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I am confused about using the word only. I often hear it being used in many contexts that sound wrong to me - but I'm not sure if it's me or them.
Let me give some examples:
A: Where were you yesterday evening?
B: I was at the coffee house.
A: Hey, I was there only; how come we didn't meet?
I guess the correct usage here would be I was also there or I was there too, right?
How about this:
A: Did you complete that task?
B: No, but I am doing that only
The word only is used here to stress on the fact that he is doing that (and not something else). I guess this usage stems from an equivalent usage in Hindi and other Indian languages. What's the correct way to express this? I feel I am still working on that is not the same - it sounds more like I haven't figured out how to do it, as opposed to this is a difficult task, it'll take some time
Another one:
A: How many questions have you asked in this forum?
B: I have asked only one question.
C: I have asked one question only.
Who is correct - B or C?
I'm with B on this one, but I don't know if C is correct too.
PS: In case you haven't guessed it already, I'm not a native English speaker :)
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5 Answers 5
up vote 4 down vote accepted
Example 1 seems to be legitimate Indian English, see
Something which Indian English has that is not found in other varieties of English is the use of only and itself to emphasize time and place. It comes from the Hindi word hi and produces sentences like "I was in Toledo only" and "Can we meet tomorrow itself?"
extract from language in India
More discussion on 'only' in Indian English here Dustin Freeman
Example 2 is probably Indian English too. You could say you are concentrating on that task, if you wanted to be better understood by a foreign audience.
Example 3: either is correct, I would think the 2nd is more colloquial
I don't think you be misunderstood with any of these colloquialisms. To me they are colourful additions to the language
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Thanks for the info on Indian English. Example 1 sounds more like a case where an English word was appropriated to translate a Hindi word that has no direct English equivalent. Or as Wikipedia puts it: "Several idiomatic forms, derived from Indian literary and vernacular language, also have made their way into Indian English." And later: "The use of colloquial phrases in schools, universities and formal situations will be considered incorrect and the speaker is advised to use formal British English." No reference for that last assertion is given, though. – Doug Oct 1 '10 at 19:02
#1 is considered as correct usage by most people around here, but they (or should I say we) don't stop there. I hear things like "Can we meet tomorrow only?" on a daily basis. That said, I can't find anything wrong with "Can we meet tomorrow itself?" - what would be the correct usage here? – Amarghosh Oct 4 '10 at 5:01
Only is an interesting word in that it can change the meaning of sentence depending on its placement. Take, for example, the sentence I love her. Putting only in all the different places in the sentence changes the meaning completely:
Only I love her: I am the only person that loves her.
I only love her: Love is the only feeling I have for her, nothing else.
I love only her: She is the only person I love.
I love her only: Same as the previous.
Back to the question at hand, I agree with both other posters that #1 is wrong, #2 is correct but awkward, and #3 is correct either way.
I would correct #2 by saying, "I am only doing that" or "I am only working on that." In conversation, I would probably stress it with, "I am only working on that—nothing else."
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Fair enough, Cindi. You're right, I was looking at it from a purely American perspective. – michaelkoss Oct 1 '10 at 19:21
Your observation about only is correct, but it is not exclusive to only. Generally, adverbs change their scope depending on their position. Replace only with even, for example, and you get the same thing happening. – Kosmonaut Oct 2 '10 at 13:54
For what it's worth, in Indian English, the first three have the same meaning while "I love her only" means "She is precisely the person I love" (or, say, "Hey, that's the person I love!") — it puts emphasis on "her". – ShreevatsaR Sep 10 '11 at 5:33
I agree with Midhat that #1 is completely wrong and #3 is fine either way. (For #3, answer C is less common and sounds very slightly stilted or overly formal, but still grammatically unobjectionable.)
For #2, I would say, "I am working on that exclusively." Meaning: I am not finished with that task, but I have made it my highest (and only) priority and will work on nothing else until it is finished.
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Agreed. An alternative for 2 would also be: "I am only working on that." It's all about word positioning. – Noldorin Oct 1 '10 at 14:23
Thanks _USER_. I guess I should say that outside of Indian English, #1 would be considered incorrect. – Doug Oct 1 '10 at 19:03
The first instance looks plain wrong. Maybe the speaker wanted to Say I was there only yesterday, which can imply I was also there yesterday
#2 seems correct
#3 seems correct either way
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#2 really isn't correct. See Doug's answer. – Noldorin Oct 1 '10 at 14:24
Thanks. Unfortunately, the first usage is the most common one I see around here :| – Amarghosh Oct 1 '10 at 14:24
Change the punctuation on #1 and it becomes
Hey, I was there; only how come we didn't meet?
The speaker is saying, I was there, too, but since I didn't see you, either there are special circumstances (you were wearing a disguise and hiding in a dark corner, or you popped in and out for only a minute), or you weren't really there and I've blown your alibi.
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dollar millionaire is born out of margin trading. Whether that is Reddit's WallStreetBets or the advertisements for any stock advisor telling you that you can make 20,000% on the next stock pick, people confuse heteroskedasticity for true intelligence all the time.
What is heteroskedasticity?
It is a concept in unequal variability. Specifically, when the variable that's being predicted is predicted unevenly or inconsistently along the range of values on the predictor.
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Illustration of homoskedasticity (on the left) and heteroskedasticity (on the right).
Contrasting that with homoskedasticity, where the variable doing the predicting (and its error) is consistent and even along the predictor.
You'll hear stories of people making a million dollars from $10,000 — with the help of margin trading. You'll hear the story of the same person losing it all within the same month.
There is everything from people not understanding how margin works, to people leveraging their entire portfolio for options that expire in two weeks, to people who have made a ton of money and lost it all within a few short months.
Ultimately, margin trading isn't a science. Most trades, in the short-run, are nearly impossible to categorize into one of a homoskedastic or heteroskedastic nature. Besides that, however, one needs to always understand that margin trading is something you are willing to lose — mostly because you'll have the ability to either cover that loss or you're willing to sell something in your portfolio anyway.
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Indutherm Tilting Furnaces are mainly used in two areas:
1. For melting down large quantities of metal such as antique gold or manufacturing residues like casting waste, scrap or swarf. 15 - 60 kW output and low-frequency tuning means fast melting – even for large volumes – and excellent through-mixing.
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source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


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- oxalemia · MORE. Related Questions. What is oxalate?
- The Oxalate Content of Food
- the different methods used for measuring oxalate in food. Published values for will vary depending on the underlying condition causing high oxalate levels.
- Food Sources of Oxalate
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- Oxalate - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
- Oxalate (IUPAC: ethanedioate), is the dianion with formula C2O42− also written ( COO)22−.
- WHFoods: Can you tell me what oxalates are and in which foods
- Oxalates are naturally-occurring substances found in plants, animals, and in humans.
- Home-Low Oxalate Diet
- Oxalate is a very simple sort of molecule. It links up with calcium and crystallizes under some conditions, including when it encounters damaged tissues.
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- Oxalate, Kidney Stone Treatments, UW Health, University of
- Jun 24, 2010 Approximately 20 percent of individuals who form calcium oxalate stones have hyperoxaluria (high oxalate in their urine).
Oxalate is described in multiple online sources, as addition to our editors' articles, see section below for printable documents, Oxalate books and related discussion.
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6 weeks prior to visit
Review timeline, access online materials
4 weeks prior to visit
Present resources and online educational materials to your school's teachers at a faculty meeting using the website for Tree to Form
- Introduce Tree to Form exhibit using the information provided About the Exhibition.
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- Go over class preand post-visit activities via online access
- Review Tree to Form Interactive Glossary with Words in Action
- Open site for students using the "Have Fun" tab and discuss the Do It Yourself Projects and Woodworking Online Games for kids
We understand that your curricula are filled and time is tight.
- Most pre-visit activities are intended to take 15 to 30 minutes.
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- All resources and curricular activities have the links you need.
- By aligning the activities to fit into the Pennsylvania's Department of Education's Standard Aligned System we encourage incorporation into your current classroom curriculums. Each activity can be used by itself or as a platform to encourage cross-curricular thinking or real life application.
3 weeks prior to visit
1 week prior to visit
Begin to make announcements of Fun Facts About Wood.


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The dart flight is one of the most essential parts of the dart. The flight helps to keep the dart stabilized, allowing it to keep a consistent flight path. It works by cutting through and dividing the airflow, reducing drag.
With such importance put on the dart flight, you'll want to ensure that your flights are kept in perfect condition. In which case, we'd recommend something called a dart flight protector.
We've highlighted some of the main features of dart flight protectors, below.
Why use a Dart Flight Protector?
The most pivotal role played by flight protectors is to keep your flights in their original shape. Although there isn't a perfect flight shape that is suitable for all types of darts, you must keep your flights free from becoming bent or damaged to maintain optimum performance.
This is the where your dart flight protectors come in. By using a perfect flight protector, you can maintain that the flight holds it's desired shape.
How to Use a Flight Protector
When fitting your flight protectors, it is essential to follow a set of standards, these include:
- Make sure to maintain the same flight shape with all 3 of your darts
- Avoid changing the flight shape frequently
- Try to spread the dart flight yourself before using a flight protector
Keeping the flights in the uniform 'X' shape guarantees the perfect flight of your dart. However, there are numerous shapes of flights, such as: Kite, Pear, and Electro. Flight protectors are easy to use. You just need to clip it around the flight.
Benefits of Using Flight Protectors
Using a flight protector can be beneficial in many ways. Firstly, it helps your flight to maintain a good shape, even after prolonged use. As a result, the dart will continue to fly with an aerodynamic shape, minimizing the chances of drag and air resistance.
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No doubt, dart flights offer a wide range of advantages. Plus, they're cheap and really easy to install. Therefore, you'd be stupid not to purchase them to protect your own set of darts. Here's a cheap set we found on Amazon.


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Why buy fresh and local?
- Fresh food and produce is healthier and more nutritious (and delicious!).
- More of your food dollars stay in the community to support local farmers and build local economies.
- When local farmers farm sustainably, they preserve open space, keep their lands productive, and protect their land from urban and suburban development, which harms the Chesapeake Bay.
About the Chesapeake Chapter
The Chesapeake chapter began in 2006 with a group of dedicated individuals who had farming, restaurant, and food policy backgrounds. Since May 2010, the Chesapeake Bay Foundation (CBF) has been the coordinating organization for the chapter, providing staff and organizational support.
For over 25 years, CBF has been making the connection between local sustainable agriculture and the Chesapeake Bay's water quality by:
- advocating for policies and legislation that benefit farmers and the Bay.
- educating students, teachers, and the public about sustainable agriculture.
- putting conservation into practice at CBF's Clagett Farm with its CSA (Community Supported Agriculture), grass-fed beef, native tree nursery, and education center.


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Fort Saint Vrain
Fort Saint Vrain was an 1837 fur trading post built by the Bent, St. Vrain Company, and located at the confluence of Saint Vrain Creek and the South Platte River, about 20 miles (32 km) east of the Rocky Mountains in the unorganized territory of the United States. This area later became part of the State of Colorado. A historical marker notes the place where Old Fort St. Vrain once stood, today at the end of Weld County Road 40, located about seven miles north of Fort Vasquez, Colorado. Among those who helped to establish the fort was Ceran St. Vrain, after whom it was named.
William Clark, governor of the territory, granted the Bent, St. Vrain Co. a license to trade on November 8, 1836. Like neighboring forts, the structure was built as a two-story adobe structure whose walls encased an interior courtyard. It accommodated trade with Native American tribes and mountain men engaged in fur trapping. It resembled the adobe building and plaza reconstructed at Fort Vasquez and Bent's Old Fort.
Marcellin St. Vrain, Ceran's brother, managed the trading post. He employed such notable people as James Beckwourth, a mountain man, and Jean Baptiste Charbonneau, who was born to Sacajewea during the _PHONE_ Lewis and Clark Expedition. She helped guide the expedition with her husband, the trapper Toussaint Charbonneau.
After the Taos Revolt in 1847, the St. Vrain brothers both returned to St. Louis. After Ceran St. Vrain sold his shares of the Bent, St. Vrain Co., William Bent became sole proprietor by 1849. Bent moved to Fort St. Vrain temporarily before building a new Fort Bent in the Big Timbers area.
- Whiteley, Lee; The Cherokee Trail: Bent's Old Fort to Fort Bridger; Lee Whiteley; 1999; Johnson Printing; Boulder, Colorado; ISBN 0-_PHONE_-1-7
- Brotemarkle, Diane; Old Fort St. Vrain; Diane Brotemarkle; 2001; Johnson Printing; Boulder, Colorado; ISBN 0-_PHONE_-0-4
- Ubbelohde, Carl; Benson, Maxine; Smith, Duane A; A Colorado History: Third Edition; 1972; Pruett Publishing Co; Boulder Colorado


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|Oracle Directory Server Enterprise Edition Man Page Reference 11g Release 1 (220.127.116.11.0)|
- Directory Proxy Server configuration property
This property specifies the mode used to retrieve time from the OS.
This property can take the following values in addition to the default.
Use a thread performing a system call every time-resolution milliseconds
Use a system call retrieving time in milliseconds
Use a system call retrieving time in microseconds
This property is used to configure the following features:
The global configuration of Directory Proxy Server contains properties that affect the overall operation of Directory Proxy Server.
See attributes(5) for descriptions of the following attributes:


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Quick Start Guide
- vMAP overview
- Manage users and rights
- View your data on vMAP
- Analyse your data
- Style your map
- Print and share your map
- vMAP Glossary
- Admin Center Guide
Split a polygon
To split two polygons, follow these steps:
Step 1. Select a polygon on the mapview by clicking on the polygon. To open the Split Polygon window, select from the icon in toolbar on the mapview.
Step 2. The polygon Name and Target layer will be displayed in the Split Polygon window. Choose a target layer where the split two layers will be saved later.
Step 3. To draw a line across the selected polygon for splitting, click the Create Line button. Hold down the [Shift] key while moving the cursor, click on the map to mark the start point and double-click to mark the end point, forming a line.
To reset the Split Polygon window and select another polygon, click the Select Another Polygon button.
Step 4. To save the splitting operation, click the button to proceed.
Step 5. Set the Name and Description of the two new split polygons. Also set the field values if needed (see the screenshot below). vMAP offers two approaches to set the field values:
Approach 1: Set the field value by batch processing.
Approach 2: Set the field value one by one manually.
Approach 1: Set the field values by batch processing
Follow these steps to batch process values of split polygons:
Step 1. To copy the value of each field from the original polygon to the corresponding values of the two split polygons, click the Copy button.
Step 2. To split the value of each field from the original polygon to the two split polygons evenly, click the Average button.
Step 3. To reset the value of each field of the two split polygons, click the Clearbutton.
Step 4. To save the split polygons, click the button. Then you can locate these two split polygons on the target layers.
Approach 2 :Set the field values one by one manually
Approach 2 is different from Approach 1 in that you can set the field values one by onem and they will not be affected by the original polygon's values. The icons have the same functionalities as Approach 1.
When getting back to vMAP center map panel and selecting the polygon, you will find it will be three polygons now: the original polygon, two split polygons in target layer.


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Whitelock, Denise and Scanlon, Eileen
The roles of gaze, gesture and gender in Computer Supported Collaborative Learning.
Journal of Computer Assisted Learning, 14(2) pp. 158–165.
This paper investigates the role of gaze and gesture when subjects are collaboratively solving physics problems with a computer. The results from the study indicate that femals interacting together as pairs do use gaze significantly more than male pairs or those of mixed gender. There is evidence that gaze occurs during the planning stages of the problem solving activities and occurs more frequently by the speaker rather than the hearer during this phase. Mutual gazing occurs at this time too. The main finding is that differences in non-verbal communication strategies with respect to gender grouping effect not only the strategies that progress the collaborative process but more importantly also those that influence the understanding of the problem space. These results suggest the quality of video linkage will play an important role in collaborative problem solving for distance learners.
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What kinds of applications are there for using a ruby ball probe tip?
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I'm working on a little web crawler... I'm having a problem with accents, for example if a web page has a an Apuntó word when I puts the console (cmd.exe) shows me apunt├│, I thought it was something related with the cmd encoding but when I printed that to a file I'm getting the exact apunt├│ word...
If I do a puts "apuntó" the output is correct I get apuntó
Any idea what's happening?
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1 Answer 1
up vote 4 down vote accepted
It looks like you need to go and learn about character encodings. A good place to start would be Joel Spolsky's article The Absolute Minimum Every Software Developer Absolutely, Positively Must Know About Unicode and Character Sets (No Excuses!). After that I'd recommend James Gray's series of blog post on character encoding in Ruby.
In your case what's happening is this. When your crawler fetches the web page, the word Apuntó is being fetched as the bytes
0x41 0x70 0x75 0x6e 0x74 0xc3 0xb3
which is the UTF-8 encoding of the word. In this encoding the letter ó is encoded as two bytes, 0xc3 and 0xb3. Your software however is unaware of the encoding, and assumes the bytes represent characters in the default character set, which looks like codepage 437, so they appear as for 0xc3 and for 0xb3.
The way to handle this is to ensure that every time any text enters your program from the outside you know the encoding that text is in, and interpret it appropriately. In the case of web pages this can be a liitle tricky since the encoding can be specified in a few places, including in the page itself.
It should become clearer what you need to do in your case when you know more about character encodings.
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dude! thank you so much, this was an awesome answer!!! – Andres Feb 11 '13 at 1:03
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text:
(CA also stands for conditional access, a term used in DTV.)
A certificate authority (CA) is an authority in a network that issues and manages security credentials and public keys for message encryption. As part of a public key infrastructure (PKI), a CA checks with a registration authority (RA) to verify information provided by the requestor of a digital certificate. If the RA verifies the requestor's information, the CA can then issue a certificate.
Depending on the public key infrastructure implementation, the certificate includes the owner's public key, the expiration date of the certificate, the owner's name, and other information about the public key owner.


Webhooks and Eventhandling
In order to keep your shop up-to-date with any changes concerning your payments you can register a webhook to several different events as described here.
Single Webhook actions
Register a Webhook event
$heidelpay = new \heidelpayPHP\Heidelpay('s-priv-xxxxxxxxxx');
$webhook = $heidelpay->createWebhook(
Fetch and update a Webhook
The URL of a webhook can be updated as shown in the following example.
// fetch
$webhook = $heidelpay->fetchWebhook('s-whk-1533');
// update
It is not possible to update the event a webhook is registered for at the moment.
Delete an existing Webhook
You can delete a webhook either by passing its id or the corresponding webhook object to the heidelpay::deleteWebhook method.
// delete a webhook by id
// delete a webhook by object
Multiple webhooks actions
Register multiple webhooks at once
In order to register multiple webhooks at once you can pass an array containing all desired events.
It will return an array containing all created webhooks as \heidelpayPHP\Resources\Webhook instances.
// register several webhooks at once
$registeredWebhooks = $heidelpay->registerMultipleWebhooks(
Fetch all registered Webhooks at once
$registeredWebhooks = $heidelpay->fetchAllWebhooks();
Delete all Webhooks at once
Handle incoming events
Whenever an event is triggered the corresponding URL is called. The POST request contains the json-information about the event which you can use to fetch the corresponding resource which in turn can be used to update the state of the order/payment in your shop.
Just add the following code to the controller of the URL you registered, fetch the json from the event payload and inject it to the method heidelpay::fetchResourceFromEvent.
The method will fetch the corresponding resource object and return it.
$resource = $heidelpay->fetchResourceFromEvent($jsonRequest);
After that you can determine the type of the resource and handle it accordingly.
Please refer to the latest integration examples for a working example implementation of webhooks and the event handling.
Acknowledging an event
In order to releave our webhook servers and message queues from your events, we need you to acknowledge them by returning the HTTP success code (200). This will tell the server that you have successfully received the event and there is no need to send it again.
We recommend you to use one of the following ways to handle and acknowledge incoming events.
 1. Store the event, acknowledge it and handle it later (e. g. via cron job) …
 2. … or handle the event right away and return a HTTP error code (>= 400) if something goes wrong. The Webhook server will place the event in its queue taking care of resending it again later.
What ever way you choose please do not place the event handling into a loop to try again after an error. This can create a great amount of traffic when our servers suffer a high load and add even more. In addition this can lead to a timeout where the webhook server stops the request and retries sending the event later on while your event handler retries fetching the resource from us.
Security Considerations
To make sure nobody can meddle with your payments or find out your private key please make sure to remember the following rules concerning the event handling.
don't...
…use the event name as indicator for the state of a resource
Since there is no guarantee an event has actually been sent by our API you should always fetch the resource using the SDK. This way you make sure a hacker can not inject a false payment state into your shop. In Addition there is no guarantee the events arrive in the same order they have been sent in. Fetching the resource to an event always gives you the latest state.
don't...
…use the events retrieveUrl to fetch the event resource without making sure the domain is legit.
A hacker could send an event with a retrieveUrl which contains his own domain to spy out your private key or to return fake data to make you believe a payment has been completed when it actually has not. Please use the method fetchResourceFromEvent(...) of the Unzer facade to retrieve the resource from an event to make sure nobody can feed you false data. This method omits the possibly manipulated domain and just uses the path to the corresponding resource, making sure you are calling a save Unzer domain.


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You define Vanity URLs in CQ to create easy-to-remember and easy-to-search URLs on your website.
The following video demonstrates how to define a Vanity URL for a specific page on your website.
To verify the vanity URL that you created using the steps in the video, do the following:
- Go to the Adobe CQ5 Web Console (http://localhost:4502/system/console/jcrresolver).
- Enter the name of the vanity URL in the Test text box of the Configuration Test section and click Resolve.
The result of the test appears in the next line.
If you defined the URL correctly, the path value in the result displays the resolved URL.
You can also use the Sling Resource Resolver to verify issues that you face when creating vanity URLs.
For example, if the vanity URL does not exist:
Also, you defined a vanity URL but when you test the URL on the browser, another page shows up.
Again, you can use the Sling Resource Resolver to verify the resolved URL for a vanity URL. For example, you defined the same vanity URL (dealoftheday) for two pages on your website.
This issue occurs since you define vanity URLs by page. So it's necessary to go to a specific page to define a vanity URL for that page. In this case, you inadvertently set the same vanity URL for two pages.
To get around this issue, you can either go to the Sling Resource Resolver and go through the list of Resolver Map Entries. This list contains defiend vanity URLs.
Alternatively, you can use the URL Mapping feature of CQ to replicate this functionality.
To create a URL map between a /content URL in your repository and a shortened URL:
- Go to the Configuration tab of the Adobe CQ5 Web Console (http://localhost:4503/system/console/configMgr).
- Go to the Apache Sling JCR Resource Resolver section.
- Click the + sign in the URL Mappings section.
- In the new text box, enter the resolved URL and the vanity URL.
- Click Save.
- Finally, follow the steps to verify your vanity URL, goingforgold.


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The topic of this post is how to draw gold metal. Giving up the gold gel pen and making the gold illusion on your own is a challenge even for advanced illustrators. In this step by step tutorial, I will show you how to represent golden accessories and clothes in your fashion sketches without putting a lot of effort. Enjoy!
Step 1: Initial preparation
Draw the accessories and the garments you want to make look like they are made of gold. Try to have a clean sketch with no shading at this stage. Just neat outlines.
Step 2: Draw 3-Dimensional
Now it's time to just look at your drawing and think of volume. Close your eyes and imagine you were building the fashion figure out of clay. Mark the parts of the body that feel the closest to you with a very bright shade of yellow.
Leave the white of the paper in the center of these selections ( see the breast of the example illustration & the bracelet).
This technique is extremely useful to determine where to put the lights and the shadows in the cases when you don't have any specific source of light, so often seen in fashion photography.
Step 3: Building the light
Take a darker yellow shade and paint right next to the first layer.
Try to follow the outlines of the shape you are coloring. Notice how the light of the earring goes the same way as its shape.
Step 4: Drawing the gold base
Render all the rest of the shape with a light brownish color. You should blend gently the yellow with the brown shade, trying to leave the former as plain as possible. No perfectionism needed, just avoid entering too far in the yellows.
Step 5: Realistic gold
The essence of drawing realistic looking gold is in the shadows. Lay down a well-blended second layer of the brown shade. Put it in the places where the form feels further away from you. Use the technique described in Step 1 to guide you.
Step 6: Drawing golden shadows
Find a grey shade and add another layer of shadows to the gold. This time you may allow yourself to extend the shadows a bit. In order to obtain the high contrast that is so typical for golden items, place part of the gray tones close to the yellow lights.
Light tends to look even lighter when there is a strong shadow in neighborhood.
Step 7: Blend it all!
Take back the brownish color and blend the strong shadows. Metals are sleek and the blending will give you that sensation of metal.
Step 8: Optional step
This step is optional and depends on your personal preferences. If you would like to draw gold that is somehow warmer you can add touches of orange here and there. Remember to follow the volume of the figure when working with this color and avoid overworking it.
Understanding how to draw gold can take you to new creative ideas and great fashion designs. Unleash your imagination and have fun!


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MCC investments in roads cut across several sectors. In transportation projects, roads rehabilitation and construction primarily aim to lower transport costs by reducing travel time and vehicle operating costs; improve access to public basic services such as health and education, particularly for the rural poor; and facilitate international and regional trade. In agriculture projects, roads primarily aim to link producers to markets for their goods and to inputs for their production year round. In some cases, roads are a part of irrigation projects to provide access to, from, and within irrigated areas.
As of December 10, 2012


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created clay slips from a mixture of clays and minerals. The clay slips were then used to decorate the pottery. By the fourth century, a broad range of colors including yellow, purple, red, and orange were being made. However, some Mayan painters refrained from using many colors and used only black, red, and occasionally cream. This series of ceramics is termed the "Codex-style", it being similar to the style of the Pre-Columbian books.
From the 5th century AD onwards, post-firing stucco was adopted from Teotihuacan. By preparing a thin quicklime, the Maya added mineral pigments that would dissolve and create rich blues and greens that added to their artistic culture. Many times this post-fire stucco technique was mixed with painting and incising. Incising is carving deeply or lightly into partially dried clay to create fine detailed designs. This technique was mostly popular during the Early Classic Period.


How to Stretch Watercolor Paper
Watercolor artist in studio
Frank Whitney/Photographer's Choice/Getty Images
It's generally recommended that watercolor paper less than 356 gsm (260 lb) is stretched before use, otherwise, it'll warp. It's a simple process.
Difficulty: Average
Time Required: On-going
Here's How
 1. Cut four strips of gummed brown tape, one for each side (edge) of the piece of watercolor paper. Cut these slightly longer than the sides. Put them aside for the moment.
 2. Soak a sheet of watercolor paper in cold water for a couple of minutes. This is to allow the fibers in the paper to expand.
 3. Lift the sheet of watercolor paper, and gently shake off the excess water. Place it on a drawing board, which must be lying flat.
 4. Smooth the watercolor paper out with a clean sponge (preferably) or your fingers (but wash them first to get any grease off them). If the sheet of watercolor paper is not perfectly smooth at this stage, it won't dry smooth.
 5. Moisten a strip of gummed tape, and stick it down firmly along one side so that one-third of the tape is on the paper and two-thirds on the board. This will stop the watercolor paper pulling off the board when it dries.
 6. Tape down the other sides of the sheet of watercolor paper in the same way.
 7. Leave to dry for several hours, away from direct heat. As the water evaporates, the fibers in the paper contract, leaving the sheet of watercolor paper flat.
 8. Keep the board flat while the watercolor paper dries, otherwise, the water will drain to one edge and the paper will drive unevenly.
 9. When you paint on the watercolor paper, it'll stay flat because you won't ever soak the whole piece as much as you did in step one.
 1. Don't use hot water to soak your watercolor paper as this could remove the sizing from the paper, and don't soak it for too long for the same reason. Sizing is added to watercolor paper to reduce its absorbency.
 2. Use different color sponges for smoothing a piece of paper and moistening gummed tape, so you never run the risk of getting gum on your sheet of watercolor paper.
 3. If you don't get on with gummed brown tape, an alternative method is to staple the paper down onto the board instead.
 4. You may be able to peel off some of the tape, but be careful not to tear the paper. Rather, just trim off the edges of the paper or hide them under a mount.
What You Need
 - Watercolor paper
 - Drawing board
 - Gummed brown tape
 - Two sponges
Watch Now: Discover Your Inner Artist with Watercolors


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For more than a century, railway stations have been an integral part of the Canadian landscape. Not only do they stand as testimony to Canada's development, but to many Canadian communities they are an important source of pride. That a great many Canadians feel an attachment to these railway stations is shown by their enthusiastic efforts to preserve them.
Until the late 1980's, public efforts to preserve railway stations were hindered by the absence of legislation. As most railway stations are owned or controlled by federally regulated railway companies, they are not subject to the various provincial laws that protect heritage. In 1988 Parliament passed a private member's bill to protect these railway stations. The Heritage Railway Stations Protection Act was given Royal Assent in September 1988.
The Heritage Railway Stations Protection Act requires federally regulated railway companies to obtain authorization from the Governor in Council before removing, destroying, altering or disposing of a heritage railway station, and before altering any of the heritage features of the station. It also allows for timely public involvement in opposing those interventions that are seen as potentially deleterious to a heritage railway station or its heritage features. The Act provides for heavy fines for infractions.
The Heritage Railway Stations Policy is based on the Heritage Railway Stations Protection Act. Responsibility for the implementation of the Act and this policy has been given to the Minister of Canadian Heritage, who is supported by the Historic Sites and Monuments Board of Canada.
The Heritage Railway Stations Policy promotes consultation, dialogue and public participation in the pursuit of the shared goal of identifying and conserving the built heritage. The policy establishes processes for identifying and evaluating heritage railway stations; for specifying, where applicable, the features that give them heritage value; and for reviewing on a case-by-case basis any intervention that might affect them or their heritage features. The federal government encourages railway companies that own or control these stations to apply cultural resource management methods in their treatment of them, and to set an example in conserving aspects of Canada's built heritage.


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June 1, 2011
Algal Turf Scrubbers Clean Water With Sunlight
Science Codex, Science Codex
An article published in the June issue of BioScience describes the early scale-up stage of a new biotechnology with environmental benefits and possible commercial potential. Algal turf scrubbers are field-sized, water-treatment systems that can extract excess nutrients from streams, canals, and lakes polluted by agricultural, domestic, and some industrial runoff. They use sunlight as their principal source of energy and simultaneously restore oxygen levels. The devices work by pulsing contaminated water across algae that are allowed to grow on screens. Algal turf scrubbers produce waste suitable for use as a nitrogenand phosphorus-rich fertilizer and for conversion to biofuel or high-value nutraceuticals. Some algal turf scrubbers can even operate in open water, thus...
TAGGED: water treatment, water, pollution, algae


text:
The Loyal Order of Ancient Shepherds (Ashton Unity) was founded in Ashton-Under-Lyne, England, in 1826 as a "sick and burial club". It's popularity grew swiftly and the movement crossed the border into Scotland in 1868. The first lodge, the "Pride of Leven Lodge No1335" was founded in Dumbarton in 1868, in Glasgow in 1870 and in Edinburgh in 1876. In the 1990s, the society changed its name from the Loyal Order of Ancient Shepherds (Ashton Unity) to The Shepherds' Friendly Society and the society is still trading under this name.
You can click on most images to see larger images or more information.
We wish to buy Stevengraphs. One at a time or collections. We also seek photos, brochures or any
item of related history.
- Malcolm J Roebuck,
- Copyright © _PHONE_ Stevengraphs Bookmarks & Postcards Etc.


Name of Activity NXT Alarm
Author STOMP
Keywords alarm, sensor, security, NXT, proximity, ultrasonic sensor
Subject NXTs
Time 1 Hour Total
Brief Description Build and program a security system using an NXT. The alarm should be triggered by the proximity (ultrasonic) sensor.
Lesson Objectives: – To learn about programming using the proximity sensor.
– To apply programming to real life problems.
Materials Needed: One NXT brick per group
One or more proximity sensor per group
Assortment of pieces to attach proximity sensor
Computers running MINDSTORMS NXT software
Preparation and Set Up: Set up computers running NXT Software.
Arrange students in groups of two.
Distribute necessary materials.
Necessary Background Programming is used in real life situations. Programming is used in a wide variety of devices to enhance our lives in terms of safety, ease, entertainment, transportation, etc. This activity is a good example of a way that programming can be used in the real world.
 1. Have student design an alarm box that will detect when a person approaches the box. If students want to use more than one proximity sensor or a different sensor as well they should be allowed to be creative.
 2. Allow students to decide how their security system will respond when someone approaches (display something on the screen, make a noise, drive away)
 3. Have students program the NXT to respond when someone approaches the proximity sensor and to stop responding when that person backs off.
 1. The entire program will need to be looped so that the NXT is always secure
 2. When the NXT is not being threated it should signal that it is alarmed by displaying "system alarmed" on the NXT screen.
 3. When the proximity sensor senses that an object is near it should respond (say by displaying back off! and playing a tone).
 4. The alarm should be looped until the proximity sensor no longer detects an object close to it.
 4. Students may use more than one sensor to trigger the alarm.
 5. Allow students to test and redesign their prototypes.
Extensions: Use multiple sensors to trigger the alarm. Have a different response for each
Build an NXT alarm clock or timer.
Attach the NXT alarm to a diary or box. Build something to keep people from opening the diary/box.
Program the NXT so that a user needs to enter a security code to turn off the alarm.
Reference 1
Reference 2
Reference 3
Reference 4
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One Response to NXT Alarm
 1. I did this activity with 8th grade students as an introduction to sensors and programming. The students did struggle with the programming (particularly debugging), but when pointed in the right direction, they seemed to understand the programming blocks and loops. However, they did require a lot of support. It would have been ideal if we had a large board or screen where we could do the programming part together. The students seemed to enjoy the activity. Especially the fact that their designs, when triggered, would give them sound feedback.
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3 Uploading Content
The upload process, also called ingestion, involves creating an electronic image of your document, using a predefined application in Oracle I/PM to associate metadata to the document, and manually assigning values to required metadata by completing fields on the Oracle I/PM document upload page.
This chapter covers the following topics:


The Bride of the Three Virtues
The Bride of the Three Virtues
This article was published on the well known Tibetan blog Choemey (Butter Lamp). The piece, published under a penname, concerns social change and shifting family dynamics inside Tibet.
The Bride of the Three Virtues
By Namkha
My internet friends may laugh when they first see the title of today's article. Possibly they haven't seen this title before. This is a new prize that is becoming popular in Tibetan areas. It reminds me of the time when I worked hard to become a young pioneer at the primary school, and worked hard to become a "student of the three virtues." The student of the three virtues must be: 1. A good student; 2. Have good discipline; 3. Have good hygiene. The student must have these three virtues.
In the twenty-first century, from this idea of "the student of the three virtues" spread this idea of "the bride of the three virtues" in the snowland, a place devoted to love and compassion and karma. I laughed when I first heard of this, but I also wanted to think on this idea and ask some questions about it.
I asked questions of the girl who was discussing this issue with me. She said, "It in't about identifying some prize winners as a result of improvement of thoughts and economy. Both in nomadic and farming areas, elderly parents experience a lot of sufferings." Later I clearly understood the meaning of "the bride of the three virtues."
Listen to what she had to say after this. At this point she took a long breath and said, "These days for both nomads and farmers, economic problems have been slightly relieved by the caterpillar fungus. Sons and brides, leaving their children with their elderly parents, go to the county and prefecture towns to hang out. The elderly parents not only take care of the children, but also do house chores and herd the livestock. They don't come home from the city for a few days. Husbands carelessly waste a few day drinking and playing mahjong. Some brides, disregarding the suffering of the children and the elderly parents, play mahjong and look for lovers."
Here she stopped speaking. Then she continued in a sad and quiet voice, "Last winter I went home for the New Year. As you know the weather in the nomadic areas is quite cold. I was born on the grassland. In the winter, most of the nomads settle in the town or near it. In many nomadic communities, they don't have plumbing at home, so they have to carry water in from outside. In winter the place where they draw water is covered with ice, so it is very slippperly. One day, I think just before noon, an elderly man from the community came to my house. He said they needed me to go with him to the town.
He said, 'The old grandma (Name) fell on the ice and broke her leg when she went to fetch water this morning. In fact, the full bucket of water spilled over her, and she nearly died. Fortunately, a bride (Name) from another family noticed and saved her. Otherwise, she would have frozen to death.'
This elderly couple have a son and two daughters. The two daughter married into another community. The son is the youngest among them. He is about 35 years old. He is a civil servant in the county. He has an attractive wife, a woman who is very proud of her beautiful skin. The result of leaving their son with the elderly 75-year old mother ripened that morning. The reason the old man wanted me with them was that they wanted someone who can speak Chinese when the grandma was treated at the hospital.
My father asked where the son and the bride were, but the the old man said they had gone to the main town for shopping seven or eight days ago. Honestly, the distance between that town and our county town is about one and half hours. Even if they had gone on a motorcycle, they could have reached home in a day. Moreover, there were many cars going back and forth between the county and town.
When I hurried there, the old grandma was in a car, covered in a warm blanket. The driver was the son of the old grandma's younger brother. He was also angry and abusing the the old grandma's son and bride, 'The couple's behavior is always the same. They don't take care of the parents. They bought an apartment in the county town and they live there.'
'They only visit a few times during the New Year and the holidays. I talked to them a few times. Now the parents are old. If you two stay in county town without caring for the parents, it is hard for them even to get water. Maybe you should take the parents to town to live with you. The son indicated that I should not give him advice.'
'Since then I dare not say anything, because I know they wouldn't listen to an illiterate person like me. However, on the one hand, she is my father's younger sister. On the another hand, his parents are old. It is hard for me to bear it in my heart, every time when I see them.' As the driver, with some anger, shared the couple' story, we arrived in the main town. We quickly found the hospital and brought the old grandma inside.
In the hospital, I tried to comfort the grandma and touched her hand, but there was no warmth in her hand. She said, 'My fate is very sad. I have no reason not to die" and tears fell down from her eyes. Her husband, the old grandpa, had also come to the hospital with their 5 year-old grandson. The grandma asked, 'Why did you come here? There is no one at home. Who is taking care of the livestock?' He said a neighbor's name and said that he would take care of the livestock.
What we needed then was a person to take care of the old grandma in the hospital, so we had to look for the son and the bride. The driver said, 'The son must be at the mahjong place, but the bride may be at the apartment' and went in the direction of the apartment. After a moment, he came back and said, 'The wife is not in the apartment. It is impossible to guess where she is. I called him many times but his phone was turned off.' That is true that he called many times while driving. The doctor said, 'Her (grandma's) leg is broken and it takes a while to reattach the bone. As she is in her old age, it is hard to recover as easily as a youth, but there is no need to worry.'
The old man who came to call me said, 'It is certain that we will need a woman in the hospital to take care of the grandma and to help her to the bathroom. We can call the two daughters' families and clearly explain the situation.' I strongly agreed with this idea. I had wondered about how well the son's bride might care for the grandma. At that moment, the grandma's nephew said, 'Let's go eat.'
The old grandpa stayed in the hospital, and we took the grandson with us. One the way to the restaurant, the driver asked someone where we could find the son and the bride. Someone said he didn't know about the son but said the wife was in a restaurant and gave us the name. When we arrived there, she was enjoying a meal with some civil servants from the county and her face was full of smiles. Once she saw us, she looked a bit uneasy.
I knew the driver was very angry. His face had become very red. However, he controlled his anger and explained what had happened to the grandma. He also said they had been looking for her and her husband.
She said she didn't know where her husband was. She left her son and walked out of the restaurant. It seems we were all aware that the 70 year-old grandma wouldn't die this time, so everyone felt very relieved. Everyone said they were hungry now. After everyone ate something they liked, we took some food for the elderly couple and went to the hospital. The bride was on a phone call with someone. After about an hour, the son appeared. His two eyes were very red. To us it looked like he was very tired. Once his father saw him he got very angry.
The father was so angry he couldn't even speak. The dishonest son started to say, 'I went to the prefecture town to run some errands for my bureau. My phone battery died.' Pointing his finger at his wife, he said, 'I told you to go back to the town. You told me you would go that afternoon.' At that, the wife also became angry and said, 'If it's ok for you to look for Chinese prostitutes and wander the streets like a homeless dog, why can't I look for lovers?' They pulled out all their dirty secrets in front of the parents. I was embarrassed and didn't know what to say, so I went to ask the doctor about the patient's condition.
Such things have happened and are happening in both the nomad and farming areas. Actually, there are many cases of parents being abandoned by sons and brides. Because of this, to ensure that the son and the bride would take care of the parents, they established this prize for "the bride of the three virtues" in every village. There are three criteria for "a bride of the three virtues:" 1. She must take good care of the parents; 2. She must have a good relationship with the villagers and neighbors; 3. She


How does Celtx protect my work?
All Celtx studio connections are encrypted using HTTPS. Content is encrypted in transit between the server and your computer.
As well, your projects and files are maintained within Amazon's proven network infrastructure and data-centers. Backups are replicated to multiple geographic locations to prevent data loss.
Files are also private unless you explicitly share them with someone, or are a member of a team account. When you do choose to share files, you can specify if you want someone to have Reader or Writer editing privileges.
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text:
The aims of this study were 1) to evaluate the current pilot test method and ascertain reliable measurements for a standard test method of mobility with personal protective equipment (PPE), such as physical performance and balance ability tests; 2) to compare two participant groups (firefighters versus non-firefighters) and to investigate whether non-firefighters are appropriate as a standard participant group in the field of PPE or not. Totally, 18 participants (nine professional firefighters and nine untrained males) performed the current pilot test method consisting of a balance test, completed prior to and after a performance test. Significant differences were found between PPE conditions and CON (the control clothing ensemble: T-shirt, shorts, and running shoes) for the functional balance test, physical performance test, heart rate, and subjective evaluations in firefighters group. Therefore, the present pilot test method is valid as a standard test method for assessing mobility while wearing PPE. Moreover, the present result shows that firefighters are more reliable than non-firefighters in testing of PPE with current test methods.
All Science Journal Classification (ASJC) codes
- Human Factors and Ergonomics
- Physical Therapy, Sports Therapy and Rehabilitation
- Safety, Risk, Reliability and Quality
- Engineering (miscellaneous)


text:
To go wrong, to become overly excited or deranged.
Hay-wire is the light wire that was used in baling machines to tie up bales of hay. At the turn of the 20th century the expression 'a haywire outfit' began to be used in the USA. This was used to describe companies that patched-up faulty machinery using such wire, rather than making proper long-term fixes. In 1905, The US Forestry Bureau Bulletin described a 'Hay wire outfit' as 'a contemptuous term for loggers with poor logging equipment'.
By 1920, the use of haywire to mean 'awry' or 'out of control' was recorded in Dialect Notes, Volume 82:
"Hay wire. Gone wrong or no good. Slang."
This may be a reference back to 'hay-wire outfits' but is more likely to be a literal allusion to scrambled hay-wire - anyone who has handled coils of wire will be familiar with its determination to gather into an irretrievable tangle. To go haywire was recorded in the late 1920s; for example, in this piece about a basketball game from The Helena Independent, January 1928:
"...their anxiety to score let their passing game go haywire with many wild heaves finding marks in the bleachers."
See other phrases that were coined in the USA.


text:
- Psychology & the public
- What we do
- Member networks
- Careers, education & training
Does Facebook make you fatter?
Time spent on social networking sites comes at the expense of other activities – including physical activity.
That is the suggestion of a study being presented today at the Annual Conference of the British Psychological Society's Division of Health Psychology in Liverpool.
The study carried out at the University of Ulster by Masters degree student Emer O'Leary under the supervision of psychologists Dr Wendy Cousins and Dr Tadhg Macintyre asked 353 students to complete an online survey measuring social networking activity and levels of physical activity.
The results showed that the vast majority of students used social networking sites like Facebook and Twitter spending an average of one hour a day online. When it came to the results from the physical activity questionnaire, just over half the students were classified as 'moderately active; and a third were 'high activity', with a minority (12.7 per cent) falling into the 'low physical activity' group. A quarter of the respondents said they took part in team sports.
When the results were analysed, the researchers found that the amount of time spent social networking was negatively correlated with the respondents' level of physical activity in the previous week. People who spent a lot of time on social networking sites were also less likely to take part in team sports, but this effect was less pronounced.
Dr Cousins says:
"Time is a finite resource, so time spent in social networking must come at the expense of other activities. Our study suggests that physical activity may be one of those activities.
"Our findings are intriguing, but as we have not conclusively demonstrated that social networking causes lower levels of physical activity. We will need to carry out more research to see if it really is a case of Facebook makes you fat rather than Twitter makes you fitter."
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- Raising awareness of adult autism


text:
Finnmark County, NorwayEdit This Page
From FamilySearch Wiki
Norway > Finnmark County
Finnmark is a county in the extreme northeast of Norway. By land it borders Troms county to the west, Finland (Lapland) to the south and Russia (Murmansk Oblast) to the east, and by water, the Norwegian Sea (Atlantic Ocean) to the northwest, and the Barents Sea (Arctic Ocean) to the north and northeast.
The county was formerly known as Finmarkens amt or Vardøhus amt, and since 2002, has had two official names: Finnmark (Norwegian) and Finnmárku (Sami language). It is part of the Sápmi region, which spans four countries, as well as the Barents Region, and is the largest and least populated county of Norway.
Situated at the Northernmost part of continental Europe, where Norway swings eastward, Finnmark has always been an area where east meets west, in culture as well as in nature and geography.
Family History Resources
Government Offices and Sites
Cities, Parishes and Clerical Districts in Finnmark County
Fornavnregister til skifteprotokollene for Finnmark _PHONE_ (1818) by Arne Gunnar Edvardsen. Index to probate records for Finnmark county, Norway, _PHONE_ (1818). The index is arranged in alphabetical order according to given name.
Registre til geistlige og militære skifter i Troms og Finnmark by Arne Gunnar Edvardsen. Index to probate records for Lutheran ministers and their families, 1697 -1824 for Troms and Finnmark counties; and for military personnel at Vardøhus fortress, _PHONE_.
Return to Norway Page
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In the FamilySearch Research Wiki, you can learn how to do genealogical research or share your knowledge with others.Learn More


the Snort command-line switches are case sensitive, so you need to enter the switches exactly as they appear here.
If you have multiple network interfaces on your system, by default, Snort listens on the first one it finds. If you're uncertain about the order of your network interfaces, you can execute the Snort command with just the -W switch. Snort will then list the names and numbers of the network interfaces in the order in which it finds them. To instruct Snort to use a specific network interface, you need to add the -i switch followed by the interface number to the command that launches Snort. After you execute Snort, you should see a screen similar to the one that Figure 3 shows.
Assuming Snort is running, you can throw some interesting traffic past the NIDS to test the Snort sensor. One of the easiest ways to intentionally trip an alert is to try to access the command interpreter (cmd.exe) on a remote system as a part of an HTTP URL request—a common part of the Code Red and Nimda attacks. You can simulate this part of the attack by going to any specific URL and appending /cmd.exe at the end of your request. For example, going to should cause your Snort sensor to log alerts in the command-shell window, as the first three alerts in Figure 4 show. These alerts also appear in F:\snort\log.
Please be careful about the Web sites you target with this test. Technically, most Web site administrators would consider this type of activity a hacking attempt. Although that approach shouldn't be exploitable (unless the server is horribly misconfigured), I recommend running this test only against your own server or a server that you can trust and whose administrators are aware that you'll be doing this type of test.
If this test doesn't work or isn't an option, another way you can test your Snort installation is to send an abnormally large ping request to a server across your network or to the computer on which you're running Snort. For example, you might execute the Ping command
ping -l 32767 ip_address
where ip_address is the IP address of the server or Snort computer you're targeting. This command should send an abnormally large ping packet (32KB to be exact), which is definitely not routine behavior for the Ping command. Snort should pick up this packet activity, as the bottom eight alerts in Figure 4 show.
If you're seeing such alerts, you can start tuning Snort for your specific environment. If not, you need to go back and check your installation to see whether you've missed a step.
Step 4. Configure Snort
Snort stores its primary configuration in snort.conf, which is in the %systemdrive%\snort\etc directory by default. You can leave the file in this location or place it somewhere else, as long as you let Snort know where to find it by providing the appropriate path on the command line.
I could easily fill up this issue with details about all the intricate configuration options available in snort.conf. Snort is an amazingly powerful application. But, for now, let's stick with some of the basic options.
For Snort to determine the traffic coming into your network versus the traffic going out, you've got to tell Snort the hosts and IP addresses in your network. To provide this information, you set the HOME_NET variable in the snort.conf file. Find the line
var HOME_NET any
and replace any with your IP address range. You can specify one range, such as
or you can specify multiple ranges. For multiple ranges, you need to enclose the set of ranges in square brackets and separate each range with a comma. Don't include any spaces between the IP address ranges. For example, the line
tells Snort that subnets,, and belong to your network. By default, Snort considers everything else outside the network. You can explicitly tell Snort the networks it should consider external by setting the EXTERNAL_NET variable. In the snort.config file, find the line
and replace any with the IP address of the network you want Snort to consider external. Generally, though, I've found that leaving the EXTERNAL_NET variable set to any is a good place to start.
If you want to take the time, you can go so far as to tell Snort the types of servers you have in your environment and where to find those servers. You provide this information by setting the DNS_SERVERS, SMTP_SERVERS, HTTP_SERVERS, SQL_SERVERS, and TELNET_SERVERS variables in the snort.conf file. Find the lines
By default, all six server variables are set to $HOME_NET, which means that Snort will monitor all systems defined within your HOME_NET range for all types of attacks. If you have a small network and you don't mind a bit of extraneous noise, this configuration should work fine. However, if you have a large traffic stream to monitor, you'll want to fine-tune the Snort configuration so that Snort checks for only appropriate signatures against specific hosts. After all, there's no need to check for SQL buffer overrun attacks against a Web server that's running only Microsoft IIS. If you want to define specific classes of hosts, you need to replace $HOME_NET with the IP address range of the target servers, following the same format that you used for the HOME_NET variable. For example, for the DNS_SERVERS variable, you replace $HOME_NET with the IP address range for your DNS servers.
If you'd like to get even more specific, you can define which ports your servers use for specific applications. For example, if your Web servers use custom port 8080 for HTTP traffic instead of port 80 (the port typically used for Web servers and browsers), you can tell Snort to watch port 8080 by modifying the HTTP_PORTS variable. In snort.conf, find the line
and change it to
var HTTP_PORTS 8080
Similarly, you can change the ports for Oracle (which you define with the ORACLE_PORTS variable) and other applications. Like the HTTP_PORTS variable, the ORACLE_PORTS variable is set to 80 by default. If your server uses port 1521 instead, you can change the line to
As you can see, you can configure many options in snort.conf. You should look through snort.conf to find which values are most relevant to your environment and set them appropriately.
Step 5. Configure the Rules
One line that you'll see in snort.conf mentions the RULE_PATH variable. This line should look something like
var RULE_PATH../rules
The../rules option tells Snort that it can find the rules (i.e., signatures) in the directory called rules, which is at the same directory level as the Snort binaries. So, for example, if you install Snort in the default location F:\snort, the Snort binaries are in F:\snort\bin and the rules are in F:\snort\rules. If you want to change the RULE_PATH variable you can, but the default installation should be fine.
Rules are the heart of Snort. They're the byte patterns, attack signatures, and other data types that trigger alerts when detected. By default, Snort comes with more than 1500 signatures right out of the box.
What does a rule look like? Here's what the cmd.exe rule, which you violated earlier with your Snort test, looks like: alert tcp $EXTERNAL_NET any -> $HTTP_SERVERS $HTTP_PORTS (msg:"WEB-IIS cmd.exe access"; flow:to_server, established; content:"cmd.exe"; nocase; classtype:web-application-attack; sid:1002; rev:5;). Let's look at this rule's main components. The reference to $EXTERNAL_NET any -> $HTTP_SERVERS $HTTP_PORTS specifies that you're interested in seeing only the traffic coming from the outside world (as interpreted by EXTERNAL_NET) toward your network. The content: parameter tells Snort to search for the existence of the string cmd.exe in the data stream. If Snort finds this string, it generates the alert message that the msg: parameter specifies.
As the cmd.exe rule shows, rules are generally straightforward. You can create your own rules as needed to detect any type of traffic. For example, if you need to detect whether someone is remotely accessing a directory on your system through the command interpreter, you might search for the string volume in drive or volume serial number on ports where you wouldn't expect to see them, such as ports that handle traffic going out of your network. Numerous configuration options are possible with Snort because of its flexible rule-set approach.
Snort's 1500 rules are in various files according to the type of data being checked. For example, the cmd.exe rule is in the web-iis.rules file. If you don't have IIS running in your environment, you don't need to have Snort looking for IIS attacks. You can easily remove the entire web-iis.rules file from the configuration by finding and commenting out the line
include $RULE_PATH/web-iis.rules
in snort.conf. To comment out the line, you place a number sign (#) in front of it:
# include $RULE_PATH/web-iis.rules
By default, several types of rules files (e.g., icmp-info.rules, chat.rules) are already commented out in snort.conf. I've found that the default rule configuration in snort.conf works well. Enabling the rules that are disabled by default typically generates far too much useless noise.
Perhaps a rules file has a lot of valuable rules that you'd like to use, but a few individual rules


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Temperature sensor using TMP102
TMP102 is a temperature sensing module from sparkfun. It gives accurate results over other temperature sensors. It uses I2C bus so that you connect some other I2C devices with Arduino.
The given project measures ambient temperature and displays values in degree Centigrade and Fahrenheit. TMP102 is simple and accurate digital sensor which can detect very small changes in temperature (0.0625° C) and is accurate up to 0.5°C. You can get all the details of this project on BUILDCIRCUIT.COM


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Time to time people come up with strange, slow-ish methods for drawing text with shadows in GameMaker. This is a tutorial about how to achieve the best effect without any of those struggles.
For this tutorial, aside of GameMaker, you'll need two programs:
- BmFont: A free and open-source bitmap font generator.
- BmFontToGMX: A tool of mine for converting BMFont' fonts into GMS-compatible formats.
Once both are installed, open BMFont, and configure the font settings as per guide on BmFontToGMX page (or import settings from the file provided in BmFontToGMX.gmx/fonts/fnt_test.bmfc).
Then, you'll want to change font settings for your case.
On "Font Settings", set the font, size, style, and "rasterization options". The later affect how font will be output, and you can tweak this until the font looks as crisp/smooth as you want (accept changes and press V to preview the font).
On "Export Options", you need two things:
Tweak "padding" to extend far enough for your desired shadow settings.
For example, if you want shadow to extend 5 pixels outwards and be shown at offset (1, 2), you'd want to set top=(5-2)=3, left=(5-1)=4, right=(5+1)=6, bottom=(5+2)=7.
Here I'm doing a 5px shadow at 1,1 offset so the padding is set to left=4,top=4,right=6,bottom=6.
- Tweak the "Width" and "Height" to be 2N (128, 256, 512, 1024,...) values that are large enough for you font to fit onto a single "page" when previewing (title showing "1/1").
Once all is done and your font fits into one page on preview, export two copies of it - one is going to be the font' color, and other is going to be the font' shadow. I'm going to name them fnt_test0 (shadow) and fnt_test1 (color) accordingly.
Now, it's time to add the shadow. If you are using Paint.NET, you can use this plugin for "Filters - Object - Drop Shadow". Most other editors have a built-in effect for shadows. In worst case, you can simply apply "guassian blur" for shadow blurring and move the image around for shadow offset.
If you are using the linked PDN plugin, you would change the settings as intended, before finally changing the color to white and unticking "keep original image".
The result should look like following:
Next, you would convert both fonts to GMS fonts by dragging the.fnt files onto BmFontToGMX executable inside the "bin" directory.
Then, you would import both fonts into your GMS projects by dragging.font.gmx files onto the GameMaker: Studio window with the project open.
So now to the actual trick - to draw text with a shadow, you set the font to blurry/shadowy one and color to shadow' color, draw the text once (producing a shadow), then set the font to regular one and color to text' color, and draw it at the same location to produce text on top of shadow.
For example, for the post' demo I made this simple script:
/// test_text_shadow(x, y, text) var _x = argument0; var _y = argument1; var s = argument2; var c = draw_get_color(); // draw shadow: draw_set_color(c_black); draw_set_font(fnt_test0); draw_text(_x, _y, s); // draw color: draw_set_color(c); draw_set_font(fnt_test1); draw_text(_x, _y, s);
Allowing to do
draw_set_halign(fa_center); draw_set_valign(fa_middle); test_text_shadow(room_width/2, room_height/2, "Hello World!");
To produce the text with a fancy shadow as shown in the beggining of the post:
- If you are calculating/applying the shadow' offset programmatically, you can keep even padding on all sides of the font when exporting.
- The same approach can be used for outlines, glow, and numerous other text effects.
- You can use Littera (with fnt export format) instead of BMFont, but only with pack methods 6/7.
You can also download the Sample GMZ with the resulting fonts and script from this tutorial if you like.


text:
Issue No.03 - July-Sept. (2013 vol.35)
DOI Bookmark: _URL_
This article proposes a methodological approach to the historiography of computing in terms of information hiding--that is, the introduction of levels of abstraction (LoAs) between the human being and the computing machine. This approach applies the LoAs, in terms of the epistemological levelism proposed within the philosophy of information, to the transition from ancient to modern computing. In particular, the black-box metaphor and von Neumann's architectures are discussed. Also, the authors propose a formal LoAs method as a mathematical counterpart. Information itself is then treated as structure-preserving functions so that a LoA can distinguish what kind of information gets hidden when human beings interact with computing machines.
History, Human computer interaction, Mathematics, Information technology, Software engineering, black box metaphor, history of computing, historiography of computing, philosophy of information
"From Ancient to Modern Computing: A History of Information Hiding", IEEE Annals of the History of Computing, vol.35, no. 3, pp. 33-39, July-Sept. 2013, doi:10.1109/MAHC.2013.1


text: Biorefining is the efficient processing of biomass into a wide range of marketable products and energy. By means of co-producing relatively (high) value chemicals (e.g. fine chemicals, pharmaceuticals, polymers) the production costs of secondary energy carriers potentially could become market competitors, especially when biorefining is integrated into the existing chemical, material and power industries. Industrial biorefineries have been identified as the novel route to the creation of a new domestic bio based industry. By producing multiple products; a biorefinery can take advantage of the differences in biomass components and intermediates and maximize the value derived from the biomass feedstock.


Adventure Travel News
Sail to Lazaretto Island for a history lesson
Tourists who choose to go Greek Islands sailing know to hit some of the big name landmarks. However, there are smaller islands worth seeing during an adventure.
Those who are making a point to visit Corfu should also make their way to Lazaretto Island, which is just two nautical miles away. Although it's not as well-known as some of the other islands in the area, Lazaretto offers a lot of history.
Originally used as a leper colony in the 16th century, the island has held other uses. During the 1798 French occupation, the Russo-Turkish fleet ran a military hospital on the island, and the land was used again during the British occupation in 1814 after it received renovations.
The island is currently under renovation, as the church that resides on Lazaretto is being restored in order to become a museum dedicated to the National Resistance. During World War II, the island was used as a concentration camp for prisoners of the Greek National Resistance movement.
Posted on Thursday, June 28th, 2012


text:
- Chemistry is one of those things that just cannot be planned for when casting a film.
- At present, if you draw a company pension you cannot go back to work for that company.
- The workload in Bradford is so great that it cannot take on any new clients at present.
Both the one-word form cannot and the two-word form can not are acceptable, but cannot is more common (in the Oxford English Corpus, three times as common). The two-word form is better only in a construction in which not is part of a set phrase, such as 'not only... but (also)': Paul can not only sing well, but he also paints brilliantly.
Definition of cannot in:
- The British & World English dictionary


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CONTEXT: Tissue cortisol exposure is under the control of the isozymes of 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (11β-HSD). 11β-HSD1 in vivo, acts as an oxoreductase converting inactive cortisone to active cortisol. We hypothesized that 11β-HSD1 activity is dysregulated in obesity and alters following bariatric surgery induced weight loss in different tissues. METHODS: We recruited 21 patients prior to undergoing bariatric surgery and performed cortisol generation profiles (following oral cortisone administration), urinary corticosteroid metabolite analysis, adipose tissue microdialysis, and tissue gene expression before and after weight loss, following bariatric surgery. Archived tissue samples from 20 previous bariatric surgery patients were also used for tissue gene expression studies. RESULTS: Gene expression showed a positive correlation with 11β-HSD1 and BMI in omental adipose tissue (OM) (r = +0.52, P =.0001) but not sc adipose tissue (r = +0.28, P =.17). 11β-HSD1 expression in liver negatively correlated with body mass index (BMI) (r = -0.37, P =.04). 11β-HSD1 expression in sc adipose tissue was significantly reduced after weight loss (0.41 ± 0.28 vs 0.17 ± 0.1 arbitrary units, P =.02). Following weight loss, serum cortisol generation increased during a cortisol generation profile (area under the curve 26 768 ± 16 880 vs 47 579 ± 16 086 nmol/L/minute, P ≤.0001.) Urinary corticosteroid metabolites demonstrated a significant reduction in total cortisol metabolites after bariatric surgery (15 224 ± 6595 vs 8814 ± 4824 μg/24 h, P =.01). Microdialysis of sc adipose tissue showed a threefold reduction in cortisol/cortisone ratio after weight loss. CONCLUSIONS: This study highlights the differences in tissue specific regulation of cortisol metabolism in obesity and after weight loss. Following bariatric surgery hepatic 11β-HSD1 activity increases, sc adipose tissue 11β-HSD1 activity is reduced and total urinary cortisol metabolites are reduced indicating a possible reduction in hypothalamic pituitary adrenal axis drive. 11β-HSD1 expression correlates positively with BMI in omental adipose tissue and negatively within hepatic tissue. 11β-HSD1 expression is reduced in sc adipose tissue after weight loss.
Original publication
Journal article
J Clin Endocrinol Metab
Publication Date
1434 - 1444
11-beta-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase Type 1, Adult, Aged, Bariatric Surgery, Case-Control Studies, Female, Glucocorticoids, Humans, Male, Microdialysis, Middle Aged, Obesity, Morbid, Organ Specificity, Receptors, Glucocorticoid, Subcutaneous Fat, Weight Loss


Maximum Number of DLLs
Some packages contain native code, which is linked to R dynamically in the form of dynamically loaded libraries (DLLs). Recently, R users started loading increasing numbers of packages; "workflow documents" are one source of this pattern. This has eventually lead to hitting the DLL limit in R, which materializes as runtime error "maximal number of DLLs reached".
Limit on the number of open files
The DLL limit in R is good for one important reason. Each loaded DLL will consume at least one open file descriptor in the implementation of the dynamic loader (on Unix inside dlopen). It can consume more due to loading of dependent libraries. Operating systems limit the number of open files per process and on some systems the limit is very low. It has been reported in the past to be as low as 256 by default on some systems and todays OS/X platforms still have it at 256 by default. The limit is usually higher on Linux (e.g. 1024) and is very high (essentially non-existent) on Windows. It can be increased on both OS/X and Linux, but it is not easy for regular users. If the limit on the number of open files is reached, R will start behaving unpredictably as opening files will start failing – diagnosing that the file limit is the problem may be very difficult (the failures may show up in any code of R runtime but also in packages; error messages may not be properly propagated to the user in full detail). At the same time, diagnosing that the DLL limit has been reached is easy, one gets a standard R error message saying exactly this when trying to load a DLL, usually via loading a package.
On POSIX systems (applies to Unix and OS/X of R platforms), the limit on the number of open files is referred to as RLIMIT_NOFILE, it can be detected by getrlimit() and changed, following certain restrictions, by setrlimit(). There is a hard limit and a soft limit. The hard limit can be irreversibly lowered by a user process. The soft limit can be set (reversibly) to any value as permitted by the hard limit. One can change these limits from a shell using utility ulimit. The utility is not required by POSIX to support the file limit, but it typically does in shells on Linux and OS/X. An example from an OS/X 10.13.3 system:
$ ulimit -n
$ ulimit -Sn
$ ulimit -Hn
In the example, the soft limit on the system is 256, but there is no (small) hard limit. In fact, there is a limit to the hard limit, it is just not shown by the call. One can thus, with user privileges, simply increase the soft limit to be able to open more files in processes executed further by the shell, so one can just do this before running R:
$ ulimit -Sn 2048
ulimit -n 2048 would do as well, but it would modify both the soft and the hard limits, and so one would not be able to increase it further, e.g. for experimentation purposes.
There is also a limit on the number of open files set in the OS kernel. On OS/X, these are parameters kern.maxfiles and kern.maxfilesperproc and can be changed via sysctl (they are 98304 and 49152 on my system). It is very unlikely one would have to change these.
DLL registry representation in R
Meta-data about loaded DLLs in R is kept in a fixed-size array allocated at R startup, so setting the size high incurs a memory overhead. In principle, the data structure could be changed to a linked list (and we received a rather extensive patch suggesting to do that). However, one entry of the array takes only 96 bytes (on my 64-bit Linux), so having the limit very high, say a thousand or more, by default would not be a real issue on todays systems with large amounts of memory and perhaps not worth increasing the complexity of this code. One could instead consider re-allocating the array on demand, but it seems there may be pointers inside these entries (I could not persuade myself based on reading the code that moving the entries in memory would be safe). The memory overhead is still small, the real issue that prevents people from loading the DLLs is the number of open files.
Overheads of loading many packages
Apart from that it might not be a good idea conceptually, loading excessive number of packages may not be advisable also for performance reasons. Even though packages use so called lazy loading, there are some operations performed eagerly when packages are loaded, particularly by S4/methods implementation. Some Bioconductor packages have been seen to take 12 seconds to load on a modern computer (including dependent packages), I've experimented with yriMulti which took that long (including dependent packages) and it seems most time has been spent in updating method tables. It would be good to reduce these overhead in the future, but for now they should be taken into consideration.
DLL limit in recent versions of R
In R 3.3.x, the maximum number of DLLs has been fixed to 100. The known minimum default limit on the number of open files was (only) 256, so there was a 156-files buffer to cater for that DLLs may take more than one file and for other files to be open by R runtime and packages.
In R 3.4.x, the maximum number of DLLs can be modified via environment variable R_MAX_NUM_DLLS. The variable is checked on R startup and the fixed array (the registry) is pre-allocated. Setting the variable already inside running R has no effect on that instance of R. The minimum permissible value is 100 and the maximum is 1000 (yet permitting the limit on the number of open files). The limit on the number of open files is detected via getrlimit() on POSIX systems, and is hardcoded (very high) on Windows. If such limit is known, the maximum number of DLLs can be up to 60% of the file limit (so the buffer can be a bit smaller than in R 3.3.x). If no such limit is known, the maximum number of DLLs remains 100. If the limit on the number of open files is so small that we could not even set the limit on DLLs to 100, R fails to start with an informative error message.
This allowed users requiring to load many DLLs to increase the DLL limit, but on systems with a small limit on the number of open files (typically OS/X), this also required increasing that limit as well.
To make this behavior more user-friendly, R 3.5.0 automatically aims at a higher DLL limit (currently 614) when R_MAX_NUM_DLLS is not set. When the OS limit on the number of open files is too small for this, R attempts to increase the limit via setrlimit() on POSIX systems (on Windows, no increase is necessary). One thus now gets typically the limit of 614 even on OS/X systems without setting any variables. When R_MAX_NUM_DLLS is set, but the limit on the number of open files is too low, R again attempts to increase the limit. So now, even on OS/X, this succeeds (provided there is no strict hard limit):
env R_MAX_NUM_DLLS=1000 R
One can also see that the file limit is increased automatically:
$ ulimit -n
$ R
> system("ulimit -n")
Listing loaded DLLs
One can list the DLLs registry from R, this could be useful when diagnosing the origins of loaded DLLs:
> getLoadedDLLs()
 Filename Dynamic.Lookup
base base FALSE
methods /Users/tomas/trunk/library/methods/libs/ FALSE
utils /Users/tomas/trunk/library/utils/libs/ FALSE
grDevices /Users/tomas/trunk/library/grDevices/libs/ FALSE
graphics /Users/tomas/trunk/library/graphics/libs/ FALSE
stats /Users/tomas/trunk/library/stats/libs/ FALSE


text:
The Sales per Square Foot KPI measures how much sales revenue you are able to generate for each foot of retail space provided. Use the following formula when calculating the sales per square foot KPI:
Total Net Sales ÷ Total Floor Area
This a popular retail sales KPI because it clearly demonstrates how effective your store layout and retail personnel are at selling product. As such, this KPI is important when redesigning or modernizing retail outlets, and will be the ultimate indicator of whether that redesign was successful or not. Many of the largest retailers will use a similar design concept for all of their stores, and will go to great lengths to ensure uniformity in each location. Therefore, the sales per square foot KPI can also be used to identify when cultural differences are impacting sales and warrant further investigation.
- Sales revenue: Income received through sales activities.
- A high and/or increasing sales per square foot for one or more locations.


text:
State, Scientists and Citizens: Conserving Lake Magenta and Dragon Rocks, Western Australia
Historical Records of Australian Science
25(2) 202 - 216
Published: 11 November 2014
AbstractThe story of efforts to establish two major nature reserves in the south-eastern wheatbelt of Western Australia illuminates some of the many factors shaping the interaction of citizens, scientists, land management bureaucracies, and other stakeholders around the creation of conservation reserves in a semi-arid region in the mid-20th century. This article highlights the significance of citizen scientists as well as professionals in the reservation process, and traces the increasingly strained relationship between Lands and conservation bureaucracies in the context of the rise of the new environment movement. It also points to the importance of international ideas about conservation aims and methods, and suggests that although shifting appraisals of the productive potential of the land were critical to the outcome of negotiations over the proposed reserves, in this period these semi-arid lands were increasingly valued for their scientific and intrinsic qualities.
© Australian Academy of Science 2014


text:
Recommended Year Group: Year 10 / 11 / 12 / 13
Recommended Group Size: Year group
Duration: 30 Mins - 1 Hour
- To introduce the students to vocational progression routes.
- To demonstrate the kind of careers that vocational training can lead to.
Students will :
- Gain a better understanding of what is meant by vocational training and the options it offers.
- Be better informed about the short and long term benefits of a vocational route.
- Understand how apprenticeships are structured.
- The detail relating to pay and minimum wage will need to be kept updated.
- The contact details for local FE colleges will need to be kept updated and any specific information on their application procedures can be added as required.


text:
National Free and Open Source Software Policy
The goal of the project is to help create a National FOSS policy document for central and local government of Republic of Macedonia, based on the example of e-Croatia, in order to achieve higher efficiency in the work state bodies, as well as increased transparency and accountability of public procurement of computer equipment and software.
- Inclusive policy creation process conducted.
- National FOSS Policy finalized and published
- National FOSS Policy adopted by relevant state bodies