What is Hydro Dipping or Paint Dipping?
Green and pink spray paint being sprayed into water.
Hydro dipping is taking the crafting world by storm! Hydro dipping, also known as immersion printing, uses a water-transfer printing and hydro-imaging process to apply graphics and color to just about any object.
Although some industries, like automakers and sporting goods companies, have been using the technique for quite a while, ordinary folks like you and I seem to just now be catching on to how cool this painting alternative really is.
If you enjoy taking a simple, humdrum item and turning into a totally unique creation, then hydro dipping is definitely worth looking in to.
What is hydro dipping or paint dipping? Hydro dipping is a method of applying color patterns to a wide variety of objects, using tints and paints on the surface of the water. Typically, a paint is initially sprayed onto the water's surface. Then, the item that you are painting is passed through that fluid. When that happens, the paint or ink is evenly applied to the surface.
If you aren't familiar with the process of using hydro dipping or paint dipping and would like to learn more, then you've come to the right place.
In the following, you'll learn how to hydro dip using spray paint and transfer film. Once you start making creative, colorful objects using hydro dipping, you'll be hooked!
What Type of Paints Can You Use to Hydro Dip?
Spray paint is the most commonly used paint when it comes to hydro dipping.
Most people use spray paint hydro dipping along with paper marbling and apply these designs and colors to a variety of three-dimensional objects.
As long as the surface texture of your item can absorb the color and pattern that you've picked, you should be able to create many unique designs.
If you aren't sure whether your surface can absorb the colors and patterns, then consider using sandpaper to sand down your surface to make it more suitable for the paint.
If you have an object that's a complex shape, then you can use sandblasting instead to prepare the piece.
Once you've done that, you can tape all the parts you don't want to hydro dip. Some people even create their own handles with tape so the object is easier to dip.
Using Paint to Hydro Dip
If you plan on using paint to hydro dip, the process isn't too tricky. Just remember to wear gloves.
 1. First, get a plastic container and add water to it. Make sure the box is deep enough so that you can submerge your object. After that, grab any type of acrylic spray paint to get started.
 2. Spray your paint into the water. (If you have any old spray paints lying around, you can use them up when you hydro dip.)
 3. Spray on different areas of the water's surface to create bright, colorful patterns. You can make your designs as vivid and loud as you like. Keep spraying until you like the look and pattern of the colors that you've created.
 4. Slowly lower your item into the container and keep submerging it at a steady pace. The floating color will start wrapping around your object almost like a towel.
 5. It's best to dip items at a 45 degree angle if you want to get the best results. However, you can use different angles if you're going to create different effects with the paint.
 6. Move the paint floating on the water away from you, so you don't wind up adding any additional or unwanted coats or tints on your item.
 7. After you've moved the paint, you can then take your object out and allow it to dry.
 8. Spray a protective coating of polyurethane two or three times on top of your paint coating so that the color and pattern of your paint is protected.
Hydro Dipping with Transfer Film
Another popular method with hydro dipping is to use transfer film. This became popular about 40 years ago and kicked off the mass application of hydro dipping.
You can use these films to achieve all kinds of patterns and colors. They also help to make a uniform appearance using beautiful, bright hues.
If you want to hydro dip using a transfer film, then you'll need a few more items than what you'd need when using spray paint.
You'll need to use a primer to prepare your object, and after you've added your transfer film, you'll also need to apply an activator to make the process set.
While spray paint is probably the most popular form of hydro dipping today, transfer film works well for 3D-printed parts.
When you select the object you want to use the transfer paper on, you'll need to ensure that it can absorb a lot of colors.
Just like with your spray paint, if you aren't sure about the object's ability to hold color, you'll need to sand the surface.
If you are dealing with a more challenging shape, then you should consider sandblasting the object to ensure that the colors will stay.
Once you've done that, tape the areas of your object that you don't want hydro painted. Using the tape, you can make some handles to help you dip your item.
Follow these simple steps:
 1. You can add a base coat of paint onto your object, which may work well, depending on your hydro dipping film. Some films are translucent, and when that's the case, it's a good idea to apply a base coat.
 2. Grab a protective mask since you'll be working with chemicals.
 3. Add primer on the object you are painting. Primer is essential because it will allow the film to stick to your object.
 4. Once you've primed your object, allow it to dry completely. You may need to let it sit for as long as two hours.
 5. Use a plastic container that's deep enough to submerge your object and add some water. Keep the water temperature at 77 to 86 degrees Fahrenheit.
 6. You'll need to cut down your film so that it's the correct size. Then, glue tape to the edges so your film won't roll or crease.
 7. Grab two edges with your hands and glide your object over the water surface dipping the two sides you aren't holding first. Dip so that you don't get air bubbles underneath your film.
 8. Leave the film in the water for about a minute (this can vary depending on the film you are using, so make sure you check the manufacturer's directions).
 9. Spray the activator on the film when you are ready to activate it.
 10. Slowly submerge your object into the container. The film will start wrapping around your object like a towel. It's a good idea to use a 45-degree angle when you are dipping your objects.
 11. After you've dipped, move the film away so that you don't get another coating added onto your object. Once you've moved it, pull it out. Rinse off your object carefully, and let it sit to dry.
 12. After your object is dry, spray it with a few coats of polyurethane for protection.
Now that you've learned two different techniques for hydro dipping, you can have some fun playing around with the process.
While there is a bit of a learning curve, as soon as you are creating unique, beautiful designs for your objects, your decorating creativity will know no bounds!


From Uncyclopedia, the content-free encyclopedia
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For those obsessed with experts, Uncyclopedia has an article about: Barney.
edit Noun
Barney (plural Barneys)
 1. A harmless yet contagious purple lump which may attach itself to children.
 2. An individual who goes around spotting Barns and making notes about them.
 3. An affliction to the knee caused by sitting too close to the bar.
 4. The most recent barn management aplication for the iPhone.
edit Adjective
 1. similar in nature to a barn, usually used to describe a barn
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Birds were likely the ancestral hosts of hepatitis B virus and the human disease emerged after a bird-mammal host switch reports a paper published in Nature Communications this week. Up to now the origin of this virus had remained elusive due to the small number of integrated sequences present in hosts' genomes.
The field of paleovirology allows for the identification of genomic relics that arise as a consequence of insertion of virus derived DNA in the host's genome after infection. Alexander Suh and colleagues take advantage of presence or absence patterns of these viruses' relics among closely and less closely related species of birds to construct a time map of hepatitis infiltrations in the lineage. They find a complete gene sequence of one of these viruses - a Mesozoic paleovirus - and estimate that hepatitis is about 63 million years older than previously known. This provides direct evidence for the existence of Hepadnaviridae during the Upper Cretaceous. They also hypothesise that a predecessor of Hepadnaviridae probably infected an ancestor of birds that lived around 324 million years ago and show that the compact genomic organisation of Hepadnaviridae has remained largely unchanged for the last million years of evolution.
Hepatitis B is a major global health problem with a third of the human population infected and this study brings one step closer to understand its evolution.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


Understanding the Predecessor Tab
Predecessors (and their counterparts, successors) are how you as the project manager tell Project what the logical flow of tasks should be throughout your project. This tab of the Task Information dialog allows you to see all the tasks that are predecessors for the task currently being edited in the dialog. This section shows you how to create a new predecessor.
graphics/one_icon.jpg As in all tabs in this dialog, you can edit the task Name and Duration fields.
graphics/two_icon.jpg The grid on this tab lists all the tasks that are predecessors to the task named in the Name field.
graphics/three_icon.jpg The type of link is shown in the Type field. In this case, Define Requirements has a Finish-to-Start link to this task, meaning that the Define Requirements task must finish before the Write Specifications task can start.
graphics/four_icon.jpg The Lag field lets you define a span of days between the predecessor side of the link and the successor side of the link. This means that if you add a one-day lag on the link shown, Write Specifications cannot start until one full day after Define Requirements finishes.
Show Me. Microsoft Office Project 2003
Show Me Microsoft Office Project 2003
ISBN: _PHONE_
EAN: _PHONE_
Year: 2003
Pages: 204
flylib.com © 2008-2017.
If you may any questions please contact us: _EMAIL_


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Q. We use ion exchange treatment for wastewater from our nickel, hexavalent chrome and zinc plating rinses. We have been trying to reuse this "clean water" but have found that it is attacking the finish from our bright zinc plating. What kind of characterization should we do to identify the pollutants that are affecting our products, and what steps are needed to reuse this water? H.S.
A. The very likely issue is not that there is some kind of pollutant in your "clean water" that is causing the problem but that your ion exchange effluent is too clean and is very "aggressive" towards metals. Since your ion exchange system has essentially removed all ions, including metals, from the wastewater, the wastewater wants to restore its ion balance and will attack metals to replenish its ions. Also, if you check the ion exchange effluent's pH, you will likely find it below 5 and perhaps as low as 3. If you are using this water in your nickel and chrome plating rinses and not experiencing the same issue, the reason is that these metals are able to resist the water's aggressiveness during the relatively short rinsing time.
Here are several alternatives for you to consider:
- Do not use this de-ionized water for zinc rinsing,
- Supplement potable water for a portion of the rinse water flow, thereby reducing the rinse water's aggressiveness. Once you have established the desirable ratio of potable water to deionized water, you can use a conductivity sensor and controller that adds potable water when the water's conductivity (a gross measure of the water's dissolved solids) reaches a low set point.
- Adjust the deionized water's pH with sodium hydroxide to maintain a pH of 7.0–7.5. (We like to use 10–25 percent sodium hydroxide because of its rapid reaction rate and low freezing temperature.) Be careful not to raise pH above 8, since this may tend to dull your desired bright zinc finish.


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Diagnosis: Acute rheumatic fever
Criteria: Jones criteria
Acute rheumatic fever (ARF) is a sequella of symptoms that typically occur 2-4 weeks after an untreated bout of group A Streptoccocal (GAS) pharyngitis. Symptoms include arthritis, carditis, erythema marginatum, CNS symptoms, and subcutaneous nodules.
Jones criteria is constellation of symptoms of ARF and are subdivided into major and minor manifestations.
Elevated acute phase reactants
Prolonged PR interval
The diagnosis of ARF is made using the Jones criteria and is positive if the patient has evidence of a preceding GAS infection and:
- Two major manifestations
- One major and two minor manifestations


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Our question this week was: Why do some puppies have their tails cut off
Tail docking is the surgical removal of part of the tail. This procedure is most often performed in healthy puppies
between 2 to 5 days of age.
A similar procedure may be performed in older pets, but this is considered a tail amputation, not a tail dock.
Tail docking is most often performed in puppies to prevent tail damage in certain breeds, for hygiene reasons and to comply with specific breed standards.
Here is an article that gives more information on how it is done: Tail docking
. Our question this week came from Lyndl U., from Seattle, Washington.
To read most recent questions Click here!Click here to see the full list of Ask Dr. Jon Questions and Answers!

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


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The files in
$Dpkg::CONFDIR/origins/ can provide information about various vendors who are providing Debian packages. Currently those files look like this:
Vendor: Debian Vendor-URL: _URL_ Bugs: debbugs://bugs.debian.org
If the vendor derives from another vendor, the file should document the relationship by listing the base distribution in the Parent field:
The file should be named according to the vendor name. The usual convention is to name the vendor file using the vendor name in all lowercase, but some variation is permitted. Namely, spaces are mapped to dashes ('-'), and the file can have the same casing as the Vendor field, or it can be capitalized.
- $dir = get_vendor_dir()
Returns the current dpkg origins directory name, where the vendor files are stored.
- $fields = get_vendor_info($name)
Returns a Dpkg::Control object with the information parsed from the corresponding vendor file in
$nameis omitted, it will use
$Dpkg::CONFDIR/origins/default which is supposed to be a symlink to the vendor of the currently installed operating system. Returns undef if there's no file for the given vendor.
- $name = get_vendor_file($name)
Check if there's a file for the given vendor and returns its name.
- $name = get_current_vendor()
Returns the name of the current vendor. If DEB_VENDOR is set, it uses that first, otherwise it falls back to parsing
$Dpkg::CONFDIR/origins/default. If that file doesn't exist, it returns undef.
- $object = get_vendor_object($name)
Return the Dpkg::Vendor::* object of the corresponding vendor. If
$nameis omitted, return the object of the current vendor. If no vendor can be identified, then return the Dpkg::Vendor::Default object.
- run_vendor_hook($hookid, _USER_)
Run a hook implemented by the current vendor object.
Version 1.01 (dpkg 1.17.0)
New function: get_vendor_dir().
Version 1.00 (dpkg 1.16.1)
Mark the module as public.


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Synthesis and Characterization of Regiorandom and Regioregular Poly(3-octylfuran)
journal contributionposted on 17.02.2001, 00:00 authored by Jeffrey K. Politis, Joel C. Nemes
Poly(3-octylfuran) has been synthesized with three regioregularities: P3OF-95, P3OF-75, and P3OF-50, where the number signifies the percentage HT content. The 95% HT material is highly crystalline with a structure similar to that of HT-poly(3-octylthiophene), P3OT. The lamellar spacing is 22.1 Å and the π-stacking distance is 3.81 Å. UV−vis spectroscopy reveals that P3OF-95 is aggregated in CHCl3 solution, and solid films of P3OF-95, but not P3OF-75 or -50, show Davydov and exciton band splitting due to the interactions of the π-systems in the stacked morphology. An estimate of the Davydov splitting is 0.15 eV (1200 cm-1). P3OF is reversibly oxidized at 0.32 V vs ferrocene/ferrocenium, but increasing the potential to 1.15 V leads to irreversible oxidation. Films of P3OF may be p-doped with iodine vapor. Doped P3OF-95 and -75 films have electrical conductivities of 10-2 and 10-7 S/cm, respectively. The UV−vis−NIR spectra of the iodine-doped films are interpreted in terms of molecular-like transitions involving the LUMO, HOMO, HOMO-1, and transitions across a Peierls distortion-induced gap in the intermolecular conduction band that is formed by the overlap of the π-systems of the stacked partially oxidized chains. The conduction band gap estimated for P3OF-95 is 0.34 eV, and that for P3OF-75 is 0.9 eV. The P3OF samples are thermally stable in N2 atmosphere to between 275 °C (P3OF-50) and 380 °C (P3OF-95), but suffer thermal oxidation above 150 °C or light-induced oxidation at room temperature.


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Real Time Oxygen Sensor
Inventor: Ben Van Mooy, Richard Keil
Serial #: 13/476,531
Applications: The static measurement of dissolved oxygen as a surrogate for the metabolic status of algal and bacterial cultures is used in aquaculture and waste water management, respectively. Existing methodologies are laboratory-based, require several days to process, and measure dissolved oxygen as opposed to metabolic status. Thus, these methods do not provide real time information on the actual health of the biomass in the water column and cannot be used to inform instantaneous adjustment of culture conditions. Woods Hole scientists have developed a semi-autonomous system which passively samples the water column, and performs real time oxygen consumption measurements under in situ conditions for quick turn-around, direct measurement of biological oxygen demand. The unit can also be used as an early warning detector of toxic releases and spills into sensitive environmental areas. Working ocean prototypes have been developed.
Technology: Oxygen concentrations are tracked on passively acquired samples using oxygen optodes in incubations conducted at the depth and/or location where samples are taken. Data are transmitted directly without the need for sample recovery, disposal, or manipulation. Time-based recordings are made from both light-exposed and dark (control) sample chambers. No wet chemistry is involved and the device may be operated and maintained by personnel with minimal training.
Last updated: January 7, 2015


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Scanning logical drives is a required step for recovering files and folders. During the scan all deleted (and existing) file and folders are detected. The results of a logical drive scan are displayed in a separate tabbed views: Logical Drive Scan Result View. To initiate a scan of a logical drive:
1. Select volume (logical drive)
In the Recovery Explorer view select a volume (logical drive).
2. Open the Scan volumes dialog box:
From the Recovery Explorer toolbar, click Scan.
Right-click the selected logical drive and click Scan from the context menu.
Multiple drive selection
Additional drives can be selected to scan on the Logical Drives list to be scanned simultaneously. At least one logical drive (volume) must be selected.
Ignore Read and Write errors during the scan process.
Save scan results
If this option is on, a path must be specified where scan results with a unique name will be saved for each scanned drive. Provide valid path if you have this option selected.
Use Advanced Scan Algorithm
Select this option to apply advanced scan algorithm. However, event if scan results may contain more entries then with scan without this option overall scan process may take much more time.
Detect files by their signatures
Select this option to specify exact file types to be detected during the scan. With this option, device scan reads each disk sector trying to reconstruct any possible data related to unique file format.
Apply the same settings to all selected drives
All scan options above, can be selected for each drive individually or, when this check box is selected, to be the same for all selected logical drives.
3. Click Scan to initiate scan of selected logical drives (volumes) scan.
4. Scan selected volumes.
During the scan:
To display or hide scanning events and progress details toggle More\Less Info button at any time.
To terminate the scan process, click Stop at any time. Results may be not accurate or complete. After the scan completes you will see scan results in the Logical Drive Scan Result View.


How far is texas from mexico
How many hours is Texas from Mexico?
Flying time from Texas to Mexico The total flight duration from Texas to Mexico is 1 hour, 44 minutes.
How far is Dallas Texas from the Mexican border?
Distance between Dallas and Mexico City is 1503 kilometers ( 934 miles ). Driving distance from Dallas to Mexico City is 1822 kilometers (1132 miles). Estimated Travel Time Between Dallas and Mexico City.
Average Speed Travel Time
60 mph (97 km/h) 18 hours 46 minutes
70 mph (112 km/h) 16 hours 15 minutes
How far is Mexico from Houston Texas?
752 miles
How far is Texas from Cancun?
1,099.05 mi
Which Texan city is closest to the Mexican border?
Is it safe to drive to Mexico from Texas?
Yes. It is safe. The roads in Mexico are excellent. Of course bad things could happen anywhere, and road rule vary.
How long is a flight from Mexico to Dallas?
Flight time from Mexico City to Dallas, TX is 2 hours 40 minutes. Non-stop flight time is around 2 hours 45 minutes. Quickest one-stop flight takes close to 5 hours. However, some airlines could take as long as 11 hours based on the stopover destination and waiting duration.
How far is Mexico from Texas by car?
Distance between Texas City and Mexico City is 1186 kilometers (737 miles). Driving distance from Texas City to Mexico City is 1658 kilometers (1030 miles).
How far is it between two locations?
You might be interested: What do things cost in mexico
How far is Mexico from Houston plane?
765 miles
How far is Dallas from Houston?
225 miles
How far away is Cancun by plane?
The shortest distance (air line) between Mexico-City and Cancun is 805.50 mi (1,296.32 km).
How far is Cancun from Dallas?
1008 miles
How longs the flight to Cancun?
around 10 hours Mexico


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Good posture is the freedom to move in any direction without hesitation or preparation.
Feldenkrais® private sessions are known as Functional Integration® (FI) lessons. In an FI, the practitioner guides an individual student in movement using gentle and supportive touch as the primary means of communication. Each lesson relates to a particular desire, intention, or need of the student and is devoid of any invasive or forceful procedures. Through rapport and respect for the student's abilities and unique qualities, the teacher creates an environment in which the student is free to learn safely and comfortably. The lesson is developed specifically for the student and tailored to the individual's circumstances and needs at that particular moment. Students come to discover more efficiency in their movement and experience greater comfort, enjoyment, and ease of motion.
Sessions can be done in person or as an online private meeting guided vocally.
FI lessons are suitable for people of all ages and backgrounds.


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Navigating regional landscapes with Jicarilla personal narrative
Interpretation of how prehistoric hunter-gatherers may have charted the landscape they inhabited is often based on the physical materials left behind. The potential exists to interpret Jicarilla narratives as providing mental templates for movement through and perception of their environments. Personal narratives may have facilitated remembering significant paths and passing this knowledge on to others. These narratives are rich resources that inform our understanding of how the Jicarilla, and perhaps prehistoric plains people before them, may have perceived and travelled through the complex eco-corridors that buffered the Pueblos, extending onto the plains of northern New Mexico and southeastern Colorado. This chapter examines whether specific Jicarilla Apache narratives encoded navigation patterns within oral tradition. Personal hunting narratives are examined as pathfinding mechanisms. Creation stories and ceremonial landmarks mentioned in the text are treated as points of significance on the landscape. Cognitive maps were developed that reveal a series of patterned movements, which may prove insightful in interpreting prehistoric movement and spatial construction.


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In 1980, Congress began passing provisions that made Medicare a secondary payer to certain primary plans in particular situations.
For example, Medicare is the secondary payer to coverage provided by Group Health Plans (GHPs) if a beneficiary is employed at a company with 20 or more employees, or if a beneficiary's spouse (of any age) is enrolled in a GHP through an employer.
Employees may reject coverage through a GHP, so Medicare will become the primary payer, but employers will not be able to offer secondary coverage for services covered by Medicare.
There are exceptions, however. For example, Medicare is the secondary payer for up to 30 months for people with End-Stage Renal Disease (ESRD) who are covered by a GHP. The period begins when the employee becomes eligible for Medicare.
Medicare is also secondary insurance for people under 65 years old who are living with a disability and covered by a Large Group Health Plan (LGHP) (100 employees or more), or who have a family member covered by such a plan.
Medicare is secondary to workers' compensation (WC) plans, liability insurance and all forms of no-fault insurance, although it will make a conditional payment if one of the aforementioned plans will not pay or will not pay promptly.
Medicare will also make conditional payments for claims denied by an employee's GHP or LGHP, or if a beneficiary fails to file a proper claim due to mental or physical incapacity. Medicare will not make conditional payments if a claim is denied for one of the following reasons:
- GHP is alleged to be secondary to Medicare;
- GHP limits payment because a beneficiary is entitled to Medicare;
- GHP covers services for younger employees and spouses but not those over 65;
- Or the beneficiary fails to files a claim for any reason other than mental or physical incapacity.
In general, if a beneficiary has more than one primary private insurer, the costs are coordinated between the insurers. For example, if one plan is based on retirement, then Medicare is the primary payer; if the other plan is based on employment, then Medicare is the secondary payer. In this the case, the order of payment would be: GHP, Medicare, retirement plan.
What Is the Single-Payer System?
What Are Bundled Payments?
What Is the Premium Support Option, and How Is it Different From Current Medicare?


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LED is also known as light-emitting diodes. Its basic structure is an electroluminescent semiconductor material, a solid-state semiconductor devices which can be directly converted into light. Placed on the shelf with lead, and then surrounded by silicone seal, it can play a role of protecting the internal core, so the LED has good seismic performance. LED heart is a semiconductor chip, one end of the chip attached to a bracket, the end is negative. The other end connected to the power supply is positive, so that the entire chip is encapsulated by epoxy resin.
Led strips are often used to outline the contours of various buildings, construct large-scale lighting patterns, decorate a variety of interior entertainment, home landscaping and other lighting. According to the different use occasions of LED rope lights and its different requirements of the lights, there are high-voltage led strips strips and low-voltage led strips strips. High-voltage led strips strips is also known as AC lights and low-voltage led strips strips is also known as DC lights.
So what is the difference between the two flexible LED rope lights
? What about the pros and cons between the two light? how to choose it?
With 220V voltage work, high voltage led strips strips have some applications risk in some place as they are dangerous voltage; low voltage LED rope light is working in the DC 12V operating voltage which are safe voltage can be applied to various occasions. And it has no dangerous to people.
High-voltage LED rope light installation is relatively simple. You can directly drive it with high-voltage drive. It can can work properly as connect to the 220V power supply, so the general factory can configure directly. You need to install DC power supply installation of the lamp to install low-voltage flexible LED rope light which is relatively complex.
From the point of view of the two led rope lights, their price is almost the same. But the overall cost is not the same. With a high-voltage power supply, a power of high-voltage LED rope light generally can take 30 to 50 meters flexible LED rope light and, relatively speaking, the cost of high voltage voltage is relatively low. With additional external DC power supply, low-voltage led strips strips cost are much higher than the high-voltage led strips strips. Generally, the power of 1 meter 60 beads 5050 lamp is about 12 ~ 14W, which means that every meter light need 15W DC power supply, so the costs of low-voltage led strips strips will increase a lot. So from the overall view, low-cost led strips strips is expensive than the high voltage led strips strips.
The packaging of high-voltage led strips and low-voltage led strips strips are also very different. High-pressure flexible LED rope light can be generally 50 to 100 m / roll; low-voltage led strips strips are about 5 to 10 m / roll. The DC power supply will attenuate greatly if it exceed 10 m.
5.The service life:
The technical life of low-voltage LED rope light will be 50000-100000 hours, and the actual use can also reach 30000-50000 hours. Because of the high voltage, the general service life of high-voltage led strips strips is about 10,000 hours. As it generate more heat than the low-voltage led strips strips which will directly affect the life of high-voltage led strips.
In short, in order to take care of high pressure while installation and maintenance high-voltage LED rope lights, a power supply design (usually resistance step-down) is needed. More LED is string together, if one of the light has problem, it will lead to a loop failure. So the general probability of failure will be higher. The shortcomings of high pressure lights is still very obvious. KTV is recommended to use low-voltage rope light as far as possible.


text: Taken post-mortem by his undertaker April 1865. This lock was kept at the U.S. patent office in the late 19th century. It was given to a prominent Washington D.C. family and remained with them until The Gettysburg Museum of History obtained it a few years ago. There were several documented locks of Lincoln's hair taken at his death bed. This lock was previously unknown to historians. The practice of taking a hair lock from the deceased seems very unusual today. In the 19th century it was a tradition practiced by most people of all classes.


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What is it? The DQ Tubric 2.0 helps you practice writing Driving Questions by framing initial words, person or entity, action or challenge, and audience/purpose.
Why do we like it? The Tubric is a fun, hands-on way to practice the often-challenging task of writing a Driving Question for a project.
How can you use it? Use the Tubric in professional development or collaborative planning time to help you and your colleagues design effective projects.


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The European Congress on Physiotherapy Education has also seen the first stage launch of PHYSIOPEDIA.
Physiopedia is an ambitious project that aims to eventually offer an evidence-based knowledge resource for rehabilitation professionals throughout the world. Through utilising collaborative wiki technology Physiopedia is a place where all physiotherapists and physical therapists can participate by sharing, contributing and building
knowledge to develop a global understanding. For educators Physiopedia offers an opportunity to involve their students in this knowledge creation process as part of an educational program.
This project is currently being developed with universities from the UK and the USA. We are now at a stage where we are keen to establish further partnerships with other institutions from around the world that can help us with the initial population of the site with valuable content. We are also keen to engage therapy educators and their students to use this resource as a learning tool in their educational programme. Additionally we are seeking input from clinical
experts who by adding their opinions on specific topics will add great value to this resource.


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VBA and Field Codes in MS Word
Using Visual Basic for Applications (VBA) to work with Word's field codes can seem a bit tricky at first, compared to manual field code management. But the time savings that VBA code provides easily justifies the initial effort to write it.
When using VBA to manage Word's field codes, you'll want to implement these functions: adding field codes, deleting them, and navigating to them. The VBA program code in this article implements these functions.
Install the program code
Install the program as follows:
Open Word 2007 and enter the Visual Basic IDE (integrated development environment) by pressing alt-F11. In the Project window, select Normal, then create a new user form by selecting Insert>User Form.
Using one ListBox and two button controls from the control Toolbox, design a form that looks like the following figure. Be sure to create the Delete Field button before the Close button.
Tip: set the text for the button controls by right-clicking them, choosing Properties, then setting the Caption property to the appropriate text do "Delete Field" and "Close."
When you've finished designing the form's appearance, install the program code to make the form work: double-click the form to enter the code window, and paste the following code into that window:
Private Sub CommandButton1_Click()
'Delete a field and remove it from the listbox
ActiveDocument.Fields(ListBox1.ListIndex + 1).Delete
'Delete from list
Private Sub CommandButton2_Click()
Private Sub ListBox1_DblClick(ByVal Cancel As MSForms.ReturnBoolean)
Dim s As String
Dim i As Integer
'Which item was double-clicked? Navigate to it
i = ListBox1.ListIndex
ActiveDocument.Fields(i + 1).Select
Private Sub UserForm_Initialize()
'Load the list box with the field code text from each field code in the main document
Dim i As Integer
Dim s As String
For i = 1 To ActiveDocument.Fields.Count
s = ActiveDocument.Fields(i).Code
Use the Form
Double-click Normal>Microsoft Word Objects>ThisDocument in the Project window. Enter the following code in the code window:
Public Sub showFieldForm()
That subroutine lets us call up the user form from Word. Return to Word and create some field codes in a document. Try inserting these:
– Insert>Quick Parts> Field>Date&Time, with the Update Automatically option checked
– Insert>Quick Parts>Field>Author
– Insert>Quick Parts>Field>NumWords
Run the user form you created by pressing alt-F8 and double-clicking the macro showFieldForm in the macro list. When the user form appears, notice the items in its listbox: all the field codes you entered. Double click one or two to navigate to, then press Delete to delete them. Close the form to notice the deleted fields.
Creating Field Codes Programmatically
The previous exercise showed how to navigate and delete field codes from VBA, but how and when might you use VBA to create them? Consider this scenario:
You're typing a letter that might go out to several different people, but you don't want to trouble with the multi-step process of creating a mail merge. You can instead use field codes to display the letter's addressee anywhere in the letter. When you change the addressee's name, the field codes will automatically change to display it.
Enter the Field-Creation Program Code
This task will make use of both field codes and bookmarks. Start with the field code functionality first: re-enter the Visual Basic IDE by pressing alt-F11. Double-click Normal>Microsoft Word Objects>ThisDocument on the Properties window, and select a clear space to enter the following code into:
Public Sub insertLink()
Dim p, q, s As String
'create the link field code text
p = ActiveDocument.FullName
q = Replace(p, "\", "\\") 'Must escape filename backslashes
s = "link word.document.12 " & q & " bm \a \r"
Selection.Fields.Add Range:=Selection.Range, Text:=s
Return to Word and assign a shortcut key to the macro: click the round MS Office button, then Word Options>Customize, and then the Customize button next to Keyboard shortcut. In the Customize keyboard window, select the Macro category and the InsertLink Macro. Enter a shortcut like Alt-L, then close the window.
While you're still in the Word Options window, select the option to display bookmarks: Choose Advanced, scroll down to the "Show document content" heading, and check the Show bookmark checkbox. Return to the main document.
Compose the letter in our letter-writing scenario. Start the letter with this greeting:
Dear Mr. Perkins:
Bookmark the addressee, Mr. Perkins: select the "Mr. Perkins" text, click Insert>Bookmark, then add the bookmark "bm" to the selected text. Close the window to return to Word, and resume the letter writing with the following text, being sure to follow the instructions to "press alt-L."
The Halibut was delicious. Thank you for taking the time to prepare it. You are truly one-of-a kind, [press alt-L]. Finding another like you would be an impossible task.
So long, [press alt-L], and thanks for all the fish.
When you're done writing the letter, update its field codes by selecting the whole document and pressing F9. The field codes will display the text you bookmarked: Mr. Perkins. Change the addressee now: position the cursor just inside the left brace of the "Mr. Perkins" bookmark. Type in "Mrs. Tillman" (without quotes), and delete the extra text up to the closing brace.
Select the whole document and press ctrl-A once again to update the field codes, which should now show "Mrs. Tillman."
For further exploration
The code examples in this article showed you how to navigate to, delete and create field codes from Visual Basic for Applications. If your documents use field codes, you can now more ably manage them by applying and customizing the programming examples.
References: Microsoft Office Online: Word's Field Codes


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Dibber was Sabalom Glitz's uneducated but sensible henchman from the planet of Salostopus in the galaxy of Andromeda.
Biography Edit
Circa the year 2,000,000, Dibber accompanied Sabalom Glitz to Earth (which was known as Ravolox at the time). Prior to this visit, Dibber had spent some time in prison. Dibber and Glitz were hired to acquire Time Lord files stolen by a group of Andromedans known as the Three Sleepers. To do so, they had to disable the black light power system that powered Drathro, an L3 robot that protected the Three Sleepers and the data that they had stolen.
Before carrying out their plan, they were imprisoned by Katryca, warrior queen of the Tribe of the Free. During their escape, Dibber destroyed the black light system receiver with a grenade. Dibber and Glitz then made their way into Drathro's base built out of the remains of the London Underground, where they were able to convince the dying Drathro they had a black light power system on their spaceship. Drathro fell for their lies and followed them towards the surface with the Time Lord data files. Drathro collapsed and blew up, burning the files in the process. (TV: The Mysterious Planet)
Accounts differ as to Dibber's activities after that point in his and Glitz's timeline. One account stated that Dibber was later killed while carrying out a heist with the aid of the Sixth Doctor and Frobisher, (PROSE: Impractical) while another claimed that he was still alive and working with Glitz after Glitz's exploits on Iceworld. (PROSE: Head Games, Goth Opera)
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All-electric ships (AES), enabled by integrated power systems (IPS), have been pursued for both commercial and military applications to meet the increasing ship-board power demand and environmental sustainability initiatives. They necessitate real-time power management (PM) for dynamic reconfiguration to support system critical operations in the event of dynamic load change or IPS component failures. The nonlinear, large scale trajectory optimization problem associated with IPS, along with the non-analytical nature of IPS model, makes many existing methods inadequate in meeting the real-time requirements. In this paper, we develop a methodology that exploits time scale separation, a characteristic associated with IPS dynamics, to achieve real-time optimization. In parallel, a dynamic model of the IPS with gas turbine and fuel cell as power plants is developed that captures the relevant dynamics but is simple enough for real-time optimization. The tradeoffs between the computational efficiency and optimization accuracy are analyzed. The optimization results for IPS PM on a real-time simulator are reported, which illustrate the real-time feasibility of the proposed optimization strategy.
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Android Beacon Library
An Android library providing APIs to interact with Beacons
Home Download Quick Start Sample Code Docs Support
Detecting Beacons After App is Killed
When properly configured, the Android Beacon Library guarantees your app can respond to beacon events, even if the user does not manually launch the app or even if the user kills the app.
Understanding how the details of how this works requires understanding the differences between the five ways to an application can be stopped on Android:
 1. The user hits the back button until the app exits.
 2. The user goes to the task switcher and swipes an app off the screen.
 3. The operating system terminates an app due to low memory.
 4. The user shuts down the phone.
 5. The user goes to Settings -> Applications and requests a force stop.
When a user stops an app in case 1, all of the application's background services remain running, allowing the app to continue responding to beacon detections. When an app stops in cases 2-5, the application's background services are terminated by Android OS, meaning that beacon detections are no longer possible until the the app restarts, at least in the background.
Applications that implement the library's RegionBootstrap class will automatically restart in the background to look for beacons as soon as possible. On Android 4.3-7.x, this restart happens within five minutes of termination using AlarmManager intents, and may also be triggered by other system events including reboot and connecting/disconnecting the device to a charger. Applications implementing the RegionBootstrap will be looking for beacons whenever the device is powered, except for a five minute period after manual termination or after termination due to low memory conditions. On Android 8.0+, it may take up to 25 minutes to detect again after the app is killed. See here for more info.
It is important to note that applications that are automatically started into the background using the RegionBootstrap are usually not visible in the task switcher because no user interface elements have yet been displayed. Only once a user interacts with the app by bringing up its user interface is it available in the task switcher.
Note that this is a subtle difference from the iOS implementation of beacons, which will never detect a beacon again after an app is terminated (on iOS 7.0) or immediately detect an beacon again (on iOS 7.1+). For Android apps using this library as described above, detections are guaranteed to resume within five minutes on Android 4.x-7.x and within about 25 minutes on Android 8+.
When testing beacon detections after a force termination of an app, simply connect/disconnect the device to a charger to immediately be able to resume detections, or wait for the app to resume.
It is important to note that not all means of terminating apps allows them to resume. Terminating an app as described in case 5 above will typically not allow them to resume automatically without starting them manually – this is a limitation imposed by the operating system. On a limited number of Android device models (e.g. BLU Advance 4.0), a custom tasks switcher is implemented in a non-standard way such that killing an app from tasks switcher as in case 2 puts the app into the same state as a force stop described in case 5.


text:
Googol, Kasner, and Milton Sirotta
Date: 07/14/99 at 16:55:09 From: Melanie Subject: Powers of 10 Who coined the phrase "googleplex," and when? I have used several search engines and they have the definition, but not the origin. Thank you for your consideration, Melanie
Date: 07/15/99 at 11:59:13 From: Doctor Peterson Subject: Re: Powers of 10 Hi, Melanie. We get questions about this frequently, so I did a little extra research to find the details beyond what's in our archives. Here's a page on the Web that tells about the origin of the words googol and googolplex: How Many? A Dictionary of Units of Measurement _URL_ This says: "googol a unit of quantity equal to 10^100 (1 followed by 100 zeroes). The googol was invented by the American mathematician Edward Kasner (1878- 1955) in 1938. According to the story, Kasner asked his nephew Milton Sirotta, who was then 8 years old, what name he would give to a really large number, and "googol" was Milton's response. Kasner also defined the googolplex, equal to 10^googol, that is, 1 followed by a googol of zeroes. These inventions caught the public's fancy and are often mentioned in discussions of very large numbers." A slightly different version is in Googolplex _URL_ which says: "The American mathematician Edward Kasner once asked his nine-year-old nephew to invent a name for a very large number, ten to the power of one hundred; and the boy called it a googol. He thought this was a number to overflow people's minds, being bigger than anything that can ever be put into words. Another mathematician then shot back with googolplex, and defined it to be 10 to the power of googol." Here's a review of the 1940 book in which Kasner discussed the googol: Edward Kasner and James Newman. Mathematics and the Imagination _URL_ Also check out our Dr. Math FAQ on large numbers: _URL_ Summing up, the googol was named by Milton Sirotta, and the googolplex by his uncle Edward Kasner, who I suspect had set Milton up by asking for a name for the googol, just so he could name something incredibly larger. Incidentally, you'll find that the googol can just as well be called "10 duotrigintillion" following the (more or less) standard conventions for naming large numbers; googol is just the fun name, which allows us to name "googolplex" easily; and if a mathematician or scientist ever had occasion to use either number, they would just call them 10^100 and 10^10^100 because numbers are much easier to work with than names. - Doctor Peterson, The Math Forum _URL_
Search the Dr. Math Library:
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© 1994- The Math Forum at NCTM. All rights reserved.


text:
THE first-ever official State commemoration of the 1913 Lockout will take place in Dublin this summer.
THE Government is making arrangements which will involve the State in a major event to mark the centenary of the dramatic events that shook the city for almost six months.
One-third of the population suffered severe hardship after employers locked out their workers in a widespread dispute stemming from efforts to curb the growth of trade unions.
Three people were killed and hundreds more injured by police baton charges in violent incidents during the dispute.
Author Padraig Yeates (66), a leading member of the 1913 Commemoration Committee, told the Herald the State has never taken an official role in commemorating the Lockout events. The official commemorations are likely to centre on the events of August 1913, when hundreds of people were injured when police baton-charged crowds on O'Connell Street, then known as Sackville Street
The previous night, two men died from blows from police batons in riots on Burgh Quay and Eden Quay.
A third man died after being batoned in his home in Foley Street during police raids that weekend.
The State commemoration will also officially acknowledge the role of the labour movement in the turbulent decade which followed and its role in securing Irish independence, said Mr Yeates.
An Post will be issuing commemorative stamps.


in the south to 19 °C in the north (and nights between 5 °C and 11 °C) and very high precipitation, from 2,000 to more than 7,000 mm in local micro-climates. Snow is uncommon at the coast in the north, but happens more often in the south, and frost is usually not very intense.
Immediately east from the coast are the Andes, cut by deep fjords in the south and by deep lakes in the north, and with varying temperatures according to the altitude. The tree line ranges from close to 2,000 m on the northern side (except for the Andes in northern Neuquén in Argentina, where sunnier and dryer conditions allow trees to grow up to close to 3,000 m), and diminishes southward to only 600–800 m in Tierra del Fuego. Precipitation changes dramatically from one spot to the other, and diminishes very quickly eastward. An example of this is Laguna Frías, in Argentina, receives 4,400 mm yearly. The city of Bariloche, about 40 km further east, receives about 1,000 mm, and the airport, another 15 km east, receives less than 600 mm. The easterly slopes of the Andes are home to several Argentine cities: San Martín de los Andes, Bariloche, El Bolsón, Esquel, El Calafate. Temperatures there are milder in the summer (in the north, between 20 °C and 24 °C, with cold nights between 4 °C and 9 °C; in the south, summers are between 16 °C and 20 °C, at night temperatures are similar to the north) and much colder in the winter, with frequent snowfall (although snow cover rarely lasts very long). Daytime highs range from 3 °C to 9 °C in the north, and from 0 °C to 7 °C in the south, whereas nights range from −5 °C to 2 °C everywhere. Cold waves can bring much colder values: -21 °C have been recorded in Bariloche, and most places can often see temperatures between −12 °C and −15 °C and highs staying around 0 °C for a few days.
Directly east of these areas, the weather becomes much harsher: precipitation drops to between 150 and 300 mm, the mountains no longer protect the cities from the wind, and temperatures become more extreme. Maquinchao is a couple hundred kilometers east of Bariloche, at the same altitude on a plateau, and summer daytime temperatures are usually about 5 °C warmer, rising up to 35 °C sometimes, but winter temperatures are much more extreme: the record is −35 °C, and it is not uncommon to see some nights 10 °C colder than Bariloche. The plateaus in Santa Cruz province and parts of Chubut usually have snow cover through the winter, and often experience very cold temperatures. In Chile, the city of Balmaceda is known for being situated in this region (which is otherwise almost exclusively in Argentina), and for being the coldest place in Chile, with temperatures below −20 °C every once in a while.
The northern Atlantic coast has warm summers (28 °C to 32 °C, but with relatively cool nights at 15 °C) and mild winters, with highs of about 12 °C and lows about 2–3 °C. Occasionally, temperatures reach −10 °C or 40 °C, and rainfall is very scarce. It only gets a bit colder further south in Chubut, and the city of Comodoro Rivadavia has summer temperatures of 24 °C to 28 °C, nights of 12 °C to 16 °C, and winters with days around 10 °C and nights around 3 °C, and less than 250 mm of rain. However, there is a drastic drop as we move south to Santa Cruz: Rio Gallegos, in the south of the province, has summer temps of 17 °C to 21 °C, (nights between 6 °C and 10 °C) and winter temperatures of 2 °C to 6 °C, with nights between −5 °C and 0 °C despite being right on the coast. Snowfall is common despite the dryness, and temperatures are known to fall to under −18 °C and to remain below freezing for several days in a row. Rio Gallegos is also among the windiest places on Earth, with winds reaching 100 km h occasionally.
Tierra del Fuego is extremely wet in the west, relatively damp in the south, and dry in the north and east. Summers are cool (13 °C to 18 °C in the north, 12 °C to 16 °C in the south, with nights generally between 3 °C and 8 °C), cloudy in the south, and very windy. Winters are dark and cold, but without extreme temperatures in the south and west (Ushuaia rarely reaches −10 °C, but hovers around 0 °C for several months, and snow can be heavy). In the east and north, winters are much more severe, with cold snaps bringing temperatures down to −20 °C all the way to Rio Grande on the Atlantic coast. Snow can fall even in the summer in most areas as well.
The depletion of the ozone layer over the South Pole has been reported as being responsible for blindness and skin cancer in sheep in Tierra del Fuego, and concerns for human health and ecosystems.[15]
The guanaco, the cougar, the Patagonian fox (Lycalopex griseus), the Patagonian hog-nosed skunk (Conepatus humboldtii), and the Magellanic tuco-tuco (Ctenomys magellanicus; a subterranean rodent) are the most characteristic mammals of the Patagonian plains. The guanaco roam in herds over the country and form with the Darwin's rheas (Rhea pennata) formerly the chief means of subsistence for the natives, who hunted them on horseback with dogs and bolas. Vizcachas (Lagidum spp.) and the Patagonian mara (Dolichotis patagonum) are also characteristic of the steppe and the Pampas to the north.
Bird-life is often abundant. The southern caracara (Caracara plancus) is one of the characteristic objects of a Patagonian landscape; the presence of austral parakeets (Enicognathus ferrugineus) as far south as the shores of the strait attracted the attention of the earlier navigators; and green-backed firecrowns (Sephanoides sephaniodes), a species of hummingbird, may be seen flying amidst the falling snow. Of the many kinds of waterfowl it is enough to mention the Chilean flamingo (Phoenicopterus chilensis), the upland goose (Chloephaga picta), and in the strait the remarkable steamer ducks.
Signature marine fauna include the southern right whale, the Magellanic penguin (Spheniscus magellanicus), the orca and elephant seals. The Valdés Peninsula is a UNESCO World Heritage Site for its importance as a nature reserve.
Pre-Columbian Patagonia (10,000 BC – 1520 AD)
Human habitation of the region dates back thousands of years, with some early archaeological findings in the area dated to at least the 13th millennium BC, although later dates of around the 10th millennium BC are more securely recognized. There is evidence of human activity at Monte Verde in Llanquihue Province, Chile dated to around 12,500 BC.[11] The glacial period ice-fields and subsequent large meltwater streams would have made settlement difficult at that time.
The region seems to have been inhabited continuously since 10,000 BC, by various cultures and alternating waves of migration, the details of which are as yet poorly understood. Several sites have been excavated, notably caves such as Cueva del Milodon[16] in Última Esperanza in southern Patagonia, and Tres Arroyos on Tierra del Fuego, that support this date.[11] Hearths, stone scrapers, animal remains dated to 9400–9200 BC have been found east of the Andes.[11]
Cueva de las Manos site in Santa Cruz, Argentina
The Cueva de las Manos is a famous site in Santa Cruz, Argentina. A cave at the foot of a cliff, it has wall paintings, particularly the negative images of hundreds of hands, believed to date from around 8000 BC.[11]
Among tribes living on the eastern plains hunting of guanaco was the most important activity, and rhea (ñandú) to a lesser extent, it appears from artifacts.[11] It is unclear whether the megafauna of Patagonia, including the ground sloth and horse, were extinct in the area before the arrival of humans, although this is now the more widely accepted account. It is also not clear if domestic dogs were part of early human activity. Bolas are commonly found and were used to catch guanaco and rhea.[11] A maritime tradition existed along the Pacific coast; whose latest exponents were the Yámana to the south of Tierra del Fuego


Salon: The Flow
Location: Nicasio, CA
Time: 6:30pm
Potluck, speakers, conversation and fun
Wednesday, August 12, 2015
Join us for a special sneak preview of clips from Louis' upcoming movie, The Flow about the timeless wisdom of Tao as it applies to changing our cultural narratives and practices in regard to climate change.
Louis Fox is a storyteller, strategist, and filmmaker dedicated to looking at the world as it truly is, while also envisioning it as it could be. As a filmmaker, he has directed and cowritten over a hundred short live action and animated films. His projects The Meatrix, Grocery Store Wars, and the on-going Story of Stuff series, have been viewed by more than 60 million people and have garnered top honors at dozens of international film and media festivals.
Upcoming Salons
Atossa has built a powerful coalition of indigenous leaders and environmental groups that are on the frontlines working to keep carbon in the ground. Learn about this unstoppable movement and how you can get involved.
Atossa Soltani is the founder and executive director of Amazon Watch, the non-profit organization dedicated to defending the rainforests and the rights of indigenous peoples of the Amazon basin
Tuesday, Sept 22, 2015
How do our clothing choices impact the carbon cycle?What do dyes, fabrics, and clothing production have to do with climate change? Learn about full-cycle sustainable clothing production and how this supports living wages, flourishing soil, and a healthy climate.
Host: Elizabeth Ferguson, Ph.D.
Host: Jeremy Lent


The Fresh Loaf
News & Information for Amateur Bakers and Artisan Bread Enthusiasts
How old can a starter REALLY be?
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ElPanadero's picture
How old can a starter REALLY be?
Couple of other threads are branching off into discussion of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. I thought therefore I would open a new one for better organisation and focus of topic.
I want to ask, just how old can one claim a flour-water "starter" to be?
First a couple of factoids about Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
1. The yeast cells double every 90-100mins or so
2. The mean life span of a cell is 26 generations
100min x 26 = 2600 mins which is 43 hours which is just short of 2 days.
Like our own human bodies, every cell that makes us what we are, dies off in time, but thankfully the cells are replicated before that happens. The replication time for our various cells varies tremendously but it is believed that the cells with the largest replication cycle are 10yrs. The implication of this is philosophically intriguing. It means you are no older than 10yrs no matter how old you believe you are, or at least there is no cell in your body older than 10yrs! A counter philosophical thought is that everything that is "us" is made up of matter, and since matter can neither be created nor destroyed then all the matter that makes up our bodies has been here since the dawn of the universe itself, in which case we are many billions of years old.
What we choose to define as the "human being" defines how old we are. If it's our cells, then we're 10yrs old, if it's the primordial matter, then billions of years old.
And so back to wild yeast starters and our good friend Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
If each yeast cell lives no longer than a couple of days, how in any true and just sense could it be said that there exists a "20 yr old grandmother starter"? In looking for possibilities, I wonder whether this refers to some other elements of the starter that actually ARE 20 yrs old or is the whole notion simply a lot of kidology and hocus pocus?
Consider this. I light a wood fire in the chimenea in my garden and feed it with a constant stream of new fresh fire wood. For 20 years I keep it going and never once let the fire go out. Tell me, is my fire 20yrs old? Is there any part of it that is truly 20yrs old? It has had new fresh wood constantly, and new fresh oxygen constantly, so surely the flames I am seeing are new fresh flames and all the gasses and products of combustion are equally being given off freshly. Nothing in there is 20yrs old unless perhaps the ashes produced linger on for that length of time (but then do the ashes constitute the fire?).
I'm intrigured by this notion of these very old starters given that any starter is a symbiotic balance of yeasts and bacteria that are constantly fed, which replicate for a finite number of generations and then die.
Common sense says there must be "something" in these starters aside from the yeasts and bacteria that does somehow survive through the years or else it's all a bit disingenuous.
Can anyone tell me what that "something" is?
adri's picture
Are you searching for a soul in sourdough starters? ;) This seems to be a more philosophical question and I'm not sure whether I can write something about it because of my English as a third language skills or.... well I'll give it a try.
I'm not sure for yeast, but for other fungii, spores can survive quite a long time. That our yeast forms spores you can see here:
ontopic again:
What do we want from a starter? That it has a good taste, gives good rise,... And we want it to be stable. But what does "stable" mean?
In my opinion: It should give reproducible results. It should be strong against other germs. If neglected for a while it should recover.
You can see this as an ecosystem or society. The typical schoolbook example with insects and birds: If there is a lot of insects, birds have a lot of food. More birds will survive the winter and have more children. They will eat more insects therefore soon there will be less food for the birds. Therefore less birds. Therefore more insects.... An now add birds of prey, and plants eaten by the insects,... and you'll have an ecosystem.
Such an ecosystem has more a moving equilibrium than a steady state. You can influence it from outside e.g. when a winter kills a lot of insects and the migratory birds won't find enough food in spring.
A "stable" ecosystem should be able to recover from that. It needs more to influence it (like Monsanto, Sygenta and Bayer killing all insects.) An unstable ecosystem can easily be disturbed. In such a stable ecosystem, after a few years it won't be the same insects and same birds, but their children, grandchildren, great-grandchildren... and so on. But it is still the same ecosystem.
From an outside view: I'd say, if an ecosystem has been able to recover from a lot of turbulences like hard winters, hot or cold summers... and does not diverge in one direction if the outer parameters stay the same for a while (... and a while more)... you can consider it stable.
Transferred to sourdough starter: If it's been there for many years and always performed well, it is likely to have created a good and stable ecosystem.
Just my thoughts about it.
ElPanadero's picture
Appreciate the thoughts. Not entirely sure you understood the question. Let me try again. In your last statement you said :
My question is, is there any part of that good and stable ecosystem that is actually years old? I'm suggesting that any yeasts in there will no no older than 2 days. Do you agree?
adri's picture
The US American society is no older than 114 years and 252 days as it is the age of Jeralean Talley is the oldest citizen?
MisterTT's picture
point of view I could say that there is still a portion of flour and water that were used to start the starter, and a portion of flour and water of subsequent feedings. This is pretty simple to realize, knowing that the amount of initial flour/water decreases exponentially (assuming a perfectly homogenous starter), but the exponential function is always positive and is only zero "at infinity". This is limited, of course, by the elementary parts (molecules, atoms, whatever you would care to take into account) of initial flour/water, that is, when you get less than half of an atom remaining (by calculation, in practice this isn't actually possible), the original flour/water mixture is extinct.
This is all moot, however. Exponents die down so quickly that an AP starter can get converted to rye in about three feedings, so there is no practical use to these considerations. I'm no biochemist, but I think that when a stable ecosystem of various microorganisms is reached in one starter or another, it stays very much the same if not messed with too much. The notion of "old" starters is much more romance than fact in my opinion.
Joyofgluten's picture
"The notion of "old" starters is much more romance than fact" I'm with you fully on that.
srulybpsyd's picture
This sounds like some deep stuff!
Would a practical appliication of this question be: What is the benefit of maintaining a starter over long periods of time, unless one bakes with it very frequently?
(For instance, if I only bake sourdough bread every once in a while, is it worth expending the effort (and money) maintaining it, or would it be the same if I started from scratch each time?)
MisterTT's picture
by maintaining it rather than starting a new one each time :) That's the best reason to maintain it that I know. However, there are some archaic recipes that just call for flour and water and are done over several days, I've seen a thread about one not too long ago.
DavidEF's picture
As far as I can logically deduce, there is no part of the starter that can be years old. It would have been diluted out in days, if fed every day, or at least in weeks or months. But, the ecosystem is the surviving part. The U.S.A. is hundreds of years old, some of the individual states are older than the U.S.A. and some younger. Cities have an even wider range of ages. But the people, plants and animals are different now than they were then. Only the ecosystem is the same, and not even that is completely so, as the character of the ecosystem is influenced by the current generation living in it.
There is a benefit to an ecosystem getting older, whether it be a human governmental organization or a sourdough starter. That is, the changes that take place in the environment, especially catastrophic changes, tend to strengthen the ecosystem by weeding out the weakest elements and catalyzing adaptation in the survivors. Survival of the fittest, so to speak. But not just survival, thriving.
Look at the ever present problem of sickness and disease. We try to kill


William Craig, Ulster Unionist, dies at 86
Former Stormont minister had role in start of Troubles; then as Vanguard leader he led strike against power-sharing
William Craig, a senior Ulster Unionist who broke away to form the Vanguard movement, has died at the age of 86.
While home affairs minister in the Unionist-dominated Stormont government in October 1968, Craig played a pivotal role at the start of the Northern Ireland conflict when he restricted a march by civil rights campaigners in Derry.
Three days of rioting began when marchers were struck with batons by police after walking onto a road which had been declared out of bounds by Craig; the subsequent chain of violence is often regarded as beginning the so-called Troubles.
Craig publicly branded the rights movement a front for Irish Republican activity, and in December 1968 was dismissed from his ministerial post by Northern Ireland prime minister Terence O'Neill. He left the Ulster Unionist party and formed the Vanguard Unionists.
David Burnside, a former Ulster Unioinst MP who was involved with Vanguard earlier in his political career, said of Craig: "As probably the most prominent hardline Unionist at the beginning of the Troubles, he brought together all the groupings of Unionism at the political and paramilitary levels."
After being elected to Stormont in 1960 for Larne, Craig had held several ministerial portfolios.
The Vanguard Unionists had affiliations with a number of loyalist paramilitary groupings and flirted with the concept of Northern Ireland independence. As their leader, Craig played a major role in the loyalist workers' strike in 1974 that led to the fall of a power-sharing government which followed the Sunningdale agreement.
That agreement brought constitutional nationalists into government, but opposition to power-sharing in the form of the strike closed down many workplaces. At one point Vanguard threatened physical resistance to the British government's support for the agreement.
In 1974 Craig won a Westminster seat, for East Belfast, but lost it in 1979 and retreated from the public eye.
He lived near Bangor in Co Down, where earlier this month he had suffered a stroke.


Aim higher, reach further.
Nuclear Plant Report Evaluates Fish Impact
WHITE PLAINS, N.Y.—The federal fisheries service says the continued operation of two nuclear plants in the New York City suburbs would have an "adverse effect" on two endangered species of sturgeon, but wouldn't come close to wiping them out.
The conclusion appears to help the argument for extending licenses for the Indian Point plants on the Hudson River, although one critic called it wrong and irrelevant.
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Sunday, May 23, 2010
Dipterocarpus alatus--iconic giant street tree of Ho Chi Minh City
I visited Ho Chi Minh City recently and was amazed to see giant trees of Dipterocarpus alalus growing as street trees in the older parts of the city. I estimate their age to be 80 to 100 years, which means they would have been planted during French colonial rule. Dipterocarpus alatus belongs to Dipterocarpaceae, which is the dominant timber-tree family of SE Asia. Dipterocarpus alatus itself is native to Burma, Thailand, Laos, Cambodia, Vietnam and Philippines.
In Malaysia and Singapore two other members of the family have been planted as street trees in the past 10 - 20 years. These are Hopea odorata (also commonly planted in Vietnam) and Shorea roxburghii. Both are doing well as street trees and will eventually become giants.


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Extracting protein-protein interactions from Medline using the hidden vector state model
A major challenge in text mining for biomedicine is automatically extracting protein-protein interactions from the vast amount of biomedical literature. We have constructed an information extraction system based on the Hidden Vector State (HVS) model for protein-protein interactions. The HVS model can be trained using only lightly annotated data whilst simultaneously retaining sufficient ability to capture the hierarchical structure. When applied in extracting protein-protein interactions, we found that it performed better than other established statistical methods and achieved 61.5% in F-score with balanced recall and precision values. Moreover, the statistical nature of the pure data-driven HVS model makes it intrinsically robust and it can be easily adapted to other domains.


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Flojet 115 VAC and 12 VDC Demand Pumps
Questions & Answers
- What Flojet Pumps are recommended for potable water?
- Only pumps with Santoprene / EPDM elastomers are recommended for potable water
- Can Flojet Pumps run continuously?
- The Flojet manual states Intermittent duty. Can be run continuously for short periods of time. The higher the duty cycle the shorter the expected life of the pump.
- What does short periods of time mean?
- Up 60 minutes with discharge pressure of up to 20 PSI. Up to 20 minutes when the discharge pressure is over 20 PSI. The off-time should be the same or more than the run time.
- What is meant by demand operation?
- Demand Operation is considered an "intermittent duty" application.
- What is an intermittent duty cycle?
- The maximum intermittent duty cycle is that which will cause the motor to reach its maximum thermal limits. Once the maximum thermal limit is reached, the motor must be allowed to settle to a lower temperature ideally being ambient before resuming operation. Running the pump at or near the maximum thermal limit for extended period of time will shorten the life of the pump and may result in immediate pump failure.
- What diaphragm and valve materials are recommended by Flojet for potable water?
- Only pumps with Santoprene / EPDM elastomers are recommended for potable water.
- Are Flojet pumps recommended for permanent residential domestic water applications?
- Units are NOT designed for permanent residential domestic water applications.
- Can I connect rigid pipe to the pump?
- FLOJET does not recommend the use of rigid pipe and fittings. Use flexible hose of the correct pressure rating that is compatible with the fluid to be pumped. Tubing should be at least 20 inches in length to avoid excess stress on the pump ports.
- Should I use a check valve on the pump suction line?
- The use of check valves in the plumbing system could interfere with the priming ability of the pump. If a check valve is installed in the plumbing it must have a cracking pressure of no more than 2 PSI
- Should I use a strainer on the pump inlet?
- Flojet recommends the use of a minimum 40-mesh strainer or filter in the pump inlet line will prevent foreign debris from entering the system. Failures due to foreign debris entering the pump will not be covered under the limited warranty.
- Can Flojet pumps be used (intermittent duty) for hydraulic oil and water-glycol?
- For petroleum based products such as hydraulic oil use Buna diaphragm and check valves, the same with Glycol use Buna diaphragm and check valves.
Ask a question about Flojet. Click here


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SC Native Americans – Wassamasaw Tribe of Varnertown
South Carolina SC Native Americans SC Indian Tribes SC Wassamasaw Indians
- Alternate spellings: Wasamasaw may have been the orginial spelling, but over time it has changed to Wassamasaw. The group is also known as the Varner Town (or Varnertown) Indian Community.
- Possible meanings: Wassamasaw may mean "connecting water"
- Language family: Muskogean
- Active – Group received state recognition in 2005.
SC Location, Territory
- Traditional: Berkeley County, Charleston County, Dorchester County
- Today: Headquartered in Moncks Corner, Berkeley County
The Varner Town Indian Community is located in Moncks Corner on 17A about ¼ of a mile from the intersection of US 17A and SC 176 (Carnes Crossroads). Members of the tribe have lived in or near this location for hundreds of years, though they have also lived in the neighboring counties of Charleston and Dorchester.
- The Varnertown Indians are descendants of the Etiwan and Edisto tribes, which were members of the Cusabo family of tribes. They also descend from the Catawba and Cherokee tribes, as well as other tribal entities.
- Known as "Settlement Indians" in several historical records, the Varnertown Indians maintained a close and friendly relationship with the colonial settlers and lived among or near the colonial settlements. Several Native American families of Catawba and Cherokee heritage also settled in the same area in the late eighteenth century and became part of the community. In addition to helping defend colonists against invading hostile Indians during the Yemassee War, the ancestors of this community continued to defend the colonists against hostile Indians for many years after the war. Several ancestors also served in the Revolutionary War and some were members of Marion's Brigade.
- 1880s to 1960s – Before desegregation, there were a total of five Indian schools that served the children of the Varner Town Community from 1883 to around 1963. Four of these schools were located on US 17A from the corner of Galliard Road in St. Johns Berkeley to the intersection of US 78 and US 17A in Summerville.
The Varner Indian School was located in Varner Town and was established by the South Carolina Board of Education in the 1930s. The school closed in 1963 forcing integration of its pupils into the public school system. The Indian school located in St. Johns Berkeley was known as the Barrows Mission School and operated from 1887 until the 1920s or 1930s. The Pine Ridge or Ridge School was located on 17A between Carnes Crossroads and Ridge Baptist Church. The Red School, part of the St. Barnabas Mission, was located in Summerville at the intersection of US 17A and US 78; it operated from 1883 until the 1940s. The fifth school, the Pine View Indian School, was located in the Ten Mile Hill area (present-day Rivers Avenue) in North Charleston. This school was created for the children of some family members who moved to that area to find work in the 1930s and early 1940s.
- October 7, 2007 – The Varner Town Indian Community received a Berkeley County Historical Marker near Carnes Crossroads at US 17A and SC 176 in Berkeley County. The roadside marker pays tribute to the tribe's history and culture. Read the Post and Courier article documenting the event.
The front of the sign reads: "Varner Town (or Varnertown) is a distinct Native American community including descendants of the Etiwan, Catawba, Cherokee, Edisto, and other area tribes. This area, located near Carnes Crossroads and Goose Creek, was named for William Varner (d. 1927) and his wife Mary Williams Varner (d. 1924).
The back of the sign reads: "Several Indian schools served this community. The Varner School, also called the Varner Indian School, was built here in 1939 and closed in 1963. The church nearby has been the center of the community for many years. Nearby Williams Cemetery was named in honor of William W. Williams, an Indian ancestor.
- The following photos were taken in 1938 by Marion Post Wolcott. They show Geneva Varner Clark and her family, their home, and their grinding mill. According to Bo Petersen, reporter for the Post and Courier newspaper, Ms. Clark "was the only resident who identified herself as an Indian. Today, her photo is the only one of a Lowcountry Indian in the Library of Congress."
You can click on the thumbnails of all these photos to enlarge them.
Indian family near Summerville, South Carolina
Home of Indian family near Summerville, South Carolina, with sorghum cane grinder in foreground
Grinding mill for sorghum cane made by Indian family near Summerville, South Carolina
Mud chimney on home of Indian family near Summerville, South Carolina - shows children in front of the Varner porch
Mud chimney on home of Indian family near Summerville, South Carolina - shows mud chimney and children
Beliefs and Practices
Wassamasaw Tribe of Varnertown Indian People
(Submitted by Heidi Varner, 2005)
The Wassamasaw Tribe of Varnertown Indians is a Native American group consisting of bloodline members from the Varnertown Indian community. The Varnertown Indians are descendants of ancient historical tribes that were in the areas of Charleston and Berkeley Counties including Catawba, Cherokee, Edisto and Etiwan, and other tribal entities. The Varnertown Indian Community has over a 150 year history of existence in the Berkeley County area as a Native American Tribal community.
In early times, most of the families were farmers, and the community also established its own local church and the extended family opened their own stores and bars in the community. Other historical documentation includes pictures of family member Geneva Varner Clark and her family. They were taken in 1938 by Marion Post Wolcott. A picture is currently in the Library of Congress entitled "An Indian Family Near Summerville."
The mission of the Wassamasaw Tribe of Varnertown Indians is to provide economic enhancement to the Varnertown Community, to educate its members in their history and culture, to provide opportunities for its people to share their arts, to preserve the history and traditions of its ancestors, and to promote public awareness of the community's existence and contributions to the general population.
Varnertown Indians are proud to be one of the five organizations recognized in 2005. We hope this is the first step in the process to bring programs and services to the Native Americans in this State.


By AOMEI / Last Updated September 4, 2020
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Advantages to create Windows 7 image for deployment
As it's known to us that backing up Windows 7 is essential in case of data loss. However, fewer people know there is another usage for backing up Windows 7. That is you can create Windows 7 image for deployment.
Image deployment involves creating a custom system image including OS, drivers, settings, and applications on a single computer and then deploying the image to other computers. The configuration of computers is all the same after deployment. By deploying image, you can enjoy the following advantages.
 - Saving time and efforts: Think about this, suppose you have multiple computers, manually setting up the computers one by one will take you much time. If cloning Windows 7 to multiple computers simultaneously can be realized, it will save much time and efforts.
 - Standardization: If you use image deployment, it ensures that all the computers are as close to identical as possible. However, if you perform installation and configuration one by one, each computer may be slightly different. Standard computers' management and maintenance are much easier than disparate ones'.
How to create a Windows 7 system image for deployment?
To deploy Windows 7 image to other computers, you need to create a system image first. You can use free backup and restore software – AOMEI Backupper.
✦ It offers you a perfect experience with its user-friendly and clean interface. It is very easy to use even if you are a green hand.
✦ It is embedded with various backup types. You are allowed to create a system or disk image. You can also run automatic file backup with it.
✦ It supports all editions of Windows 10/8.1/8/7/Vista/XP.
Follow the easy steps below to create system image backup for Windows 7.
Step 1. Download AOMEI Backupper and launch the tool. At the main interface, click Backup and select System Backup.
System Backup
Step 2. As this software will automatically select the source for you, you just need to click the second bar to select another location as destination path.
Select Destination Path
Step 3. Confirm the operation and click Start Backup.
Start Backup
 - Windows 7 image backup can be also used as a recovery plan apart from system deployment. If there is anything bad happening to your computer, you can restore system to the previous good state with the backup image.
 - AOMEI Backupper can be also used to create custom Windows 10/8 image for deployment.
How to deploy Windows 7 image to multiple computers simultaneously?
After creating the system image, you can now deploy it to other client computers. To deploy Windows 7 to other client computers, you need image deployment software. There are many OS deployment tools on the market for this task. However, some of them are extremely hard to use. And some image deploy tools are expensive. Usually, you will spend over $1,000 to deploy 50 computers.
Here, I would like to recommend you free and easy-to-use Windows deployment services for Windows 7/8/10 and Windows Server 2003/2008(R2)/2012(R2)/2016(R2) – AOMEI Image Deploy. With this software, you can deploy Windows 7 image to multiple computers simultaneously.
Before deploying Windows 7:
 - Please check and make sure the server computer and all client computers are on the same network segment of the same LAN.
 - Please confirm the NIC (also known as network adapter) in all the client computers supports PXE boot.
Now, I will walk you through Windows 7 deployment step by step.
Step 1. Download, install and launch AOMEI Image Deploy on your server computer. Then choose a way to create a bootable WinPE ISO file to boot client computers. Tick Enable DHCP if you don't have one.
Create WinPE
Step 2. After creating WinPE ISO image, leave the server computer alone. Then boot the client computer. Keeping tapping F2 or F8 once booting. Enter the BIOS to change boot priority to network.
Boot from Network
Step 3. After all target PCs boot normal, AOMEI Image Deploy on server PC will prompt you "Client computers connected" to the display list. Tick the box: I confirm all the client computers which need to be restored are online and click Next.
Client Computer Connected
Step 4. At next Windows, click Browse to navigate the Windows 7 image backup. Then select the client computers that you want to deploy by ticking the box before their IP address. You can tick all to select all the client computers.
Select Image
Note that the "Destination disk" refers to the disk number on client computers you will deploy; the "Deployed computers" refers to the number of PCs you will deploy at a time.
Step 5. Click Start Deploy after customized configurations have done.
Note: To deploy Windows image to dissimilar hardware or deploy over 20 target PCs for Windows Server systems, you need to turn to AOMEI Image Deploy Technician version.
To make a summary, to save time and effort and to have uniform computer configuration, you can create a custom Windows 7 image for network deployment. AOMEI Image Deploy can help you to deploy image easily and quickly to multiple computers simultaneously through network.
Besides, Windows 7 image backup created by AOMEI Backupper can be also used as data recovery plan. If there is something wrong with your system, you can always restore it to its good state.


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Invisible Man Reader's Guide
By Ralph Ellison
Invisible Man by Ralph Ellison
The questions, topics, and author biography that follow are designed to enhance your group's reading and discussion of Ralph Ellison's Invisible Man. We hope that they will provide you with new ways of looking at–and talking about–a book that is widely acknowledged as one of the greatest American novels of the second half of this century.
From the moment of its publication in 1952, Invisible Man generated the impact of a cultural tidal wave. Here was a pioneering work of African-American fiction that addressed not only the social, but the psychic and metaphysical, components of racism: the nvisibility of a large portion of this country's populace and the origins of that invisibility in one people's willed blindness and another's habit of self-concealment.
In his prose, Ellison managed to encompass the entirety of the American language–black and white, high-brow and low-down, musical, religious, and jivey–and reshape it to his own ends. In Invisible Man he created one of those rare works that is a world unto itself, a book that illuminates our own in ways that are at once hilarious and devastating.
Questions and Topics for Discussion
1. What makes Ellison's narrator invisible? What is the relationship between his invisibility and other people's blindness–both involuntary and willful? Is the protagonist's invisibility due solely to his skin color? Is it only the novel's white characters who refuse to see him?
3. What are the narrator's dreams and goals? How are these variously fulfilled or thwarted in the course of the book?
5. What is the significance of the grandfather's deathbed speech [p.16]? Whom or what has he betrayed? What other characters in this book resort to the same strategy of smiling betrayal?
6. Throughout the novel the narrator gives speeches, or tries to give them, to audiences both black and white, at venues that range from a whites-only "smoker" to the funeral of a black street vendor murdered by the police. What role does oratory–and, more broadly, the spoken word–play in Invisible Man?
9. What black men does the protagonist choose as mentors or role models? Do they prove to be any more trustworthy than his white "benefactors"? What about those figures whose authority and advice the narrator rejects–for example, the vet in The Golden Day and the separatist Ras the Exhorter? What characters in Invisible Man, if any, represent sources of moral authority and stability?
11. Why might Tod Clifton have left the Brotherhood to peddle demeaning dancing Sambo dolls? What does the narrator mean when he says: "It was as though he [Clifton] had chosen…to fall outside of history"? How would you describe Ellison's vision of history and the role that African-Americans play within it?
13. Where in Invisible Man does Ellison–who was trained as a musician–use language to musical effect? (For example, compare the description of the college campus on pages 34-7 to Trueblood's confession on 51-68, to the chapel scene on 110-135, and Tod Clifton's funeral on 450-461.) What different sorts of language does Ellison employ in these and other passages? How does the "music" of these sections–their rhythm, assonance, and alliteration–heighten their meaning or play against it?
15. In spite of its vast success (or perhaps because of it), Ellison's novel–and the author himself–were fiercely criticized in some circles for being insufficiently "Afrocentric." Do you think this is true? Do you think Ellison made artistic compromises in order to make Invisible Man accessible to white readers?
About this Author
Ralph Ellison was born in 1914 in Oklahoma City, the son of Lewis Ellison, a construction worker, and his wife, Ida, a domestic. He was introduced to literature by his mother, who used to bring him books she borrowed from the homes she cleaned. A further exposure was provided by the ironies of segregation: in the 1920s, Oklahoma City had no black library, and books from the library's main branch were shelved haphazardly in a pool hall, where the young Ralph might find a volume of fairy tales alongside one of Freud–with no well-meaning librarian telling him what a child ought or ought not to be reading.
Ellison attended Alabama's Tuskegee Institute on a music scholarship, but in 1936 he moved to New York City, where he began writing short stories while supporting himself as a free-lance photographer and audio engineer. After serving in the Merchant Marine during World War II, he spent seven years writing Invisible Man, working out of an office located at the back of a jewelry store on Fifth Avenue. The book was published in 1952 and was awarded the National Book Award. It has been translated into seventeen languages.
The manuscript of Ellison's second novel was destroyed by a fire in 1967. He spent the remaining years of his life painstakingly reconstructing it, while publishing two volumes of nonfiction, Shadow and Act (1964) and Going to the Territory (1986). He taught and lectured widely, was appointed to the American Academy of Arts and Letters, served on the National Council on the Arts and Humanities and the Carnegie Commission on public television, and was a trustee of the John F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts. Ralph Ellison died of cancer on April 16, 1994, at his home in New York City.
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Reading menus and drive directories
Computer books, tutorials, lessons and articles frequently need to direct the user to a specific menu. While I have the luxury of using as many screen shots as I want, a number of post to this blog are turned into articles for user group magazines and other publications. While there are many different ways to attempt to lead a reader to a specific menu, many authors use a system similar to this:
Finder > Menu Bar > Go > iDisk > Other User's Public Folder…
or perhaps this example:
Safari > Menu Bar > File > Mail Link to this Page.
In both examples, the name of the active program (Finder in the first, Safari in the second) begins the line. Then the > symbol is used to designate a specific location.
So, Finder > Menu Bar > Go > iDisk > Other User's Public Folder… might replace:
Make the Finder the active application. Go to the Menu bar at the top of the page and locate the "Go" menu. Go down to "iDisk, then go sideways to "Other User's Public Folder.
Safari > Menu bar > File > Mail Link to this Page might replace:
Make Safari the active application. Go to the Menu bar at the top of the page and locate the File menu. Pull down the File menu to Mail Link to This Page.
When writers are referring to paths for files they use a similar system. If you were being directed to Disk Utility, it might be written:
Macintosh HD > Applications > Utilities > Disk Utility.
Another similar system is:
Macintosh HD: Applications: Utilities: Disk Utility.
I prefer the first example. In fact, when I am writing directions to menu items or file locations, I read ">" as "go to."
There is one more thing to note. The ellipses (&hellip is used in menus to let you know that you will next see a dialog box. For example, Finder > Menu Bar > Go > iDisk > Other User's Public Folder… will lead you to this dialog box:
If you want to add an ellipses to your writing, press Command > ;.
Here's a warm welcome to the participants in last week's seminar. Thanks for spending the day with me!


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Centre for Cross Border Studies
The Centre for Cross Border Studies, based in Armagh and Dublin, researches and develops cooperation across the Irish border in a wide range of practical areas, notably education, health, the economy, ICT and citizens' information, and works with similar cross-border regional research bodies in other parts of Europe. Its purpose is to:
 1. Identify gaps in cross-border information, research and mutual learning in Ireland and Europe;
 2. Commission and publish research on issues related to cross-border cooperation in all fields of society and the economy in Ireland and Europe;
 3. Host events at which research findings can be discussed and disseminated, and at which cross-border policy formation in Ireland and Europe can be developed;
 4. Present the findings of such research and development to the European Commission, the Irish and British governments, the Northern Ireland Executive, social partnership bodies and the public;
 5. Manage and provide administrative support for cross-border networks in research, training and higher education: notably the International Centre for Local and Regional Development (ICLRD); the Standing Conference on Teacher Education North and South (SCoTENS) and Universities Ireland;
 6. Provide sources of comprehensive and accurate information about cross-border cooperation in Ireland and Europe, particularly information of use to citizens wishing to cross borders to live, work or study (notably through the websites and


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Doll Distance Healing Spell
Because once upon a time Chinese women wouldn't undress before a doctor (even today a visit to a traditional Chinese physician rarely involves undressing), beautiful, anatomically correct naked dolls were carved from ivory. These dolls served as a communications device between doctor and patient; pain, illness, affliction, and methods of healing could be demonstrated on the doll w ith minimum embarrassment.
These dolls are still sometimes found in antique shops; reproductions are also available. Use this type of doll or craft or use a less realistic one to perform magical distance healing.
1. Hold the doll in your hands to charge it with your intentions and healing energy.
2. Murmur healing incantations and blessings over the doll.
3. Massage the doll with blended castor and olive oils, scented with essential oil of lavender.
4. Place the doll within a ring of burning healing candles.
5. Repeat as needed until the healing is complete.


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When you kiss your sweetheart this Valentine's Day you may well turn your head to the right, echoing a preference born in the womb, a researcher suggests.
Onur Guentuerkuen of Ruhr-University Bochum in Bochum, Germany, reports that he spied on 124 pairs of adults who turned their heads left or right while kissing on the lips in public places in Germany, Turkey and the United States.
Two-thirds of the kissers went to the right, he found.
Prior research has found that babies also tend to turn their heads to the right rather than the left during their final weeks of gestation and for the first six months after birth, Guentuerkuen says in Thursday's issue of the journal Nature.
So the results on kissing show that early head-turning bias may affect behavior in adulthood, he says. People also prefer to use the right foot, ear and eye by about two-to-one, suggesting those behavioral biases may be related, he said.
But right-handedness dominates the population far more, about eight-to-one, so that's either not related or it's affected by cultural influence, he said.
The researcher watched kissing couples in airports, railroad stations, beaches and parks. He estimated their ages at around 13 to around 70.
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