Problem with hard drive clicking
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The click sound is usually caused by the drive parking its head. There are multiple causes for that, including power management and shock detection (see below for fixes). However, it may also mean that your drive is about to die (the dreaded "click of death"); check /var/log/messages (or /var/log/syslog) for suspicious errors, and remember to backup!
The Hitachi Travelstar 5K80 series, which shipped with many T series Thinkpads, is reported to suffer from this problem in particular. The clicks occur rapidly, and are quiet but noticeable. While in use in a quiet environment, the clicks can be relatively loud and annoying. The clicks seem to happen when the drive is idle and the power has been on for a significant period of time. Western Digital drives (like the Scorpio series) are also known to exhibit pronounced clicks. The clicking is also reported on other vendors' laptop hard drives, and is therefore almost certainly hard drive related rather than laptop chassis related.
The clicking sound appears to occur only when the drive is idle. Forcing the drive to be busy silences the ticking. Launching programs that access the hard drive, such as searching or defragmenting the drive, helps for a time. Cycling the power on the hard drive, such as through a full power-off reboot of the system, stops the ticking for the moment. hdparm can be used to reset the drive without rebooting, or to set the power management settings.
Others recommend using Hitachi's drive feature tool to increase the acoustic management level.
Possible cause and speculation
Laptop drives (especially Hitachi Hitachi Travelstar 5K80, Hitachi Travelstar 5K100 and SAMSUNG MP0804H) can unload heads very often, producing a noticeable click. Some ThinkPad BIOSes can be very eager to program the HD Advanced Power Management feature (hdparm -B), even when told to always keep the HD in "Maximum Performance mode", and will do so every time AC state changes and when coming out of suspend (be it S3 or S4). Unless you reset the HD's APM mode, it will unload its heads eventually, thus producing the clicks.
Another possible cause is the drive firmware running a low level surface media check periodically during idle time.
It is not known whether the problem is a sign of impending drive failure. The root cause of the problem is not yet known. It is quite likely to be a normal mode of drive operation. The problem is very prevalent.
Do not confuse this with regular activity. Many daemons poll (config) files every few seconds. Despite files being cached, POSIX compliant filesystems like ext2 or ext3 must update (= write) the last access time. More details and a workaround in How to reduce power consumption#Hard_Drives.
Some vendors have extra power-saving timers that might be causing issues, such as the idle3 timer of some WD Green drives that controls the WD Intellipark feature.
Tracking down the cause of the clicks
Using "smartctl -A" (part of the the smartmontools package), it is possible to check if any of the drive's attributes related to platter spin-up/down or head unload are increasing when a click is heard. That can help pinpointing the cause of the clicks.
A shell script like this may help to see if the Load Cycle Count is affected (indicating head unloading):
while :
 newval='smartctl -A /dev/sda | awk '$2=="Load_Cycle_Count" {print $10}''
 if [[ $newval != $lastval ]] # i.e., anything has changed (here: load cycle count only)
 echo $newval
 sleep 30 # or some other interval
Possible solutions (Linux)
The clicking noise apparently occurs when the drive is parking its heads (and ramping them off the drive surface in the process) after a timeout after the last disk access. Temporary relief has been found by using hdparm to turn off power management for the drive:
# hdparm -B 255 /dev/sda
That should stop the drive from parking the heads except when turning off. You can also try
# hdparm -B 254 /dev/sda
which doesn't turn power management off, but is the least aggressive setting: it will still unload heads, but far less often. (The drives are prepared to withstand a great number of head unloads: 200,000 unloads are typical, and Hitachi drives tolerate about 600,000 unloads.)
To make these changes permanent, you have to ensure that the -B commands are reissued at every boot, after resuming from disk or RAM, after hotswapping, and every time the ThinkPad BIOS might try to override them. This is done in two steps: changing the default settings when the system boots, and changing the settings when the system resumes after the lid is closed and re-opened.
Start-up settings
On Debian, edit /etc/hdparm.conf (as root):
# vi /etc/hdparm.conf
Add the following lines:
# Change sda to hda if it's a PATA drive
/dev/sda {
 apm = 255
Then, to refresh the settings, run
# update-rc.d hdparm defaults
On Ubuntu 11.04, the script /usr/lib/pm-utils/power.d/95hdparm-apm (part of the hdparm package) sets the APM level to 128 when on battery and 254 otherwise (these defaults are part of the hdparm_options() function in /lib/hdparm/hdparm-functions). This may be overridden in hdparm.conf with the custom setting apm_battery:
/dev/sda {
 apm = 255
 apm_battery = 255
Alternatively, you can override the 95hdparm-apm script by creating an empty file with the same name in /etc/pm/power.d:
# touch /etc/pm/power.d/95hdparm-apm
On Arch Linux, edit /etc/rc.local instead and add:
hdparm -B 254 /dev/sda
Then reboot the system, and the clicking noise should be gone.
Wake-up settings
The clicking may resume when the lid is closed and re-opened. To fix this, create an executable file named 50_hdparm-pm in /etc/pm/sleep.d:
# vi /etc/pm/sleep.d/50_hdparm-pm
With the following content:
To make it executable, run:
# chmod +x /etc/pm/sleep.d/50_hdparm-pm
If this does not help, but manually setting hdparm -B 255 /dev/sda does, try the script below instead:
case "$1" in
 sleep 2
 hdparm -B 255 /dev/sda
exit $NA
On Ubuntu 8.10 (Linux Mint 6) on a T42, there seems to be something else setting a lower value in battery mode, which might be coming from the BIOS because it clicks during boot and stops with this in place. Make an executable file named "" (the important thing is it's starting with "99"), containing the following:
# Use a less aggressive hard disk power management to get rid of
# clicking noise when the drive is parking its heads
hdparm -B 255 /dev/sda
Then, copy this file to /etc/acpi/suspend.d/, /etc/acpi/resume.d/ and /etc/acpi/start.d/. Remember to make the files executable (chmod +x).
Otherwise, try to reset the drive with -w, but note that this may cause data loss, according to hdparm's man page. When used in the following way to stop the clicking, I have not seen any data loss. YMMV.
# hdparm /dev/sda
# sync
# sleep 5
# sync
# hdparm -w /dev/sda
Laptop mode
Yet another solution is to install the laptop-mode-tools package and have it handle the hard drive's settings. Note that by default, laptop-mode-tools will frequently spin down the hard drive to save power.
Edit /etc/laptop-mode/laptop-mode.conf, set CONTROL_HD_POWERMGMT=1 and ensure that hdparm sets -B 255.
Disable WD Intellipark
On WD Green drives where Intellipark might be causing the problem, you can try to use the idle3-tools utility to disable Intellipark.
Possible solution (Windows)
On a X41T, do BIOS, firmware and IBM updates. Then simply disable the ShockProtection of the hard drive. On a native X41T Windows installation, it solved the problem; one will hear a click only every hour. It seems that the problem is related to an aggressive setting that will try to park the head often to protect the drive, so the problem is not related with power management settings. Perhaps a similar approach also works under Linux. – WBonX (Hitachi drive)
Specific models
Hitachi C4K60 (HTC426060G9AT00)
On a Thinkpad X41 with a has a 60 GB Hitachi C4K60 (HTC426060G9AT00) hard disk that had the clicking problem (even in Windows), the hdparm solution above did not work. The problem was indeed caused by the hard disk unloading the heads when idle, and the Load_Cycle_Count SMART statistic could be seen increasing when the clicks occurred.
hdparm -B settings did not seem to help, and a check of the hard


Author Country (or Countries)
The process of ﬁnding the optimal allocation of limited resources to a number of tasks for optimizing multiple objectives is called multi-objective resource allocation problem (MORAP). This paper presents K-means-clustering based on one of the evolutionary algorithm, genetic algorithm(GA), to solve MORAP. Using the K-means-clustering algorithm to divide the population to a speciﬁc number of sub-populations each of them with dynamic size. Therefore, different operators of GA (crossover&mutation) can be implemented to each subpopulation instead of applied the same GA operators to the all population. The aim of dynamic clustering is to preserve and introduce diversity into solutions, instead of the solutions becoming similar each other. Two problems taken from the literature are used to compare the performance of the proposed algorithm with the competing algorithms. Moreover, an example of optimum utilization of human resource in reclamation of derelict land in Toshka-Egypt is solved by our approach. The results of different test problems have showed the superiority of our algorithm to solve MORAP.
Suggested Reviewers
Digital Object Identifier (DOI)


Which city is located at the highest altitude in the world?
Cities with the highest altitudes in the world. The highest city in the world with a population of more than one million is La Paz. The Capital of Bolivia sits 3,869 meters above sea level, and is more than 1,000 meters higher than the second ranked city – Quito.
Is Machu Picchu the highest city in the world?
For reference, that's more than 100 meters higher than the world-famous Inca citadel Machu Picchu in Peru, which sits at a height of 2,430m.
Cities in the Sky.
Rank #1
Urban Center La Paz
Country Bolivia
Region South America
Average Elevation (m) 3,869
Where is the highest altitude?
The most high-altitude point on Earth is Mount Everest, in the Himalayan mountain range on the border of Nepal and the Chinese region of Tibet. Mount Everest is 8,850 meters (29,035 feet) tall. The urban area of El Alto, Bolivia, is the most high-altitude city on Earth.
Which is the lowest city in the world?
1. Baku is the world's lowest lying capital city. Believe it or not, Baku sits 28 metres below sea level, which makes it the world's lowest lying capital city. (In fact, it is one of only two capital cities with an elevation officially below sea level, the other being Amsterdam.)
READ Quick Answer: What Are The 50 Largest Companies In The World?
Which is the highest capital of the world?
La Paz, administrative and de facto capital of Bolivia, stands at an altitude of 3,631 m (11,913 ft) above sea level.
What is the lowest elevation on Earth?
The world's lowest place on earth is the Dead Sea located in Jordan and Israel, with an elevation amounting to approximately 414 meters below sea level.
Is Kilimanjaro taller than Everest?
Everest (29,035 feet / 8,850 m) in Asia. Aconcagua (22,829 feet / 6,962 m) in South America. Denali (20,320 feet / 6,190 m) in North America. Kilimanjaro (19,340 feet / 5,895 m) in Africa.
Is there anything taller than Mount Everest?
Measuring from the foot of the mountain to the summit, Hawaii's Mauna Kea is the tallest, but most is under the sea. As measured from the Earth's core, Ecuador's Mount Chimborazo is the world's highest, standing more than 2,072 metres higher than Everest.
Which city is closest to sea level?
Baku is the capital of Azerbaijan and is the lowest national capital in the world, sitting at 92 feet below sea level. Not only is it the lowest national capital by elevation, but it's also the biggest city found at levels this low with a total population of just over 2 million people as of 2016.
What is the lowest country in the world?
Places to go: Maldives is the world's lowest country
Not one of its 1,200 mostly uninhabited coral islands measure more than six feet (1.8 meters) above sea level. The Maldives – made up of a chain of nearly 1,200 mostly uninhabited islands in the Indian Ocean – is the lowest country in the world.
READ Frequent question: How old is the youngest star?
Which country is below sea level?
10) Salton Trough
Thirty-Three Countries with Land Areas Below Sea Level
Country Below Sea Level Location Elevation
Djibouti Lac Assal shoreline 155 meters below sea level
China Turpan Pendi 154 meters below sea level
Egypt Qattara Depression 133 meters below sea level
Which is highest lake in the world?
Highest: Lake Titicaca, Peru-Bolivia
By volume of water, Lake Titicaca is the largest lake in South America, and due to its surface elevation of 12,507ft above sea level, is the highest navigable lake in the world.
Which city is largest city in the world?
As the world's biggest urban area, Tokyo has a population that accounts for more than a quarter of all of Japan.
Which is world's lowest lying capital city?
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Generally when people think of agriculture they will picture a tractor or some other machinery.
The humble water pump, however, uses as much if not more energy and is just as essential to production.
Pumps are mostly used to move water from the water source, which could be a dam, river or bore, through pipes to a point of usage or a storage facility, e.g. a water tank or an irrigation system.
Here in Australia, the cost of grid connection or a lack of access to grid supplied electricity means that many farmers use diesel pumps.
Electric pumps, however, are a superior option for several reasons, they are lower maintenance, to set up for automated and remote control, and have the ability to use solar power either as the main power source or as a supplementary power source for grid connected pumps.
No matter the power source, the principles of pump selection and operation are the same. Cost-efficient operation relies on selecting the right size and design of pump and maintaining it correctly.
Choosing a pump
There is a wide range of pumps available and it can be confusing trying to make a choice. The first step in making a choice is to calculate the pumping requirements of the intended application. You will need to know what your daily water usage needs will be as well as gathering information about the water source, discharge point and the distance between the two.
If it wont be supported by other power sources, like the electricity grid or battery storage, the pump must be able to move enough water to match your operation's daily water requirements. The pump must also have enough power to move the required amount of water from the water source
How a pump works
A pump is a system that is used to move liquid. Pumps move liquid by utilising energy to build the amount of pressure in the system.
Flow rate
The flow rate is the amount of water pumped through during a certain time period. The flow rates are usually quoted in L/min or m./day (where 1m. = 1,000L). When using a solar pumping system, the expected flow rates of the pump are calculated from the variability of the site's solar radiation levels:
 - If you have a minimum daily flow rate each day, no matter the daylight hours, your systems design would need to increase the required daily flow rate to compensate for reduced pumping performance on less sunny/overcast days.
 - The hourly flow rate must consider the limited number of sun hours per day to pump the water. The estimated flow rate also needs to allow that the levels of solar radiation vary from hour to hour.
Related Tags: Water Pump Repairs Gold Coast | Water Pumps Gold Coast


text:
Protocol::CassandraCQL::Type - represents a Cassandra CQL data type
Objects in this class represent distinct types that may be found in Cassandra CQL3, either as columns in query result rows, or as bind parameters to prepared statements. It is used by Protocol::CassandraCQL::ColumnMeta.
Returns a new type object initialised by parsing the type information in the given message frame.
Returns a string representation of the type name.
Encodes the given perl data into a bytestring.
Decodes the given bytestring into perl data.
Validates whether the given perl data is valid for this type. If so, returns false. Otherwise, returns an error message explaining why.
Returns the type of the elements in the list or set,
Returns the type of the keys and values in the map,
The following encodings to and from perl data are supported:
To or from a string scalar,
which must contain only US-ASCII codepoints (i.e.
ord <= 127).
To or from a numeric scalar.
To or from an opaque string scalar of bytes.
To or from an instance of Math::BigFloat, or from a regular numeric scalar.
To or from a numeric scalar, representing a UNIX epoch timestamp as a float to the nearest milisecond.
To or from a string containing hex digits and hyphens,
in the form
To or from a string scalar containing Unicode characters.
To or from an instance of Math::BigInt, or from a regular numeric scalar.
To or from an
ARRAY reference containing elements.
To or from a
where the keys used must be of some string type.
This code was paid for by
Paul Evans

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


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Abstract Lion Feuchtwanger (_PHONE_) was a celebrated German-Jewish novelist and outspoken enemy of the Nazis. He began his literary career as a theater critic and turned his talent to writing plays in the 1910s and 1920s. He first became internationally known for his historical novel Jud Süss published in 1925. In 1933, he went into exile in Southern France and in 1941 he emigrated to the United States. He was an important figure in intellectual and artistic circles in Los Angeles during the...
Dates: 1906 - 2006; Majority of material found within 1940 - 1958
Found in: USC Libraries Special Collections


Scop of MA English literature and linguistics in Pakistan
Pakistan is a progressing country. We have been teaching English as Second language to our students. So, Everyone is curious about the scope of the Master or BS level degree in English in Pakistan. I have explained in detail the concepts associated with the scope of bs in English or MA in English in Pakistan.
Bs and MA english literature and linguistics scope
Scope of BS English / MA English in Pakistan
The difference between MA English and BS English is very minor. BS in English Literature and Linguistics is equal to a Master in English literature and linguistics.
 So, both degrees have the same scope and importance in Pakistan.
Is BS English / MA English a good degree?
MA English is the best degree to choose at master level, it not only polishes your reading and writing abilities but also gives you the best options in your career.
It's not because it is an international language, the main reason is that it is our official language used at educational institutes and courts.
English is a mandatory language for almost every job and a master's degree in English opens several upcoming opportunities.
You can read details about MA English syllabus and subjects in a separate post on this blog.
The degree is of two years offered by several universities and you can attempt it as a private student. The admission criteria differ for each institution but it basically depends upon the graduation marks. You will cover both classical and modern English in these two years.
If you are not interested in English, you can choose a subject from a list of all subjects for Private MA and do an MA in any subjects you want.
Jobs and Careers after MA English
After getting a master's degree in MA English you can show excellence in various fields. A master of the English language is unbeatable in communication skills.
Many companies and firms demand persons to handle national and international communication with clients. If you are holding a degree in MA English following are the major careers you can adopt.
You can do the following jobs after MA English in Pakistan:
1. Teaching:
The first best career for a person who has his major in English is to be a teacher. You can try into the government sector after having a professional education degree.
Teaching at different levels like school, college or a coaching center is a very respectable job. You can attend international teaching seminars to get a job at the best educational institutes.
Instead of traditional teaching, you can work as a remote teacher to help out students in learning English. You can also start writing or spoken English program and teach students online.
This not only makes you in ease but also you can charge a handsome fee for international students.
2. Freelancing:
People are usually looking for a remote job. If you have an English degree your excellence in writing and communication gives you a high opportunity here.
You can work as a Virtual Assistant for different persons. All you need to make an account on a Freelancing platform, make a grabbing profile, get clients, and work anytime and from anywhere.
You can work more than a Virtual Assistant, a Freelance Writer, or a Rewriter, more than it you can do academic research for clients. If you have a good voice, you can also work as an English Voiceover artist.
3. Professional Writer:
Every proposal and record are present in a well-mannered written format in most companies. Different businesses and companies demand a proposal to be properly documented and written in a defined form.
Major companies hire specialists to write their letters, professional E-mails to the clients, and proposals to be documented. A person having a master's in English should try this job.
4. Articulate at a Company:
In the industry, companies need to communicate with each other and with clients. This communication not only confined to document sharing but sometimes it needs to have personal meetings and conversations to attend.
Employees having a high command of their work sometimes lose clients because of poor attitude in communication.
Companies then give jobs to specialists who can handle verbal communication at offices. An English degree holder is the best person to act as a verbal assistant at a company.
5. Content Writer:
This is the era of technology; everything is moving online. Business, firms, and associations are building their Websites and Webpages to reach out to more clients. They need persons to write their content on their websites, day by day changes and writings are required for several areas of a Website.
You can work as a content writer for more than one company. International companies also offer online jobs as Content Writer remotely.
These companies not only offer a good package but also you get experience and can reach out to more clients.
6. Civil Services Jobs and Tests
If you have enough command on English and good at writing skills you can go for a civil service exam like CSS and PMS.
A person with a strong background in English finds it a great option for their future as they have a good knowledge of literature and history. These White-Collar jobs are not only highly paid but also give you a strong position at working place.
BS English is good for CSS as it gives you an excellent writing skill in English. Moreover, you have a sound knowledge of English language and literature which helps you a lot in CSS.
You can read my other post on a Complete guide and information about CSS.
7. Editor:
If you have a high command of English you can work as an Editor at different places. Many offices, law firms, educational institutes, publishing houses, and newspaper publishing places requires a highly skilled and professional editor.
As a MA English degree holder, you can work as an Editor at these places.
Moreover, you can also work as a script editor, web content editor, and indifferent magazine publishing company. Many offices related to publishing also need editors to refine their work.
8. Journalist:
Another well-paid job is being a journalist or to join a media center either print or electronic media. As an MA English degree holder, you can well describe the facts using catching words than others.
You can do research, edit content, write news stories; for magazines, journals, newspapers, and for online media places. You can also join media places as an anchorperson as you have proficient skills in English.
But for journalism, you need to have a good vocabulary, high command on word usage, and expressive in your writing.
Related post: Scope of mass communication in Pakistan
9. English Learning Academy:
If you want to be a self-employer after getting a MA English degree, you have your option. Many people are searching for an English academy or a tutor.
Open your own academy, arrange classes for both English speaking and writing. Both courses are always in demand as people wanted to improve their English skills. You will get a handsome income from this self-employment job.
10. Translator, Proofreader etc
You can apply for this job. You also join Fivver to get you the order for this service. People will hire you to do the translation, proofreading and other content manipulation jobs. But being a success on Fivver is not easy. You can read our post which will help you get your first order on Fivver with simple tips and tricks
Benefits of MA English in Pakistan
The best advantage of having an English degree is that you have a hold on grammar and writing capabilities. This opens a lot of options as you can write whatever you want and covert your ideas in an efficient manner.
If you have some knowledge about SEO, you can also start your website or write articles for others. You can work as a reporter, an Urdu translator, proofreader, and much more.
MA English or BS English salary in Pakistan
The salary of MA English or BS English depends upon the nature of Job and the scope of the company in which you are working.
The salary of an English teacher at secondary level is usually between Rs 20,000 to Rs 30,000. But the colleges offer a higher salary between Rs 30,000-50,000 to English teachers.
Similarly, if you do content editing and translation and proofreading jobs, you may get Rs 30,000 to Rs 50,000 in a month easily.
I hope you will like this article as it covers all the major fields which well suited for a person having its major degree in English. The scope of BS English and MA English is good in Pakistan but it all depends upon your hard work and secondary skills.
You may like to read more about these topics by following the links below:
1. What to do after BA in Pakistan
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text:
Colorado State Parks offers interpretive and environmental education opportunities for all ages. Nature programs, volunteer trainings, campfire talks and junior ranger programs are just a few of the ways visitors can learn more about the flora, fauna, geology and history of our state parks.
Former Lt. Gov. Barbara O'Brien asked Colorado kids to submit suggestions on what they think should be included in their Outdoor Bill of Rights, which was being created to encourage children to reconnect with the outdoors. The list includes many activities which can be found in Colorado State Parks.
Take a look at our Family and Kids page for nature-inspired family activities.
Colorado has 42 state parks which all offer an array of activities, some which include wildlife viewing, Nature Centers, group picnic areas, and many multiple-use trails. Many Colorado State Parks offer programs and activities for children of all ages, including Junior Ranger programs and special offerings for teens. The following is a sample listing of programs and events. For a complete listing of activities visit the State Parks calendar.
Arkansas Headwaters State Park: Junior Ranger Programs mid-June through mid-August. Programs include: Birds on the Brain; Spider Sniffing; Don't Take Rocks for Granite; Scats, Tracks and Fur; Wildflowers; Snakes; Don't Bug Me--I Ate A Bug Club; Lions, Sheep and Bears--Oh My; and Waters the Matter.
Barr Lake State Park: There is a great Nature Center that is chalk full of great activities. Some upcoming events are Guided Bird Walks, Gorgeous Gourds, and Birds and their Secrets.
Castlewood Canyon State Park: A variety of school programs are offered year round. Fun events taking place this spring and summer include: A Rose is a Rose, Hound Hike, and Fun & Games in the Canyon.
Cherry Creek State Park: A variety of school programs are offered year round. Some exciting summer events include Friday and Saturday night education programs at the campground amphitheater, a junior Ranger program, and Sundays at the Swim Beach.
Eleven Mile State Park: Children's programs are generally offered throughout the summer on Saturday mornings. Junior Ranger activities take place Saturday afternoons.
Golden Gate Canyon State Park: Kids Hour Programs with topics such as fire safety, arts and crafts, and puppet shows. Campfire programs offered for families include: Wildlife of Colorado, Skins and Skulls, Wildflowers, Bats, Fishing Programs, Park and Area History, and search and Rescue. A self-guided Junior Ranger Program is also offered.
Jackson Lake State Park: Junior Ranger Program and Saturday evening interpretive programs are offered throughout the summer. Educational programs are offered on Saturday evenings at the Cove Amphitheatre beginning Memorial Day weekend through Labor Day Weekend.
Mancos State Park: A Junior Ranger Program and youth focused programs are offered June through August. Summer programs range from environmental education programs, workshops, and art exhibits to simple sing-alongs around the campfire.
Roxborough State Park: The Visitor Center has a great, interactive geological exhibit with five educational stations for visitors of all ages. Learn how the rock formations came to be, which wild creatures live in the parks, and much more. Special events are offered year-round at the park. Upcoming events: Story time, Patio Geology, and Roxy Puppet Theatre.
State Forest State Park: Junior Ranger Program and Saturday evening interpretive programs are offered throughout the summer. Educational programs are offered on Saturday evenings at the Cove Amphitheatre beginning Memorial Day weekend through Labor Day Weekend.
Trinidad Lake State Park: Interpretive programs every Saturday night from Memorial Day to Labor Day including Campfire S'mores, roasting hotdogs, cooking in the Horno, wildlife shows, and exploring our hiking trails.

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in I'm Still Here
Casey Affleck defended himself with a quote from Picasso: "Art is the lie that tells the truth." But what did Picasso actually mean by that? We all know a portrait is not the real person; a landscape painting doesn't contain real trees. But there's a difference between being real and being true. Art is true in the sense that it shows the artist's observation of the subject and it tells the artist's version of reality. A Cubic painting represents an attitude totally different from, say, lip-syncing. When Ai Weiwei covered the floor of the Turbine Hall at Tate Modern with more than 100 million handmade porcelain sunflower seeds, he didn't pretentiously go around and tell people those were real sunflower seeds. Instead, he was rather true to the facts and open about the fabrication process in the Chinese city of Jingdezhen. The seeds express Ai's view towards the phenomenon of "Made in China," and his association with China culturally, politically, and economically. The seeds are not real, but the art is true.
Ai Weiwei, Sunflower Seeds (at Tate Modern), 2010
Ai's Sunflower Seeds are sculptures of seeds. They look like seeds but they are NOT seeds. Some say, "Who cares whether they are real or fake? They look like real." I found this line of thought quite post-modern. "Look like something" doesn't mean "it is something." Maybe that attitude is the reason why people can be perfectly content with gypsum half Greek columns attached to a plaster white wall.
In Seven Lamps of Architecture, John Ruskin categorized direct falsities in architecture into three basic types: 1) structural deceits (e.g. steel structure that pretends to be stone or wood); 2) surface deceits (painting or cladding that confuses the reading of materiality); 3) operative deceits (false manufacturing process). Set aside the old-fashioned despise of iron and machine work, the bottom line of the argument is that if something in architecture is trying to look like something else, it is a lie. He elaborated with examples: the delicate fan tracery on the ceiling of Milan Cathedral is a deceptive act of painting, while the Sistine ceiling is no deceit because Michelangelo was not trying to trick you into the belief that God and Adam were actually up there.
Left: Milan Cathedral, tracery pattern painted on the ceiling; Right: Sistine Chapel
And there is also the issue of expectation, like the drama of The Social Network vs. the "documentary" I'm Still Here. In Ruskin's opinion, gilding in architecture is no deceit because nobody would actually expect the building to be made in gold; while in jewelry it is, because it could be understood for real gold. In general, we tend to believe rather than disbelieve (especially when it comes from our dear friends and loved ones), because honesty is regarded as a moral norm in our society. When someone makes a fake that very few can tell, it may be because the trick of counterfeiting is so well performed, but largely it is just taking advantage of people's common expectation for truth. One doesn't get credit by telling convincing lies. Rather, it is a narcissistic pretense to think that making oneself believed is more important than telling others the truth.
Kant said, "without truth, social intercourse and conversation become valueless." Deceit shatters the human intuition of trust. We can't even be confident in our ability to distinguish truth from falsity any more. When discover an untruthful part, we start to cast a suspicion upon the whole thing, and then even question the credibility of the person himself. Let's go back to Casey Affleck. Will you be fully convinced if he tells you he will make a real documentary film next time? Another frustrating thing about deceit is that it interferes with our effort to apprehend the true state of affairs, and therefore impair our judgments. With misleading information, we cannot situate ourselves correctly, nor can we make the fair apple-to-apple comparison. We may say things differently if we had the knowledge of the truth. Dishonesty and pretense are not merely playful jokes. It's utterly disheartening to find out all the things you built your assessments upon were not true.
Everybody encounters different constraints and difficulties in life. From time to time you find yourself in a situation that nobody else can fully comprehend. So it's natural that people construct different models of reality and base their decisions and actions on them. But being true is absolute. To maintain integrity and credibility, you must get the facts straight. No matter what actually happened between Zuckerberg and Saverin, neither of them would go all the way to claim that he alone invented facebook.
Monday, October 11, 2010
The girl who sat at the window
Congratulations to Iwan Baan on the Julius Shulman Photography Award! It sounds like a Monday morning quarterback now, but I always think Iwan Baan is the Julius Shulman of our time.
I still remember the story Iwan told me about how he got the close-up of a girl sitting at the window of Toyo Ito's Mikimoto building in Tokyo. He was taking pictures of the building from the other side of the street, and suddenly he saw this girl sitting elegantly at one of the windows. He quickly aimed the camera towards her, framed the shot, and pressed the button. He didn't know who she was at the time, but soon after, he was told that it was Kelly Chan, a famous Hong Kong pop singer. This reminded me of the two girls in Julius Shulman's signature photo of Case Study House #22. When the assistants were setting lights for him, Julius strolled outside of the house just out of curiosity, and he caught the classic moment that perpetually defines the image of Modernism in America.
Iwan Baan: Mikimoto Building by Toyo Ito.
Julius Shulman: Case Study House #22 by Pierre Koenig.
Clearly, Iwan took his inspirations not only from Julius Shulman but also figures like Henri Cartier-Bresson. It's a mode of photo journalism. Like Cartier-Bresson, Iwan loves to catch real people in action. He rarely stages the scene but rather let the architecture be the stage of life. He also travels continuously around the globe. It's actually hard to find him in one place for more than a week.
When hear the name Julius Shulman, one will almost immediately think about Richard Neutra. In a similar manner, Iwan Baan has been associated to his fellow Dutchman Rem Koolhaas. While Julius's pictures represent the pristine quality of Neutra's high Modernism - always clean, organized and efficient, Iwan's work dares to expose messiness to reflect a different Zeitgeist. He tends to capture the chaos of metropolitan life - the pulse of our time that Rem also addresses - while maintaining high quality light and texture. Iwan also utilized new media technology and created interactive virtual tours with the help of a Swiss-made mirror ball and computer software, taking architectural photography to another level.
Both Julius and Iwan had help from architects in the early stage of their photography career. And in return, they both took their responsibilities as members of the architectual community. Julius helped discover hidden gems like Herb Greene, and Iwan's photos have brought our attention to several new talents, including young Japanese Sou Fujimoto and Junya Ishigami, as well as Giancarlo Mazzanti from Colombia. In 1990, Julius "retired" as he was upset by the ubiquitous postmodernism. When he heard that a new owner bought the Kaufmann House and was willing to undertake serious restoration, he helped enthusiatically by providing all the photos he took of the original house, including eighty of them that he never actually printed.
The responsibilities were not limited to architecture. Julius was an advocate of environmental awareness. He initiated a program called "Project: Environment U.S.A." to show how architects could relate to good environment in their design work. Iwan has a keen interest in the developing world. He goes frequently to China, India, Mongolia, and countries in South America and Africa, covering issues such as poverty, cultural identity, and democracy. This enthusiasm could be seen as early as in his school thesis project: a report on the Bangladeshi economist Muhammad Yunus who founded the Grameen Bank in 1976, the first bank in the world dedicated to microcredit to the poor.
Here are just some of the obvious characters Julius Shulman and Iwan Baan have in common. Maybe another one to add: they are both so nice! As a professional and as a person, Iwan deserves to be the very first winner of this award.
Wednesday, October 6, 2010
The catalyst function of architecture
Maybe it was because of Architecture for Humanity, whenever people say "architects' social responsibilities," I always assume they only refer to providing low-cost shelter and reducing poverty. When I went to MoMA for the new exhibition "Small Scale, Big Change: New Architectures of Social Engagement," I was glad to see the type of projects ranged from museum in South Africa to housing tower refurbishment in Paris, from an art school in LA to an urban cable car system in Venezuela. But at the same time, I still felt something inadequate about it... Aren't these projects still primarily talking about underserved areas? Building a school out of mud certainly sets a good example in Bangladesh. But is that all architects can do to be "socially engaged"? Then there's a second question: to what degree


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Overview - ADPTD CLASSICS TM - QUIET ON THE WSTRN FRNT RL 5-6
Accessible Classic Literature and Literary Masterpieces.
Appeal to students of all abilities with the high-interest titles in these series. The books are adaptations at various reading levels of classic literature, plays, novels, and stories. Each title is a concise book that retains the integrity and tone of the original work. Features easy-to-understand text and engaging illustrations.
Pacemaker Classics Reading Level 3–4.
Each 48-page Study Guide offers 35 reproducible project sheets, background information about the author and time period, plot summaries, character descriptions, teaching suggestions, and answer keys.
Adapted Classics Reading Level 4+.
The Teacher's Resource Manual includes cooperative learning activities and reproducible writing worksheets.
|• 20,000 Leagues Under the Sea
- A Christmas Carol
- A Tale of Two Cities
- Adventures of Huckleberry Finn
- Adventures of Sherlock Holmes
- Adventures of Tom Sawyer
- All Quiet on the Western Front
- Anne Frank
- Call of the Wild
- Frederick Douglass
- Grapes of Wrath
- Great Expectations
- Gulliver's Travels
- Helen Keller
- Julus Caesar
- O. Henry
- Phantom of the Opera
- Red Badge of Courage
- Romeo and Juliet
- Tales of Edgar Allan Poe
- The Canterbury Tales
- The Scarlet Letter
- Treasure Island


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To close a gender pay gap you have to do three things:
- Measure where you are today.
- Specify where you want to be in the future.
- Identify the most effective way of getting there.
All 3 steps require the use of statistical thinking and statistical methods. Of course, other skills and processes are also needed but they cannot succeed on their own without the help of statistics.
The aim of the course is to provide an introduction to HR data analytics. It will help participants interpret gender pay gap data and identify how to close a gap using statistical thinking and the basic functions of Microsoft Excel.
This course is tailored to HR & other professionals with little or no statistical skills and will teach the basics required to get started.
Who should attend this course?
Anyone who has to produce, present and report on gender pay gap data and develop and track actions to close pay gaps. It does not matter which department you work in, if you are any way involved in your organisations gender pay gap reporting process and are struggling with how to calculate the figures in the first place and/or to understand what they mean for your organisation, then this is the course for you.
What you will learn?
The course begins with the calculation of the mandatory statistics that you have to submit in your statutory gender pay gap report and we will explore what they do and do not tell you i.e.
- Mean and median gender pay gap & bonus gap
- The four income quartiles and the gender breakdown within each
The course then introduces you to additional ways to make your figures more meaningful and easier to interpret. These methods can also be used to identify the most effective way to close a gender pay gap once you have specified where you want to be. Specifically:
- How to plot your results in a variety of chart formats.
- How to interpret your results especially your income quartile data.
- How to prepare and interpret a year on year comparison.
- How to identify where more in-depth analysis may be worthwhile.
Having worked out where your organisation is today and why you have a gender pay gap, the course will then help you to figure out what "success" looks like for your organisation in the future, including:
- How to work out what no gender pay gap would look like in your organisation.
- How to identify if that goal is achievable in the next few years by analysing the pay gaps of other employers.
- Using the above two steps to specify what your goal looks like in terms of the mandatory statistics and any additional statistics.
Finally, using the tools we covered earlier for understanding our pay gaps in more depth, we can work out the most effective way to achieve our goals, specifically:
- How to identify the key drivers of your pay gaps
- How to separate the internal drivers from external drivers
- How to work out which statistics will need to be tracked over time and thus should be included in your action plan.
The course will have ample opportunities for you to practice the calculations in Microsoft Excel and will introduce you to a spreadsheet template which you can use for your own data both during and after the course.
Booking a course.
To book a training course, call 01225 489033 or email _EMAIL_.
On occasion, we will run 1 or more of our standard courses as a public course available to all. These take place throughout the year in the beautiful city of Bath. Discounts are available for people booking more than 1 day. See our list of scheduled training courses available to book online now.


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Dogs, especially their noses, have been an important law enforcement tool for ages, whether its scent tracking or sniffing out drugs or explosives. But one use has come under harsh criticism recently: the dog-scent lineup, reports The New York Times.
Dogs, especially their noses, have been an important law enforcement tool for ages, whether its scent tracking or sniffing out drugs or explosives. But one use has come under harsh criticism recently: the dog-scent lineup, reports The New York Times.
In a dog-scent lineup, a dog smells contaminated items from the crime scene thought to hold the suspect's scent and then sniffs at scents swabbed from the suspect and other innocent people that match the suspect's description. The point is to have the dog signal his handler when it recognizes the scent from the crime scene during the scent lineup. If the dog signals a particular scent, it means the person attached to that scent was present at the location of the crime.
This is what happened to Curvis Bickham in Texas, when a dog signaled that his scent matched the scent left at a triple homicide. Bickham was arrested for capital murder, a death-penalty offense. One problem: he was innocent, and 8 months later he was released when another man confessed to the crime.
According to the Times, dog-scent lineups cannot convict someone beyond a reasonable doubt.
Scent lineups, however, are different. Critics say that the possibilities of cross-contamination of scent are great, and that the procedures are rarely well controlled. Nonetheless, although some courts have rejected evidence from them, the technique has been used in many states, including Alaska, Florida, New York and Texas, said Lawrence J. Myers, an associate professor of animal behavior at the Auburn University College of Veterinary Medicine.
The FBI, while defending the use of scent dogs to establish connections to a crime, said in a 2004 report that dog scent evidence should only be used to corroborate other evidence, reports the Times. Other studies note that dogs cannot flawlessly identify people by scent.
The Innocence Project of Texas, a group of volunteer lawyers and law students that work to release people wrongfully convicted of crimes, has a much stronger critique of dog-scent lineups. The nonprofit legal organization calls it "junk science injustice."
And because science carries so much esteem in society and the courtroom, passing off junk science as real science can corrupt the legal system.
"In the hands of a skilled prosecutor," the report warns "scientific-sounding testimony from any source, no matter how fraudulent, can be played to great dramatic effect and win convictions."
The Innocence Project of Texas is particularly incensed that Texas has relied on one dog handler in particular, Deputy Keith A. Pikett of the Fort Bend County, Texas, Sheriff's Department, to confirm suspects were at a crime scene. Pikett has no professional training to use scent dogs and is now the target of multiple lawsuits from victims that were wrongfully accused of crimes by his dog-scent lineups.
The Innocence Project of Texas is calling for the state to prohibit the use of dog-scent lineups during investigations.
♦ Photo of bloodhound by Sarhounds/Flickr


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It depends on what triggered the shift.
As _USER_ pointed out, PHB1 p.287 describes a
Charge as (emphasis mine):
Move and Attack: Move your speed as part of a charge and make a melee basic attack or a bull rush at the end of your move.
As _USER_ pointed out, PHB1 pg 268 describes an
Immediate Interrupt as (emphasis mine):
An immediate interrupt lets you jump in when a certain trigger condition arises, acting
before the trigger resolves. If an interrupt invalidates a triggering action, that action is lost. For example, an enemy makes a melee attack against you, but you use a power that lets you shift away as an immediate interrupt. If your enemy can no longer reach you, the enemy's attack action is lost.
If the attack was the trigger (for example,
Trigger: You are the target of a melee attack.), then movement is already done. The charger has already transitioned from the "movement" phase of the charge to the "attack" phase, and can't move any more.
If the movement was the trigger (for example,
Trigger: A foe enters a square adjacent to you.) then the shift happens before the "movement" phase of the charge resolves (i.e. finishes). In that case the charger can continue as long as they have movement left and each square of movement brings them closer to the target's new location.
The pseudo-momentum doesn't say you can't change directions, only that you must always be getting closer to your target. For example, because of how 4e counts diagonals, the following 90 degree turn in mid-charge is perfectly valid:
o = empty space,
X = obstacles,
T = target,
S = charger's starting position,
F = charger's final position,
P = charger's path


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How do I download the assessment summary for HealthCheck for Azure?
An email notification with a link to the assessment dashboard in HealthCheck for Azure is sent soon after the 14-day on-premises agent analysis (called the Physical Infrastructure Analytics report) is completed. You can view the assessment through the dashboard, or you can download the assessment summary in PDF format.
Follow the steps below to access the assessment summary for HealthCheck for Azure:
- Go to the assessment dashboard page listed in the confirmation email.
- Enter your username and password, and click Login.
- Click View Details to view the full scope of Microsoft Azure pricing plans and the customer's infrastructure performance assessment.
- Click on one of the mapping configurations from the left navigation pane.
- Click on the Reports tab at the top of the page.
- Click on one of the following options:
Email to have a PDF copy of the assessment summary emailed to you.
Download to download a PDF copy of the assessment summary.
Note: The mapping configuration selected from the left navigation pane defines the assessment summary emailed or downloaded.
The assessment summary is organized into the following sections:
Infrastructure Overview, a summary of findings for the assessment
Approach, the definitions of the mapping configurations and pricing plans covered in the assessment
Total Cost of Ownership (TCO), the cost overview for compute, storage, and network based on mapping configuration
Hardware, Pay-as-you-go, the cost overview for compute, storage, and network for the hardware, pay-as-you-go mapping configuration.
Workload, Pay-as-you-go, the cost overview for compute, storage, and network for the workload, pay-as-you-go mapping configuration
Workload, 12-month pre-pay, the cost overview for compute, storage, and network for the workload, 12-month pre-pay mapping configuration
Mapping Design, provides more in-depth breakdown of how the selected mapping configuration maps to Azure and the associated costs


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Another dinosaur (not 'Obamadon gracilis') / AFP/Getty Images
Babies and pets have been named in honor of President Obama -- and now a prehistoric lizard
Researchers at Yale University have dubbed a newly discovered species of dinosaur -- a lizard -- Obamadon gracilis, citing the president's broad smile, Reuters reports.
In modified Latin, Obamadon stands for "Obama's teeth," while gracilis means "slender."
"The lizard has these very tall, straight teeth and Obama has these tall, straight incisors and a great smile," said Nick Longrich, a paleontologist at Yale.
Also reports Reuters:
"Like many other dinosaurs, the lizard died out about 65 million years ago when a giant asteroid struck earth, scientists say.
"Longrich said he waited until after the recent U.S. election to name the dinosaur.
"'It would look like we were kicking him when he's down if he lost and we named this extinct lizard after him,' he said in an interview....
"Other celebrity names also have been used to name new species. A small Caribbean crustacean has been named after reggae icon Bob Marley, an Australian horsefly has been named in honor of hip-hop star Beyonce, and an endangered species of marsh rabbit has been named after Playboy magazine founder Hugh Hefner."
Copyright 2013 USATODAY.com
Read the original story: Newly discovered prehistoric lizard named for Obama


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"Pom-Pom" Anti-Aircraft Gun, HMCS Kamloops
The pom-pom anti-aircraft gun, so-called because of its characteristic sound when firing, was fitted to most Canadian corvettes during the Second World War.
Designed to counter low-flying aircraft, the pom-pom could also be used against surfaced submarines. Canadian manufacturers built hundreds of these guns during the war. Dominion Bridge Company manufactured this one in 1942, while the Canadian Locomotive Co. of Kingston, Ontario, made the mounting. Both were fitted to the corvette HMCS Kamloops, which appeared in the 1943 film Corvette K-225.
Naval Gun, 2-pounder Mk VIII


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February 21, 2012
A new, easy-to-read website on drug abuse designed for adults with a low reading literacy level (eighth grade or below) was launched today by the National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA), part of the National Institutes of Health. The site, which provides plain language information on neuroscience, drug abuse prevention and treatment, is also a resource for adult literacy educators. It has a simple design with a large default text size, motion graphic videos and other features that make it easy to read and use.
"Drug abuse and addiction affects people of all reading levels, yet there are no websites with drug abuse information created specifically for adults with limited literacy," said NIDA Director Dr. Nora D. Volkow. "We hope this new site will inform a large segment of our population who may not have otherwise received potentially life-saving information."
The website's emphasis on plain language supports the U.S. Department of Health and Human Service's commitment to clear government communication that the public can understand and use. The site goes beyond plain language by using a website design and features that are easy to use, including animated videos that explain the science of addiction and how drugs affect the brain.
The website will use the ReadSpeaker text-to-speech tool that provides audio versions of each page without the need to download any software. The embedded highlighting tool enables website visitors to see synchronized highlighting of the text that is currently being read.
Before creating the site, NIDA interviewed adults who were seeking to improve their literacy skills to learn their challenges and preferences in using websites. NIDA also worked with groups that provide services to adult learners through nonprofit organizations, libraries, and in healthcare clinics. In addition, NIDA conducted website usability testing at nonprofit organizations that serve adults seeking to improve their reading and/or earn a GED.


text: 356 страниц. 2011 год. LAP Lambert Academic Publishing This book analyzes the effects of abolition of import tariffs and the implementation of fiscal strictness on the overall economic performance, sectoral performance and, household welfare and inequality in Pakistan. These are two major recommendations made by the IMF under the SAP - Structural Adjustment Program - to Pakistan. To address the analytical aspects of the study, a computable general equilibrium (CGE) model was formulated, incorporating country-specific features designed to capture special economic conditions and institutional characteristics of Pakistan's economy. The study focuses on the impact of internal and external macroeconomic shocks and of the policies on the economy; especially the welfare of households. Policy changes considered in the study include changes in the tax rates, government expenditures, and abolition of import tariffs.


text:
British psychologists such as Hans Eysenck and Jeffrey Gray have been giants in the field of individual differences, offering psychobiological accounts of major personality traits such as extraversion and neuroticism, as well as the cluster of impulsive antisocial sensation-seeking personality facets, marked by Eysenck's psychoticism scale. These theories have stimulated vibrant research programmes worldwide, including several within British psychology departments. This article provides a snapshot of classic and contemporary British research into the affective, behavioural and cognitive processes which characterise personality.
|Number of pages||4|
|Publication status||Published - Jan 2013|


text:
STRATEGIC LEVERS FOR IMPACT
In achieving long-term social impact, three key strategic drivers have been identified that are measurable and able to improve the quality of life of individuals, communities and society as a whole. Hasanah terms the three strategic levers of impact as Increase, Innovate and Influence.
Increasingly, we have seen Hasanah's programmes driving scale, investing in new and improved methodologies and involved in advocacy and influencing of policies and structures for the long-term.
Scaling up and deepening reach, engagements and programmes across all focus areas.
Develop new, innovative and improved approaches (content) and sustainable solutions to pressing social and environmental issues.
Advocate and shape policies to achieve structural changes and systems reform in our focus areas.


text:
>If you've ever experienced the disappointment of ending a dive too soon for lack of breathing gas or, worse, had to make a hurried ascent because you ran out of air, it may surprise you to learn that your predicament was entirely predictable. With a little planning and some basic calculations, you can estimate how much breathing gas you will need to complete a dive and then take steps to ensure an adequate supply. It's a process that technical divers live by and one that can also be applied to basic open-water diving.
>Surface air consumption (SAC), sometimes called surface gas consumption (SGC), is a measure of your rate of gas usage expressed in pounds per square inch (psi) or, for metric divers, in bars of pressure. It's the first thing you need to know to calculate your gas needs for any given dive.
>Determine Your SAC Rate
>You can determine your SAC on your next dive. When you enter the water, descend to a depth where you have a large set reference point like a smooth section of ocean bottom or the deck of a ship. Fine-tune your buoyancy, then record your bottom time, the depth and the pressure reading on your submersible pressure gauge (SPG). Swim at a comfortable pace for 10 minutes, maintaining a stable depth. At the end of your timed swim, record the pressure reading on your SPG again.
>After your dive, get a sheet of paper, pencil and a calculator. The first step in determining your SAC is calculating how much gas you used for each minute of your timed swim. For example, let's assume your dive was at 33 feet, or 10 meters; that your test segment was 10 minutes in duration and that you used 600 psi or 40 bar of pressure. [Author's note: 600 psi actually equals 41.38 bar. We use 40 bar to simplify the math examples.] So we start by dividing the total gas used by the number of minutes in the segment:
- Imperial: 600 ÷ 10 = 60 psi per minute
- Metric: 40 ÷ 10 = 4 bar per minute
- Imperial: Depth (in feet of sea water) ÷ 33 + 1 = atmospheres absolute of pressure (ATA)
- Metric: Depth (in meters of sea water) ÷ 10 + 1 = atmospheres absolute of pressure (ATA)
- 33 feet ÷ 33 + 1 = 2 ATA. If you use metric: 10 meters ÷ 10 + 1 = 2 ATA
- Imperial: 60 psi ÷ 2 ATA = 30; so our SAC is 30 psi per minute
- Metric: 4 bar ÷ 2 ATA = 2; so our SAC is 2 bar per minute
>As long as you use a tank that has both the same volume and the same pressure rating as the one used in the timed swim, your SAC rate will tell you approximately how much gas you'll breathe each minute at a given depth. Simply multiply your SAC by the atmospheres of pressure at your planned depth. For example: You're planning a dive to 99 feet or 30 meters. That's 4 atmospheres of pressure (99 feet ÷ 33 + 1 = 4 ATA or 30 meters ÷ 10 + 1 = 4 ATA).
>Determining Gas Needs
- Imperial: 30 psi x 4 ATA = 120 psi per minute at depth
- Metric: 2 bar x 4 ATA = 8 bar per minute at depth
>So if you start the dive with a full cylinder at 3,000 psi, or 206 bar, the planning math looks like this:
- Imperial: 3,000 psi ÷ 3 = 1,000 psi as 1/3 of our cylinder. 3,000 – 1,000 = 2,000 psi of useable gas. A rate of 120 psi per minute means you'll have approximately 16.6 minutes of gas at depth (2,000 ÷ 120 = 16.6).
- Metric: 206 bar ÷ 3 = 68.7 bar as 1/3 of our cylinder. 206 – 69 = 137 bar of useable gas. 137 ÷ 8 = 17.1 minutes of dive time.
>In the event that you are diving a tank of a different size or operating pressure, you will need to take two more steps to make your calculations useful. Because pressure ratings on cylinders can vary dramatically — from 2,400 psi to 3,500 psi, or 165 bar to 240 bar — we have to convert cylinder pressures into equivalent volumes of gas and then modify our SAC into a measurement called a Respiratory Minute Volume (RMV). The method of converting these pressures varies depending on whether the diver is using the imperial or metric measurement. For simplicity we will demonstrate each method separately starting with the imperial system.
>Calculating an RMV
>The first step is to find out how much gas volume is contained in each psi of gas in the cylinder used to determine our SAC. We call this number a cylinder conversion factor (CF). To calculate the CF, divide the rated volume of the cylinder in cubic feet by the rated pressure of the cylinder (CF volume ÷ rated psi).
>So for an aluminum 80 (the cylinder used in our test dive scenario) the CF is.0267 (80 ÷ 3,000 =.0267).
>To convert our SAC (30 psi per minute) to an RMV we need to multiply the pressure of gas used by the CF of the cylinder.
- RMV = 30 x 0.0267 = 0.8 cubic feet per minute
- RMV = 2 x 11 = 22 liters per minute
>Let's assume a 108-cubic-foot (17-liter) cylinder rated at 2,640 psi (180 bar) on our same dive to 99 feet (30 meters) or 4 ATA of pressure.
- 108 cubic feet ÷ 3 = 36 cf. 108 – 36 = 72 cubic feet of useable gas volume
- 0.8 x 4 = 3.2 RMV in cubic feet
- 72 ÷ 3.2 = 22.5 minutes of available dive time Metric system
- 17 ÷ 3 = 5.6; 17 – 5.6 = 11.3 liters of useable water volume
- 11.3 x 180 bar of rated pressure = 2,034 liters of usable gas
- 22 x 4 = 88 RMV in liters
- 2,034 ÷ 88 = 23 minutes of available dive time
>Using these calculations, you can estimate your available bottom time. However, this does not absolve a diver of the responsibility to monitor gauges and manage the dive based on actual air consumption (not to mention decompression obligations). If you find yourself swimming into a current, for example, your air consumption rate will be higher than that used in your calculations. On a drift dive where you barely move a muscle, your gas consumption may be lower. To more accurately estimate gas supply needs for highand low-exertion dives, repeat the SAC process swimming at a faster pace and again at a slower pace.
>Estimates vs. Reality
>These simple steps may significantly improve your gas consumption rates and make your dives more enjoyable.
>Use Less Air
>Streamline Your Gear
>When moving through a medium that is 800 times denser than air, even small efficiencies can reap big benefits. Avoid "danglies" by eliminating all unnecessary gear and tucking what you do need inside pockets. Secure gauges and your octopus regulator to your BCD, and route hoses close to your body. When you fin through the water, fold your arms together or clasp your hands behind your back while keeping your fins inside the slipstream created by your tank and torso.
>Fine Tune Your Buoyancy and Trim
>The air cell in most BCDs is located at or near the diver's shoulders, and the weight is located at or near the diver's waist. This alignment of forces pulls the shoulders toward the surface and pushes the lower body toward the bottom, giving the diver the swimming profile of a Mack truck. The more weight you carry, the more this effect is exaggerated. Take a buoyancy course or work with an instructor to fine-tune your weighting, and redistribute your ballast load to achieve a proper horizontal swimming position. Bonus: You'll be adding less air to your BCD to offset ballast, which means you'll have more in the tank to breathe.
>Stop the Leaks
>On every dive, scan your gear for air leaks. Small leaks from your octopus, gauge console or BCD inflator can add up over the course of a dive and, as a matter of safety, indicate gear long overdue for service. Another hidden air thief: a leaky mask. Every time you stop to clear water from your mask, you're wasting breathing gas.
>© Alert Diver — Winter 2010


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The name Tanja is the pseudonym used by the British Press to name the women seeking asylum and whom are detained in detention centres, such as the infamous Yarl's Wood. Tanja is led by Emily Ntshangase-Wood an ex Yarl's Wood detainee, whose personal story of being an asylum seeker carries the narrative of the production.
At its core Tanja is a plea for recognition and solidarity. It asks the audience to extend the hand of friendship and to empathise with the pain and plight of those being detained. It further explores the concept of friendship even amongst hardship. There is a beautiful moment where Emily and a fellow detainee Ivanna (depicted by the show's writer Rosie MacPherson) are unified through song. The melody evokes the feelings of pain and sorrow, whilst simultaneously being heartfelt and showing the importance of human connection and tenacity.
The production depicts the events as a distorted fairytale. It explores the concept of Tanja arriving in the UK, having escaped both psychological and physical pain, only then to be detained, consequently rendering her a life a means of survival rather than living. 'Even princesses must learn that things are not as they seem' Emily states. Yet who are these 'princesses' she refers to I can't help but wonder? Is it the asylum seekers that have yearned for escape, to find it in Britain only to be detained? Or is it wider British society sitting from places of comfort and failing to recognise the plight of others? Tanja evokes such questions in the audience. The poignancy and profoundness of its message, transcends Tanja beyond a mere piece of theatre.
The production aims to break down such misconceptions and show what Tanja is: Human.
Through no fault of their own, asylum seekers are detained indefinitely waiting for their application for refugee status to go through. Whilst they wait for news, detainees are isolated and there exists an extreme sense of misunderstanding. We see this though the distortion of Emily's words. Speaking into a microphone eloquently and earnestly she expresses her desire to be a meaningful contributor to British society. In contrast, the screen behind shows her words being corrupted. Likening to the press' coverage and depiction of asylum seekers as liars, addicts and solely wanting benefits. The profound disparity between the two forces the audience to recognise humanity. One can't help but think this is how people like Tanja are depicted by the press; demonised and stripped of humanity. Consequently, the production aims to break down such misconceptions and show what Tanja is: Human.
As a piece of theatre itself, it isn't groundbreaking. This being said, if you were to solely look at it as actors moving on stage you would miss both the point and the heart of the story. The autobiographical nature of the narrative and the company's goal to spread understanding is what makes it as a piece of beauty. It is about pain and loss, about the fear of being forgotten and left behind. Yet whilst it is all of these things it is painfully optimistic, there is joy amidst the heartbreak and the promising possibility to create lasting change.
The production uses verbatim materials in the dialogue to strike home the relevancy of the content. "Can I talk please? I left everything to save my life. I am an Asylum Seeker… I am not a criminal". The sense of urgency and desperation in which such lines are delivered entreats the audience to understand. This in conjunction with the fact that the audience are welcomed and thanked at the beginning and the end of the performance suggests that we are not merely spectators but active participants.
Tanja achieves what it sets out to do, which is to spread knowledge and understanding of those detained in centres such as Yarl's Wood.
Tanja achieves what it sets out to do, which is to spread knowledge and understanding of those detained in centres such as Yarl's Wood. It forces us to question the nature of detention centres.
It goes beyond theatre and implores social justice. Ultimately Tanja reflects what theatre has the power to be. Theatre at its heart is a powerful tool to catalyse social change and serves as an effective medium to spread ideas and to protest.
So take five minutes out of your day, and educate yourselves on individuals like Emily. On Tanja.


text: Much recent research has been devoted to the consequences of the completion of the internal market in 1992. Existing estimates of the effects of market integration remain very preliminary, however, and many important issues have yet to be adequately addressed. These formed the subject of a conference on "The Impact of 1992 on European Trade and Industry" held by the Centre for Economic Policy Research. This book reports the proceedings of that conference. The contributors to the volume address such issues as the gains to be expected from both "internal" and "external" economies of scale following integration, and the implications of 1992 for the Community's trade with both its traditional EFTA partners, the potentially valuable new East European markets, and the rest of the world. The volume also contains papers considering the effects of the completion of the internal market on the design of appropriate technology and taxation policies and a study of the role of Japanese foreign direct investment in European manufacturing.


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Thermodynamic properties and structural aspects of 2,2′-difurylmethane (DFM) (1) and n-propanol (2) binary mixtures have been investigated using molecular dynamics simulation. Thermodynamic properties such as density, isothermal compressibility, enthalpy of vaporization, molar volume and excess molar volume are reported. In most cases the observed experimental data as a function of DFM mole fraction, x1, is well reproduced. For neat systems there is better agreement between theory and experiment for n-propanol than DFM. However, the variation of excess molar volume with composition is well reproduced. Atom-atom and molecule-molecule center of mass radial distribution functions are used to study the structural properties. Evidence from the interspecies atom to atom radial distribution functions suggests the presence of weak hydrogen bonding through the n-propanol acidic hydrogen and the oxygen from one of the furan rings but no evidence was found for the interaction of acidic hydrogen and the π-electron system. The molecule-molecule coordination numbers reveal non-ideal mixing at x1 = 0.2 and 0.9 mixtures which is in excellent agreement with simulated excess thermodynamic properties. Both components are homogenously distributed in high mole fraction but n-propanol tends to form more clusters than DFM.
All Science Journal Classification (ASJC) codes
- Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials
- Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics
- Condensed Matter Physics
- Physical and Theoretical Chemistry
- Materials Chemistry


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Use constraint in a sentence
- The constraint which it was necessary to impose upon themselves must be equally painful to them both, yet this could not be altered.
- But if she imposed this constraint upon herself, would her love still remain the same?
- My mother and I were cordially welcomed by this couple, on conversing with whom my first feeling of constraint vanished.
This page helps answer: how do I use the word constraint in a sentence? How do you use constraint in a sentence? Can you give me a sentence for the word constraint? It may also be related to grade school elementary school, example sentence, high school, kindergarten school, educate, montessori school highschool, help, and curriculum.
Example sentences with the word constraint, a sentence example for constraint, and constraint in sample sentence.


Saving your spreadsheet
This page has instructions for how to convert your spreadsheet into tab-delimited format. The conversion should only need to be done once. After that, the file ending will be tsv, csv or txt. Where possible, the instructions also tell you how to save as UTF-8 or UTF-16 (for Excel which doesn't support UTF-8). This is necessary if your spreadsheet contains any non-English characters.
If the instructions below aren't correct, please let us know which software and version you are using and we will try to fix it.
Open Office 3 Calc
 1. From the File menu, choose Save As
 2. Change the File Type to Text CSV
 3. Check the Edit Filter Settings box below that
 4. Click Save
 5. Choose Replace if it asks you
 6. Choose Keep Current Format if it asks you
 7. Under Character set choose UTF-8 if needed
 8. Change the Field delimiter to {Tab}
 9. Click OK
Microsoft Excel
 1. From the File menu, choose Save As
 2. Change the Save As Type to Text (tab delimited) or Unicode if it contains non-English characters
 3. Click Save
 4. If it asks about only saving the current worksheet click OK
 5. If you saved it as Unicode, choose the UTF-16 encoding when uploading
Google Docs Spreadsheet
 1. From the Google Docs File menu, select Download as then Text (current sheet).
 2. Your tab-delimited text file will be displayed in a new window, go to this window
 3. From your browser's File menu, select Save As or Save File As
 4. Name your file, specifying the file type as a Text File (*.txt) if possible
 5. Click Save


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WACKER's CHEM2DO® school experiment kit was introduced in 2012. Since then, WACKER has continued to develop the eight experiments on silicones and cyclodextrins together with chemistry education specialists. 2018 saw the introduction of animations about silicone chemistry. These are now being followed by learning resources on the topic of ring-shaped cyclodextrins, which consist of glucose units. Thus, _URL_ offers animations on the chemistry of carbohydrates, which are an important curriculum topic.
The experiment kit follows the principles of "understanding through individual experimentation and guided reflection." The first step is therefore always the experiment. It's only when pupils conduct their own experiments that they can feel the fascination of chemistry. They develop the curiosity required to cut through the theory and understand chemical reactions.
The animations help to deepen this understanding. The experiment is first demonstrated with a video. Then at key points throughout the video, the focus switches to particle level: The animation illustrates what is happening in the chemical reaction on a molecular level. As a result, pupils can enhance their knowledge and understand the relationship between an experiment, the reaction it is based on and chemical formulae.


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Teatree Tells is an age-appropriate, interactive program designed for 4- to 6-year-olds that focuses on the strategy of keep and speak secrets.
Who is it for?
Educators and Parents/Guardians
What does it do?
Teatree Tells has been designed to help early childhood educators and parents address the sensitive subject of child sexual abuse. Prevention lessons are age appropriate and include topics such as identifying a safe adult, identifying feelings, naming body parts, establishing personal boundaries, and okay and not okay touching.
How does it support child safety?
Teaching safety skills in preschool and early years establishes a foundation for later learning and is effective at reducing a child's risk of sexual abuse. Research shows that offenders are less likely to target children who present a risk of telling.


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I saw some tutorial pages on the internet about how to read files using C++
But I'm kind of confused because there isn't anything in code indicate where the file is from. So I think I need some explanation.
It will open file in current (working) folder. If you want to open file which is in another folder you may write full path: ofstream ofs("C:\\some_folder\\some_file");
There is version of the constructor (and open() function) which takes std::string, if you use them.
What you pass is actually the file path, so you can give a full path, or a relative path. If you just specify the filename that is a relative path. Relative paths are relative to the working directory of program. If you start your program by double clicking on the executable file the working directory will be the directory where the executable file is located. If you start your program from the command line the working directory will be the directory that you set using the cd command. If you start your program from an IDE the working directory is often set to the project directory (not the source directory) but this can differ between IDEs.


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If you're on a low income, or out of work, you may be able to claim Universal Credit.
This is a monthly payment made by the Government to help with your living costs. In Scotland, you can choose to have it paid twice a month instead.
There's been a big increase in the number of people making claims during the coronavirus pandemic. Here's our guide to help you understand how to apply and how much you might get. 1
What does Universal Credit replace?
Universal Credit was brought in to replace these other benefits:
- Child Tax Credit
- Housing Benefit
- Income Support
- Working Tax Credit
- income-based Jobseeker's Allowance (JSA)
- income-related Employment and Support Allowance (ESA)
If you already receive any of these, you won't need to do anything unless:
- you need to report a change in your circumstances
- the Department for Work and Pensions (DWP) gets in touch about moving you to Universal Credit
How do you apply?
To apply, you'll need an email address and details of the following:
- bank, building society or credit union account
- housing costs, such as how much rent you pay
- income (for example, payslips)
- savings and any investments (for example, shares)
- childcare costs, if you're applying for help with these
You'll also need proof of identity, such as:
- driving licence
- debit or credit card
You can't claim Universal Credit if you're also entitled to the severe disability premium, or have been within the last month.
How much is Universal Credit?
Universal Credit payments vary because there's a standard allowance per household, plus other elements you may, or may not, be eligible for. These include housing, childcare and disability.
As of 6 April 2020, the standard allowances are:
If you're single and under 25:
£342.72 per month
If you're single and 25 or over:
£409.89 per month
If you're part of a couple and both under 25:
£488.59 per month for you both
If you're part of a couple and either of you is 25 or over:
£594.04 per month for you both
Universal Credit is paid in arrears, but you can apply for an advance payment if you don't have enough to live on while you wait.
More financial help
You might be able to apply for other financial support related to Universal Credit, including Alternative Payment Arrangements, or a Budgeting Advance.
The GOV.UK website also has details of how to get help with things like:
- emergency household expenses
- funeral costs
- cold weather payments
- free school meals
- legal costs


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Coarse woody debris (CWD) is often overlooked in studies on the decomposition of organic matter in forest soils. To assess the role of CWD in carbon and nutrient cycling in these forest ecosystems, we investigated changes in carbon and nutrients of differently decomposed CWD samples from the forest tundra and northern, middle, and southern taiga of Central Siberia. Samples included live wood, snags, logs at the classes I, II, and III of decomposition, and fragments of decomposed wood from forest litter.
At northern latitudes CWD released a larger amount of carbon and nutrients during decomposition compared with southern ecosystems, which were characterized by nutrient immobilization and smaller carbon losses from CWD.
We conclude that CWD in northern and southern ecosystems probably plays a different role in biogeochemical cycles. Logs of pine, spruce, and fir in southern ecosystems accumulate significant amount of nutrients in their biomass during decomposition and create relatively nutrient-rich microsites. In contrast, CWD in northern ecosystems appears to be an important source of carbon and nutrient release to the soil solution.
|Source||Folia Forestalia Polonica, Series A – Forestry|
|Type of article
||Carbon and nutrient release during decomposition of coarse woody debris in forest ecosystems of Central Siberia|
|Publisher||The Committee on Forestry Sciences and Wood Technology of the Polish Academy of Sciences and the Forest Research Institute in Sekocin Stary|


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Modeling the Household Purchasing Process Using A Panel Data tobit Model
Dong, Diansheng; Schmit, Todd M.; Kaiser, Harry M.
A panel data Tobit model is developed to examine the household purchase process for a frequently purchased commodity. The proposed model accounts not only for censoring or sample selectivity, but also the temporal dependence of the purchasing process using household panel data. The flexible error structure in the model accounts for both state dependence and household heterogeneity. Empirical findings show that purchase habits of milk persist across households over time, and most of them come from the household heterogeneity in preferences. Results also show that advertising increases the purchase quantity and purchase frequency simultaneously.
Charles H. Dyson School of Applied Economics and Management, Cornell University


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verb (used with object), inlaced, inlacing.
a variant spelling of enlace
[adjective in-luh nd; adverb, noun in-land, -luh nd] /adjective ˈɪn lənd; adverb, noun ˈɪnˌlænd, -lənd/ adjective 1. pertaining to or situated in the interior part of a country or region: inland cities. 2. British. domestic or internal: inland revenue. adverb 3. in or toward the interior of a country. noun 4. the interior part of […]
[in-leyd, in-leyd] /ˈɪnˌleɪd, ɪnˈleɪd/ adjective 1. set into the surface of something: an inlaid design on a chest. 2. decorated or made with a design set into the surface: an inlaid table. [verb in-ley, in-ley; noun in-ley] /verb ˈɪnˌleɪ, ˌɪnˈleɪ; noun ˈɪnˌleɪ/ verb (used with object), inlaid, inlaying. 1. to decorate (an object) with of […]
noun 1. a region in the U.S. Pacific Northwest, E of the Cascade Mountains, in E Washington, NE Oregon, N Idaho, and NW Montana.
noun 1. a bill of exchange drawn and payable, actually or on its face, in the same jurisdiction, as in the same country or state. noun 1. a bill of exchange that is both drawn and made payable in the same country Compare foreign bill


name: archiver version: 0.5.1 license: BSD3 license-file: LICENSE author: Gwern maintainer: Gwern category: Documentation, Network synopsis: Archive supplied URLs in WebCite & Internet Archive description: archiver is a daemon which will process a specified text file, each line of which is a URL, and will (randomly) one by one request that the URLs be archived or spidered by,, and for future reference. (One may optionally specify an arbitrary 'sh' command like 'wget' to download URLs locally.). Because the interface is a simple text file, this can be combined with other scripts; for example, a script using Sqlite to extract visited URLs from Firefox, or a program extracting URLs from Pandoc documents. (See.). For explanation of the derivation of the code in 'Network.URL.Archiver', see. build-type: Simple Cabal-Version: >= 1.6 stability: provisional tested-with: GHC==6.12.1 source-repository head type: darcs location: Library exposed-modules: Network.URL.Archiver build-Depends: base>=4 && < 5, network, HTTP, curl ghc-options: -Wall Executable archiver main-is: archiver.hs build-depends: base>=4 && < 5, containers, bytestring, random, process


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The diaphragm is a dome-shaped cup that fits over the opening to the cervix and prevents pregnancy.
For effective birth control, your diaphragm (see pictures below) has to fit well. Your doctor will measure your vagina to find the correct size and fit for you.
Your doctor or a nurse will teach you how to put the diaphragm in and take it out. You also should read the directions from the company that made your diaphragm
To be sure that you know how to use your diaphragm, you will need to practice putting it in and taking it out while you are in your doctor's office. Your doctor will check to see that the diaphragm fits right.
To lower your risk of getting pregnant, you must use your diaphragm correctly and use it every time you have sex. You must also use the diaphragm with spermicide (a gel or cream that kills sperm trying to enter the cervix) in order to prevent pregnancy. You can put the diaphragm in your vagina up to 1 hour before you have sex. Once in place, the diaphragm provides protection for 6 hours.
Getting Your Diaphragm Ready
Before you put the diaphragm in your vagina, put about 1 teaspoon of spermicidal gel or cream in the cup (see picture below). Smear some more gel around the rim of the diaphragm. Do not use petroleum jelly or oil-based vaginal creams (such as Monistat). These can make tiny holes in the diaphragm.
Inserting Your Diaphragm
You can put your diaphragm in while you are lying down, squatting or standing with one leg up on a chair. Your legs need to be fairly wide open. Bending your knees can help. Once you're in position, follow these steps:
- Use one hand to fold the diaphragm in half with the dome pointing down (see picture below). Hold your vagina open with your other hand.
- Put the diaphragm into your vagina, aiming for your tailbone (see picture below). Push the diaphragm as far back into your vagina as you can.
- Use one finger to push the front rim of the diaphragm up behind your pubic bone, aiming for your belly button.
Checking Placement of Your Diaphragm
With your finger, feel for your cervix through the dome of the diaphragm. The cervix will feel firm but not bony. It feels a bit like the tip of your nose.
If the diaphragm does not cover your cervix or if you cannot feel your cervix at all, the dome is not in the right place. This means that you need to remove the diaphragm, put more spermicidal gel on it, and insert it again.
The diaphragm should not fall out when you cough, squat down, sit on the toilet or walk around. If your diaphragm stays in place when you do these things, the front rim is most likely in the right place above the pubic bone (see picture below).
After You Have Sex
The following are some important points to remember after you have sex:
- Leave the diaphragm in place for at least 6 hours after you have sex.
- If you have sex again within 6 hours, put spermicidal gel in your vagina, but do not take your diaphragm out to put gel in the dome.
- Take the diaphragm out of your vagina 6 to 12 hours after you have sex.
- Do not leave the diaphragm in your vagina for more than 24 hours. Doing so can cause infection, irritation or even a complication called toxic shock syndrome.
- Do not douche while the diaphragm is in your vagina.
To remove the diaphragm, "hook" the front rim with your finger and pull down and out. Be careful not to tear a hole in the diaphragm with your fingernails. You should not wear your diaphragm during your menstrual period. You will need to use another method of contraception during this time.
Taking Care of Your Diaphragm
After you take the diaphragm out of your vagina, wash it with mild soap and water, rinse it and allow it to air dry. Always store your diaphragm in its container. Store the container in a cool, dry place, away from sunlight.
Check your diaphragm often for holes, tears or leaks. To do this, fill the dome with water and look for tiny leaks.
Replace your diaphragm after 1 to 2 years. Every year, your doctor should check to see that your diaphragm still fits correctly. You will need to be measured again if you have a baby, have pelvic surgery, or gain or lose more than 15 pounds.
When to Call Your Doctor
Call your doctor if you have any of the following problems:
- Trouble urinating, or painful or frequent urination
- Vaginal itching, discharge or discomfort
- High fever (which can be a sign of toxic shock syndrome)
You also should call your doctor if your diaphragm gets a hole in it or does not seem to fit right. If your diaphragm has any of these problems, it needs to be replaced. If you keep using it as is, you could increase your risk of getting pregnant.
Written by familydoctor.org editorial staff


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Multiple Barrier Approach
Management practices targeting pathogens focus on establishing multiple barriers between the pathogen source and water, with each barrier designed to lessen the risk of pathogens.
Keep Pathogens Off the Farm
Barrier 1 targets reducing the potential for pathogens to enter the farm through:
- Identifying and quarantine of infected animals. The farm's veterinarian is an important partner in implementing the first two barriers.
- Preventing transport of infected manure onto the farm on clothing, boots, or equipment; Controlling pets, rodents, and other animals that can introduce pathogens to the farm.
Cross-Contamination Between Animals
Barrier 2 focuses on minimizing cross-contamination among animals including:
- Keeping calf-raising areas clean;
- Controlling pets, rodents, and other animals that can transport pathogens between groups of animals;
- Ensuring that all feeds and feeding utensils are clean.
Barriers 1 and 2 will vary with species from this dairy targeted approach. A species specific bio-security program encouraged by industry or veterinarian organizations is the foundation for the first two barriers.
Uncontrolled runoff from open lot housing is a high risk source of pathogens.
Image courtesy USDA NRCS photo gallery.
Manure Collection, Storage, and Treatment
Barrier 3 addresses manure collection, storage, and treatment. Practices include:
- Elimination of runoff from animal housing and manure storage (e.g. runoff collection ponds, vegetative filters).
- Extended storage of manure. Liquid systems receiving manure daily typically produce a 10-fold reduction in pathogens. Two storage facilities (no fresh manure additions for two months prior to land application) further reduce risk.
- Composting. Well managed composting systems can eliminate most pathogens.
- Anaerobic digestion. Digesters operating at 100 degrees F can produce a 100-fold or greater reduction in pathogens.
Avoiding application on tile-drained areas during periods of tile flow is an example of a Barrier 4 practice.
Source: Jane Frankenberger, Purdue University.
Land Application of Manure
Barrier 4 focuses on minimizing risk associated with land application of manure through such practices as:
- Immediate incorporation of manure into soil. This practice must be balanced with residue loss and increased erosion potential.
- Implementing sound soil conservation and runoff management practices in crop land (e.g. reduced tillage systems, grassed filters).
- Applying manure from higher risk animals (e.g. calves) to crop land with lowest risks of runoff, erosion, or groundwater infiltration.
- Applying manure to tiled fields only when the soil is relatively dry. Tile drained fields present a unique risk due to macropores caused by roots, earthworms, or cracks. Managing drainage water by raising drain outlets before manure application also reduces pathogen risk.
Recommended Resources About Manure-borne Pathogens
Page Managers: Rick Koelsch, University of Nebraska, and Janice Ward, US Geological Survey
Reviewed by: Dan Shelton, USDA ARS, and Jane Frankenberger, Purdue University


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LD Learning and Research
Since 1976, Shelton School has been serving intelligent students with learning differences (LD). The school serves the educational needs of children with dyslexia, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) or speech and language disorders. Each year Shelton opens its doors to more than 800 students, grades preschool through twelve. For over 35 years Shelton has been committed to providing the best education to its student community, gathering data and analysis in effective practices in the use of curriculum for those with LD, partnering with other recognized leaders in LD education, and sharing its findings, methods, successes and failures with the greater educational community.
The Shelton School is multidisciplinary in that it addresses several aspects about learning differences:
- Ongoing work in regards to the definitions of what constitutes a learning disability (LD) and appropriate measurement and tracking within current testing standards.
- Ongoing investigation of the successes and failures of newly created preventative and remedial interventions for students with reading difficulties using a multi disciplinary LD curriculum so that we can be sure we are using the best methods for our students.
- The neurobiological correlates of Learning Differences.
- Providing findings and materials to the greater Education Community.
- Collaborating with leading educational institutions for the development of successful strategies and practices that help people with Learning Differences succeed.
Shelton participates and supports research that leads to a more comprehensive classification of Learning Differences. Shelton continually strives to gather and provide data that will lead to a greater understanding of the educational demands that are required to support children with reading and learning challenges.
Currently, the Shelton Training Center is working with a public school system in Alabama. A project like this has not been done in any other state or by any other training course. Read about the successes of this program in the article, Shelton Outreach Provides Groundbreaking Statewide Training.