of your learning experience. The communication is done in person for those who are nearby, by phone from any location, and by e-mail.
Learners may also work with mentors for learning in their chosen fields. Mentors offer special expertise the learner wishes to acquire as part of the degree program. Awakenings highly qualified instructors also serve as mentors for those who seek degrees in fields that relate to their expertise. As the designer of your curriculum, you can likewise choose to have mentors in any spiritual/holistic field that serves you in your degree program.
- All of the courses offered by Awakenings are approved for university credits toward a Bachelor's, Master's or Doctor of Divinity degree from Awakenings Institute. Degree programs in Holistic Healing, Spiritual Counseling, and related studies incorporating EFT (Emotional Freedom Techniques), Spiritual Kinesiology, Reiki, Holistic Hypnotherapy, and other healing modalities may be built around these courses.
How Long Are the Degree Programs?
Awakenings maintains high standards that you can be proud of. We generally enroll learners for one academic year (two semesters) each for Divinity Bachelor's and Master's degrees, and two academic years (four semesters) for Divinity Doctorate degrees. With the emphasis on individual attention, the exact length of your program is determined during the enrollment process.
What Are the Benefits of a Degree From Awakenings Institute?
Awakenings offers a unique opportunity for those seeking degrees that have personal meaning and are representative of the special abilities you have to offer. Some considerations:
- You will earn a reputable, legal degree. Though Awakenings Institute is not accredited like traditional universities, its divinity degrees receive the same legal recognition.
- You can help to forge of the future of education. Since Awakenings is not subject to the limitations placed on accredited universities, you have immense freedom and choices in relation to what you want to learn and how you want to learn it. This makes Awakenings Institute a good avenue for those in holistic/spiritual fields that are not currently represented in traditional universities. At the same time, it is worth noting that traditional schools may be more appropriate for those who are seeking licensing that requires an accredited degree or where specific technical training is needed.
- You can use credits from traditional colleges and universities as part of your degree program.
- As mentioned earlier, life learning is highly valued. You can receive credit for the valuable things you have learned throughout your life outside of a traditional classroom.
- You will receive individual guidance throughout your degree program. In fact, it is designed to bring out your unique approach to learning and integrate your educational experience into the larger context of your journey.
- There are no grades, which can impose artificial standards and sometimes negative influences on the learning process. Awakenings' learners are nurtured and guided to achieve their personal best and to achieve a level of excellence that is representative of the desired degree.
Awakenings Institute is recognized by the state of California as a nonprofit religious entity. As such, we are granted the authority by the Bureau for Private Postsecondary Education to offer Bachelor of Divinity, Master of Divinity, and Doctor of Divinity degree programs.
Want to read more? Then you may be interested in one of these pages:
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Awakenings Institute recognizes that your qualifications and educational goals are unique. We would be delighted to discuss whether these programs are right for you.
Awakenings offers a free personal consultation and University E-Information Packet that describes the University Programs in detail. If you are interested in more information, please contact us to schedule your consultation.
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Phoenix feathers are feathers shed by phoenixes, primarily gathered and used in wandmaking.
This is one of the rarest core types. Phoenix feathers are capable of the greatest range of magic, though they may take longer than either unicorn or dragon cores to reveal this. They show the most initiative, sometimes acting of their own accord, a quality that many witches and wizards dislike.
Phoenix feather wands are always the pickiest when it comes to potential owners, for the creature from which they are taken is one of the most independent and detached in the world. These wands are the hardest to tame and to personalise, and their allegiance is usually hard won.
Known wandsHarry Potter's and Tom Riddle's wand cores came from the same phoenix: Fawkes, who belonged to Albus Dumbledore. These two wands are brothers. Therefore, they have a certain connection and may produce unusual magical effects when forced to duel one another; a phenomenon known as Priori Incantatem. He Who Must Not Be Named kidnapped Ollivander, the wand maker, for information. Ollivander told him that a different wand may work against Harry, but Harry destroyed the "borrowed" wand when Lord Voldemort chased him when Harry was being moved. Garrick Ollivander also showed a maple and Phoenix feather wand for trying to Harry Potter in 1991.
The only phoenix known to have donated his feathers to make a wand was Fawkes, Albus Dumbledore's magical bird. He only gave two feathers, one to Harry Potter's wand, and one to Tom Riddle's wand.
There was at least one other phoenix who donated its feather to Ollivander as shown in the maple wand Ollivander showed Harry in 1991. Who this phoenix was and how its feather was attained is unknown.
- Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone (First mentioned)
- Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone (film) (Mentioned only)
- Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets (Seen on phoenix) (Possibly)
- Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets (film) (Seen on phoenix)
- Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets (video game) (Seen on phoenix)
- Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire (Mentioned only)
- Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix (Warning sign) (Possibly seen on phoenix)
- Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix (film) (Seen on phoenix)
- Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince (Possibly seen on phoenix)
- Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince (film) (Seen on phoenix)
- Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows
- Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows: Part 1


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What Is A Layout-Design Of An Integrated Circuit?
A layout-design of an integrated circuit is the three-dimensional disposition of the elements of an integrated circuit and some or all of the interconnections of the integrated circuit or such three-dimensional disposition prepared for an integrated circuit intended for manufacture.
The law that protects layout-designs of integrated circuits is the Layout-designs of Integrated Circuits Act 2000
How Is Layout-Design Protected?
A layout-design is eligible for protection automatically upon fulfillment of the following conditions:
It is original, i.e. the result of its creator's own intellectual effort and not commonplace among creators and manufacturers of integrated circuit;
It has been fixed in a material form or incorporated into an integrated circuit;
The right holder of the layout-design is a qualified person.
Who Is The Right Holder Of Layout-Design?
- The person who commission if the layout-design is created in pursuance of a commission;
- The employer if the layout-design is created by an employee in the course of his employment.
What Are The Rights Of A Right Holder?
A right holder of a protected layout-design has the following rights:
- Reproduce and to authorize the reproduction of his protected layout-design
- To commercially exploit and to authorize the commercial exploitation of :
- His protected layout-design;
- An integrated circuit in which the layout-design is incorporated; or
- An article that contains an integrated circuit in which the layout-design is incorporated.
- UPM innovation management centre
Office of the Deputy Vice Chancellor (Research and Innovation)
Universiti Putra Malaysia
43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia


When was johnny cash born? When did his brother die?
Johnny Cash was born on February 26, 1932 in Kingsland, AR. His older brother, Jack, died when he was 12 years old.
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Johnny Cash
John R. "Johnny" Cash (February 26, 1932 – September 12, 2003) was an American singer-songwriter, actor, and author who was considered one of the most influential musicians of the 20th century. Although he is primarily remembered as a country icon, his songs and sound spanned other genres including rock and roll and rockabilly —especially early in his career—and blues, folk, and gospel. This crossover appeal won Cash the rare honor of induction in the Country Music Hall of Fame, the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame, and the Gospel Music Hall of Fame.
Cash was known for his deep, distinctive bass-baritone voice, for the "boom-chicka-boom" sound of his Tennessee Three backing band; for a rebelliousness, coupled with an increasingly somber and humble demeanor; for providing free concerts inside prison walls;]page needed[ and for his dark performance clothing, which earned him the nickname "The Man in Black". He traditionally began his concerts with the phrase "Hello, I'm Johnny Cash.", followed by his standard "Folsom Prison Blues".
Country music
Country music is a genre of American popular music that originated in the rural regions of the Southern United States in the 1920s. It takes its roots from the southeastern genre of American folk music and Western music. Blues modes have been used extensively throughout its recorded history. Country music often consists of ballads and dance tunes with generally simple forms and harmonies accompanied by mostly string instruments such as banjos, electric and acoustic guitars, fiddles, and harmonicas.
The Grammy Legend Award, or the Grammy Living Legend Award, is a special award of merit given to recording artists by the Grammy Awards, a ceremony that was established in 1958 and originally called the Gramophone Awards. Honors in several categories are presented at the ceremony annually by the National Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences of the United States for outstanding achievements in the music industry.
The first Grammy Legend Awards were issued in 1990 to Andrew Lloyd Webber, Liza Minnelli, Smokey Robinson and Willie Nelson. The honor was inaugurated to recognize "ongoing contributions and influence in the recording field". The next year four more musicians (Aretha Franklin, Billy Joel, Johnny Cash and Quincy Jones) were acknowledged with Grammy Legend Awards. The award was given to Barbra Streisand in 1992 and Michael Jackson in 1993.
Pine Bluff metropolitan area
The Pine Bluff Metropolitan Statistical Area, as defined by the United States Census Bureau, is a three-county region in southeast Arkansas, anchored by the city of Pine Bluff. As of the 2010 census, the MSA had a population of 100,258. It is also a component of the larger Little Rock-North Little Rock, AR Combined Statistical Area.
United States
Kingsland, Arkansas
Kingsland is a city in Cleveland County, Arkansas, United States. Its population was 447 at the 2010 U.S. census. It is included in the Pine Bluff, Arkansas Metropolitan Statistical Area. It is famous as the birthplace of Johnny Cash.
June Carter Cash
Valerie June Carter Cash (June 23, 1929 – May 15, 2003) was an American singer, dancer, songwriter, actress, comedian and author who was a member of the Carter Family and the second wife of singer Johnny Cash. She played the guitar, banjo, harmonica and autoharp, and acted in several films and television shows. Carter Cash was inducted into the Christian Music Hall of Fame in 2009. She was ranked No. 31 in CMT's 40 Greatest Women in Country Music in 2002.
Johnny Horton
John Gale "Johnny" Horton (April 30, 1925 – November 5, 1960) was an American country music and rockabilly singer most famous for his semi-folk, so-called "saga songs" which began the "historical ballad" craze of the late 1950s and early 1960s. With them, he had several major successes, most notably in 1959 with the song "The Battle of New Orleans" (written by Jimmy Driftwood), which was awarded the 1960 Grammy Award for Best Country & Western Recording. The song was awarded the Grammy Hall of Fame Award, and in 2001 ranked No. 333 of the Recording Industry Association of America's "Songs of the Century". His first hit, a number #1 was in 1959, with When It's Springtime in Alaska (It's Forty Below)
During 1960, Horton had two other successes with "North to Alaska" for John Wayne's movie, North to Alaska, and "Sink the Bismarck". Horton is a member of the Rockabilly Hall of Fame and the Louisiana Music Hall of Fame
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Central Banks at War
Can central banks aid war efforts?
Both nondemocratic and democratic leaders have recognized the financial advantages central banks can accord governments during times of war. They can provide an enormous amount of capital in a short period of time and at a favorable cost. Using data on the London sovereign debt market from 1816 to 1914, Poast argues that possessing a central bank lowers the sovereign's borrowing costs, particularly during times of war. By being the sole direct purchaser of government debt, the central bank increases the effective punishment that can be imposed on the government for defaulting on the marginal lender. This increases lenders' confidence that the government will be punished in case of default, making lenders willing to purchase the debt at a lower rate of interest. The sovereign, dependent on the low borrowing costs offered by the central bank, has an incentive to retain the bank. Future work can seek to answer a logical question posed by Poast's findings:
If the presence of a central bank improves a government's ability to borrow during times of war, does this, in turn, translate into better war effort, a higher likelihood of victory, or even a greater likelihood of peace?
International Organization (2015)Download Full Story (PDF)


the efficiency of a particular synthesis technique. Our first guess was to use : SUM(k=1 to n) ((A2(t,k) - A1(t,k))^2 e(t) = sqrt( ------------------------------------ ) SUM(k=1 to n) A1(t,k)^2 which gives a normalized difference (error) vs. time. k is the partial number t is time, and A1(t,k) and A2(t,k) are the kth partial amplitudes vs. time for signals s1(t) and s2(t). Then the average error over time is given by e_ave = (1/DUR) SUM(t=0 to DUR) e(t) The theory is that given two syntheses of signal s1, namely s2 and s3, s2 is a better synthesis of s1 than is s3 if e_ave_2 < e_ave_3. This formulation seems to work fairly well, but it really fails when a synthesis has weak upper partials not found in the original. The weak upper partials contribute very little to the error calculation, but make a big difference in the perceived result. Therefore, it would probably be much better to add up the amplitudes within critical bands than to give all frequencies equal weights as we have been doing, and also to use an amplitude-to-loudness (in sones) translation. (Usually, S = K*A^0.6). The problem with equalizing the A(k,t) using the Fletcher-Munson curves is that one doesn't really know the absolute level of a given sound prior to playing it back, except in a lab testing situation, perhaps. Thus, the difference result would vary with playback level, an uncomfortable situation. From: Richard Parncutt ------------------------------------------------------------------------- The psychoacoustic distance between two steady state complex sounds (or its converse, perceived similarity) is influenced by a number of factors, including similarity of loudess, timbral similarity, and the degree to which the sounds have pitches in common (where by "pitch" I mean PERCEIVED pitch in the psychoacoustic sense.) Terhardt (1972) distinguished two kinds of pitch. Spectral pitches correspond to individual audible pure-tone components. Virtual pitches correspond to groups of audible pure-tone components whose frequencies form an approximately harmonic pattern, suggesting the presence of an (embedded) harmonic-complex tone. Most pitches perceived in everyday and musical sounds are virtual pitches. The relative perceptual salience of pitches may be estimated by the algorithm of Terhardt et al. (1982). Parncutt (1989) defined the pitch commonality of two complex sounds as the extent to which they have perceived pitches in common, depending on the number and salience of coinciding pitches (by comparison to non-coinciding pitches). Calculated pitch commonality values correlate well with similarity judgments of pairs of complex sounds that differ relatively little in loudness and timbre (Parncutt, 1989, 1993), and with music-theoretic accounts of the strength of harmonic relationship between musical tones and chords (Parncutt, 1989). From: Christopher John Rolfe ------------------------------------------------------------------------- Metrics have a long tradition in the literature, beginning with Fechner in the 19th Century. Cognitive science, however, points out that perceptual space may be non-Euclidean. In other words, there is NO simple metric. ______________________________________________________________________________ References / Books ______________________________________________________________________________ "Loudness: its definition, measurement, and calculation, Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 1933, vol 5, p 9. Author: Fry R.B. PhD Dissertation, Duke University Title: Measurement of Specific Sequence Effects in Loudness Perception Date: 1981 Author: Lane H.L., Catania A.C., Stevens S.S. Title: Voice Level: Autophonic Scale, Perceived Loudness, and Effects of Sidetone Journal: JASA Volume: 33 Number: 2 Page(s): 160-167 Date: 1961 Author: Peterson G E, McKinney N P Title: The measurement of speech power Journal: Phonetica Volume: 7 Page(s): 65-84 Date: 1961 Author: Schlauch R.S., Wier C.C. Title: A Method for Relating Loudness-Matching and Intensity-Discrimination Data Journal: Journal of Speech and Hearing Research Volume: 30 Page(s): 13-20 Date: 1987 Author: Small AM, Brandt JF, Cox PG Title: [...?] function of signal duration Journal: JASA Volume: 34 Page(s): 513-514 Date: 1962 Author: Stevens S.S. Title: Calculation of the Loudness of Complex Noise Journal: JASA Volume: 28 Number: 5 Page(s): 807-832 Date: 1956 Handel, S. (1989). "Listening: an introduction to the perception of auditory events." MIT, Cambridge, MA Dooling, R. J. and Hulse, S. H. (ed.) (1989). The comparative psychologoy of audition: Perceiving complex sounds. Erlbaum, Hillsdale, NJ. McAdams, S. and Bigand, E. (ed.) (1993). Thinking in sound: the cognitive psychology of human audition. Oxford Univ. Press, NY Sloboda, J. A. (1985). The musical mind: The cognitive psychology of music. Clarendon, Oxford Proceedings of IEEE, V. 81, No 10,"Signal Compression Based on Models of Human Perception". Grey, J.M. "Multidimensional Perceptual Scaling of Musical Timbres" Journal of the Acoustical Soceiety of America, 63, _PHONE_. Repp, B.H (1984) "Categorical perception: Issues, methods, findings" In N.J. Lass (ed.) Speech and Language: Advances in Basic Research and Practice. Vol. 10. _PHONE_. Moore and Glasberg, JASA 74(3) 1983. "Suggested formulae for calculating auditory-filter bandwidths and excitation patterns" Bladon and Lindblom, JASA 69(5) 1981. "Modeling the judgement of vowel quality differences" J. R. Pierce, The Science of Musical Sound (Freenam, New York, 1983). J. G. Roederer, Introduction to the Physics and Psychophysics of Music (Springer-Verlag, New York, 1975). S. S. Stevens, "Measurement of Loudness", JASA 27 (1955): 815 S. S. Stevens, "Neural Events ans Psyhcophysical Law", _Science 170_ (1970): 1043 E. Zwicker, G. Flottorp, and S. S. Stevens, "Critical Bandwidth in Loudness Summation", JASA 29 (1957): 548 Author:Hynek Hermansky Institution:Speech Technology Laboratory, Division of Panasonic Technologies, Inc., 3888 State Street, Santa Barbara, CA 93105, USA Title:Perceptual linear predictive ({PLP}) analysis of speech}, Journal: JASA Year:1990 Vol.87,Number 4, Page(s):_PHONE_ Gersho et al (Bark Spectral Distance). IEEE Journal Selected areas of Communications Sept. (?) 1992 Name: "An Introduction to the Physiology of Hearing" Author: James O. Pickles,Dept. of Physiology,Uni. Birmingham,England. Publisher: Academic Press,1982. ISBN 0-12-554750-1 (hardback) ISBN 0-12-554752-8 (paperback). "An introduction to the psychology of hearing" by B. MOORE, 3d Edition. Terhardt, E. (1972). Zur Tonhoehenwahrnehmung von Klaengen (Perception of the pitch of complex tones). Acustica, 26, 173-199. Terhardt, E., Stoll, G., & Seewann, M. (1982). Algorithm for extraction of pitch and pitch salience from complex tonal signals. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 71, 679-688. [ The following papers are from Richard Parncutt (parncutt(at) -- AK ] Bigand, E., Parncutt, R., & Lerdahl, F. (under review). Perception of musical tension in short chord sequences: The influence of harmonic function, sensory dissonance, horizontal motion, and musical training. Perception and Psychophysics. Parncutt, R. (1993). Pitch properties of chords of octave-spaced tones. Contemporary Music Review, 9, 35-50. Parncutt, R. (1989). Harmony: A Psychoacoustical Approach. Springer-Verlag, Berlin. (Springer Series in Information Sciences, Vol. 19. Eds.: T.S. Huang & M.R. Schroeder. ISBN 3-540-51279-9. 218 pages, 22 figs.) Stoll, G., & Parncutt, R. (1987). Harmonic relationship in similarity judgments of nonsimultaneous complex tones. Acustica, 63, 111-119. Terhardt, E., Stoll., G., Schermbach, R., & Parncutt, R. (1986). Tonhoehenmehrdeutigkeit,


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There is an important distinction: lo mismo means that the two things are actually the same object (or idea, or person, or whatever), while igual means that they have many characteristics in common. For example, say you are walking down the street and see a random person. The next day, you happen to see that person again. You'd probably think "Debe de ser la misma persona", that is, it probably was the same person you see both days. However, if you somehow found out it was actually a pair of twins you saw, you'd think something like "Con razón; eran iguales", meaning "No wonder; they looked the same".
In short, lo mismo is about identity, igual is about appearance or characteristics. Let's say your grandma says "Estás igual a tu padre" (You look just like your father). It makes sense, because igual doesn't mean you are the same person, it just means you look alike.
As a further example, say a couple is getting divorced. The man asks why, and his wife says "No eres la misma persona que cuando te conocí" (You are not the same person as when I met you). Physically, the man may look just like the time they met, but he may have changed in other ways, and therefore is not considered the same person.


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Tech in the Classroom:
Six-Word Memoir - Interactive Workbooks
What is it This teacher-developed interactive workbook series for students prompts them to express themselves and discover their world in only six words.
How does it work? Building upon the six-word concept spawned from Earnest Hemingway's famous "novel" about baby shoes, the publishers developed interactive workbooks that educators can use to help improve student writing skills, encourage creativity and inspire storytelling.
6 word memoir
How hard is it to use? Not very. These work just like traditional workbooks, so there's virtually no learning curve.
How well does it work? Extremely well. The workbooks are aligned with the Common Core Standards and guide students through the writing process as they create their own memoirs.
How do I use it in the classroom? These workbooks are the perfect tool for engaging reluctant writers.
Related resources
Article by Jason Tomaszewski, EducationWorld Associate Editor
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Research Area E
Methods for Studying Macromolecular Complexes
CEF invested substantial resources into the access to new methods for the analysis of macromolecular complexes. The range of technologies on Riedberg Campus now includes advanced light microscopy, electron microscopy, magnetic resonance spectroscopy, time-resolved optical and IR-spectroscopy and mass spectrometry. They encompass spatial scales from atomic to organismal, concentrations from attomolar to molar, energies from neV to MeV, and time scales from femtoseconds to seconds. CEF scientists also studied single molecules and worked with three-dimensional cultures as well as whole organisms and small tissue sections. Methods were integrated that provided different scales in terms of energy, spatial and temporal resolution. Collaborations between physics, chemistry, mathematics, bioinformatics and the life sciences were fostered.
Time and length scales of the spectroscopic and microscopic techniques available in CEF
for the investigation of structures and dynamics of macromolecular complexes


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Byzantine Cross Information
Byzantine cross. Three Bar Cross. St. Andrew's Cross
. Greek cross. Eastern Cross. What do these names mean? What is the difference? With so many names for the Eastern crosses – many of them similar in style – it is easy to get confused about these different crosses. Here is a guide to help you understand the crosses found in the Eastern Christian (both Catholic and Orthodox) tradition:
This cross is defined by Webster's Dictionary as "a cross, the shaft of which is intersected by two transverse beams, the upper one being the smaller." In this form, the cross is the same shape as a Latin cross, except rather than an attached scroll, the extra beam at the top would be the plaque where the inscription "INRI
" which stands for "Jesus of Nazareth, King of the Jews" was placed. The word is sometimes used synonymously with 'Byzantine Cross' or 'Three Bar Cross,' though these terms are not completely accurate; a true patriarchal cross does not have a third cross bar. The Patriarchal Cross was also used as a political symbol in the 9th
century in the Byzantine Empire, likely leading to the confusion between it and the three bar cross.
Three Bar Cross
This term describes a cross, similar to the Patriarchal Cross but with, as the name suggests, a third bar. It is also sometimes called a 'Tri-Bar Cross' or simply 'Byzantine Cross' or 'Eastern Cross.' The term may accurately describe other Eastern crosses that have other distinguishing features but still use the three bar design. Typically the third bar is lower, where the feet of the crucified would be. Crucifixion had been used as a form of execution prior to the incarnation and continued for some time after the crucifixion of Christ; different methods and styles of crosses had been used in different places. It is believed that the Three Bar Cross may have been the type of cross that Jesus was crucified on. This is largely based on a point in time during the Passion when the soldiers go to break Jesus's legs and find that He has already died.
Three-bar Crosses have a third small board the crucified would rest their feet on to support their body weight. This served two purposes. First of all, it prolonged the suffering of the person being killed. Execution by crucifixion was intended to be humiliating as well as painful. It also may have served a somewhat practical purpose, from the point of view of the executioners. Since the body weight was supported, the chances of the body pulling free and slipping from the ropes, or nails from tearing through the hands completely were much less likely. Later, when the crucified were near death, the soldiers would break their legs; the positioning of the person being unable to support their body caused a pressure that would result in eventual asphyxiation, and death. The fact that soldiers went back to break the legs of Jesus indicates to many that Jesus would have been crucified on a three bar cross where he initially would have had a foot rest.
Of course, when they reach Jesus, they find that He is already dead. This detail is the foundation for the depiction of the Three Bar Cross with the bottom bar slanted. Tradition holds that at some point the bar slipped from its original positioning, which is what caused Jesus to die before the soldiers came to break His legs. Further, it is believed that the direction the bar slanted in holds significance; the side of the repentant criminal angles upward to indicate his salvation, the side of the bitter thief who mocked Jesus, angles downward and indicates that he was not saved. In art, the Three Bar Cross may be depicted with all three bars straight, as it would have been built, or with the bottom bar angled.
St. Andrew's Cross and St. Olga's Cross
The Cross of St. Andrew the Apostle is sometimes used to describe a Three Bar Cross. This stems from his work spreading the teachings of Christ; many believed he would have used a replica of the cross in his ministry. However, the term more accurately refers to the cross upon which he himself was executed. Tradition holds that St. Andrew was not martyred on the Three Bar Cross, but on a crux decussate
, which is an X-shaped cross.
St. Olga, the first Christian queen of Ukraine/Rus is commonly depicted holding a Three Bar Cross. Since it is believed that St. Andrew traveled to Ukraine/Rus in his work spreading the gospel, and Olga later had a habit of carrying a Three Bar Cross as she attempted to convert her people, this connection may be part of the reason St. Andrew is associated with the particular cross. St. Olga's Cross however is often more ornate; the cross connected to St. Olga is usually the Three Bar Cross affixed to or engraved on a more ornate Latin cross. The Latin cross has the letters IC (the first and last letters of 'Jesus') and XC (the first and last letters of 'Christ'), and the word Nika, which means to conquer or be Victorious.
The Greek cross is shaped like a plus sign, with each bar of the same length. It can be plain or richly decorated, as in the various styles similar to Latin cross. Many Greek crosses are also illuminated or iconographic in style.
Eastern or Byzantine Cross
The term Eastern Cross seems to be less definite. It is used to denote any cross from Eastern Christianity, regardless of further distinctions. The term Byzantine Cross typically refers to the Three Bar Cross but is also used to describe crosses with only one crossbar (resembling a plus sign as in the Greek cross or a Latin cross) that are engraved or painted with specifically Byzantine symbols.


goto LABEL
goto EXPR
goto &NAME
The goto LABEL form finds the statement labeled with LABEL and resumes execution there. It can't be used to get out of a block or subroutine given to sort. It can be used to go almost anywhere else within the dynamic scope, including out of subroutines, but it's usually better to use some other construct such as last or die. The author of Perl has never felt the need to use this form of goto (in Perl, that is; C is another matter). (The difference is that C does not offer named loops combined with loop control. Perl does, and this replaces most structured uses of goto in other languages.)
The goto EXPR form expects to evaluate EXPR to a code reference or a label name. If it evaluates to a code reference, it will be handled like goto &NAME, below. This is especially useful for implementing tail recursion via goto __SUB__.
If the expression evaluates to a label name, its scope will be resolved dynamically. This allows for computed gotos per FORTRAN, but isn't necessarily recommended if you're optimizing for maintainability:
As shown in this example, goto EXPR is exempt from the "looks like a function" rule. A pair of parentheses following it does not (necessarily) delimit its argument. goto("NE")."XT" is equivalent to goto NEXT. Also, unlike most named operators, this has the same precedence as assignment.
Use of goto LABEL or goto EXPR to jump into a construct is deprecated and will issue a warning. Even then, it may not be used to go into any construct that requires initialization, such as a subroutine, a foreach loop, or a given block. In general, it may not be used to jump into the parameter of a binary or list operator, but it may be used to jump into the first parameter of a binary operator. (The = assignment operator's "first" operand is its right-hand operand.) It also can't be used to go into a construct that is optimized away.
NAME needn't be the name of a subroutine; it can be a scalar variable containing a code reference or a block that evaluates to a code reference.


The Spinning Particle Model
The Classic Model
of the Electron
The Spinning Particle Model of the Electron
Some Predictions
of this model are:
Explaining the Questions raised by the Classical Model
Negative charges
Attracting each other
Graphical Particle Collision Solver
Particle & Wave Behavior
Tunnel Effect
Spin Polarized Tunnelling (Giant Magnetoresistance)
Theory of Radiation
Gyromagnetic Ratio g=2
Measuring the Size
of the Electron
The Hydrogen Atom Model
Relativity: Time and Spedd
A brief summary
of the ideas exposed
Discussion Forum
Annex 1:
Calculating the Spin
 The Spinning Particle Model
 Theory of Radiation
The classical theory of radiation tells us that a particle emits radiation whenever it is accelerated. But in our model the CC is constantly moving in a circular motion and thus it is always accelerated. This means that it is the acceleration of the CM the one that matters regarding radiation.
The theory of radiation has to be rewritten.
Our free particle conserves its kinetic energy but its CC is accelerated, so that no radiation has to be associated to an accelerated CC moving at the speed of light whenever the CM is moving at constant velocity.
The electron cannot decrease its CM velocity spontaneously. Just consider the analysis by the CM observer. A free electron cannot emit radiation.
Radiation has to arise whenever the CM is accelerated and its velocity decreases, so that we need both, an external accelerating force or impulse and a decrease of the CM velocity.
M. Rivas


text:
The impact of health information technologies, such as electronic health records, on the quality, efficiency and cost of clinical care was examined in this article. A systematic review of the research literature was conducted and database searches including MEDLINE and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials. Additional studies earmarked by experts in the field were reviewed. A total of 257 articles were included in the study.
- Benchmark research leaders were those institutions that were responsible for 5 percent or more of the 257 articles reviewed. Four benchmark institutions were identified. These institutions accounted for 24 percent of the articles reviewed.
- Almost half of the studies reviewed were of outpatient settings. Most studies focused on decision support systems (63%) and electronic health records (37%).
- Data on the costs of multifunctional health information technologies on clinical care was scarce.
- The efficiency of multifunctional health care technologies in regard to clinical care was observed in lower utilization of care with mixed results for time utilization.
- The impact of multifunctional health care technologies on quality of clinical care was seen in an increase in following protocols during provision of care, enhancements in surveillance and monitoring, and fewer medication errors.
- Evaluations of commercially developed, multifunctional systems were found in just nine studies.


Tolkien Gateway
Fragrant Trees
The Fragrant Trees were those species of trees which grew in Nísimaldar, a western region in the Island of Númenor. The name derived from the sweet scent which came from their leaves, their flowers and even their bark. They were brought from Eressëa by the Elves who navigated towards Númenor. Later, they were planted in other regions of the island, though they did not grow in such high numbers.[1]
The Fragrant Trees were : Oiolairë, Lairelossë, Nessamelda, Vardarianna, Taniquelassë, Yavannamírë and Malinornë.
[edit] See also
[edit] References


Pet Tips
Tip 77 – Do dogs dream – dreaming dogs – sleeping dogs
While dogs are sleeping they sometimes moan, whimper, growl and have involuntary body gestures such as twitching, tail wagging and lip licking. In fact if you watch your dog sleep, it sleeps in very much the same way we humans sleep. This phenomenon begs the often asked question: Do dogs dream. The evidence supports that yes, dogs dream.
Dogs are similar to humans with regard to their sleep patterns and their brain wave activity. Experiments testing canine brain wave activity during sleep have been reproduced and measured by researchers using an electroencephalogram (EEG). As they first fall asleep dogs are in a 'lighter' sleep mode where their breathing is very regular and they can be easily awakened. Once they enter deep sleep they are more difficult to awaken and their brain wave activity is greatly increased. Like humans, once in deep sleep they enter a stage where their breathing becomes more irregular and they have rapid eye movements (REM) where actual dreaming takes place.They enter and exit this dreaming stage several times per night. This rapid eye movement stage has this name because behind their closed eyelids, the dog's eyes are moving rapidly back and forth. Presumably, they are watching the images that they are dreaming about. It is during this stage where they may also have involuntarily vocalizations and body movements. Even if it seems like they are having a bad dream it is best not to wake a sleeping dog. Dogs, like humans, need uninterrupted sleep for healthy mental activity.
Are all dogs alike with regard to their dreaming? Research suggests that small dogs dream more than larger dogs. Dream frequency also seems to be related to age where puppies dream more than adult dogs. Given that dogs can't tell us their dreams, the 64,000 dollar question is what are dogs dreaming about. It is likely that dogs dream in a similar fashion to humans, dreaming up canine fantasies and the everyday things that make up their existence like chasing, playing and eating.
2 Responses to this Article, So Far
 1. Avatar andrea maffetone says:
 do wolves dream? if not then it negates the age-old assumption that dogs evolved from wolves.
Leave a Comment


What Country Has The Largest Bust Sizes?
What Country Has The Largest Bust Sizes?
The Journal of Female Health Sciences recently published a fascinating study. They surveyed bust sizes worldwide to see which nationality had the largest. Their study concluded that women in the USA have the largest boobs in the world. Canada, Ireland, Poland, and England rounded out the Top 5. Women in Africa and Asia tended to have the smallest breast sizes.
What Country Has The Largest Bust Sizes?
Here's a graph that showcases their results:
What Country Has The Largest Breast Sizes?
How Will This Study Be Used?
You might be wondering why researchers were so interested in this topic. The reason might not be what you'd think. Knowledge of breast size variations among different countries is used by the clothing industry. They use these numbers to market and develop products with global applications. The data are also used by other industries, as well as cosmetic surgeons.
The Average American Bra Size
According to this article from Medical Daily, the average bra size in America is now a 34DD, compared to an average size of 34B only 20 years ago.
Why Has The Average Size Gone Up?
While the number of breast augmentations have gone up significantly in the last twenty years, they aren't enough to account for such a substantial rise in the average American breast size. There are several theories about the recent rise in bust sizes.
If you look at the numbers on the chart, you'll probably notice that the nations closer to the top are in North America and Europe, which, on the whole have higher incomes and better nutrition. These countries also tend to have taller people, and a higher average weight.
This is probably one of the most accurate theories about boob sizes.
Some people, like the author of this article from Green Prophet, attribute the change in breast size to nutrition, including the relatively recent addition of hormones to dairy and meat.
This might sound like some far-out conspiracy theory. However, countries like the USA and England do consume a lot of dairy. Asian countries consume almost no milk or cheese. There are many naturally occurring hormones in dairy that mimic estrogen. In many of these countries, girls are starting puberty at younger ages.
This doesn't mean that their theory is 100% valid, but it does raise some questions.
Proper Bra Fitting
Other sources, like this article from the Today Show, argue that women's breast sizes haven't gotten substantially bigger.
Instead, they say that women are only recently finding out their true bra sizes. Almost ten years ago, Oprah did an entire episode teaching women to find their actual bra sizes, and it turned out that many women who thought they were a B ended up being a D or larger.
It might not come as a surprise that America and Europe have the largest breast sizes. However, with new technology and GMOs, more countries are getting better nutrition. The question is: will they start to experience larger breast sizes, too? If theories about hormones in meat and dairy are correct, the numbers might not shift substantially. But, if it's more of a question about nutrition in general, it might.
In another 20 years, the list might become a little less top-heavy (no pun intended).


text:
Communication case studies for health care professionals : an applied approach, 2nd editionCommunication Faculty Book Gallery
Description/SummaryPreceded by: Interactive case studies in health communication / Michael P. Pagano. c2010. The importance of good communication between health professionals and patients has been well documented. Not only does it foster patient satisfaction, it can have a profound effect on health outcomes. This casebook/workbook helps students, faculty, and health care providers to assess and practice key interpersonal and health communication skills. It presents 45 communication scenarios for students to critique and rewrite in order to enhance the interpersonal relationships of participants. The second edition builds on the first with the addition of 11 new cases and theoretical discussions of interpersonal, gender, intercultural, organizational, and media communication. Additionally, the new edition analyzes each scenario in detail to facilitate broader use by an interprofessional team and expand awareness of the specific skills needed by each health care professional. The new Take-Away Considerations feature at the end of each case study reinforces an understanding of the elements of effective communication. With an eye to time management, each chapter includes effective and ineffective examples of interpersonal communication and interpersonal relationship building. Cases follow the same format including theoretical underpinnings of a particular skill or set of communication skills, an overview of key topics, initial interaction (for role play or analysis), discussion questions (with space for answers), interactive activities and an alternate interaction highlighting more effective communication behaviors, follow-up discussion, key points, and Take-Away Considerations. Scenarios can be used for role play and follow-up discussion in the classroom, for small group work, or individually, as well as in the simulation center and for interprofessional education courses.
Pagano, Michael.. Communication case studies for health care professionals : an applied approach, 2nd edition. New York: Springer.
Citation InformationMichael P Pagano. Communication case studies for health care professionals : an applied approach, 2nd edition. (2015)
Available at: _URL_


Nutritional Value:
1/2 cup provides 2g of protein, 50% of the recommended daily intake of folate 200mcg, 30% of the magnesium 120mcg, 250mg of the sodium, a high dose of iodine, some calcium, copper, iron, and potassium in 50 calories.
Kombu Seaweed
Seaweed is a tasty vegetable. Kombu is a type of kelp, a brown plant and one of the most common seaweeds used to flavor soup stock and salad dressings. They provide more calcium and magnesium than Laver seaweed and are lower in sodium than Wakame seaweed.
Kombu seaweed provides a high-dose of:
Iodine, needed by the thyroid gland to make the hormones that regulate body metabolism.
Kombu seaweed provides a good-dose of:
Kombu seaweed provides some:
Magnesium, a mineral that relaxes blood vessels improving blood flow and nutrient delivery while lowering blood pressure. A perfect mineral for a healthy cardiovascular system and effective energy metabolism. Stimulates bone growth and necessary for muscle function.
Kelp tablets can cause an outbreak of acne, cause thyroid disorders, and iron overload.


c_2)] \\ &= \mathrm{sgn}(a_1)|a_1|Q[c_1] + \mathrm{sgn}(a_2)|a_2|Q[c_2] \\ &= a_1Q[c_1] + a_2 Q[c_2] \end{align} In summary, by thinking about heat as a functional on paths, and by imposing physically reasonable constraints on that functional, we have argued that heat is a $1$-cochain.
From cochains to differential forms.
Now that we have argued that heat can be thought of as a $1$-cochain, let's show how this leads to modeling "infinitesimal" changes in heat with a differential $1$-form.
This is where things get really mathematically interesting. We first recall the definition of a differential $k$-form over a $k$-chain. If $\omega$ is a $k$-form, and $c = a_1c_1 + \cdots a_Nc_N$ is a $k$-chain, then we define the integral of $\omega$ over $c$ as follows: \begin{align} \int_c\omega = a_1\int_{c_1} \omega + \cdots + a_N\int_{c_N}\omega. \end{align} In other words, we integrate $\omega$ over each $k$-cube $c_i$ in the chain multiplied by the appropriate signed magnitude $a_i$ associated with that cube, and then we add up all of the results to get the integral over the chain as a whole. For example, if $k=1$ then we have an integral of a $1$-form over a $1$-chain which is usually just called a line integral.
Now notice that given any $k$-form $\omega$, there exists a corresponding cochain, which we'll call $F_\omega$, defined by \begin{align} F_\omega[c] = \int_c\omega \end{align} for any $k$-chain $c$. In other words, integration of a form over a chain can simply be thought of as applying a particular linear functional to that chain.
But here's the really cool thing. The construction we just exhibited shows that to every differential form, there corresponds a cochain $F_\omega$ given by integration of $\omega$. A natural question then arises: is there a mapping that goes the other way? Namely, if $F$ is a given $k$-cochain, is there a corresponding $k$-form $\omega_F$ such that $F$ can simply be written as integration over $\omega$? The answer is yes! (provided we make suitable technical assumptions). In fact, there is a mathematical theorem which basically says that
Given a sufficiently smooth $k$-cochain $F$, there is a unique differential form $\omega_F$ such that \begin{align} F[c] = \int_c\omega_F \end{align} for all suitably non-pathological chains $c$.
If we apply this result to the heat $1$-cochain $Q$, then we find that there exists a unique corresponding differential $1$-form $\omega_Q$ such that for any reasonable chain $c$, we have \begin{align} Q[c] = \int_c \omega_Q \end{align} This is precisely what we want. If we identify $\omega_Q$ as $\delta Q$, then we have shown that
The heat transferred to a system that moves along a given path ($1$-chain) in thermodynamic state space is given by the integral of a differential $1$-form $\delta Q$ along the path.
This is a precise formulation of the statement that $\delta Q$ is a one-form that represents "infinitesimal" heat transfers.
Note. This is a new, totally revamped version of the answer that actually answers the OP's question instead of just reformulating it mathematically. Most of the earlier comments pertain to older versions.
I did not figure this all out on my own. In the original form of the answer, I reformulated the question in a mathematical form, and I essentially posted this mathematical question on math.SE:
That question was answered by user studiosus who found that the theorem on cochains and forms to which I refer was proven by Hassler Whitney roughly 60 years ago in his good Geometric Integration Theory. In attempting to understand the theorem, and especially the concept of cochains, I found the paper "Isomorphisms of Differential Forms and Cochains" written by Jenny Harrison to be very illuminating. In particular, her discussion of theorem on forms and chains to which I refer above is nice.
share|improve this answer
Differential forms are not linear functions of state variables in any sense. What you probably wanted to say is that the differential form $df$ is a linear function of $dx_i$ but $dx_i$ isn't a state variable; it is a differential (infinitesimally small change) of the state variable.
One may view your notation for the differential form involving the $dx_i$ factors to be just one possible notation among many. Alternatively, we may consider a differential form to be nothing else than the collection of functions that you call $(f_1,f_2,\dots,f_n)$. Each component $f_i$ is a function of the state variables. By definition, the space of possible configurations of these functions forms a linear space – the space of linear forms (the same thing as differential 1-forms), the dual space to the tangent space at a given point of the phase space. The particular values of all the components at a given point in the configuration/phase space are, by definition, forming a linear space so there is a well-defined addition.
The same addition is relevant when adding heat or internal energy $U$ that is composed of several terms. For the internal energy, your rule that $U(x+dx_A+dx_B) = U(x)+ dU_A+dU_B$ follows from the linear rule of the "derivative of the sum". The derivative of the sum is simply equal to the sum of derivatives. This rule requires that all three terms in that equation exists but in physics, we want to deal with continuous or smooth enough functions for which the derivatives exist.
I erased the last paragraph suggesting the possible nonlinearity for $\delta Q$'s because I decided it was misleading. $\delta Q$ is still a well-defined, unique linear differential form on the state space, albeit not an exact one, so it still obeys the linearity condition. It's just not terribly useful for particular processes that only probe the evolution along a particular curve rather than the evolution in all possible directions from each point of a curve.
share|improve this answer
Thank you for the correction. I had meant to say that differentials are linear at each point in the state space, i.e. linear on the tangent space. I have always heard $\delta Q$ being called an inexact differential. That seems to imply that $$\delta Q(d\mathbf{x}_1 + d\mathbf{x}_2) = \delta Q(d\mathbf{x}_1) + \delta Q(d\mathbf{x}_2)$$ at some fixed point, just by the definition of "differential form". If I've understood you correctly, you're saying that this doesn't necessarily hold? Is it inappropriate to call $\delta Q$ a differential form then? – EuYu Jan 31 at 8:20
No, what you wrote here holds perfectly. It assumes that there is a particular (inexact but) differential form $\delta Q$ defined on the state space and the identity holds by linearity - the differential forms are, by definition, linear functions of the tangent vector coordinates $dx_i$. – Luboš Motl Jan 31 at 8:29
What I disagreed with was your physical interpretation of this identity: "... if the infinitesimal heat transferred when moving from state $x$ to $x+dx_1$ is $\delta Q_1$ and from $x$ to $x+dx_2$ is $\delta Q_2$". In that sentence, you are comparing two (well, three) different processes. Each of them is linked with some differential form $\delta Q$, like $\delta Q_1,\delta Q_2,\delta Q$. There's no reason why there should be a sum rule for these three completely unrelated differential forms. $Q$ is not a function of the state variables so the linearity of derivative isn't a valid proof. – Luboš Motl Jan 31 at 8:32
The analogous sentence for $dU$ would hold exactly because $dU$ is an exact differential, so you may talk about "the" change of the internal energy while going from $x$ to $x+dx_1$, and so on. But in the case of $\delta Q$, there is no "the" change you get when moving from one point of the phase space to another. How much heat gets transferred to the system depends on what the external objects are doing. – Luboš Motl Jan 31 at 8:34
I apologize for the confusion. I think my question got a bit side tracked somewhere along the way. I had always assumed that there exists some universal $\delta Q$. Each process is simply some curve $\gamma$ in the state space which links some initial state $\mathbf{x}_1


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Individual differences |
Methods | Statistics | Clinical | Educational | Industrial | Professional items | World psychology |
Cooperative inquiry, also known as collaborative inquiry was first proposed by John Heron in 1971 and later expanded with Peter Reason. The major idea of cooperative inquiry is to "research 'with' rather than 'on' people." It emphasizes that all active participants are fully involved in research decisions as co-researchers. Cooperative inquiry creates a research cycle among four different types of knowledge: propositional knowing (as in contemporary science), practical knowing (the knowledge that comes with actually doing what you propose), experiential knowing (the feedback we get in real time about our interaction with the larger world) and presentational knowing (the artistic rehearsal process through which we craft new practices). The research process iterates these four stages at each cycle with deepening experience and knowledge of the initial proposition, or of new propositions, at every cycle.
- Stage 1: The first reflection phase that determines topics and methods of inquiry. This phase involves primarily propositional knowing.
- Stage 2: The first action phase, usually within the group, that tests the agreed actions, records outcomes from the testing, and observes if the actions conform to the original ideas from Stage 1. This stage involves primarily practical knowing.
- Stage 3: A second action phase, usually by individuals in their everyday life outside the group, where the experiences and the consequences of one's new inquiries in action can generate profound new feelings and awarenesses. In this stage, the experiences may lead to new fields, actions and insights that depart from the original ideas. This stage involves primarily experiential knowing.
- Stage 4: The second reflection phase when, in the group, co-researchers reflect on their experiences and the data collected in Stages 2 and 3. Now they may re-frame the original ideas and amend inquiry procedures. In this stage, co-researchers also decide whether to proceed to further cycles in the inquiry processes. This stage involves primarily presentational knowing, developing new images and ways of acting. This leads back to propositional knowing, if the inquiry group decides to start a next cycle.
The following figure illustrates the four cognitive modes and stages in Cooperative Inquiry process cycle (Figure is taken from John Heron's Co-operative Inquiry, pp.56, 1996)
Figure 1 Co-operate Inquiry Life Cycle
- Reason & Bradbury, Handbook of Action Research. London: Sage, 2001.
- Heron, J. 1996. Cooperative Inquiry: Research into the human condition. London: Sage.
- Reason, P. & Rowan, J. 1981. Human Inquiry: A Sourcebook of New Paradigm Research. London: Wiley.
- Reason, P. 1995. Participation in Human Inquiry. London: Sage.
- John Heron's home page: _URL_
- Peter Reason's home page: _URL_
|This page uses Creative Commons Licensed content from Wikipedia (view authors).|


text:
E. Cobham Brewer _PHONE_. Dictionary of Phrase and Fable. 1898.
Sandschaki or Sandschaki-sherif [the standard of green silk].
The sacred banner of the Mussulmans. It is now enveloped in four coverings of green taffeta, enclosed in a case of green cloth. The standard is twelve feet high, and the golden ornament (a closed hand) which surmounts it holds a copy of the Koran written by the Calif Osman III. In times of peace this banner is guarded in the hall of the noble vestment, as the dress worn by the prophet is styled. In the same hall are preserved the sacred teeth, the holy beard, the sacred stirrup, the sabre, and the bow of Mahomet.