Hanin 5 Tutorial
Hanin 5.0 is available online via the Traditional Chinese OS 8.6 update from Apple. It can be extracted from the update, but you can download it directly here: Hanin5.sit [1.8 MB download]
 1. Drop the items "Hanin v5.0" and "HaninSetup v5.0" onto the closed system folder, and they will be put into the correct places automatically. [Hanin v5.0 to the System/Extensions folder; HaninSetup v5.0 to the System/Control Panels folder.]
 2. Create a folder named "Hanin5" in your System Folder, then create a folder named "Expert" inside that one, and add your dictionaries according to the illustration below:
 Dictionary files
 3. Restart your Mac and you will see Hanyin 5.0 listed in the Keyboard menu.
Hanin Setup
Main panel
 1. Help panel
 2. Expert Dictionaries panel
 3. Personal User Dictionary panel
 4. Abbreviations panel
 5. Four input modes. When you click on any of these, the lower part of the window displays information about them:
 - The first two choices are different Zhuyin keyboard layouts:
 - "Zhuyin" is the standard Zhuyin layout, the equivalent of alphabetical order (top to bottom, right to left).
 - "Yitian" (ETen) is another common Zhuyin layout in Taiwan.
 - The next two choices allow you to set the display of the Pronunciation search mode in the Character Selection window:
 - "Diershi" displays in a Romanization of Zhuyin called "Guoyu zhuyin fuhao diershi" (Mandarin Phonetic Symbols standard no. 2, or MPS-2).
 - "Luoma" (Roman) is standard Hanyu Pinyin display. No matter which of these you select, you can input in either Pinyin, MPS-2, or the Yale system (use bo, po, mo, fo instead of bwo, pwo, mwo, fwo). For a list of correspondences between Zhuyin, Pinyin, MPS-2, Yale, and more, see: _URL_
 6. Two display modes, Zhuyin symbols and Roman letters. The two Romanized input modes allow both Zhuyin and Roman display (for example, you can use "... Standard No. 2" to input the Zhuyin symbols), but the two Zhuyin modes can only be displayed in Zhuyin.
 7. When you first open it, this part of the window displays patent information, as shown above. When you select an input mode, this area displays information about the keyboard layout or romanization system chosen.
Note: In the example shown above, the input mode and display mode controls are set for standard Pinyin input.
Help Panel
Help panel
 1. Arrow keys: move cursor in selection window or in typed text
 2. Tab: convert phrase to abbreviated form
 3. Enter: add the selected phrase to the user phrase dictionarySpace: bring up the character selector
 4. Escape: cancel changes
 5. Return: input into the text
 6. Tilde: punctuation/symbols (press space afterwards to select)
 7. Delete: delete last character or tone
Expert Dictionaries Panel
This panel allows you to specify which expert dictionaries are used, and the order in which they are searched.
Expert dictionaries panel
 1. Add selected dictionary
 2. Remove selected dictionary
 3. Remove all dictionaries
 4. Move selected dictionary (in right-side list) up in search order
 5. Move selected dictionary (in right-side list) down in search order
 6. Save changes
 7. Done (return to Hanin Setup 5.0 preferences main panel)
 8. List of available dictionaries
 9. Ordered list of dictionaries that are searched
Personal User Dictionary Panel
This panel allows you to remove custom phrases from the Personal User Dictionary, indexed by Zhuyin pronunciation. To learn how to add to the dictionary, see Using Custom Phrases (below).
Personal dictionary panel
 1. List of custom phrases in dictionary
 2. Index (double-click to jump to phrase)
 3. Delete selected phrase
 4. Save changes
 5. Find (phrases for selection in index)
 6. Done
Abbreviations Panel
To learn how to input abbreviations, see Using Abbreviations (below).
Abbreviations panel
 1. List of abbreviations
 2. Base text box (must be at least 2 characters)
 3. Search abbreviation list for base text
 4. Long form text box
 5. Short form text box
 6. Delete abbreviation
 7. Add abbreviation
 8. Save changes
 9. Done (return to Hanin Setup 5.0 preferences main panel)
Getting Started
Pencil Menu
Pencil menu
 1. For normal text entry
 2. For typing in names or addresses
 3. Opens the Hanin Setup 5.0 preferences main panel
Text Input
To type tone numbers for the romanizations, use the number keys 1–5 on the keyboard. Note that v = ü, and Hanin does not adhere to the standard practice of dropping the diaeresis from ü in all cases except nü, nüe, lü, lüe. Jü, jüe, and qü, qüe are retained as well.
Typing without tone numbers does not work (only the first-tone choices are listed). Use the "Pronunciation" search mode (see below) for lists of the other three tones.
Try typing an expression. In the example below, I am typing fei1ji1 (airplane). Notice how the fei1 character is initially inappropriate, but the correct character is automatically selected as soon as the tone for ji1 is typed:
Demo 1
If Hanin makes a transformation that is undesired, you can press escape [esc] to undo the transformation:
Demo 2
Automatic character selection only works for words and phrases that are entered in a single input session. Once you press [return], the characters are sent to the application, and Hanin is no longer aware of them.
You can also select characters manually by pressing space after typing in a character. This will bring up the Character Selection window:
Character Selection Window
Demo 3
This window is powerful, but easy to learn to use. It has two elements, the Button Bar across the top of the window and the Character List below it.
Using the Button Bar
The two magnifying glass buttons represent two search modes, each of which works differently in concert with the the up/down arrow buttons:
 - The left-side magnifying glass on the left is the default search mode. The up/down arrow buttons allow you to navigate to the previous/next page of the character list, and the numbers to the right of the up/down arrow buttons indicate the current page number in the character list table and the total number of pages. In the above example, we are on page 1 of 1. If you resize the window, the total number of pages can change, within limits. The maximum size is 5 rows and 10 columns per page, the minimum is 1 row and 6 columns per page. In the above example, the window is sized to display 1 row and 7 columns.
 - The right-side magnifying glass (with a little blue "p") is for single-character searches based on pronunciation. In this mode, the up/down arrow buttons allow you to navigate from one pronunciation to the next. The alternatives are determined by tone and Zhuyin spelling order even when you are working in Pinyin.
For example, when you type in ji or ji1 in the default search mode, the character list for first-tone ji appears. Not finding the character you want, click on the right-side magnifying glass, and eight pages of alternative Pinyin pronunciations are made available (ü=v): jü1, qi1, qü1, ji2 (two pages), ji3, ji4 (two pages). Thus you are presented with same-tone pronunciations phonetically similar to ji1 (jü1, qi1, qü1), and then phonetic matches with different tones (ji2, ji3, ji4). The current page's pronunciation is displayed to the right of the magnifying glass buttons, as seen in the example below:
Navigating the Character List
Character list
 - Press the escape key [esc] to leave the selector and leave the character unchanged.
 - Press [return] to select the character that is currently highlighted.
 - Use the arrow keys on the keyboard to move through the list and find the character you want. Press [return] to input it.
 - If you see the character you want, type the letter for its row (if necessary) and the number for its column. This automatically inputs the character.
 - Use the mouse to select the character you want. Press [return] or double-click to input it.
Punctuation and


text:
This small courtyard pavilion located in the center of a classroom building activates the space by functioning like a machine of learning. Benches on the second floor catalyze informal conversations and outdoor presentations can occur in the sunken lecture hall. The pavilion also complements the geometry of the surrounding courtyard building. It is located on the center axis of the courtyard and it makes use of the existing staircase to create a dramatic entrance into the lecture hall. A reflecting pool in the center of the pavilion captures the sky and pulls it down into the core of the space and radiating "arms" line up with the existing trees and incorporate them into the design logic.
Status: School Project
Location: Atlanta, GA, US

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


text:
Definición de self-mortification en inglés:
The subjugation of appetites or desires by self-denial or self-discipline as an aspect of religious devotion: voluntary self-mortification such as fasting
Más ejemplos en oraciones
- Another discipline, however, might lead to its achievement, and there was such a discipline at hand: the method of self-mortification and extreme asceticism which we know best through Jainism.
- A popular misconception about it was that its real purpose was to annihilate the desires of the flesh altogether and provide an opportunity for self-mortification in the last degree.
- In India, the recollection of previous lives is a common feature in the histories of the saints and heroes of a sacred tradition, and it is considered a result of a pious life of self-mortification.
Definición de self-mortification en:
- Diccionario Inglés de EE.UU.
¿Qué te llama la atención de esta palabra o frase?
Los comentarios que no respeten nuestras Normas comunitarias podrían ser moderados o eliminados.
Muy popular en Reino Unido
Muy popular en Australia
= de moda


text:
With this option, you can add new labels, edit and delete existing labels. In ProofHub, you can have labels that are specific only to a project and labels that are global for all the projects.
Following are the steps to access the manage labels option:
Add a new label:
Following are the steps to add new labels:
Additionally, you can also add labels while adding tasks.
Edit a label:
Following are the steps to edit a label:
Delete a label:
Following are the steps to delete a label:
A confirm pop-up will appear in which you can click on Yes to confirm the label's deletion.
- Can't find the answer to your questions? Contact ProofHub Support
- Check our blog for the latest additions, updates and tips.


text:
PRINT THIS DATA
Under the Köppen Climate Classification climate classification, "dry-summer subtropical" climates are often referred to as "Mediterranean". This climate zone has an an average temperature above 10°C (50°F) in their warmest months, and an average in the coldest between 18 to -3°C (64 to 27°F). Summers tend to be dry with less than one-third that of the wettest winter month, and with less than 30mm (1.18 in) of precipitation in a summer month. SMany of the regions with Mediterranean climates have relatively mild winters and very warm summers.
The Köppen Climate Classification subtype for this climate is "Csb". (Mediterran Climate).
The average temperature for the year in Springerville is 48.4°F (9.1°C). The warmest month, on average, is July with an average temperature of 66.9°F (19.4°C). The coolest month on average is January, with an average temperature of 31.4°F (-0.3°C).
The highest recorded temperature in Springerville is 100.0°F (37.8°C), which was recorded in June. The lowest recorded temperature in Springerville is -28.0°F (-33.3°C), which was recorded in December.
The average amount of precipitation for the year in Springerville is 11.9" (302.3 mm). The month with the most precipitation on average is August with 3.0" (76.2 mm) of precipitation. The month with the least precipitation on average is April with an average of 0.4" (10.2 mm). There are an average of 64.0 days of precipitation, with the most precipitation occurring in August with 13.0 days and the least precipitation occurring in April with 3.0 days.
In Springerville, there's an average of 18.6" of snow (47.2 cm). The month with the most snow is January, with 4.4" of snow (11.2 cm).

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


text:
In 2016, the funding that Edison provided for the DASIT Project gave us the opportunity to further our engagement in work in two areas that are very important to us;
- The health and well-being of women & girls.
- (STEM) science, technology, engineering and math.
BWW has continued to highlight the importance of educational and career opportunities in STEM for people of color, especially women and girls, through DASIT. Recent studies have indicated that the STEM (Science, Technology, Engineering and Math) fields lack equitable representation of women and people of color. African Americans comprise approximately 3% of scientists and engineers; Latinos less than 4% and the representation of women in STEM fields is equally alarming with only one in ten STEM professionals representing as women of color.
With consistent support from Edison International, the DASIT Project has been able to promote and provide support to the STEM pipeline by providing engaging STEM activities for elementary, middle and high school students in the areas of Inventions and Innovations of people of color, solar technology and design and Aeronautical Science. Through these efforts, we work to dispel the overwhelming disparities and highlight the under publicized successes of people in color in STEM so students and communities can imagine and experience the impact STEM Education and Careers can have on youth and community development.
If you would like to learn more or are interested in volunteering your STEM skills and knowledge please contact Black Women for Wellness via e-mail _EMAIL_ or call us at _PHONE_.


Water relieving hunger
Well-Being (Sri Lanka)
Supplying water to relieve poverty
Welcome to the website of Well-Being (Sri Lanka), where we invite you to support our work in the relief of hardship in the Wanni.
Well-Being (Sri Lanka) provides water to families in an area of Sri Lanka called the Wanni where people displaced by the war have been resettled.
Our Mission
Our primary objective is to provide water for families in rural Wanni by constructing dugout wells or borehole tube wells for their personal use and for the cultivation of fruits and vegetables for home consumption and for the local market. The objective is to help to alleviate poverty and create sustainable livelihoods.
Danger posed by unprotected wells
Well-Being in action
Our Plea
We seek your support, funds and resources to assist in meeting the ongoing and desperate needs of the people of the Wanni.
After the self-destructive civil war that ended brutally in 2009, thousands of internally displaced people were resettled in the Wanni. The landless were allocated pieces of land and the homeless were given small grants to build their own brick houses. Very little was done for these war-weary wounded people to rehabilitate them and provide them the means of livelihood.
If there is one word to describe the needs of these people of the Wanni it is poverty.
Poverty has many faces. We commonly associate a lack of food, clothing and shelter with poverty. If you happen to travel within the Wanni, off the beaten track, you will, like us, soon realise the extent of the all-pervading poverty from the oversized recycled clothes people wear, the malnourished stunted children, and worried and anxious mothers and their half-built houses, with some still living in makeshift huts. Poverty also manifests itself through poor education of children, poor skills training, and poor job opportunities leading to a continuous vicious cycle of the poverty trap. In setting up Well-Being (Sri Lanka) in 2016, we wanted to address some of the issues faced by the people in poverty in the Wanni.


text:
Maple Leaf pre-schools focus on developing an active and healthy learning environment that sets the stage for an inquisitiveness and delight in the process of learning.
MLES delivers an advanced Chinese and English pre-school education program that ensures 'whole child' development, while at the same time cultivating in each child a high degree of bilingual proficiency. Maple Leaf pre-schools blend elements of traditional Chinese culture with western cultural awareness and language development. Our pre-schools are well known for their attention to early childhood nutrition and the development of healthy personal habits. Maple Leaf pre-school students are embarking on the path to success.


text:
PEACH TREE VILLAGE
PEACH TREE VILLAGE. Peach Tree Village, near the Neches River on a site now crossed by Farm Road 2097 two miles north of the present Chester in Tyler County, was the largest and most prominent of the villages established by the Alabama Indians. It was on a hill in the Kisatchie Wold, the ridge running through northern Tyler County. Members of the Alabama and Coushatta Indians had begun entering Texas in the latter part of the eighteenth century, and the Spanish Indian agent Samuel Davenport reported that the Alabamas established their principal village on the west bank of the Neches River eight leagues above its confluence with the Angelina. The Alabama Trace and the Coushatta Trace passed through this village. Also, it was the northern terminal of Long King's Trace, and the important north-south trail, the Liberty-Nacogdoches Road, was five miles east. Surveyors' field notes for fifteen original land grants in the counties of Polk and Tyler refer to this village. The Alabamas' claim to lands in Peach Tree Village and vicinity was contested for the first time when, in 1834 Col. Peter Ellis Bean, an American serving in a Mexican army detachment stationed at Nacogdoches, applied for and received a grant of eleven leagues of land from the Mexican government. Colonel Bean, who promoted this grant through Gavino Aranjo, one of his subordinates in the Mexican army, located part of his grant on land occupied by the Alabamas at Peach Tree Village. This land was later conveyed to Frost Thorne and his successors.
The Alabamas were on good terms with white settlers in the area, who included Peter Cauble and Valentine Ignatius Burch. Cauble settled at Peach Tree Village sometime around 1831, and Burch, who married Cauble's daughter, settled there about 1845. Peter Cauble's house was mentioned in the 1846 description of the boundaries of Polk County. At Gen. Sam Houston's request, the Alabamas remained neutral during the Texas Revolution. But they fed and cared for white settlers who passed through Peach Tree Village in the Runaway Scrape. To show that they were neutral the Alabamas displayed a large piece of white cloth every time a group of fleeing Texas approached Peach Tree Village. After Texas gained independence from Mexico, increasing numbers of settlers located in and near Peach Tree Village, and this village began a gradual transition from an Indian community to a prosperous frontier town with a store, a cotton gin, a saloon, a church, a school, and a post office that opened in 1853. During the years of the Republic of Texas the Alabamas began leaving Peach Tree Village and moving five miles southeastward to the Fenced-in Village.
In the 1850s Peach Tree Village was served by one of two mail routes across Tyler County, which connected with a route from Jasper to Swartout on the Trinity River in Polk County. Valentine Burch and other citizens of the community established a private academy, which served the area for a number of years. Dr. Stephen Pelham Willson, one of five doctors listed in the 1850 Tyler County census, located his store and office there and remained until his death. His son, Hiram A. Willson, a member of the Texas Constitutional Convention of 1876, also bought a farm and resided in this area. Peach Tree Village was the birthplace and boyhood home of one of East Texas's most outstanding industrialists-John Henry Kirbyqv, who was born here on November 16, 1860. Known and remembered chiefly as a lumberman, Kirby was an able lawyer, a business executive, a banker, and an oil operator. He was also president of the Southwestern Oil Company of Houston and organized the Kirby Petroleum Company in 1920.
In 1883 the Trinity and Sabine Railway was constructed into Tyler County, and Chester was built on the railroad two miles from Peach Tree Village. Soon the schools, commercial establishments, and postal service were moved to Chester, causing Peach Tree Village to die as a community. In 1912 Kirby erected a red brick chapel at Peach Tree Village in honor of his parents and hired a Russian artist to paint pictures on the walls. This memorial chapel and two acres of surrounding land are under the trusteeship of the Tyler County Commissioners Court. Approximately 22.4 acres of the Peach Tree Village site were donated by Temple-Eastex Incorporated for development of Camp Ta-Ku-La, a nondenominational camp that will be made available to any church or Christian group for activities, youth camps, and retreats for all ages.
Bob Bowman, The 35 Best Ghost Towns in East Texas and 220 Other Towns We Left Behind (Lufkin, Texas: Best of East Texas Publishers, 1988). Howard N. Martin, "Polk County Indians: Alabamas, Coushattas, Pakana Muskogees," East Texas Historical Journal 17 (1979). John R. Swanton, Early History of the Creek Indians and Their Neighbors, Smithsonian Institution, Bureau of American Ethnology Bulletin 73 (Washington: GPO, 1922). James E. and Josiah Wheat, "Tyler County under Mexico," It's Dogwood Time in Tyler County, March 1966.
The following, adapted from the Chicago Manual of Style, 15th edition, is the preferred citation for this article.Howard N. Martin, "PEACH TREE VILLAGE," Handbook of Texas Online (_URL_ accessed May 23, 2013. Published by the Texas State Historical Association.


View Full Version : Geometric Algebra and OpenGL 2.0
10-12-2001, 01:29 PM
At SIGGRAPH 2001 the revolutionary change happened on Computer Graphics History.
It's the introducing of "Geometric Algebra".
Please see Geometric Algebra course note. _URL_
I think OpenGL 2.0 should be based on some Geometric Algebra(Clifford Algebra).
10-12-2001, 05:31 PM
What exactly is revolutionary here? Clifford algebra isn't exactly new (Clifford died in 1879), and there have been papers discussing its application to gfx for a few years now.
Given that OpenGL is really an interface to expose 3D hardware and not a maths library, could you summarize the benefits for the mathematically challenged among us? (Well, okay, among me.)
I do wish people would stop posting presentation slides on the Web. Without the context and detail of the presentation they're a complete waste of time.


is no longer needed for other nodes to send traffic to it. Instead, the NKN address is the only information needed to send packets to a node or client. The role of the NKN address in NKN is similar to an IP address in the Internet. Please refer to "NKN Address Scheme" section for how nodes and clients choose NKN addresses.
The distance from NKN addresses x to y is defined as
dist(x, y) = (y — x) mod 2^m
which satisfies the following conditions:
 - dist(x, y) >= 0
 - dist(x, y) = 0 if and only if x = y
 - dist(x, z) <= dist(x, y) + dist(y, z)
 - dist(x, y) = dist(x + a, y + a)
Note that the distance metric is asymmetric such that dist(x, y) (distance from x to y) is generally not equal to dist(y, x).
Some people may ask, why does NKN define a concept of "distance" in the network? In fact, this is because with the definition of "distance", you can define the topology of the network. The network topology is extremely important for NKN. E.g:
We first define the successor and predecessor node of any NKN address x
successor(x) = argmin_y {dist(x, y) | y in all nodes}
predecessor(x) = argmin_y {dist(y, x) | y in all nodes}
Successor and predecessor of a node can be defined similarly, except that the successor and predecessor of a node cannot be itself. If node x is the successor of node y, then y is the predecessor of x.
Each node x in NKN has a few neighbors:
successor((x + 2^i) mod 2^m), 0 <= i < m
{y | x is a successor of y}
Since not all NKN addresses are assigned to nodes, some neighbors above point to the same node. It is worth mentioning that neighbors are defined to be symmetric such that if y is a neighbor of x, x is also a neighbor of y. The expected number of neighbors of a node is O(log(N)).
Clients connect to the NKN through nodes. A client at NKN address x is connected to predecessor(x). The client sends and receives data only through established connections with the node it's connected to and thus no client public IP address is needed. Clients in the NKN are similar to keys in Chord DHT (except that it's connected to its predecessor rather than successor).
Although there are other topology that may lead to a more efficient routing path, our choice has a critical advantage such that each choice of neighbor can be verified by at least one other node. Suppose a node at address x should choose A as its i-th successor node. In this case, there are no nodes between address (x + 2^i) mod 2^m and A, and A should have known this information from its predecessor. Thus A knows that itself should be a neighbor of x. If node x does not choose A as a neighbor, A is able to falsify it. Similarly, if x chooses another node between A and (x + 2^(i+1)) mod 2^m in addition to A as neighbors, A should also be able to falsify it. Verifiability is crucial to an open network that may have a nontrivial portion of malicious nodes. It greatly reduces the possibility that malicious nodes choose specific neighbors to attack the system.
If you understand the principles of DDTN topology selection, then we can further introduce the DDTN routing technology. Given an established NKN network, routing can be achieved in a greedy algorithm using only information about neighbors. When a node wants to send or relay a packet to a destination address, it sends the packet to the neighbor that has the smallest distance to the destination address. The remaining distance becomes at most half of the previous value for each relay, thus decreases exponentially or faster as the packet is being relayed. Similar to Chord DHT, the expected number of hops is O(log(N)) given uniformly distributed addresses.
If the destination address is a client rather than a node, the above routing stops as long as the packet reaches the node connected to the client. The node then relays the packet to the client through the established connection.
The route between any two node pair is verifiable. Suppose a node sending a packet to destination address D should choose its neighbor A as the next hop while it actually chose neighbor B. From the routing rule we know that dist(A, D) < dist(B, D). Then A is able to falsify the route. If the node chose a non-neighbor node as the next hop, then such route can be falsified by the actual neighbor as discussed previously. The verifiability of routing is crucial to reduce the possibility of forming routes consisting of only malicious nodes. For a practical relay path validation algorithm, please refer to "Relay Path Validation" section.
In addition to network topology and routing, NKN must consider openness in order to build a network-based public blockchain. This requires a set of NKN protocols to define the behavior of the nodes/clients, such as node/client join, node/client exit, channel keepalive messages, network stabilization mechanisms, and so on.
Since NKN is an open network, it is inevitable that nodes will join and leave the network at any time, with or without prior notification. To efficiently maintain the NKN, each node locally maintains three lists:
 1. Its successors and predecessors. At least one successor and one predecessor is needed, while keeping more nodes in the list enhances fault tolerance. (For specific principles, please refer to the NKN White Paper Ising Model Mathematical Proof and Simulation Results: _URL_ ).
 2. Its neighbors.
 3. Clients connected to it.
Nodes update these lists in response to topology changes. For efficiency, it is important that when a node or client join or leave the network, only a small portion of the other nodes (up to O(logN)) are updates. We have the following protocols that satisfy our goal in dynamic environments.
Table 1 Overview of NKN Protocol Definition
Figure 4 NKN node-join protocol flow chart
Figure 5 NKN node-exit protocol flow chart
Proof of Relay (PoR)
One of the key problems in NKN is to prove how much data a node relayed, which we define as Proof of Relay (PoR). PoR is crucial to the NKN as the amount of data being relayed is directly related to token rewards. An ideal proof should satisfy the following conditions:
 1. verifiable: anyone, involved in data transmission or not, is able to verify the proof correctly using only public information;
 2. unforgeable: no party, unless controlled all involved nodes, is able to forge a valid proof with nontrivial probability;
 3. untamperable: no party, unless controlled all involved nodes, is able to modify a valid proof with nontrivial probability.
Unlike Bitcoin and Ethereum mining, PoR is a useful proof of work: mining the data samples under transmission in an active channel. NKN achieve this by using a particular chain of signature. To improve efficiency, we use the hash of the chain to randomly select proofs in an uncontrollable but verifiable way. Moreover, we select a class of proofs that is proven to be hard to forge even for a large malicious party that has controlled a significant portion of all nodes in the network to be eligible for other benefits such as mining rewards.
One of the primary functions of the NKN is to transmit data. To be transparent to higher level applications, NKN works with network packets. Packet originates from source which can be either node or client, then relayed by relayers which can only be nodes, and finally arrives at destination which can be either node or client. The basic transmission unit in NKN is the NKN packet. The fields of a NKN packet are shown in Table 2.
Table 2 Summary of NKN Packet Fields
As can be seen from Table 2, the signature chain is part of the NKN packet and is the part of the NKN packet that may be on chain. The signature chain is a signature chain that the relay node signs in turn when forwarding the NKN packet, as shown in Figure 6. Each element in the signature chain consists of the following fields: the NKN address and public key of the relay node, the NKN address of the next relay node, and the signature(signature of the previous element on chain, relayer NKN address, next relayer NKN address) signed with relayer private key.
Figure 6 Schematic diagram of the signature chain structure
As illustrated in Figure 6, the essential feature of a signature chain is its verifiability. A signature chain is valid if and only if for each element on chain, the following conditions are satisfied:
 - The relayer NKN address matches the next relayer NKN address of the previous element.
 - The signature field is valid.
Any modifications to a signed NKN packet except the payload will invalidate the signature chain unless re-signed. Thus, a signature chain is verifiable to anyone who has access to the NKN packet (no need for the payload). A malicious party cannot tamper with or forge a signature chain without having all the private keys along the route.
A NKN packet is valid if and only if the following conditions are satisfied:
 1. Payload


text:
Objective: The study objective was to evaluate whether a novel global position system (GPS)-like position-sensing technology will enable accurate co-registration of images between imaging modalities. Co-registration of images obtained by different imaging modalities will allow for comparison and fusion between imaging modalities, and therefore has significant clinical and research implications. We compared ultrasound (US) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans of carotid endarterectomy (CEA) specimens using a novel position-sensing technology that uses an electromagnetic (EM) transmitter and sensors mounted on a US transducer. We then evaluated in vivo US-US and US-MRI co-registration. Methods: Thirteen CEA specimens underwent 3.0 Tesla MRI, after which images were uploaded to a LOGIQ E9 3D (GE Healthcare, Wauwatosa, WI) US system and registered by identifying two to three common points. A similar method was used to evaluate US-MRI co-registration in patients with carotid atherosclerosis. For carotid intima-media thickness (C-IMT) measurements, 10 volunteers underwent bilateral carotid US scans co-registered to three-dimensional US maps created on the initial visit, with a repeat scan 2 days later. Results: For the CEA specimens, there was a mean of 20 (standard error [SE] 2.0) frames per MRI slice. The mean frame difference, over 33 registration markers, between MRI and US scans for readers 1 and 2 was -2.82 ± 19.32 and 2.09 ± 14.68 (mean ± 95% CI) frames, respectively. The US-MRI intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs) for the first and second readers were 0.995 and 0.997, respectively. For patients with carotid atherosclerosis, the mean US frames per MRI slice (9 [SE 2.3]) was within range of that observed with CEA specimens. Inter-visit, intra-reader, and inter-reader reproducibility of C-IMT measurements were consistently high (side-averaged ICC >0.9). Conclusion: Accurate co-registration between US and other modalities is feasible with a GPS-like technology, which has significant clinical and research applicability.
|Number of pages||9|
|Journal||Journal of the American Society of Echocardiography|
|Publication status||Published - Jul 2011|
- Carotid plaques
- Magnetic resonance imaging
- Plaque tissue


text:
Pontifical Council for the Pastoral Care of Migrants and Itinerant People
People on the Move
N° 107, August 2008
AIRPORT CHAPLAINCIES AND THE SITUATION OF
AIRPORT WORKERS, AIR CREWS AND THEIR FAMILIES
Rev. Father Michael G. Zaniolo
National Catholic Civil Aviation Chaplains (NCCAC)
In the common estimation of people, airport chaplaincies serve the spiritual needs of travelers. Indeed, they do. Viewed more closely, the picture is more complex. The pastoral care extended through airport chaplaincies reaches not only to travelers but also in a significant way to airline personnel, ground workers who service airplanes, and those charged with safety and security in the airports. In fact, airport chaplaincies reach even beyond these groups of travelers and workers. We must be mindful that every person who enables the air travel of others belongs to the primary social unit of the family. What affects airport workers most certainly affects their families. This is the larger context for my remarks today.
Permit me to add an additional word of introduction. With regard to ministry in the context of airport chaplaincies more generally and in the context of workers and their families more particularly, we must note the fundamental and distinctive shape of this kind of ministry. In my experience and reflection, I would identify airport ministry as providing an ecclesial experience for travelers and for those who make their journeys possible. The heart of this ecclesial experience shares the common ground of all authentic experiences of the Church: proclamation and reception of the Word of God, celebration of the life-giving sacraments of the Lord, and direct service to those in need. In saying this, I am not saying anything new but rather repeating what has been the experience of the Church from the very earliest apostolic moments: kerygma, leitourgia, diakonia.
Airport chaplaincies engage in a ministry of word, worship-sacrament, and service on behalf of airport workers and their families and so provide them with four essential elements which strengthen their faith and give them encouragement as they make their spiritual and professional life's journeys. These elements, as I shall describe them, are: stability, security, solidarity, and support.
The air travel industry within which airline and airport personnel work not only serves the movement of people but is itself in a state of constant flux. This is so for two principle reasons. We live in a technological age that drives a constant flow of change. Basic engineering, for example, shifts continuously to accommodate more efficient aircraft. Information technology and its constant development also allows for a greater efficiency in the scheduling and transport of goods and people. The other continuously shifting dimension of the air travel industry is economic. We find ourselves at a threshold of world economic change because of the economic process of globalization. Although there are many positive features, such as greater efficiencies within the industry, there are also less positive features because of profit-driven motives that often take scant account of the human impact of realigned commercial structures.
Those who work in the air travel industry must face this process of continuous and rapid change with a concomitant sense of instability. It is possible to see one's previous training and experience vanish without value as new technologies emerge. It is possible to find oneself out of a job because of downsizing due to acquisitions and mergers. Shortly, I will address the question of security which includes job security. For now, I want to highlight the fundamental instability of the air travel industry. This has an obvious direct impact on workers. It also has an overflowing impact on their families.
Airport chaplaincies cannot address and, much less, resolve all the critical and threatening situations faced by workers and their families because of the inherent instability of the air travel industry. Airport chaplaincies, however, can offer a point of stability grounded in faith that enables workers and their families to assess their situation in a larger perspective. "Christ yesterday, today, and tomorrow" becomes a compass point for navigating a work world in flux. He is proclaimed in his Word, celebrated and made present in his sacraments, especially Reconciliation and the Eucharist, and served in the daily needs of his people.
A sense of security is proportionate to the reliability of the environment in which one lives and works. For airport workers and their dependents security today is compromised both by the instability of the economic environment which I have just now indicated but also—and perhaps more decisively—by the emergence of worldwide terrorism which has targeted air travel in a special way. The heightened sense of mortal risk has transformed the airline industry which previously had to deal with mechanical catastrophe or human error. Now, in a way that menaces all those who travel or make air journeys possible, risk is the result of human malice and the intention to destroy and destabilize governments and the general confidence of the public in fundamental institutions of life, such as transportation.
What does it mean to live and work in an environment which continuously reminds one of vulnerability and a risk that potentially has mortal and, indeed, catastrophic dimensions? Airport chaplaincies deal with the human and emotional impact of this question. Obviously, the chaplaincies do not deal directly with terrorist activities. They do, however, offer a word of reassurance to those who must deal with this plague on a daily basis. They do so by redirecting concern to the providential hand of God which accompanies us on our daily journey. These same chaplaincies, by welcoming persons of all religious affiliations, create an atmosphere in which workers and their families come to realize that religion and the name of God cannot be authentically invoked by those who plan and execute the destruction of innocent people. In this way, the chaplaincies affirm in a vibrant way that God is on the side of the just and those who respectfully live with their neighbor.
An airport chaplaincy has a major role to play in connecting people with each other. In other words, airport ministry can affirm human solidarity in a constructive and humanizing way. This happens in a number of different contexts.
Because air transportation is a business and one that determinedly seeks to make a profit, relationships with the customer-client base can be severely strained. Passengers, for example, can become valued only for their capacity to generate a profit. Airport chaplaincies can remind those who work in the airline industry that persons are persons, not instruments for profit, not nuisances, not problems, but real persons endowed with God-given dignity. The chaplaincy may be the lone voice affirming the humanity of passengers, as well as the humanity of those who work for the airline industry. Thus, the chaplaincy can build a bridge of human solidarity that transcends the profit motive which can seem to be the single force driving the air transportation enterprise.
The air chaplaincy can further build bonds among those who labor together in the air transportation industry. The humanization of the work space and the task of the workers is an essential ingredient of pastoral ministry in the context of airports. In the triple ministry of word, sacrament, and service, workers are reminded of their linkage among themselves and of their vocation not only to transport people from one place to another but, through travel, to link people to each other in a new form of social solidarity.
Finally, the air chaplaincy can help workers to remain connected to their families. The demands of the travel industry often create inevitable separations from family and friends. This is a part of the cost of the work that is done. By affirming and celebrating the family ties of air transportation workers, the chaplaincies are able to foster a continuing solidarity of family life. That same ministry can be available when inevitable separations can cause stresses and strains in marriages and family relationships.
Although there are specific circumstances which uniquely belong to those involved in the air transportation industry and their dependents, they are also subjected to the ordinary stresses and concerns of life shared with other human beings. Parents grow old and sick. Marital relationships can suffer from difficulties. Children can seem to lack direction and be in need of special guidance. Friends and relatives die. Illness, whether physical or emotional, can take its toll. In the face of all these "ordinary" circumstances and problems of daily life, the chaplaincy is close at hand. It is available, if not to address every concern, to receive the concerns and to be a useful resource in addressing the pains and hurts of the human condition. Sometimes this means a word of God that can enlighten a given situation. Sometimes, the sacraments, most especially the sacraments of healing and forgiveness, can give a new lease on life. Sometimes, a supportive word or a helpful referral can bring new hope to a difficult situation.
The ministry of the Church, in my own experience and estimation as an airport chaplain, is alive in a most intense way in the context of airport workers and their families. Clearly, the reason for this is that airport ministry encompasses the full range of the human experience but in a more intense way. The shifts in today's culture and economy are all accentuated in the context of the air transportation industry. Just as the challenges are magnified because of terrorism and economic instability and globalization, and countless other factors as well, so is the hope which the Gospel can bring to the human condition. In word, sacrament, and service, new hope and confidence can be born in the more challenging and difficult situations of today's world, especially as these emerge in the air transportation industry with their particular impact on airport workers and their families.


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Collections: History Archives & Library
The History Archives of the Staten Island Museum is an important resource for all individuals interested in Staten Island history.
Journalists, students, land planners, home owners, genealogists, environmentalists, archeologists, naturalists, and many others use this vast collection for their research efforts.
A reference library with over 15,000 volumes can be consulted, as can more than 175 Special Collections that focus on history, science, nature, and art relative to Staten Island. Some of the most important collections utilized include: Staten Island Ferries and Railroads, Churches and Cemeteries, Architectural Survey Collection, Genealogies: Staten Island Families, 1597-Present, Newspaper Collections: 1834-Present, Biographies of Staten Islanders, _PHONE_, the William T. Davis Collection, and the George W. Curtis Collection. Maps and atlases, wills and deeds, census records, family bibles, cemetery and church records, city and county directories, military muster rolls and enlistment records, and numerous other documents, papers, and records are available to aid researchers.
The Archives also holds more than 60,000 images including photographs, negatives, carte de visite, daguerreotypes, tintypes, stereoviews, and other formats. The Archives of the Staten Island Museum is a rich repository for all researchers. This excellent resource is available by appointment at our new location: History Center and Archives, Building H, Snug Harbor Cultural Center, 1000 Richmond Terrace, Staten Island, New York.
For more information or to make an appointment please e-mail or call _PHONE_.
We invite you to explore the links below to learn more:
From ferries to architecture, to portraits and beachfront promenades, the History Archives has over 60,000 images available for reproduction.Learn More >>
The Archives contain thousands of books covering five centuries. More than 16,000 books focusing on history, art, and nature are housed within the library.Learn More >>
More than 175 Special Collections that focus on history, science, nature, and art relative to Staten Island.Learn More >>


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I want to read about human body described in hindu scriptures. If there is any please provide links or references or books?
From an Ayurvedic perspective, there is the the Sharirasthana of the Sushruta-samhita which deals with anatomy and the human body (sharira), and various other subjects:
A small chapter from the Brihadaranyaka Upanishad also deals with the Sharira (body):
And from the advaita-vedanta perspective, we have the Taittiriya Upanishad where five chapters are dedicated to the five layers (kośa, 'sheats') of a human being:
And finally, the 'Vedic index of names and subjects' also has a detailed definition on the human body (sharira) including many references to Vedic literature:


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Controversial issues: guidance for schools
7. The importance of citizenship education
A consideration of the issues surrounding the teaching of controversial issues serves only to underline the importance of good citizenship education from an early age.
If children become accustomed to discussing their differences in a rational way in the primary years, they are more likely to accept it as normal in their adolescence.
Citizenship education helps to equip young people to deal with situations of conflict and controversy knowledgeably and tolerantly. It helps to equip them to understand the consequences of their actions, and those of the adults around them.
Pupils learn how to recognize bias, evaluate argument, weigh evidence, look for alternative interpretations, viewpoints and sources of evidence; above all to give good reasons for the things they say and do, and to expect good reasons to be given by others.


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This example shows how to create and minimize a fitness function using the Genetic Algorithm in the Global Optimization Toolbox.
|On this page…|
Here we want to minimize a simple function of two variables
min f(x) = 100 * (x(1)^2 - x(2)) ^2 + (1 - x(1))^2; x
We create a MATLAB file named simple_fitness.m with the following code in it:
function y = simple_fitness(x) y = 100 * (x(1)^2 - x(2)) ^2 + (1 - x(1))^2;
The Genetic Algorithm solver assumes the fitness function will take one input x where x is a row vector with as many elements as number of variables in the problem. The fitness function computes the value of the function and returns that scalar value in its one return argument y.
To minimize our fitness function using the ga function, we need to pass in a function handle to the fitness function as well as specifying the number of variables in the problem.
FitnessFunction = _USER_; numberOfVariables = 2; [x,fval] = ga(FitnessFunction,numberOfVariables)
Optimization terminated: average change in the fitness value less than options.TolFun. x = 0.4725 0.2136 fval = 0.2876
The x returned by the solver is the best point in the final population computed by ga. The fval is the value of the function _USER_ evaluated at the point x.
Sometimes we want our fitness function to be parameterized by extra arguments that act as constants during the optimization. For example, in the previous fitness function, say we want to replace the constants 100 and 1 with parameters that we can change to create a family of objective functions. We can re-write the above function to take two additional parameters to give the new minimization problem
min f(x) = a * (x(1)^2 - x(2)) ^2 + (b - x(1))^2; x
a and b are parameters to the fitness function that act as constants during the optimization (they are not varied as part of the minimization). One can create a MATLAB file called parameterized_fitness.m containing the following code:
function y = parameterized_fitness(x,a,b) y = a * (x(1)^2 - x(2)) ^2 + (b - x(1))^2;
Again, we need to pass in a function handle to the fitness function as well as the number of variables as the second argument.
ga will call our fitness function with just one argument 'x', but our fitness function has three arguments: x, a, b. We can use an anonymous function to capture the values of the additional arguments, the constants a and b. We create a function handle 'FitnessFunction' to an anonymous function that takes one input 'x', but calls 'parameterized_fitness' with x, a, and b. The variables a and b have values when the function handle 'FitnessFunction' is created, so these values are captured by the anonymous function.
a = 100; b = 1; % define constant values FitnessFunction = @(x) parameterized_fitness(x,a,b); numberOfVariables = 2; [x,fval] = ga(FitnessFunction,numberOfVariables)
Optimization terminated: maximum number of generations exceeded. x = 0.8331 0.6835 fval = 0.0390
Consider the previous fitness function again:
f(x) = a * (x(1)^2 - x(2)) ^2 + (b - x(1))^2;
By default, the ga solver only passes in one point at a time to the fitness function. However, sometimes speed up can be achieved if the fitness function is vectorized to take a set of points and return a set of function values.
For example if the solver wants to evaluate a set of five points in one call to this fitness function, then it will call the function with a matrix of size 5-by-2, i.e., 5 rows and 2 columns (recall 2 is the number of variables).
Create a MATLAB file called vectorized_fitness.m with the following code:
function y = vectorized_fitness(x,a,b) y = a * (x(:,1).^2 - x(:,2)).^2 + (b - x(:,1)).^2;
This vectorized version of the fitness function takes a matrix x with an arbitrary number of points, the rows of x, and returns a column vector y with the same number of rows as x.
We need to specify that the fitness function is vectorized using the options structure created using gaoptimset. The options structure is passed in as the ninth argument.
FitnessFunction = @(x) vectorized_fitness(x,100,1); numberOfVariables = 2; options = gaoptimset('Vectorized','on'); [x,fval] = ga(FitnessFunction,numberOfVariables,,,,,,,,options)
Optimization terminated: average change in the fitness value less than options.TolFun. x = -0.4862 0.2451 fval = 2.2163


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The Silk Museum in Soufli presents all the phases and the stages of the pre-industrial process of rearing silkworms (sericulture) and of silk processing (silk manufacturing) within the socio-economic context that made the region a major silk-producing centre in Greece (late 19th – mid-20th century).
The Silk Museum's ground floor, where the old exhibition used to be housed, is now dedicated to the section on the history of silk. At the same time, the projected documentaries produced by PIOP help the visitor to put sericulture and silk manufacturing into a specific spaceand timeframe.
On the first floor the exhibition's scenario on sericulture is developed. The visitor's itinerary follows the cycle of sericulture. It begins with the production and hatching of the silkworm seed (eggs), the mulberry and the silkworm. It continues with the silkworm's different stages of development (instars) and the weaving of the valuable cocoon (mounting of the branches and harvesting). This is followed by the cocoons' cleaning and sorting. The silkworm's life cycle ends with the process called stifling. The next section is dedicated to silk manufacturing (reeling, i.e. unwinding the cocoon's silk filament, dyeing and weaving of silk yarn, with particular mention to the Givre silk mills). The authentic exhibits are accompanied by audiovisual material. Lastly, the section «traditional costumes in Soufli» presents unique accessories and items of traditional attire in this region.


Ricerche di Matematica
, Volume 61, Issue 2, pp 231–244
The effective conductivity equation for a highly heterogeneous periodic medium
DOI: 10.1007/s11587-_PHONE_-9
Cite this article as:
Charef, H. & Sili, A. Ricerche mat. (2012) 61: 231. doi:10.1007/s11587-_PHONE_-9
We consider the homogenization of a conductivity equation for a medium made up of a set \({F_\varepsilon}\) (\({\varepsilon}\) being the size of the period of the medium) of highly conductive vertical fibers surrounded by another material (the matrix) assumed to be a poor conductor. The conductivity coefficients in the fibers behave as \({\frac{1}{\varepsilon^2}}\) while whose of the matrix behave as \({\varepsilon^2}\). We show that the homogenized problem consists of an equality of the kind u(x) = m(x) f (x) where u denotes the macroscopic temperature, f the source term and m(x) a coefficient given by solving some cell equation.
Homogenization Anisotropy Conductivity Fibers
Mathematics Subject Classification (2010)
35B27 74QXX 76M50
Copyright information
© Università degli Studi di Napoli "Federico II" 2011
Authors and Affiliations
 1. 1.Département de mathématiquesUniversité du Sud Toulon-VarLa Garde cedexFrance
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Doing things with paracord has become very popular. This lesson will show you how to build a simple jig that will make tying the paracord bundle or fob much easier and how to tie a length of paracord into a small package that can quickly be undone. There is a YouTube video at the bottom that shows all of this as well.
- measuring and layout
- selecting a drill size, a simple depth indicator and drilling holes in wood
- paracord wrapping and tying
- bits – twist drill type
- pencil for marking
- clamp (desirable)
- board – 2×4 or similar at least 18″ long
- two round school pencils
- tape – masking or blue painters
- Using your ruler and pencil or sharpie measure from one end of your board and make a mark at 4″, 6″, 8″, 10″ & 16″. You want these marks to be in the center of the board.
- Select the drill bit the size of your pencils and hold it next to the board so that the point is a little higher than the bottom of the board and put a piece of tape on the bit even with the top of the board. This is your depth indicator.
- Put the bit in your drill and drill the holes, stopping when the tape reaches the top of the board. Try to keep the drill a vertical as possible, this is called plumb by carpenters.
- Put the pencils in the holes and you are done.
The advantage of a jig for anything is repeat-ability. In this case you can learn how many wraps each length of paracord needs to come out correctly. I'm not even going to try to explain how to use the jig, watch the video. However I did list the settings I've found to work at the bottom. You may need to adjust them for the way you tie, but this will give you a starting point that should at least work.
The first hole always gets a pencil and 2nd pencil is placed in the hole that corresponds to the length of paracord you are using and then wrap the number of times indicated. Again see table below the video for the values that worked for me.


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See this cloud as a list of concordances
The node word appears at the top, and up to 100 collocates are displayed below (ordered alphabetically).
Size reflects frequency of usage (large = more frequent), i.e. how often the collocate occurs five words before or after the node.
Brightness reflects collocational strength (bright = stronger), i.e. to what degree the collocate occurs only with the node, using MI.


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Thursday, September 10, 2009
The Genealogy of Communities: Fishing Camps
By definition a camp is defined as "temporary" living quarters. Many of those housed in camps were making their way to a new life, most were single, and women were few. In her most recent article, "The Genealogy of Communities: Fishing Camps," Judy Rosella Edwards explores the nature of fishing camps and suggests ways to back-track individuals who may have been found in these camps. Skilled workers, for example, may be found plying the same trade in their place of origin, as noted on the census. As fishing camps were "a haven for new immigrants," the article suggests ways of narrowing an ancestor's place of origin through ship manifests. Ideas are also provided for tracking an ancestor forward in time, as they build new lives.


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|START Conference Manager|
This paper reports an exploratory reusability study of digital learning material. Materials from eight university professors and the corresponding interviews by chat were collected and analyzed from qualitative inquiry perspective and using grounded theory method. Sensitizing initial concepts from education, design, computer and information science were used in the initial approach to collect data, but the analysis results were rooted in actual material and chat texts. The research team was composed of three researchers and two assistants; group discussions led to the collection and analysis of data. The findings suggest that: (1) learning promotion, (2) access, (3) emotional appeal, (4) technical suitability, (5) effective graphical and textual communication, (6) creativity, (7) collaboration, and (8) subject authority are related to reusability. These categories offer the structural elements to design and implement digital learning material collections. The latter are the basis for knowledge management oriented systems aimed at sharing and preserving digital learning materials.
Program Track: Posters and Demos Submission Type: Poster
START Conference Manager (V2.56.8 - Rev. 1261)


Why AISM? Our Unique Approach to Education.
Australian International School Malaysia (AISM) is amongst the top international schools in Malaysia.
Here, our teaching methods equip our students to embark on a life-long journey of learning and discovery. AISM is committed to delivering high quality pre-school, primary, secondary and pre-university education, though the internationally recognised Australian curriculum. All our students are taught using the Visible Learning™ Approach, that is proven the world over.


What is a reserve study
What is a reserve fund study?
In basic terms, a reserve fund study is a report that assists condominium corporations in understanding what they own, how much money they have, the timing of potential replacements, future costs, and, ultimately, how to pay for the replacements when they are due.
How often should an HOA do a reserve study?
every five years
How do you do a reserve study?
Reserve Study Definition
How do you do that calculation? You take the estimated replacement cost and divide it by the number of years the item is estimated to last. That number is the amount you should reserve each year.
What is a reserve budget?
A budget reserve is a rainy-day fund a company sets aside to finance operating activities if adverse, unexpected events cripple its liquidity position or make it difficult for the business to access money in corporate vaults. … Department heads generally estimate budget reserves in absolute or relative terms.
What is the purpose of a reserve fund?
A reserve fund is savings or a liquid asset set aside to cover unexpected costs or future financial obligations. Many governments, financial institutions, and individuals regularly set aside funds into accounts that earn interest.
How are reserve funds calculated?
Formula :D=(1+R)1/12 -1 where R is the yearly rate of discount. This is used to determine the present value of the Reserve Fund ie. D multiplied by Reserve Fund.
 1. Input the amount of the required fund.
 2. Input the number of years.
 3. Input the rate of interest.
How much should my HOA have in reserves?
Ideally, the HOA wants to have a 100% funded reserve meaning that it has enough money to cover all anticipated costs. … Typically between 25% and 40% of fees should be put toward the reserve fund. Be transparent with homeowners about the status of the reserve fund and options for improving funding.
You might be interested: How to calculate required reserve ratio
What happens if HOA runs out of money?
Additionally, if the HOA is unable to recover the funds that it used for the shortfall then there is a permanent loss of a reserve fund. … This means that personal property assets become viable solutions to HOA debt. Therefore, when outstanding debt is an ongoing issue parts of the property are likely to be sold.
Can you claim HOA dues on taxes?
What is the purpose of a reserve study?
A reserve study is an assessment of all the major assets that an HOA or business is responsible to maintain. It evaluates how much life those assets have left and how much it's likely to cost when they wear out. A reserve study is an assessment of all the major assets that an HOA or business is responsible to maintain.
What are the 3 types of reserves?
Types of Reserves:
 - General Reserves: These are those which are generally created without any specific purpose.
 - Specific Reserves: These are those which created for some specific purpose and can be used only for those specific purposes. …
 - Revenue and Capital Reserves: This classification is done according to the nature of profits.
What is the difference between contingency reserve and management reserve?
The Difference Between Contingency Reserve and Management Reserve. … The contingency reserve is used to manage identified risks, while the management reserve is used for unidentified risks. The contingency reserve is an estimated figure, while the management reserve is a percentage of the cost or duration of the project.
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Discrimination in housing markets occurs when equally qualified people are treated differently because of their membership in a particular group. This study focuses on racial and ethnic discrimination in qualitative actions by landlords, such as making an advertised housing unit available for inspection by a customer. The data come from the Housing Discrimination study, which conducted over 1500 rental housing audits in 25 metropolitan areas in 1989. Each audit consists of a visits to a landlord by a white person and either a black or Hispanic person with similar socio-economic characteristics. Using Chamberlain's fixed-effect logic estimation, we develop a nationally representative measure of the incidence of discrimination in landlord behavior and conduct hypothesis tests on the incidence and causes of discrimination. The results indicate widespread discrimination across several types of landlord behavior and support the hypotheses that landlords discriminate both out of personal prejudice and in response to the prejudice of present and future white clients.
ASJC Scopus subject areas
- Economics and Econometrics


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[Sca-cooks] Beehives from 900BC
gordonse at one.net
Wed Sep 5 05:33:06 PDT 2007
>JERUSALEM --Archaeologists digging in northern Israel have discovered evidence of a 3,000-year-old beekeeping industry, including remnants of ancient honeycombs, beeswax and what they believe are the oldest intact beehives ever found.
>The findings in the ruins of the city of Rehov this summer include 30 intact hives dating to around 900 B.C., archaeologist Amihai Mazar of Jerusalem's Hebrew University told The Associated Press.
>The beehives, made of straw and unbaked clay, have a hole at one end to allow the bees in and out and a lid on the other end to allow beekeepers access to the honeycombs inside. They were found in orderly rows, three high, in a room that could have accommodated around 100 hives, Mazar said.
More info at
More information about the Sca-cooks


English to French: more detail...
 1. melt down:
Detailed Translations for melt down from English to French
melt down:
to melt down verb (melts down, melted down, melting down)
 1. to melt down (smelt; melt away; dissolve)
 fondre; dissoudre; se fondre; se liquéfier; dégeler
 - fondre verb (fonds, fond, fondons, fondez, )
 - dissoudre verb (dissous, dissout, dissolvons, dissolvez, )
 - se fondre verb
 - dégeler verb (dégèle, dégèles, dégelons, dégelez, )
Conjugations for melt down:
 1. melt down
 2. melt down
 3. melts down
 4. melt down
 5. melt down
 6. melt down
simple past
 1. melted down
 2. melted down
 3. melted down
 4. melted down
 5. melted down
 6. melted down
present perfect
 1. have melted down
 2. have melted down
 3. has melted down
 4. have melted down
 5. have melted down
 6. have melted down
past continuous
 1. was melting down
 2. were melting down
 3. was melting down
 4. were melting down
 5. were melting down
 6. were melting down
 1. shall melt down
 2. will melt down
 3. will melt down
 4. shall melt down
 5. will melt down
 6. will melt down
continuous present
 1. am melting down
 2. are melting down
 3. is melting down
 4. are melting down
 5. are melting down
 6. are melting down
 1. be melted down
 2. be melted down
 3. be melted down
 4. be melted down
 5. be melted down
 6. be melted down
 1. melt down!
 2. let's melt down!
 3. melted down
 4. melting down
Translation Matrix for melt down:
VerbRelated TranslationsOther Translations
dissoudre dissolve; melt away; melt down; smelt break down; break up; collapse; crumble; demolish; depart; destroy; disintegrate; dissolve; drag down; fall apart; fall to bits; fall to pieces; get down; go; go away; leave; melt away; pull down; take down; tear down; tear loose; wreck
dégeler dissolve; melt away; melt down; smelt become less stiff; defrost; fuse; fuze; melt; stop freezing; thaw
fondre dissolve; melt away; melt down; smelt become less stiff; burn out; decrease; defrost; diminish; drop; dwindle; fuse; fuze; go down; lessen; melt; melt together; merge; reduce; shrink; shrink away; shrink back; shrivel; shrivel up; stop freezing; thaw
se fondre dissolve; melt away; melt down; smelt fuse; fuze; melt together; merge
se liquéfier dissolve; melt away; melt down; smelt become less stiff; liquidify
- melt; run
Synonyms for "melt down":
Related Definitions for "melt down":
 1. reduce or cause to be reduced from a solid to a liquid state, usually by heating1
 - melt down gold1
Related Translations for melt down
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13+ 2N3773 Amplifier Circuit Diagram. In this video you will see 2m 3773 transistor circuit diagram with explanation of all component and easy way to create the circuit this circuits pdf file. 300w power amplifier circuit with 2n773.
This device can also be used in power switching circuits such as relay or solenoid drivers, dc−dc converters or inverters. A simple stereo amp aroud a 2n3773. Here in this article, we can learn how to make a transistor circuit diagram of 2sc5200 and 2sa1943.
The 2n3773 is a powerbaset power transistor designed for high power audio, disk head positioners and other linear applications.
13+ 2N3773 Amplifier Circuit Diagram. Small power portable audio amplifier design requires minimum components utilization and low power consumption, here the 5v usb audio amplifier circuit diagram composed with ns8002 will give continuous 3 watts output and this amplifier circuit don't have any output coupling capacitor or. 400w high performance power amplifier circuit diagram is very powerful power amplifier dont forget to try make this power amp. This circuit is given by emmanuel. Editor electronic circuit published monday, april 23, 2012.


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'Walking on marbles' to soon become thing of past for arthritis patients
Researchers will be undertaking a new stage of a study aimed at improving the health and mobility of those suffering from the common complaint of "walking on marbles" associated with Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA) in the feet, it has been revealed.
Forefeet often contain some of the first joints to be affected and those with the condition often say that they feel like they are "walking on marbles".
Mostly, people have thought that this was due to walking on foot joints that are affected by the RA.
The Health Sciences' FeeTURA study however, developed new ways of assessing the forefeet through the use of diagnostic ultrasound and magnetic resonance imaging techniques.
From this work, the University of Southampton researchers discovered that some of the swellings and associated feeling of 'walking on marbles' were related to inflamed bursae (a fluid-filled sac usually found in areas subject to friction) that had developed underneath the forefoot joints. These inflamed bursae were rarely detected by clinical examination.
The exact cause of the inflamed bursae is not known and a cure is yet to be found, however, the team is now looking at identifying inflammatory and mechanical markers to find the best ways of treating this complication in people suffering with RA.
They will evaluate foot health treatments, such as targeted steroid injections, as well as medical management through the use of new drugs (called biologics).
During the first stage of the study, which took place between 2006 and 2009, researchers at the University of Southampton developed a technique to better evaluate the forefeet and diagnose the'marbles' using diagnostic ultrasound.
Participants who were assessed at the NIHR Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Facility (WTCRF), based at Southampton General Hospital, returned for re-assessment in the second stage of the study which discovered the changes that had occurred in the condition.
A third stage used an MRI scan to visualise the anatomical structures and'marbles' more clearly in the forefeet (see photo) and resulted in researchers developing the first ever atlas to categorise the swellings originally identified in stage one.
Led by senior lecturer for Advanced Clinical and Expert Practice, Dr Catherine Bowen, this new stage of the treatment study will be carried out by clinical academic researcher, Lindsey Hooper, who recently won a prestigious special award from Wessex HIEC for the previously completed MRI work.
"Although more common in the UK than leukaemia and multiple sclerosis, awareness of the severity of rheumatoid arthritis is limited," Dr Bowen said.
"Our linked study aims to significantly improve the lives of those affected by the condition in their forefeet, reducing the severity of the symptoms including pain, inflammation, poor sleep, fatigue and depression, and therefore helping improve their mobility and wellbeing," she added.


Black Granite Stains
Malicious Stone Doctoring
Do you have black granite stains, ghost marks or white rings? Should black granite change over time? Below is a quick Q&A on the possible causes and solutions.
What Is Malicious Stone Doctoring?
Temporarily altering the look of the stone without telling you. Making a gray stone black. Taking a black stone with a few imperfections or color variations and dying it a solid black.
Black Granite Stains
Why Are Stones Doctored?
Sometimes stones are maliciously doctored to obtain a higher price. Sometimes they are doctored to make them look like a more expensive stone but are sold for less.
Altering the color of a stone without telling you is most common with the black granites. The blacker the stone the higher the price.
How Is It Done?
An industrial oil or a shiny black wax is applied to the surface of a gray stone to make it appear blacker or darker. On other stones, a topical paint might be applied to change the color of the stone.
What Happens?
Over time the doctoring agent wears off leaving rings or marks lighter than your stone.
These marks or rings look like black granite stains.
How Do I Know If A Stone Has Been Maliciously Doctored?
Test The Stone Before Buying It:
Resined Slab
 1. Try the Lemon Juice Test.
 2. Wet the unpolished side of the stone. What color is it?
 3. Look at the edge of the slab before it is fabricated. The edges of a doctored stone will look like a varnish was carelessly applied.
 NOTE: The edges of a resined stone also look like this. Resining is a good thing but MOST high quality black granites are not resined.
After Installation:
Remember that a true stain is always darker than the stained material. A true stain is NEVER lighter than material that is supposedly stained. If the area in question is lighter than the rest of the stone it is either:
 - Surface Damage - Etching. Your stone is sensitive to acids.
 - Doctored - Your stone is dyed.
Does Granite Etch?
MOST granites do not etch but some do!
How Can I Tell If My Stone's Been Doctored Or If It's Etched?
Look at the gloss of the stone where the MYSTERY MARK is. Still shiny? Etches are dull.
What If My Stone Is Doctored?
 1. If you were unaware of the doctoring and you paid for a different stone than was installed, have the fabricator replace it with the correct stone. OR,
 2. Remove all of the doctoring agent and live with the color.
How Do I Avoid Buying A Doctored Stone? Lemon Juice Test
 - Test the slab you plan to buy. Lemon Juice Test.
 - Have the fabricator put in writing that the stone has no artificial colors or temporary dyes applied.
Will My Fabricator Knowingly Install A Dyed Stone?
MOST fabricators will not knowingly install a dyed stone.
"If doctoring produces a permanent result and it's disclosed to you, theres nothing wrong with it.
If the doctoring produces a temporary result and you are unaware of it, that is deceptive".
Maurizio Bertoli
You'll find More hints & tips on:
Care For Granite Black Granite Stains Etched Marble Black Granite
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text:
How Universities can guide Canada's recovery, U of T President
The pandemic has exposed new challenges for pluralism, diversity, and opportunity and universities must play a leadership role in tackling them head-on, University of Toronto President Meric Gertler says.
In an op-ed published this month in University Affairs, President Gertler says universities have three key responsibilities related to Canada's recovery.
"The first is to ensure that our campuses remain places that accommodate, foster and enable important discussions about difficult and contentious issues," he says. The second responsibility is closely related to the first: universities "must foster diverse excellence in all its forms."
"A broad and diverse range of people, experiences, and perspectives must be able to thrive on our campuses," President Gertler says.
Lastly, he says universities must uphold "equality of access to university education for students, and equality of opportunity for diverse faculty and staff."
As we think about the role of universities, "let's focus on breaking down barriers to access, educating citizens, fostering debate, and engaging difference," President Gertler says. "In doing so, we will demonstrate to society how to do these things well, and why it matters."
Read more about here.


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Consider an integer cube of size $\sqrt{k} \times \sqrt{k} \times \sqrt{k}$, where $k$ is an asymptotically large perfect square number. Place k points in this cube at uniformly random locations, i.e., for each point choose its co-ordinates uniformly at random $(r_0,r_1,r_2)$ where $ 0 \leq r_i < \sqrt{k}$.
For an arbitrarily small number $\alpha >0$. Let $E$ be an event that there exists a subset of points of size $S = \alpha k$ such that the projection of these S points on every face of the cube, is of size at most $S/2$.
What is an upper bound on the probability of event $E$, i.e., P(E)?
Caution: If you start with a fixed set of size $S$, you would need to consider all possible subsets of $k$ points of size $S$. The event $E$ is defined as there exists a subset of size $S$ in $k$ points which are randomly placed.
share|improve this question
You are fixing $\alpha$ and then you let $k$ go to infinity? – Douglas Zare May 1 '13 at 4:58
yes. First fix $\alpha >0$ to be a small constant and then let $k$ go to $\infty$. – codingTheorist May 1 '13 at 19:06
1 Answer 1
You're essentially asking if you drop $k$ objects each into one of $k$ bins, what is the probability that only $k/2$ bins are occupied. (You can forget the extra dimension and only think about the dimensions you're looking at).
If you let $E_i$ be the event that the $i$th bin is empty, this has probability $((k-1)/k)^k\approx 1/e$. The events $E_i$ are approximately independent. Letting $N=\sum_{i=1}^k \mathbf 1_{E_i}$, $N$ has expectation $k/e$. The probability that there are $k/2$ unoccupied bins will decay as $e^{-\alpha k}$ using large deviation estimates.
--- Added to answer ---
If you want to pick a subset of size $\alpha k$ of the set of size $k$, it's obvious how to do it: take the boxes with the most elements first. You expect the distribution of elements in each box to be approximately Poisson with parameter 1. This means that approximately $(1-2/e)k$ of the boxes have two or more elements. As long as $\alpha$ is less than $1-2/e$, there's a high probability that you can find a subset $S$ of size $\alpha k$ whose shadow has size at most $|S|/2$.
share|improve this answer
It seems that you have computed an upper bound on the probability of a set of size $S = k$ occupying less than $S/2$ bins on one face of the cube. I am interested when there exists a subset (of size $\alpha k$) of the original set of $k$ points, such that they occupy less than or equal to $S/2$ bins on each face of the cube. Note, that there are exponential number of such subsets, i.e., $k \choose \alpha k$. – codingTheorist May 1 '13 at 1:05
The events may be approximately pairwise independent, while not being close to $k/2$-fold independent. – Douglas Zare May 1 '13 at 1:07
I don't think they don't need to be $k$-fold independent for this kind of argument to work. – Anthony Quas May 1 '13 at 2:13
Ok, I believe the conclusion, I just don't see what level of independence exists which implies it. It's also unclear to me how knowing that some subset $S$ projects to have size $|S|/2$ in one direction implies that there is some set which has small projections in all three directions. I'm only getting $\frac{2}{3}|S|$ from something like that. – Douglas Zare May 1 '13 at 5:05
Although this probability does decay exponentially in $k$ (as long as the large deviation methods are valid, which I'm sure they are), the exponential decay is slower than the increase in the number of choices of subsets. This means that something more subtle is needed to finish off the argument. BTW: Even the 2D version of this problem seems non-trivial... – Anthony Quas May 3 '13 at 0:59
Your Answer


The Lady of the Lake: The Good, the Bad, and the Complicated
By: E.J. Lawrence
I once heard a saying–I don't know how true it is–that in the ancient eras, boys were more often associated with water, while girls were more often associated with fire. The reasoning given to me was that boys spent more time in the outdoors and were more prone to fall into wells, rivers, oceans, etc., while girls spent more time indoors or around fires and were more prone to burning themselves.
Whether this is true or not (and it isn't like our ancestors are known for their super meticulous record keeping and preserving), it is interesting how few stories one can find that associate women with water. The ones that do tend to be negative–sirens, mermaids, women on a ship as "bad luck." Which is why I find the connection between women and water in the Arthurian legends fascinating–first, because they exist, and second, because they are equal parts "good" and "bad."
Really, "good" and "bad" are too simplistic a way of describing the relationship women in these legends have with water. Women in the Arthurian canon are notoriously complicated characters, but they also make a valuable contribution to the medieval discussion about the roles of women. From a theological (and thus academic) standpoint, there were two primary schools of thought on women. Camp A: Women are like Eve; they are all temptresses who work to bring about the downfall of mankind and their passions must be kept in check (see: Tertullian, Augustine). Camp B: Women are like Mary; they are good and chaste and through them, we receive hope (children) for the future (see: Julian of Norwich, Hildegard).
The answer to the question "Are women more like Eve or Mary?" is probably "yes." Also, "no." Which is precisely how many of the Arthurian texts answer this same question. Particularly when it comes to the women associated with water.
Though there are several, I will briefly cover two Arthurian women and their complex, watery ways.
The first that comes to mind is probably the Lady of the Lake. Depending on which
(Walter Crane, 1911)
version of the legend one reads, she goes by many names: Nimue, Vivienne, or simply "The Lady of the Lake"…and any spelling variations of those. Many might consider her "good"–she gives Arthur his famed sword, Excalibur, after all!
…But she does so with the caveat that Arthur will owe her a favor one day (spoiler alert: This particular deal never goes well in literature.)
The "favor" she asks for later is that he behead Balin, one of his own knights. So this would seem to make her evil again.
Arthur refuses, and Balin takes of the lady's head instead. Arthur is unhappy, but the lady doesn't die; she's a fairy, after all.
She also raises a human boy as her own. His name is "Lancelot du Lake"–or "Lancelot of the Lake." See? She's good again!
Beguiling of Merlin (Edward Burne-Jones, _PHONE_)
…But later, she forces Merlin to teach her all of his secrets of magic and then traps him in a tree for all eternity, depriving Arthur of his adviser just when he needs him most. So…evil again.
When Arthur dies, he asks Sir Bedivere to return the sword Excalibur to the lake. After three tries, Bedivere finally does so and sees a woman's hand reach up from the lake, grab the sword, brandish it three times and then disappear. It is then Arthur knows he can cross the sea to Avalon. So…perhaps she is good, after all.
Accompanying Arthur across the sea is also his sister Morgan le Fay, whom I've written on extensively here and here. Morgan le Fay (also a "fay" or "faerie") shares many of the Lady of the Lake's qualities–she, too, is sometimes "good," acting in the best interests of Arthur's kingdom, and sometimes "evil," acting against Arthur and his kingdom.
But perhaps it's best to view these two women as acting in their own interests more so than determining their morality based on how they act in the interest of others. Considering the significance of symbolism to the medieval world, I think the fact that these two women in particular are associated with water helps to show their fluid nature, as well as the fact they "ebb and flow" according to what is needed. Are they Eve or Mary?
Yes. And no.
Though this fluidity might make them seem fickle, it's important to note there is a consistency to their actions. Both the Lady of the Lake and Morgan le Fay pursue their own interests and goals to the exclusion of others', and while their own goals come into conflict with Arthur's at times, everything in the Arthurian narrative works toward the ultimate goal of bringing the downfall of Camelot.
Still, this is one of the reasons I adore the women of the Arthurian canon–they are complicated. Though popular narrative has tried to boil them down to "good" or "bad" distinctions (Morgan le Fay, "bad"; Lady of the Lake, "good"), when one actually digs into the stories themselves, it just isn't that simple. Medieval literature is known for its driving plots, not its complex characterization. Which makes it all the more interesting to see these types of nuanced female characters represented in medieval narratives.
The Death of King Arthur (James Archer, 1860)
Runner Up Idea: I really want to write about Perceval's sister one of these months, and I thought about writing her story here since she meets the Grail Knights by boat…but the Lady of the Lake seemed to align more closely to the theme. But keep an eye out for my discussion of Perceval's sister!
Source Note: All summaries in this article are from Thomas Malory's Le Morte D'Arthur, both the Winchester and Caxton MS.


text:
Rio Grande Cichlid
As its name implies, the Rio Grande cichlid is a native of the Rio Grande river system in southern Texas and northeastern Mexico, making it the northernmost of all new world cichlids. It became a popular aquarium fish in the 1980s, and began showing up in suburban canals around New Orleans soon after that. It is assumed that pet owners are responsible for multiple releases, and it did not take long for the fish to spread its range throughout the south shore of Lake Pontchartrain. Although the Rio Grande cichlid is a freshwater fish, it has grown tolerant to salinities of at least 5 parts per thousand (sea water is about 35 ppt). Its ability to tolerate salty water means that it will be able to spread throughout aquatic systems all over the estuary where salinities would otherwise act as a natural control. The Rio Grande cichlid is omnivorous, meaning it feeds on plants, insects, and small fishes. This species competes directly and indirectly with sunfish and other natives.
Common Name(s): Rio Grande Cichlid, Rio Grande Perch, Texas Cichlid
Date of Introduction to the United States: 1980s
Place of Origin: Rio Grande system
Method of Introduction: Accidental releases through aquarium trade
Problem(s): Can out-compete native fish, could also pose a threat to aquatic vegetation, and can have parasites harmful to native fish.
Current Range: Areas around the east bank of New Orleans, Louisiana in the Lake Pontchartrain estuary. Not yet found in the Barataria-Terrebonne system.
Control Methods: Mechanical
Source: Center for Bioenvironmental Research at Tulane


text:
Just Growth: Inclusion and Prosperity in America's Metropolitan Regions
Associate Professor, Community and Regional Development
University of California, Davis
Manuel Pastor Jr.
Professor, American Studies & Ethnicity and
Director, Program for Environmental and Regional Equity
University of Southern California
Combining statistical analysis of the largest metropolitan regions in the U.S. with a set of seven in-depth case studies, the authors point to the processes, policies and institutional arrangements that help explain more equitable growth (or its absence) in metropolitan settings. These include the stabilizing effect of the public sector, the positive impact of deconcentrating poverty, the influential role of a minority middle class, and the importance of leadership efforts to develop a shared vision amongst diverse constituencies.
Breaking new ground in its innovative blend of quantitative and qualitative methods, the book argues that another sort of growth is possible. Offering specific insights for regional leaders and analysts of metropolitan areas, the authors also draw a broader – and quite timely – set of conclusions about how to scale up these efforts to address a U.S. economy still seeking to recover from economic crisis and distributional divisions.


Miitomo Instructions
Krang Mii Image by!SiC
QR Code for Krang by!SiC
Mii Plaza Name: Krang
Created by:!SiC
Supervillain from Dimension X in the Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles universe.
Tags: evil, supervillain, teenage mutant ninja turtles, tmnt, villain
Categories: Toons
Created on the: Wii
Miitomo Instructions:
Start a new character from scratch and make these changes.
Headrow 1 column 2Type: 2nd row, 1st column
row 4 column 3Facial Structure: 2nd row, 6th column
row 1 column 2Skin Color: 1st row, 2nd column
Eyebrowseyebrow shape
row 2 column 4Color: 2nd row, 4th column
rotate clockwiseRotate: 6 clockwise
make biggerSize: 4 bigger
make widerHorizontal: 10 wider
move downVertical: 5 down
Eyeseye shape
row 2 column 1Color: 2nd row, 1st column
make smallerSize: 2 smaller
make widerHorizontal: 2 wider
move downVertical: 1 down
Nosenose shape
make smallerSize: 2 smaller
move upVertical: 4 up
Mouthmouth shape
make biggerSize: 2 bigger
move upVertical: 4 up
Mustacherow 2 column 2Type: 2nd row, 2nd column
make smallerSize: 4 smaller
move upVertical: 9 up
Facial Hair Colorrow 2 column 4Color: 2nd row, 4th column
Size (1st tab)heightHeight: 0%
weightWeight: 0%
Click "Next"
NicknameEnter NicknameKrang


text:
The Sankey chart type contains both columns and a special type of line chart.
Sankey diagrams illustrate a flow through, a process, or a system. Transactional data is optimal for this type of diagram. For example, financial transactions that take place as money moves through accounts or as a product is processed. Many marketing users are familiar with Sankey charts as they analyze sales conversions.
When you build a Sankey chart, you must provide at least 2 (two) attributes and one measure. Your x-axis attributes can contain at most 13 values; any more and you cannot view a SanKey chart. ThoughtSpot Sankey charts are read from left to right. The width of the flow represents the measure, the attributes or "steps" appear as solid bars:
The Austin Animal Center Outcomes data shows the outcome of processing for different animal breeds. The measure is the count of total animals. The chart shows how the animal's classification when they entered the system predicts the outcome.
By clicking on each flow, you can see the total number of animals that have identical breed and outcome types. Many domestic short-haired cats (over 10k) were transferred to other agencies, and nearly as many were adopted. However, all bats that came into the system were euthanized; there is a surprisingly large number of bats processed.


create a grid of points by writing nested DO loops. For example, suppose that there are three factors: X with discrete values {–2, –1, 0, 1, 2}, Y with values {–1, 0, 1}, and Z with values {–1, 1}. The following DATA step creates data for each combination of the three factors:
data grid;
do x = -2 to 2;
 do y = -1 to 1;
 do z = -1, 1;
proc print data=grid; run;
In this data set, the Z variable changes the fastest and the X variable changes the slowest as you read through the observations. This corresponds to the fact that the Z variable is the innermost of the nested DO loops in the DATA step. By changing the order of the DO loops, you can change which variable varies the fastest. The data set contains 5*3*2 = 30 observations, and each observation is a unique combination of the levels of the three variables.
In the DATA step, a grid that involves k variables requires k nested DO loops. In a matrix language such as SAS/IML, vector operations and calls to built-in functions are more efficient than DO loops. In SAS/IML 12.3 (released with SAS 9.4), you can use a single call to the EXPANDGRID function to generate a grid of points for up to 15 variables. The following SAS/IML program creates a matrix with three columns and 30 rows. The values of the matrix are identical to the values that are generated by the DATA step. In particular, the first variable changes the slowest and the last variable changes the fastest as you move down the rows of the matrix.
proc iml;
/* varies SLOW <-----------------> FAST */
/* values for x y z */
m = expandgrid(-2:2, -1:1, {-1 1});
The EXPANDGRID function is very useful. If you have a function of k variables, each row of m is a valid ordered k-tuple for the function. (k = 3 for this example.) If you evaluate the function at each point of the grid, you obtain a grid of function values. This enables you to obtain a feeling for where the function is large and where it is small within the range of the grid. For example, the following statements define the mulitvariate quadratic function f(x) = (x-1.8)2 + (y-1.1)2 + z2 and evaluates the function at each of the points that make up the 30 rows of m:
start Func(x);
 return( (x[,1]-1.8)##2 + (x[,2]-1.1)##2 + x[,3]##2 );
f = Func(m);
print m[c={"x" "y" "z"}] f;
You can use the EXPANDGRID function in many ways. When k equals 2 or 3, you can visualize a function by evaluating it on a uniform grid of points and plotting the result. When performing nonlinear optimization, you can use the EXPANDGRID function to obtain an initial guess for the optimal parameter value. I will demonstrate these techniques in my next blog post.
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Simulate lognormal data with specified mean and variance
In my book Simulating Data with SAS, I specify how to generate lognormal data with a shape and scale parameter. The method is simple: you use the RAND function to generate X ~ N(μ, σ), then compute Y = exp(X). The random variable Y is lognormally distributed with parameters μ and σ. This is the standard definition, but notice that the parameters are specified as the mean and standard deviation of X = log(Y).
Recently, a SAS customer asked me an interesting question. What if you know the mean and variance of Y, rather than log(Y)? Can you still simulate lognormal data from a distribution with that mean and variance?
Mathematically, the situation is that if m and v are the mean and variance, respectively, of a lognormally distributed variable Y, can you compute the usual parameters for log(Y)? The answer is yes. In terms of μ and σ, the mean of Y is m = exp(μ + σ2/2) and the variance is v = (exp(σ2) -1) exp(2μ + σ2). You can invert these formulas to get μ and σ as functions of m and v. Wikipedia includes these formulas in its article on the lognormal distribution, as follows:
Let's rewrite the expression inside logarithm. If you let φ = sqrt(v + m2), then the formulas are more simply written as
μ = ln(m2 / φ), σ2 = ln(φ2 / m2 )
Consequently, you can specify the mean and the variance of the lognormal distribution of Y and derive the corresponding (usual) parameters for the underlying normal distribution of log(Y), as follows:
data convert;
m = 80; v = 225; /* mean and variance of Y */
phi = sqrt(v + m**2);
mu = log(m**2/phi); /* mean of log(Y) */
sigma = sqrt(log(phi**2/m**2)); /* std dev of log(Y) */
proc print noobs; run;
For completeness, let's simulate data from a lognormal distribution with a mean of 80 and a variance of 225 (that is, a standard deviation of 15). The previous computation enables you to find the parameters for the underlying normal distribution (μ and σ) and then exponentiate the simulated data:
data lognormal;
call streaminit(1);
keep x y;
m = 80; v = 225; /* specify mean and variance of Y */
phi = sqrt(v + m**2);
mu = log(m**2/phi);
do i = 1 to 100000;
 x = rand('Normal', mu, sigma);
 y = exp(x);
You can use the UNIVARIATE procedure to verify that the program was implemented correctly. The simulated data should have a sample mean that is close to 80 and a sample standard deviation that is close to 15. Furthermore, the LOGNORMAL option on the HISTOGRAM statement enables you to fit a lognormal distribution to the data. The fit should be good and the parameter estimates should be close to the parameter values μ = 4.36475 and σ = 0.18588 (except that PROC UNIVARIATE uses the Greek letter zeta instead of mu):
ods select Moments Histogram ParameterEstimates;
proc univariate data=lognormal;
 var y;
 histogram y / lognormal(zeta=EST sigma=EST);
The histogram with fitted lognormal curve is shown at the top of this article. The mean of the simulated data is very close to 80 and the sample standard deviation is close to 15.
Is this a good way to simulate lognormal data? It depends. If you have data and you want to simulate lognormal data that "looks just like it," I suggest that you run PROC UNIVARIATE on the real data and produce the maximum likelihood parameter estimates for the lognormal parameters μ and σ. You can then use those MLE estimates to simulate more data. However, sometimes the original data is not available. You might have only summary statistics that appear in some journal or textbook. In that case the approach in this article enables you to map the descriptive statistics of the original data to the lognormal parameters μ and σ so that you can simulate the unavailable data.
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text:
In the manufacturing industry, one way to report and evaluate the process capability and process performance is through the statistical measurements, like Cpk.
Definition: Cpk = Cpk = Process Capability Index. Adjustment of Cp for the effect of non-centered distribution. Cpk measures how close you are to your target and how consistent you are to around your average performance.
Cpk measures two things: 1) how close the mean of the readings are to the center of the lower and upper spec limits (ideally, the mean of the readings must equal the center of the spec limits); and 2) how widely spread the readings are (ideally, the standard deviation of the readings should be zero). The higher the Cpk, the better is the capability of the process to meet its requirements.
In the industry, a Cpk of less than 1.66 needs a closer look. A Cpk that's less than 1.33 needs some action to make it higher, and a Cpk of less than 1.0 means that the process is not capable of meeting its requirements.
A low Cpk means one of three things: the mean is far from the center of the specs, or the standard deviation of the readings is high (i.e., the readings are widely spread), or both conditions exist.