Beware of legal lingo
Most people are tricked out of their rights by legalities they did not understand. Beware of legal lingo.
Learn how to avoid the deceptions.
Prerequisite to understanding this essay: Read my blog Your Government's Definition of the Term "must" only some of which is repeated here.
Those who want to play god are always changing pre-existing word definitions. Even the maxim of law that says meanings cannot change, has now changed. It once said:
Maxim of law. A communi observantia non est recedendum. There must be no departure from common usage. Definitions do not change.
But the lawyers changed the definition.
Law dictionary definitions are NOT English dictionary definitions.
THE WORD MUST MEANS MAY. Your Government's definition of the word "MUST" means "May"
You've probably been told that you "Must" file a form, or you "Must" disclose a number. Let's take a closer look.
Caterpillar Tractor Company v. U.S., 589 F.2d 1040 ( Carpenter v. United States, 495 F.2d 175 (5th Cir. 1974); Adler v. Commissioner, 330 F.2d 91 (9th Cir. 1964). And also see GEHL Co. v. Commissioner of Internal Revenue. 795 F.2d 1324):
"Informal publications of IRS all the way up to revenue rulings are simply guides to taxpayers and taxpayer relies on them at his peril."
Brinkley v. Brinkley, 56 N.Y. 192: "Must" as used in statutes has been frequently construed not to be mandatory.
Fort Howard Paper v. Fox River Dist. 26 N.W.2nd 661: The word "shall" in a statute may be construed to mean "may", particularly in order to avoid a constitutional doubt.
Gow v. Consolidated Copper, 165 Atl. 136 (1933): If necessary, to avoid unconstitutionality of a statute, "shall" will be deemed equivalent to "may".
George Williams College v. Village of Williams Bay, 7 N.W.2nd 891: "Shall" in any statute may be construed to mean "may" in order to avoid constitutional doubt.
US Supreme Court, Cairo and Fulton RR Co. v. Hecht, 95 U.S. 168 (1877): As against the government, the word 'shall,' when used in statutes, is to be construed as 'may,' unless a contrary intention is manifest.
Ballou v. Kemp, 95 F.2d 556:
"The word 'shall' in its ordinary sense is imperative. 'When the word "shall" is used in a statute, and a right or benefit to any one depends upon giving it an imperative *559 construction, then that word is to be regarded as peremptory.' But the intent of the act controls, and when the spirit and purpose of the act require the word 'shall' to be construed as permissive it will be done...." [Lewis' Sutherland Statutory Construction, 2d ed., 1904, p. 1155]
"Whether the language of a statute is imperative or merely permissive depends on the intention as disclosed in the nature of the act and in the context. Although the words of a statute are merely permissive, directory, or enabling, they may nevertheless have the force of words of command where the power or duty to which they relate is for the advancement of public justice or the security and protection of public or private rights....
The word 'shall' in a statute may be construed as 'may' where the connection in which it is used or the relation into which it is put with other parts of the same statute indicates that the legislature intended that it should receive such a construction; but if any right to anyone depends on giving the word an imperative construction, the presumption is that the word was used in reference to such right or benefit. 'Shall' ought undoubtedly to be construed as meaning 'must' for the purpose of sustaining or enforcing an existing right, or when a public body is directed to do certain acts." [25 R.C.L. § 15, pp. 767-769]
And just to make things more confusing…
Note how "may" is defined in 34 AmJur, Mandamus, section 72:
"Frequently, however, the word 'may' or the like as used in statutes relating to the duty of public officers is construed as mandatory, and not merely permissive, Anno: 6 L.R.A. 162; 12 L.R.A.(NS) 340, See STATUTES (also 25 RCL p. 750), and when such is the case, mandamus may issue to compel the officer to perform the duty so imposed. Rock Island County v. United States, 4 Wall. (US) 435, 18 LEd,419; Brokaw v. Highway Comrs., 130 Ill482, 22 N.E. 596, 6 L.R.A. 161."
US Supreme Court in Mahler v. Eby 264 US 32:
"It is essential that where an executive is exercising delegated legislative power he should substantially comply with all the statutory requirements in its exercise"
Take a closer look at section 6001 of the Internal Revenue Code. It uses the deceptive terminology "may require" and "or by regulations":
"… Whenever in the judgment of the Secretary it is necessary, he may require any person, by notice served upon such person or by regulations, to make such returns, render such statements, or keep such records, as the Secretary deems sufficient to show whether or not such person is liable for tax under this title."
Concerning the "or by regulations" terminology: This is one of the places where the word "or" really means "and". If you are going to claim that some people are served notice in person, while others are served notice via the publication of regulations, then I demand the equal protection of the law, equal with those who have been served notice in person. [In statutes the word 'or' can mean 'and' unless preceded by a comma.] and of course, "may require" means must require.
LAWS MEAN WHAT CONGRESS INTENDED IT TO MEAN, but cannot exceed a Constitutional purpose.
Justice Felix Frankfurter, in 47 Columbia Law Review 527 (1947), expressed:
"To go beyond [the statute] is to usurp a power which our democracy has lodged in its elected legislature. The great judges have constantly admonished their brethren of the need for discipline in observing the limitations. A judge must not rewrite a statute, neither to enlarge nor to contract it. Whatever temptations the statesmanship of policy-making might wisely suggest, construction must eschew interpolation and evisceration. He must not read in by way of creation. He must not read out except to avoid patent nonsense or internal contradiction.
The word "Include" is an inclusive term. It cannot be expanded to include items outside the category being defined.
Inclusio Unius Exclusio Alterius This Latin phrase means, including one excludes others.
The inclusion of a specific term in a particular context may be safely interpreted to indicate the writer intented to exclude other terms.
For example, if a sentence specifically refers to items in commerce, this rule forbids lawyers and judges from expanding the writer's intent (e.g., the intent of Congress, your state legislature, or even an opposing party).
By referring to commercial purposes only, a sentence may not be "interpreted" as also referring to privately owned items.
It is not the authority of courts to expand what a law or regulation beyond what it specifically says!
If a sentence you encounter at court makes specific mention of "motor vehicles", one is permitted to interpret it as including trucks, buses, motorcycles, automobiles, and other motor-driven vehicles used in commerce.
If a statute makes specific mention only of "commercial use", (your state's jaywalking laws for example) then inclusio unius, exclusio alterius forbids interpreting that sentence to include pedestrians who are not in commerce. (such as jaywalking laws).
The word "include" is from Latin inclaudere to shut in, to keep within. In other words, include means everything within the list excludes anything outside the list.
Every Law Dictionary will tell you:
Black's Law Dictionary did not have the new definition of Include until the 1933 edition. It can now mean "in addition to" or "and".
But the word inclusive still excludes everything else.
U.S. Supreme Court in Colautti v. Franklin:
"It is axiomatic that the statutory definition of the term excludes unstated meanings of that term. Colautti v. Franklin, 439 U. S. 379, 392, and n. 10 (1979). … As judges it is our duty to 485* construe legislation as it is written, not as it might be read by a layman, or as it might be understood by someone who has not even read it." Meese v. Keene, 481 U.S. 465, 484-485 (1987).
Note 10 of Colautti Ibid, reads:
"[10] … As a rule, "[a] definition which declares what a term 'means'... excludes any meaning that is not stated." 2A C. Sands, Statutes and Statutory Construction § 47.07 (4th ed. Supp. 197


Creative Classroom
Creative Classroom Group is continuing its 8 years old journey to the new groups' platform, a journey that started on 10/02/2010. A creative community of teachers, friends, where we share our experience, ideas, take part in creative activities, expert talks and learn from each other how to work creatively in our class.Creative Classroom is about sharing creatively and recognizing teachers' work at school!!
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The Effects of Acute and Repeated Nicotine Doses On Spontaneous Activity in Male and Female Sprague Dawley Ratsanalysis of Brain Area Epibatidine Binding and Cotinine Levels
Previous research in this laboratory has shown that nicotine's effects on spontaneous activity are contingent on individual differences, attenuating activity in high active rats and increasing it in low active rats. This study was designed to further evaluate this phenomenon, and to compare it with nicotine's effects on nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) expression in several brain regions. Male and female Sprague-Dawley rats selected for differences in baseline activity were administered nicotine twice daily for 14 days, and its effects on spontaneous activity were evaluated following 1, 13 and 27 doses. Furthermore, [3H] epibatidine binding and plasma cotinine levels were evaluated 24 h after the 28th dose. Contrary to previous findings, the effects of repeated nicotine on spontaneous activity were minimally contingent on baseline activity levels. Following an initial attenuation, males, but not females, exhibited sensitization to nicotine's effects on spontaneous activity. [3H] epibatidine was significantly increased in several brain regions in both male and female nicotine-treated animals, and in females selected for high activity at baseline. However, a clear relationship between these effects and spontaneous activity was not found, due to the lack of consistent effects of nicotine administration and baseline activity on spontaneous activity. Interestingly, significant correlations suggest that rats exhibiting higher spontaneous activity on the final test day were differentially marked by higher [3H] epibatidine. Cotinine levels were higher in low activity males than in high activity males, but no differences were observed between high and low activity females. Thus, no clear relationship between this variable and spontaneous activity could be discerned. Based on these data, no simple relationships between the effects of nicotine administration or baseline activity on [3H] epibatidine binding, nicotine metabolism, or spontaneous activity were observed. However, a relationship between [3H] epibatidine and spontaneous activity on the final test day is suggested.
MSU Digital Commons Citation
Pehrson, Alan; Philibin, Scott D.; Gross, Daniel; Robinson, Susan E.; Vann, Robert E.; Rosecrans, John A.; and James, John R., "The Effects of Acute and Repeated Nicotine Doses On Spontaneous Activity in Male and Female Sprague Dawley Ratsanalysis of Brain Area Epibatidine Binding and Cotinine Levels" (2008). Department of Psychology Faculty Scholarship and Creative Works. 493.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


Village of Frazeysburg
Muskingum County, Ohio, USA
Contact Info
Village of Frazeysburg
7 W. 2nd Street
PO Box 160
Frazyesburg, Oh 43822-0160
Phone: _PHONE_
Fax: _PHONE_
Police Questioning
Frequently in the course of carrying out their duties in law enforcement, it becomes necessary for police officers to stop a person and make an inquiry such as:
 - What is your name?
 - What is your address?
 - Do you have any identification?
The Frazeysburg Police Department strives to provide service to everyone in the community fairly and equally. Sometimes a very routine encounter may cause a person to feel intimidated or to respond in a manner which gives rise to conflict or suspicion. We hope that the information on this page will be helpful in explaining why an officer may have to stop and question a citizen and reduce elements of conflict when confronted by an officer. It will explain what to expect if a police officer stops you for questioning and also provide some guidelines on how to respond to the questioning process. You are cautioned, however, that this is not a legal advisory.
Why Question?
When law enforcement representatives question a person, there are underlying reasons. They may be checking on some complaint phoned into police by someone in the community. They may have received a report of some criminal activity which has just occurred in the area. Your presence might indicate that you are a potential witness who would be able to provide valuable information in an investigation. In some cases the officers' observations may lead them to think you are having trouble and need assistance.
Sometimes purely innocent behavior can be suspicious to police. For example, if you go for a night-time run, and you happen to run by a business that had an alarm go off in the past few minutes, you can see why police would be interested to know what you were doing. After a few questions and police being given the opportunity to examine the situation up front, the matter will be resolved.The best way for them to clarify the situation is to ask questions. With all due respect to citizens' rights, officers have a responsibility to properly investigate matters which may threaten public safety or involve breaking the law. Their questions are not necessarily an accusation, and your cooperative response can alleviate potential conflict. If officers just assumed everyone was obeying the law, crimes or violations of the law would never be stopped.
Police continually have to perform a balancing act - being conscious of your rights and your presumtion of innocence but also investigating crimes or possible crimes.
Using the example above, if you are a business owner who has been burglarized several times, and you bought an expensive alarm system to protect it, you would expect the police to check your business when it goes off. Certainly if it is night time, and you went to check on your business yourself, and you saw someone running away from it, you might think they just broke in and got scared by the alarm. You would probably call 9-1-1 and want that person stopped, especially if there was damage to your property.
If the Police Stop You on the Street
Sometimes problems arise when it seems as if a police officer has stopped to question you for what appears to be no reason at all. Rest assured, if the police are stopping you, there is a reason, allow the officer time to explain what is going on. Sometimes the time factor may be crucial in investigating a possible crime, police officers are trained to observe and evaluate a situation and to act if they have a reasonable suspicion that you may in some way be involved in an incident. We thank you in advance for your future cooperation to help us keep you and your property safe!


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Montezuma quail () are found primarily in Mexico along the Sierra Madre mountains, however, their range extends briefly into the southwestern United States. States that have populations of montezuma quail are Arizona, New Mexico, and Texas. Populations are scattered along mountain ranges at elevations of 1000 m and above in eastern and southeastern Arizona, extending into western and southern New Mexico. Texas has a few isolated populations in the western portion of the state at similar elevations. Montezuma quail have been observed in Arizona at elevations as high as 3050 m on Escudilla Mountain, Green's Peak and Mt. Baldy. (Brown, 1989; Sibley and Monroe, 1990)
Typical habitats of montezuma quail are oak savannas or oak-pine woodlands. These vegetative communities coincide with the species elevational distribution. Although rare, small populations have been recorded in pinion-juniper woodlands, mesquite grasslands, and mixed conifer forests. (Brown, 1989; Russel and Monson, 1998; Stromberg, 2000)
Montezuma quail are plump, stocky birds resembling other new world quails. Adults are 205 to 230 mm long, slightly shorter than the other western quails. The species exhibits strong sexual dimorphism in plumage coloration, although markings are very intricate in both sexes. Males have a distinct black and white face pattern. The contour feathers on the male's ventral side are black with spots, except for a central patch of dark cinnamon feathers extending posteriorly from the breast. Females lack the black and brilliant white on their faces found in males. Females are also more brown overall. Montezuma quail can be distinguished from Gambel's quail (Callipepla gambelii) by their lack of a prominent "top-knot" as well as other color differences. Other quail that may co-occur in areas with montezuma quail are northern bobwhite (Collinus virginianus) in east Texas. These more closely resemble montezuma quail, but the species can be differentiated relatively easy upon close inspection. (Stromberg, 2000)
Nesting occurs from late June thru August, however, newly hatched young have been found as late as September in Sonora Mexico. Montezuma Quail nest on the ground in areas with adequate protection. Nests are covered structures usually woven with grass. Both males and females participate in incubation of the eggs and brooding of the young for the first few days after hatching. The average clutch size is 10 and double brooding in the wild has not been reported. Reproductive success is thought to be correlated with summer precipitation. Summer rains increase abundance and growth of food plants and increase the biomass of native perennial bunchgrasses which provide critical cover and protection for the quail. (Brown 1989, Albers and Gehlbach 1990, Stromberg 2000)
Montezuma quail young are precocial and are usually out of the nest foraging for food soon after hatching. When born, the young are fully feathered and capable of quick sprints to the nearest cover. During the first week, parents teach the young which food sources are palatable and often expose bulbs and insects to the chicks. Within 1 week, the chicks forage independently. Like many other species in the avian world, growth of the young follows a sigmoid curve. Juveniles reach adult weight between 10 and 11 weeks. After this time, the young are well developed and fully capable of flight comparable to that of adults. Juveniles will attempt to reproduce in their first year of life. (Stromberg 2000)
In captivity, montezuma quail may live up to 7 years but the lifespan of free-ranging birds is much lower due to less than optimal conditions and predation. (Stromberg, 2000)
Montezuma quail spend all of their time foraging and roosting on the ground in coveys, or small flocks. Flight is typical of other North American quail, consisting of a loud and powerful take off with rapid wing beats, quickly giving way to gliding flight. Distances flown are generally very short. Montezuma quail generally fly only as a last resort, preferring to run and "freeze". The typical behavior of montezuma quail when a predator is detected is to run to the nearest cover. The quail then remain crouched and rely on their amazingly effective cryptic coloration and motionless posture to elude the predator. Montezuma quail are renowned for their tendency to hold tight in thick cover. This trait gives the species a very low detectability in surveys. Because of this, the Arizona Game and Fish Department uses hunting dogs to assist in finding quail during surveys. This behavior of montezuma quail has also earned it the name "Fool's Quail" because many a hunter has had a humbling experience when pursuing the elusive birds.
Coveys forage strictly on the ground. After the covey leaves the roost, usually near a creek bed, the birds feed uphill staying close together. Their diet consist primarily of bulbs from wood sorrel (Oxalis spp.) and flat sedges (Cyperus spp.). Consequently, the birds are often seen digging in moist soil with their elongated claws adapted for exposing roots and tubers. Montezuma quail will also consume mast during years of productive crops. Insects and their pupa are another important food source when available. The birds generally shift their diet toward higher consumption of insects during the summer months when the prey are more abundant. Insects, however, may be eaten year round. A male harvested in November near the Buenos Aries National Wildlife Refuge in Arizona had parts from 8 large grasshoppers in its crop (P. Greer, pers. obsv.). Seeds from various grasses and forbs can also be an important food source for Montezuma Quail. Like other species of quail in the southwest, drinking water is not required to maintain internal water balance. (Albers and Gehlbach, 1990; Russel and Monson, 1998; Stromberg, 2000)
Montezuma quail are preyed upon most commonly by avian predators such as Cooper's hawks, (Accipiter cooperii) northern goshawks, (Accipiter gentilis) and northern harriers (Circus cyaneus). The elusive quail are more of a challenge for terrestrial predators but are occasionally killed by coyotes (Canis latrans). When nests are found, the eggs would likely be consumed by an array of carnivorous animals such as skunks (Mephitis) and various snakes. Montezuma quail are also considered a gamebird and hunted in Arizona, New Mexico, and Mexico. (Stromberg, 2000)
Montezuma quail are highly dependant on the dense understory grass cover of native annual and perennial plants characteristic of a healthy evergreen oak woodland community. Thus, the status of montezuma quail populations may reflect the health of the ecosystem.
Montezuma quail are considered game birds and hunted in Arizona, New Mexico, and to some degree in Mexico. The popularity of montezuma quail has steadily increased over the past two decades. Hunters in pursuit of these unique galliforms travel across the country each fall to search for montezuma quail in Arizona and New Mexico. The tendency of the birds to hold tight before flushing is also a desirable trait in a game bird which allows the use of various pointing breeds of bird dogs. This popularity among hunters brings substantial income to local guiding services and communities in montezuma quail country each hunting season.
Conservation efforts directed at improving montezuma quail habitat may indirectly affect livestock grazing permittees in these areas. (See Conservation Section)
Montezuma Quail are directly dependent upon a thick ground cover of native perennial bunchgrasses for nesting habitat and escape cover. Consequently, the species is vulnerable to habitat alteration from overgrazing by livestock, change in weather patterns, and the spread of non-native plant species. Brown (1982) showed quail numbers declined in allotments where heavy grazing occurred although these areas did experience an increase in abundance of forage species. The negative effects of cover removal, however, outweighed the increase in forage. Stromberg (2000) stated that habitats subjected to reduction of greater than 50% of the annual grass production could not support viable populations of Montezuma Quail. Consequently, management objectives should be directed at maintaining the natural biomass of ground cover in these habitats. The most effective means of accomplishing this would be reducing livestock grazing permits. This alternative would likely be met with opposition from the ranching community. (See Economic Importance for Humans Section) (Brown 1982, Albers and Gehlbach 1990, Stromberg 2000)
Other common names of montezuma quail are: Mearn's quail, fool's quail, and harlequin quail.
Paul Greer (author), University of Arizona, Todd McWhorter (editor), University of Arizona.
living in the Nearctic biogeographic province, the northern part of the New World. This includes Greenland, the Canadian Arctic islands, and all of the North American as far south as the highlands of central Mexico.
uses sound to communicate
having body symmetry such that the animal can be divided in one plane into two mirror-image halves. Animals with bilateral symmetry have dorsal and ventral sides, as


monthly instalments. You can also start making payments, even if your monthly income has not yet reached the repayment plan trigger point.
 - Know what you'll have to repay
Not all the money that you will get has to be repaid. For example, you will have to repay tuition fee loans, maintenance loans and postgraduate loans. However, all the money that you get through grants and bursaries is yours to keep and use as you see fit.
Student loans are serious long-term commitments that will affect your financial life for up to a decade or more. However, most loans are designed to be both accessible and easy to pay and shouldn't be feared. It is in the interest of the lenders to get their money back, which means that the terms and conditions of the loans are designed to maximise your ability to repay the money.
How the Unemployed Can Qualify for Short Term Loan
Most people think that only those that have a regular job can borrow money from lending companies. However, there are lending institutions that cater to borrowers that are unemployed but who receive monthly benefits from the government. Besides, lenders would also evaluate the situation of the borrower. Some people that apply for a short term loan have other sources of income that would allow them to make monthly payments for their mortgage.
Here are the unemployed people in the UK who can qualify for any short term loan.
Allowance for People Looking for a Job
People who are actively looking for a job and are capable of working may enjoy this type of benefit and qualify for a short term loan if they have a financial emergency. The profit comes every month until such time that the person is employed. Hence, even if they are still looking for a job, these people can qualify for a short term loan.
Employment and Support Allowance
Citizens of the UK whose capability to work is limited because of a physical defect or illness receive a regular allowance from the government. The benefit arrives monthly. Lending companies are willing to extend credit because the compensation they receive is also a form of income. These government beneficiaries may apply for a payday loan or other types of short term credits.
Income Support
Income support is a financial benefit given to a pregnant woman or a solo parent of a child that is five years old or below. A person that provides care for the elderly or homeless children or orphans also receives income support in the UK.
Things that Lenders Require for Loan Approval of Unemployed Applicants
People who do not have a stable job and rely solely on their benefits must show that they are receiving a regular income that includes the benefits that they collect from the government. If the benefits arrive regularly, lenders would feel confident that you can pay back your loan. Lending companies would have an idea of how much money to lend if they know the number of your monthly benefits.
Lenders would also want to see a borrower's credit history through which they could see if you have been paying your loans and other debts diligently. An excellent credit history would help you get a quick loan. To clear all records of your debts, pay first a pending loan before you apply for a short term loan for the unemployed.
Make sure to check your credit score. Some agencies give ratings to creditors according to their reliability and capability to pay back a loan. However, if your score is low, you might still get a loan since lending institutions would also consider your source of income. In many instances, even people with a meagre credit score can always borrow money from particular lending institutions.
Fortunately, some lending companies do not ask you to have a guarantor, even if you are unemployed. As long as your unemployment benefits come on time, you could quickly get a loan. You do not have to offer collateral as well. Indeed, short term loans are the easiest to understand, even if you are not working and receiving a salary.
People who are unemployed or living on benefits are prone to become victims of loan sharks because they find it hard to borrow money from formal lending institutions. To save creditors from illegal lenders that charge an exorbitant interest rate, speciality lenders are now open for unemployed borrowers or those depending on their government benefits.
Most of these lending firms accept an online application and process them fast that clients can get their funds a few hours after applying.
When is it a good idea to apply for a personal loan?
Personal loans are becoming increasingly attractive as the requirements for getting them drop. Unlike other types of debt, personal loans do not come with any restrictions in terms of how you can use the money. They also often have lower interest rates than other types of loans, making them the go-to choice for individuals who a moderate amount of money as fast as possible.
This having been said, the amount of freedom that banks and other lenders offer through personal loans can also work against you, in the sense that they may become too attractive. Although these loans are easy to get and do not require that you put up any collateral, they are still serious financial commitments. As a result, applying for one if you have other options, or if you do not need the money for a serious matter can quickly damage your financial life and affect your credit rating.
Only apply for a loan when you need it
There are certain circumstances under which applying for a personal loan is not only preferable but may even be cheaper than if you were to use other banking services. These recommendations may seem restrictive, however, they are meant to help you maintain a good credit rating. They will also allow you to use the money from the loan to its full potential. Here are the situations when getting a personal loan is a good idea:
 - When consolidating credit cards
Although credit cards are easy to use and also tempting, they can be a financial nightmare if you max them out. The situation can get considerably worse if you have multiple credit cards that you use on a daily or weekly basis.
If your credit card debt becomes too expensive, you can get a personal loan and use the money in order to consolidate them. In other words, you will use the money to top off your credit cards, provided that the interest attached to the personal loan is lower than the annual percentage rates on your credit cards.
 - When refinancing student loans
Student loans can be as problematic as they are useful, especially if you end up having to pay a variable interest rate. Although these loans often span over the course of 10 or more years, and the monthly payments are bearable, they can be expensive in the long run. If you are able to negotiate with the bank and get a personal loan that has a monthly interest rate that is lower than that of your student loan, it will be a good refinancing option. Overall, you will have to return the same amount of money, but with a lower interest rate, the debt will be put less pressure on your personal finances.
 - If to lower your credit utilisation ratio or pay for a large purchase
Paying for large purchases using a credit card can wreak havoc when it comes to your credit score rating. If you either are close to maxing out your credit cards due to one or more large purchases or want to buy an expensive product, consider using the money from a personal loan instead of a credit card. Getting the money may take longer as the bank will need time to review your request, but the debt will be more affordable in the long run.
 - Pay for an emergency expense
There are no restrictions when it comes to what you can do with the money from a personal loan, however, this does not mean that it is not a serious financial commitment. Even when it comes to this type of loan, banks will not approve your application if you have a low credit score. As a result, try to only take out a personal loan when you absolutely need it. For example, if you need to pay for a medical procedure, treatment, or for repairs done to your home.
Generally speaking, getting a personal loan is a good idea only if you truly need the money. The fact that the banks give them out relatively easily and that the money does not have any spending restrictions attached to it should not encourage you to get personal loans to pay for luxury items or nonessential products.


text:
Attila the Hun was the ruler of the Huns and leader of the Hunnic Empire from 434 to his death in 453. Though the details of his death are a little sketchy and several different accounts and theories have been presented, they all center around the cause of death being a nose bleed in early 453.
What is most often claimed is that Attila the Hun died of a nosebleed on his wedding night. He had just married a woman named Ildico. A going theory is that he died of a hemorrhoid in his esophagus which was caused by heavy drinking.
Chronic alcoholism can lead to acid reflux disease, which can lead to ruptures in the esophagus. This would mean it wasn't his nose really bleeding at all, but blood would still have been flowing out his nostrils and mouth. A
nother account claims that his nose suddenly began bleeding very severely during the wedding feast and in the ensuing confusion, he choked to death. One more theory is that he died of internal bleeding. There is also an account that claims his wife killed him, but most scholars reject it as hearsay.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


text:
= B =
Used of human behavior, conveys that the
subject is busy waiting for someone or something, intends to move
instantly as soon as it shows up, and thus cannot do anything else
at the moment. "Can't talk now, I'm busy-waiting till Bill gets
off the phone."
Technically, 'busy-wait' means to wait on an event by
spinning through a tight or timed-delay loop that polls for
the event on each pass, as opposed to setting up an interrupt
handler and continuing execution on another part of the task. In
applications this is a wasteful technique, and best avoided on
time-sharing systems where a busy-waiting program may hog the
processor. However, it is often unavoidable in kernel programming.
In the Linux world, kernel busy-waits are usually referred to as
--The Jargon File version 4.3.1, ed. ESR, autonoded by rescdsk.


Iran Politics Club
Meaning of Faravahar
Website For Thinking Iranians
Back to index Meaning of Faravahar,
Derafsh Kaviani and Persian Colors
Meaning of Faravahar, Derafsh Kaviani and Persian Colors
Ahreeman X
May 12, 2007
I wrote this document a long ago, when we started the IPC, but recently, I have revised and updated it.
Derafsh Kaviani (The Mythical History)
The mythical history of Iran and Shahnameh by Ferdowsi takes Derafsh Kaviani back to the ancient times of Kianian Era. Kaveh the Ironsmith torn his leather shirt and put it on a spear-top, risen it in the sky and this is how Derafsh Kaviani started its existence. Kaveh became the symbol of revolutionaries and started a revolt against the Tazi (Arab) King Zahak, who occupied Iran. This rebellion expanded to a full blown revolution and ended up in Fereydoun (The Iranian King) of Kiani Dynasty to eliminate Zahak and for Iranians to once more rule Iran. Of course some historians report that Ferdowsi's Shahnameh is inspired by actual history. Some believe that Zahak represents Astiak (Azhidahak) the Median King and Fereydoun is actually Cyrus The Great, starter of the Achaemenid Dynasty. The problem with this theory is that Meds were Persian (Iranian) and not Arabs!
Then there is the theory that Kaveh was actually based on "Yaqub Leis Saffarid" the liberator of Iran who kicked the Arab Caliph (supposedly Zahak) out of Iran and revived the Iranian rule of Saffarids (Fereydoun's Kiani Dynasty's rule).
Theories are many, but even thought Shahnameh is inspired by true history, yet it is not the actual history of Iran. Shahnameh is a great epical book but it is far from actual history. Kiani Dynasty could have been a dynasty in Pre-Median Iran or it could be Saffarids; however, either way, the details do not match the actual history. It seems like Ferdowsi mixed and matched various eras of the Persian History to create Shahnameh. Great epic, yet not actual history indeed.
Derafsh Kaviani (The Actual History)
According to the historical evidence, so far we can date the Derafsh Kaviani all the way back to the Pre-Avesta Era (850 BC - 728 BC) and The Kingdom Era (728 BC - 559 BC).
For more information, review:
Pictorial History of Iranian Flags
The Derafsh at those times, was in its primitive form. Later on it had evolved to its Sassanid form.
The Original Derafsh Kaviani
Derafsh Kaviani (The Sassanid Era)
The Sassanid Derafsh Kaviani (224 AD - 651 AD) was supposedly originated from the torn leather shirt of Kaveh; therefore, it was made of leather.
The Sassanid Version of Derafsh Kaviani
The Derafsh had evolved to 7 meter long and 5 meter wide and each Sassanid Shahanshah used to add a few more precious stones to the Derfsh. As we see, the Derafsh was reported to have been made from the Panther Skin. Derafsh was a square piece of valuable and fine crafted Panther Skin Leather placed on a spear. The tip of the spear was clearly visible on top of the banner. The pattern on the banner was a large star with a central circle and four pieces of diamond, oval or paisley shaped wings on four sides of the central circle. On top of this large star was also placed another small star represented by another circle (Ferdowsi states it as "Akhtar Kaviani"). Four sides of this banner was designed with precious shreds of gold and silver thread fabrics and silk. At the bottom of the banner there were four roots in form of sashes. These sashes were made of precious fabrics such as silk, satin and other shiny textile material, each containing various numbers of precious stones along the body and end-piece of it. These sashes were in yellow, purple, red and white fabrics. There were jewels all over the banner stitched in the leather. These jewels were of large size pieces and extremely valuable. These pieces were consisting of diamonds, emeralds, rubies, turquoise, onyx, amethyst, and other precious stones. Each Shahanshah of Sassanid used to ad more jewels and patterns to the Derafsh.
Pattern of Derafsh Kaviani
Derafsh was often carried and risen in battles by Commander in Chief of the Persian Forces and mainly Arteshbod (General) Rostam Farokhzad.
After the Arab victory and establishment of the first AIOG (Arabo-Islamic Occupational Government), Arabo-Muslim had captured the Derafsh. Omar the Arab Caliph was simply amazed by the glory and value of this banner. Omar wanted to keep the Derafsh intact; however, Ali, Amir al Mo'menin (the 4th Caliph of Rashedin and the 1st Shiite Imam) who was at the time, in charge of the loots and logistics of the Mesopotamian region (Khashtarah or State of Ctesiphone), strictly ordered the Arabs to snatch and rip all the valuable stones off the Derafsh and then to further insult Iranians, Ali ordered his troops to burn the Derafsh Kaviani. By burning Derafsh Kaviyani, Ali in fact destroyed centuries of Persian Tradition, Culture and History. Ali despised Iranians.
Nowdays, we hear all kinds of garbage from Shiite Mullahs and Iranian Seyeds, Half-Breeds and Iranian Muslim (Persian Traitors), that Ali loved Iranians and Ali was the protector of Iranians! They say Ali was flawless, innocent and clean from the guilt! They put the blames for all the Arab war atrocities on Omar! In reality, Omar was an angel compare to Ali! The fact was that Ali slaughtered Iranians by thousands and he even personally beheaded a great number of Persians via his famous double edged scimitar (Shamshir-e Zolfaqar) himself! Burning the Derafsh and tearing the Mighty and Gigantic Baharestan Carpet in to hundreds of pieces and shipping them back to Arabia was only the tip of the iceberg amongst the War Crimes of this animal named Ali ibn al Abi Talib (Alayh al Salam) or so called the first Shiite Imam!
Iranian Shiite Muslim who worship this Arab Beast, are either ignorant to history or are simply Persian Traitors betraying their own culture by their Arab Worship!
Derafsh Kaviani (Colors)
The Central Star and the upper star were of color gold. The banner itself was also a goldish yellow color with black spots because it was made of the panther skin. The spear was a gold spear. Stones and jewels all around the banner were of various colors depending on the stone type. On the spear top were often a golden eagle placed as the symbol of the Persian Imperial Power. The sashes hanging from the banner were in yellow, purple, red and white fabrics.
Yellow = Light, wisdom, Sun, Heat
Purple = The official color of the Imperial Immortal Guards and Sassanid courthouse
Red = Persian Bravery, Blood and sacrifice
White = Peace and prosperity
Throughout the history, Derafsh Kaviyani was off and on the official banner of the Persian Empire. Derafsh Kaviani was a symbol of Persian Resistance to tyranny and a national symbol.
Persian Colors
What are the representation and meaning of the new Persian colors of Green, White, and Red of the Persian Flag?
I researched about the true tone of each color Green, White, and Red and then examined and experimented with 25 different shades of Green, 3 White, and 6 Red with html web design official colors, using the html color codes. Finally I got them right, the way they suppose to be in the original three-color flag of Iran. Here are the actual shades of the Persian Tricolor:
A Historical Flashback
Here's some background history of the flag and the history of how we ended up with the present colors.
According to Persian mythology, Kaveh was a ironsmith or a blacksmith and led a rebellion to overthrow Zahak [Azhidahak (Dragon) in ancient persian] who had reigned on Iranveyj for 1000 years. Kaveh put an end to a millennium of Zaratostrian Religion. Each millennium corresponds to a stage in the never-ending fight between Ahreeman (Ancient God of Evil) and Ahuramazda (Ancient God of Good). Although Kaveh was the winner, he was not of celestial origin, so his role in the history finishes here and Iranveyj was ruled by another king.
During his movement, Kaveh used a piece of blacksmith leather as his flag. This flag is not used nowadays but is a well-known flag in Iran and is a sign of nationalism. It is called Derafsh-e Kaviani, which means "the flag of Kaveh".
Ferdowsi, the great Persian Poet, Father of Persian Language had a crucial role in this


text:
Term of Award
Master of Science in Kinesiology (M.S.)
Document Type and Release Option
Thesis (open access)
Copyright Statement / License for Reuse
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Department of Health Sciences and Kinesiology
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Committee Member 3
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Background: Chronic stroke patients (i.e., > six months since the onset of stroke) continue to experience persistent gait complications. Once formal physical therapy concludes, exercise professionals can implement exercise interventions designed to improve quality of life and reduce risk of secondary stroke. This systematic review aimed to evaluate whether lower-body aerobic exercise transferred to gait improvements in chronic unilateral stroke. Methods: An electronic search of the following databases were undertaken: MEDLINE, CINHAL, Ovid, and SPORTdiscus. Two independent reviewers selected articles using predetermined inclusion criteria: adults (i.e., >18 years old) who suffered from a chronic unilateral stroke. Additionally, all included studies were longitudinal exercise interventions (i.e., > four weeks) of lower-body aerobic training with preand postintervention assessments of gait (e.g., field and laboratory measures). Results: A total of 19 studies were included. The three most common field measures utilized by researchers were six-minute walk test (68%), 10-meter walk test (42%), and Timed Up and Go (TUG) (31%). Treadmill intervention (n=12) improved gait field testing from 23.68% to 31.73%, while elliptical interventions (n=1) improved from 0.88% to 11.56% and cycling intervention(n=5) improved from 6.13% to 24.44%. The aquatic intervention (n=1) only performed the TUG with a 51.14% average improvement. Discussion: The results suggest that not all aerobic training modalities elicit the same improvements in gait field assessments. Conclusion: Gait improvements can occur following aerobic training; however, treadmill interventions produced greater averages of improvements in chronic unilateral stroke.
Brown, Jordan N., "Current Recommendations for Lower Body Aerobic Exercise in Chronic Unilateral Stroke - A Systematic Review" (2021). Electronic Theses and Dissertations. 2235.
Research Data and Supplementary Material


Stuðlagil canyon in East Iceland
There are places where magic, the force of nature, and solitude form a unique set. In Iceland, we have such places in abundance, but some always end up standing out over others. This is the case of Stuðlagil canyon in East Iceland.
View of the Stuðlagil Canyon from the river's side
Sometimes we may sound like a broken record, but when we say that there are unique places in Iceland, it's for a reason. Sites full of magic, singularity, or even a peculiar geological history. One of those places is Stuðlagil canyon, our topic for today, which I am sure you will love.
Stuðlagil canyon
The history of the Stuðlagil canyon is quite curious and a surprise to many. This canyon is located in eastern Iceland and is part of another much larger canyon called Jökla's canyon. Jökla is the river that runs through the area and the main protagonist of this story.Currently, the canyon is beginning to gain certain fame, but before that, not even the Icelanders themselves knew anything about it. And no, it is not a stretch. Actually, the canyon was not even visible to any inhabitant of the region. The waters of the Jökla River completely covered the entire area. The river had strong currents and used to be quite mighty, preventing communication between neighboring regions.
All this changed radically when between 2003-2009 when the Kárahnjúkavirkjun hydroelectric plant was built. A dam was created, and that would end up affecting the flow of the Jökla river. The plant itself was built in the highlands, north of the VatnaJökull glacier on the Jökulsá á Brú and Jökulsá í Fljótsdal rivers that form the Hálslón reservoir. All these rivers ended up flowing in the Jökla River. Therefore, that change caused the water flow to radically decreased.
When this happened, the magnificent walls that make up the stuðlagil canyon came to light. Since then, they have been nicknamed the "Glacial Gates in Iceland." And no wonder why! When you look at it, you will have the chance to see some imposing walls made of basalt columns—turquoise waters from the glacial rivers running down the valley. The whole view may seem like the Valhalla is wide open and ready for you.
How to get to Stuðlagil Canyon
Stuðlagil Canyon is for sure an off the beaten path destination. Despite that, it is not difficult to access as it is close to the Ring Road. The glacial valley where the canyon is located is about an hour away from Egilsstaðir, one of the main cities in Iceland's eastern region. To get to the canyon, get your rental car in Iceland and head towards Akureyri on Route 1 until you reach the turnoff for Road 923. It's close to Grun farm.
Access to Stuðlagil Canyon is quite simple; what's more, you have a car park at your disposal nearby. Even so, you have to walk about five minutes along the river bank to reach the area. There are somewhat steeper parts with steep slopes, so try to be cautious and wear the right clothes and shoes. This official access will allow you to see the canyon from a viewpoint, at the top of the river and not from the ground. Later in this post, we will show you how to go down to the river.
GPS coordinates of Stuðlagil Canyon: 65.1635 ° N, 15.3073 °
How far is Hofn to stuðlagil canyon on jökuldalur?
Stuðlagil canyon is approximately 323km or 200 miles away from Höfn. It can take you four to five hours to reach the canyon. Hofn is usually a great stop for those starting their route through Eastern Iceland. Many tourists typically spend their first night here after visiting the Jokulsarlon glacial lagoon. If you create an itinerary through this region, do not miss either the eastern fjords or the stuðlagil canyon.
What to see and do at Stuðlagil Canyon
Once you get to the area, the main point is indeed Stuðlagil Canyon. You have two main options or two views of this site. One from the lookout point and the other right from the river's level. The most common option is the one we mentioned earlier. The second option is on the east side of the canyon, and it gives you the possibility to go down and see the views directly from the river's water level. To enjoy the opposite side's views, you will have to do some walking and vary the route done by car.
When you turn on the 923 road, after about 14 kilometers or 8,6 miles, you will find the Klaustursel farm. Nearby you will find a bridge that you only have to cross on foot, and you will start the hiking route to Stuðlagil, which is approximately 10 kilometers or 6,20 miles long.
Studlagil canyon views from the lookout point on the west side of the river
You should pay close attention to Stuðlagil Canyon since, fun fact, the canyon has straight pillars and curved and sinuous ones, which gives it an even more unique and unrepeatable touch. The waters of the river are usually turquoise. However, the water can also have a greyish tone depending on the day or season. This applies mostly in the fall. Sometimes snow darkens the water's color or when water is released from the Hálslón reservoir, which muddies the river's course a bit. Regardless of the color of the water, the views are equally impressive. During your hiking trip, you can also stop at Stuðlafoss, a majestic waterfall whose walls are also basalt columns.
If you end up exhausted from so much walking, you can always make a stop at the Vök baths on the way back. They are about an hour's drive from the canyon. They are floating pools of geothermal water located in the impressive Urriðavatn lake. What better way to end the day than by relaxing in these warm waters?
Basalt Column Canyon in Iceland
Every time I see these basalt columns, I can't help but think of Game of Thrones. The color of the rock, the aesthetics of these formations always lead me to think about the series. But why is the stuðlagil canyon so strangely shaped?
Basalt is a volcanic rock that forms from boiling magma that emerges as lava during an eruption. Lava rich in iron and magnesium cools and contracts very quickly once it comes into contact with the air on the surface, hardens and solidifies. Icelandic basalt columns result from this rapid process that changes the chemical composition and appearance of the lava. Basalt volcanic rocks have a rather unusual geometric shape as a result of the change in their composition.
These hexagonal basalt pillars are examples of how nature's forces show themselves in such a forceful and fierce way in a country like Iceland. A Nation forged by fire and ice.
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how the XML is formatted. If you use the XmlSerializer regularly, then this should look familiar. The rule on OrderItem will check if the object is marked as dirty. If so, it tells the parent order to recalculate its total, and changes the dirty flag back to false. Notice also how the full type names are specified in this XML. Rules are always associated with a type. The rule names are also the same, but since they're on different types, it's OK.
RuleExec makes the job of coding a lot easier. We don't have to worry about running the parser ourselves or doing any of the set up work that was done in the previous section. The code below will create an Order, add an OrderItem to it, and change the number of units on that item:
Order o = new Order();
OrderItem oi = o.NewItem(2.3f, 2);
oi.Units = 5;
Console.WriteLine(" Total: " + o.Total);
Console.WriteLine(" Total: " + o.Total);
Looks much easier, huh? Here is the resulting output of this code:
 Total: 4.6
 Total: 11.5
Priorities and Halting
While working on my Guess Word game, I found that it is not guaranteed which order rules will be run in. They are not even run in the same order that they were entered into the RuleSet. Sometimes, it is necessary to run rules in a particular order. The solution to this is to use a priority.

The priority attributes in this rule set indicate that Rule1 should run before Rule2. While it may seem that Rule1 will run before Rule2 anyway, this is not guaranteed. To guarantee the order, we specify the priority. In this particular case, forward-chaining would take over and recognize that we changed the Bar property. If Rule2 runs before Rule1, the worst that could happen is that the rule set is run twice. But, imagine you have several rules, all changing properties. Unless you use priorities, the rules could end up running many more times than they have to.
Another feature that is needed is halting. Rules in Workflow Foundation are allowed to have halt commands. These commands can be inserted anywhere into a set of then or else actions. What puzzles me about this is that conditions and loops are not allowed in then or else actions, so there's always a sequential flow. Anything after a halt would therefore be unreachable. With this in mind, it is safe to make halting an attribute on a rule.
Obviously, halts are false by default, and do not need to be specified. The same goes for priority. By default, all priorities are zero, and the Workflow Foundation decides the order that they're run in.
The new Windows Workflow Foundation in.NET 3.0 adds a rules library that can be quite useful. There are times when you're writing an application that you feel that you'll need rules, but not workflow. That's the reason I've put together this library. Microsoft has included a rule-writing GUI that will end up writing a.rules file that pairs with your original source code. This is nice for the workflow environment, but the serialization is not in a human-readable format. Using my CodeDom expression parser, I have made it possible to write rules in the application configuration. My intention was to introduce people to this rules library, and to give them the ability to embed rules into their application.
What's Inside
Here's a listing of the files inside:
 - CodeDomExpParser - My CodeDom expression parser library.
 - DmCodeDom - CodeDom helper library.
 - Assignment.cs - Creates a CodeAssignmentStatement.
 - Declaration.cs - Creates a CodeVariableDeclarationStatement.
 - DmCdStmt.cs - Base class.
 - ExprStmt.cs - Creates a CodeExpressionStatement.
 - ForLoop.cs - Creates a CodeIterationStatement.
 - IfElse.cs - Creates a CodeConditionStatement.
 - DmCodeDom.TestHarness - NUnit test harness for the DmCodeDom library.
 - TestDmCd.cs - Contains code that was mentioned in the article.
 - DmRules
 - Configuration\DmRulesConfigHandler.cs - A configuration section handler to read the rules from the application configuration.
 - DmRule.cs - Represents a rule.
 - DmRuleSet.cs - Holds all the rules.
 - DmRuleTypeSet.cs - Pairs a rule with a type.
 - RuleExec.cs - Static helper class for running rules.
 - DmRules.TestHarness - NUnit test harness for DmRules.
 - BaseObject.cs - A base class that has the IsDirty property.
 - Order.cs - The Order class used above.
 - OrderItem.cs - The OrderItem class used above.
 - TestDmRules.cs - Contains code that was used in the article.
 - 0.1 : 2006-06-20 : Initial version
 - Updated the CodeDomExpParser library to work with.NET 2.0. Created the initial version of DmRules with the capability to run rules per type. The primary consideration for the future of the library is forward-chaining across types.
 - 0.2 : 2006-07-10 : Added priorities and halting
 - Rules are not guaranteed to run in any particular order. Assigning a priority can fix this problem. Sometimes, it is necessary to halt processing of other rules, a halt command has been added for this.
About the Author
Dustin Metzgar
Software Developer Microsoft
United States United States
No Biography provided
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Comments and Discussions
QuestionHow do i assign a string to a variable. Pin
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AnswerRe: How do i assign a string to a variable. Pin
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QuestionDynamic Rule to validate Object Pin
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GeneralRe: Dynamic Rule to validate Object Pin
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GeneralRe: Dynamic Rule to validate Object Pin
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GeneralGraphic way to write rules Pin
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GeneralUse System.Workflow.Activities.Rules.Parser Pin
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GeneralRe: Use System.Workflow.Activities.Rules.Parser Pin
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GeneralRe: Use System.Workflow.Activities.Rules.Parser Pin
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GeneralToo Complicated Pin
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GeneralRe: Too Complicated Pin
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The sculptor of the "Sedgwick" was H.K. Bush-Brown (_PHONE_).
The Gettysburg Battlefield has four bronze sculptures by Henry Kirke Bush-Brown. Of these four, three are equestrian statues. An equestrian statue is, by definition, a statue of a horse-mounted rider. The term is from the Latin "eques, meaning "knight."
Henry Kirke Bush-Brown was the son of Robert W. and Caroline Bush. He would be adopted as a young boy by his mother's sister and her husband Henry Kirke Brown. H. K. Bush-Brown would study under his uncle and become well schooled in the basics of his art. Additional training would take H.K. Bush Brown to Paris and New York where his further development would continue.
H.K. Bush Brown would produce many works but his first equestrian was the "Meade" dedicated in 1896 at Gettysburg. Another would follow of the "Reynolds" also at Gettysburg in 1899. The "Sedgwick" would be Bush-Brown's final equestrian at Gettysburg. Bush-Brown would sculpt the bust of Lincoln for the Lincoln Speech Memorial in the National Cemetery. This monument was erected in 1912.
For a sculptor to be given the commission for an equestrian was indeed and honor and considered the highlight of ones career. H.K. Bush-Brown, having three equestrians at Gettysburg, speaks of his talent and artistic abilities.
Henry Kirk (H.K.) Bush-Brown would comment about his thoughts when designing the monument: "I have endeavored to represent General Sedgwick as he might have appeared on his arrival there overlooking that part of the field which his troops were to occupy." Present at the dedication, Bush-Brown would comment on his completed work that it would present General Sedgwick "quiet and undisturbed by the battle around him, waiting for orders, an intense expression of readiness in the man and in his horse." It is obvious that Bush Brown has accomplished this!
The sculptor was noted for his great attention to detail. Note the "dents" in the scabbard of Sedgwick's sword and the stitching around the horse blanket as seen in the photo below.
The photos used on these pages are copyrighted by myself or others. They can only be copied or reproduced with written permission or the clearly legible quotation "Copyright _URL_ and linked back to this web site. Please contact me by using the Contact Gettysburg Sculptures page on this site.


Advice for Living the Good Life
Ten Positive Energy Prescriptions
 1. Awaken intuition and rejuvenate yourself.
 2. Find a nurturing spiritual path.
 3. Design an energy-aware approach to diet, fitness and health.
 4. Generate positive emotional energy to counter negativity.
 5. Develop a heart-centered sexuality.
 6. Open yourself to the flow of inspiration and creativity.
 7. Celebrate the sacredness of laughter, pampering, and the replenishment of retreat.
 8. Attract positive people and situations.
 9. Protect yourself from energy vampires.
 10. Create abundance.
– Judith Orloff, M.D.Positive Energy: 10 Extraordinary Prescriptions for Transforming
Fatigue, Stress, and Fear into Vibrance, Strength and Love. New York, Harmony Books, 2004. Resources, index, 353 pages. ISBN: _PHONE_.


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and informal support services and processes that offer advice and guidance to learners in your organisation Introduction It is difficult to give a definition of the difference between formal and informal support. You will notice that some support services appear in both columns. This is because in my opinion they give both types of support. For instance a course tutor will give formal support such as the location of college facilities to students when he/she first meets then but might also operate an open-door policy for informal one to one meetings. Formal Support Services Course/subject tutor Student support services Counsellors Careers advisors Learning support fund/EMA/ALG Qualified staff to teach in specialised support areas Severe to mild learning difficulties Deaf and hearing impaired Specific learning difficulties Basic Skills needs Blind or visually impaired Learning support Interpreters (Communication support worker) Note takers Readers Enlarged or Braille material Trained First Aiders Special exam arrangements Learning resources Moodle LRC Student council Chatterbox nursery Management Unions Informal Support Services Course/subject tutor Mentor Student council Peers Family 7)Select at least one of the formal and one of the informal support service described above and analyse their effectiveness. Draw on your own experiences of these services to help you illustrate your points and suggest areas for improvement. The new college LRC is bright airy and modern and is designed to meet the needs of all its learners. It has over 700 square metres of learning space which houses books computers mini-laptops magazines periodicals videos DVDs and more. In this interactive learning environment there is a mixture of open plan group and individual study areas. Also relaxed seating and quiet individual or small group study rooms are available. Sounds impressive but is it effective I can think of two immediate improvements Firstly the zero tolerance policy of no mobile phones and noise in the LRC needs to be enforced. I have yet to spend any time in the LRC without being constantly interrupted by noise from students even in the quiet zone. Secondly it needs to open on weekends. Surely there are some learners who would like to study on a weekend or loan a book. Not to mention staff members who might like to access their offices in the building not just the LRC. There are deadlines for essays and lessons that need planned for 900am on Monday mornings? presumably the college expects this all to be done by 500pm the previous Friday Sadly in my opinion it reflects one of the biggest problems in the college? inappropriate use of PCs. The majority of students I witness in the LRC are playing games and listening to music. I would like to see the volume disabled on all machines in the college as an initial step in tackling this problem. It would also help in classrooms where there are always a few students who dont have headphones but still want to listen to music especially in key skills. Having studied at Newcastle University which has a much larger and diverse campus and where no PCs have volume except tutor machines I see no reason why this shouldnt be the case at Carlisle. A lot of my colleagues feel the same regarding PC usage and this is one of many topics that can be discussed informally with ones peers. Making good use of available resources such as other staff members can be a big help in a large organisation. When I first started at Carlisle College I was assigned a mentor who provided me with invaluable informal support that helped me cope with the stress attached to starting any new job. Things that might be overlooked in interviews and formal inductions such as where can you park your car how do you get a photocopying account or where exactly room 52 is can all be sorted out over a cup of coffee providing you can find the canteen. I know I sound a little melodramatic but I was literally dropped in at the deep end as are all key skills part-time lecturers when I started at the college and I would not have survived if it were not for the informal support of some of my peers. 8)Reflect on your performance as a teacher so far. List your strengths and weakness and propose ideas for your professional development. Try to be as specific as you can e.g. just saying youre a good communicator isnt enough. In what way too whom verbally or written General introductory statement introducing yourself as a teacher Looking to the future I foresee that in order to carry out my duties as a teacher I will have to assume many different roles and that each of these will require practice and skills that may not be taught on this course. In my teaching career thus far I have taken on the role of classroom manager disciplinarian evaluator counsellor decision-maker role-model and even surrogate parent. My effectiveness as a teacher is greatly improved through consistency efficient time management and reflection. Key strengthsKey weaknesses I am creative? development of activities use of resources My time management is efficient? lesson planning and delivery workload prioritising tasks I have a clear command of my subject knowledge? my confidence with maths techniques gives the learners confidence Clear and concise delivery I command my classes well? good rapport with students challenge inappropriate behaviour consistency Assessment and tracking of students? formative and summative assessment is checked good use of ILPs and tracking software Enthusiasm for subject? apparent in teaching Hard working Supportive? open-door policy for learners will help/share ideas with colleagues Management of resources? mainly regarding support worker/teacher. There have been instances of prolonged individual support and of support worker teaching Lesson evaluation Keeping reflective journal up to date Do not like criticism 9) Proposed ideas for developmentDetail how you intend to achieve your proposals More efficient and effective management of support worker/teachers Better lesson evaluation A separate plan for support staff could be introduced detailing responsibilities for each lesson. This can work alongside group profile which will highlight more general areas of concern. Continue to design and develop different forms of lesson evaluation until relevant and insightful comments can be elicited from learners."
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If you have recently noticed signs of dampness around your home, then it is time to take remedial steps before the difficulty becomes too severe to handle. Discoloured walls and presence of mould are the most common signs indicating that damp is present in your home, making it essential to take immediate action by adopting the best damp proofing Northampton method and keep the aesthetic appeal and structural integrity of your property intact.
To ensure complete eradication of damp from your home, there are some steps which need to be followed. The first and foremost step is to identify the type of damp and its extent. Doing this is crucial as the next course of action will depend significantly on the type and severity of damp problem you are facing. Proper diagnosis of the damp problem should be done by an experienced professional, who can help to choose the best method for damp proofing your property and eliminate this issue once and for all.
Primarily damp is classified in three types, namely rising damp, penetrating damp and condensation. Rising damp, as the name suggests, can be seen rising on the walls, as it gradually seeps in through cracks or mortar. Penetrating damp is usually caused due to leaks, which can occur in case of leaking roofs, broken drainpipes etc. Condensation is easy to identify in the form of moisture present on walls and other surfaces. Presence of condensation is easy to understand as it happens due to warm air coming in contact with cold surfaces and turning into water immediately.
Once the type of damp affecting your home has been identified, the next step is determining the definite cause of the problem. It is crucial to find the underlying problem, such as any leakage in pipes or structure of the property and take immediate steps to rectify it, in order to start on the process of restoration. For example, in case it is leakage leading to damp, then replacing broken or damaged pipes is a good idea. After rectifying the underlying cause, you can start taking other steps for restoring the damaged parts of your home.
The last and highly important step is to get in touch with a professional for complete removal of damp from your property. Along with identifying every problem area around your property, they can treat the problem of dampness by taking adequate steps on time and avoid it from affecting your health and life. The steps or methods they use for damp proofing Northampton properties are especially selected keeping in mind the extent of damage caused by this problem. You can completely rely on them, as their well trained and experienced personnel adopt a systematic approach. First they will analyse the entire situation, determine the most effective method for damp proofing and then begin with the process, without causing any inconvenience to you and your family. More importantly, they look for long term solutions, thus making sure that your peace of mind will not be affected by the same problem again in future.


Archive for love
Mudra is a Sanskrit word denoting connection and direction of subtle energies. This discussion is not a detailed presentation of one of the main divisions of Hatha Yoga called Mudras. Just using this idea to talk about how important connections are in yoga.
Yoga Connections
Sometimes yoga can be viewed as a pre-eminent method for coming into ones true nature. Now the popular view of yoga is mainly from asanas. How many times have you heard how hard or wonderful yoga class was on a particular day. Meaning that we are only emphasizing the physical part of using asanas (sadly just for exercise).
The richness of yoga is developed through these subtle connections. Starting with our own energy systems and pranic flows and moving into connections through initiation.
When one develops a deep relationship there is an actually felt connection. Take when you in love with someone. You can feel without words or actions how the other person is doing. Sometimes there is a tandem of thoughts and small movements that are not rehearsed or overtly noted. There is just this strong connection on the inside that is shared both from within and without.
This is how a mantra works that is given in initiation of a tradition. This connection of the mantra is internal and subtle. This relationship is to that which is eternal and true. This is love. Without this connection it becomes very difficult to find your way in this journey of the revealing Self.
Get connected
Having a guide is immensely helpful. In this case a mantra given by a master acts exactly like a guide. It helps in this subtle differentiation between what is real and what is not. This knowing only comes about through practice and grace of this connection. For some this connection is a deep knowing and experience which continues to shine within like a beacon. There is always something of great and often subtle importance that takes place within ones experience that leads one inwards.
Trying to do yoga from the mind or body is incomplete. The ego of ourselves often confuses the direction of what is truth. So many things get in the way that we easily can be come distracted. It is important to consider giving up ones egoistic self. To consider coming with open hands and heart into this deeper connection within. This connection is made through initiation.
Initiation is only being introduced here. It is a much larger topic. Many people have an aversion to the concept of it as it appears to resemble a cult like behavior for some. Here initiation is compared to finding a lover that takes us to sublime places and spaces that we otherwise would miss and avoid. This lover is love itself. The path is not always pleasant. The richness of yoga through this connection of love. Great effort, focus and practice is the work of preparation for this journey.


where APG is the pressure drop across the packed bed (kPa) and z is the height of the tower. The validity of the correlation was explored by Li [15], and it has excellent agreement with the experimental data. The pumping power required for the diffusion tower liquid is calculated as, E, = "m P = LA gH (4.4) Thus the total pumping power is calculated as, E,,,a1 = E, + EG (4.5) The energy consumption rate per unit of fresh water production is defined as, Ef, =totax (4.6) m,, The fresh water production rate and energy consumption rate are two important parameters that characterize the performance of the DDD process. The fresh water production rate characterizes the quantity of fresh water produced at a given set of operating conditions while the energy consumption rate denotes how much energy is consumed per unit of fresh water produced. The two values are important in finding the optimal operating conditions. An ideal DDD process would have a high fresh water production rate and a low energy consumption rate. Heated Air/Heated Water Results and Discussion Using the analysis described above and the theory discussed in Chapter 3, a parametric analysis is performed to determine the effects of certain operating variables on the performance of the heated air/heated water process. In performing the analysis, the air inlet temperature, water inlet temperature, specific packing area, diameter of the packing material, and inlet humidity ratio were all held constant at 600 C, 600 C, 267


HOME > PRODUCTS > Drying Machine
YPG Series Pressure Granulating Spray Dryer
Product Name:YPG Series Pressure Granulating Spray Dryer
Keywords:YPG Series Pressure Granulating Spray Dryer，Pressure Granulating Spray Dryer，Spray Dryer
Overview:The material is sprayed into exiguity fog by nozzle on the top of tower.Follow the heat wind, the material is dried. The machine's characteristic is high collect drit, no past, economizing energy, high effect, and wide used in food, dyestuff, chemical industry and so on.
1.This concentrator is a kind of device that can finish time dry and granulation at the same time. According to the requirement of technology, you can adjust charging pump pressure, flow, the size of the orifices, got the spherical particles you need of a certain proportion.
2.This concentrator work process: liquid materials is high-pressure input by charging pump, spray mistdroplet, then flow down with the hot air, most of the powder are collected from the bottom discharging mouth, waste gas and tiny power were separated by a whirlwind separator, the response rate is very high.
3.Materials of this comcentrator and the tower body contacted with material part, pipes, separator are SUS304, there are enough thermal insulation layer between internal tower body and the shell, filled material is super thin glass cotton, tower body includes glass door, watch mirror, light source and control meter which are all controlled and displayed by the electric control work station.
4.The heat source device of concentrator put to use steam heating or electric heater, that is easy to operate, start fast, compact structure, clean hot air, etc. In the electrical control cabinet equipped with electric heater to control adjusting device, make the inlet temperature to be adjusted steplessly. Lack electricity area can use steam heating or coal, oil hot air stove, that are partially or totally instead of electric heating device. Our factory can use different heating mode according to the actual needs of users.
1.The drying speed is quick, be suitable for the thermal sensitive material. The product is ball particle, particle size is uniform, good liquidity and solubility, high purity and good quality.
2.Wide utilization, hot air drying and granulation, also can undertake cooling granulation, spray cry stallization, spray reaction, etc.
3.Simple and steady operation, convenient control, easy to realize automatic operation, product size, loose and thick degree, moisture can be adjusted in a certain range.
Chemical indudtry: Organic catalyst,resin,synthetic washing powder, oils, thiamin, intermediate of dyestuff, white carbon black,graphite, ammonium phosphate and so on.
Foodstuff: Amino acid and similar subatances, flavoring, protein, starch, dairy products, extractiv. from coffee, fish powder, extractive from meat and o on.
Pharmaceutical: Chinese traditional medicines, pesticide, antibiotic, medical drinkinng and so on.
Ceramics:Magnesium oxide, kaoline, All kind of metallic oxide, dolomite and so on.
Flow chart
YPG Series Pressure Granulating Spray Dryer Flow chartTechnical parameters
Model 50 100 150 200 _PHONE_
Water evaporation capacity(kg/h) 50 100 150 200 _PHONE_
Overall dimension (ØxH) (mm) 1600x890 2000x11500 2400x13500 2800x14800 3200x15400 3800x18800 4600x22500
High pressure pump pressure 2-10
Power (KW) 8.5 14 22 24 30 82 30
Inlet air temperature (°C) 300 ~ 350
Product water contents (%) less than 5;and 0.5 can be reached
Material restoration (%) > 97
Electric heating (KW) 75 120 180 When the temperature is lower than 200°C, the parameters should be calculated according to the practical condition.
Electrically producing steam (MPa+KW) 0.5+54 0.6+90 0.6+108
 All dates are used for reference only. According to the condition of material.
1.evaporation and the characteristics of the materials, the above parameters for reference only, need according to the material properties of selection
2.The particle diameter materials they can adjust the process control
3.Supporting device including charging device, heating device, and the storm the distributor, bag dust extractions, spray precipitator, induced draft fan, etc.


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A novel method for planning liver resections using deformable Bezier surfaces and distance maps
Journal article, Peer reviewed
MetadataShow full item record
Original versionComputer Methods and Programs in Biomedicine. 2017, 144 135-145. 10.1016/j.cmpb.2017.03.019
Background and Objective: For more than a decade, computer-assisted surgical systems have been helping surgeons to plan liver resections. The most widespread strategies to plan liver resections are: drawing traces in individual 2D slices, and using a 3D deformable plane. In this work, we propose a novel method which requires low level of user interaction while keeping high flexibility to specify resections. Methods: Our method is based on the use of Bézier surfaces, which can be deformed using a grid of control points, and distance maps as a base to compute and visualize resection margins (indicators of safety) in realtime. Projection of resections in 2D slices, as well as computation of resection volume statistics are also detailed. Results: The method was evaluated and compared with state-of-the-art methods by a group of surgeons (n = 5, 5–31 years of experience). Our results show that theproposed method presents planning times as low as state-of-the-art methods (174 s median time) with high reproducibility of results in terms of resected volume. In addition, our method not only leads to smooth virtual resections easier to perform surgically compared to other state-of-the-art methods, but also shows superior preservation of resection margins. Conclusions: Our method provides clinicians with a robust and easy-to-use method for planning liver resections with high reproducibility, smoothness of resection and preservation of resection margin. Our results indicate the ability of the method to represent any type of resection and being integrated in real clinical work-flows.


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On Saturday's post we looked at color constancy illusions, which prove how hard it is to judge a color note accurately. There are various methods to overcome the problem, most of which involve isolating a particular spot of color. One way is to look through the hole in a half-closed fist. Another is to hold up two fingers spread slightly apart and look between them.
Other artists have developed special viewing scopes for isolating colors. You can make one yourself by painting a 3x3.5 inch card half white and half black. Then punch a hole in each corner. Looking through those holes allows you to isolate a given color against white or black. You can also compare two different nearby colors through side-by-side holes. You can test a mixture by putting a daub of paint next to the hole.
The limitation of any such device is that the illumination on the scene may so far exceed the range of your pigments that no single one-to-one match is possible. A related problem is that the tone of the white card changes as the illumination on the card changes, so you have to hold the card exactly at the right angle relative to the light to get a useful comparison.
Previously: Color constancy.


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ation'?
But, what's the point of all this if you can't figure out how to call it all in your end-product? Part of the problem in making a project like this is that the configurations have to be accessed easily and without confusion. You can always use the
getConfigurationByName() function whenever you want to do something, and if that suits you, then go ahead, but you can also use the Sprite Editor's'reorder configurations' menu option, which looks like this:
If you your sprites have similar configurations, then it may be easier for you to reorder their different configurations so that they all match, but if you hadn't thought of that first, then you'd be in a bit of a mess trying to do this later without this handy feature. Grumpy's only got one configuration, as you can see on the right above the Ok button, but if he had more, you'd be able to use the same mouse-wheel/key-press interface described above (in reference to the Draw Sequences), with this listbox to reorder the lists of configurations in whatever order you like, and then use only one enum type for all your sprites.
The 'copy enum to clipboard' button here does the same thing as highlighting the contents of the left textbox and then pressing Ctrl-C, so that you have a copy on your clipboard ready to be pasted into your project.
Demo and Graphics Editor
The demo included with this article demonstrates how to make use of the sprites, and though the Graphics Editor's flood fill (to border) feature is particularly handy when cutting up images and turning them into sprites, it is not the best graphics editor around, and I recommend using it for no other reason than this flood fill and the straighten feature. You may want to use MS-Paint for most of your work, and then load the image in this GraphicsEditor only to do your straightening and flood-fill(ing?), save and then continue in MS-paint. The way this flood-fill feature works is like this: you select a color much like you would in MS-Paint, and then by scanning over the options panel and moving the mouse to the paint can flood-fill icon, a small picture box appears beside it with a red dot on it. The red dot is the color which the flood-fill will set the region it paints to, and you set that by clicking it after having chosen the color you want from the palette. Then, the label that appears next to this picture box allows you to toggle between the 'to border' flood-fill mode or the'same color' flood-fill mode. The two can be quite handy. The 'to color' flood fill is the same as in MS-Paint, and nothing more but the 'to border' flood-fill fills an entire region with a uniform color until it is stopped by a pre-determined border color. You can set the mode by clicking on the label next to the pic-box with the dot when the label reads "switch to 'to border' mode" and then clicking on the pic-box-with-the-dot's border and setting it to whatever color you've previously selected.
Then, you click on the screen where you want to flood the image with the color of the dot, and that color will spread until it reaches the border color. The reason MS-Paint does not have this is probably because it's so easy to let a single pixel-sized hole in your flood-border which allows the flood to pass and fill the whole screen. You really have to plug those holes, but with 'un-do' anything, you do 'do' without wanting to be corrected.
Christ Kennedy, published his fourth novel "Cleats of the Counter Revolution" in the summer of 2010. He grew up in the suburbs of Montreal and is a bilingual Quebecois with a bachelor's degree in computer engineering from McGill University and is currently walking across ontario plotting a new novel, far away from any computer.


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Funding phase 2
Facilitation of professional knowledge and diagnostic competences in the interactive diagnosis of the academic level in mathematics: The effects of the assumed role and the accompanying vs. concluding reflection styles in simulated instructor-learner situations (DiMaL)
- Prof. Stefan Ufer
- Prof. Kathleen Stürmer
- Prof. Christof Wecker
- Prof. Matthias Siebeck
- Prof. Daniel Sommerhoff
2020 - 2023
Project 7 focuses on the acquisition of diagnostic competencies for prospective mathematics teachers. To this end, diagnostic interviews on demimals between a teacher and a learner are simulated in role-plays. These simulations are used to measure and foster the professional competencies, which are necessary in these interactive diagnostic situations, in mathematics teacher education students. The second phase of the project studies on the effects of different forms of presentation (live vs. video) and implements knowledge-activation and reflections prompts adaptively..
(2020) By implementig the longitudinal study online, we were able to start data collection for the role-play simulation despite changed circumstances. The system for video simulation is in preparation.
Conference papers and posters
- Kron, S., Achnter, M., Sommerhoff, D., Siebeck, M., Stürmer, K., Wecker, C., & Ufer, S. (2020, September). Rollenspielbasierte simulierte Diagnoseinterviews in der Lehramtsausbildung. Vortrag presented at GDM-Onlinetagung.


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Walnut Sheller Machine Introduction
Our walnut sheller machine is specially designed for removing the hard shell from the walnuts. Different kinds of walnuts have different production and integrity rate, but we can adjust the speed to offer you the most integrate walnuts.
Walnut Sheller Machine Features
1. The whole machine integrates shelling and separating walnut flesh from shells into one.
2. High walnut flesh integrity about 98% and high shelling efficiency.
3. Suitable for walnut businessmen whose processing capacity is 4-5t/d.
4. Compact structure, convenient to transport and operate.
1. Rich in nutrients: multiple microelements like calcium, phosphorus, and iron; vitamins like carotene and riboflavin.
2. With medical effects such as improving blood circulation, moistening dryness and resolving phlegm.
3. Supply nourishment to the brain. A glass of walnut milk a day will bring you a sober brain to work.


How do visually impaired swimmers know where their opponents are?
Paralympic champion Brad Snyder and tapper Brian Loeffler explain their tricks in the pool. 28 Apr 2017
Tapper taps a visually impaired swimmer on the head
Tappers let visually impaired swimmers know when they are approaching the end of the pool. Once the swimmers recieve the tap, they know when to turn.
"The most interesting dynamic to me is that after the race, we don't find out the outcome for quite a while because we can't see the scoreboard"
With raging adrenaline and muscles propelling their bodies at high speeds toward a wall, visually impaired swimmers need to know – exactly – when to turn.
Otherwise, they would collide with the wall.
This is where the swimmer's tapper comes into play.
A tapper is a person who lets the swimmer know when they are approaching the end of the pool by "tapping" them either once or twice.
Timing, the swimmer's preference and repetition, repetition, repetition, are all important, as five-time US Paralympic champion Brad Snyder and his tapper Brian Loeffler explain the tricks and techniques to visually impaired swimming:
1. How do you manage to swim in a straight line?
Brad Snyder: Practice, practice, and more practice … and even then, I still veer off course. That being said, the ways I attempt to stay straight are by always training with symmetry in mind, both in and out of the water.
I try to train so that my body is strong on both sides, and that I am employing both sides equally. Even still, I still notice differences in strength from one side to the other. So I note these differences and compete with that awareness.
I have modified my arm recovery, dragging my fingers along the surface of the water so that if I veer off course toward the lane line, I will hopefully detect the lane line with my fingers, allowing me to correct course before I crash and lose precious time.
2. How do you know (if even) where your opponents are?
BS: I don't! That's the magic of blind swimming. We are not really racing each other so much as we're racing ourselves.
3. How do you know if you are first, second, third, etc.? Or does that matter?
BS: I don't! I often imagine that I am behind so that it's easier to dig down deep towards the end of a race!
4. When a tapper taps your head, what does that tell you? How do you know when to turn for another lap?
BS: The tapper taps my back, not my head. When I get the tap, I immediately turn. We feel as though this eliminates any potential errors in stroke counting or whatever else. I try to simplify things as much as possible, so our strategy is 'tap, then turn!' Nothing else!
5. Have you been a "tapper" before you worked with Brad? What are some differences among athletes and their tapping preferences?
Brian Loeffler: Before I coached Philip Schultz who was a 2008 Paralympian. … That's where I had my first experience and really learned how to tap.
There are other nuisances with tapping. There's no official [tapping device].* It's not a standard piece of equipment. It's a really homemade device. Some people use long fishing poles. Brad would tend to use a cane that we could fold up to transport easily and it usually had a tennis ball at the end.
What also varies for each person is that some people like to be struck on the head. And some people like to be struck on the back. Brad likes the back. Philip likes the head.
6. What is key between a tapper and the swimmer?
BS: Consistency. It helps the tapper to know my race strategy and what pace I will be coming into the wall. It helps me if the tapper taps at the same point every time. When we get on the same page, the turn should look exactly like an able-bodied swimmer's turn. You shouldn't even be able to tell that I'm blind.
BL: I think it's really important to have a tapper you trust because you're swimming at a fast rate into the wall and you have to know that the tapper is going to tap you, and at a point where you're not too far away or close to the wall.
Some other folks like a long tapping device like 14 feet long. So they get to tap further out and take a couple of strokes before they flip in. Brad's preference is to be closer so that it's more immediate and he knows when to flip.
7. What else is important for a tapper on the pool deck?
BL: You have to just focus on your swimmer. Don't get distracted with what's going on in the race, where they are in the race or where their competitors are. Don't look at the stands. Your sole job is to focus on them and gauge their speed. It's very much like a relay takeoff. You have to anticipate how fast they're moving, and when the point is when they want to receive the tap.
I think some other things tappers might be afraid of when they're starting out is being too timid. … They need to be struck fairly hard. They would rather be struck hard and feel the tap rather than question oh was that a tap? Or was that a bump on the lane line?
Tappers also can't communicate with the swimmers. No words of encouragement or strategy.
8. What other facts should we know about how visually impaired swimmers swim?
BS: The most interesting dynamic to me is that after the race, we don't find out the outcome for quite a while because we can't see the scoreboard. It's excruciating to sit in the pool, listening to everyone cheer, hoping it's for you, but not being sure.
(*) While there are no set length regulations in the current rulebook, all tapping devices must be deemed safe by the Technical Officials at all international World Para Swimming competitions (rule


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Crystal Bowman is a former preschool teacher, author, and speaker. She graduated from Calvin College with a degree in elementary education and studied early childhood development at the University of Michigan.
Her writing career began in 1990 as a lyricist for children's piano music. She began writing children's books in 1993 and has since written more than 80 books for children and 3 for women. She has written books for many popular children's series, such as Little Blessings, BOZ the Bear, MOPS (Mothers of Preschoolers), and I Can Read! She has also written two books of humorous poetry for children, three books for women, numerous magazine articles, Bible study materials, and educational resource books. She's a regular contributor to Clubhouse Magazine by Focus On the Family.
As a speaker, Crystal enjoys sharing her stories and poetry with students in the classroom and also with adults at teachers' conventions, writers' conferences, and women's seminars. "Writing and speaking can be intimidating because in order to connect with your audience you need to be personal and transparent, exposing what's in your heart and soul. But when readers or conference attendees respond positively to something I've said or written, it is humbling and rewarding all at the same time!"
Crystal and her husband, Bob, have enjoyed 40 years of marriage and are the parents of three grown children and five grandchildren. They live in Palm Beach Gardens, Florida. To learn more visit crystalbowman.com.
Speaking Topics and Programs:
I love speaking to women, children, parents, writers, and teachers. I've been speaking for over twenty years both nationally and locally. I speak at church groups, schools, conventions, writers' conferences, and have also been a guest on numerous radio and television programs. The following is a list of some of my speaking topics and programs:
- Author's assemblies–entertaining and informative.
- Poetry Workshops: In the classroom.
- Teachers' Conferences: How to develop poetry unit.
Women's retreats, holiday banquets, mother-daughter banquets, parenting programs.
Mothers of Preschoolers:
- Parenting 101: The basics in parenting–what every child needs.
- Moms on the Grow: How moms can continue to grow in their personal lives while raising kids.
- Preserving Memories: Lots of easy ways to preserve memories for your family.Holidays and Traditions: Make holidays special and create fun family traditions that are simple and affordable.
- Adventures in Mothering: A realistic look at the joys and challenges of being a mom.
- Friendships: Making and nurturing female friends.
- Keeping your Family Spiritually Strong: Raising your kids to have a strong spiritual focus.
- Honor and Respect in the Home: Respecting your husband, and teaching your children to respect each other.
- Love Languages: How to show love to the ones you love.
- Generational Blessings: Passing down a legacy of faith.
- Personality Styles: Understanding your spouse, kids, friends, and extended family.
Writing for Children, Writing Picture Books, Writing in Rhythm and Rhyme, The World of Publishing, Promoting Children's Books, Finding Purpose in Your Writing, The Broad Spectrum of Children's Literature, Plot and character development in children's books (more topics upon request).
**Note: Fees for speaking vary depending on location and event.


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Exposed units: Warren House Formation
The quarry lies on the northeast corner of Hangman's Hill and 160m northwest of Dales Hall. About 12m of crag is exposed at present. Removal of the loose soil cover would easily expose more. The unit is a type of basalt called spilite (basalt that has been chemically altered by reacting with sea water) and is part of the Precambrian Warren House Formation. Rocks at the eastern end of the site preserve pillow lavas, further suggestive of the unit's eruption under water. Sections through the pillows measure approximately 1m x 30cm, with a vertical long axis. During eruption, the long axis of pillow structures will be oriented in the direction that the lava was travelling and therefore will be lain down at an angle close to horizontal. Vertically oriented long axes in the current outcrop therefore indicate that that the Warren House Formation has been subsequently tilted away from horizontal. The top of the unit is present in the north side of the quarry, which comprises about 5cm of broken rock.
Platt, J.I., 1933, 'The petrology of the Warren House series', Geological Magazine, vol.70, pp. 423-429.
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