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The Scunthorpe problem occurs when a spam filter or search engine blocks e-mails or search results because their text contains a string of letters that are shared with an obscene word. While computers can easily identify strings of text within a document, broad blocking rules may result in false positives, causing innocent phrases to be blocked.
Origin and history
The problem was named after an incident in 1996 in which AOL's dirty-word filter prevented residents of the town of Scunthorpe, North Lincolnshire, England from creating accounts with AOL, because the town's name contains the substring cunt. Years later, Google's filters apparently made the same mistake, preventing residents from searching for local businesses that included Scunthorpe in their names.
Other examples
Mistaken decisions by obscenity filters include:
Refused web domain names and email addresses
- In April 1998, Jeff Gold attempted to register the domain name
shitakemushrooms.com, but he was blocked by an InterNIC filter prohibiting the "seven dirty words" which was active between 1996 and the transfer of control to ICANN. (Shitake is from the Japanese name for the edible fungus Lentinula edodes.)
- In 2000, a Canadian television news story on web filtering software found that the website for the Montreal Urban Community (Communauté urbaine de Montréal, in French) was entirely blocked because its domain name was its French acronym CUM (_URL_); "cum" (among other meanings) is English-language slang for "semen".
- In February 2004, in Scotland, Craig Cockburn reported that he was unable to use his surname (pronounced "Coburn") with Hotmail. Separately he had problems with his workplace email because of the string cialis within his job title of software specialist. He was told by Hotmail to spell his name C0ckburn (with a zero instead of the letter "o"); Hotmail later reversed the ban. In 2010 he had a similar problem registering on the BBC site where again the first four characters of his surname caused a problem for the content filter.
- In February 2006, Linda Callahan, a resident of Ashfield, Massachusetts, was initially prevented from registering her name with Yahoo! as an e-mail address as it contained the substring Allah. Yahoo! later reversed the ban.
- In July 2008, Dr. Herman I. Libshitz was initially unable to get the e-mail address he wanted from Verizon because it contained the substring shit. A spokesperson commented: "As a general rule (since 2005) Verizon doesn't allow questionable language in e-mail addresses, but we can, and do, make exceptions based on reasonable requests. The one from Dr. and Mrs. Libshitz certainly is reasonable and we regret the inconvenience and frustration they've been caused."
Blocked web searches
- The filter of the free wireless service of the town of Whakatane in New Zealand blocked searches involving the town's own name, because the phonetic analysis used by the filter deemed the "whak" to sound like fuck. The town name is Maori, and in the Maori language "wh" is most commonly pronounced as "f".
- Gareth Roelofse noted: "We found many library Net stations, school networks and Internet cafes block sites with the word'sex' in the domain name. This was a challenge for RomansInSussex.co.uk because its target audience is school children."
- In July 2011, web searches in China on the name Jiang were blocked following claims on the Sina Weibo microblogging site that former president Jiang Zemin had died. Since the word "Jiang" also means "river" in Chinese, searches related to rivers including the Yangtze (Cháng Jiāng) produced the message "According to the relevant laws, regulations and policies, the results of this search cannot be displayed."
Blocked emails
- In October 2004, it was reported that the Horniman Museum in London was failing to receive some of its e-mail because filters mistakenly decided that its name was a version of the words horny man.
- Problems can occur with the words socialism, socialist, and specialist because they contain the substring Cialis, the brand name for an erectile dysfunction medication commonly advertised in spam e-mails. Blocking of the word specialist is liable to block emailed résumés and curricula vitae and other material including job descriptions.
Blocked for word with two meanings
- In May 2006, Ray Kennedy from Manchester in the UK found that e-mails that he had written to his local council to complain about a planning application had been blocked as they contained the word erection when referring to a structure.
- In October 2004, e-mails advertising the pantomime Dick Whittington sent by a teacher from Norwich in the UK were blocked by school computers because of the use of the word Dick, sometimes used as slang for penis.
- In February 2003, members of Parliament at the British House of Commons found that a new spam filter was blocking e-mails to them. It blocked e-mails containing references to the Sexual Offences Bill then under debate, and some messages relating to a Liberal Democrat consultation paper on censorship. It also blocked e-mails sent in Welsh because it did not recognise the language.
- Resumes of magna cum laude graduates have been blocked by spam filters because of inclusion of the word cum, which here is Latin for with but in English is sometimes used as slang for semen.
- Blocked e-mails and web searches relating to The Beaver (based in Winnipeg) caused the publisher to change its name to Canada's History after 89 years of publication. Publisher Deborah Morrison commented: "Back in 1920, The Beaver was a perfectly appropriate name. And while its other meaning is nothing new, its ambiguity began to pose a whole new challenge with the advance of the Internet. The name became an impediment to our growth".
- A councillor in Dudley found an email flagged for profanity by his council's security software after mentioning the Black Country dish faggots.
- In 2007, the Royal Society for the Protection of Birds blocked ornithological terms such as cock (male bird) and tit, Shag and Booby from its discussion forums.
- Residents of Penistone in South Yorkshire.
- Lightwater in Surrey suffered similarly because its name contains the substring twat.
- Residents of Clitheroe (Lancashire, England) have been repeatedly inconvenienced because their town's name includes the substring clit, which (among other meanings) is short for "clitoris".
News articles damaged
- In June 2008, a news site run by the American Family Association filtered an Associated Press article on sprinter Tyson Gay, replacing instances of "gay" with "homosexual", thus rendering his name as "Tyson Homosexual".
- The word "ass" may be replaced by "butt", resulting in "clbuttic" for "classic" and "buttbuttinate" for "assassinate".
- In December 2011, it was reported that software used by Virgin Media had filtered words including "Arsenal" (for "arse"), and "Canal" (for "anal").
See also
- Censorship by Google
- Cupertino effect
- Detecting spam
- Medireview – arose as blindly replacing "eval" with "review" in the word "medieval"
- Clive Feather (25 April 1996). In Peter G. Neumann. "AOL censors British town's name!". ACM Committee on Computers and Public Policy.
- Declan McCullagh (23 April 2004). "Google's chastity belt too tight".
- Paul Festa (27 April 1998). "Food domain found "obscene"". News.com.
- "Foire aux questions". radio-canada.ca. Retrieved 24 February 2011.
- Barker, Garry (26 February 2004). "How Mr C0ckburn fought spam". Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 24 February 2011.
- Cockburn, Craig (9 March 2010). "BBC fail – my correct name is not permitted". blog.siliconglen.com. Retrieved 24 February 2011.
- "Is Yahoo Banning Allah?". Kallahar's Place. Retrieved 24 February 2011.
- "When your name gets turned against you". Archived from the original on 5 August 2008. Retrieved 3 August 2008.
- "F-Word Town's Name Gets Censored By Internet Filter". Retrieved 27 July 2011.
- Chin, Josh (6 July 2011). "Following Jiang Death Rumors, China's Rivers Go Missing". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 7 July 2011.
- Kwintner, Adrian (5 October 2004). "Name of museum is confused with porn". News Shopper. Retrieved 24 February 2011.
- "Comment headaches". The Peking Duck. 21 November 2004. Retrieved 24 February 2011.
- BBC E-mail filter blocks 'erection' 30 May 2006
- Sam Jones Panto email falls foul of filth filter The Guardian 14 October 2004
- BBC E-mail vetting blocks MPs' sex debate 4 February 2003
- BBC Software blocks MPs' Welsh e-mail 5 February 2003
- Maher, Kris. "Don't Let Spam Filters Snatch Your Resume". Career Journal. Retrieved 11 February 2008.
- "Canada's The Beaver magazine renamed to end porn mix-up". Agence France-Presse. 12 January 2010. Retrieved 12 January


Science Can Now Make Human Blood from Skin
By: Amanda Chang - Nov 8, 2010
References: montrealgazette
Time consuming and mis-matchy blood transfusions may be a thing of the past as scientists at McMaster University have discovered how to make human blood from skin. That's right folks, the potential to personally make your own blood from the very skin on your bones is just around the corner.
The procedure to make human blood from skin involves taking a tiny extract of skin, extract fibroblasts, then add proteins of DNA within a petri dish to complete the process. Researchers predict this lab-grown blood could be ready for testing within a span of two years.


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Published by European Expert Network on Culture (EENC): April 2012
This literature review examined the impact of the arts on students' engagement with school as well as school attractiveness. If the current trend is for schools to adopt more market-driven approaches to provision of education, this review sheds some light on the factors which influence school attractiveness – viewed through the eyes of the various stakeholders involved: students, families, teachers, school boards & administrators, as well as community, economy and labour markets.
Whilst the focus has been on literature within the EU, relevant documents from elsewhere in the world have been included where their results have bearing on the European school context.
The paper concludes that there is strong evidence which suggests:
1) The arts improve the social climate of the school and reduce negative social interactions and anti-social behaviour. This directly improves pupils' perceptions of school and increases the likelihood of the school being seen as being and attractive place by the pupils and teachers.
2) The inclusion of the arts in the school day provides opportunities from communication and emotional development not generally part of other school subjects. An improved emotional connection between pupils and teachers is shown to improve school attractiveness to pupils.
3) Including the arts and culture in a sustained, high quality manner promotes a core 'liberal' and broad curriculum; and this leads to improved academic attainment which can increase school attractiveness to parents and policy makers.
Some evidence was found which suggested that an arts-rich school may have: improved quality of teaching and leadership (including cultural sensitivities); and more effective practice for working with pupils with special educational needs
There is weaker evidence to suggest that arts-rich schools may have a positive impact on future employability.
- The arts within education can provide effective learning opportunities to the general student population, yielding increased academic performance, reduced absenteeism, and better skill-building. Even more compelling is the striking success of arts-based educational programmes among disadvantaged populations, especially at-risk youth. For this segment of society most likely to suffer from limited lifetime productivity, the arts contribute to lower recidivism rates; increased self-esteem; the acquisition of job skills; and the development of much needed creative thinking, problem solving and communications skills.
- Certain abilities are particularly effectively learnt in the arts, such as exploring, imagining, observing and reflecting. Art-rich pedagogy can also promote the development of other competences like intercultural understanding, entrepreneurship or, put simply, "learning to learn". It may increase cultural understanding, enjoyment and achievement and identity amongst other attributes.
- Through creating in the arts, pupils gain self-confidence.
- A UK study conducted which examined young people's motivation concluded that pupils were most likely to be (and feel) engaged where they had a sense of achievement, growth and enjoyment. Arguably, these characteristics are more likely in the arts activities as these are not likely to have 'right and wrong' answers nor pre-determined age related outcomes. According to the study, adolescents placed a high value on activities that allowed them to meet new people and make friends. Similarly, they wanted to gain skills and feel they were helping improve society or solve a problem.
- Children must experience high quality arts education for the positive impacts of arts education on school attractiveness to become apparent. The results from the global study of arts education suggest that in around ¼ of all instance of arts education, the quality is so low as to negatively affect a child's artistic and creative development. Given this, it is imperative that the arts education reaches certain levels of quality; and this quality is available for all children – regardless of their artistic skills and abilities, initial motivation, behaviour, economic status or other entering attributes. Providing classes for talented or interested students only cannot be considered as providing a comprehensive education for all.
Further research: The study recommended that more research studies be conducted into:
- The impact of the arts on school attractiveness in terms of attracting and retaining effective school leaders and quality teachers
- The impact of the arts on school attractiveness in terms of pupil retention and reduction in school 'drop outs' (reducing early school leaving)
- The impact of the arts on school attractiveness in terms of improving employability and or community perceptions of pupils from particular school settings
- The comparative impact of the arts on school attractiveness in terms of different school 'client' groups such as those from different social classes, levels of aspiration, boys and girls, rural and/or city children, those with special education needs and so on.
- More specific research about exactly the type and quality of arts experiences (including across the different art forms) lead to particular levels of positive impact on school attractiveness.
To download this paper, visit: _URL_

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


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The Story of the Fire-Swan contains examples of:
- Elemental Rock-Paper-Scissors: Because the fire-swan's feathers are in some way made of flames, they can't develop properly as long as he's in water.
- Gray Rain of Depression: The fire-swan swims around in one for a time, due to his inability to fly.
- The Owl-Knowing One: The fire-swan goes to seek the wise old owls help.
- Swans A-Swimming: The protagonist; the fire-swan.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


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Last year the Lubee Bat Conservancy in Gainesville, Florida welcomed twelve bat pups, including the rare birth of twins by mother Variable Flying Fox "Charisma." This organization is dedicated to conserving "fruit and nectar" bats because these animals are vital to pollination and seed dispersal in many of the world's jungles. The evolutionary origins of bats are a subject of much debate but they are most certainly NOT flying rodents. Once thought to be more closely related to shrews and hedgehogs, recent genetic evidence suggests bats may be more closely related to carnivores like bears, dogs and cats.
A Large Flying Fox pup clings to a stuffed animal
Large Flying Fox pup and mom. Above photo credits: D. LeBlanc / Lubee Bat Conservancy
Rare Variable Flying Fox pup twins with mom. Photo credit: S. Mulder, Lubee Bat Conservancy


5777 Angel Number – Meaning and Symbolism
Today's modern world is not familiar with many mysteries and many phenomena that exist.
But there are also people who have encountered certain phenomena and who have relayed their experiences throughout our history.
Our topic today will talk about one such phenomenon.
This phenomenon is unknown to many and they do not believe in it, but we can say that this is one of the things that every man would like to experience.
This phenomenon is called Angel Numbers and anyone who has encountered it has said that his life has changed and that he has become happier.
In our world every man has a certain destiny and a certain life path and these numbers can tell us some things about our lives or show us what our future will look like.
Angel Numbers help us to communicate with the angels who have been with us throughout our lives.
They have certain plans and messages that speak to us through these numbers.
Each man has his own number and if it happened to meet with Angel Numbers then we have to understand the message of these numbers and change some life habits or decisions.
Many people have misunderstood this phenomenon and did not want to continue researching these numbers.
We can say that it was a mistake because this phenomenon is a sign that we have something special that can affect our better future.
That is why it is very important for us to understand the signs that these numbers send us because it will help us to be better people and shape our future in the way that we want.
Today we will try to describe to you what Angel Number 5777 says about your present life and your future.
This number carries some hidden messages that you will need to interpret to find your happiness and to create the future that you dreamed of.
What Does Angel Number 5777 Mean?
Angel Number 5777 has specific characteristics and positive vibes that send people a sense of security, ambition, positivity and a desire to move forward.
This number brings a certain dose of happiness that gives people the charisma and confidence that helps them successfully complete each task and gain the necessary experience.
Angel Number 5777 has great power that must be used in the right way.
This number is created from the influence of number 5 and from the triple energy and vibration of number 7.
Number 7 sends a great influence and power to this Angel Number and this number mainly determines how the people in this number will create a life path.
Number 5 does not have too much influence on this number but it does have some impacts. This number may provide some characteristics that are important, but they are not in very large quantities.
For this number we can say that it is a very positive number and therefore describes people who have a strong character and a strong will to achieve great success in life.
They are very good friends, parents and they will always be there to help you and give you different life advice.
Number 5 also describes people who are loyal and sincere and who will always express love for their partners.
This number also influences on life decisions and if you decide to start a new business this number tells you that you will have a good start.
Number 7 represents experience, charisma, talent, creativity and courage. This number helps us to be successful in various areas of life.
Number 7 represents a large number of successful people who have managed to gain fame and a good financial life.
This number also gives a certain amount of courage that helps us to overcome many of life's obstacles.
Number 7 helps us to forget the ugly things of the past and helps us to keep going and think about our future.
This number has a good impact on our mental and physical strength and describes people who have the strong will and desire to thrive in all areas of life.
This number, combined with other numbers, gives a great deal of luck in future periods.
Number 7 appears 3 times in Angel Number 5777, so we can say that it exerts a triple impact and gives triple energy.
Therefore, the influence of this number is very strong and it is the main one in the creation of human character.
Angel Number 5777 is also closely related to Number 26 because the sum of its numbers gives Number 26.
Number 26 brings additional motivation and courage.
The Secret Meaning and Symbolism
Angel Number 5777 is a number associated with people who have been able to show their creative side to other people and to make financial success from it.
This Angel Number gives people a great deal of motivation and desire to move forward, which is why they are always at the top of society.
People in this number are never satisfied with the results that they achieved and they feel that they can always achieve more.
Their motive for life is work and progress, which is why they rarely take a break.
Sometimes they neglect family and friends, but this is not a sign that they do not like them.
Angel Number 5777 has many hidden symbols and messages and one of them is that sometimes you have to take a break and dedicate yourself to other things in life.
You are a person who is full of ambition and it is certain that you will continue to succeed in the future.
The people in this issue are also humanists, and they often want to help other people.
Angel Number 5777 also symbolizes physicians, professors, scientists and people who contribute to society.
This number has a strong and specific energy and that is why these people are generally successful in different fields of life.
They are very loyal and sincere friends and they would never fail to meet your expectations.
Love and Number 5777
Angel Number 5777 has a loving energy that must be used on the right partner.
The people in this number are free spirited and they are great adventurers who like to experiment.
If you try to deprive these people of their freedom, they will not allow you.
They want to find a partner who will have the same thinking and qualities as them.
These individuals possess charisma, positivity and therefore it is not difficult for them to make a good impression on other people.
Angel Number 5777 also describes people who, when married, often spend a lot of time at work.
This number advises that you sometimes take the time for your partner and go on a joint trip and take a vacation.
Angel Number 5777 says that there is only one life and that you must take the maximum of it.
Interesting Facts about Number 5777
5777 is the name of a sci-fi movie that has gained popularity in Germany.
5777 is the name of a weapon used in World War II.
5777 is the name of a Japanese video game.
What To Do When You See Angel Number 5777?
The most important thing is to continue with your plans, but also to take a short break from your business life.
Remember that life is one and that you have to create beautiful periods in it.
Related posts:


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2005 HSR&D National Meeting Abstract
3001 — Enhancing Performance Monitoring: What Can We Learn from Physician Explanations of Poor Care?
Hogan MM (VA Ann Arbor Healthcare System)
Kerr EA (VA Ann Arbor Healthcare System)
Hofer TP (VA Ann Arbor Healthcare System)
Hayward RA (VA Ann Arbor Healthcare System)
Asch SM (Greater LA Healthcare System)
Standard performance monitoring in VA and managed care relies on explicit assessments using a guideline-based checklist approach for a limited number of conditions and measures. Using physician structured implicit review (SIR) we compared physician's explanations for poor care with three explicit performance measurement systems to identify areas where explicit performance monitoring can be enhanced.
We sampled 621 veterans with at least two visits in each of two years in two VHA regions, oversampling for diabetes and COPD. The sample was 97% male with a mean age of 62. Twelve physicians reviewed medical records used an SIR instrument and explained poor care ratings. Poor care explanations were matched to indicators in three explicit systems; QA Tools, with 30 conditions and over 400 indicators, VA External Peer Review Program (EPRP) and the Health Plan Data and Information Set (HEDIS), each with fewer conditions and indicators.
Overall, 54% of the 2480 explanations matched indicators in any of the explicit systems. Matches varied by explicit system (QA Tools, 49.9%, EPRP, 39%, HEDIS, 13.6%) and by condition (prevention, 82.8%; diabetes, 59.2%; hypertension, 41.9%; COPD, 37.3%; other chronic conditions 28.5%). We further examined matching and non-matching explanations. For example, for diabetes there were 239 explanations of poor care that matched physician explanations, and 75% (179) were accounted for by four commonly measured items: renal evaluation (N=46), foot exams (N=46), eye exams (N=45), and A1c monitoring (N=42). Among non-matching diabetes explanations (N=165), the most common were failure to change medications in response to the patient's condition (e.g., elevated A1c) (24%, N=40), failure to work up abnormal test results (15%, N=24), and other ongoing assessment (13%, N=22).
Explanations were more likely to match explicit indicators for conditions with good evidence and commonly used standards, e.g., prevention and diabetes. Explanations for poor care were frequently not covered in any of three explicit measurement systems.
Explicit performance monitoring has the advantages of being readily understood and informing health systems about specific areas for quality improvement. Implicit reviews offer opportunities to identify potential new indicators for inclusion in explicit performance monitoring.


Laminate is a synthetic, multi-layered flooring that is fused together during a process called lamination. Laminate mimics wood or sometimes a stone/tile effect, with a photographic applique layer under a clear protective coat. These floors are highly resistant to splashes and scratches, making them extremely versatile. Laminates have grown significantly in popularity, mostly because it's cost effective, smart, hygienic, durable and reasonably easy to maintain.
Want to find out more?


_USER_{NBERw14906, title = "Motivating Politicians: The Impacts of Monetary Incentives on Quality and Performance", author = "Claudio Ferraz and Frederico Finan", institution = "National Bureau of Economic Research", type = "Working Paper", series = "Working Paper Series", number = "14906", year = "2009", month = "April", doi = {10.3386/w14906}, URL = "_URL_ abstract = {Recent studies have emphasized the importance of the quality of politicians for good government and consequently economic performance. But if the quality of leadership matters, then understanding what motivates individuals to become politicians and perform competently in office becomes a central question. In this paper, we examine whether higher wages attract better quality politicians and improve political performance using exogenous variation in the salaries of local legislators across Brazil's municipal governments. The analysis exploits discontinuities in wages across municipalities induced by a constitutional amendment defining caps on the salary of local legislatures according to municipal population. Our main findings show that higher wages increases political competition and improves the quality of legislators, as measured by education, type of previous profession, and political experience in office. In addition to this positive selection, we find that wages also affect politicians' performance, which is consistent with a behavioral response to a higher value of holding office.}, }


Having Students Show Work with Screencastify
Every math teacher knows the struggle to get students to show their work, and remote and hybrid learning have only made this task more difficult. Screencastify can be a solution for teachers to visually assess students' thinking while completing a math problem. In this session, we'll demonstrate how to use Screencastify to show student work.


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Monitoring of underground coal fires using thermal infrared data
Mansor, S. B. and Cracknell, Arthur P. and Shilin, B. V. and Gornyi, V. I. (1994) Monitoring of underground coal fires using thermal infrared data. International Journal of Remote Sensing, 15 (8). pp. _PHONE_. ISSN 0143-1161
Full text not available from this repository.
Official URL: _URL_
The potential utility of thermal infrared and short wavelength infrared data for detecting and mapping sub-surface high temperature sources is analysed. In this study, NOAA-9 AVHRR data and Landsat-5 TM data were used to detect and map sub-surface coal fires. Brightness temperature depicted by AVHRR band 3 illustrated high thermal anomalies in the suspected area. Due to the relatively low spatial resolution of the AVHRR data, only TM data is used in detailed analysis. The short wavelength infrared sensors (bands 5 and 7) have been used to locate the positions of the most intense burning. The thermal band (band 6) has been useful in distinguishing gross thermal anomalies from the background of solar warming, The resultant surface temperature anomalies are compared to surface temperatures derived from thermal infrared aerial survey and ground measurements. Correlation of these data indicate that the relatively coarse resolution of the thermal TM data enabled the detection, delineation and quantifying of sub-surface coal fire zones. However, the capability of the short wavelength infrared bands to locate the position of the fire fronts is only preliminary. The research shows that the information gathered from the TM data could only be used as a basis for planning the detailed ground geothermal operation. The investigation also reveals the potential capability of the AVHRR band 3 to detect sub-surface high temperature sources such as coal fires.
Repository Staff Only: Edit item detail


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There are 3 ways to support our monthly fund.
1. Just download the standing order HERE take it to your bank or do it online, but, return the gift aid slip to Maggie with your details. This goes towards a teacher's
salary, a daily meal, text books, basic health care and a uniform.
2. Select a Zambian child or we will find a child for you. There would be no direct contact or letters exchanged but you would receive a yearly report from their teacher
3. Match up a child with a Zambian child of approximately 2 years older who is extremely poor yet is showing great potential academically. Aims and interests can be
shared ( see picture above). Letters can be exchanged once a term and also a newsletter.
All your money gets to the cause, goes into a fund and not given to the child.
Please email: _EMAIL_, if you'd like more details or a list of children's profiles.


text: During the 2020 COVID-19 pandemic, governments set recommendations and restrictions that have given rise to new situations that require residents to deliberate and respond nonautomatically. For highly impulsive individuals, dealing with these situations may be harder, as they tend to deliberate less about the consequences of their behaviors. In this study, we investigate the relationship between impulsivity and delay discounting on the one hand and compliance with COVID-19 restrictions on the other hand. We distinguish between compliance with social distancing measures and compliance with hygiene measures. Regression analyses of an international sample of 6759 students from seven European countries reveal that the self-reported personality construct of impulsivity is negatively related to both types of compliance behavior. However, and unexpectedly, we also find a weak positive association between the discount rate—as measured by a behavioral task—and compliance. Our study highlights the importance of individual differences in impulsivity in regard to compliance with public health measures during a pandemic.


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Boffin says Astronomical Unit should be binned
Fails to allow for shrinky sun, spiralling Earth
An astronomer based in Canada has published a paper arguing that distances within the solar system should no longer be measured using Astronomical Units (AU), which is currently standard practice.
An AU is approximately equal to the distance between Earth and Sun, but the International Astronomical Union actually defines it differently. According to the IAU, an AU's value is based on the Gaussian gravitational constant - which itself assumes that the Sun has a constant mass.
But Peter Noerdlinger of St Mary's University points out that in fact the Sun loses an ultra-minuscule proportion of itself every second due to the continual conversion of mass into solar energy. (About three millionths of a quadrillionth goes every second if we've got our sums right; or three billionths of a trillionth if you prefer. This equates to around six million tonnes, which is 60 US Navy aircraft carriers or 80-million-odd international adjusted Sarah Beenys completely annihilated.)
The Sun's shrinkage means that Earth gets further away and slows down in its progress all the time, gradually spiralling outwards into darkness and deviating from where it should be under IAU rules; which makes Noerdlinger mad.
"Units are not supposed to change," he told New Scientist, describing the situation as "quite a nuisance" and insisting that "for scientific and engineering usage, it is essential to get it right".
The testy boffin reckons variance in the AU could account for the so-called "Pioneer anomaly", in which NASA's Pioneer space probes have wandered off their calculated courses since heading out into interstellar space. He proposes using metres instead. ®


Faye Chamberlain
Concepts Faye Chamberlain is a UK-based photographer who works across a broad range of styles, from fine art to documentary. Her body of work is at once immediate and vivid but also imbued with a profound humanism. My images centre on people, she reveals, exploring their relationships with both each other and their environment. Her social documentary photographs are an acute study of the minutiae of peoples behaviour, recording small, unconscious actions - these seemingly insignificant details providing a telling insight into the delicate fabric of societies. She applies the same theories to still life and landscapes. By using selective focus and through compositing several photographs together, she again draws the eye to detail, creating textural, sensual images. Chamberlain uses traditional methods of photography but outputs digitally and is excited by the potential of new technology, currently experimenting with different techniques and new materials. In her ten years as a professional, she's been able to alternate between both personal projects and commissions, her work featuring in many exhibitions and installations. Influences Chamberlain's influences include the British people and the habits of the UK's diverse population. Artists who inspire her include Bernd and Hilla Becher, Mark Power, Martin parr, William Eggleston, Simon Norfolk & Tony Ray-Jones. Career path Chamberlain's career path begins with my degree at Staffordshire University, completed in 1996, through self employment, self-initiated and self funded projects, commissions and residencies including Arts Council of England, Norfolk & Norwich University Hospitals and Sheffield Museums. Aims for current projects include publication, exhibition and installation. read full statement
Location South Wales, Wales
Website _URL_


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The LabCom _USER_, Laboratoire pour l'Insertion des Energies Nouvelles et l'Optimisation des Réseaux, is a joint laboratory funded by the ANR bringing together the LIAS laboratory and the distribution network operator SRD, the 5th largest electricity distribution network operator in France.
SRD develops, operates, maintains and modernises nearly 12,000 km of electricity network and nearly 150,000 delivery points in the Vienne department, and manages the associated data.
For several years, the growth of the ENR production park has been rapid and sustained: the installed capacity on the SRD network, which manages and operates the electricity networks of 244 communes in the Vienne department, increased from 119 MegaWatt (MW) at the end of 2014 to 340 MW at the end of 2020. That same year, the energy produced locally and injected into the SRD network represented 55% of the energy consumed in the same territory.
LabCom's research is divided into four areas of research:
- optimisation of the distribution of electrical flows,
- estimation and forecasting of consumption and ENR production,
- study of the impact of new uses,
- industrialisation of the tool combining the contributions of the three previous axes.


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Improved Limits on Spin-Dependent WIMP-Proton Interactions from a Two Liter CF3I Bubble Chamber
Data from the operation of a bubble chamber filled with 3.5 kg of CF3I in a shallow underground site are reported. An analysis of ultrasound signals accompanying bubble nucleations confirms that alpha decays generate a significantly louder acoustic emission than single nuclear recoils, leading to an efficient background discrimination. Three dark matter candidate events were observed during an effective exposure of 28.1 kg-day, consistent with a neutron background. This observation provides the strongest direct detection constraint to date on WIMP-proton spin-dependent scattering for WIMP masses >20 GeV/c^2.
Szydagis, Matthew M., "Improved Limits on Spin-Dependent WIMP-Proton Interactions from a Two Liter CF3I Bubble Chamber" (2011). Physics Faculty Scholarship. 34.


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Tape can be a very practical thing to have around! In animal health, tapes and wraps are often used to support, help with healing, bandaging, and to improve performance. But there are other, lesser-known applications as well.
In a paper published in 2006, authors were looking at ways to improve absorption of topical medications into the skin of horses. Different topical treatments can have different rates of absorption, skin irritation, and can lead to side effects if it doesn't absorb quickly.
These authors worked in a lab with frozen skin samples of Thoroughbred Geldings. They then worked with the skin samples the following ways:
- No skin treatment
- Cleaning the samples with chlorhexidine (mixed in solution or alcohol)
- Tape-stripped using adhesive tape
The authors found that all techniques of chemical cleaning increased skin absorption, but also that the skin previously treated with tape also had greater absorption, without needing to use any chemical preparation. This approach showed that horse skin reacts to topical treatments very differently when the skin has been prepared prior to treatments, which is important for caregivers to consider. Furthermore, the study shows that adhesive tape can be an effective skin preparation technique that doesn't require chemical treatments applied to the skin.
Is this an approach you use in your practice? If so, we'd love to hear from you! Contact us at _EMAIL_.


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My four-year-old daughter asked me why paper tends to fall apart when wet, and I wasn't sure. I speculated that the water lubricates the paper fibers so that they can untangle and separate more easily, but I really wasn't sure.
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2 Answers 2
up vote 13 down vote accepted
Forever_a_Newcomer is on the right lines, but it's not like water dissolving salt.
Paper is mostly made from cellulose fibres (depending on the type there may also be filers and glazes like clay). Cellulose molecules bristle with hydroxyl (OH) groups, and these form hydrogen bonds with each other. It's these hydrogen bonds that make the individual fibres stiff, and also hold the fibres together.
Water is also full of OH bonds, obviously since it's H$_2$O, and the water molecules form hydrogen bonds with the hydroxyl groups on the cellulose, which breaks the hydrogen bonds that cellulose molecules form with each other. There are two results from this: firstly the cellulose fibes in the paper become floppy, because their internal hydrogen bonds are broken, and secondly the fibres separate from each other more easily. The combination of these two effects makes paper easier to tear apart when wet.
Most organic materials show similar behaviour. For example cotton is also easier to tear when wet (cotton is also made mostly from cellulose). Also hair becomes floppier and more easily damaged when wet, though the effect is less pronounced because hair contains fewer hydrogen bonds than cellulose fibres.
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This answer has changed my life. I now see hydrogen bonds everywhere and understand a great variety of phenomena that were mysterious to me before. For example, why does cereal get soggy after your pour the milk over it. Thanks. – MJD Dec 1 '13 at 22:23
You are close to mark, it's a kind lubrication.
Cohesive force between the cellulose fibers is of electrostatic origin. As water molecules, which are small dipoles, penetrate between the fibers they align with electric field. This effectively shields them of each other, greatly diminishing the force. Thus the easy untangling of the fibers (what we see as ripping).
It's similar to how water dissolves salt, here's an animation for your Daughter:
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Your Answer


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Whistling Helium: Supercold Sound May Lead to Better GPS in Submarines
Dr. Richard Packard, left, and graduate student Emile Hoskinson, right, are shown with the cryostat insert, where the experiment was performed.
Researchers working with a type of super-cooled helium have made the frigid stuff whistle, an attribute they say might make it the crux of better global positioning systems (GPS) in submarines and airplanes among other things.
The trick, it turns out, resides in cooling a specific flavor of helium - called helium-4 - down to just two degrees above absolute zero (2 degrees Kelvin or -271 degrees Celsius), where it becomes a frictionless superfluid.
It is that superfluid, the scientists said, that whistled unexpectedly when squashed through tiny holes and could be the foundation of new superfluid gyroscopes for submersible GPS navigation and seismic measurements on Earth and in space. [Click here to hear the helium-4 whistle.]
"The fact that they do whistle coherently means that we could make a sensitive gyroscope," explained UC Berkeley physicist Richard Packard, who led the study, in a telephone interview
The research, which was funded by NASA and the National Science Foundation, appeared in the Jan. 27 issue of the journal Nature.
Submarine GPS and earthquake studies
With almost no moving parts, superfluid gyroscopes promise much more sensitivity to rotational motion than their mechanical counterparts, a useful trait considering that changes in the Earth's rotation must constantly be added to the GPS system.
"Presently, the Earth's rotation is measured by radio telescopes around the world," Packard said. "But if a superfluid gyroscope were used, it could make the measurement with a faster turnaround."
In Packard's study, cooled liquid helium-4 was forced through a network of holes, each of which was 1,000 times smaller than the width of a human hair. But instead of an ever-increasing acceleration, the frictionless fluid reached a critical velocity where microscopic whirlpools formed around each hole and abruptly slowed the helium flow. The changes from fast to slow helium flow caused vibrations detected by a microphone and heard as a quantum whistle by graduate student Emile Hoskinson.
Since the whistle changes volume relative to a vehicle's motions, submarines, as well as ships and airplanes in regions where GPS may not be available, could rely on whistling superfluid gyroscopes in their navigational systems.
Inertial navigation systems in ships rely on a combination of three gyroscopes and three accelerometers to determine position, Packard said.
A rotation-sensitive superfluid gyroscope could also help seismologists measure how the Earth's surface twists during an earthquake and build a better picture of the planet's structure, he added.
A warmer alternative
Despite helium-4's frigid temperature, researchers said it is actually the warmth of the gas that makes it a prime candidate for superfluid gyroscopes.
To stay a superfluid, liquid helium-4 must be kept at about 2 degrees Kelvin, a temperature range offered in commercially-available instruments called cryostats. Previous whistling helium gyroscopes experimentsincluding some by Packard - have centered on helium-3, which must be kept much colder (about one-thousandth of a degree above absolute zero) in complicated refrigerators.
"That kind of refrigerator has the complexity of a rocket engine," Packard said. "There are lots of tiny wires and tubes...it's not the kind of device that a seismologist wants to [mess] around with."
Gyroscopes in space
Just as superfluid gyroscopes could be used to help researchers on Earth, the may also prove handy in spacecraft and planetary seismometers as well.
"The beauty of the superfluid gyroscope is that it's absolute," Packard said, adding that the devices could one day be pressed for spacecraft navigation and studying earthquakes on other planets. "It has an uncanny knowledge of the absolute inertial position."
But Packard conceded that there is still much to be done, not the least of which is determining the fundamental sensitivity of a helium-4 based gyroscope would be, then incorporating it into a commercially available cryogenic cooler.
Current commercial cryogenic coolers, for example, generate their own vibrations, which could contaminate the measurements of a sensitive superfluid gyroscope.
"So there is the need to filter that out," Packard said. "But I think that's a straightforward engineering task."
MORE FROM SPACE.com


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A Microcentrifuge is one of the most important equipment in a laboratory. This could be hospital laboratory a healthcare clinic or even a research laboratory. It has a vast number of applications and if considering to buy one you need to make sure you get the right type that meets your requirements.
A Microcentrifuge has a lot of features and the cost of microcentrifuge and availability will depend on the features you select. Thus to make sure you select the right set of features for your device there are a few factors mentioned in this article that you should consider.
The speed at which the Microcentrifuge spins is of utmost importance thus this needs to be noted. Since the revolutions per minute of the device will vary in each device you need to have a set range of requirements prior to actually purchasing the device.
- The Microcentrifuge should also have the right set of programmable features to meet your needs. The speed of the Microcentrifuge depends a lot on the type of sample that you wish to analyse. All samples have a set duration and speed that is required to be set of them.
- It is important to note that the g-force and RCF are more important than the speed while selecting a Microcentrifuge.
- It is possible to substitute the duration for the speed. For example if you are unable to set the desired speed on your Microcentrifuge device due to some reason or the other it is possible to lengthen the duration in order to achieve the desired result.
Temperature Sensitive Samples:
Microcentrifuges are of two different kinds; in the sense that one is refrigerated and the other is non-refrigerated. As the name suggests the refrigerated one will keep the sample placed inside very cool throughout the process thus preventing any damage to be caused to the sample.
Some of them offer additional features like last run memory or over speed running, etc. The perfect example of an industry where a refrigerated Microcentrifuge is required is the Medical Industry and especially the pathology department. If you have even been to the pathology laboratory you would have noticed that they all have cold storages used to store the blood necessary for patients. It is necessary to store blood in a cold storage in order for it to be used in blood transfusions. Again, the same thing applies while running tests on a blood sample as well. It is necessary to keep the temperature of the blood low while performing tests on it. Thus the refrigerated Microcentrifuge is perfect for this application.
Tube for Samples:
- The tubes used in the Microcentrifuge to fill the sample are of great importance as well.
- The tubes could be either glass or plastic, besides which the size also varies.
- For example those devices that are used in research labs have tubes that have very small capacity.
- The size really depends on the size allowed by your Microcentrifuge device.
If you do have a large Microcentrifuge you will usually have the option of using larger test tubes. In addition to which if you need to analyses larger samples you will need bigger test tubes for the sample.
- The brush-less motor is popular and is considered almost maintenance free; thus is the one you should consider opting for.
- It is recommended that you use a brush-less motor for just about every minor requirement.
- The brushless motor is the one to use for blood banks, chemical laboratories and just about any industry you can think off.
- As far the bowl is concerned it would be best to opt for a stainless steel bowl ensuring easy clean out.
Some of the Microcentrifuge devices also sport a nice digital display that shows the status, time and speed. This can also be something you might want to consider.
After sales service is also important; maybe not as important as the Microcentrifuge device itself though.
Opting for a used Microcentrifuge:
Often these Microcentrifuge devices get rejected by a laboratory due to some minor defect. These devices that are thus obtained are fixed by trained technicians and refurbished; after which they function more or less as new.
- You do have the option of opting for buying such devices if the budget is a constraint.
- Such devices can also be considered reliable and a good alternative to a new one since usually parts warranty is offered.
- At times you may end up with a very good quality product by paying half the price of a new one if not lesser. One of the popular places to purchase a used Microcentrifuge is ebay.com for example, which is a global website.
The microcentrifuge specification tends to vary from device to device but here is the specifications of a Centrifuge device; which can act as a reference as to what to expect.
- 8 Place closed rotor for 1.5/2.0 ml micro tubes (Rotor capacity)
- 6000/2000g -> Maximum RPM/RCF(g) (Rotor)
- Digital Display
- Noise level of < 55db
- 1 – 25 minutes and infinite mode (Duration settings)
- Dimension (w x d x h) of 162 mm x 157 mm x 115 mm
- Reduction adapters for 0.2 / 0.4 ml micro-tubes (Rotor and Adapter)
Cost of Microcentrifuge:
In order to make you aware of what features to expect in what price range a sample guide has been provided below with three different centrifuges and their price range.
- Price range Rs 7000 to Rs. 9000: For this price range you could expect to be able to purchase a centrifuge with capacity of 4 tubes, each of 15ml with swing out head. The maximum RPM to expect would be in the range of 3100RPM, while the maximum R.C.F would be in the range of 1750g.
- Price range Rs 20,000 to Rs 22000: For this price range it is possible to expect a centrifuge with 12 capillary tubes. The maximum speed would be up to 12000 RPM. The duration settings can range from 0 to 60 minutes.
- Price range Rs 21,000 to Rs 23000: This is a higher price range and you can expect a higher specifications centrifuge for the price. It would be possible for you to obtain a centrifuge with about 24 capillary tubes in this price range. The speed would be approximately up to 12000 RPM and duration 0 to 60 minutes. In addition to which you can expect features like electrical lock and speed regulators.


POPSUGAR Smart Living
Make This No-Sew DIY Duster For a Few Dollars!
Mar 26 2014 - 6:06pm
Along with keeping your stuff free of buildup, this easy-to-make DIY [1] duster comes together without the need for a sewing machine. Just reach for your handy hot glue gun, a bit of fleece, and a wooden dowel, and you're on your way to making a reusable and cute duster. Costing only a few dollars, this homemade cleaning tool will help clear your house of dust and can be tossed in the wash when it's in need of refreshing.
What You'll Need:
 1. Gather the materials for making the duster. You can use any size dowel, but one that's around 1/2 inch in circumference works best. Wooden dowels are found at most craft or home goods stores.
 1. Fold the fleece in half, and then in half again, creating a square. Cut the folded edges to create four squares to use for the duster.
 1. Place one of the squares of fleece on your work area, and position the dowel so it's centered, leaving about two inches of fabric at the top of the dowel. Trace around the outside of the dowel with hot glue, leaving about a quarter of an inch of space between the dowel and glue line. Top with another fleece square, and press.
 1. To create the sides of the duster, fold the top half of the square of fleece toward the right. Place a line of hot glue along the dowel glue line, and press on another square of fleece, securing with more glue along the line as needed. Do the same for the other side.
 1. Use scissors to cut slits horizontally into the sides of the squares, cutting to the glue lines, about an inch apart. Once all the sides have been cut, make two cuts at the top of the square, above where the dowel would be in the duster.
 1. Now begin tying cut lengths of the fleece together, double-knotting one length to the closest underneath. Continue tying around the square. Flip the fleece over, and tie the second row of cuts.
 1. Slide the dowel back into the fleece, and secure by tying the two side knots together with a double knot at the base, from the left and right side. Do the same at the middle and top of the duster. Flip and do the same to the other side of the duster.
 1. To help keep the fleece in place, mark the base of the duster on the dowel with a pencil and then wrap, above the line, with the textured side of a velcro adhesive strip, which will grab onto the fleece.
 1. Your homemade duster is ready to help keep your house nice and clean. Simply toss in the wash to refresh when needed.
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Gradable and Non-gradable Adjectives
Adjectives describe qualities (characteristics) of nouns.
- Some qualities can vary in intensity or grade (for example: rather hot, hot, very hot; hot, hotter, the hottest).
The adjective hot is gradable.
- Other qualities cannot vary in intensity or grade because they are:
- extremes (for example: freezing)
- absolutes (for example: dead)
- classifying (for example: nuclear)
The adjectives freezing, dead and nuclear are non-gradable.
A gradable adjective can be used with "grading adverbs" that vary the adjective's grade or intensity. Look at these examples:
a little, dreadfully, extremely, fairly, hugely, immensely, intensely, rather, reasonably, slightly, unusually, very
angry, big, busy, clever, cold, deep, fast, friendly, good, happy, high, hot, important, long, popular, rich, strong, tall, warm, weak, young
A gradable adjective can also have comparative and superlative forms:
EC Tip: "Gradable adjectives" are also called "qualitative adjectives". "Grading adverbs" are also called "submodifiers".
- big, bigger, the biggest
- hot, hotter, the hottest
- important, more important, the most important
Look at these example sentences:
- My teacher was very happy with my homework.
- That website is reasonably popular. But this one is more popular.
- He said that Holland was a little cold and Denmark was rather cold. But Sweden was the coldest.
EC Tip: The adjective dead is non-gradable because it is an absolute. Dead is dead. We cannot be more or less dead. One person cannot be "deader" than another. Other absolutes include: correct, unique, perfect
A non-gradable adjective cannot be used with grading adverbs:
It was rather freezing outside. The dog was very dead. He is investing in slightly nuclear energy.
Non-gradable adjectives do not normally have comparative and superlative forms:
more freezing, the most freezing
deader, the deadest
more nuclear, the most nuclear
Often, non-gradable adjectives are used alone:
EC Tip: Don't try to learn lists of gradable and non-gradable adjectives! It's better to understand what makes an adjective gradable or non-gradable. This is a matter of logic and common sense. Most native-speakers have never heard of gradable and non-gradable adjectives. They just "feel" that it doesn't make sense to say "
fairly excellent" or " very unique". You probably have the same idea in your language.
- It was freezing outside.
- The dog was dead.
- He is investing in nuclear energy.
However, a non-gradable adjective can be used with "non-grading adverbs" (which usually just give the adjective extra impact), for example:
|non-grading adverbs ||non-gradable adjectives|
Here are some example sentences with non-gradable adjectives:
- Her exam results were absolutely awful. She will have to take the exam again.
- Is there anything like it in the world? It must be virtually unique.
- It starts an essentially chemical reaction.
Adjectives that can be gradable and non-gradable
Some adjectives may have more than one meaning or sense. It's possible for the same adjective to be gradable with one sense and non-gradable with another sense. For example:
| ||adjective||common = |
|He's got a very old car.||gradable||not young |
|I saw my old boyfriend yesterday.||non-gradable||former, ex- |
|He has some dreadfully common habits. ||gradable||vulgar|
|"The" is a very common word in English. ||gradable||prevalent|
|The two countries' common border poses problems. ||non-gradable||shared |
Adverbs used with gradable and non-gradable adjectives
The adverbs really (very much) and fairly and pretty (both meaning "to a significant degree, but less than very") can often be used with gradable and non-gradable adjectives:
|Please don't forget! It's really important. ||He was really terrified. |
|He's a fairly rich man. ||It's a fairly impossible job. |
|He's pretty tall. ||It's pretty ridiculous when you think about it. |
"Quite" with gradable and non-gradable adjectives
The meaning of the adverb "quite" changes according to the type of adjective we use it with:
| ||adjective||quite = |
|It's quite warm today. ||gradable||fairly, rather |
|Are you quite certain?||non-gradable||completely, absolutely |
| Although we don't recommend that you learn lists of non-gradable adjectives, here are some for reference. You can decide for yourself whether they are extreme, absolute or classifying. |
|alive, awful, black, boiling, certain, correct, dead, domestic, enormous, environmental, excellent, freezing, furious, gigantic, huge, immediately, impossible, miniscule, mortal, overjoyed, perfect, pregnant, principal, ridiculous, superb, terrible, terrified, unique, unknown, white, whole |
|Again, no need to learn lists. Here are a few examples. There are many more. Remember that you cannot use all non-grading adverbs with all non-gradable adjectives. Some collocate (go together). Some don't. |
| absolutely, almost, completely, entirely, exclusively, fully, largely, mainly, nearly, perfectly, practically, primarily, utterly, virtually |
Gradable and Non-gradable Adjectives Quiz >


differentiate between the xylem and phloem.
Asked by | 22nd Aug, 2008, 08:12: PM
Expert Answer:
Xylem conducts water and minerals from roots to upper parts of the plant body whereas phloem transports the prepared food from leaves to other parts of the body.
Xylem consists mainly of dead elements whereas phloem consists of living tissue.
Xylem is made up of vessels, tracheids, xylem parenchyma and xylem fibres. Phloem is made up of sieve tubes, companion cells, phloem parenchyma and phloem fibres.
Answered by | 22nd Aug, 2008, 10:22: PM


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If Australia says 'yes', churches are still free to say 'no' to marrying same-sex couples
Religious organisations have freedom under Australian law to practise their own doctrines and marriage rituals. Shutterstock
As debate about marriage equality escalates in light of the postal survey, there is much discussion about religious freedom and the potential effect on organised religion. But what exactly would change for Christian churches should the federal government revise the definition of marriage?
In short, nothing. Religious organisations have freedom under Australian law to practice their own doctrines and marriage rituals for weddings held in their buildings and by their celebrants. This applies to all religions, although the focus in this piece will be on Christianity.
Further reading: To Christians arguing 'no' on marriage equality: the Bible is not decisive
Religious celebrants are authorised to marry through their churches or religious organisations, and can only do so according to those organisation's respective policies.
This is a separate process to the accreditation of civil celebrants. For example, I, as an ordained Uniting Church minister, will not be able to marry same-sex couples even if the civil law changes, unless my church also chooses to change its policy, which it has no compulsion to do.
Currently, to be married in an Anglican church, at least one of the couple to be married must be a baptised Christian.
To be married in the Roman Catholic Church, neither partner can be previously married and divorced. Even when no-fault divorce was introduced in secular law in 1975, the Catholic Church continued to uphold its own view regarding divorce. This remains the case.
The Greek Orthodox Church usually requires the couple to be baptised in the Orthodox tradition, but occasionally allows one of the pair to be of another Christian denomination as long as they were not baptised by a female minister.
Similarly, some synagogues require both parties to show proof they are Jewish, while others might allow an interfaith marriage.
Apart from official church polity, clergy are also permitted to exercise their own discretion when it comes to marriage. Hence, if one thinks the couple is too young, not prepared, has rushed into the decision, or suspects any kind of abuse, they can refuse to marry them or require them to undergo counselling or something similar beforehand.
Such discretion is protected by the religious freedoms granted to clergy.
Further reading: Without proper protections, same-sex marriage will discriminate against conscientious objectors
Recently we witnessed the case of a Victorian Presbyterian minister who refused to marry a couple because of their views on marriage equality. While I disagree with the decision of the clergyman in question, he is free to refuse on these grounds.
His protection under Australian law is assured – a fact supported by Prime Minister Malcolm Turnbull, who said:
… churches are entitled to marry or not marry whom they please. That is part of religious freedom.
Australian civil marriage laws have changed several times in the last 120 years, and each time religious organisations have been free to conduct marriages according to their traditions.
Further reading: Breaking news: marriage has very little to do with religion (and vice versa)
While nothing will have to change for the church and therefore there is nothing to fear from a change to civil law, religious organisations are faced with a new opportunity should civil law change. It is an invitation to revisit their marriage policies and consider whether or not they want to extend their respective religious marriages to same-sex couples.
After same-sex marriage was legalised in the US, two Christian churches did exactly that. In 2015 the Episcopal Church's General Assembly gave permission for clergy to officiate over same-sex weddings at the discretion of the regional bishop and according to their own conscience.
No clergyperson was forced to do so – the change in policy was permissive rather than prescriptive.
That same year, the US Presbyterian Church also amended its marriage policy to affirm that marriage is a "unique commitment between two people, traditionally a man and a woman, to love and support each other for the rest of their lives". The policy gives permission for Presbyterian clergy to marry same-sex couples but clearly states that no clergyperson could be compelled to perform same-sex marriages.
These are just two examples of many around the world, although Christian churches who marry same-sex couples are still the minority within the global Christian tradition.
Concerns over religious freedom cannot be dismissed too lightly, but neither should they be overstated. The dynamics described above are different when is comes to individuals working in the secular space or organisations such as religious private schools.
What is clear, however, is that no one can compel any official church leader in Australia to perform marriages against its own policy, and no church will be forced to change its current marriage policy, rituals or doctrines.
I hope, however, that some churches might embrace the possibility of extending the blessings of a Christian marriage to all committed couples.
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I get really confused about this and am looking for some kind of trick.
It seems sometimes "se" means to do something to oneself and sometimes not.
"Juan se ducha" (Juan showers himself)
Other times "se" doesn't mean to do something to oneself.
"se venden oro y plata" (I know this means gold and silver are sold here but it really meansgold and silver sell themselves)
How I distinguish? How do I know when it's being used reflexively and when it's not?
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marked as duplicate by AlexBcn, Emilio Gort, Joze May 20 at 20:25
2 Answers 2
In the first case: subject (Juan) conveys the action (duchar), and the result of such action falls to Juan himself (hence the'se').
In the second one: an action is performed (vender) but there is no agent mentioned, and following the verb, there is a passive subject (two objects in which the action is placed, oro y plata).
First sentence is in active voice with a verb used in a'reflexive form' (forma refleja o pronominal), because action falls on same subject (a defined one) performing it. Verbs in these cases are preceded with a personal pronoun: me (if subject is first-person singular), te (2nd-person singular), se (3rd-person, both singular and plural), nos (1st-person plural), os (2nd-person plural)
[no pronominal]
duchar (to shower)
Pedro ducha a su perro (Pedro showers his dog)
Yo me ducho (I shower myself)
Me ducho (same as above, me indicates that I perform the action, thus, Yo may be omitted)
Juan se ducha (Juan showers himself)
Se ducha (Someone known showers himself/herself/itself). It is not a good idea to omit the subject if he/she/it is known, unless he/she/it is very obvious in the conversation (i.e. as a short answer to the question ¿Qué hace Juan? - What does Juan do?
Ellos se duchan (They shower themselves)
Se duchan (A group of known entities shower themselves). Same case as'se ducha', but duchan indicates a plural.
In the second sentence, to say in Spanish 'Gold and silver are sold' (a passive voice sentence), you could say it like:
'Oro y plata son vendidos' (voz pasiva analítica o perifrástica) [not used, however gramatically correct]
But if the subject is a 'thing' (or 'things', like your case), or an unknown/undefined entity/entities, you will prefer:
Se venden oro y plata (voz pasiva sintética o refleja)
Another examples of voz pasiva refleja:
Se buscan actores para la película (Actors are wanted for the movie)
Se necesita carpintero ([A] carpenter is needed)
Furthermore, in Spanish, there are impersonal sentences (oraciones impersonales), which I think they are worth to mention briefly here, whose construction is very similar to pasiva refleja sentences, except their verb is always expressed in 3rd-person singular, even if the subject is in plural:
Se entrevistó a los candidatos para el puesto (Candidates were interviewed for the position)
In all these cases, the word'se' is merely an auxiliary word, it only shows passivity.
In short, if you can tell in a sentence who (or what) is performing the action, and that action falls on himself/herself/itself/themselves,'se' is depicting a reflexive form, and the sentence is in active voice.
If you cannot tell who is performing the action (Who is selling gold and silver? Who interviewed the candidates? Who wants actors?), then'se' is an auxiliary word indicating that your sentence is in passive voice.
I hope it helps.
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Thanks. This helps but still seems to be a big hurdle for me. I am sure with "speaking" it will become more clear. – GinaV May 20 at 7:25
What a common question.
For instance, Aquí se celebra Navidad en Pascua
Here, they celebrate Christmas on Easter
When we are giving instructions we tend to say things like
You mix the milk in with the eggs
Se mezcla el leche con los huevos
You soak the bread in the mixture
Se moja el pan en la mezcla
You cook the bread
Se cocina el pan
¿Cómo se dice'something' en español?
It translates semantically as
How do you say'something' in Spanish?
but literally as :
How is'something' said in Spanish?
Cómo dice...
This translates to something indicative
How does he/she/it say...?
Where there is a pronounced subject in the sentence.
What is the difference in meaning between: se celebra & celebra?
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Deleting A Mp3/Wma File; Other Operations; Programmed Playback; Displaying File Information (Id3 Tag) - LG SB156 Owner's Manual
Portable audio
Hide thumbs
Deleting a MP3/WMA file
You can delete file, folder or format by pressing
DELETE. (USB only)
1. Press DELETE repeatedly during selecting
the MP3/ WMA file. This function is supported
only in stop status. The display changes in the
following order.
- DELETE? : deletes file
- DEL DIR? : deletes folder
- FORMAT? : formats USB
2. To select "YES" or "NO", press Y/U on
the unit or Cc/vV on the remote
control or rotate FILE SEARCH.
3. To delete file/folder or format, press SELECT on
the unit.
4. If you want to exit the current mode, press Z
on the remote control or I/PRE - on the unit.
y Do not extract the USB device during
operation.(play, delete, etc.)
y Regular back up is recommended to
prevent data loss.
y The delete function may not be supported
according to the USB status. (lock, etc.)
SB156-F0U_ADEULLK_ENG.indd 11
Other Operations
Programmed Playback
The program function enables you to store your
favorite files from any disc or USB device.
A program can contain 20 tracks.
1. Insert a CD or USB and wait for it to be order.
2. Press PROGRAM/MEMO on the remote control
in stop status.
3. Press Y/U on the unit or
Cc/vV on the romote control or
rotate FILE SEARCH in stop status.
4. Press PROGRAM/MEMO again to save and
select a next track.
5. Press d/M on the remote control or T/PRE +
or SELECT on the unit to play the programmed
music files.
6. To clear your selection, press Z on the remote
control or I/PRE - on the unit twice.
The programs are also cleared when the disc
or USB device is removed, the unit is powered
off or the function is switched to others.
Displaying file information
While playing an MP3 file containing file
information, you can display the information by
pressing INFO.
Turn off the sound temporarily
Press @ MUTE to mute your unit.
You can mute your unit, for example, to answer the
telephone, the "MUTE" is displayed in the display
2013-03-29 �� 10:26:32
 Related Manuals for LG SB156


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Argentine National Observatory
|Astronomical Observatory of Córdoba|
|Organization||National University of Córdoba|
|Location||Córdoba Province, Argentina|
Observatorio Astronómico de Córdoba
The Argentine National Observatory, today the Astronomical Observatory of Córdoba, was founded on 24 October 1871, by Argentine president Domingo F. Sarmiento and the North American astronomer Benjamin Apthorp Gould.
Its creation is the beginning of astronomical studies in Argentina. When the president Domingo F. Sarmiento was representing his country in the United States, He had the opportunity to meet the pioneering astronomer Benjamin Apthorp Gould, who was very interested in travel to Argentina in order to study the stellar south hemisphere.
Once Sarmiento was already installed as president of Argentina, he invited the eminent scientist to travel to Argentina in 1869, to provide his full support to organize an observatory. Gould arrived in Buenos Aires in 1870. The same night of the inauguration of the Astronomical Observatory of Cordoba, Gould began with the naked eye, later with the aid of small binoculars, a map of the southern sky, with more than 7000 stars recorded, that was published under the name of Uranometría Argentina.
Gould was director of the observatory until 1885, that year he return to United States. Among his works on the observatory, we must mention its Catálogo de Zonas (1884), which was registered more than 70,000 stars of the southern hemisphere, and the Argentinian General Catalog which contains about 35,000 stars whose positions were established with very good accuracy. Other important issue was the first stellar photographs taken in the world at this observatory. For this work were taken hundreds of sheets of open star clusters in the southern hemisphere, which was subsequently determined the positions of each stars. This was the first systematic and large-scale astronomy book published using the photographic technique. It was published in 1897 under the name Fotografías Cordobesas.


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The UK Office for Nuclear Regulation (ONR) on 13 April gave EDF with permission for reactors 3 and 4 at the Hunterston NPP (also known as B1 and B2) to return to service for a limited period of operation. Permission for the restart follows extensive scrutiny of EDF's safety case by ONR specialist inspectors, Operation is permitted for up to a total of 16.7 terawatt days for reactor 3 and 16.52 terawatt days for reactor 4 – approximately six month's operation for each. This will be the final period of operation before the NPP moves to the defueling phase.
The ONR's assessment focussed on whether cracking observed in the graphite bricks that form the reactor core could compromise the key nuclear safety requirements. Specifically, these are that:
- The graphite core will not impede control rod entry, thereby ensuring that the reactors can be safely shutdown and held down, both under normal conditions and during or following fault conditions including seismic events;
- Fuel and core component cooling remains adequate both under normal operating conditions and during or following fault conditions including seismic events; and
- Fuel handling risks due to graphite core cracking remain acceptable.
"Through assessment of EDF's safety justification, which takes into account the expected ageing of the graphite core, our inspectors are satisfied that sufficient safety margins and defence in depth measure remain in place to ensure the safety of Hunterston B's workers, of local residents and the wider public," said ONR. "We are satisfied that reactors 3 and 4 at Hunterston B are safe to operate for the specified periods above, and that they can be safely shutdown (including in a significant seismic event) if required.


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Introduction to Pregnancy Yoga
This course is designed to help yoga teachers who would like to guide their pregnant clients in a more informed and responsible way. It contains information that will ensure you teach a safe and healthy yoga practice, aiming to give you confidence with pregnant student during your classes.
This course is ideal if you are:
- Keen to expand your knowledge and skills as a general yoga teacher
- Considering becoming an accredited pregnancy yoga teacher
- Embarking on the full training course and this is your first module
At the end of this course you'll be able to:
- Teach your pregnant students with more confidence
- Advise them on specific modifications to their practice
- Discuss the hormonal and bodily changes that impact yoga practice
- Identify women who should not practice yoga during pregnancy
- Discuss common problems that occur and how yoga can help
The goal of this course is to enable you to confidently put your pregnant students at ease, as you advise them on how they can modify their yoga practice to be safe and healthy during pregnancy, including asking the right questions to determine which modifications are most suitable for them at their stage of pregnancy.


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the variable will indicate a downward trend in the Price VAM. In this example, there are no inversely correlated variables.
Finally, causality is the last criterion in the analysis and selection of important variables in price, sales or demand forecasts. Causality, unlike correlation, allows establishing a cause-effect relationship between a group of variables and indicators and the items of interest. Based on the forecasts, Datup determines which are the variables whose behaviours are the cause of upward or downward changes in the target items. For example, it is observed that VAM price forecasts are mostly caused by the Methanol China Index (0.5), New Orleans Temperature (0.39), Acetic Acid Index (0.35), Qingdao Temperature (0.31), US Price Ethanol (0.31). Once again, it is important to pay attention to those variables common to impact, correlation and causality analysis, as they form the set of key indicators to be taken into account by analysts for their operational and strategic decisions. Here, Price Ethanol is identified in both impact and causality analysis. Even more relevant, the Acetic Acid Index is the common denominator in all 3 significance analyses.
Thus, the key indicators in order of importance to guide Price Vynil Acetate Monomer (VAM) purchasing strategies, following the criteria of impact, causality and correlation are:
Acetic Acid Index
Acetic Acid RMB
US Ethanol Price
US Existing Home Sales
Methanol China Index
New Orleans Temperature
Finally, it should be noted that each new daily, weekly or monthly forecast involves the estimation of high-impact variables and indicators, causalities and correlations, based on changes observed in the most recently collected data. Datup automatically and continuously identifies and presents to analysts the top-n of key indicators to be taken into account for the best decision making in trading, purchasing, production or distribution.
Advanced Use Case: Scenario Simulation
This use case guides decision making for:
Simulate the behaviour of items of interest, based on the increase, maintenance or decrease in the values of specific variables and indicators.
Taking the identified high impact, causal and/or correlated indicators identified by Datup's importance analysis as a starting point, it is possible to forecast the quantity or price of an item of interest in future periods. Unlike the forecasts of the first part, the simulation not only considers historical data, but also builds various scenarios from the key indicators to generate the forecasts of the items of interest; covering increases of 10% and 30%, drops of -10% and -30% or the permanence of the current value. In addition to the indicators postulated by the impotance analysis, analysts can include additional variables to simulate.
In the example use case, Price Vynil Acetate Monomer (VAM) is the item of interest, the key indicators to simulate are: Acetic Acid RMB, US Ethanol Price, US Existing Home Sales. In addition, the supporting indicators Dollar TRM and WTI Crude USD are included in the simulation.
The results show the simulation of 5 scenarios that can be presented by the Acetic Acid RMB in the short-term forecasts, which correspond to increases of 10% ($9,995) and 30% ($11,765), falls of -10% ($8,145) and -30% ($6,335) and the current price ($9,050) remaining unchanged. For each scenario, Datup forecasts the Price VAM most likely in the column
Pronóstico VAMaccompanied by the ceiling price
Pronóstico VAM Sup and floor
Pronóstico VAM Inf where it can be located, depending on the uncertainties observed in its history. For example, if the Acetic Acid RMB increases its current price by 10% to reach $9,995, the Price VAM will stand at $2,309, with a ceiling at $2,337 and a floor at $2,282.
Now, taking the TRM dollar as one of the variables to be simulated, we consider the scenario where the exchange rate falls by 10% to $3,460. In this way, the Price VAM will be $2,246, with a ceiling at $2,284 and a floor at $2,213.


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Every dissolution of marriage case in Illinois begins with the filing of an initial petition. A Petition for Dissolution of Marriage is a general petition that alleges the basic, boilerplate information about youre marriage and what you are seeking. For example, a Petition for Dissolution of Marriage will generally state the parties' names, where they work (or if they are employed), where they live, how long they have lived there, if there is marital property, if there are children, if they want spousal support, etc. Some Petitions are very detailed and some are not very detailed. A Petition for Dissolution of Marriage must also allege the grounds by which you want to be granted a divorce, most commonly, irreconcilable differences.
Sometimes other grounds can be alleged in a Petition, such as mental cruelty, physical cruelty, adultery, etc. Parties often are upset by seeing these "grounds" and want to know why they are there, what they mean, and how they can be disputed. There really are two ways to do so.
First, everyone that files an Appearance in a dissolution of marriage case in Illinois is afforded time to respond in writing to the initial Petition. In the Answer, the responding party can "admit" or "deny" all of the allegations set forth in the Petition, line by line, and file it with the Court. This lets the Court know what is disputed. Another option is to file a Counter-Petition for Dissolution of Marriage, wherein the responding party alleges all of the factual information about the marriage, the grounds they wish to use and what they are looking for. Then, the responding party can respond in writing to all of the allegations in said Counter-Petition.
If you are confused or have questions about the grounds for divorce in Illinois and are seeking legal counsel, our attorneys can assist you and you may call our office.


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Definition of slickens
1a : the thin layer of extremely fine silt sometimes deposited by flood waters of a stream b : finely pulverized material from a quartz mill or washings of lighter earth sluiced away in hydraulic mining
2 : slickenside
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Origin and Etymology of slickens
probably irregular from slick finely pounded ore, from German schlich slime
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Category: Africa
Ghana As a Tourism Country
Ghana As a Tourism Country
Ghana is in many ways a warm tourist destination. The heat of more than 30 degrees does not compare to the warm kindness of the locals.
Ghana in Western Africa is not one of the most traditional tourist destinations, but Ghana has a lot to offer for those interested in wildlife bonga, the tropics and fiery food, among other things. In Ghana, you can also go on a cruise to the world's largest dam lake.
Ghana 2
Versatile Ghana
According to countryaah, the Republic of Ghana is a former British colony in West Africa on the Atlantic coast. The country is home to about 24 million people and is bordered by Togo, Burkina Faso and Côte d'Ivoire. The main exports of Ghana, which became independent in 1957, are gold and cocoa, and tourism plays only a small role in the country's economy.
Ghana is especially known as a cultural and nature tourism destination. Ghana is diverse in its terrain, with deserts and savannas as well as river landscapes and rainforests. Ghana is located in more than one natural park, of which the most significant are Molen and Kakumin national parks.
There are also cultural attractions in Ghana. There are two UNESCO World Heritage Sites in the country: Ghana's castles and fortresses and the Ashanti buildings. Many tourists start exploring Ghana from the country's capital, Accra.
Ghana's climate
Ghana has a tropical warm climate. Daytime temperatures in the country often rise to around 30 degrees and there is little seasonal variation in temperatures.
There are some regional differences in Ghana's climate. There are two rainy seasons on the coast of the country, spring and autumn. The spring rainy season falls in April-June and the autumn rainy season in September-October. The shorter autumn rainy season does not extend to the central parts of the country. During the rainy seasons, it can rain a lot, especially in the interior of the country.
Friendly Ghana
Short for GH by abbreviationfinder, Ghana is a very friendly country and locals often greet tourists on the street and in the shops. It is very rude not to respond to people's happy greetings. For example, in the marketplace of the city of Kumas, which is very diverse in terms of population, where goods and food change hands, happy greetings are heard from the right and the left.
In addition to its friendly atmosphere, Ghana is known for its nature. In the country, for example, there is a large dam lake Volta, which is led by a river of the same name. On the Volta River and the islands of Lake Volta, such as Dod, Dwarf and Kporve, tourists can also visit by cruise ship.
Ghana's Natural Parks offer plenty to see for tourists interested in savannas and rainforests. Ghana is the largest natural park in Mole National Park, but the country also found in numerous other, smaller parks. Many local tour operators and park guides organize nature excursions and sightseeing tours.
Cheap shopping and hot food
Ghana is an affordable country, so shopping is worth it, and especially the food is worth enjoying to the fullest. In Ghana's shops, you can buy, for example, beautifully patterned local fabric and beautiful handicrafts. The best shopping and the biggest shopping can be found in the capital Accra.
Ghana has plenty of dining options, from hotel restaurants and expensive sophistication to small cupboards and food carts across the street. Ghanaian food is quite hot, so you should taste the snacks carefully at first. In Ghana, you should also try a homemade pit drink.
The busiest nightlife in Ghana is Accra, which has sports bars and Irish pubs along the streets and around the hotel. There are also a few trendy nightclubs in the city.
Good to know about Ghana
Ghana is a peaceful country and its administration is stable. Ghana also has a high standard of living in Africa. As a tourist destination, Ghana is relatively safe, but common sense is always good to follow.
Ghana is fluent in English, whose official language status dates back to British colonial times.
Before traveling to Ghana, it is advisable to visit a doctor to discuss the necessary vaccinations. For example, anti-malarial medication and yellow fever vaccine should be treated before traveling to Ghana.
Flights to Ghana
There are no direct flights to Ghana from Finland, but you can fly to the country via a major European city, such as Brussels or Frankfurt.
Ghana has several airports, but the country is usually reached via Kotoka International Airport. Kotoka Airport is located about ten kilometers from Accra.
Flights to Ghana cost around € 800-100.
Hotels and accommodation in Ghana
Ghana has a lot of good-value and mid-range hotels, especially in major population centers like Accra. The city also has luxury accommodation and five-star hotels. Luxury hotels often have a swimming pool and good facilities.
On average, a hotel night in Ghana costs about 60-80 euros and at its cheapest you stay in the country for 10-40 euros. The level of the cheapest accommodation can be really modest.
Getting around in Ghana
Buses are the most convenient and reliable way to get around Ghana. The bus company Vanef-STC provides connections between major cities and other bus companies operating in the country include OSA, Kingdom Transport Services (KTS), City Express and GPRTU.
If you want to travel to smaller destinations and have good nerves, you should hop on a minibus aboard the tro-tron. The tro-trot does not move according to schedules but on demand, so the cars are packed full of passengers before departure. Finding a tro-tron to the right destination can be difficult for a traveler, so it's worth asking locals which route takes you anywhere. Tro-trot are a really affordable ride and the shortest trips cost just a few cents. Tro-trots also run in local urban traffic.
The capital of Accra
The capital of Ghana, Accra, is the largest city in the country with a population of a couple of million people. Accra is located on the shores of the Gulf of Guinea. In the city you can visit, for example, the National Museum of Ghana and Christianborg Castle, originally built by the Swedes.
Mole National Park
Mole National Park is Ghana's largest natural park and it is located in the northwestern part of the country about 670 kilometers from Accra. The park is home to numerous exotic animal species such as elephants and lions. Mole National Park is a popular ekoturismikohde Ghana.
Kakumi National Park
Mole National Park considerably less Kakum is located approximately 170 kilometers from Accra. The park is known for its long suspension bridge, from the heights of which you can observe the animals of the rainforest. The park is home to many species of animals such as monkeys and parrots.
Ghana Fortress
Ghana's colonial forts were inscribed on the UNESCO World Heritage List in 1979. There are several forts around Ghana. The oldest of the fortresses is the 15th century Elmina Castle, located in Elmina. The most famous of the castles are the castles of Cape Coast and Christianborg.
Ghana 3
The best attractions in Ghana
 1. Mole National Park
 2. Cape Coast
 3. Kumas
 4. Christianborg Castle
 5. Kakumi National Park
Namibia – Known for its Safari Destinations
Namibia – Known for its Safari Destinations
Situated on the edge of two deserts, Namibia charms the traveler with dramatic scenery. There are more than enough popular nature hiking destinations in the country. In addition to wildlife, a tourist interested in culture can also get to know the millennia-old culture.
Namibia 2
A classic of safari destinations
According to countryaah, Namibia is located in southern Africa, bordering Angola, Botswana, South Africa and Zambia. Located on the southwest corner of the continent, the country borders on the western edge of the Atlantic Ocean.
Namibia's long and multi-stage history is still evident today. The country's population is ethnically diverse and the influences of German colonization, for example, are particularly evident in the country's capital, Windhoek. Namibia gained independence from South Africa in 1990.
The landscapes of Namibia are considered by many to be unparalleled and the country is especially known as a destination for safaris and nature trips. Namibia is home to several nature parks and protected areas, including Fisher River Canyon and the prestigious Etosha National Park.
In Namibia which is short for NA by abbreviationfinder, you can also learn about ancient cultures, for example in the petroglyphs of Twyfelfontein.
Heat and drought
Namibia has a predominantly hot and dry climate, with an average daytime temperature of 30 degrees. Indeed, there are two desert areas in the country: the Namib and Kalahari deserts.
The hot rainy season lasts from January to March. The driest, on the other hand, is from July to September. The most pleasant travel time is often between these periods. The best travel time for safari tourism is during the dry season from May to September.
A fabulous safari destination
Nature tourists thrive in Namibia, as the country is especially known for its magnificent safari destinations. There are several nature parks in the country, such as the deserted Namib-Naukluft National Park and the Waterberg National Park, known for its animals.
However, Namibia's most famous natural park is Etos


text:
riparian rights, definition of
- Riparian Rights
The rights of
possessed by a person
owning land containing or bordering a water course or lake.
Search the Web for Riparian Rights
What is riparian rights?
riparian rights definition.
About riparian rights.
Click on a letter to see all the terms and definitions that begin with that letter.
Android app containing all these definitions is now available, called the Green Dictionary
. Click here
to see the entry on the Android market; or click here
if on an Android phone.


text: General Election 2014 in Indonesia principally was a gate to more democratic Indonesia. People were given rights to directly vote their preferred legislative representatives and president and vice president for the next five-year period. New political learning process was introduced as all presidential candidates must show their capabilities in all aspects to attract constituents. The role of mass media became important as each candidate worked hard to gain sympathy from people. This paper examines how Indonesian online news media critically reported the presidential candidates. Further, this paper analysed how the issue were represented in the online media and why it was represented in such ways.


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Whale Watching in Hawaii
Why do whales come to Hawaii?
From December to early May the humpback whales call Hawaii home. Travelling nearly 5,000 kilometres of ocean in less than two months time, these gentle giants migrate from the gulf of Alaska to Hawaii for breeding and birthing in the islands' warm and shallow waters. Their annual migration delights both visitors and residents alike during the peak of their numbers between January and early April.
Weighing up to 40 tonnes, these whales can be graceful acrobats. Seeing a humpback whale "breach" the ocean by propelling its 14-metre-long body out of the sea is a spectacular event. Their mysterious whale song is yet another intriguing trait of male humpback whales. These complex songs can be heard underwater from up to twenty kilometres away.
Called "kohola" by Hawaiians, humpback whales are treated with great respect. Some Native Hawaiians believe that the kohola is an aumakua, or family guardian, so they have high regard for these special visitors. Because humpback calves are actually born in Hawaiian waters, the whales are considered kamaaina, or native-born.
Whale-watching tours let you see Hawaii's humpbacks for yourself. Regulations forbid boats from approaching within 100 metres of a whale, but you'll still get close enough to marvel at these magnificent creatures. You can whale watch from every island, but the calm, clear waters of the Auau Channel between Maui, Molokai, and Lanai may be one of the best places in the world to see Hawaii's humpbacks. If you don't go on a boat tour, you can often see whales from the shore. Remember to keep your eyes open during the height of whale watching season.
The humpback is still on the endangered species list, but efforts to protect these gentle giants have increased their overall population. In fact, Hawaii's humpback whale population may have doubled over the last ten years. Roughly 6,000 to 8,000 humpback whales visit Hawaii each year and current studies may increase those estimates. Because of this, there may never be a better time to go whale watching in Hawaii.
To learn more about whale watching on each island, browse the links below:
> Kauai Whale Watching
> Oahu Whale Watching
> Molokai Whale Watching
> Lanai Whale Watching
> Maui Whale Watching
> Hawaii's Big Island Whale Watching
> Whale Watching with Flip Nicklin


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Is Lobster Cholesterol Content Good or Bad for Health?
Does Lobster have Cholesterol?
Cholesterol is a fatty, wax-like substance found in all animals. Even humans produce a significant amount of cholesterol as a product of metabolism. These substances are used for the repair of damaged cells. Thus, all animal-based meat and products contain some amounts of cholesterol. Lobster contains a relatively high amount of cholesterol.
- High in nutrition. A single serving of cooked lobster, about 3 ounces, has no saturated fat, 1 gram of carbohydrate, 17 grams of protein, less than 1 gram of fat, and 85 calories. There's no argument in saying that lobster is both healthy and nutritious. A serving of lobster packs a good punch of high-protein, lean meat.
- Cholesterol content. Each serving of cooked lobster has about 60 mg of cholesterol. In a day, healthy individuals should consume a maximum of 300 mg, while those with high cholesterol levels should only have a maximum of 200 mg per day. A single serving of lobster in the diet completes at least 20 percent of the recommended daily count.
Is Lobster Cholesterol Good or Bad for Health
The cholesterol content present in servings of cooked lobster is recommended for healthy individuals. However, those who have high cholesterol levels, or have pre-existing cardiovascular diseases should consume the shellfish in moderation.
- Shellfish has the lowest caloric content among all forms of meat. Lobster has less than half the caloric content of hamburger made of ground beef. It also has less than half of chicken's cholesterol content, while prime ribs have three times more.
- Lobster becomes packed with bad cholesterol when accompanied by butter. Each tablespoon of butter contains around 35 mg of cholesterol. Instead of using butter or margarine, a squeeze of fresh lemon can improve any lobster dish.
- A single serving of cooked lobster has the lowest cholesterol count and saturated fat levels among all types of shellfish. Shrimp has a whopping 166 mg of cholesterol, while crab has around 80 mg.
- The monounsaturated fats found in lobsters help raise the levels of both low-density lipoproteins (bad cholesterol) and high-density lipoproteins (good cholesterol). However, lobsters contain no trans-fats.
- Lobsters should only be grilled or steamed. Frying lobsters can significantly increase the levels of trans-fats. It can also be consumed chilled, boiled, or broiled. Instead of using animal-based oils, an equally delectable alternative is extra virgin oil. Instead of using whole-fat milk for lobster bisques, individuals can prepare the shellfish using low-fat milk.