text: Urbanization results in pervasive habitat fragmentation and reduces standing genetic variation through genetic drift. Loss of genome-wide variation may ultimately reduce the evolutionary potential of animal populations experiencing rapidly changing conditions. In this study, we examined genome-wide variation among 23 white-footed mouse (Peromyscus leucopus) populations sampled along an urbanization gradient in the New York City metropolitan area. Genome-wide variation was estimated as a proxy for evolutionary potential using more than 10,000 SNP markers generated by ddRAD-Seq. We found that genome-wide variation is inversely related to urbanization as measured by percent impervious surface cover, and to a lesser extent, human population density. We also report that urbanization results in enhanced genome-wide differentiation between populations in cities. There was no pattern of isolation by distance among these populations, but an isolation by resistance model based on impervious surface significantly explained patterns of genetic differentiation. Isolation by environment modeling also indicated that urban populations deviate much more strongly from global allele frequencies than suburban or rural populations. This study is the first to examine evolutionary potential along an urban-to-rural gradient and quantify urbanization as a driver of population genomics patterns.


text:
In somewhat simpler terms, static friction
is why your keyboard
doesn't move across the desk
while you type on it, and why everything you touch doesn't go flying
across the room. It's also why car
s have low gears and why you can keep your balance
standing on the ground.
Static friction is like a threshold force that has to be overcome in order for an object to move. Your keyboard is not moving while you type on it (well, it is, but infinitesimally). But if you firmly push the keyboard from one of its sides, it will slide a short ways. The minimum amount you have to push in order to make it move is essentially equal to the force of static friction (with adjustments for gravity, etc).
How much static friction is there for an object? It depends mostly on the object's weight. The weight of an object is determined not only by its mass, but also by the force of gravity, as well as all other forces acting in the vertical axis. The table that the keyboard is resting on exerts an upward force on the keyboard. It has to, if you think about it -- otherwise, the keyboard would simply sink into the table. This is an example of Newton's third law: "for every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction." The force of the table pushing upward on the keyboard is called the "normal force" (in physics and mathematics, the word "normal" is used to mean "perpendicular"). The normal force is equal to the object's weight, and acts in the opposite direction of the weight. This is why you can easily slide the keyboard across the table, but you cannot easily slide a parked car that has its brakes on. The weight of the car makes the force required very large.
Briefly consider the normal force exerted on the keyboard by the table or desk. It would be equal to the keyboard's weight, which is equal to the acceleration of gravity (9.8 m/s^2) times the mass of the keyboard (1.3 kg, for a typical keyboard). Remember that force is measured in newtons, and is equal to the mass of an object times its acceleration. So we have:
W = (9.8 m/s2)(1.3 kg) = 12.74 N
The normal force is therefore:
N = -W = -12.74 N
There is one more factor to consider before we can calculate the static friction, which is both obvious and a pain. Different objects have different degrees of slipperiness. It takes much less force to get a 1.3 kg block of ice moving across the table than a 1.3 kg block of plastic (like a keyboard). Similarly, it takes more force if the keyboard has sandpaper on the bottom instead of a piece of plastic. This difference is reflected in a quantity called the "coefficient of static friction". It does not vary with an object's weight, but with the material it is made out of. The only way to determine the coefficient of static friction for a particular object is to consult a table or conduct an experiment. Furthermore, we would also need to figure out the coefficient of static friction for the table as well, since the bottom of the keyboard and the top of the table are in contact. Coefficients of friction get smaller as objects get slipperier. Teflon on teflon is very close to 0, while sandpaper on sandpaper is very large. We will disregard the coefficient of static friction for the table in this small example, assuming it to be close to 0*. The coefficient of static friction for the bottom of the keyboard might be around.4**.
The force of static friction is equal to the coefficient of static friction times the normal force:
f = μN = (.4)(-12.74 N) = -5.09 N
Note that the coefficient of friction was unitless, because it's only a coefficient by which to increase or decrease the action of the normal force. According to this calculation***, you would need to exert around 5.09 newtons of force sideways on the keyboard to make it move.
An experiment to figure out the coefficient of static friction for two surfaces could be as follows:
- Gather up a block (made of material A), a pulley, a bunch of weights, a rope or string, and a scale, plus a horizontal surface made of material B.
- Determine the mass of the block by weighing it on the scale, and multiply by gravity (9.8 m/s2 to calculate the weight.
- Tie one end of the rope to the block.
- Put the block on the surface (which needs to be elevated above the ground -- on a table is perfect. Of course, you can measure the coefficient for the table itself).
- Run the rope through the pulley and dangle it over the edge of the table.
- Add weights to the dangly end until the block just begins to move.
- Record the amount of weight you had to add, then add weights on top of the block, and repeat.
- Divide the added-weight numbers by the weight of the block. These are approximate coefficients of static friction (if you performed the experiment correctly) for surface A against surface B. Average them to get a better approximation.
This is only one method for determining the coefficient of static friction. More accurate methods are available.
This is inaccurate.
This is inaccurate -- I guesstimated.
The results of the calculation are grossly inaccurate for the real world, but correct in principle. The force REALLY required could be anything, as many factors have been glossed over or assumed out of existence.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


Sir Walter Scott's Ivanhoe and Real-Life Trial by Combat
Jan 19, 2010 | Fiction/Lit/Movies
The Black Knight and Friar Tuck enjoy some delicious pie
The Black Knight and Friar Tuck enjoy some delicious pie
I'm studying Ivanhoe right now, and I came across some interesting articles about the book and its connection to a real-life trial by combat… in 1817. So I thought I would blog about the details, because though I think it is really interesting it will probably never make it into my paper.
The Ashford v. Thornton case of 1817 was the last case of a trial by combat challenge in Britain. It came at a time of rising interest in medieval England, chivalry, and romance. But of course the early nineteenth century wasn't a time when trial by combat was considered anything other than absurd and (frankly) barbaric. Most people thought the case allowed a guilty man to get away with rape and murder. How? Through his very willingness and ability to commit murder.
Ivanhoe by Sir Walter Scott was published two years later, in December of 1819. It includes a trial by combat, and several scholars have argued that the case of Ashford v. Thornton was popular enough that both Scott and his readers would have been very aware of the case during the climactic final scene of the novel. Scott indeed mentions the Thornton case in his private letters (Letters; click "Vol. IV").
Details of the Ashford v. Thornton case (1817)
In 1817 Abraham Thornton was accused of raping and murdering 20-year-old Mary Ashford. Her body had been pulled from a pit of water outside a very small village, several miles northeast of Birmingham. At a party the previous night, Thornton had boasted that he'd already had Mary's sister, and he would also have Mary, who was also at the party. Thornton later told police that he did have sex with Mary that night, but that it was consensual. Although we'll never know for sure what happened, Thornton does not come across as a very sexually appealing fellow, considering his rude boasting and his appearance. The London Times noted that Thornton's "natural thickness is greater than common, but his excessive corpulency has swollen his whole figure into a size that rather approaches to deformity." [1]
At the initial trial, Thornton was found "not guilty" after only five minutes of jury deliberation. Again, based on the details available to us today, it is impossible to say whether he actually was guilty or innocent.
Mary's brother, William Ashford, was allowed by English law to make an "appeal," such that Thornton was called upon again to plead his innocence. Except this time, on the advice of his attorneys, he pleaded "Not guilty, and ready to defend the same upon my body" (qtd. in Dyer 386), at which point Thornton threw down the proverbial gauntlet (in this case a yellow leather glove). William, being a skinny teenager, did not accept the challenge. And so Thornton was free. (For what it's worth, the weapons of the fight were to be "oak clubs.")
The public at the time was shocked, given that it was the first demand for a trial by battle since 1638. It was an old law that had basically been forgotten about by the courts, and so it had never been repealed. For the public, Thornton had basically turned the chivalric code upside down. Chivalry asks men to use their power to defend women; Thornton used the chivalric code to get off the hook after supposedly raping and killing a woman. William Ashford, who actually was trying to defend a woman, was out of luck (being a skinny teenager, and all).
Ashford v. Thornton and Ivanhoe
"Combat de chevaliers dans la campagne" by Eug√®ne Delacroix
"Combat de chevaliers dans la campagne" by Eugene Delacroix
Ivanhoe's trial by combat surrounds the saintly Jewess, Rebecca, who has been threatened with rape by the Templar knight Sir Brian Bois-Guilbert. Her staunch resistance to his advances causes him to fall even further in love with her. Eventually, she is accused by the Knights Templar of being a witch who has seduced Bois-Guilbert.
There are a few obvious differences between the case of Ashford v. Thornton and Ivanhoe's trial by combat. In Ivanhoe, the trial by combat is demanded by the threatened woman, Rebecca, not the villain (though it is Bois-Guilbert who secretly suggests it to her, because he wants to save her life). The combat also does not let someone get away with murder; technically, it saves Rebecca's life. Indeed, the real villain, Bois-Guilbert, even though he is never on trial, ends up killed in the middle of the combat due to "the violence of his own contending passions" (490), and justice ends up actually being served. (The "contending passions" refer to Bos-Guilbert's will to win the duel and thus further his ambitions towards eventually becoming the Templar Grand Master, and his conflicting will to save Rebecca, with whom he's fallen in love.)
The two main scholars to take on the similarities of the Ashford vs. Thornton case and Ivanhoe are Gary Dyer and Mark Schoenfield. Both argue that Scott is attempting to rescue chivalry in some way, even if he realizes it's not at all feasible in the modern world.
I think the idea of rescuing chivalry in a world in which it's not feasible is a pretty important aspect of Scott's Ivanhoe. Part of romance involves a kind of lost golden age we can never get back to, and despite the subtle critiques of chivalry and romance in Ivanhoe, I think that the world we are introduced to is indeed a romantic golden age. Although we can't get back to that golden age, it is an important part of our history. In Schoenfield's words, for Walter Scott, chivalric institutions (such as the trial by combat) "rendered modernity intelligible" (81).
[1] I saw part of this quotation originally in Mark Schoenfield's article, and he cites it as 9 August 1817. But I could only find it in the 11 August paper. It is in regards to a Friday trial, which is why it appears three days after, on the Monday instead of Saturday.
Cited Stuff:
Dyer, Gary. "Ivanhoe, Chivalry, and the Murder of Mary Ashford." Criticism 39.3 (Summer, 1997): 383-408. Print.
Schoenfield, Mark. "Waging Battle: Ashford v. Thornton, Ivanhoe, and Legal Violence." Prose Studies 23.2 (2000): 61-86. Print.
Scott, Walter. Ivanhoe. Ed. Ian Duncan. Oxford and New York: Oxford UP, 1996. Print. Oxford World's Classics.
– – –. "The Letters of Sir Walter Scott E-Text." The Walter Scott Digital Archive. Edinburgh University Library. Web. 19 Jan. 2010.
"Warwick Assizes, Friday, Aug. 8. Trial of Abraham Thornton For The Murder Of Mary Ashford." The Times [London] 11 Aug. 1817, Law sec.: 3. The Times Digital Archive _PHONE_. Web. 3 Jan. 2010.


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The teacher uses strategies developed from a workshop by boys' education expert Ian Lilico. He creates a positive learning environment by utilising a 'community circle' where his students take responsibility for their own learning and behavior management by giving each other feedback on their achievements and attitude. Collaboration is encouraged in the students and a strong emphasis is placed on communication. Within the school, the teacher uses his knowledge and experience to lead colleagues in regular meetings that plan and evaluate units of work based on their knowledge and experience of how boys learn.
Hackham East Primary is a co-educational Government school located in the southern suburbs of Adelaide. The primary school has a strong teaching focus on well-being, literacy, numeracy, and science and information technologies. Despite balanced numbers of boys and girls within the school, the school currently offers a single-sex stream for girls and boys from years 2 to 7. The approach to teaching single-sex classes within the school is informed by current educational research and collaborative approaches to planning, teaching and evaluation.
 - What behaviour management initiatives have you implemented based on current research and workplace knowledge?
 - How do you promote student responsibility for learning in your own school context?
 - How do you lead your colleagues to develop and trial new strategies to engage all students in productive learning environments?
1 supporting file(s)
in this resource pack
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text:
This native of eastern Asia can now be found from Maine to Virginia, and west to Wisconsin. This species now seriously competes with native species, and has been listed as a Noxious species in 22 north, central, and western counties of West Virginia. It is considered more invasive in the eastern part of North America than in the western part. Other than West Virginia, Connecticut has banned it as Invasive; Massachusetts and New Hampshire have it listed as Prohibited.
In the 1830's Autumn Olive was introduced from China and Japan as an ornamental and as wildlife habitat, and to restore land that was degraded due to deforestation. Indeed the animals do eat the fruit. It will attract birds, black bear, opossum, raccoon, and skunk to the fruit which contribute to its spread through their dung distributing the seeds. Deer are drawn to the twigs and foliage. And the nectar draws bees, butterflies, and hummingbirds!
The berries are also edible by humans, being juicy and acidic, they can be used raw or made into jams or jellies. The Vitamin C content is approximately 12 mg per 100 g of berries. The fruit is under investigation as a treatment for cancer!
The flowers are astringent, cardiac, and a stimulant. The seeds are used in the treatment of coughs and the oil expressed from the seed is used to treat pulmonary problems. No part of the plant has shown any toxicity.
Autumn Olive Jam
To make the jam take 9 cups of fruit pulped without the seeds,
14 c sugar,
and ¼ c of lemon juice,
then cook off as you would any other fruit jam!


text:
Author: Michael Plitkins
Last update: 11 October, 1998
The NGLayout views subsystem is designed to support arbitrary positioning, sizing and depth sorting of overlapping rectangles of content in a platform independent fashion. Most NGLayout rendering operations begin by "damaging" a portion of the area currently being displayed on an output device and then walking over a view tree in z depth order allowing each view to repair parts of the damaged area they occupy. Event handling within NGLayout also goes through the view system giving view objects the first opportunity to handle event processing (within each view, there is generally content represented by layout Frames that do most of the real event processing). View update operations can either happen in an offscreen buffer or directly on the output device depending on the complexity of the anticipated update. Timed refreshes also occur allowing many damage requests to be processed as a single update to the output device. In addition to representing specially positioned content, a view may also represent an underlying platform native window through it's association with the Widget subsystem. The Widgets can be used to represent application controls such as scrollbars and top level windows and content objects such as HTML form elements. See the Widgets documentation for further information.
Currently, there are four different classes within the view system. Naturally, more can be added as deemed necessary:
- Basic View class responsible for positioning, sizing, painting and event handling as a container for underlying content. Currently, the "compositor," which is responsible for handling issues of transparent views when painting, also lives inside the base view class implementation. In order to allow new types of views to be created without the need for subclassing off of the base view, this code will most likely move into the ViewManager.
- Scrolling View which has private child views representing scrollbars and additional methods for handling the scrolling of an additional child view that the owner of the scrolling view can add to the scrolling view.
View Manager which coordinates all operations
done to/through the view hierarchy including:
- child view insertion, removal and sorting.
- event handling.
- damage repair coordination.
- view state changes (position, size, clip rect, z index, visibility)
View Observer which allows an application
to receive notification when changes occur involving a view. Currently,
- event handling
- on screen position change
1. View Manager.
Applications create views and then added them to the view hierarchy through the view manager. From that point on, the application requests that changes be made to views via the view manager. This allows the view manager to "do the right thing" when views are changed. Typically this means minimizing the damage repair area and frequency of updates. As mentioned previously, views are arranged in a hierarchy. The relationship of sibling views is maintained through either an absolute z index for each view, or above/below relative to another view. When the view hierarchy is traversed, views are encountered in top down order and from nearest z to furthest z.2. View class.
This is the base view class and the one generally created by content that requires a view. Examples of such content are CSS positioned elements, Communicator 4 layers, objects that require Widgets such as form elements, etc. Since views are designed to act as containers for content, there is a link to that content which can be set and queried with the Get/SetClientData() methods.3. Scrolling view.
In general, views hold state, but don't do much in terms of changing or manipulating other objects. That job is left to the view manager.
Child views are not clipped to the boundaries of their parent views unless a cliprect is specifically set on a view. A clip rect clips the content displayed by a view and any of it's children.
The view contains a "compositor" which processes the view tree at rendering time to optimally paint the damaged area. This involves determining if any of the views are "transparent" and then doing back-to-front/front-to-back view processing to repair the damage. Views currently have an opacity property that the compositor will use to alpha blend views together. This functionality will be moving into the view manager.
The scrolling view, which is used as the root level view for NGLayout documents, is essentially designed to act as a container which expects that it's size will be smaller than the views that it contains. It also assumes that the application will want to be able to scroll over the area that is "inside" of it. As such it will automatically sprout scrollbars when the scrolling view is too small to display all of it's contents. It has additional APIs over the standard view to allow the application to get and set the offset into the visible content area and to recompute the size of the scrollbar thumb and position based on the sizes of the objects that it contains.4. View Observer.
When views need to paint or have events handled that do not relate to the view, the observer's Paint() and HandleEvent() methods are called. The application can query the affected view for client data stored there by the application to associate the view with an application specific object. In addition, if an application object needs to know when it's position has been changed on the "screen" it can be notified of this by the observer.
- Since views may have Widgets associated with them, and as views change shape they need to tell the Widgets about these changes, there is a dependency on the Widget library.
- Much of what the view manager does involves output refresh management so it has knowledge of the graphics system.
- We would like to be able to alpha blend views together.
Support for alpha blendin

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


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Civil and Environmental Engineering Professor Emeritus Paul Mac Berthouex and UW-Madison sanitary engineering PhD graduate Linfield C. Brown recently released a new free e-book, Pollution Prevention and Control. The first of a planned five-book series, this book intends to help engineers and environmental science students understand the basics of controlling pollution. The e-book is available for a free download here.
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text:
Leopard cat activity is higher with increased understory vegetation in oil palm plantations, which seems to result in reduced rat numbers
Leopard cats are known to use oil palm plantations as a hunting ground for rats, and have been proposed as a possible biological control for rodent pests in plantations. Related to this, there have been questions raised regarding how understory vegetation management in oil palm plantations [many places consider these weeds and clear them] may influence leopard cat use of these sites. Finally, a study examines these unknowns.
A recently published study by Hood et al. (2019) showed that leopard cat habitat use is higher with increased understory vegetation. They also demonstrate reduced rat numbers with higher leopard cat activity. The authors suggest that the results indicate that how oil palm plantations are managed can affect leopard cat use, and possible rodent control possibilities. All these only possible with their manipulative experiments on understory vegetation management.
Curiously, there was no effect of understorey vegetation on rat numbers or rat damage on oil palm in this study. It could be that the rats benefit from more vegetation, but the higher activity of leopard cats in those environment leads to higher rat predation level, which nullified the benefits to rats. Neat if that could somehow be studied in future.
Hood et al. (2019) Understory vegetation in oil palm plantations promotes leopard cat activity, but does not affect rats or rat damage. Frontiers in Forest and Global Change 2: 51. doi: 10.3389/ffgc.2019.00051


Legislative Council Set to Review 2014 Ballot Analyses
By Julie Pelegrin and Cathy Eslinger
LegiSource acknowledges and thanks the Legislative Council Staff for their significant input on this article.
The Legislative Council Committee will meet Wednesday, Sept. 3, to review analyses of the four measures that the secretary of state has certified to the 2014 general election ballot. Two of the measures would amend the constitution: Amendment 67 would define "person" and "child" for purposes of the Colorado criminal code and wrongful death statutes; and Amendment 68 would allow casino gambling at horse race tracks. The other two measures would amend the Colorado Revised Statutes: Proposition 104 would specify that local school board meetings concerning collective bargaining negotiations or employment negotiations must be open to the public; and Proposition 105 would require the labeling of genetically modified food, beginning July 1, 2016.
As required by the state constitution and by statute the Legislative Council Staff (LCS) has been working for weeks to prepare the analyses to help the public understand the purpose and effect of each measure. Following the Legislative Council's review, the LCS will mail the analyses, printed in the familiar "blue book," to each registered-voter household in the state. bluebook Also, the LCS maintains a blue book website – _URL_ – that includes drafts of the analyses and the text of each measure.
The LCS prepares a blue book before each general election for which initiated or referred constitutional or statutory amendments or questions are certified to the ballot. The analysis of each measure includes a summary of the measure, the major arguments for and against the measure, and a brief fiscal assessment of the measure. The analysis may also include other information that can help voters understand the measure's purpose and effect.
Each analysis typically goes through three drafts. But, depending on the complexity of the measure and the time available, some may require only two drafts. The LCS meets with proponents and opponents of the measure and writes the first draft using the information provided by them as well as information obtained through the LCS's own research. The goal is to write an analysis that is concise, readable for a layperson, and factually correct.
The LCS posts the draft analyses on the blue book website, and any person may file written comments for staff to consider in preparing the second or third draft. The staff considers all comments and proposed amendments submitted by the established deadlines, but use discretion in changing the analysis. Some of the criteria for making proposed changes to the analysis include:
- Avoiding slogan-type language that triggers a response but does not contribute to greater understanding of the measure;
- Ensuring that statements are verifiable statements of fact rather than mere opinion, directly applicable to the measure, and not misleading;
- Ensuring that the language specifically strengthens or clarifies the arguments and is not repetitive;
- Maintaining the balance of the analysis between the opposing sides; and
- Avoiding language that is more appropriate for the campaigns conducted by the opposing sides.
As part of the analysis, the LCS also prepares a fiscal impact statement for each measure, taking into consideration fiscal impact information submitted by various state and local agencies, proponents and opponents, and other interested persons. The blue book will include a summary of each measure's fiscal assessment. The full fiscal impact statement for each measure will be available on the blue book website. At a minimum, the summary must include:
- An estimate of the measure's effect on state and local government revenues, expenditures, taxes, and fiscal liabilities;
- An estimate of the amount of any state and local government recurring expenditures or fiscal liabilities; and
- For a measure that modifies the state tax laws, an estimate of the impact to the average taxpayer, if feasible.
The LCS submits the final draft of each analysis to the Legislative Council Committee, which holds a public hearing to review the analyses. Anyone who is interested in testifying on the accuracy or fairness of an analysis may do so at this public hearing. The Legislative Council may change the language of an analysis upon a two-thirds affirmative vote of the council members. Before the public hearing, the LCS will post on the blue book website information for each analysis that includes the final draft, any amendments submitted to the final draft, a list of persons who had opportunity to comment on the last draft, and the text of the measure.
Following the public hearing, the LCS will mail copies of the blue book to each registered-voter household in the state. This year, the scheduled mailing date is Oct. 3.


Energy-Efficient Ventilation Systems for Chicago Buildings
Chelsey Bipat
Author : Chelsey Bipat
October 31, 2018
4 Minutes Read
 Chicago's Climate Action Plan is highly ambitious and one of the most sophisticated in the world. After substantial research and input by dozens of experts and leading scientists, five strategies were adopted exactly a decade ago, one of which aims to have the most energy efficient buildings possible in Chicago by the year 2020.
 Chicago Building Process-2
 Above: The iconic Sears Tower, one of the first really energy-efficient high-rise buildings in Chicago stands up above the skyline.
 The motivation is driven by a realization that without both local and global action, the impact of climate change on Chicago's weather could be dramatic.
 Not only must new Chicago buildings meet stringent energy-efficient standards, but existing residential, commercial, and industrial buildings are being retrofitted and upgraded. The energy-efficient buildings strategy incorporates:
 - new guidelines for renovations
 - an update to the City's energy code, including legislation that affects ventilation systems
 - water conservation
 - the establishment of green roofs and planting of trees
 - trade in of outdated non-energy efficient appliances
 "Reducing energy consumption and emissions by an average of 30 percent in 9,200 buildings by 2020 could produce reductions of 1.3 MMTCO2e," the City says. By 2020, at least half of the buildings in Chicago should have been retrofitted. Additionally, the City's energy code will align with the latest international standards that demand a reduction of 1.13 MMTCO2e (million metric tons carbon dioxide equivalent, which is the term for the quantity of any greenhouse gases by weighing it by its relative global warming potential) and building renovations will have to meet green standards that demand a reduction of.31 MMTCO2e.
 Whilst energy-efficient ventilation systems in buildings is only part of the plan for Chicago, the switch to this type of ventilation is vitally important.
 Passive ventilation relies on natural airflow and temperature differences between the inside and outside of buildings to draw in and circulate fresh air. Mechanical ventilation utilizes fans and ducts and is a much more reliable and economical source of good ventilation.
 Mechanical Ventilation in Chicago Buildings
 Today, the best practice to achieve modern, high-performance homes is to have a whole-house ventilation strategy that involves building "tight" and then ventilating with a mechanical ventilation system. What you spend on energy to achieve this you will save on heating and cooling. By incorporating mechanical ventilation with a system that utilizes heating, cooling, and air recirculation, engineers are able to combat the severe summer heat and winter cold that are so typical in Chicago and surrounding areas.
 In a comprehensive layman's guide to Whole-Building Delivered Ventilation and on their website, the US Department of Energy describes the different ventilation systems:
 - Exhaust-only ventilation that involves stale air being pulled out of the building. The outdoor air that enters the building is neither filtered or conditioned. It is relatively inexpensive and works well in cold climates. On the downside, exhaust systems can draw contaminated air into living spaces and it doesn't work in hot, humid climates.
 - Supply-only ventilation that is the opposite of supply-only ventilation and utilizes an HVAC system supply fan to draw air in from outside. It is usually filtered and conditioned and then circulated through the HVAC system. It is also relatively inexpensive, but enables better control than exhaust systems. It can though create moisture problems in colder climates.
 - Central fan integrated supply ventilation that draws in outdoor air when the heating/cooling system is energized.
 - Balanced ventilation that is a combination of supply and exhaust so that there is always fresh air and minimal energy loss. This type of ventilation system utilizes heat recovery ventilators (HRVs) or energy recovery ventilators (ERVs) that control ventilation and is the best type of mechanical ventilation available, even though it is the most expensive.
 - Intermittently balanced ventilation that is similar to balanced ventilation but doesn't use HRV or ERV.
 The reason Chicago's energy efficient buildings initiative embraces retrofits for older buildings is largely because mechanical ventilation wasn't common in older Chicago buildings. While modern homes are designed with a building envelope that makes the structure more energy efficient, older homes had leaky envelopes that often resulted in mold and mildew forming.
 To design whole-house ventilation systems, engineers do precise calculations based on square footage of floor areas and the number of bedrooms, combined with climatic needs. This means that a ventilation system designed for Dallas, Texas will be completely different to one designed for Chicago, Illinois.
 In Chicago, Whole House Mechanical Ventilation Systems are defined in the City's Municipal Code. Essentially they are supply or exhaust systems (or a combination of the two) that are designed in accordance with R403.6, a mandatory energy conservation requirement that applies to mechanical ventilation in all residential projects. The system must be designed "to mechanically exchange indoor air for outdoor air when operating continuously or through a programmed intermittent schedule to satisfy the whole house ventilation rate." The person designing the system must also take steps to ensure that there is no infiltration of air when the mechanical ventilation system isn't operating. R403.6 also covers recirculation of air in residential buildings, specifically in relation to toilets and bathrooms, as well as airflow rates for certain floor areas and numbers of bedrooms.
 Heating and cooling equipment has to comply with the requirements of R403.7. Since it is usually part of a more comprehensive HVAC system, there is an element of ventilation here too.
 Energy Conservation Compliance in Chicago
 In terms of the Chicago Building Code's updated requirements for energy conservation, since June 2018 a new compliance statement is required from Illinois-licensed engineers and architects. Department of Buildings inspectors now spot-check to ensure that construction of homes and other buildings is being carried out in accordance with approved plans and permits.
 Additionally, ventilation bureau inspectors inspect both new and existing Chicago building to ensure that ventilation complies with the building code.
 This is why it is essential to use a registered Chicago engineering company or MEP engineering team for your ventilation needs.
 We specialize in passive housing projects that incorporate energy-efficient ventilation systems. Whether you need to retrofit or design and build from scratch, our team will work with you to ensure you get the best results from today's passive house technology.
 Tags energy conservation | Chicago Climate Action Plan | greenhouse gases | mechanical ventilation | whole-house ventilation | balanced ventilation
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Weekend Unplug: Take the kids to watch trains + lessons to share
Christie Dedman | By Christie Dedman |
Email the author | Follow on Twitter
on August 09, 2013 at 5:00 PM, updated August 09, 2013 at 5:02 PM
Screen Shot 2013-08-09 at 12.30.10 PM.png
 It's time for the weekend unplug. This week we took the kids over to Irondale at the Whistle Stop Cafe and let them watch trains.
While it doesn't sound that exciting it is for my kids. They love trains, even my daughter enjoys watching down the line.
1. Take some snacks and water.
2. Keep track of the trains if they are a cargo, passenger etc.
3. Don't forget to count the carts.
4. Talk about the jobs of the engineer or conductor.
5. Help your children learn the difference between train engines.
6. Notice the signals and train safety.
7. Don't forget to take photos and videos of your kids watching the action.
8. I set an alarm when we go so the kids will know when it's time to go.
9. Go at different times of the day and night for different conditions, dusk, afternoon sun, fog, night lights etc.


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Q. What are the differences between the 900 MHz and 2.4 GHz frequencies?
A. As radio waves travel the radio signals gradually lose energy. The higher the frequency of transmission, the quicker the radio wave will lose energy down to a point where it cannot be detected by a receiver. Higher frequency waves also lose energy quicker when trying to penetrate walls, trees, or other obstructions. If both a 900 MHz radio and a 2.4 GHz radio had the same output power and receive sensitivity and were compared side by side, the 900 MHz radio would get almost twice the range of the 2.4 GHz radio.
If deploying systems in the United States or Canada, either 900 MHz or 2.4 GHz can be used without additional government agency approvals. The European union and most of the Asian countries do not allow 900 MHz systems, so normally 2.4 GHz systems are deployed in those countries. Whether your preference is 900 MHz or 2.4 GHz, Digi has a variety of solutions to meet the needs of your application.


Date Awarded
Summer 2021
Document Type
Degree Name
Master of Arts (M.A.)
American Studies
Leisa D Meyer
Committee Member
Simon A Stow
Committee Member
Andrew H Fisher
Women of all backgrounds have contributed to the environmental history of the United States, but most of the environmental historical scholarship places such women alongside men and by doing so clouds their involvement as well as their achievements. This discussion introduces readers to pieces of environmental history that engage gender as a framework, while also acknowledging that there is not an individual women's environmental experience by covering specific yet contrasting geographical spaces. The American West and the New York Adirondacks offer diverse perspectives and experiences of pioneering women who interacted with the environment, including Diné women, park rangers, Adirondack guides and residents, nature lovers, conservationists, and more. This research unearths the stories and experiences of these women, creating a more balanced and fuller image of the ways in which humans interacted with nature, while shining a light on the undervalued narratives of the frequently uplifting and consistently complex history of American women in relation to the environment.
© The Author


What is another name for low clouds?
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Low clouds (Family C)
These are found up to 2,000 m (6,500 feet) and include the stratus (dense and grey). When stratus clouds contact the ground, they are called fog.
Clouds in Family C include:
 * Cumulus[2] (Cu)
 o Cumulus humilis
 o Cumulus mediocris
 * Stratocumulus (Sc)
 * Nimbostratus (Ns)
 * Stratus (St)
Includes CC-BY-SA content from Wikipedia's Cloud article (authors)
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Meaning of Mousterian
Pronunciation: (m-stēr'ē-un), [key]
— adj. Anthropol.
- of or pertaining to a Middle Paleolithic culture of Neanderthal man dating to the early upper Pleistocene Epoch (c100,000–40,000b.c.) and consisting of five or more stone-artifact traditions in Europe whose characteristic tools are side scrapers and points.
- pertaining to Paleolithic human relics having the workmanship, finish, and character of the flint scrapers found in the sands of Moustier, France.


Eastern Sub-Continental Divide Mural – Atlanta, Georgia - Atlas Obscura
Eastern Sub-Continental Divide Mural
Unlike most major cities, Atlanta is not built around a waterway, like a bay or river. Atlanta was founded around railways. And railways are best designed where there is minimal elevation change, such as along a hydrological feature known as a continental divide.
A continental divide is a ridge line dividing major watersheds in an area, and the Eastern Sub-Continental Divide runs right through Atlanta, by design. Although the well-known Chattahoochee is Atlanta's largest river, it was not central to Atlanta's founding. What was actually central to its founding was the terminus station of the Western and Atlantic railroad line. This was eventually shortened to Atlanta, the feminine of Atlantic, as the official name of the city in 1845, with many still using the nickname "Terminus."
With the Eastern Sub-Continental Divide running east to west through the city, any water that falls north of the divide will eventually make its way to the Gulf of Mexico; meanwhile, any water that falls south of the line will head to the Atlantic Ocean. Along Dekalb Avenue, which follows the ridge line east to west, is a little-known mural marking this unique hydrological feature.
Known as "Native Waters," this 350-foot mural depicts many of the largest rivers in Georgia as well as the native flora and fauna found along these waterways. The mural was a community project, led by muralist David Fichter, created in part to remind us of our vital connection to the natural world. Among the many features in the mural is a portrait of Horace King, a successful bridge builder who overcame slavery to build the first covered bridge over the Chattahoochee River, connecting Georgia and Alabama.
Know Before You Go
The mural is located at the intersection of Connecticut Avenue NE and Dekalb Avenue NE. For best views of the expansive mural cross Dekalb Avenue to view it from the railway line. You can also see it while headed east to west on MARTA between Edgewood-Candler Park and East Lake stations.


A Standard drug is known to be effective in 72% of the cases in which it is used to treat a certain infection. A new drug has been developed and testing has found it to be effective in 42 cases out of 50. Is this strong enough evidence to prove that the new drug is more effective than the old one. find the relevant p value.
Expert Answer
Get this answer with Chegg Study


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Fruit Vinegar
Take fruit scraps (peels, cores, bruised unusable fruit, etc) and put in a glass jar, food-grade plastic container, or ceramic crock. Chop up the larger pieces for faster results.
- Cover the fruit scraps generously with sugar water. The sugar water should be in a ratio of 1 quart water: 1/4 cup sugar. Over time the scraps may swell, so be generous in the amount of sugar water.
- Cover with cheesecloth or other thin cloth and secure with a rubber band or cord.
- Allow to ferment for at least two weeks or until the bubbles stop forming.
- Strain out the fruit scraps and preserve the juice in a new clean container (glass jars work well).
- Allow this fermented juice to acidify for several weeks or even months.
- Strain through several layers of damp cloth into clean sterile jars, and use either a cork or a plastic lid to close the jar.
- If desired, pasteurize or even water-bath can the vinegar.
1.• The smaller the fruit waste, the faster the fermentation. While the scraps don't have to be pulverized, you might want to chop up the really big stuff.
2.• Oxidized (browned) scraps seem to make a better vinegar than fresh scraps. This isn't hard to do, as presumably the scraps are sitting by and quietly oxidizing while you're busy processing the whole fruit.
3.• Do not use metal containers while fermenting the fruit or acidifying the juice. Some people also say you should avoid plastic, but I used plastic bakery buckets during the fermenting stage and had no problems. If you use plastic, it should be food-grade. Glass jars or ceramic crocks are also wonderful.
4.• If your fruit is not organic, it would be best to scrub or wash the fruit before peeling so the peels won't have pesticide residue during the fermentation process.
5.• The wider the mouth, the more wild bacteria will be captured, and the faster the fermentation process will happen.
7.• If you have chlorinated city tap water, you might want to purchase distilled water to use for vinegar since the chemicals in urban water can kill or contaminate the "mother."
8.• Homemade vinegar should NOT be used for canning pickles or other fermented food. Vinegar for canning needs to be at 5% acidity level, and homemade vinegar varies wildly in its acid content. Even pH test strips cannot accurately gauge proper acidity levels in homemade vinegar.
9.• If you want to speed up the fermentation process, you can add about a cup of Bragg's Vinegar (or other natural unfiltered vinegar, often found in health food stores) to "seed" the fermenting fruit with mother. You can also purchase "Mother of Vinegar" from such places as Lehmans.com.


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Design Optimization Using Lookup Table Requirements for Gain Scheduling (GUI)
This example shows how to tune parameters in a lookup table in a model that uses gain scheduling to adjust the controller's response to a plant that varies. Model tuning uses the Response Optimizer app.
Ship Steering Model
Open the Simulink® model.
This model implements the Nomoto model which is commonly used for ship steering. The dynamic characteristics of a ship vary significantly with factors such as the ship speed. Therefore the rudder controller should also vary with speed, in order to meet requirements for steering the ship.
To keep the ship on course, a control loop compares the ship's heading angle with the reference heading angle, and a PD controller sends command signals to the rudder. The Ship Plant block implements the Nomoto model, a second order system whose parameters vary with the ship's speed. The ship is initially traveling at its maximum speed of 15 m/s, but it will slow down when the reference trajectory specifies a turn in the water. This turning, along with the force of the engine, is used by the Force Dynamics block to compute the speed of the ship over time. The Kinematics block computes the trajectory of the ship.
Open the Controller block by double clicking it.
When the speed changes, the ship plant also changes. Therefore the PD controller gains need to change, and speed is used as the scheduling variable. The controller is in the form
K(1 + sTd) where
K is the overall gain and
Td is the time constant associated with the derivative term. Gain scheduling is implemented using lookup tables, and the table data are specified by
Td. These are vectors which specify different values for different speeds. The different speeds are specified in the lookup table breakpoint vectors
The reference specifies that at 200 seconds, the ship should turn 180 degrees and reverse course. One requirement is that the ship heading angle needs to match the reference heading angle within an envelope. For the safety and comfort of passengers, a second requirement is that the total acceleration of the ship needs to stay within a bound of 0.25 g's, where 1 g is the acceleration of gravity at Earth's surface, 9.8 m/s^2.
The controller parameter vectors
Td will be design variables, and will be tuned to try to meet the requirements. If it is not possible to meet both requirements, then the lookup table breakpoints
bpTd will also be used as design variables. In that case, we will need to specify an additional requirement that
bpTd must be monotonically strictly increasing, because this is required for breakpoint vectors in Simulink lookup tables.
Open the Response Optimizer
In the Apps tab, click Response Optimizer under Control Systems.
Specify Design Requirements
Specify the requirements which must be satisfied. First, the ship should follow the reference trajectory. Since the reference is essentially a step change from 0 to 180 degrees, you specify a step response envelope for the ship heading angle. In the toolstrip, click New and select Step Response Envelope. Set the initial value to 0 and the final value to pi radians. Set the step time to 200 seconds. Set the rise time as 75 seconds and the rise percent to 85%. Set the settling time to 200 seconds and the settling percent to 1%. Set the percent overshoot to 5%. To specify that this requirement applies to the ship heading, click +.
In the Simulink model click the ship heading signal, which is the output of the Ship Plant block. Select this signal in the Create Signal Set dialog, and click the arrow button to make it the designated signal, and click OK.
The second requirement is that for the safety and comfort of passengers, the total acceleration should not exceed 0.25 g's at any time. The total acceleration is composed of two components, a tangential component along the direction of the ship's motion, and a normal (horizontal) component. The requirement that total acceleration not exceed 0.25 g's corresponds to requiring that in the phase plane of tangential and normal acceleration, this ship's trajectory remain within a circle of radius 0.25*9.8.
In the toolstrip, click New and select Ellipse Region Constraint. Specify the name as
SafeAccel, and the semi-axis length for both signals as 0.25*9.8 = 2.45. To specify that the requirement applies to the tangential acceleration of the ship, click the Select button. In the Simulink model click the tangential acceleration signal, which is output from the Kinematics block. Select this signal in the Create Signal Set dialog, and click the arrow button to make it the designated signal, and click OK. Similarly, to specify that the requirement applies to the normal acceleration of the ship, in the Ellipse Region Constraint dialog click the other Select button, and use the Create Signal Set dialog to specify the normal acceleration signal.
Specify Design Variables
Specify the design variables to be tuned by the optimization in order to satisfy the requirements. In the toolstrip, click the selection box next to Design Variables Set and then click New. Select the gains of the PD controller,
Td, and click the arrow button to designate them as design variables. Use -0.1 for all entries in the value of the
K vector, and use 50 for all entries in the value of the
Td vector, and click OK. If the requirements can't all be satisfied, then later the breakpoint vectors
bpTd can also be tried as design variables.
Optimize Lookup Table Data
During optimization, the Simulink solver may generate a warning if the size of the time step becomes too small. Temporarily suppress this warning.
warnState = warning('query', 'Simulink:Engine:SolverMinStepSizeWarn'); warning('off', 'Simulink:Engine:SolverMinStepSizeWarn');
In the Response Optimizer, click Optimize. The ship heading angle does not meet the required step response envelope, as can be seen in the step response plot in the Response Optimizer app and in the Optimization Progress dialog, where the value at the last iteration is still positive, which indicates violation of the requirement. The requirement for safe acceleration is also not met, as seen in the Optimization Progress dialog, where the value at the last iteration is also positive.
Optimize Lookup Table Data and Breakpoints
To try to meet the design requirements, use the optimization result from above as the start point, and tune additional variables. Add breakpoints
bpTd as design variables. The ship's maximum speed is 15 m/s, and during turning it may slow to 60% of the maximum speed, or 9 m/s. Set the breakpoint initial values to be equally spaced between 9 and 15 m/s. Constrain the breakpoint minimum values to 9 m/s, and constrain the breakpoint maximum values to 15 m/s.
Breakpoints in the Simulink lookup table block must be strictly monotonically increasing. Add this to the design requirements.
In the Response Optimizer, click Optimize. This time the ship heading angle meets the required step response envelope, as can be seen in the step response plot in Response Optimizer app and in the Optimization Progress dialog, where the value at the last iteration is negative, which indicates the requirement is satisfied. The requirement for safe acceleration is also satisfied, as seen in the Optimization Progress dialog, where the value at the last iteration is also negative. Similarly, the lookup table breakpoints satisfy the monotonic requirements.
In this example, the ship plant varied with the ship speed, so the controller gains also needed to vary. Gain scheduling was implemented using lookup tables. By tuning the gains and breakpoint values in the controller, the ship was able to follow the reference heading angle, while also constraining total acceleration to ensure a safe and comfortable ride for passengers.
To learn how to optimize the lookup tables in the gain scheduled controller using the
sdo.optimize command, see Design Optimization Using Lookup Table Requirements for Gain Scheduling (Code).
% Close the model and restore state of warnings. bdclose('sdoShipSteering') warning(warnState); % restore state of warning


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- Single signal switches activation of genes in a sequential order
- Each state ensures that the previous state is switched off
- Each state 'primes' the next state to make it ready to be switched on
- Signal need only be pulsed for a short time
- First signal pulse is sent, activating On1, On2 and On3
- On2 and On3 cannot yet do anything
- On1 activates Gene1 (which maintains itself) and Prime2 (which also maintains itself)
- After the signal pulse, On1, On2 and On3 will degrade. This leaves Prime2 and Gene1 in the system
- Therefore, the system state is Gene 1 = ON, Gene 2 = OFF, Gene 3 = OFF
- Second signal pulse is sent, activating On1, On2 and On3
- On3 cannot yet do anything
- On1 effectively does nothing because it tells Prime2 and Gene1 to switch on but they already are on
- On2 combined with Prime2 activates Gene2 (which maintains itself) and Prime3 (which maintains itself)
- Gene2 also activates Off1 (self-maintaining), which represses Gene1 and On1
- After the signal pulse, On1, On2 and On3 degrade, leaving Prime 3 and Gene2 in the system
- Therefore the system state is Gene 1 = OFF, Gene 2 ON, Gene 3 OFF
- Third signal pulse is sent, activating On1, On2 and On3
- On1 is repressed
- On2 would activate Prime3 and Gene2 but they are already active
- On3 combined with Prime3 activates Gene3 (which maintains itself)
- Gene3 activates Off2 (self-maintaining), which represses Gene2 and On2
- On1, On2 and On3 degrade after the pulse is stopped, leaving Gene3 in the system
- Therefore the system state is Gene 1 = OFF, Gene 2 = OFF, Gene 3 = ON and we have a system that goes from 0→1→2→3 with a pulse of a single signal.
- The kinetics of this model would be very important, Prime2 cannot accumulate after the first pulse until On2 degrades
- Possible solution, make On2 be activated by Signal + Prime2
- Would it be possible to make all the On proteins the same, with just the Prime protein being the determinant of which state gets turned on next?
- Should the Off1 protein be activated directly by On2/Prime2 to decrease the time until Gene1 is switched off?
- 1. It is great to see a non-binary clock model. How modular will this design be (ie. Can it be easily recombined with other modules for functions other than telling time?)
- 2. If we want to time above 3, what is needed (this again is related to modularity and extension)?
- 3. If this is going to be implemented in a single cell, your pulsing and processing of the entire gene1,2, and 3 expression need to finish prior DNA replication (ie ~ 20mins in E.coli). This also goes to say that lloyd's model001 will encounter this problem too because it is a single cell implementation. Lloyd's model002 is currently underway and it is a B0, B1, B2 cells (ie multicells) approach. Can you explain if this will be a single cell or multicell model?
- 4. How different is your implementation to Elowitz repressilator that also did gene1 ON, gene2 OFF, gene3 OFF, AND THEN gene1 OFF, gene2 ON, gene3 OFF AND THEN gene1 OFF, gene2 OFF and gene3 ON in a cycle manner?
- 5. How does your model deal with asynchronous gene expression responses?


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No long term benefits of baby massage
A gentle massage appears to lower levels of stress hormones in unsettled babies, but there's no evidence that infant massage has any benefit on growth or development, a scientific analysis shows.
Infant massage has long been used in many Asian and African cultures to ease colic and crying, help babies sleep, and even aid their growth and development.
There has also been growing interest in infant massage among parents in Western countries.
UK researchers seeking to assess the science behind the practice analysed 23 clinical trials.
The trials involved infants aged six months and under who were randomly assigned to receive massage or not.
The researchers found that across nine of the studies, gentle massage appeared to improve infants' sleep patterns, ease crying, and strengthen mother-child bonding.
Some studies found that massage reduced babies' levels of the stress hormones norepinephrine and epinephrine and appeared to release melatonin, which is associated with sleep patterns.
Given this apparent hormonal effect, it's "not surprising" that massage seemed to improve sleep and crying, according to the researchers, led by Dr Angela Underdown of the University of Warwick in Coventry, England.
But the nine studies failed to come up with any evidence of cognitive or behavioural benefits.
"There is no evidence of any impact on infant attachment, temperament, psychomotor or mental development," the researchers say.
Overall, the results offer "tentative support" for teaching parents and caregivers infant massage, the investigators conclude.
But they say there isn't enough evidence to universally recommend the practice.
The trials included in the review were conducted in China, North America, Great Britain and Israel, and included 598 healthy, full-term infants.
In some studies, researchers provided the massage, while parents did in others.
Most looked at the effects of daily massage over a period of weeks.
The researchers said 14 of the 23 trials they looked at were not entirely reliable because of concerns about their methodology.
For example, some lacked information about how the study was designed and conducted, meaning more quality research is needed.
It's also unclear how often, when or for how long babies should receive massage to get the most benefits.
Underdown and colleagues recommend that future studies examine these questions.


- With college just a year or two away, why do schools hold seniors and juniors in the same type of work schedule they had when they were in middle school?
 - Knowing that all students learn differently, why do we hold them all to the same structure?
 - With technology and the Internet changing how we work, why do schools retain a structure they had a century ago?
 - With new jobs emerging all the time, and with most people changing careers and jobs much more frequently than ever before, how do we know the traditional school model prepares our graduates for their future?
 - Read about the rationale for why we developed the Blended Classes Model
 At Shattuck-St. Mary's, ScholarShift =
 + self-management
 + 21st century skills
 + passion development and exploration
 + flexibility
 + breaking out of the old schedule
 + customization
 + independence/initiative
 + sustained energy & engagement
 + projects/experiences beyond the classroom
 + "true college prep"
What is ScholarShift®?
 - Beginning with the SSM Class of 2018, our educational approach for the 11th and 12th grades will grow to include, in addition to the excellent college preparatory academic program we have long offered, a series of educational experiences comprised of blended classes, a parallel curriculum of learning modules, and a year-long self-designed educational experience. We are calling this series of experiences ScholarShift.
 - Juniors will choose from a broad catalog of modules, many of which have been proposed by the students themselves. The modules focus on everything from financial literacy to writing poetry, from film making to gender roles in popular media. Students will have the opportunity to study botany in our own backyard, record and edit podcasts in our weCreate Center, and grapple with the complex issues facing our local and national communities today. After completing this foundational year, seniors will spend their final year at SSM engaged in internships, developing significant research projects, or designing other year-long experiences that explore their passions and expand their skills and talents.
 - 11th and 12th grade academic classes will be offered in a blended class model. This model opens up the weekly schedule so that students can engage in the opportunities ScholarShift provides alongside their traditional, classroom-based academic program. It also requires students to hone their time management skills and prepares them for the college model in which seeking extra help from professors requires planning and initiative and each day is not predetermined hour by hour.
 - To meet our academic graduation requirements, our students will complete their academic coursework plus the three-year ScholarShift series of experiences. Completion of these new requirements will be reflected on student transcripts along with the full array of rigorous college preparatory courses currently offered in our curriculum.


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"[i]n some Wiccan traditions, the reversed pentagram is a symbol of "second degree" status – one who has been elevated from "initiate"." This is in reference to the initiation rites used in most Wiccan traditions.
Vivianne Crowley, pagan author of Wicca: The Old Religion in the New Millennium, explains:
The symbol of the second degree is the downward-pointing Pentagram, a symbol associated with the Christian Devil. This is not however the symbol of the Christians' 'Evil One,' but the symbol of the Horned God, the Dark Lord of Death.
Why is the pentagram reversed? The pentagram with its five sides is a very important symbol in Wicca. In terms of spiritual growth, the pentagram is symbolic of the four functions of the personality, together with the fifth or transcendent function, the Self. The five-pointed pentagram shows that the fifth function has emerged, but is not yet transcendent. It lies buried beneath the other four. It is only with the third degree that the pentagram tilts over and attains its rightful upright direction. To turn the pentagram we must uncover that which is hidden, the unknown parts of ourselves.– Source: Vivianne Crowley, Wicca: The Old Religion in the New Millennium. Thorsons, London. 1996. Pages 194-195
Previous page: Pentagram / Pentacle


where the total order on the space of keys is inherited from the order "$ \ge$ " for integers $ \mathbb{Z}$. Especially the set of keys is a totally ordered subset of integers.
Question: How are the two concept of 'key' related to each other? My first idea was that if we consider in light of for definition (as elements of power set of attributes), we can simply randomly enumerate all the keys (that is associate to each key an number; formally speaking to specify an injection $ f:\mathcal{K} \to \mathbb{Z}, K \mapsto f(K)$ where $ \mathcal{K} \subset \Omega(A)$ )
and then treat them as numbers when working with b-trees. Is this exactly the correct connection or is there another deeper one and my approach is wrong?


text:
Molly Bang crafts a tale about anger that kids of all ages can relate to. Click here to read When Sophie Gets Angry–Really, Really Angry… at the ICDL (International Children's Digital Library), then answer the questions below.
1. When you watch a movie or read a book, you are the audience. When writers sit down to create a story, they think about their audience, or who will read the book when it's finished. Molly Bang is the author of When Sophie Gets Angry–Really, Really Angry… Describe the audience.
2. Writers write for a reason. This reason is called the author's purpose. There are three main purposes. The first is to entertain, which means to tell a story that is fun to read. The second reason is to inform. An author informs their audience when they teach them something new. The third reason is to persuade, which is when an author tries to get their audience to do something, or stop doing something. Describe Molly Bang's purpose for writing this book.
3. Narratives are stories, and the characters are the animals, people, or other creatures in the story. Who are the characters in this narrative?
4. The setting of a narrative is where and when it takes place. What is the setting of When Sophie Gets Angry–Really, Really Angry…?
5. A narrative has a conflict, and a resolution. The conflict is the problem. The resolution is how the problem gets fixed. How would you describe the conflict of this narrative?
6. How does Sophie resolve the conflict?
7. Molly Bang received a Caldecott Award for her illustrations in this book. How does she use color to make the characters, setting and action come to life?
8. Writers use similes to compare two things with the words like or as. For example, an author could say a runner is as speedy as a cheetah. Metaphors compare two things without using like or as. When Sophie gets angry, Molly Bang uses the metaphor, "Sophie is a volcano, ready to explode." Write another metaphor for anger that describes Sophie. Next, write a simile for Sophie.
9. Many authors use onomatopoeia to make their books fun to read. Onomatopoeia are words that sound like something real. Some examples are bonk, splat and whoosh. Find "PABAM!" in the book. Why does Molly Bang (whose last name happens to be an example of onomatopoeia) use onomatopoeia on this page?
10. Create a list of five other examples of onomatopoeia that could be used instead of "PABAM!"
11. Alliteration is when authors use the same beginning sound for words. For example, a light, little leaf landed on a log in Louisiana late last night. Locate an example of alliteration in the book. Write the example of alliteration, then draw a picture that matches the words.
12. Look closely at each page of the book. Find your favorite illustration. Use alliteration to describe what you see on the page.
13. The five senses are sight, touch, smell, taste and hearing. A person is mindful when they focus one or more senses on a single thought, feeling, flavor, texture, color or sound. Sophie is mindful after she cries. How does she use her senses during this part of the story?
14. How does mindfulness help Sophie feel better?
15. Describe a time you or someone you know were as angry as Sophie. Describe the conflict. Use transition words like first, next, then, before, after, etc. If there was a resolution, describe that too.
16. How could mindfulness have helped the person feel better?
17. When Sophie sits in the beech tree, Molly Bang writes, "The wide world comforts her." Click here for a kids' dictionary, then look up the meaning of comfort. How can the "wide world" comfort a person?
18. Describe a time something or someone comforted you. Use transition words like first, next, then, before, after, etc.
19. Think about a time when you comforted another person or animal. Describe what happened. Use transition words like first, next, then, before, after, etc.
20. When readers compare two things, they think about how they are the same. Compare yourself to Sophie.
21. Readers contrast two things when they think about how they are different. Contrast Sophie and yourself.
22. When Sophie gets home, it is "warm and smells good." Warm and good are adjectives. Adjectives are used to describe something. Close your eyes and image the warm home, and why it smells good. Explain why the home smells good. Use other adjectives to describe what you imagine.
23. After reading When Sophie Gets Angry–Really, Really Angry…, what questions would you like to ask Sophie, her family, or the author?
24. Everyone feels angry, sad, or worried sometimes. These feelings are perfectly normal. It's okay to feel these emotions, and it's important to recognize them. Recognize means you know what something is, and that it is there. When we feel sad, worried, or angry about something, we can stop to be mindful of our feelings. When we hold on to one of these feelings for too long, it's like trying to blow up a balloon more and more until it pops. When we feel like we're going to pop like a balloon, we need to stop, recognize what is happening, then let out the air. Click here and explore a mindfulness exercise you can use anytime you feel like you're about to pop like a balloon.
E X T E N D....
1. Imagine yourself coming home. Close your eyes and count to thirty. Be mindful of your surroundings. Write and complete the passage below to describe the experience.
When I walk inside, my home smells __________. I also smell __________. I see __________, __________, and __________. They are __________. I can hear __________, __________, __________, and __________. I sit down, and the __________ feels __________, and __________. __________ brings me a __________ for a snack, and I can taste __________, and __________. My home is…
2. Create the scene of yourself coming home. Draw, paint or sculpt what you described. Give it to someone special.


HEVEA pacifier Milky White round (3-36 months)
Unit: tk
8,95 €
Qty.: - +
HEVEA pacifiers are made of 100% natural rubber and painted with FDA (U.S. Food and Drug Administration) approved natural color pigments. The pacifier is biodegradable and does not contain dangerous chemicals - PVC, BPA and phthalates.
The pacifier is gentle on the baby's sensitive skin and tender on the gums and teeth. Thanks to the one piece design, there are no cracks where bacteria could accumulate. The butterfly shaped pacifier leaves enough space for the child's nose and chin, and the ventilation openings help to prevent skin irritation.
When not in use, the pacifier should be kept in a clean and dry place out of direct sunlight and away from heat. It should be stored in a closed, clean and dry container.
If the surface of the soother starts to peel or crack, it is a sign of too long use or incorrect cleaning. It is recommended to replace the pacifier with a new one every two months.
Why does the pacifier change color over time?
No preservatives have been used in the production of HEVEA products and the color of natural rubber changes over time.
How to take care of a pacifier?
Before first use, clean and sterilize the pacifier thoroughly. HEVEA pacifiers are lubricated with a thin layer of vegetable oil so that they do not dry or change color in the package. The oil comes off if the pacifier is cleaned in boiling water before the first use. HEVEA pacifiers are cleaned in a special machine or by briefly dipping the pacifier in boiling water. Do not wash in the dishwasher.
Sarnased tooted
SKU: Hevea_Watermelon_Round_3-36
8,95 €
SKU: Hevea_Natural_Round_3-36
7,50 €
SKU: Hevea_NordicSea_Round_3-36
8,95 €
SKU: Hevea_WinterSky_Round_3-36
8,95 €


text: This research explores how land use shapes social relations in the western Highlands of Scotland, a sparsely populated and largely treeless area officially designated as 'wild land.' While the emptiness of this landscape nurtures apparently incompatible visions of conservation and rural development, resource management in wild areas necessitates frequent collaboration between conservationists and local inhabitants. Critical studies of nature have largely dismissed the wild as ideology and have primarily theorized wilderness areas in terms of capitalist value production. Departing from these trends, this research seeks to take wildness seriously as an emergent property of land and to remain curious about value production that exceeds the rational and the economic. In particular, it asks how actors' laboring engagement with Highland landscapes generates particular forms of human-nonhuman relationality, or'socionatural value'. Focusing on the laboring practices that bring humans and nonhumans into relation, this research will contribute to scholarship on more-than-human sociality and the production of landscape.


text:
An examination of municipal efforts to manage brownfields redevelopment in Ontario, Canada
Keywords:Brownfield, Contamination, Municipal, Planning, Canada
Since the mid-1990s, the reuse of brownfield properties for urban intensification has emerged as a core strategy in government efforts to remediate pollution and support renewal, regeneration, and retrofitting. While upper levels of government in Canada engaged in early efforts to devise policies, programs, and funding strategies to support redevelopment, the job of overseeing it has fallen mainly to local governments. This paper investigates the role of municipalities
in Ontario, Canada's most populous and industrialized province, in managing and facilitating brownfields redevelopment. Survey data from 43 municipalities, coupled with information gathered from six site visitations and provincial information, reveal that despite common goals, tools, and approaches put forward by Ontario municipalities
in their Community Improvement Plans, the management of planning, funding, and redevelopment issues continues to be a challenge for many, resulting in some very proficient municipalities and numerous hopeful ones with limited capacity to address this demanding issue.
Copyright: Institute of Urban Studies


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1 entry found.
Common Name: Purple Amaranthus, Red Cathedral, Prince's Feather
Botanical Name: Amaranthus cruentus (am-a-RAN-thus crew-EN-tus)
Decorative Life: About 7-10 days.
Post Harvest Care
- Remove bottom leaves if present, recut stems under water and place into a fresh flower food solution.
- Member of the Amaranthaceae (amaranth family).
- Native of the Americas.
- Related species include celosia, globe-amaranth and blood-leaf.
- Many small flowers occur in erect, plume-like clusters.
- Stems leafy, 2-3 feet long.
- Plant is an annual and classified as a dicotyledon.
Flower Color: Red, purple, yellow.
- Amaranthus is Greek for unfading, in allusion to the unwithering bracts. Bracts are modified leaves generally associated with flowers and often confused with petals.
- Also known as tassel-flower. The specific epithet name of cruentus means bloody, possibly in reference to red colored flowers.
- Many members of the amaranth family are considered weeds such as pigweed, tumbleweed and water hemp.
- Foliage can be colorful, good as dried flower.
- Commonly grown in the garden.


text:
Box Relationship Infographic Concept with numbered multicolored stripes, arrows, buttons, and text boxes. It can be used for presentation, banner, report, brochure, workflow layout, diagram, number options, web design, infographics.
Use this Smartart Powerpoint in your presentations:
- to show a vertical/horizontal list of information
- (as a better alternative) to replace the classic bulleted list of information
- to represent a continuing sequence of many stages, tasks, or events
- to show a descending/ascending process with many steps, tasks, or events
- to illustrate many ideas or concepts
- for your table of contents/contents
You can also use this flow chart diagram to show the relationship to a Circle Center.
Shapes are 100% editable: colors and sizes can be easily changed.
Box Relationship Infographic Concept
Includes / Features:
- 01 slide
- Light layout
- Ready to use the template with text placeholder
- Completely editable shapes
- Not include animated
- Widescreen (16:9) aspect ratios
- PPTX file
- Avenir Next


text:
Scientific name: Gasterosteus aculaeatus
A diminutive but aggressive predator, the three-spined stickleback hunts tadpoles and small fish. It is also known for fiercely protecting its nest of eggs until they hatch. Look for it in ponds, lakes and rivers.
Average Lifespan: 3-5 years


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Volley passes and concentration
Aim - To improve players concentration, touch and confidence in passing on the volley. To have fun and to test the players ability.
- 1. Concentration, watch the ball on to the foot for a clean connection.
- 2. Let the players have some fun with this but do not let the session turn into mayhem, there is a lot to be gained from this work.
- 3. Softness in the first touch.
- 4. Confidence in the volley, don't be afraid or hesitant.
- 5. Aim to get height on the volleys so it's easier for team mate to adjust.


text:
Self-navigated multishot echo-planar pulse sequence for high-resolution diffusion-weighted imaging.
Nunes RG., Jezzard P., Behrens TEJ., Clare S.
Single-shot techniques have preferentially been adopted for diffusion-weighted imaging due to their reduced sensitivity to bulk motion. However, the limited spatial resolution achievable results in orientational signal averaging within voxels containing a distribution of fibers. This leads to impaired performance of tracking algorithms. To combat partial volume effects, high-resolution multishot techniques can be used but, being more sensitive to motion, require phase correction to obtain artifact-free images. While separately acquiring 2D navigator echoes is an effective approach, it is not very efficient as the navigators do not contribute signal to the final image. Here a self-navigated interleaved echo planar imaging (EPI) sequence based on EPI with keyhole (EPIK) is proposed. The refocusing reconstruction method is successfully adapted to EPIK and compared to the standard linear approach. The resultant improvement in resolution is shown to lead to a significant increase in anisotropy in fiber-branching areas and can potentially offer a superior ability to detect fine tract splits.


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Volunteer as a noun is defined by Dictionary.com as:
a person who voluntarily offers himself or herself for a service or undertaking or a person who performs a service willingly and without pay.
Volunteerism is defined by the same source as above as:
the policy or practice of volunteering one's time or talents for charitable, educational, or other worthwhile activities, esp. in one's community.
I pondered how being a volunteer and volunteerism correlated with my family history and genealogy. I can remember many activities that my mother took part in that would qualify as "volunteer".
- Girl Scout Leader
- Church Council member and President
- Church committee member
- Parent Teacher Organization member
- Substitute Teacher (when it was all volunteer)
- Working at school carnivals and community festivals
- Helping to coordinate her alumna banquets
- Driving elderly friends or church members to church, church functions or back home
- Hosting women's or club functions or bridge parties
- Driving her teenage daughter (me) and friends everywhere
As a member of several organizations (Parents Without Partners, American Legion, FOE Auxilliary, and a Square Dancing Club), I'm sure she put in a good many volunteer hours. Through the church, even when she was ill and couldn't do very much, she still volunteered to cook chickens that would be used for the Tuesday night dinners the church held for the community.
My mom saw volunteerism modeled by both of her parents who were very active in community organizations. My grandparents either separately or together were members of the National Association of Retired Federal Employees (N.A.R.F.E.), American Legion, Eastern Star, and Daughters of America. My grandfather served on the Council for the Village he resided in and worked hard toward the merger of the towns of Fairfield and Osborn in Greene County, Ohio long before they did merge to become Fairborn. He also was a Boy Scout leader for many years and a member of the Masons.
My mom's brother also saw the modeling of this type of volunteerism of his parents and became very active in the community as an adult. He helped organize the Battle Creek (Michigan) Hot Air Balloon championships; was a member of the Masons and the Lions club; member of the Battle Creek chamber of commerce who started the Leadership Academy; helped with Battle Creek's sesquicentenial celebration leading to the formation of PRIDE INC., of Keep America Beautiful; and many other activities.
Researching the many volunteer activities and the organizations my family members have been involved, has led me to the conclusion that they were very giving people and have passed on this sense of helping others. I have spent a good number of years wondering if "no" is part of my vocabulary.
At the age of not yet 50, I have been a Girl Scout Leader for two of my daughters; spent many years on the Christian Education board at church and the Cemetery Board; have now sat on the PTA as a board member and officer for 4 years; helped with one of our community organizations via our church by helping to make lunches for low income families during the summer; as a coordinator, treasurer and public relations chair for a parent organization; and other activities.
So how do I pass this on? Will my volunteerism or that of my mother, my uncle, and my grandparents impact the lives of my children, grandchildren or the great-grandchildren yet to be? And how does one go about volunteering without it being all about them? Helping others – either within a structured organization or individually – is not to make a name for oneself. It shouldn't be done with the thought that others will think more highly of you.
Volunteering in the name of genealogy should take on the same thought process. If you are in the position to help someone – whether it is spending an hour at the local libary looking up obituaries or a census index; going to a nearby cemetery to photograph/transcribe a few headstones; or pointing someone in the right direction – you should. Just because it is the right thing to do. Someday you may need that type of help. Very limited. Very specific.
I don't know how much I've contributed to other's research however I have received communications from very, very distant cousins or people researching the same surname as I am, and I've at least responded or sent them my own communication. If nothing else, I hope they feel that they aren't out in the genealogy research "world" without a paddle – that someone else has read their query or message board post.
I've been helped immensely by volunteers. Not only has a kind lady taken pictures of the requested headstones for me but she photographed other family members' headstones and spent several hours at her local library researching the names and sent me news clippings. And she didn't want one penny for her time or her postage. That is a volunteer – being selfless and not thinking about what was in it for her.
Two of my relatives in my Johnson line along with myself have pooled our resources and research and share everything about our shared lines that we find – including questions about whether we are on the right track.
That is volunteerism through genealogy.
Another definition of Volunteer is someone who signs up, enters, and serves in the military. Even though our service men and women do receive pay from the government, by offering to sacrifice themselves in order to assure our freedom – that is still volunteerism.
I've had many ancestors and family members who have volunteered in such a way. My grandfather for WWI, and went on to serve until the Korean War. My dad and his brothers who served during WWII and even beyond. Cousins who served in the Viet Nam War. Children of first cousins who served in the first Gulf War. A great-grandfather who served in the Civil War. Others who serve now – although not in a battle zone. This type of selfless sacrifice has also been passed down through the generations.
Humanitarian? Philanthropic? – they all add up to VOLUNTEER!
This post was written for the 88th Carnival of Genealogy.
Read Full Post »


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PEI 4-H Fast Facts
- 4-H began in Canada in 1913 in Roland, Manitoba
- 4-H began on PEI in 1918
- 4-H was known as "Boys and Girls Clubs" until 1952
- The 4-H motto, "Learn to do by doing", was adopted in 1952
- 4-H PEI has a history book called, "Rural Roots".
- The first 4-H clubs on PEI were:
- Teach practical business methods, feeding, exhibiting, selling, and to instill a love for animals.
- Gave members a means of contributing to food production while earning money
- First clubs were in Central Lot 16, Tryon, Hillsborou, and Morell.
- Similar goals of inspiring young producers, increasing efficiency, and proper management.
- First clubs were in Charlottetown, Eldon, Hillsboro, Morell, Mt. Stewart, O'Leary, St. Georges, St. Peter's, St. Teresa, Tyne Valley, Tryon and Uigg.
- The Women's Institute developed projects in home economics in 1933
- The five 4-H Districts were established in 1970
- There have been four Presidents of the Canadian 4-H Council from PEI:
1942, 52 – Stewart Wright
1975 – Dale Dewar
1987 - Gwyneth Jones
2000 – John J. MacDonald
4-H Brand and Logo
- 4-H emblem is a four leaf clover with a capital "H" inscribed on each leaf and the word 'Canada' forming the base or banner.
- The official 4-H colors in Canada are green and white. Green is symbolic of agriculture and youth. White is symbolic of purity.
- The 4-H Mascot is Frisco the Fox
- The 4-H Pledge, recited at the beginning of most 4-H events, is:
I pledge:My head to clearer thinking,
My heart to greater loyalty,
My hands to larger service, and my
Health to better living,
For my club, my community, and my country.
4-H PEI Stats
- On Prince Edward Island there are currently:
- 570 members
- 250 leaders
- 23 clubs
- In 2012/13, the top 4-H project was dairy.
- One third of 4-H members identify as living on a farm.
- The longest continuous 4-H Club on PEI is the Freetown Harmony 4-H club: 85 years and counting!


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There is a horizontal distance of 9 km between two cities on the Croatian coast. The road connecting these two cities has a climb of 13 permille. What is the height difference between Croatian cities?
Did you find an error or inaccuracy? Feel free to write us. Thank you!
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Related math problems and questions:
- Mountain railway
The railway line's height difference between points A and B is 38.5 meters. Their horizontal distance is 3.5 km. Determine the average climb in permille up the track.
For horizontal distance 4.2 km, road rise by 6.3 m. Calculate the road pitch in ‰ (permille, parts per thousand).
Between cities A and B is a route 13 km long of average 7‰ stúpanie. Calculate the height difference between cities A and B.
Between points A and B, whose horizontal distance is 1.5 km, the railway line has an 8 permille climb. Between points, B and C with a horizontal distance of 900 m are climbed 14 permille. Calculate differences in altitudes between points A and C.
- Two municipalities
The horizontal distance between municipalities is 39 km. The average sinking is 7 per mille. What is the difference in height between these municipalities?
- Climb in percentage
The height difference between points A and B is 475 m. Calculate the percentage of route climbing if the horizontal distance between places A and B is 7.4 km.
- Horizontal 3166
The road leading from place A to B has a gradient of 9%. Determine the horizontal distance of these two places, assuming that the difference in their altitudes is 27.9 m.
Railways climb 2.8 ‰. Calculate the height difference between two points on the railway distant 5997 meters.
- Difference 7985
The distance between cities A and B is 125 km. Two cars start from these places at the same time. The difference in their speed was 3 km/h. They met in an hour. What was the speed of each car?
- Distance 3528
The direct distance between Prague - Moscow is 1680 km. How far apart are these cities on the scale map 1:_PHONE_?
- Difference 23481
The distance as the crow flies between Dolní and Horní Ves is 3 km, and the steady climb is 5%. What is the height difference between Horní and Dolní Ves rounded to the nearest meter?
The road sign which informs the climb is 8.7%—the car drive 5 km along this road. What is the height difference that the car went?
- Horizontal 26131
What height difference does the 2.5 km long ski lift overcome when the horizontal distance of the entry and exit station is 1200 meters?
- Difference 6029
Between the resorts is 15km, and the climb is 13 per mille. What is the height difference?
- Carousel for children
There are 5 seats evenly distributed on the children's carousel in the shape of a circle. What kind the arm of the carousel (connecting the center of the carousel to the seat) is long if the distance between with two seats is 1.2m?
- Distance between two cities
The car went from A to B in 4 hours. The car was up 15 km/h faster on the way back. The return trip took 48 minutes shorter than the way there. Find the distance of cities A and B.
Railway line had on 5.8 km segment climb nine permille. How many meters does the track ascent?


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Modeling the effect of varying seawater temperature and carbon concentration on coral life expectancy
A NetLogo-based model has been used to simulate the life expectancy of corals under different parameters. The model focuses on exogenous variables initial temperature of the system and carbon concentration. The simulation has been divided into three parts–varying initial temperature, varying carbon concentration, and extreme temperatures. Results have shown that as the initial temperature increases, the time it took to wipeout the population of corals decreases. Additionally, simulating 29°C initial temperature has shown that corals stopped reproducing. As for carbon concentration, carbon molecules act as catalysts in seawater temperature increase resulting in faster coral-population wipeout for high number of carbon molecules and contribute to ocean acidification. Lastly, coral health rapidly depletes for extreme temperatures. The number of carbon molecules in the system and the initial temperature of the system have been shown to be high-leverage variables.


Pointers in Haskell??
Jeff Dalton _EMAIL_
Fri, 7 Dec 2001 17:07:52 GMT
The answers are making this question seem trickier than I'd thought it
was, because so far they (both) make it sound like structure-sharing
is tied very closely to names / variables. For instance:
> In Haskell, you can arrange for a large data structure to be shared by
> giving it a name, and then using the name wherever you'd use a pointer in
> some other language.
The idea here seems to be that you have a name that refers
specifically to the struccture you wish to share (as opposed
to needing only an expression whose value is that structure),
and then there are two possible interpretations:
One possible interpretation is: this is *a* way to get sharing,
to show that it's possible to have shared structures.
The other possible interpretation is: this is *the* (only) way
to do it.
What I'd expected was that it would suffice to have an expression
(and indeed that implementationally it would be much like Lisp or
Java so that values were always (except in exceptional cases)
secretly "pointers to".)
-- Jeff


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A visit to National Zoological Park
A trip to the National Zoological Park was organized for the students of Nursery to class II on 23rd of August 2018. The Delhi Zoo is home to several mammals, birds, reptiles and other species in a diverse natural habitat. The day was cloudy and sunny making it perfect for walking around the zoo. The students enthusiastically observed an array of animals and birds as their teachers pointed out their special characteristics. They saw some familiar and unfamiliar species of animals and birds– the Asiatic Lion, White Tiger, Bengal Tiger, leopard, African Elephant, jaguar, Black Swan, migratory birds, etc. The students were curious to know more about the animals and there was a seemingly unending stream of questions from the inquiring bunch! The teachers patiently pointed out interesting features about each animal, thus helping them stretch their little 'banks of information' on animals. The students were very excited to see animals and birds 'for real' in their natural habitat as compared with looking at them in their picture books and on television.