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What kind of ape was Tarzan raised by?
Dear Straight Dope:
Who or what type of critter was Tarzan raised by? I recall from the books that he disliked gorillas and from the descriptions, chimps are too small. Did old Edgar just make up a whole class of apes?
First answer: yes, it's fiction, and Edgar Rice Burroughs made up the whole thing. He wasn't a naturalist, zoologist or anthropologist, and his jungle animals behaved as he wanted them to, to tell a good story. Reality definitely took a second place. Hell, about a 102nd place. Burroughs did distinguish his great apes from gorillas, but did not identify them further than that.
Now, second answer: The identification of the tribe of apes who raised Tarzan is a matter of serious debate (yes, serious debate) among Tarzan aficionados, much as discussions of the location of Watson's wound are among Sherlock Holmes enthusiasts. The game is the same: Edgar Rice Burroughs wrote accounts of a real person, Tarzan, just as John Watson wrote accounts about a real detective, Sherlock Holmes. The problem is that Burroughs (like Watson, or like his editor Arthur Conan Doyle) tried to conceal the true identities of many of the people and incidents; hence, the accounts are full of distortions and seeming inconsistencies. True aficionados try to pry behind the camouflage, to determine the true events, dates, people, places, etc., and to reconcile the inconsistencies.
(ASIDE: In fact, the Burroughs enthusiasts and the Holmes enthusiasts sometimes find points in common--after all, Tarzan's father John Clayton would have been around the same age as Sherlock Holmes, living contemporarily in London.)
OK, so that's the game: assume the stories are true, and try to explain the inconsistencies.
The first Tarzan book, Tarzan of the Apes, was published in 1912. The first chapters describe how, in 1888, John Clayton, Lord Greystoke, was commissioned to make a "peculiarly delicate investigation" of conditions in an unnamed British colony on the west coast of Africa. He was accompanied by his young wife, Lady Alice. (ASIDE: The exact peerage is somewhat confused, as his wife is sometimes called Lady Alice and sometimes Lady Greystoke. She wouldn't normally be addressed as both. Since Edgar Rice Burroughs says he heard this tale from someone else, it is likely that ERB, an American, was unfamiliar with British peerage and titles. However, this spurs on much debate in the Burroughs Bulletin and among fans, trying to identify who the Greystokes really were, etc.)
There was a mutiny on their ship, and they were abandoned somewhere on the West African coast; they built a hut, foraged for food, kept the dangerous beasts away with guns and fire... and then their son was born. One year later, Alice died in her sleep. The next night, the hut was attacked by apes who killed Clayton. One of the female apes, named Kala, had recently lost her child; she grabbed the infant in the crib, nursed him and adopted him to replace her dead baby. The child was raised by the apes and learned the ways of the jungle. The combination of jungle cunning and his superb British brain not only helped Tarzan survive, they made him leader of the ape tribe, self-styled King of the Apes.
He later discovered the hut, including children's books that the Claytons had brought with them. He learned his origin, that he was not a mutant born of Kala, but a son of the tarmangani (white folks.) He taught himself how to read English, and finally met English-speakers. He learned his true identity as the offspring of a British lord, and became the Tarzan we all know and love, whose exploits are told in 24 books by Burroughs, and in countless movies, radio programs, and TV series.
So, to your question: who or what were these "apes" that raised a human baby? Burroughs described them first as "great man-like figures," dimly seen through the foliage. Then one attacks Alice, and we have the description: "The ape was a great bull, weighing probably three hundred pounds. His nasty, close-set eyes gleamed hatred from beneath his shaggy brows, while his great canine fangs were bared in a horrid snarl as he paused a moment before his prey."
Clayton described it in his diary as an "anthropoid ape," but Clayton (like Burroughs) had not studied either anthropology or zoology. In fact, they are clearly not gorillas, as will be discussed in a moment.
The tribe of great apes call themselves mangani and they appear to be far more humanoid than gorilloid. They have a spoken language and social structure. They are often described in the first two Tarzan books as "gorilla-like apes." But Burroughs had, at that time, no information to the contrary. Once he had taken that approach, of course, he was stuck--even though he later learned more about the mangani, he could not contradict his earlier versions. Consequently, the erroneous description of the mangani as apes was in stone. But Burroughs didn't care; Philip Jose Farmer says, in Tarzan Alive, that Burroughs "was writing novels, and the facts did not always have to be adhered to. Indeed... he sometimes went out of his way to make sure that the reader thought that his Tarzan books were entirely fictional."
So, what are the clues?
In The Jungle Tales of Tarzan, Burroughs mentions "these great manlike apes which the natives of the Gobi speak of in whispers" who "unlike the chimpanzee and the gorilla... walk without the aid of their hands quite as readily as with." The ability to walk entirely upright for long periods of time requires that the pelvises and legs of the mangani must have been more human than ape.
We also know, from several stories, that the mangani were well-developed meat eaters. They also ate insects, birds, eggs, fruit, and nuts; this again suggests an evolution that is more human than gorilla (gorillas are vegetarians). Presumably, Tarzan's adopted mother pre-chewed his food for him; otherwise, his comparatively fragile teeth would not have proved adequate.
The mangani have a spoken language of some complexity. Again, this puts them closer to humans on the evolutionary scale than to any other creature.
And so, although they are called "great apes," the conclusion drawn by most people who study the Tarzan stories is that they are subhumans rather than super-apes, perhaps some rare hominid, such as language-using pithecanthropoids. Philip Farmer speculates that the mangani may be a smaller African variety of the Himalayan yeti or the giant sasquatch of the Pacific Northwest. He offers that they may have been a giant variety of Australopithecus robustus, a hominid supposed to be extinct. They may have been the agogwe of native African legend.
We also know that male mangani were subject to maniacal fits of rage. Farmer speculates that this may be a "nonsurvival trait that had tended to reduce the population of the genus, which had been very low for thousands of years. This instability may have helped them lose out in the race for the kingship of Earth in the dawn of sentience. The gorilla, their closest relative after man, had also lost the race.... The huge vegetarian gorillas, though not nearly as intelligent as the mangani, and not numerous, still outnumbered the mangani by a hundred to one. It is doubtful that there were over two hundred [mangani] left in equatorial Africa in 1889."
Presumably, they are extinct today.
As a final aside, there are only two passing reference in the entire 24 books to chimpanzees. "Cheetah" is an invention of the movie people, and thus not canonical.
Tarzan Alive, by Philip Jose Farmer, Popular Library, New York, 1972.
_URL_, the official website
And, of course, Tarzan of the Apes and The Return of Tarzan, the first two books of the series.
If you'd like more, don't overlook the Burroughs Bulletin, the official journal that has published the speculation, analysis, and praise of fans.


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The Excelsior College Endowment
Gifts to the Endowment
Excelsior College's endowment funds support the educational mission of the College by providing a reliable source of funds for current and future use. Endowments represent a permanent partnership between Excelsior College and the donors who contribute to them. The legacy of thoughtful donors plays a role in the life of the College in perpetuity, and becomes the basis upon which Excelsior can build its achievements. The generosity of Excelsior's endowment donors is appreciated by generations past, present, and future.
Creating an endowment at Excelsior College secures the future of the institution and provides an essential and reliable source of funding for scholarships, the development of new degree programs and other partnerships that benefit adult learners. Endowments also ensure long-term support of the College through the stewardship and portfolio management,
The College is creating new degree programs, redesigning existing undergraduate and graduate curricula, and developing new scholarship opportunities that enhance access to higher education and degree completion programs for self-directed adults. Endowments are critical to the success and ongoing support of these initiatives.
The minimum gift for an endowment is $10,000, which may be funded in the following ways:
- Through a one-time gift or over a ten-year period
- Through cash
- Through securities
Endowments are an appropriate and meaningful way to honor the memory and legacy of loved ones. Creating an endowment enables the College to maintain its commitment to serving the public interest as a center of innovation in higher education, policy formulation and advocacy on behalf of adult learners and to conducting its affairs in a manner that acknowledges the maturity, autonomy and dignity of its students.
For more information about creating an endowment, contact Marcy Stryker, Director of Development at _PHONE_.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


text:
The Soul of a New Hand Tool
Hand levels are one of the standard tools in the kits of house builders, plumbers, and many other tradespeople. Until 1990, all levels were bubble-type spirit levels. But in that year, a California carpenter, Andy Butler, and some Silicon Valley engineers patented a new level that depended on high-tech electronics to show digitally the precise angle of the surface being checked.
The "SmartLevel," as the new tool was named, found a market among users of traditional levels who needed precise degree measurements. Butler and his colleagues, more interested in developing a new idea than amassing a fortune, sold the SmartLevel line and moved onto new projects.
In 1995, the Lemelson Center supported oral history interviews with Andy Butler and other key individuals involved with the development, manufacture, and marketing of this new generation of digital hand tool. Additional interviews with SmartLevel principles outside California are forthcoming. At the conclusion of the project, the interviews, an archive of original documents, drawings, photographs, and other records, several generations of SmartLevels, hardware store display elements, and sales training videotapes will be preserved in the Archives Center of the National Museum of American History.
For more information on this collection, email the Archives Center.
Originally published in Fall 1995.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


text:
The vast majority of managers and leaders
today recognise the importance training plays
in the success of building a robust and effective
Tasks and online quizzes are utilised to verify the delegates learning and retention, building to provide a powerful training record for each delegate. They provide comprehensive and in depth knowledge of proven skills and techniques to assist your teams sell more cars, services and parts, and more profitably. Courses start from just £299 per delegate and they are completed without your people leaving the dealership.


text:
Image Number 3 for United States Patent _TAG_.
The present invention discloses a spectral measurement method via continuous light source and discrete light source, and a measurement instrument for non-invasive detection of human body tissue components. Said instrument includes an incident unit, a probe, a receiving unit and a data processing unit. Said composite spectral measurement method improves or strengthens the output light intensity at the wavelength that carries information of the target component within human body. It enables the spectral detection in the whole wavelength range, and thus significantly enhances the SNR of the detecting system. In the non-invasive detection instrument, light from both the continuous light source and discrete light source can be firstly selectively light-split by AOTF, or AOTF conducts light-splitting for the continuous light source, while the discrete light source LD is controlled by a spatial chopper. When data of the spectral curves achieved from said continuous light source and discrete light source are processed, data acquired under different measuring modes can be compared.


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Declaratively add buttons to lightning flows, screens or communities
We created the Advanced Navigation button to fill a need in the user base. Salesforce is fantastic out of the box but there are limitations in particular with buttons. This managed package looks to meet some of those needs using clicks and not code.
The Advanced Navigation button, dubbed the "Magic button" by some, can be used for a variety of uses:
- Add bespoke navigation options in a flow. For example, replace the "Next" button with a "Save and View" button.
- Launch new record or edit page. For example, launch the create new account page with a specific record type.
- Auto launch a quick action. For example, automatically launch the new opportunity quick action when an account with the type "prospect" is created.
- Navigate to another page. For example, auto navigate to another record page when a certain status is reached.
The Advanced Navigation button allows the user to change the appearance and text on the button.
Choose what text should appear in the button itself. Text choices on buttons have traditionally been limited in Salesforce, and this removes that limitation to an extent. You can choose to have "Save", "Apply", "Click this here", "You are wonderful", whatever text you deem suitable.
"Button CSS style"
Specify the style using CSS if using "text". If text is not used i specifieds the style of the div containing the button. At present it is not yet possible to add styles directly to the button.
"Auto Start without button press"
Exactly as the name states. It will auto-launch your chosen functionality, eg: flow or redirect without any user interaction. You can have this on a page where you want an action to kick off as soon as the page launches to streamline processes.
"Navigate to URL"
This nifty action will guide the user to the specified URL/page when they click on the button. Say you want the finish action to take them to a specific website or another record page, this is a really easy way to do it.
"Launch a quick action"
This is an extremely useful functionality where you can use the button to launch a quick action: For example: add a task on a new opportunity, or create an invoice on a won opportunity. The quick action does need to be on the page layout for this to work, and this needs to be populated with the API name of the quick action
Expands your choices beyond the standard Flow buttons. You can turn them off and use the Navigation Button to set the flow action to either: next, pause, or finish.
"Output: Button Clicked?"
Use this to ascertain if a button is clicked in a flow. When the button is clicked it will set the variable here to true. This is useful if you have multiple buttons on the page to see which button was clicked on the flow screen.
"New Record:Object Name"
If you want to launch the create a record screen enter the object name here.
"New Record:Recordtype ID"
Only populate if you want to create a record. Enter the record ID to use. This alters picklist values and page layout choices.
"New Record:Predefined Variables"
You can prefill fields on the page. To do so add in the values in a JSON style format. Field:Value. "APiFieldName:Value,APiFieldName:Value"
For example, "FirstName:Ben" or "FirstName,Ben,LastName:Smith"
"Edit: Specific record Id to edit"
If you want to edit you can pass a specific record ID through to edit that record. For example a related record.
If blank it uses the recordId from the page it is on
"Edit:Do you want to edit a record?"
Mark as true if you want to launch the edit record page.


It is a situation that a guy on the ground asking another one who is climbing on a bed staircase with this sentence.
And he replied with this one.
おお よかろうしっかり手｛て｝足｛あし｝をおさえておけっ。
おけ is the imperative form for おく. You can ignore the っ at the end as it carries no meaning, only to show an abrupt end of the sentence.
The second sentence mean:
Oh, hold (his/her) arms and legs tightly!
Your Answer


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Vehicle Design Evaluation Using The Digital Proving Ground 2000-01-0126
Recent advancements in three-dimensional digital terrain mapping and vehicle simulation technology present an opportunity to introduce "real-world feedback" early in the design process. Designers of suspension, braking, steering and safety systems can evaluate and optimize designs using computer simulation of a vehicle on the digital proving ground (DPG). A range of possible design behaviors can be identified and analyzed prior to expensive prototyping and testing. Even a series of specific test maneuvers may be evaluated prior to actual testing to ensure safety of the driver and prototype vehicle. As a result, the design process is more efficient and the use of the actual proving ground is more cost effective.
This paper presents an overview of the use of the digital proving ground for vehicle design evaluation. Several examples of digital proving ground tests will be discussed. Digital 3-D models of a test track facility may be available from the construction of the grounds, or they can be created with laser measurement techniques, such as LIDAR. Tire-terrain contact patch simulation techniques provide for the use of validated physics models to study 3-D vehicle behavior undergoing simulated tests for handling, ride, braking compliance or other maneuvers.
International Truck & Bus Meeting & Exposition
Electronics for Trucks and Buses 2000-SP-1568, Computer Applications for Crash, Optimization, and Simulation Research-SP-1496, SAE 2000 Transactions Journal of Passenger Cars - Mechanical Systems-V109-6


Norma relacionada
South Africa
Practice Relating to Rule 115. Disposal of the Dead
Section B. Respect for the religious beliefs of the dead
South Africa's LOAC Teaching Manual (2008) states:
- Parties to the conflict shall further ensure that
- the dead are honourably interred, if possible according to the rites of the religion to which they belonged[.]
South Africa, Advanced Law of Armed Conflict Teaching Manual, School of Military Justice, 1 April 2008, as amended to 25 October 2013, Learning Unit 2, p. 107.


Many people assume that they can simply 1) buy a house, 2) apply a fresh coat of paint, 3) trim some bushes, and then 4) resell the home at a profit. Unfortunately, this process, called "flipping" is not that easy. After all, if it were, everyone would be doing it.
There are several skills and people that every potential investor/flipper should have in place before even considering entering into a real estate transaction of this nature. In this article we'll look at the top five "must-haves" you'll need to succeed in this endeavor.
1. A Group of Experts
While a house flipper can certainly go it alone, it will certainly help to retain individuals that are familiar with the legal, accounting and construction ramifications of flipping houses.
Flippers typically work against the clock, so they must renovate a home on budget and then turn it around and sell it before the financing costs eat up their profits. In any case, a bevy of experts including a real estate agent, an attorney, a contractor or renovator, an accountant, a home inspector and an insurance agent can ensure that the work is completed in a timely and efficient manner.
Watch: Flipping Properties
2. A Handyman or Knack for Home Improvement
The house flippers that make the most money buying and selling homes tend to be handy people. That is, they have the ability to step in and lend a helping hand when time or money constraints kick in. Most flippers can do things like change a sink, install a countertop, do basic electrical or plumbing work, and/or shingle a roof.
Why is being handy so important?
The obvious answer is that if you can do the work yourself, you won't have to pay someone to come in and do it. However, there are other advantages to being handy as well. For example, there are times when it will be impossible to get an electrician to install an attic fan on short notice. There are also times when a job must be completed without warning at the last second in order to obtain a certificate of occupancy. In these instances, having the ability to navigate your way around a tool box is very valuable.
3. A Good Lay of the Land
The buyer should know about the area in which they are buying property. A buyer should know, for example, what characteristics (acreage, number of rooms, type of home, etc) are the most desirable in the area in which they are looking to buy. Equally important is knowing what houses in the general vicinity have sold for and if there is likely to be any future development in the community (such as a new school, condominium or shopping center) as this could affect supply and demand.
4. A Good Estimator
By definition, house flippers attempt to buy a property and then resell it at a profit in relatively short order. In order to do this, however, the flipper must typically make some structural and/or cosmetic changes to make the property more appealing to the next buyer.
If the flipper underestimates the costs associated with the refurbishment he or she may be exposed to large monetary losses. Therefore, a flipper should be familiar with construction materials (their use and their cost), as well as local construction codes, the cost of local labor and the time it should take to do a given job.
This is no small feat. In fact, it takes even the most seasoned construction professional many years before he or she is aware of all the nuances that exist. In any case, before becoming involved in "flipping", be certain of your abilities to estimate a job in terms of both cost and time. (To decide what needs to be done, see Fix It And Flip It: The Value of Remodeling.)
5. A Dose of Patience
One of the biggest obstacles to making money in the real estate market is that buyers tend to overpay for a given property.
Why do buyers overpay?
Typically, buyers become emotionally attached to a property or develop some other bond with it, which in turn forces them to enter into a contract on less than favorable terms.
However, savvy flippers have the ability to avoid emotional purchases, and the desire to find diamonds in the rough and properties on the cheap. They also understand that if they aren't buying a property at a favorable price and with favorable terms, it makes sense to simply move on to greener pastures.
The bad news is that patience is a difficult virtue to teach and hone. In general, either you have it or you'll lose a lot of money trying to learn it. (To read more about choosing the right house, see Smart Real Estate Transactions and Investing In Real Estate.)
Bottom Line
While quitting your job and becoming a full-time house flipper may sound like an attractive proposition, be sure that you have these five "musts" before investing in a real estate project.
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Transparent objects that require alpha blending cannot be rendered on top in a G-Buffer. Blending two or more normals, depth or position values leads to wrong results.
In other words deferred lighting of objects that need to be visible through each other is not easily possible because the data for the object that is visible through another object is lost in a G-Buffer that can only store one layer of data for normals, depth and position.
The traditional way to work around this is to have a separate rendering path that deals with rendering and lighting of transparent objects that need to be alpha blended. In essence that means there is a second lighting system that can be forward rendered and usually has a lower quality than the deferred lights.
This system breaks down as soon as you have light numbers that are higher than a few dozen lights because forward rendering can't render so many lights. In that case it would be an advantage to use the same deferred lighting system that is used on opaque objects on transparent objects that would require alpha blending.
The simple case is for example windows where you can look through one window and maybe two more windows behind each other and see what is behind them. For example you look through the window from the outside into a house and then in the house is another glass wall through which you can look and then behind that glass wall is a freshwater tank that is lit... etc. you got the idea.
This would be the "light" case to solve. Much harder are scenarios in which the number of transparent objects that can be behind each other is much higher... like with particles or a room of transparent T-pots :-).
On DirectX9 and DirectX 10 class of hardware, one of the solutions that is mentioned to solve the problem of order-independent transparency is called Depth Peeling. It seems this techniques was first described by Abraham Mammen ("Transparency and antialiasing algorithms Implemented with the virtual pixel maps technique", IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications, vol. 9, no. 4, pp. 43-55, July/Aug. 1989) and Paul Diefenbach ("Pipeline rendering: Interaction and realism through hardware-based multi-pass rendering", Ph.D., University of Pennsylvania, 1996, 152 pages)(I don't have access to those papers). A description of the implementation was given by Cass Everitt here. The idea is to extract each unique depth in a scene into layers. Those layers are then composited in depth-sorted order to produce the correct blended image.
In other words: the standard depth test gives us the nearest fragment/pixel. The next pass over the scene gives us the second nearest fragment/pixel; the pass after this pass the third nearest fragment/pixel. The passes after the first pass are rendered by using the depth buffer computed in the first pass and "peel away" depths values that are less than or equal to the values in that depth buffer. All the values that are not "peeled away" are stored in another depth buffer. Pseudo code might look like this:
const float bias 0._PHONE_;
// peel away pixels from previous layers
// use a small bias to avoid precision issues.
clip(In.pos.z - PreviousPassDepth - bias);
By using the depth values from the previous pass for the following pass, multiple layers of depth can be stored. As soon as all the depth layers are generated, for each of the layers the G-Buffer data needs to be generated. This might be the color and normal render targets. In case we want to store three layers of depth, color and normal data also need to be stored for those three depth layers.
Having a scene that has many transparent objects overlay each other, the number of layers increases substantially and therefore the memory consumption.
A more advanced depth peeling technique was named Dual Depth Peeling and described by Louis Bavoil et al. here. The main advantage of this technique is that it peels a layer from the front and a layer from the back at the same time. This way four layers can be peeled away in two geometry passes.
On hardware that doesn't support independent blending equations in MRTs, the two layers per pass are generated by using MAX blending and writing out each component of a float2(-depth, depth) variable into a dedicated render target that is part of a MRT.
Nicolas Thibieroz describes in "Robust Order-Independent Transparency via Reverse Depth Peeling in DirectX 10" in ShaderX6 a technique called Reverse Depth Peeling. While depth peeling extracts layers in a front-to-back order and stores them for later usage, his technique peels the layers in back-to-front order and can blend with the backbuffer immediately. There is no need to store all the layers compared to depth peeling. Especially on console platforms this is a huge advantage.
The order of operations is:
1. Determine furthest layer
2. Fill-up depth buffer texture
3. Fill-up normal and color buffer
4. Do lighting & shadowing
5. Blend in backbuffer
6. Go to 1 for the next layer
Another technique is giving up MSAA and using the samples to store up to eight layers of data. Kevin Myers et al. uses in the article "Stencil Routed A-Buffer" the stencil buffer to do sub-pixel routing of fragments. This way eight layers can be written in one pass. Because the layers are not ordered by depth they need to be sorted afterwards. The drawbacks are that the algorithm is limited to eight layers, allocates lots of memory (8xMSAA can be depending on the underlying implementation a 8x screen-size render target), requires hardware that supports 8xMSAA and the bitonic sort might be expensive. Giving up MSAA, the "light" case described above would be easily possible with this technique with satisfying performance but it won't work on scenes where many objects are visible behind several other objects.
Another technique extends Dual Depth Peeling by attaching a sorted bucket list. The article "Efficient Depth Peeling via Bucket Sort" by Fang Liu et al. describes an adaptive scheme that requires two geometry passes to store depth value ranges in a bucket list, sorted with the help of a depth histogram. An implementation will be described in the upcoming book GPU Pro. The following image from this article shows the required passes.
The Initial Pass is similar to Dual Depth Peeling. Similar to other techniques that utilize eight render targets, 32:32:32:32 each, the technique has huge memory requirements.
To my knowledge those are the widely known techniques for order-independent transparency on DirectX 10 today. Do you know of any newer techniques suitable for DirectX 10 or DirectX 11 hardware?


Blocks storage sharding
In Cortex, when using the experimental blocks storage, each querier internally runs the Thanos BucketStore. This means that each querier has a full view over all blocks in the long-term storage and all blocks index headers are loaded in each querier memory. The querier memory usage linearly increase with number and size of all blocks in the storage, imposing a scalability limit to the blocks storage.
In this proposal we want to solve this. In particular, we want to:
 1. Shard blocks (index headers) across a pool of nodes
 2. Do not compromise HA on the read path (if a node fails, queries should continue to work)
 3. Do not compromise correctness (either the query result is correct or it fails)
Proposed solution
The idea is to introduce a new Cortex service - store-gateway - internally running the Thanos BucketStore. At query time, a querier will run a query fetching the matching series both from ingesters and the subset of gateways holding the related blocks (based on the query time range). Blocks are replicated across the gateways in order to guarantee query results consistency and HA even in the case of a gateway instance failure.
Ring-based sharding and replication
In order to build blocks sharding and replication, the store-gateway instances form a ring. Each gateway instance uses a custom MetaFetcherFilter to filter blocks loaded on the instance itself, keeping only blocks whose hash(block-id) is within the tokens range assigned to the gateway instance within the ring.
Within a gateway, the blocks synchronization is triggered in two cases:
 1. Periodically
 to discover new blocks uploaded by ingesters or compactor, and delete old blocks removed due to retention or by the compactor
 2. On-demand
 when the ring topology changes (the tokens ranges assigned to the gateway instance have changed)
It's important to outline that the sync takes time (typically will have to re-scan the bucket and download new blocks index headers) and Cortex needs to guarantee query results consistency at any given time (see below).
Query execution
When a querier executes a query, it will need to fetch series both from ingesters and the store-gateway instances.
For a given query, the number of blocks to query is expected to be low, especially if the Cortex cluster is running the query-frontend with a 24h query split interval. In this scenario, whatever is the client's query time range, the query-frontend will split the client's query into partitioned queries each with up to 24h time range and the querier will likely hit not more than 1 block per partitioned query (except for the last 24h for which blocks may have not been compacted yet).
Given this assumption, we want to avoid sending every query to every store-gateway instance. The querier should be able to take an informed decision about the minimum subset of store-gateway instances which needs to query given a time range.
The idea is to run the MetaFetcher also within the querier, but without any sharding filter (contrary to the store-gateway). At any given point in time, the querier knows the entire list of blocks in the storage. When the querier executes the Select() (or SelectSorted()) it does:
 1. Compute the list of blocks by the query time range
 2. Compute the minimum list of store-gateway instances containing the required blocks (using the information from the ring)
 3. Fetch series from ingesters and the matching store-gateway instances
 4. Merge and deduplicate received series
 - Optimization: can be skipped if the querier hits only 1 store-gateway
Query results consistency
When a querier executes a query, it should guarantee that either all blocks matching the time range are queried or the query fails.
However, due to the (intentional) lack of a strong coordination between queriers and store-gateways, and the ring topology which can change any time, there's no guarantee that the blocks assigned to a store-gateway shard are effectively loaded on the store-gateway itself at any given point in time.
The idea is introduce a consistency check in the querier. When a store-gateway receives a request from the querier, the store-gateway includes in the response the list of block IDs currently loaded on the store-gateway itself. The querier can then merge the list of block IDs received from all store-gateway hit, and match it against the list of block IDs computed at the beginning of the query execution.
There are three possible scenarios:
 1. The list match: all good
 2. All the blocks known by the querier are within the list of blocks returned by store-gateway, but the store-gateway also included blocks unknown to the querier: all good (it means the store-gateways have discovered and loaded new blocks before the querier discovered them)
 3. Some blocks known by the querier are not within the list of blocks returned by store-gateway: potential consistency issue
We want to protect from a partial results response which may occur in the case #3. However, there are some legit cases which, if not handled, would lead to frequent false positives. Given the querier and store-gateway instances independently scan the bucket at a regular interval (to find new blocks or deleted blocks), we may be in one of the following cases:
a. The querier has discovered new blocks before the store-gateway successfully discovered and loaded them b. The store-gateway has offloaded blocks "marked for deletion" before the querier
To protect from case (a), we can exclude the blocks which have been uploaded in the last X time from the consistency check (same technique already used in other Thanos components). This X delay time is used to give the store-gateway enough time to discover and load new blocks, before the querier consider them for the consistency check. This value X should be greater than the -experimental.blocks-storage.bucket-store.consistency-delay, because we do expect the querier to consider a block for consistency check once it's reasonably safe to assume that its store-gateway already loaded it.
To protect from case (b) we need to understand how blocks are offloaded. The BucketStore (running within the store-gateway) offloads a block as soon as it's not returned by the MetaFetcher. This means we can configure the MetaFetcher with a IgnoreDeletionMarkFilter with a delay of X (could be the same value used for case (a)) and in the querier exclude the blocks which have been marked for deletion more than X time ago from the consistency check.
The proposed solution comes with the following trade-offs:
 - A querier is not ready until it has completed an initial full scan of the bucket, downloading the meta.json file of every block
 - A store-gateway is not ready until it has completed an initial full scan of the bucket, downloading the meta.json and index header of each block matching its shard
 - If a querier hits 2+ store-gateways it may receive duplicated series if the 2+ store-gateways share some blocks due to the replication factor


mean Definition in Cambridge British English Dictionary
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Definition of "mean" - British English Dictionary
See all translations
uk us /miːn/ (meant, meant)
mean verb (EXPRESS)
A2 [T] to express or represent something such as an idea, thought, or fact: What does this word mean? [+ that] These figures mean that almost six percent of the working population is unemployed. What do you mean by that remark? She's kind of strange though. Do you know what I mean? "They all showed up." "You mean the entire family?" [T] used to add emphasis to what you are saying: I want you home by midnight. And I mean midnight. Give it back now! I mean it.
More examples
mean verb (HAVE RESULT)
B1 [T] to have a particular result: Lower costs mean lower prices. [+ that] Advances in electronics mean that the technology is already available. [+ -ing verb] If we want to catch the 7.30 train, that will mean leaving the house at 6.00.
More examples
mean verb (INTEND)
B1 [I or T] to intend: I'm sorry if I offended you - I didn't mean any harm. The books with large print are meant for partially sighted readers. [+ to infinitive] I've been meaning to call you all week. Do you think she meant to say 9 a.m. instead of 9 p.m.? They didn't mean for her to read the meant to do sth to be intended to: These batteries are meant to last for a year. This exercise isn't meant to be difficult. We were meant to have gone away this week, but Debbie's ill so we couldn't go. You are meant to rub the medicine on the affected area, not swallow it.
More examples
 - I didn't mean to be rude - it just came out like that.
 - He doesn't really mean it - he's just being contrary.
 - He's always making flattering remarks, but he doesn't really mean them.
 - I didn't mean to upset her - it was just a bit of fun.
 - He didn't mean it - he said it in the heat of the moment.
B1 [T] to have an important emotional effect on someone: It wasn't a valuable picture but it meant a lot to me. Possessions mean nothing to him.
More examples
 - Her children mean all the world to her.
 - Gerald means nothing to me now.
 - Her career means everything to her.
 - Nothing means more to me than my children's happiness.
 - Her approval meant a lot to me.
uk us /miːn/
mean adjective (NOT GENEROUS)
B2 mainly UK not willing to give or share things, especially money: He's too mean to buy her a ring. My landlord's very mean with the heating - it's only on for two hours each day.
More examples
mean adjective (NOT KIND)
B2 unkind or unpleasant: Stop being so mean to me! She just said it to be mean.
More examples
mean adjective (VIOLENT)
mainly US frightening and likely to become violent: a mean and angry mob a mean-looking youth
mean adjective (GOOD)
[before noun] informal very good: She's a mean piano player. She plays a mean piano (= she plays very well).
mean adjective (BAD QUALITY)
[before noun] informal poor, dirty, and of bad quality: He was born in the mean streets of Detroit in 1945.
mean adjective (MATHEMATICS)
C2 [before noun] specialized mathematics a mean number is an average number: a mean value Their mean weight was 76.4 kilos.
meannoun [S]
uk us /miːn/
mean noun [S] (MATHEMATICS)
specialized (also the arithmetic mean) mathematics the result you get by adding two or more amounts together and dividing the total by the number of amounts: The mean of 5, 4, 10, and 15 is 8.5.
mean noun [S] (METHOD)
formal a quality or way of doing something that is in the middle of two completely different qualities or ways of doing something: We need to find a mean between test questions that are too difficult and those that are too easy.
(Definition of mean from the Cambridge Advanced Learners Dictionary & Thesaurus © Cambridge University Press)
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text: Attempted murder is the reckless or intentional attempt to kill a person involving taking a substantial step towards committing the crime. In other words, the criminal either had the intention of murdering somebody or showed extreme disregard for human life, thereby almost causing a person to be killed. One example of an attempted-murder crime is the indiscriminate use of a firearm against a group of people. While there was no intention to kill a certain person, and even if nobody was actually killed, the extreme disregard for human life and the fact that there was a probable intention to harm could justify a charge of attempted murder with a firearm. In some states, there's a fine line between crimes of reckless endangerment or reckless aggravated endangerment and the crime of attempted murder, since it's been ruled that a person can't have the intention of being reckless. Clearly, though, if a person deliberately tries and fails to commit murder, the charge would probably be attempted murder; if the perpetrator merely shows extreme disregard for human life, the charge may be the lesser one of reckless endangerment. An important factor in defining attempted murder is the fact that a substantial step must be taken to commit the crime. Both murder and attempted murder are Class A felonies.


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Előadó: Gábor Vattay (ELTE Dept. Complex. Sys.)
Absztrakt: Why life persists at the edge of chaos is a question at the very heart of evolution. Here we show that molecules taking part in biochemical processes from small molecules to proteins are critical quantum mechanically. Electronic Hamiltonians of biomolecules are tuned exactly to the critical point of the metal-insulator transition separating the Anderson localized insulator phase from the conducting disordered metal phase. Using tools from Random Matrix Theory we conrm that the energy level statistics of these biomolecules show the universal transitional distribution of the metal-insulator critical point and the wave functions are multifractals in accordance with the theory of Anderson transitions. The ndings point to the existence of a universal mechanism of charge transport in living matter. The revealed bio-conductor material is neither a metal nor an insulator but a new quantum critical material which can exist only in highly evolved systems and has unique material properties.


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Embracing the Perks of Homeownership: Building Equity, Investing, Personalizing, and Finding a Sense of Belonging
Owning a home is not just about having a roof over your head—it comes with a myriad of perks that make it a truly rewarding experience. From building equity and investing in your future to personalizing your living space and finding a deep sense of belonging, homeownership offers a host of advantages that go beyond the financial aspects. In this blog post, we'll delve into these perks and share quick facts to highlight the joys of owning a home.
Building equity is one of the significant perks of homeownership is building equity. Here are some quick facts to consider:
- Equity accumulation: With each mortgage payment, a portion goes towards paying down the principal balance, gradually increasing your equity in the property.
- Appreciation: Over time, your home's value has the potential to appreciate, further contributing to your equity. Real estate has historically shown a tendency to appreciate in the long run.
Investing in your future and owning a home is a valuable long-term investment. Explore these quick facts:
- Forced savings: Your mortgage payments serve as a form of forced savings, allowing you to build wealth over time.
- Potential for return: As your property's value increases, you have the potential to gain a significant return on investment if you decide to sell in the future.
- Home as a legacy: Owning a home can provide a sense of security and an opportunity to create a lasting legacy for future generations.
Personalizing Your Space: Unlike renting, homeownership allows you to personalize and customize your living space. Consider the following quick facts:
- Creative expression: You have the freedom to decorate, renovate, and make changes according to your personal taste and style preferences.
- Creating a sanctuary: Transform your home into a reflection of your personality and create a space that brings you comfort, joy, and a true sense of belonging.
Finding a Sense of Belonging: Owning a home often fosters a deep sense of belonging and community. Reflect on these quick facts:
- Stability and roots: Settling into a home provides a sense of stability and roots, allowing you to become an integral part of a neighborhood and build relationships with neighbors.
- Community engagement: Homeownership often encourages engagement in community activities, local events, and initiatives, fostering a sense of belonging and connection.
- Creating memories: Owning a home provides a backdrop for creating cherished memories with loved ones, making it a place of nostalgia and belonging.
Owning a home comes with a multitude of perks that extend beyond the financial benefits. From building equity and investing in your future to personalizing your space and finding a deep sense of belonging, homeownership offers a sense of pride and fulfillment. Embrace these quick facts and relish the joys of homeownership as you create a space that is truly your own and build a foundation for a bright future.


How to Find out What Is Taking up Space on an iPhone (4 Steps)
By C. Taylor
The Apple iPhone has a finite amount of memory that must house photos, videos, music, apps and data. Without memory card support, you can't simply change cards to create storage space. Therefore, you'll eventually need to clean the iPhone to create space for new apps or files. The first step in creating space is knowing what is taking up the most space on the device.
Step 1
Tap "Settings" from the iPhone's home screen.
Step 2
Tap "General" and then "Usage."
Step 3
Look in the "Storage" section to see which apps and file types use the most space. The list is in descending order by the amount of memory used, so the top-most apps use the most space. If you need to see more than the top 10 memory-consumers, tap "Show All Apps."
Tap any listed item to see further details of its memory usage.


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Integration with Other Programmes
Cycle training schemes are most effective if they are an integral part of other programmes encouraging healthier lifestyles. This is potentially easier for local authority based scheme providers where course managers work within other areas on a daily basis. All scheme organisers can, however, benefit from the added value of being integrated with other programmes.
School Travel Planning and Safer Routes to School
Many school travel plans identify cycling as the preferred mode of travel for a majority of pupils. If schools do not already offer cycle training courses it can be identified in the action plan and funding support can be available for the provision of secure cycle storage and improvements on routes to school.
The National Healthy Schools Programme is a popular and well respected programme among schools promoting healthy lifestyles in line with the Every Child Matters agenda. School travel planning and the encouragement of walking and cycling to school is included in the Physical Activity section of accreditation under 3.7. Visit the Healthy Schools website for more information.
A number of local authorities employ Bike It Officers to work with clusters of schools specifically to promote cycling. Many schools involved have been able to show significant increases in numbers of pupils cycling to school. Visit the Bike It website for more information.
Go-Ride activities can include BMX, Cycle Speedway, Cyclo-Cross, Mountain Biking, Road and Track Riding, and aims to encourage pupils to continue their cycling interests outside of school. Strong school-club links make sure that children are given the opportunity to become young members of local clubs, and develop a keen interest in their chosen aspect of sport or leisure cycling. Find out more about Go-Ride and Go-Ride clubs by visiting the Go-Ride pages at British Cycling.
Wheels to Work
This scheme aims to provide access to opportunities for individuals and groups who are experiencing difficulties in accessing training, employment and/or educational opportunities because of a lack of suitable public or private transport. Whilst primarily focussing on providing powered two wheel transport, a number of organisations are providing bicycles to young people and offering cycle training.


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To enter, fourth through 12th grade students should write personal letters to authors, living or dead, from any genre explaining how those authors' work changed the students' way of thinking about the world or themselves.
Finalists will be chosen by a panel of judges from throughout the state. The finalists' entries will be submitted to the Library of Congress for the national competition.
Last year's Letters About Literature contest resulted in 1,097 entries, up from 42 entries in 2008 before the State Library was a sponsor.
"We are so pleased with the increase in student participation in Letters About Literature since we became a sponsor two years ago. This particular program is an exceptional way for us to encourage our youth to read," State Librarian Rebecca Hamilton said. "Because participation in the contest requires reflective reading, the contest emphasizes the personal rewards to be gained from the reading experience."
Louisiana language arts teachers and home-school instructors along with school, public children and public young adult librarians are encouraged to visit the Letters About Literature website for more information and lessons plans, and to incorporate Letters About Literature into their curricula and programming.
Submissions must be sent directly to the national Letters About Literature address, which can be found by visiting the links _URL_ or _URL_.


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Eskom has often told the public that one of the reasons for load shedding over weekends is to fill up the dams at our pumped-storage stations.
A pumped storage scheme consists of lower and upper reservoirs with a power station/pumping plant between the two. Eskom has two such stations – Palmiet near Grabouw in the Western Cape and Drakensberg near Bergville in KwaZulu-Natal. During off-peak periods, when customer demand for electricity has decreased, the reversible pump/turbines use electricity from the national grid to pump water from the lower to the upper reservoir. During periods of emergency or peak demand, this water is allowed to run back into the lower reservoir through the turbines to generate electricity. In this way, the potential energy of water stored in the upper reservoir is released and converted into electricity when needed. Because it is necessary to pump the water back after use, pumped-storage power stations can only provide energy for limited periods of time.
Pumped-storage schemes (and hydro-electrical stations) respond very quickly to changes in the demand for electricity. They can be brought on-stream within three minutes and play a major role in maintaining the stability of Eskom's national network. They are, however, more expensive to operate than conventional hydro-electric power stations because of the pumping costs.
Why the need to fill the dams over weekends?
When generation capacity is needed, water flows down the system from the top dam, through the generators to the bottom dam. When Eskom no longer needs power from the pumped-storage stations, and there is enough power to transfer the water back, this water is pumped up to the top dam ready to generate again when needed (this pumping actually uses electricity from the grid). For every 4 hours pumped back only about 2.6 -3 generating hours are obtained.
In summer Eskom needs to use these stations for more hours per day (up to 16 hours) compared to the opportunity to pump the water back (7 – 8 hours). Hence significant pumping is required to be done over weekends as the dams cannot be completely filled during the week. This is not really an issue in winter as the peak demand is higher but for shorter periods of the day, which means that the pumped-storage stations need to generate power for fewer hours per day.
The graph below shows an example of a typical summer week usage of Eskom's Drakensberg pumped storage station.
On a Monday morning the dam is full. This implies maximum generating capacity for the week. The available capacity of the dam is equivalent to one unit (250 MW) generating for 102 hours or all 4 units (1000 MW) generating for 25.5 hours. The graph shows the dam levels reducing during the day, a slight increase at night when it is possible to pump, and then decreasing the next day. Over the weekend, it is necessary to pump for many hours (with little use of it for generation) to ensure a full dam by Monday morning. For instance, at the Palmiet station over weekends, when system demand is low, water is pumped back from the lower Kogelberg into the upper Rockview reservoir over a period of about 37 hours to restore the reservoir to full capacity.
This is sometimes the reason behind load shedding over weekends – to ensure full capacity at these stations by Monday morning so that these stations can generate power when needed during the week when electricity demand is higher.


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Teaching prepositions focusing on describing places
Target Group:
Pre-Intermediate Level
Preposition flashcards
across, after, around, before, behind, between, in, in front of, inside, last, middle of, next, next to, on, opposite, outside, over, pass, through, under
Introduce preposition vocabulary to students and ask random questions by using items around the classroom. Where is the desk? What is between the door and the board? Who is sitting next to Adam? e.g.. Students should answer: The desk is in front of the board. Between the board and the door is a bin. Jack is sitting next to Adam e.g..
For more advanced students: Let students draw a room with furniture. One student explains his room to the other student, who has to draw the room following explanations from the first student. Afterwards students compare their drawings.
Prepositions vocabulary; spelling; word-picture association; word-picture recognition; sentence structure; grammar; reading; conjunctions; verbs; describing places and locations; asking questions; map reading; giving directions, describing places
Game Idea:
Jumping the Line - Put a piece of tape or some kind of line dividing the room. Designate one side as "true" and the other side as "false". Line up the students on the line, hold up a flashcard and say a word. If the students think you said the word that matches the flashcard, they should jump to the "true" side, otherwise they should jump to the "false" side. Students who make a mistake sit out until there is a winner (go fast).
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local farming
Ithaca College
Local farms provide communities not only with nutritious food, but also a way towards environmental sustainability by working directly with their local community.
When Carol Anne Sayle began farming with her husband Larry Butler in 1981, they were ahead of their time as urban farmers. They also became early voices in the locavore movement in Austin, Texas. (Eva Legge/Dartmouth College)
Planet Forward Correspondent | Dartmouth College
Two Austin, Texas, urban farms led the way for their area's locavore movement. These farmers talk about their motivation, and discuss why eating local is so important.
Planet Forward Senior Correspondent | University of Georgia
Roger Williams University


If you would like to spend a year of high school in the United States, YES may be the program for you!
The Kennedy-Lugar Youth Exchange and Study (YES) program provides scholarships for high school students to study for one academic year in the United States. YES students live with a host family, attend an American high school, acquire leadership skills, and engage in activities to learn about U.S. society and values; they also help educate Americans about their home country and culture. The program supports students with disabilities and encourages their participation.
Funded by the U.S. Department of State, the YES program was established by the U.S. Congress in 2003 to improve understanding between countries with significant Muslim populations and the United States. YES students serve as "youth ambassadors" of their home country, forming a cultural bridge of understanding by forming lasting relationships with their host families and communities.
After their year in the United States, YES alumni can look forward to participating in the active Moroccan YES alumni network.
 - Must be born between August 1, 2004 and August 1, 2006;
 - Be entering 10th or 11th grade in Fall 2020;
 - Have the equivalent of a B average or better without failing grades and have a record of high academic achievement;
 - Demonstrate flexibility and commitment to promoting cross-cultural understanding;
 - Meet a minimum English proficiency requirement;
 - Be a citizen of Morocco;
 - Not be a U.S. citizen or permanent resident, and was not born in the U.S.
 - Fill out the Kennedy-Lugar YES application completely.
 - Provide official school grades for the last three years.
 - Provide a passport-sized photo
 - Provide a birth certificate
Applicants can submit the application online to, deliver it in person to AMIDEAST, or mail the application to the following address:
Kennedy-Lugar YES Program
AMIDEAST 35, Rue Oukaimeden, Agdal, Rabat
Deadline has been closed, we are not currently accepting applications.
US FlagState Department logo
YES is sponsored by the U.S. Department of State with funding provided by the U.S. Government and supported in its implementation by AMIDEAST.


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Quartermaster Corps (United States Army)
The United States Army Quartermaster Corps is a Sustainment (formerly combat service support (CSS)) branch of the United States Army. It is also one of three U.S. Army logistics branches, the others being the Transportation Corps and the Ordnance Corps.
The Quartermaster Corps is the U.S. Army's oldest logistics branch, established 16 June 1775. On that date the Second Continental Congress passed a resolution providing for "one Quartermaster General of the grand army and a deputy, under him, for the separate army." From 1775 to 1912 this organization was known as the Quartermaster Department. In 1912, Congress consolidated the former Subsistence, Pay, and Quartermaster Departments to create the Quartermaster Corps. Quartermaster units and soldiers have served in every U.S. military operation from the Revolutionary War to current operations in Iraq (Operation Iraqi Freedom) and Afghanistan (Operation Enduring Freedom).
The function of the Quartermaster Corps is to provide the following support to the Army:
- general supply (except for ammunition and medical supplies)
- Mortuary Affairs (formerly graves registration)
- subsistence (food service)
- petroleum & water
- field services
- aerial delivery (parachute packing, air item maintenance, heavy and light equipment parachute drop, rigging and sling loading.)
- shower, laundry, fabric/light textile repair
- material and distribution management
Former functions
Former functions and missions of the Quartermaster Corps were:
- military transportation (given to the newly established Transportation Corps in 1942)
- military construction (given to the Corps of Engineers in the early 1940s)
- U.S. Army Remount Service horses/ war dogs (military dog training given to Military Police Corps in 1951)
- military heraldry (given to the Adjutant General's Corps in 1962)
Quartermaster detachments, companies and battalions are normally assigned to corps or higher level commands. Divisions and smaller units have multifunctional support battalions which combine functional areas from the Army Transportation Corps, Army Quartermaster Corps, Army Ordnance Corps, and the Army Medical Service Department.
Quartermaster organizations include field service, general supply, petroleum supply and petroleum pipeline, aerial delivery (rigger), water, and mortuary affairs units. Most are company level except petroleum & water which have battalion and group level units.
Military Occupational Specialities
There are nine Quartermaster Enlisted Military Occupational Specialties (MOSs):
- 92A – Automated Logistical Specialist
- 92F – Petroleum Supply Specialist
- 92G – Food Service Operations
- 92L – Petroleum Laboratory Specialist
- 92M – Mortuary Affairs Specialist
- 92R – Parachute Rigger
- 92S – Shower/Laundry and Clothing Repair Specialist
- 92W – Water Treatment Specialist
- 92Y – Unit Supply Specialist
There are five Quartermaster Warrant Officer Military Occupational Specialties (MOSs):
- 920A - Property Accounting Technician
- 920B – Supply Systems Technician
- 921A – Airdrop Systems Technician
- 922A – Food Service Technician
- 923A – Petroleum Technician
The three Quartermaster Officer Areas of Concentration (AOCs) have been merged into 92A as Additional Skill Identifiers (ASIs)
- 92A – Quartermaster, General
- R9 – Aerial Delivery and Materiel (formerly 92D)
- R8 – Petroleum and Water (formerly 92F)
Leadership / School
The officer in charge of the branch for doctrine, training and professional development purposes is the Quartermaster General. The current Quartermaster General is Brigadier General Gwen Bingham. The Quartermaster General does not have command authority over Quartermaster units, but instead commands the United States Army Quartermaster Center and School, located at Fort Lee, Virginia, near Petersburg. This school provides enlisted advanced individual training (AIT) and leader training for Quartermaster officers, warrant officers and non-commissioned officers.
In the media
The Quartermaster Corps provides a host of vital services to the U.S. Army. But because these jobs are often not glamorous very little is mentioned about Quartermaster soldiers in the mainstream media. The Global War on Terrorism, the 11 September attack on the Pentagon as well as operations in Iraq and Afghanistan have brought several Quartermasters briefly into the spotlight. Here are a few that have recently gained attention.
- MAJ Steve V. Long, a Quartermaster Officer who was serving as Secretary of the General Staff Office of the Commanding General US Total Army Personnel Command, was one of the casualties of the 11 Sept. 2001 attack on the Pentagon.
- Members of the 507th Maintenance Company which was ambushed at An Nasiriyah, Iraq on 23 March 2003, during Operation Iraqi Freedom:
- Sergeant (SGT) Donald Walters, Killed in action – Silver Star recipient
- Specialist (SPC) Edgar Hernandez, Captured
- Specialist (SPC) Shoshana Johnson, Captured
- Private First Class (PFC) Howard Johnson II, Killed in action
- Private First Class (PFC) Jessica Lynch, Captured
- Private First Class (PFC) Lori Piestewa, Killed in action
- Private (PVT) Brandon Sloan, Killed in action
- Private (PVT) Ruben Estrella-Soto, Jr, Killed in action
- During Operation Desert Storm the 14th Quartermaster Detachment, a U.S. Army Reserve unit from Greensburg, Pennsylvania, gained world wide media exposure. The 14th suffered the greatest number of casualties of any allied unit in the war due to a SCUD Missile attack on 25 February 1991.
Quartermaster Creed
Military Order of Saint Martin
The Quartermaster Corps established this military decoration on 7 February 1997. The emblematic figure is of Saint Martin of Tours. The medal, for Quartermasters either on Active Duty, in the Reserves, or Civilian status, is awarded in three grades:
- Ancient Order of Saint Martin (gold medallion)
- Distinguished Order of Saint Martin (silver medallion)
- Honorable Order of Saint Martin (bronze medallion)
An updated list of recipients is maintained on the Association of Quartermasters website.
See also
Further reading
- Early History of the Quartermaster Corps
- Risch, Erna (1981). Supplying Washington's Army. Washington, D.C.: United States Army Center of Military History.
- Korean War
- Alexander, 1st Lieutenant Bevin R. Quartermaster Field Service Platoon in Action. United States Army Center of Military History. United States Army Center of Military History Historical Manuscript Collection 8-5.1A BA 60.


text: Research is thought to be a transformative experience in which students gain disciplinary knowledge and skills, become more expert in the practices of science, develop confidence and a sense of belonging in the scientific community, and develop their educational and career plans. Extensive research has shown that mentors play a critical role in this process. However, minimal research has focused on the negative or problematic experiences that students have with their mentors. Prior qualitative work by this research group has identified the range of negative mentoring that undergraduates can experience while doing research. The goal of the current study is to develop and validate a survey measure to quantitatively measure negative mentoring, including its prevalence and impact. This survey will be an important tool that will enable research to explore how negative mentoring impacts undergraduates and allow programs and mentors to evaluate their mentoring quality.


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Do you want to know more about Parkinson's? PDF's materials provide information about symptoms, medications, resources & more.
US FDA Approves New Drugs Faster than Its European or Canadian Counterparts
- Jun 05 2012
In the race to introduce new drugs to the market, the United States (US) Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has been criticized for dragging its feet in issuing regulatory approvals. Yet a recent study in The New England Journal of Medicine indicates that contrary to popular perception, the FDA actually approves new drugs more quickly than its European or Canadian counterparts.
In the US, before pharmaceutical companies can sell new drugs to the public, they must submit an application to the FDA that details the drug's safety and efficacy. Officials at the FDA review the application and decide whether or not to approve the drug. Some drugs must go through multiple rounds of review, with the manufacturer supplying additional information each time to satisfy the FDA's requirements.
To speed regulatory approval of new drugs, the US Congress enacted the Prescription Drug User Fee Act (PDUFA) in 1992. The PDUFA authorizes the FDA to collect fees from drug manufacturers for each new application. The fees help cover the costs needed to speed drug review, including the hiring of additional staff. Congress must reauthorize PDUFA every 5 years, with the next renewal slated for 2012.
Joseph Ross, M.D., M.H.S., at Yale University, and his colleagues wondered how the length of time of the FDA's application review for new drugs compares with that required by regulatory agencies in Europe and Canada. So they compared review times for new drugs among the FDA, the European Medicines Agency (EMA, the primary regulator serving the European Union), and Health Canada (the regulator serving Canada) during the most recent PDUFA periods (2001 to 2010).
- A total of 510 applications for new drugs were approved from 2001 to 2010: 225 by the FDA, 186 by the EMA, and 99 by Health Canada. Of these, 289 were unique drugs.
- The median length of time for completion of the first review was 303 days for applications approved by the FDA, 366 days for those approved by the EMA, and 352 days for those approved by Health Canada.
- The median total review time (the combined length of all rounds of review required for drug approval) was 322 days for the FDA, 366 days for the EMA, and 393 days for Health Canada.
- 190 new drugs were approved in both the US and Europe, and 121 (63.7 percent) of these were first approved in the US. Similarly, 154 drugs were approved in both the US and Canada, of which 132 (85.7 percent) were first approved in the US.
What Does It Mean?
For new drugs approved between 2001 and 2010, the FDA reviewed applications more quickly, on average, than the EMA or Health Canada. Most of the drugs approved by more than one agency were approved first in the US. These findings counter recent criticisms of the speed of review by the FDA, since the FDA outpaces its European and Canadian counterparts.
Regulatory agencies have dual responsibilities to ensure patient safety while providing timely access to promising new medicines. This study examined only the speed of the regulatory review process and did not attempt to compare the quality of regulatory decisions. Therefore, future studies should examine safety parameters such as label changes or drug withdrawals, which might reflect quality and adequacy of (or oversights and gaps in) FDA's drug review process.
Another limitation of the study is that the researchers only examined applications that were approved by the regulatory agencies, because information about unapproved applications is not publicly available. Also, they focused on applications for new drugs, rather than on applications for reformulated drugs, generic drugs, or medical devices.
Lastly, the research did not compare the cost of submission among the different regulatory agencies. Given that a higher cost of submission may lead to an increased cost of medications, and given the increased cost of medications in the US as compared to Europe or Canada, this should also be investigated.
The study provides researchers and people with Parkinson's with a better understanding the drug development process. For further information about the process and how to help speed new treatments for Parkinson's in your community, join PDF's upcoming online course – a component of its Parkinson's Advocates in Research program - which launches on Thursday, June 7.
Reference: Downing, N. S., Aminawung, J. A., Shah, N. D., Braunstein, J. B., Krumholz, H M., & Ross, J. S. (2012) Regulatory Review of Novel Therapeutics—Comparison of Three Regulatory Agencies. N. Engl. J. Med., doi:10.1056/NEJMsa1200223
Source Date: Dec 31 1969


National Pet Fire Safety Day – July 15, 2021
ThuJul 15
National Pet Fire Safety Day takes place every year on July 15, and it's a day to learn how to keep your pet safe in a fire. For many of us, pets are our most precious asset so it makes sense that we would dedicate a day to keeping them safe during one of the scariest things we can imagine. It was started by the Kennel Club and ADT Security in 2009 to help pet owners learn safety measures to protect their beloved pets and homes from fire, and it's a great opportunity to learn how to keep your fur baby safe.
History of National Pet Fire Safety Day
While our animals are oftentimes the culprit behind devastating fires, it's a little ironic that dogs (specifically dalmations) have become an American icon associated with firefighters today. Let's briefly explore how that came to be. A few hundred years ago, dogs were trained to trot alongside horse-drawn wagons and protect their occupants (and horses) from harm. Dalmations quickly became the ideal carriage dog for their strength, vitality, fortitude, and size. They also had a reputation for getting along well with horses and were known to have a calming effect while firefighters were battling a blaze. Overtime as motorized fire trucks replaced carriages, Dalmatians and other fire pups were seen less aboard fire trucks and more as on-site firehouse residents and mascots.
Today, many firefighters have pet Dalmatians, and firehouses around the country still have Dalmatians as station dogs. However, Dalmatians aren't the only dog in the firehouse. It's become common for firefighters (and sometimes entire fire teams) to adopt dogs rescued from fires. These lucky pups, whatever their breed, become symbols of the resiliency, bravery, and fortitude of firefighters and the individuals they help. They also take important steps into education and helping firefighters demonstrate fire safety and emergency preparedness for schools and community groups across the country. Teaching that pets cause over 1,000 house fires each year in the United States and the preventive measures we can take to protect our beloved companions.
National Pet Fire Safety Day timeline
13,000 B.C.
People Make Pets
Evidence suggests people bred dogs in Europe and Asia around this time.
6,000 B.C.
Sacred Dog Burials
Special dog graves include expensive items. Proof of their deep meaning to humans
Emotional Support Animals Protected
The Fair Housing Amendments Act allows people to keep their ESAs, despite landlords.
The Awareness Begins
The Kennel Club and ADT Security decided it was time to get serious about pet fire protection.
National Pet Fire Safety Day FAQs
How do pets start fires?
The NFPA says a stove or cooktop is the number-one cause of fires started by pets. Electrical cords can sometimes be seen by your dog as a chew toy. When damaged, they can spark and cause electrocution or a fire. Secure any cords and hide them behind furniture or other obstructions.
How do I get my pet out of a fire?
Keep a collar on your dog, and leashes and cat carriers in an easy-to-access spot near an exit point so you can grab them on your way out.
Where do you put the pet alert sticker?
Put one on each side of your house or one in every apartment window. Consider a second pack if you need more than 4 alert stickers.
How to Observe National Pet Fire Safety Day
 1. Get this useful decoration
 On July 15, get a free Pet Fire Safety Window Cling at your local volunteer firehouse. First responders will see this and know to look out for any pets inside.
 2. Share it to save lives
 Use _TAG_ to post on social media and raise awareness to friends and family about the day and ways that they can keep their pets safe from fires.
 3. Have a fire drill
 For families with kids, this tradition is even more important. Discuss your family evacuation plan, designate someone to carry out the pets and execute a fire drill on this day every year.
 1. Pyro Pets
 Pets cause over 1,000 house fires each year in the United States
 2. A Big Problem
 Nearly 360,000 house fires occur each year in the United States.
 3. Save a Life
 Over 40,000 pets die every year in house fires. Awareness can save lives.
 4. Furry (and Slithering) Heroes
 There are thousands of stories about pets, even snakes, saving humans from house fires.
 5. Have a Plan
 The #1 tip is to have an escape plan that includes your pets.
Why National Pet Fire Safety Day is Important
 1. Keep your pets out of trouble
 There are many ways to keep your pet from causing a fire. Blow out candles before leaving home, block off access to the kitchen or remove stove knobs if pets can reach it, and keep any and all wires out of chewing distance, especially from kittens and puppies!
 2. Have a pet rescue plan in place
 Discuss with your family who will be in charge of rescuing your pet in the event of a fire. Planning and practicing fire drills will help the family remain calm and help ensure that your pets are not forgotten during a chaotic evacuation.
 3. Make rescuers aware of your pets and their hiding places
 As part of your evacuation plan, include a list of your pet's hiding places, so that firefighters will know where to look in case your pets don't make it out with you. Also, make sure your pets have collars with up to date tags attached in case they escape on their own.
National Pet Fire Safety Day dates
2021July 15Thursday
2022July 15Friday
2023July 15Saturday
2024July 15Monday
2025July 15Tuesday


text:
Brooklyn Museum Identifies Maryann's Statue
Remember the statue Sam picked up at Maryann's house in True Blood's season premiere? He remembered it from his encounter with Maryann as a 17-year-old, too. Clearly that statue is significant, but what's the big deal? The Brooklyn Museum has some clues: they have a similar statue in their collection, called "Bird Lady". This statue dates back to around 3500 B.C.E. in Egypt. The symbolism, function, and identity of the figure are not certain; however, similar female figures painted on vessels from the same era appear to be goddesses, because they are always larger than the male "priests" shown with them.
Is this a clue that Maryann is a goddess? Is she 5000 years old? Or is it just another antique she likes to display?


Common Lisp the Language, 2nd Edition
next up previous contents index
Next: Examples Up: Inheritance Previous: Inheritance of Slots Inheritance of Class Options
The :default-initargs class option is inherited. The set of defaulted initialization arguments for a class is the union of the sets of initialization arguments specified in the :default-initargs class options of the class and its superclasses. When more than one default initial value form is supplied for a given initialization argument, the default initial value form that is used is the one supplied by the class that is most specific according to the class precedence list.
If a given :default-initargs class option specifies an initialization argument of the same name more than once, an error is signaled.


text:
Cyclone record reveals drop in activity
Downward trend Rain captured in ancient stalagmites shows Australian tropical cyclone activity is at its lowest level for the past 500 to 1500 years.
The finding by a team of Australian and Dutch researchers, published in today's edition of the journal Nature, implies climate change is impacting on weather systems in the region earlier than global models predict.
Co-author Professor Jonathan Nott, of James Cook University in Cairns, says the discovery was made possible by tracking the presence of an isotope, oxygen-18, in two stalagmites.
Lower levels of oxygen-18 in the stalagmite are a result of high levels of recycling of water within the cyclone system, high condensation efficiency and the longevity of cyclones as intense convective systems.
When cyclone rainwater drips through the roof of a cave it becomes incorporated into the layers of the stalagmite, leaving a record of the storm.
Nott says the ratio of oxygen-18 and the more common form oxygen-16 are dependent on the intensity of the storm, its source region and the site's distance from the cyclone's centre.
The researchers collected stalagmites from Chillagoe in North Queensland and Cape Range in Western Australia and sliced them in half lengthwise.
The stalagmite layers record rainfall dating back 1500 years with each layer about one-tenth of a millimetre wide.
The team milled each of these layers and analysed the oxygen and carbon isotopes present and were able to reconstruct an accurate long-term picture of tropical cyclone activity.
Nott says one of the problems in determining Australian cyclone trends and the impact of climate change is the lack of a historical record.
Long-term records are needed to gain a better understanding of "true cyclone climatology", he says.
Prior to this research, the instrumental record for cyclone activity extended back only 50 years, with some doubt cast on the accuracy of recording instruments before 1990.
Nott says this latest study allows a comparison to be made between sedimentary and instrumental records and provides a "seamless record" dating back to about 1500 years.
This comparison reveals between 1960 and 1970 there was a dramatic decline in tropical cyclones activity in Australia; that cyclone activity is today at its lowest in 1500 years, and cyclone activity is cyclical.
Nott says the research does not reveal why the drop in cyclone activity is occurring, however global modelling predicts cyclone activity will decline as a result of climate change.
He says the models say this dramatic decline should happen closer to the end of this century. However their data indicates this pattern is occurring earlier than expected.
While a drop in cyclone activity is to be welcomed, the models do show those cyclones that occur will be more severe in intensity, Nott warns.
Their approach, when applied to other regions and in combination with improved models, may lead to improved forecasts of future trends in tropical cyclone activity under changing climate conditions, according to Nott.
He says the study also suggests town planners and governments may have under-estimated the natural variability of tropical cyclones.
The study shows cyclone activity occurs on a "multi-centennial cycle" with the current cycle starting around 1700.
"Where it is safe to build is all based on the recent historical record," he says.
"We have underestimated where it is safe to live," he adds, saying many Queensland coastal developments could be in high-risk zones for cyclones.


text:
Parents' Guide: Assassin's Creed Origins (PEGI 18+)
Assassin's Creed Origins is the tenth in the series of action adventure games from Ubisoft where players explore a pseudo-historical open world setting to kill targets, collect items and access more of the world.
This game follows the story of Egyptian assassins taking down a secret order that threatens Cleopatra's power. Players explore open-world Egyptian, Greek, and Roman environments with missions to find, stalk, and kill human enemies.
While the game's main aim isn't to recreate history, it does take its setting and time period seriously. This year there will be a Discovery Tour mode that creates interactive history lessons with audio narration, pictures, drawings but without the combat.
In the UK, Assassin's Creed Origins is rated by PEGI as only suitable for those 18 and overbecause of depictions of gross violence towards human characters, motiveless killing of multiple innocent humans characters, violence towards vulnerable human characters, depictions of sexual activity with visible genital organs, and use of sexual expletives.
The VSC expands on its PEGI rating by highlight that the game "includes dismemberment and horrific depictions of death. These acts of violence are often paired with strong blood and gore visuals".
"This game features depictions of motiveless killing of innocent human characters." When doing this in the game, the VSC highlight that "The deaths can be graphic in nature with strong blood effects shown". There is also violence towards more vulnerable characters. "During a cutscene a child is held by the shoulders and is then stabbed in the torso."
There is also sex in the game, with "depictions of sexual activity with visible genital organs". In a brothel in the game there are "naked couples [that] can be seen and heard having sex through a metal partition. This game also contains frequent use of sexual expletives. The words 'f**k' and 'c*nt' are found throughout."
Parental Control Settings
There are controls to turn off violence or blood in Assassin's Creed: Origins in the PC version of the game.
If you are playing the game in a family with younger members you can control access to the game via the Parental Controls of your system.
This enables you to set-up user accounts for children that only allow games of a specific rating to be played without entering a password.
If you do this, remember to require a password to log into the parent account.
You can consider the following alternatives for younger players. These are no less exciting or exuberant but they dial down the violence with content appropriate to youngsters.
- Horizon Zero Dawn (PEGI 16)
- Zelda Breath of the Wild (PEGI 12)
- Valiant Hearts: The Great War (PEGI 12)
- ReCore: Definitive Edition (PEGI 12)
- Lego City Undercover (PEGI 7)
- Portal Knights (PEGI 7)
- Yonder: The Cloud Catch Chronicles (PEGI 3)


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Home >> CBSE XI >> Math >> Probability
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In a non-leap year,the probability of having 53 tuesdays or 53 wednesdays is
$\begin{array}{1 1}(A)\;\large\frac{1}{7}\\(B)\;\large\frac{2}{7}\\(C)\;\large\frac{3}{7}\\(D)\;\text{None of these}\end{array} $
Can you answer this question?
1 Answer
0 votes
Step 1:
Given a non-leap year
$\therefore$ A non leap year has 365 days
Which includes 52 whole weeks
$\therefore 52\times 7=364$
Step 2:
$\therefore$ Remaining is 1 day which could be either of the day out of 7 days.
$\therefore$ Probability of having 53 tuesdays or 53 wednesdays =$\large\frac{1}{7}$
Hence (A) is the correct answer.
answered Jul 8, 2014 by sreemathi.v
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St. Michael Parish School Standardized Testing
We offer a rigorous academic program that fully prepares children for successful high school, college and professional careers.
On an annual basis, St. Michael students undergo the California Test of Basic Skills (CTBS) testing program which consists of two tests: In View (Cognitive Abilities) and Terra Nova (Achievement). Grades K-8 take the Terra Nova and grades 2-8 also take the In View.
The In View consists of the following Non-Verbal Reasoning Tests:
- Sequences: Nonverbal Patterns
- Analogies: Nonverbal Relationships
- Quantitative Reasoning: Critical Thinking in Numbers
- Words: Critical Thinking and Logic
- Context: Deductive and Inductive Reasoning
The Terra Nova Complete Battery of Tests includes:
- Reading/Language Arts
- Social Studies
- Language Mechanics
- Mathematics Computation
- Word Analysis (K-3 Phonics)
2010-2011 CTBS Standardized Testing Results for St. Michael Parish School
The Quartile Report divides students into quartiles based on their percentile. Following is a description of those quartiles:
- 4th Quartile: Those students who scored at the 75-99 percentile
- 3rd Quartile: Those students who scored at the 50-75 percentile
- 2nd Quartile: Those students who scored at the 25-49 percentile
- 1st Quartile: Those students who scored below the 25 percentile
The 50 percentile is considered on level.
In 2010-11, 86% of SMPS students taking the CTBS scored in the top quartile (3rd and 4th) while 14% of SMPS students scored in the lower quartile (1st and 2nd).
Assessment of Catechesis Religious Education (ACRE)
The NCEA ACRE test is given to students in grade 5 and grade 8 every March.
The 2001 edition of the NCEA ACRE continues to be a valid and reliable evaluation tool for religion programs. Evaluating the status of our religious education program at St. Michael Parish School requires that our teachers are attuned to the mission, goals and strategies inherent to the delivery of sound catechesis. Such an evaluation also calls for a thorough, regular review of our religious curriculum, teaching methods, instructional approaches and available resources allocated to accomplish our mission.
Click here to see SMPS results for the 2012 ACRE exam.
St. Michael Parish School
The Mission of St. Michael Parish School is to provide
on-going educational formation of all students
in the context of Gospel Values.
As a Catholic community we strive to elevate the performance
levels of all students. Challenging them spiritually, academically,
socially, and emotionally prepares students to be responsible
members of society in the 21st Century.
St. Michael Parish School calls all members to use their God-given
talents to live out their faith through stewardship
by serving God and others.
2009-2010 NCEA/ACRE Results:
80% of all fifth graders tested scored at the Advanced/Proficient Level
76% of all eighth graders tested scored at the Advanced/Proficient Level.
Additional Test Results
8th Grade Explore Test Results for 2009-10
8th Grade Explore Test Results for 2010-11
CTB Test Results for 2009-10
CTB Test Results for 2010-11
CTB Test Results for 2011-12


text:
Nothing's in my cart
Headset and link box
- About the VIVE Pro 2 headset
- Putting on the VIVE Pro 2 headset
- Adjusting the IPD on the headset
- Can I wear my prescription glasses while using VIVE Pro 2?
- Adjusting the lens distance on the headset
- Replacing the face cushion
- Connecting a USB device to the VIVE Pro 2 headset
- Removing the headset earphones
- Installing your own headphones
- Reinstalling the headset earphones
- Reattaching the head pad on the headset strap
- Updating the headset firmware
- What does the status light on the headset mean?
- What is the dual camera used for?
VIVE Link Box (2.0)
Product care and repair
- How do I fix issues such as the display turning black or showing static?
- What can I do to troubleshoot the headset?
- What can I do when the status light on the headset indicates an error?
- What should I do if the headset is not tracked?
- My headset display is blurry. What should I do?
- What can I do to resolve the "headset not found" error?
- My headset can't be detected due to a USB port issue. What should I do?
- After upgrading to Windows 10, VIVE shows as the computer's main monitor. What should I do?
- I'm experiencing skipped frames. What could I do?
- I'm seeing drifting motion or floating objects in VR. What could I do?
- There's no audio when I use my USB Type-C headphones.
- Is there a way to also hear from the computer what's in VR?
- What can I do if the headset's dual camera won't turn on?
- What should I do if there's cracking noise from the headset earphones?
- What can I do if the headset connection status is unstable?
- While the headset is connected, my PC beeps when rebooting.
Base Station 2.0
- About SteamVR Base Station 2.0
- Installing SteamVR Base Station 2.0
- Tips for setting up SteamVR Base Station 2.0
- How many SteamVR Base Stations 2.0 can I use in a single setup?
- What things should I consider when installing more than two SteamVR Base Stations 2.0?
- Setting up additional base stations
- What are the minimum and maximum play area when using more than two SteamVR Base Stations 2.0?
- My available space has an irregular shape. Can I still set up more than two SteamVR Base Stations 2.0?
- Can I use an odd number of SteamVR Base Stations 2.0?
- Configuring the base station channels
- How can I check which base stations are currently in use?
- Using the mounting kit to install SteamVR Base Station 2.0
- Cleaning the base stations
Base Station 1.0
Base Station 1.0 and 2.0 FAQs
- About VIVE Controllers (2018)
- Charging the controllers
- Turning the controllers on or off
- Pairing the controllers with the headset
- Attaching the lanyards to the controllers
- Updating controller firmware
- What does the status light on the controllers mean?
- What should I do if a controller is not tracked?
- How do I know which controller is not tracked?
- What can I do if the controller trackpad is oversensitive?
- What should I do if my controller won't turn on?
- The controller automatically turns off. What should I do?
- How do I recover my controller after an interrupted update?
- What is the play area?
- Choosing the play area
- Planning your play area
- Setting up a standing-only play area
- Setting up a room-scale play area
- Verifying your setup
- After setting up, how do I turn the VIVE system on?
- What is the recommended space for the play area?
- Can I include space occupied by furniture for the play area?
- Can seated/standing-only experiences work at room scale?
- How do I fix download errors during VIVE Setup installation?
- I can't complete the room setup. What should I do?
System Dashboard settings
- Contact Us
Attaching the lanyards to the controllers
Note:Attaching the lanyards can help prevent accidentally dropping the controllers. Don't fling or violently throw the controller as the lanyard may break.
This hardware is included with the full kit, but not with the headset-only package. You can purchase them separately if you don't have the full kit. To order, go to the Accessories section on _URL_ Product availability may vary; please contact customer care with questions.
- While holding the controller, insert the lanyard's thread from the top to the bottom hole.
- Loop the lanyard through the thread, and then tug the lanyard to fasten it in place.
Place the lanyard on your wrist, and then adjust the lock to tighten the lanyard comfortably around your wrist.


text:
Facts About Grany Smith Apple Trees
A Granny Smith apple tree produces apples that are quite tart. Apples grown on a Granny Smith apple tree are different from most other types of apples because Granny Smith apples always stay green and do not change color to indicate ripening. Granny Smith apple trees are quite easy to grow and are not overly susceptible to disease or infestation.
The Granny Smith apple tree is native to Australia. The Granny Smith apple tree dates back to 1868 to a chance seedling that was discovered by a woman named Maria Ann Smith. This is the origin of the Granny Smith name. A chance seedling is a term that defines a plant species was discovered by chance. It is thought that the Granny Smith seed is a descendant of the European Wild Apple tree.
- A Granny Smith apple tree produces apples that are quite tart.
- The Granny Smith apple tree dates back to 1868 to a chance seedling that was discovered by a woman named Maria Ann Smith.
Uses of Apples
Granny Smith apples are considered all-purpose apples. They have an even green skin and have crisp and firm flesh. Granny Smith apples are eating apples as well as cooking and baking apples. Granny Smith apples can be made into applesauce, apple pies, and many other apple cobblers and cakes. Granny Smith apples are also desirable for their long shelf life. They will stay crisp for much longer than other varieties of apples.
Granny Smith apple trees are not of the self pollinating variety. In order to grow Granny Smith apple trees, an additional apple tree of another kind must also be grown within close proximity to the Granny Smith tree to enable pollination and fruit production in the Granny Smith tree. Some recommended pollinator apple trees include Golden Delicious, Gala, and Fuji apple trees. A nearby pollinator tree that is fertile will enable the Granny Smith apple tree to bear Granny Smith apples.
- Granny Smith apples are considered all-purpose apples.
- Granny Smith apple trees are not of the self pollinating variety.
Granny Smith apple trees can be successfully grown in zones six, seven, and eight. They must have at least six hours of sunlight each day. To encourage the most fruit production, a Granny Smith apple tree must be pruned regularly for proper branching. When the Granny Smith apple tree is pruned in this way, it will be healthier, will have stronger limbs, and will bear more fruit earlier in the season. Granny Smith apple trees that are pruned properly can live more than 50 years.
The Granny Smith apple tree is able to grow in many different types of soil. These apple trees are considered one of the fastest growing apple trees. After the initial season for proper establishment of the tree, the apples from a Granny Smith apple tree can be harvested. The Granny Smith apples are usually ready to be picked by November and these apples will stay fresh and flavorful into the next spring.
- Granny Smith apple trees can be successfully grown in zones six, seven, and eight.
- After the initial season for proper establishment of the tree, the apples from a Granny Smith apple tree can be harvested.
Kathryn Hatter is a veteran home-school educator, as well as an accomplished gardener, quilter, crocheter, cook, decorator and digital graphics creator. As a regular contributor to Natural News, many of Hatter's Internet publications focus on natural health and parenting. Hatter has also had publication on home improvement websites such as Redbeacon.


Here is my solution for Project Euler 35. (Find the number of circular primes below 1,000,000. Circular meaning all rotations of the digits are prime, i.e. 197, 719, 971.) The code takes about 30 minutes to run. Can you help me identify which parts of the algorithm are hogging up computation time?
I know there are many solutions out there, I just want to know why this one is soooo slow. I suspect it has something to do with the p.count function call.
 - p is initialized to a list of all primes below 1 million using the Sieve of Eratosthenes.
 - total is initialized to 0.
for i in p:
 primer = str(i)
 circ = 1
 for j in range(len(primer)-1):
 primer = primer[1:]+primer[:1]
 if (p.count(int(primer)) == 1):
 circ += 1
 if circ == len(primer):
 total += 1
Your p is a list. Then you do p.count(x) to see if x is a prime. This does a linear search of the list, and in fact, has to examine every element of p, not just those up to the occurrence of x. Instead, change p to a set. It will run much faster. Also, once you see that a rotation is not prime, you can stop checking all the rotations.
All primes below a million? You only need the ones that consist of the digits 1, 3, 7, or 9.
Edit: And the single-digit circular primes 2 and 5.
 - 1
 \$\begingroup\$ Your total would be off by 1: you would miss 2! But good point! \$\endgroup\$ – Ned Batchelder Jan 27 '12 at 20:33
 - 1
 \$\begingroup\$ While accurate if he were only concerned with primes > 10, this optimization would actually produce the wrong answer because 5 counts as a circular prime according to the problem description. It's a good idea if you special case 5 though. \$\endgroup\$ – g.d.d.c Jan 27 '12 at 20:34
Your Answer


. Perley had a tremendous driving compassion for his Assyrian national labors, enormous ambition, great resourcefulness, courage and the ingredients to make the whole extraordinary and interesting. His devotion to the Assyrian cause was amazing. Dr. Perley died in 1979, but his national spirit of "Freedom for Assyria" will be a beacon, a flame to follow by Assyrian Nationalists.
The Middle East in the Post-War World: National and Religious Minorities
The Assyrians by Dr. David B. Perley
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