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Who Is Robert Lucas?
Robert Emerson Lucas Jr. is a New Classical economist at the University of Chicago, renowned for his prominent role in developing microeconomic foundations for macroeconomics based on rational expectations. He won the Nobel Prize in Economics in 1995 for his contributions to the theory of rational expectations.
- Robert Lucas is a New Classical economist and long-time professor at the University of Chicago.
- Lucas is best known for his development of rational expectations theory and the eponymous Lucas Critique of macroeconomic policy.
- Lucas received the Nobel Prize on 1995 for his contributions to economic theory.
Understanding Robert E. Lucas Jr.
Robert E. Lucas Jr. was born the eldest child of Robert Emerson Lucas Sr. and Jane Templeton Lucas in Yakima, Washington, on Sept. 15, 1937, Lucas received a Bachelor of Arts in History from the University of Chicago in 1959. He initially pursued graduate studies at the University of California, Berkeley, before returning to Chicago for financial reasons. In 1964, he earned his PhD in economics. Initially, he believed his academic life would center around history, and he only continued his economic studies after reaching the conclusion that economics is the true driving force of history. Significantly, Lucas claimed to have studied economics for his PhD from a "quasi-Marxist" point of view, based on Marx's idea that the vast, impersonal forces that drive history are largely a matter of economics.
Lucas became a professor at Carnegie Mellon University at the Graduate School of Industrial Administration, before returning to the University of Chicago in 1975. In 1995, Lucas was awarded the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economics for developing the theory of rational expectations. He is currently professor emeritus at the University of Chicago.
Lucas is most well known for his contributions to macroeconomics including the development of the New Classical school of macroeconomics and the Lucas Critique. Lucas has spent much of his academic career investigating the implications of the rational expectations theory in macroeconomics. He also made important contributions to theories of economic growth.
Lucas built his career applying the idea that people in the economy form rational expectations about future events and the impact of macroeconomic policies. In a paper in 1972, he incorporated the idea of rational expectations to extend the Friedman-Phelps theory of long-term vertical Phillips Curve. A vertical Phillips Curve implies that expansionary monetary policy will increase inflation, without boosting the economy.
Lucas argued that if (as is assumed in microeconomics) people in the economy are rational, then only unanticipated changes to the money supply will have an impact on output and employment; otherwise people will just rationally set their wage and price demands according to their expectations of future inflation as soon as a monetary policy is announced and the policy will only have an impact on prices and inflation rates. Thus not only (per Friedman and Phelps) is the Phillips Curve vertical in the long run, it is also vertical in the short run except when monetary policymakers can make unannounced, unpredictable, or truly surprising moves that market participants are unable to anticipate.
The Lucas Critique
He also developed the Lucas Critique of economic policymaking, which holds that relationships between economic variables observed in past data or estimated by macroeconometric models are not reliable for economic policymaking because people rationally adjust their expectations and behavior based on their understanding of the impact of economic policy. The expectations about economic conditions and policy that shaped consumer, business, and investor behavior during the periods from which past data are drawn often will not hold once conditions and policies change.
This means that economic policymakers cannot reliably hope to manage the economy by tinkering with key variables, such as money supply or interest rates, because the act of doing so also changes the relationship between these variables and the variables that represent the targeted outcomes, such as GDP or unemployment rates. Thus the Lucas Critique argues against activist macroeconomic policy aimed at managing the economy.
Economic Growth and Development Economics
Lucas also made contributions to endogenous growth theory and to unifying growth theory (which applied mostly to growth in developed economies) with development economics (applied to less developed economies). This includes the Lucas-Uzawa model, which explains long-run economic growth as dependent on human capital accumulation, and the Lucas Paradox, which asks why capital does not appear to flow to regions of the globe where capital is relatively scarce (and thus receives a higher rate of return) as neoclassical growth theory would predict.


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Amount of Calories in Japanese Persimmon Foods
The amount of calories in Japanese Persimmon foods like Jam, Pie and Juices is also different. Calorie content of different Japanese Persimmon foods is:
Calories in Juice: 90.00 kcal
Calories in Jam: 345.00 kcal
Calories in Pie: 284.00 kcal
In nutritional terms, the calorie content of Japanese Persimmon is the energy obtained through its consumption. Here is a simple equation to maintain a balance between calorie levels: The amount of energy consumed must be equal to the amount of energy utilized. If low, the person may become weak and if high, this energy is stored in the form of fat. Everyone needs calories for proper functioning of body and Japanese Persimmon calories will not alter the diet in any hazardous way. Calorie requirements vary depending upon the physical activities, age, weight, height and health of the individual.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


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My question here is, if this term is used in other fields not related to fire alarms and emergency breaks.
I agree with Hugo, this phrase seems barely used in healthcare, let alone outside of it.
After reading the link, I understand the concept, but I admit it wasn't immediately clear. A more common phrase with a similar meaning might be Emergency Powers. Whereby, under certain circumstances, special privileges are granted, usually to facilitate a faster response to an emergency.
I don't work in the healthcare field and I've never heard those terms before, but I can guess
* what they mean.
If used in a formal context, it might be best to define them the first time, as the avoidance of ambiguity is very important when it comes to fire alarms and emergencies.
However, it may be better just to avoid these terms, especially as there's no results at all in Google Ngram Viewer:
Furthermore, there are only about 1,190 results for "break glass policy" and only about 400 results for "break glass procedure", so these terms are not used much anywhere. I would expect higher results even if they were widely used by the healthcare field.
* After checking one of the links, my guess was wrong: I assumed it was the policy for evacuating people out in an emergency, but "refers to a quick means for a person who does not have access privileges to certain information to gain access when necessary".
From this link:
"... are still using root accounts outside of 'break glass' scenarios."
This is at least a data point for recent use, and refers to short term, emergency access to restricted access systems.


text:
1. Open GameCIH
2. Select "Input Number"
3. Input the amount you want to change
4. Change the values a few times until you get 1-2 addresses
5. Lock the value(s)
6. Commit an action (such as making a recipe) for the change(s) to take effect
(I tried to change the popularity values, but I'd get 0 addresses every time)


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The Impact of Information Technologies on Political Participation: Tendencies of Internet Penetration and Activeness of Voters in Lithuania
Keywords:political participation, internet penetration, activeness of voters, development of information communication technologies, election
AbstractActive political participation in the process of democratic governance provides citizens an opportunity to influence elections and control politician's work. The aim of this article was to identify the impact of internet on political participation of voters in Lithuania. The tendencies of internet penetration and activeness of voters were analysed. Furthermore causal relations between political participation in 2007-2012 elections and factors of internet penetration (hosehold with internet access and individuals, who used internet daily or at least once per week) were analyzed in this article. According to this study relation between activeness of voters in 2007-2012 election and factors of internet penetration was found. After division of election according their types, the relation was observed only in the election of Parliament. It is noted, that further internet penetration and more active application of electronic democracy forms will give bigger opportunities to participate in policy for electors who have the internet.


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09.00 The Limits of Liminality: A Time and a Place for Ainu Heritage Performers to Sing
Performances and rehearsals are fluid spaces of productive tensions and liminality that allow for potential change to structure and norms. However, little attention has been paid to the precariousness of production and transformation for native and indigenous bodies involved in state-sponsored heritage performance as they move through entangled spaces and time. Sapporo Upopo Hozonkai is a performance group designated by Japan as the official practitioners of UNESCO recognized intangible cultural heritage, upopo and rimse. Through a mix of participant observations and interviews with two Ainu women involved in the performance group, I will explore the temporalities and in-between spaces their bodies can or cannot be Ainu. Both in their late fifties, one lady has been involved as a "tourism Ainu" since she was young, while the other gathered the courage to be Ainu in her early forties. I accompanied them through rehearsals, car rides, dinners, and the stage, from the city centre to the peripheral performance spaces located in the outskirts of Sapporo city; when and where is it difficult or impossible to be Ainu? How do they manoeuvre their bodies as they move through these spaces that contain elements of liminality too?
Located in the intersection of state rhetoric, heritage practice, and the urban environment of Sapporo city, they are involved in a constant production and destruction of their bodies and the physical markers of being Ainu. Specifically, their liminal bodies are sites of production and destruction, due to the nation-state's constant re-colonization of their indigeneity—a settler-colonial form of native elimination as a structure in progress. State institutions provide various spaces to re-learn and practice upopo and rimse, but the conditions of urban time in which their bodies are inserted as productive, race-d "Japanese" citizens of the state already presuppose a constant destruction of being Ainu. Simultaneously, they continue as survivors in the production of their bodies as Ainu through material and embodied practices. The condition of their bodies, with the common experience of liminality, allows them to maintain a dialogue with their beliefs, practices, and each other. I will argue for a re-entanglement of the creation and destruction of indigenous bodies that rise out of their positions in a "mono-ethnic" settler-colonial nation, within the temporalities of an urban environment, fraught with the danger of being both native and not. We are sustained by the state and the present history of settler-colonization, the very conditions upon which the performers, their performance, and my presence as a foreign researcher are made possible. However, an ambivalent critique of the above condition is simultaneously located in the bodies of these women, in their narratives of being Ainu, their dances during rehearsals and impromptu songs between car rides, and their desires for the next generation to be or not be Ainu.
Theoretically, this empirical study is an exploration of Haraway's co-constitutivity and becoming. There is an entanglement between liminal bodies, the structure of the nation-state and its project of settler-colonization, in which the construction and destruction of bodies indicate a state of becoming. However, their common experience of precarious liminality or precarious indigeneity places limits on their bodies of being and becoming. This limit grounds them as the indigenous peoples of northern Japan, is the basis of tran-indigenous exchange with other native and indigenous nations, and structures a form of continuity in how or when their bodies interact, interpret, and perform their heritage culture.


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Table of Contents
bcg_info - display information about graphs encoded in the BCG format
] [ -branching
] [ -deadlock
] [ -format
] [ -labels
] [ -nondeterministic label_number
] [ -order
] [ -path
] [ -profiles
] [ -size
] [ -unreachable
] [ -compact | -verbose
This command takes as input the BCG graph
and displays various information (number of states, number
of transitions, number of labels, etc.) about this graph.
A dynamic library
corresponding to filename.bcg may be generated if necessary.
are currently supported: -version
, and -tmp
. See the bcg
manual page for a description of
The following options are also supported:
- Display statistics about the branching factor, i.e., the average,
minimal, and maximal number of transitions going out of the states.
- Display the list of deadlock states. The output of this command can be
controlled using the -compact, -verbose, and -line options (see below).
- Display the BCG format version number (e.g., 1.0, 1.1) used for filename[.bcg]
- Display the number of hidden (i.e., 'tau') transitions.
the number of labels followed by the list of labels.
- -nondeterministic label_string
- Display the list of states in which there is nondeterminism for label label_string,
i.e., the states in which there are at least two outgoing transitions labelled
by label_string. If label_string is equal to the special string '-', then nondeterministic
states are searched for each label. The output of this command can be controlled
using the -compact, -verbose, and -line options (see below).
information about the order in which transitions are sorted (depending
on source states, destination states and label numbers)
- -path state_number
- Display the shortest path from the initial state to the state given by
state_number. The path is displayed using the simple SEQUENCE format (see
man page for a description of this format).
- Undocumented option.
- Display the number of states and transitions on
a single line.
- Display the list of states that cannot be reached
from the initial state of the graph (this list should be empty if the graph
is connected). The output of this command can be controlled using the -compact,
-verbose, and -line options (see below).
- Display lists of states
in a user-friendly, synthetic form. There are about ten state numbers per
line and, whenever possible, a shorthand notation 'M... N' is used to indicate
all state numbers in the range between M and N. Default option.
to -compact option, except that the shorthand notation '...' is not used. Not
a default option.
- Display lists of states in a simple form, with only
one state number per line. Not a default option.
manual page for a description of the environment variables
used by all the BCG application tools.
Exit status is 0 if everything
is alright, 1 otherwise.
Hubert Garavel, Bruno Ondet, and Damien
- BCG graph (input)
- dynamic library
(input or output)
- ''bcg_info'' shell script
- ''bcg_info'' static library
See the bcg
manual page for a description
of the other files.
is available from the CADP Web page located at _URL_
for installation are given in files $CADP/INSTALLATION_*.
and improvements to this software are reported and commented in file $CADP/HISTORY.
Please report bugs to _EMAIL_
Table of Contents


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Thematic Research Groups
Thematic research activities in the Centre
The CCG comprises experts from diverse and complementary disciplines including sociology, history, political science, public health, political philosophy, international relations, political economy, and anthropology. They draw on both qualitative and quantitative methods to enhance their research and
to produce innovative and accessible studies. CCG researchers also specialise in a number of regions including Australia, China, Korea, India, Indonesia, Japan, North Africa, the Middle East and the United States.
The CCG's research activities coalesce around a set of common themes, which encourage and enable cross-disciplinary and cross-cultural collaboration among leading and emerging CCG, Deakin and international scholars.
Research in the context of democracy and the potential democratisation of governance and media and more equitable local, national and global societies
Investigation of the current debates around'managing' and governance of cultural and religious diversity and intercultural and interreligious education
The largest centre in Melbourne focusing specifically on European philosophy and the History of Ideas
Research aimed at contributing to a more inclusive and just social existence for all
Inter-disciplinary research in the
context of Asia and the Middle East


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Communication with Physicians about Health Care Costs
CONTEXT: Health care costs have increasingly shifted to patients, and financial distress caused by medical care has increased. Patients may wish to discuss costs with their clinicians.
OBJECTIVE: Describe patient preferences for communication about cost in the clinical setting.
DESIGN: Cross-sectional, self-administered survey of a stratified random sample of the population insured in an integrated health care system in Washington State. Our sampling frame was the entire membership aged 21 years or older. Sampling was stratified by sex and group practice enrollment.
MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Preference for discussing health care costs with one's physician. We conducted regression analyses to determine predictors of communication preference; potential predictors included demographic characteristics, financial burden, delay in seeking care because of cost, and socioeconomic variables. Survey responses were weighted to adjust for nonresponse and sampling.
RESULTS: Of 7200 invitations sent, 2200 survey responses were returned. Ninety-two percent wished to know their out-of-pocket costs before beginning treatment. Most respondents preferred their physician talk with them about out-of-pocket costs (81.4%) and expressed comfort with discussing costs with their physician (75.6%). Overall, 43.7% reported any delay in seeking care in the previous 12 months. One in 5 respondents (21.6%) reported family medical debt. Delay in seeking care was positively and independently associated with preferring to discuss costs with one's physician; current medical financial burden was not.
CONCLUSION: Patient preferences for communication about costs with physicians are high, and medical debt and delay in care-seeking are prevalent. Delay in care-seeking independently predicts cost communication preferences.


uneiform tablet from Mari
The oldest written source of the 30 doubling problem is the cuneiform tablet M 08613, from the first half of the 18th century BCE (according to the middle chronology). This tablet is heavily discussed in [1,2,6]. As the Ptolemaic papyrus, this tablet only contains the computation of 30 successive doubling of a small weight unit (~0.05 g). However, this time, the unit is litterally called a "barley-corn". The text starts this way (translation from [here]((_URL_
A barley-corn: to a single barley-corn I increased, 2 barley-corns in the 1st day; 4 barley-corns in the 2nd day; 8 barley-corns in the 3rd day;
and so on (including the unit changes and various problems and errors linked to Mari's specific centesimal/sexagesimal number system). It ends at the reverse of the tablet with
1 'thousand' 3 'hundred' 48 talents 30 minas 16 1/6 shekels 2 barley-corns in the 29th day; 2 'thousand' 7 'hundred' 37 talents 1/2 mina 2 1/3 shekels 4 barley-corns in the 30th day.
If I understand correctly the comments 'thousand' should in fact be read as sexagesimal 600, and 'hundred' as sexagesimal 60. Any way, the final weight corresponds to slightly less than 50 tons. It is likely that this computation was linked with a narrative, but the fable has not be found (yet).
Høyrup explains that the position of Mari, as well as the originality in style of this tablet (it's not a standard scribe exercise) makes the connection with a merchant's tradition likely.
TL;DR: The answer to your question
To make long story short. Your questions were:
My (or in fact Høyrup's and Friberg's) answer is:
 - The origin of the fable can be traced back to the 18th century BCE in Mesopotamia.
 - Computations related to the fable are recorded in the cuneiform tablet M 08613 which is the earliest instance of it.
 - This tale was transmitted, along with other mathematical riddles along the silk road on a wide area, ranging from western Europe to China. It was probably transmitted by merchants, and various modern versions are still alive on the internet.
 1. Jens Høyrup, Sub-Scientific Mathematics. Observations on a Pre-Modern Phenomenon. History of Science 28 (1990), 63–86. It can be found at page 394 of this big pdf file.
 2. The Formation of «Islamic Mathematics». Sources and Conditions. Science in Context 1 (1987), 281–329. pdf
 3. George Ifrah, Universal History of Numbers: From Prehistory to the Invention of the Computer. Translated by David Bellos, E.F. Harding, Sophie Wood and Ian Monk. Harville Press, London, 1998 (ISBN 978-_PHONE_).
 4. George Ifrah, Histoire universelle des chiffres, 2nd edition. (Seghers, puis Bouquins, Robert Laffont, 1994)
 5. Tropfke, J./Vogel, Kurt, et al, 1980. Geschichte der Elementarmathematik. 4. Auflage. Band 1: Arithmetik und Algebra. Vollständig neu bearbeitet von Kurt Vogel, Karin Reich, Helmuth Gericke. Berlin & New York: W. de Gruyter.
 6. Jöran Friberg (2005) Unexpected Links between Egyptian and Babylonian Mathematics, World Scientific, Singapore (Reviewed by José Barrios Garcia, Metascience (2007) 16:295-298) isbn:981-256-328-8, Chapter 1: Two Curious Mathematical Cuneiform Texts from Old Babylonian Mari (830 KB)
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I just found here an unsourced Indian version, but with 30 doublings jwilson.coe.uga.edu/EMT668/EMAT6680.F99/Martin/… – Frédéric Grosshans Jun 7 '13 at 15:41
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The earliest record (I have) found (searching the Internet) is the Persian Book Shahnameh, of which I know nothing more than the Wikipedia entry:
The Shahnameh or Shah-nama (Persian: شاهنامه Šāhnāmeh, "The Book of Kings") is a long epic poem written by the Persian poet Ferdowsi between c. 977 and 1010 AD and is the national epic of Iran and related societies. Consisting of some 60,000 verses, the Shahnameh tells mainly the mythical and to some extent the historical past of (Greater) Iran from the creation of the world until the Islamic conquest of Persia in the 7th century.
Incidentally, it might be interesting to know for western ignorant folk (like me) that this book was "pivotal in reviving Persian language after the Arabic infulence". Back on topic, because I do not have a copy of it at hand, I relied on a random website for the translation of the relevant passage, as reported in Yalom's book [7] (pages 4-5):
The Persian epic Book of Kings (Shah-nameh), written by the great poet Firdausi (c. 935–1020), gives an amusing account of how chess made its way from India to Persia. As the story goes, in the sixth century the raja of India sent the shah a chess set made of ivory and teak, telling him only that the game was "an emblem of the art of war," and challenging the shah's wise men to figure out the moves of the individual pieces. Of course, to the credit of the Persians (this being a Persian story), one of them was able to complete this seemingly impossible assignment. The shah then bettered the raja by rapidly inventing the game of "nard" (a predecessor of backgammon), which he sent back to India with the same challenge. Despite its simplicity relative to chess, the intricacies of nard stumped the raja's men. This intellectual gambling proved to be extremely costly for the raja, who was obliged to pay a heavy toll: two thousand camels carrying "Gold, camphor, ambergris, and aloe-wood,/As well as raiment, silver, pearls, and gems,/With one year's tribute, and dispatched it all/From his court to the portal of the Shah."
Another story in the Shah-nameh tells how chess was originally invented. In this tale, an Indian queen was distraught over the enmity between her two sons, Talhand and Gav, half brothers with respective claims to the throne. When she heard that Talhand had died in warfare, she had every reason to think Gav had killed him. The sages of the kingdom, the tale has it, developed the chessboard to recreate the battle, and show the queen clearly that Talhand had died of battle fatigue, rather than at his brother's hands. The Persian term shah mat, used in this episode, eventually came down to us as "check mate," which literally means "the king was dumbfounded," though it is often translated as "the king died."
The Shah-nameh version of the birth of chess vied with another popular legend in which a man named Sissa ibn Dahir invented the game for an Indian king, who admired it so much that he had chessboards placed in all the Hindu temples. Wishing to reward Sissa, the king told him to ask for anything he desired. Sissa replied, "Then I wish that one grain of wheat shall be put on the first square of the chessboard, two on the second, and that the number of grains shall be doubled until the last square is reached: whatever the quantity this might be, I desire to receive it." When the king realized that all the wheat in the world would not suffice, he commended Sissa for formulating such a wish and pronounced it even more clever than his invention of chess.
Another source [8], also discusses this legend, and the earliest recorded occurence is again in Firdausi. However the author speculates about the earlier development of the theme. According to al-Masudi's early history of India, shatranj, or chess
was inventend under an Indian king, who expressed his preference for this game over backgammon. [...] The Indians, he adds, also calculated an arithmetical progression with the squares of the chessboard. [...] The early fondness of the Indians for enormous calculations [9] is well known to students of their mathematics, and is exemplified in the writings of the great astronomer Āryabaṭha (born 476 A.D.). [10]. [...] An additional argument for the Indian origin of this calculation is supplied by the Arabic name for the square of the chessboard, (بيت, "beit"), 'house'. [...] For this has doubtless a historical connection


-only prerequisite. For the requirements of this type of prerequisite to be met, the file just has to exist. The timestamp comparison between an order-only prerequisite and target is not made. This is often used for output directories, as is the case here.
3. Generating OBJS List
OBJS itself comprises of various.o files, which can be compiled from various sources. Some of these sources may be.ccp or.s but I'm more interested in the list of.c files originally listed in Makefile as CSRC. These are copied to the variable TCSRC where the T prefix denotes these files are to be compiled to the Thumb instruction set.
TCSRC += $(CSRC)
TSRC := $(TCSRC) $(TCPPSRC)
TCOBJS := $(addprefix $(OBJDIR)/, $(notdir $(TCSRC:.c=.o)))
There is a lot going on in the assignment of TCOBJS:
Working from the most nested parentheses outwards:
This is using a substitution reference. When expanded, any file in TCSRC which ends in.c will have its extension changed to.o.
E.g.../../../os/rt/src/chsys.c becomes../../../os/rt/src/chsys.o
notdir is in fact a function - functions in make have a call syntax similar to variable referencing. notdir is used to remove the directory path from files.
E.g.../../../os/rt/src/chsys.o becomes: chsys.o
The last step uses the addprefix function to prepend the desired output directory onto the front of each file.
E.g chsys.o becomes build/obj/chsys.o.
4. TCOBJS Rule
There is a unique rule for each batch of object files, since each is intended to be compiled slightly differently. For example, TCOBJS are to be compiled to the Thumb instruction set, while ACOBJS are to be compiled to the ARM instruction set. Make has to be aware of the specific target filename so it can determine the appropriate recipe to use.
$(TCOBJS) : $(OBJDIR)/%.o : %.c Makefile
 $(CC) -c $(CFLAGS) $(TOPT) -I. $(IINCDIR) $< -o $@
 _USER_ Compiling $(/dev/null) $(_URL_
Considering the individual parts:
The ChibiOS build system does a lot in relatively few lines of make. I cannot currently think of any significant functionality that is missing. It is definitely an example I will look to in the future when writing a makefile.
After taking time to study it, I have to admit the documentation for GNU Make is pretty good. However, it is likely easier to navigate when using it as a reference for a known command than it would be when searching for an appropriate command.
In the descriptions above I have not always followed the path to build dependencies that make (probably) would. Since the same dependency may occur for more than one target, I have tried to follow a more logical path. E.g. OBJS is a dependency of all and a dependency of.elf. Following the latter seemed like a more appropriate choice.


text:
Has this Nitinol engine technology simply just been forgotten or has it been deliberately supressed by the oil companies?
This Nickel and Titanium alloy has the ability to'memorise' a shape. At a temperature of 500ºC you set the Nitinol into the required shape. While the metal is cooling to room temperature, the shape is 'trained' into the metal.
Once the'memory' is set you can change the shape of the metal. Then by raising its temperature to the metals 'transitional' level the Nitinol will abruptly and with a force of up to 55 tons/square inch return to the memorised shape. Different Nickel and Titanium percentages in the alloy produce different transitional temperatures including room temperature.
In the 1970s and 1980s toys and even spectacle frames were made of Nitinol but all that seems to have been forgotten.
A Nitinol engine made with a low temperature differential could easily use a heat source like, solar, geothermal, friction or waste heat etc.


Birds of Paradise Agra Design Carpet
Only 0 items in stock!
Agra is one of the cities in India that served as a production center for carpets after the establishment and consolidation of the Mughal Empire in the 16th century. Persian weavers were brought in to combine their weaving skills and Persian patterns with those of Indian patterns and the tastes of India's royal leaders. Demand for these rugs grew outside of India, particularly due to the high density of knotting, and not just the design elements. In the late 19th and early 20th century, under the era of British colonialism and subsequent influence, colors and patterns changed. Some of the most expensive and exclusive carpets from this era were made by prisoners in the city jails.
Design: Birds of Paradise Agra Design Carpet
Style: Antique Agra Wool Carpet
Origin: India
Material: 100% Wool
Colors: Raspberry Red, Chartreuse Green, Blue
Size: 9' X 11'9"
Rug Number:


Standing High Jump
This tutorial demonstrates how to use feed-forward control to perform a standing high jump task. It shows how to use different types of functions for feed-forward control, as well as the how to setup the objective function.
Piece-Wise Constant Control
 - Click on File → Open…, and open Tutorials/Tutorial 2a - Standing High Jump.scone
In the editor, you'll see a section called 'Controller', with the following code:
# Controller for the Model
FeedForwardController {
 symmetric = 1
 # Function for feed-forward pattern
 PieceWiseConstant {
 control_points = 2
 control_point_y = 0.3~0.01<0,1> # Initial y value of control points
 control_point_dt = 0.2~0.01<0,1> # initial delta time between control points
The FeedForwardController is the type of controller, and the Function defines the type of function. In this case, we define a PieceWiseConstantFunction function with two control points, and a variable time between control points. The values after control_point_y and control_point_dt define parameters to be optimized, and have the following format:
mean~standard deviation
 - To start the optimization, click on Scenario → Optimize Scenario
If you do not wish to optimize a parameter, for instance if you wish to use a piece-wise function with a fixed time interval of 0.1 seconds, simply change control_point_dt to:
control_point_dt = 0.1 # this parameter is no longer optimized
Polynomial Control
Instead of using a PieceWiseConstantFunction function, it is also possible to use a PieceWiseLinearFunction function or a Polynomial, simply by changing the type of the function.
Keywords in SCONE are case sensitive.
To use a polynomial to define the muscle excitation signal for each muscle, change the code into the following (see also Tutorials/Tutorial 2b - Standing High Jump - Polynomial.scone):
# Controller for the Model
FeedForwardController {
 symmetric = 1
 # 2nd degree polynomial ax^2 + bx + c
 Polynomial {
 degree = 2
 coefficient0 = 0.3~0.01<0,1> # initial value for c
 coefficient1 = 0~0.1<-10,10> # initial value for b
 coefficient2 = 0~0.1<-10,10> # initial value for a
Jumping with a Straight Upper Body
If you have run the optimization for a while, you will notice that the model has a tendency to lean backwards during the jump. The reason for this is that our optimization objective only cares about how high it jumps, not about the pose of its upper body.
The objective function is defined by the Objective and Measure tags. The objective type is a SimulationObjective, which is used for objective functions that are the result of a simulation. Inside the Objective you'll find the Measure that defines the fitness function of the objective.
By default, JumpMeasure measures the maximum height of the Center of Mass (COM) of the model. We can add an additional term to also take into account the orientation of the upper body (see also Tutorial 2c - Standing High Jump - Straight Pose):
# Composite measure for straight pose jumping
CompositeMeasure {
 # Fitness measure for jumping
 JumpMeasure {
 termination_height = 0.75
 prepare_time = 0.2
 # Penalize backwards leaning pose
 DofMeasure {
 dof = pelvis_tilt
 position { min = -45 max = 0 abs_penalty = -10 }
What we've done here is changed the measure type to CompositeMeasure, and combine our JumpMeasure with an additional DofMeasure. The latter applies a penalty when a specific Degree of Freedom (DOF) is outside a specific range. In this case, we define the valid range to be between -45 and 0 degrees, and apply a penalty of -10 per degree at which the pelvis_tilt is outside this range.
Setting the initial parameters
Since we don't want to redo our entire optimization, we jump-start the optimization by initializing the parameters using the result of an earlier optimization. This is accomplished with the following line:
init_file = data/StandingHighJumpFC2.par # use previous result
 - Run the scenario by pressing Ctrl + T
You will notice that the simulation is already jumping, because the parameters from the previous optimization were taken.
 - Start the optimization through Scenario → Optimize Scenario
As you can see, the initial fitness of the optimization is a lot higher than when starting from scratch. As the simulation progresses, you'll see the upper body staying more straight during the jump.
In order to make the optimization run as fast as possible, keep as few optimizations running as possible. Any optimization can be terminated by clicking on the little 'x' in the upper right corner of the optimization window.
Jumping with Knees Up
By default, JumpMeasure tracks the height of the COM of the model. However, it can also be changed to measure the maximum height of a point of a specific body part. For instance, we can measure knee height by inserting the following tag (see Tutorial 2d - Standing High Jump - Knees Up):
body = tibia_r
Note that, since our controller is symmetric, it doesn't matter which side of a body part we choose. In addition to changing the target, we will also add some control points to accommodate for the more complex activation pattern required for this type of jump:
control_points = 4
The init_file will still be used to initialize the first two control points from the earlier jump, but the last two will be optimized from scratch.
 - Start the optimization by pressing ''Ctrl + F5''
After clicking on one of the results, analyze the activation patterns in the Analysis tool, to find out what jumping strategies are found by the optimizer. You might notice that the optimization of this scenario does not progress as fast as the initial one. Apparently, optimizing knee height is more complex than optimizing the COM position!


Detective comedy 2: Introducing the client
Detective comedy 2: Introducing the client
10 pages
Examining detective genre tropes, such as introducing the client.
This lesson continues the examination of blending of detective and comedy genres in 'The Falcon's Malteser', focussing on introducing the clients and tropes such as observational (and judgemental) descriptions of characters, and approaching this from a writer's perspective. How can you build a character from physical detail and style choices such as clothing and accessories? We rewrite the passage looking at each of these details, and end with a checkpoint piece.
Lesson type
Detailed practice
Genre / Topic
Comedy, Mystery, Action, Adventure


text:
Hittite, 14th-13th century BC
Probably from Anatolia (modern Turkey)
This beautiful figurine of a young Hittite girl is made of ivory. Her hair is drawn back and hangs in a pig-tail down her back. She stands in a formal pose with her hands by her sides. The proportions of the figure, lacking curves, show her youth. The treatment is naturalistic except for the stylized ears and the triangles indicating the knees. The pubic triangle was originally inlaid, and other parts of the ivory may have been covered in precious metal.
The function of the figurine is unknown, but ivory was widely used in the ancient world to decorate furniture The dowel hole in the square base of the figure suggests it was once attached to something.
From around 1650 BC a Hittite king rebuilt Hattusa (modern Bogazköy) and made it his capital. Between about 1400 and 1200 BC the Hittites established one of the great empires of the ancient Near East, extending into western Anatolia and south into Syria. They adopted many of the traditions of Syria and Mesopotamia, including the cuneiform writing system, and vied with the Egyptians for control of the wealthy Canaanite cities on the coast.
D. Collon, Ancient Near Eastern art (London, The British Museum Press, 1995)

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


text:
Horizontal curves are an integral part of the highway alignment. However, a disproportionately high number of severe crashes occur on them. One method transportation agencies use to reduce the number crashes at horizontal curves is the installation of curve warning signs which post an appropriate advisory speed. Appropriate curve advisory speeds can be determined using several methods. Some of these methods are time-consuming to perform and are error-prone. The purpose of this research was to find the most efficient and accurate data collection method for determining curve advisory speeds. Several processes were developed and tested. They were then validated against the results of a manual process referred to as the Direct Method and other traditional methods (such as the ball-bank indicator), which are generally assumed to produce accurate results. Comparing the results of these methods allow researchers evaluate their accuracy and usefulness for setting advisory speeds. The results illustrate the potential of a more user-friendly methodology that allows for efficient and accurate data collection. The advisory speeds determined by this research will assist the Kentucky Transportation Cabinet to properly sign horizontal curves. Previous research suggests that posting appropriate advisory speeds results in a safer driving experience.
Digital Object Identifier
Green, Eric R.; Agent, Kenneth R.; and Lammers, Erin, "Development of an Improved Method for Determining Advisory Speeds on Horizontal Curves" (2016). Kentucky Transportation Center Research Report. 1566.


Is your surname Marx?
Research the Marx family
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Karl Heinrich Marx
Birthplace: Trier, Rheinland-Pfalz, Deutschland
Death: Died in London, England
Place of Burial: Highgate Cemetery, Swain's Lane, London N6 6PJ, United Kingdom
Immediate Family:
Son of Heinrich Hirschel Marx and Henriette Marx
Husband of Johanna Bertha Julie Jenny von Westphalen
Partner of Helene Demuth
Father of Jenny Caroline Longuet; Jenny Laura Lafargue; Edgar Marx; Henry Edward Guy Guido Marx; Jenny Eveline Franziska Frances Marx and 6 others
Brother of Sophie / Sophia Schmalhausen; Hermann Marx; Henriette Marx; Louise Juta; Emilie Marx and 3 others
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About Karl Marx
Karl Marx Documents on Geni
Karl Heinrich Marx (Trier, May 5, 1818 - London, 14 March 1883) was a philosopher, historian, sociologist, economist, writer and thinker German Jewish socialist. Father theorist of scientific socialism and communism, along with Friedrich Engels, is considered a key historical figure for understanding society and politics.
Karl Marx was the third of seven children of a middle-class Jewish family. His father, Herschel Mordechai (after Heinrich) Marx, who was descended from a long line of illustrious rabbis, practiced law in Trier his hometown. Herschel's brother Samuel was—like many of his ancestors—chief rabbi of Trier. The family name was originally "Marx Levi".
Herschel was also counselor of justice, but received strong political pressure, by the Prussian authorities forbade him to continue his legal practice according to their religion and forced him to embrace Protestantism in order to maintain offices in the Rhineland. Karl's mother was Henrietta Pressburg, born in the Netherlands, and Jewish at the time of Karl's birth, although she converted upon the death of her parents. Karl was baptized when he was six years old. Little is known about Marx's childhood.
His siblings were Sophie, Hermann, Henriette, Louise, Emilie and Caroline.
Karl studied law at Bonn University but left to study philosophy at Berlin. He received his doctorate at Jena in 1841 with a thesis entitled The difference between the natural philosophy of Democritus and Epicurus. He soon became involved in developing work on social reality, working in 1842 with Bruno Bauer in the publishing of the Rhenish Gazette (Rheinische Zeitung), publication of which soon became editor. During this period he attended the philosophical coterie of books (Die Freien). The final publication would be operated by the censor, and later, Marx had to go into exile.
The period of Paris
Along with Ruge in Paris founded the journal Annals Franco-German (Deutsch-französische Jahrbücher), of which he was director, although for a short time since the French government pressure closes the Prussian government. In 1844, in Paris, Marx met and befriended with Friedrich Engels, who will become its main partner and will also provide financial support on many occasions due to the economic hardship that his family is subject given the possibility of their income.
Also known in France with other major socialist thinkers of the era such as Pierre-Joseph Proudhon, Louis Blanc and Mikhail Bakunin and the German poet Heinrich Heine. He wrote his theoretical reflections of that time in a series of workbooks that were published posthumously as Economic and Philosophical Manuscripts. Moreover, the political weight of his newspaper articles won him fame as a revolutionary, leading to his expulsion from France.
The period from Brussels and the Manifesto [edit]
Established in Brussels, he founded the League of Communists, after which it is declared a stateless person, atheist and revolutionary. After the revolutionary period of 1848 and the publication of the Communist Manifesto, written with Engels, he moved to Cologne, where he organizes a new journal, "New Rhenish Gazette" (Neue Rheinische Zeitung). His new publication reaches an immediate success in the context of an era of strong social feeling and revolutionary commitment. It is therefore forbidden by the government Rhineland.
The period of London and Capital [edit]
It is now that Marx is dedicated to writing one of his major works, The Capital, which develops in the reading rooms of the British Museum. The first volume of Capital will not see light until 1867, after eighteen years of work.
Moreover, Marx participated in the founding and organization of the First International (28 September 1864), known as the International Workers Association (IWA), participating actively in the discussions. He is charged with drafting the inaugural International Call and participates in the drafting of the statute and other documents. It will initiate discussions after a clash between Marx and Bakunin, culminating in the expulsion of the latter in the Hague Congress of 1872 and the output of the Bakun International sections. The latter, in Congress assembled, Saint-Imier (Switzerland), would not recognize the agreements refound the Hague and the International.
After the defeat of the Paris Commune of 1871, which was a heavy blow to the International, Marx retired from political struggle and devoted himself to writing his thoughts. On March 14, 1883 died in London.
Family Life
Karl Marx married Jenny von Westphalen, daughter of the Prussian interior minister, a childhood friend who promised to be a student, but only succeeded in marrying her after the death of her father, who opposed the relationship, and after obtaining a degree of economic stability (if any) as director of the "Franco-German Annals. They lived with severe economic hardship due to erratic earnings Marx, political persecution (which censured and closed the magazines published) and constantly having to move country.
Marx to Jenny von Westphalen had 6 children in 1849 and the fourth expected in 1855 and had died three-Guido, and Edgar Franciska convulsions, bronchitis and tuberculosis would cause the small, Eleanor Marx was part of the feminist movement and Laura Marx, she married Paul Lafargue French socialist leader, and committed suicide with him in 1911.
With them lived Demouth Helene, who helped them with household chores and had an excellent relationship with the Marx family. He was especially close to Karl, as well, which is supposed to have had an illegitimate child with her that was acknowledged by Friedrich Engels as its own to avoid disputes within the marriage of Karl and Jenny.
Marx had a personal life devoted to study exhaustively the various disciplines of thought and especially of philosophy and history which had never meant that economic stability, but always had the loyal and unconditional support of his friend Engels.
Thought [edit]
Witness and victim of the first great crisis of capitalism (1830s) and the 1848 revolutions, Marx set out to develop an economic theory capable of providing explanations to the crisis, but at the same time to compel the proletariat to participate in it actively to produce a revolutionary change.
Marx's work has been read in different ways. It includes works of economic theory and criticism, philosophical polemics, manifestos of political, workbooks and articles on current events of the nineteenth century. Many of his works were written with Engels. The main issues on which Marx worked were philosophical criticism, political criticism and the critique of political economy.
Some authors attempted to integrate the work of Marx and Engels in a system of philosophy, Marxism, articulated around a philosophical approach called dialectical materialism. The principles of Marxist analysis of reality also been systematized in the so-called historical materialism and Marxist economics. Of historical materialism, which places the class struggle in the center of analysis, have used many twentieth-century social scientists, historians, sociologists, anthropologists, art theorists, and so on. It has also been influential his theory of alienation.
Other authors, most notably Louis Althusser argued that Marx's writings do not form a coherent whole, but the author himself, to develop their critical reflections on the political economy during the 1850s, got rid of his own philosophical consciousness earlier and began working scientifically. From this perspective there would be no Marxist science, but a scientist, Karl Marx, who was a pioneer in understanding the fundamental mechanisms governing the functioning of modern society, especially with his reworking of the theory of value, and whose work summit was Capital.
Marx's works have inspired numerous political organizations committed to overcome capitalism. First, the interpretation should be noted that they have done the Leninists, who believe that a vanguard of the proletariat, organized in a revolutionary party, prepared, if necessary, to work underground, push the working class to gain power through force insurrectionary masses to overthrow their ancient and oppressive and dominant classes, the bourgeoisie and aristocracy, seized control of the state apparatus and the means of production, and the process of building a state worker who as well as institute a former ruling class, you can move forward toward socialism highly egalitarian and inclusive society, based on workers democracy and social ownership of the means of production, and strong cultural and productive development, with a planned economy can comfortably meet the main needs majority-and the disappearance of the division of society into classes, to get to communism and classless society without a state, based on a very high level of civilization.
On the other, which makes the social,


BlogBlogging and Content WritingThe Introvert Writer's Guide to Promoting Freelance Services
The Introvert Writer's Guide to Promoting Freelance Services
Jennifer Xue
Jennifer Xue
Staff Blogger at ProWritingAid and Corporate Content Specialist
Published Oct 29, 2018
Many writers are introverts. And introverts make up 47 to 55 percent of the population. However, since most modern societies appreciate extroverts' traits more, namely aiming for the limelight and being outspoken, introverts must learn to navigate the world in order to succeed.
In this article, we'll discuss what being an introvert means and how an introverted writer can effectively promote freelance services without having to "pretend" to be an extrovert.
 1. Background
 2. First Things First: Understand the Strengths of Introverts
 3. Second, Recognize Your Strengths as a Writer
 4. Third, Set Up an Online Portfolio
 5. Fourth, Revise Your LinkedIn Profile
 6. Fifth, Develop Several Query Templates
 7. Sixth, Automate Your Business
 8. Conclusion
According to C.G. Jung, there are two significant types of personality: extroverts and introverts. The primary difference between the two is the source of their mental energy. Extroverts tend to be energized by social interaction, while introverts recharge their energy through solitude, tranquillity, and reflection.
This being said, their communication styles also differ. Extroverts are likely to be outspoken and decisive, while introverts are more reserved and tend to think before they speak.
Introverts are often misunderstood as being shy, which is actually a myth. Shyness is about fear and social anxiety, not about the source of inner energy. This explains why many public figures, including those whose jobs involve communicating with crowds, are introverts.
In other words, not all introverts are shy and not all shy people are introverts.
Now, if you're an introverted freelance writer, how can you grow your writing business? Because, most likely, you aren't that keen on going to business functions to introduce yourself while smiling from ear to ear and handing out your business card.
First Things First: Understand the Strengths of Introverts
Introverts often express themselves best through writing. That's because writing gives them the opportunity to analyze, edit, revise, and rewrite their thoughts before sharing them.
Of course, the level of "appropriateness" is relative from one introvert to another. According to MBTI (Myers-Briggs Type Indicator), there are at least 8 types of introverts: ISTJ, ISFJ, INFJ, INTJ, ISTP, ISFP, INFP, and INTP. Each type comes with its strengths, weaknesses, and characteristics that determine how they think, feel, make decisions, communicate, and build relationships with others.
Writing also allows introverts to communicate clearly without the pressure of face-to-face interaction. How an introvert's brain works is itself an advantage, as it enables the writer to be comprehensive in observation and expression.
Second, Recognize Your Strengths as a Writer
What are your strengths as a writer? They can be related to the genre, the subject, the topic, the angle, the viewpoint, or anything else. Perhaps you have impeccable grammar and an advanced vocabulary. Or, you can turn complex ideas into simple step-by-step explanations.
Whatever they are, show them off in your work. Always project the real you and your strengths in writing. After all, when you're comfortable with yourself, it shows in your writing and communication.
Third, Set Up an Online Portfolio
Create a simple website that showcases your writing portfolio. Remember to include live links to articles, e-books, or white papers, so they can be easily found, clicked, and read. Include a photo of yourself and a few paragraphs of your biography so your readers can learn more about you.
The key is to make your portfolio professional and up-to-date while reflecting your own individuality as a creative person. A good online portfolio can act as your 24/7/365 salesperson. Thus, it's crucial to design it well with clear navigation and simplicity.
Fourth, Revise Your LinkedIn Profile
Treat your LinkedIn profile as a second online portfolio. It's as essential as your writer's site. Storify the summary, expand each job description in a way that quantifies the workload, milestones, and achievements, while at the same time project your kindness as a human being. (This is actually an introvert's strength, as we tend to reflect, analyze, and present information in a well-structured format.)
You can earn an "All Star" profile if you include and update information on each sub-header, such as experience, education, volunteer experience, skills and endorsements, recommendations, accomplishments, and interests.
"All Star" profiles are likely to show up in search results, which can open up plenty of new and exciting opportunities. Also, make sure that you turn on the career interest option, so recruiters can easily find your digital resume for any writing-related position.
Fifth, Develop Several Query Templates
An introverted writer should take precautions against anything that drains his or her mental energy. One of the most effective ways is using templates for communication, particularly when sending queries. Create several different templates for each type of writing query.
For instance, if you write corporate blogs, journalism articles, and technical white papers, consider creating separate templates for each project type. For corporate blogs, you can create multiple templates based on the industry verticals targeted.
For journalism articles, you can develop several query templates based on the target readers, such as women's fashion magazines, parenting magazines, and vending machine trade magazines. For technical white papers, you can target each template for a specific industry type, such as fintech, IT, and blockchain technology.
Sixth, Automate Your Business
In this digital age, automation is an important part of doing freelance business. Use simple Typeform contact forms for preliminary client surveys so they can choose what services they need from you.
Next, you can connect it with Zapier, so you'll have a notification on your smartphone as soon as you receive a new contact. You can also nurture prospects with Drip or Mailchimp for automated e-mail responses, so you can spend more time reading and writing instead.
But don't go overboard with automation. It can feel less personal and "robotic." Make sure every e-mail is written as if you were talking to an intelligent friend. Just use a simple template, so it reads like it's sent by an individual, not a part of an automated drip e-mail marketing campaign.
Being an introverted freelance writer in this digital age is unprecedented. You don't need to attend tons of face-to-face events just to spread the word about your services. Instead, you can focus on completing assignments and brushing up your craft. Your website, LinkedIn profile, copied-and-pasted query templates, and business automation tools will continue to work on your behalf.
As long as you keep up with the latest technologies and humanize them with your writer's wit and charm, you can leverage a great deal. Today, despite being an introvert, promoting freelance writing services efficiently shouldn't be an issue.
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Jennifer Xue
Jennifer Xue
Staff Blogger at ProWritingAid and Corporate Content Specialist
Jennifer Xue is an award-winning e-book author with 2,500+ articles and 100+ e-books/reports published under her belt. She also taught 50+ college-level essay and paper writing classes. Her byline has appeared in Forbes, Fortune, Cosmopolitan, Esquire,, Business2Community, Addicted2Success, Good Men Project, and others. Her blog is Follow her on Twitter _USER_.
i would like to open my own blog
By anathibunny on 05 November 2018, 08:42 AM
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text:
Study reveals how construction workers remain physically fit as they age
Canadian researchers have uncovered a mysterious 'physical wisdom' used by skilled trades that enables them to work fast and safely to minimise physical strain.
The University of Waterloo, in Ontario, fitted construction workers with motion sensors and used artificial intelligence (AI) techniques to assess the impact of physical work on their bodies.
Researchers found that skilled bricklayers used previously unidentified techniques to limit loads on their joints, and master masons did not follow standard ergonomic rules taught to novices.
Instead, they had developed their own ways of working quickly and safely, for example 'swinging' blocks more often than lifting them and bending their backs less.
Carl Haas, a professor of civil and environmental engineering at the University of Waterloo, who led the research with colleague Eihab Abdel-Rahman, told RIBAJ: 'It's fascinating that for about 100 years we have been studying how masons do their work and how to make work more efficient and safe, but only now do we have the tools to dive in and figure out how some can keep working safely and productively when they are 65. It's as if skilled trades learn or acquire a kind of physical wisdom that they can't even articulate.'
Researchers first analysed the performance of bricklayers of various levels of experience wearing sensor suits while building a wall of concrete blocks. The data showed that expert workers put less stress on their bodies, but were able to do much more work.
A follow up study was carried out to determine how master masons manage to work so efficiently. Sensors were used to record their movements and AI programs identified common patterns for body positions.
'I believe the techniques are learned, or discovered by workers over time,' said Haas. 'It's very different from the classic taught ergonomic techniques which are safe if you try to follow them, but make you slow and unproductive if you want to work dynamically. This is like a highly developed skill, akin to those of professional sports players.'
It is hoped that insights gleaned here can be passed on to apprentices in training programmes to help reduce wear-and-tear injuries and boost productivity.
The researchers are now planning a more in-depth study to shed further light on the physical mechanisms at play. A system is being developed so that sensor suits can give trainees immediate feedback so they can modify movements to reduce stress on their bodies.
Musculoskeletal injuries are a significant problem in bricklaying that have caused many workers and apprentices to drop out of the industry prematurely.


text:
Impacts of the pulp and paper sector on forests
Some proposed new pulpwood plantations and mills threaten natural habitats in many places with high conservation values.
For example, the remaining natural forests in Sumatra, Borneo, New Guinea, Russian Far East, Southern Chile and the Atlantic forest region in Brazil are endangered because of growing demand for pulpwood, among other threats.
Forests also maintain the world's abundant biodiversity, essential for life on Earth. The activities of the pulp and paper sector in these places threaten the habitats of several rare wildlife species such as Asian big cats (including tigers), Asian elephant, Asian rhinos, and orangutans.


text:
Trump: The First 100 Days – A Panel Discussion On The Current And Future Impact On Employers
May 23, 2017 - 8:30 AM - 10:30 AM - Schwartz Hannum PC
Joseph E. Santucci, Jr.
Schwartz Hannum PC Senior Counsel And Washington D.C.- Based Nationally Recognized Labor Attorney
On January 21, 2017, Donald J. Trump began rapidly shaping his tenure as our 45th President. It already has become apparent that significant changes are in store at the Department of Labor and the National Labor Relations Board, and for employers, employees and labor unions in general. This panel of the Firm's leading employment and immigration attorneys will assess the changes implemented in these areas by the Trump Administration in its first 100 days and how the new President and his Administration likely will impact the American workplace.
Topics will include:
- A discussion of Trump's immigration policies, and what they may mean for both employers and immigrant workers;
- A primer on the workplace policies that have already been implemented or are in process, and how to prepare for further potential implementation;
- Changes at the National Labor Relations Board, and how they will impact employers and labor unions in the near future;
- How the new Secretary of Labor plans to impact the American workplace, including the potential for a rollback of many of his predecessor's initiatives, including revised overtime, black-listing and persuader activity rules.
- What else is on the horizon?
Who should attend?
- Human Resources and Labor Relations Professionals
- In-House Counsel
- Executives and Managers
Inquire About Custom Seminars and Programs
Return to Upcoming Training Events


Question: What Is The Most Uncommon Color?
What color is burnt yellow?
Burnt Yellow color is primarily a color from Yellow color family.
It is a mixture of orange and yellow color.
Download Burnt Yellow color background image..
Do purple eyes exist?
What is a rare color?
1. Lapis Lazuli. Lapus Lazuli is a blue mineral so rare that in the Middle Ages and the Renaissance it was actually more valuable than gold. Today it is still a much sought-after stone prized for its intense blue hue.
What color attracts the human eye most?
What color is indigo?
What color is mulberry red?
The color mulberry is displayed on the right. This color is a representation of the color of mulberry jam or pie….Mulberry (color)MulberrysRGBB (r, g, b)(197, 75, 140)SourceCrayolaISCC–NBS descriptorStrong purplish redB: Normalized to [0–255] (byte) H: Normalized to [0–100] (hundred)4 more rows
What is the ugliest eye color?
hazelThe ugliest is hazel/ light brown that looks too yellow.
What is the most attractive color?
What does yellow mean sexually?
Yellow is a happy color-people who love it are naturally optimistic and hopeful. This makes them fun and easy to be with. They make warm, cheerful and intellectually stimulating lovers. Yellow lovers are also attractive and pleasant.
Is red better than blue?
One found that students taking tests did better on blue paper than on red, but Dr. Schwarz said the study used depressing blue and upbeat red. The Science study's conclusion that red makes people more cautious and detail-oriented coincides with Dr. Elliot's finding that people shown red test covers before I.Q.
Is there a color that nobody has seen?
What is the most underrated color?
Yellow: The World's Most Underappreciated Color — The Factory Times.
What color eyes are rarest?
What is the rarest favorite color?
What is the longest color?
What is the rarest color in the world?
Vantablack is known as the darkest man made pigment. The color, which absorbs almost 100 percent of visible light, was invented by Surrey Nanosystems for space exploration purposes. The special production process and unavailability of vantablack to the general public makes it the rarest color ever.
What is the least known color?
What race has GREY eyes?
What is the ugliest color?
What is America's favorite color?
BlueAmerica's Favorite Color Is Blue, According To House Beautiful's 2012 Color Report (PHOTOS) | HuffPost Life.
What does your eye color mean?


text:
A click heatmap is valuable in revealing the effectiveness of links throughout your site.
Whether a link is part of the main navigation, text content, or a multi-step form, you need to know whether it helps or hinders usability.
On our home page, the links in the main navigation receive the most clicks. You can tell because there are clear areas of hot (white) activity. However, there are also areas where it doesn't make sense to have clicks. This happens because visitors are confused or have an expectation that something is clickable (for more information) when, in reality, it isn't.
In our page, the call-to-action buttons are the main focus. We want people to click them. If other text or areas are a distraction, it kills our conversion rate. Part of great design is making sure that a page has everything you need and nothing more.
Although our pages have a lot of elements, they used to be much more complex. We spent time running A/B tests to determine the optimal layout that balances clicks to the locations that we want.
We recommend you look at your click heatmaps and see if they make sense, too.
Here are some questions to ask:
- Do important page elements have click activity?
- Do unimportant page elements have click activity?
- Are there certain elements, relative to others, that receive more activity? Is there a good reason for this?
- Do you need to reorganize/reorder the links in your main navigation to draw focus/attention?
- Do form fields receive equal amounts of click activity? Or, are there certain fields where there is considerable drop off?


text:
Introduction to Sights
A sight is a device used to line up the muzzle with the shooter's eye so that he or she can hit the target. Sights are more critical on a firearm that fires a single projectile (rifle and handgun) than on a firearm that shoots a pattern of shot (shotgun). Shotguns usually have a simple pointing bead. Rifles typically have an open, aperture (peep), or telescopic sight. Most handguns have an open sight, although some specialized handguns have a dot or a telescopic sight.


text:
Why are Metal Detectors so Important for the Food Industry?
Within the food production industry, there is perhaps no bigger contaminant material than metal. Due to its abundant use in all stages of food processing, the material is often found in the raw foodstuffs. It is essential that this is located and move before the packaging stage to guarantee the safety of consumers and the legitimacy of your company.
Metal detectors catering specifically to the food industry should be a compulsory piece of equipment for any area of food production, including baked goods, fruit and vegetables, dairy, fish, meat, cereals, beverages and more.
With the vegetable processing industry for example, the sheer range of products catering to a variety of vegetables means that here is always a risk of contamination from metal, through broken equipment or delivery.
There is also the risk of sabotage within food production, especially as a large percentage of product is imported overseas where rules and regulations are not necessarily as strict as within the United Kingdom. By having a metal detector, the risk of sabotaged food product reaching the consumer is greatly reduced.


Nondestructive digging has become a popular method of doing digging and excavation works because it is safer, efficient, and more cost-effective when compared to the traditional way of digging.
The traditional method of digging is the mechanical one wherein heavy equipment such as bobcats, backhoes, drills, and the like are used to dig holes. That is why you can also hire the best general engineering utilities in Los Angeles at as per your needs.
This way has caused many problems in the past because it can hit and damage utilities that are located underground. These utilities are electric cables, gas pipes, water pipes, and sewers.
This is the main reason why most contractors prefer to use the nondestructive digging method.
There are two ways that nondestructive digging can be done, hydro excavation and air vacuum excavation. Each one has its own strength and weaknesses.
Contractors can choose whatever way they prefer depending on availability and if it is applicable in a particular site. Hydro excavation is also known as wet vacuum excavation. As the name suggests, water is a main part of the process.
In this way, there are no problems with dust flying around within the construction site. However, there are environmental concerns as well because this way uses thousands of liters of water which is a precious commodity.
Also the mud it leaves behind makes the area slippery which can cause injury not only to the workers but also to some people who are just passing by.
If you want to know which way will work best for your construction site, then it is best to get in touch with professional contractors who can work with you.


Dave Reeves crafted guitar amplifier masterpieces without the assistance of computers, software or the Internet... In 1966 "graphical methods" meant drawing Bode plots with a pencil and ruler... Times have changed. ● Master the basics ● Design your amp ● Know it works Amp Design for the 21st Century
I love to work on tube amps. It takes work to get them running, but once they work all that hard work really pays off. These are just some of the definitions of work that have no meaning to a physicist like Georg Simon Ohm. To him work is required to move an object against a force that opposes its motion. So lifting your Hiwatt DR103 from the floor to your work bench requires work, because you are moving the amp upwards against the force of gravity that opposes it. On the other hand, carrying a Twin Reverb around the block is no work at all, because the amp is moving horizontally - gravity does not oppose the movement in that direction. (So when the road crew complains just refer back to this tutorial and explain to them why there is no work involved.)
Moving the amp from your test bench to the floor takes work, in this case negative work because the direction of motion is helped along by the force of gravity. If all this sounds strange already, just add this concept to the mix: work is independent of time. It takes a specific amount of work to lift your DR103 to the bench. It doesn't matter whether you jerk it upwards in a fraction of a second or take 20 minutes to lift it over the same path. It is the same amount of work.
When the opposing force is measured in newtons and when the distance traveled against the opposing force is measured in meters, then the work, measured in joules, is the force times the distance:
W = Fd
Question: a 30 kilogram tube amp would be how many kilograms on the moon? Answer: 30 kilograms. It turns out that a kilogram is a unit of mass. The force that we think of when we try to lift that parallel push-pull boat anchor is the mass times the acceleration of gravity, which happens to be 9.8 meters per second squared. When we multiply the number of kilograms by 9.8, we get the force of earth's gravity measured in newtons.
The output transformer for your Traynor YGA-1 is mounted upside down and weighs 6.6 pounds. What is the force of gravity pulling it downward?
Amp Books®
6.6 pounds is 6.6/2.2 = 3kg. The force of gravity in newtons is then
(3kg)(9.8m/s2) = 29N
Guitar Amplifier Electronics: Fender Deluxe
New! Guitar Amplifier Electronics: Fender Deluxe - from TV front to narrow panel to brownface to blackface Reverb
Your vintage 6.6 pound output transformer is resting on the floor when you suddenly decide it would be perfect for your JTM45 re-issue. The top of your bench is 1.2 meters above the floor. How much work is required to pick up the transformer and place it on the bench? What if the transformer is sitting on the floor in the next room, which is 20 meters away?
We determined in the previous problem that the force of gravity on a 6.6 pound object is 29 newtons. The amount of work in joules is then
(29N)(1.2m) = 35J
Lateral movement is not opposed by gravity and the transformer in the next room travels the same vertical distance. It therefore takes the same amount of work, 35 joules.
Opposite charges attract. Like charges repel. If we move a negative electron towards another electron we perform work because we are moving against an opposing force. Moving two electrons toward two other electrons requires more work because there is more opposing force. We often need a convenient way to describe how much work is required to move charge from one point to another. That concept is voltage.
electric field lines of force
If moving a positive charge from point B to point A requires positive work, then point A is said to have a positive voltage with respect to B. The voltage in volts is equal to the work required in joules divided by the amount of charge in coulombs:
V = W/Q
Since W and Q can be positive or negative, it stands to reason that V can be positive or negative also.
Guitar Amplifier Electronics: Basic Theory
Guitar Amplifier Electronics: Basic Theory - master the basics of preamp, power amp, and power supply design!
It takes 1.6kJ (1600 joules) of energy to move 1x1020 electrons from the plate supply (Point A) through the plate load resistor to the plate (Point B) of your JTM45 preamp. (Notice that this is opposite to the actual electron flow shown here.) What is the voltage V across the resistor?
- V + B A 300VDC
1x1020 electrons represent
(1x1020)(-1.6x10-19C) = -16C
of charge. Thus +1.6kJ of work is required to drive -16C from Point A to Point B. This means that it would take +1.6kJ of work to drive a positive charge of 16C from Point B to Point A. We therefore conclude that the voltage at A is positive with respect to B by an amount equal to
V = 1.6kJ / 16C = 100V
Thus there is a drop of 100 volts across the resistor from the plate supply to the plate.
Fundamentals of Guitar Amplifier System Design
Fundamentals of Guitar Amplifier System Design - design your amp using a structured, professional methodology!
Power is a measure of the amount of work or energy being expended over time. When measured over the period of one second, the number of joules of sonic energy created from an Ampeg SVT with six push-pull power tubes cranked full blast is going to be far more than from a Champ 5E1. By the same concept it takes no additional work to physically lift your Hiwatt quickly, but it takes more power because the work is performed over a shorter time period. When work is measured in joules and time is measured in seconds, then the power in watts is equal to the total work divided by the total time:
P = W/t
It takes you 2 seconds to steadily lift your 6.6 pound output transformer from the floor to the top of your bench, a total vertical distance of 1.2 meters. What is the average amount of power you are expending as you lift it?
We determined earlier that it takes 35 joules of work to lift the transformer. You expend that energy in 2 seconds so the average power, in watts, rendered upon the transformer by your arms and quadriceps is
P = 35J / 2s = 17W
The Relationship Between Voltage, Current, and Power
We have seen that the voltage between two points is an indication of the amount of work needed to move charge between the two points. Turning this concept around, work can be defined as the voltage between the two points times the charged that was moved between them:
W = VQ
We can use these concepts to derive a very important formula for guitar amplifiers. The relationship between voltage, current, and power is
P = W/t = (VQ)/t = V(Q/t) = VI
where the variable "I" is used to denote current. When I is in amps and V is in volts, then P is in watts.
Guitar Amplifier Electronics: Circuit Simulation
Guitar Amplifier Electronics: Circuit Simulation - know your design works by measuring performance at every point in the amplifier!
A steady current of 11mA flows through a Fender Bassman 5F6-A choke when no guitar signal is present. The choke is not a perfect inductor, because its internal windings have DC resistance that causes a 1.2 volt drop across it. How much power is the choke giving off in the form of heat?
screens plates 11mA
Since the voltage across the choke and the current through it are steady (well, maybe a little AC ripple) the power given off as heat, measured in milliwatts, is
(1.2V)(11mA) = 13mW
The 47-ohm cathode resistor in the power amp of your Vox AC30 is rated at 10 watts maximum power. At idle the voltage across it is normally 10 volts. What would the average current through the resistor need to be to produce 10 watts of heat?
10V 10 watts
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text:
What happens when virtual reality meets the real classroom? A lot of learning takes place, that's what. That's especially true in the technical fields.
Unaka High School's collision repair classes have a new learning tool that lets students paint a car without actually painting a car. It may look like a new video game, but in fact its a new learning tool for the class.
It's a virtual painting booth for vehicles. Needless to say, the students love it. "It's pretty much like you're really painting. I love painting, it actually helps you out a little bit," sophomore Lee Bennett says.
The virtual painting booth does give the students a lot of practice; for the school, it saves money. "We don't have to buy paint. They can paint different parts of the vehicle daily, whereas if they were ina paint booth they might only get to do that once a week or [every] two weeks," says Career and Technical Director Mickey Taylor.
The developers of this system have brought as much of the real thing to it as possible. "Even the gunning vibrates to simulate the air going through it. You set your nozzle up the same as you would back there in the paint bay. So it's awful close to the real thing," teacher Phillip Taylor said.
It even tells you what you're doing right or wrong almost instantly, which helps the students. "So if I know what my grade is when I'm doing it, I can do it better. I know what I'm messing up on and can do it right," junior Kayla Cochran said.
"When you paint it shows your thick spots, your light spots and it shows your good spots. That's the cool thing about it," adds sophomore Logan Blevins.
And why not practice in a virtual world rather than using someone's car for practice?


text:
Dentipet Toothpaste for Dogs and Cats
Dentipet Toothpaste for dogs and cats is an exclusively developed pet's toothpaste for daily dental care. The spill-free formulation helps clean teeth and prevents plaque build-up. It stops bad breath and keeps mouth fresh. Dentipet strengthens teeth and keeps gums healthy. It helps prevent dental health conditions and ensures complete oral hygiene in dogs and cats.
Suitable for use on:
Dogs and catsManufacturer


Matchy is an AI chatbot that helps organizations increase creativity and productivity by connecting people across silos, tiers, and distance in ways that promote empathy and collaboration. Benefits include more effective onboarding for new employees, increased employee engagement and retention, and improved knowledge sharing and productivity.
CODAME believes creativity will be the greatest source of competitive advantage in the coming age. Matchy was initially conceived to streamline CODAME's mission of enabling technology artists by blending both disciplines and using play to help large organizations unleash the creativity of their teams.
Users chat with Matchy as if it were another user on Slack or other enterprise messaging services. Behind the curtain, Matchy is an interactive bot powered by artificial intelligence that incorporates lessons the CODAME team has learned from decades of professional matching and innovation igniting experiences.
Matchy interacts with users periodically over a several weeks, without requiring large amounts of their time. Playful interactions are structured to guide users in expanding their networks within the organization by gaining professional and personal understanding of their coworkers.
Engage your teams with Matchy today! Build trust and unlock innovation to secure your place as a leader in your industry! Connect your people and have fun without sacrificing productivity!
Reach out to
The Matchy Team:


From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
For Rastra in music, see Rastrum.
Rastra is a tradename for a particular insulating concrete form (ICF) used to make walls for buildings. It is one of the earliest such products, in production since 1972, and is composed of concrete and thastyron. Thastyron is a mixture of plastic foam and binder that is composed of eighty-five percent recycled post consumer polystyrene waste that are molded into blocks. The main components of rastra are cement, water and expanded polystyrene.
Rastra is sustainable in its production because no energy is used in the curing process, and only one to three kilowatt hour (kWh) is required to make each block. After the blocks are trimmed to exact size, the remaining debris is recycled to create new blocks. No byproducts are released in the production process that are considered a burden to the environment.[1]
Rastra blocks come in different sizes, and can be easily cut with woodworking tools to form the desired shape. These blocks are commonly attached together with clamps or glue to form a grid-like system. Rebar is then run through the grid, which is then filled with concrete.
Polystyrene concrete was invented in 1960. BASF, a German chemical conglomerate, originally created this product, but found no successful applications. An Austrian-Swiss-based company modified the product and created what is known as Rastra.[1]
Fire rating[edit]
As a thermal barrier, Rastra has a four-hour fire rating with no flame spread and no smoke development. A five-hour fire endurance test of a ten-inch-thick wall with temperatures exceeding two thousand degrees Fahrenheit on the face of the wall showed that the wall did not conduct heat. This lowers the number of health hazards during a fire and also makes building repairs easier afterwards.[1]
Physical properties[edit]
Thastyron has a compressive strength of 56 pound-force per square inch (psi) and a tensile strength of 43 psi. Rastra has a low toxicity level. Rastra is highly frost, fungus, and mildew-resistant. The sound insulation is greater than 50 decibel(dB).[1]
As a heat insulation, rastra keeps a room at a constant temperature and evens out temperature changes, both of which can lower energy use. It also has a low heat penetration depth.[citation needed]
External links[edit]


Definition of sky wave in English:
sky wave
 - A radio wave reflected from the ionosphere.
 - 'Which of the following layers of the Ionosphere has no effect on sky wave propagation during the hours of darkness?'
 - 'At intermediate ranges, the sky wave will be coming in at an appreciable angle and it will be less effected by mountains.'
 - 'Note that some absorption of sky waves may also occur at lower atmospheric levels because of the presence of water and water vapor.'
 - 'As well as the ground wave, which propagates at all times, at night a sky wave is also propagated via the ionosphere.'
 - 'It should be mentioned that neither surface waves nor sky waves are possible in space or on airless bodies such as the Moon.'
 - 'The AS2259, near vertical incident sky wave, worked sometimes, but a doublet antenna 10 feet off the ground nearly always worked.'
 - 'Using sky waves it is thus impossible to work on frequencies too away below or above the MUF.'
 - 'HF has excellent sky wave and good surface wave performance and is good for long range communications, though it is subject to interference.'
 - 'The ground wave is much stronger than the sky wave so softer wave pockets can be found at the closer distances.'
 - 'Regional over the horizon communications are possible through a sky wave technique called tropospheric scatter (troposcatter or just tropo).'
 - 'These radio signals are termed sky waves for obvious reason.'
 - 'Fading can also occur on long circuits when sky wave signals take multiple hops to reach the receiver.'
 - 'The most important factor that effects the propagation of sky waves is the ionosphere.'


text:
Reality check for job hopes
Teenagers from disadvantaged homes are underestimating the level of skill and education they need to get jobs, with girls aiming at higher-paid professional jobs and boys at trades.
Research by the Australian Council for Educational Research, for The Smith Family, has found a mismatch between the aspirations of disadvantaged students and the reality of labour market demands.
More than a third of the 3721 students surveyed, in years 8 and 9, had unrealistic ideas of the skills needed to achieve their dream jobs by the age of 25. Experts warn that this will reduce their chance of employment.
The study, Junior secondary school students' perceptions of the world of work, published today, highlights a link between low self-esteem in disadvantaged students and the likelihood of their leaving school early.
Boys were more likely to think they were below average at school and therefore to leave school at the end of year 10 with little thought for their future. But two-thirds of the students wanted to finish year 12.
The surveyed students, who received financial assistance from the Smith Family to help them pay school costs, were from similar socio-economic backgrounds but girls aimed a lot higher than boys.
More girls wanted to finish year 12 and do further study, including university and TAFE. The most popular ideal jobs for girls were in "social" careers: teaching, nursing and pursuits in the performing, visual and literary arts.
Boys predominantly wanted "realistic" hands-on jobs, such as trades, and "investigative" careers in fields such as science.
The Smith Family's national manager of strategic research and social policy, Dr Rob Simons, said many students had a "confusion of perceptions", starting with a belief they could not succeed at school and did not see the benefit of education for work prospects.
The chief executive of the Business Council of Australia, Katie Lahey, said: "There are too many young people at risk of unemployment because they are not aware of the career opportunities available through apprenticeships and other forms of training."


Tutoring Club Franchise
Tutoring Club Franchise Information
Tutoring Club is a franchise for a business providing individualized tutoring services for students in Kindergarten up to Grade 12. It was founded in 1991 and started franchising in 1999.
They focus on helping students catch up in school. Their process includes individualized attention from a professional tutor. They start with the level where the student is comfortable with and they rapidly advance it to the level where they should be.
Their curriculum is applied with a learning environment that is positive which helps the student learn more within an hour of session. They also provide a positive incentive plan to motivate your child not to stop trying. Another benefit is that they hold regular conferences to keep you updated with your child's progress. They now have 126 locations in the United States, nine in other countries, and one location that is company owned.
What are the programs offered at the Tutoring Club?
For Amazing Math, they conduct tutorials on addition, subtraction, multiplication, division, decimals, fractions, ratios, proportions, percent, numeration, integers, word problems, geometric figures, measurement, equations, and introduction to Algebra.
The length of the course depends on the need of your child and they conduct a math test at the end of the course. For RX Reading, they have a program specialized for Kindergarten that focuses on consonant letters and sounds, simple sight words, short vowels, long vowels, basic sight words, basic blends, comprehension and vocabulary, and the five primer levels.
For Grade one to 12, they focus on teaching the student on how to decode, comprehension, vocabulary, recall, and reading rate. For every complete level, the course last for about 32 hours in total. They conduct a reading test at the end of the course.
The Write Way focuses on developing sequencing, main idea, comparisons, facts and opinions, cause and effect, writing mechanics, capitalization, punctuation, and the use of dictionary and thesaurus. They also have programs on Study Skills and College Preparation. Another set of programs are under TutorUp which includes geometry, algebra, statistics, calculus, math analysis, science, and foreign languages.
Cost and requirements on running a Tutoring Club franchise
You need to have a net worth of $50,000 and a total liquid asset of at least $30,000. Expect to be investing about $83,000 to $127,000. The cost of the Tutoring Club franchise fee is $34,500 with an on-going royalty fee of 10%. This is for a renewable 20 year term agreement. You will need about two employees to run one location. They allow multi-unit ownership and absentee ownership.
What is included in the franchise package?
There will be two weeks training at the headquarters and one day at your location. You will be receiving newsletters and a toll free phone number. You will be given access to the internet and to purchasing cooperatives. You will also receive assistance at the grand opening. Expect to be attending meetings and receiving occasional field evaluations to check on your progress. For marketing support, there will be ad slicks, co-op advertising, regional advertising, and national media.
Tutoring Club Contact Details
You may reach them at:
Address: 11241 S. Eastern Ave. Henderson, NV 89052
Phone: _PHONE_


text:
The Butterfly Project.The Rules are:
1. When you feel like you want to cut, take a marker, pen, or sharpies and draw a butterfly on your arm or hand.
2. Name the butterfly after a loved one, or someone that really wants you to get better.
3. You must let the butterfly fade naturally. NO scrubbing it off.
4. If you cut before the butterfly is gone, you've killed it. If you dont cut, it lives.
5. If you have more than one butterfly, cutting kills all of them.
6. Another person may draw them on you. These butterflies are extra special. Take good care of them.
7. Even if you don't cut, feel free to draw a butterfly anyways, to show your support. If you do this, name it after someone you know that cuts or is suffering right now, and tell them. It could help.
anyone want to try this with me? I have a feeling it migt help me and maybe it'll help you too. it sounds like a good thing to at least try. <3


the case where the exponent is a complex number, we have: e^( a+iφ )= (e^ a)*( e^(iφ)) = A*e^(iφ)
where 'A' is a real number that indicates amplitude and e^(iφ) is a unit complex number that indicates angle.
 - When the argument to np.exp is imaginary or complex, the result is a complex number.
 - This example confirms that e ^(iφ) is a complex number with magnitude 1 and angle φ radians
7.3 The synthesis problem
 - we can create compound signals by adding up complex sinusoids with different frequencies. And that brings us to the complex version of the synthesis problem: given the frequency and amplitude of each complex component, how do we evaluate the signal?
7.4 Synthesis with matrices
 - As we saw in Section 6.2, we can also express the synthesis problem in terms of matrix multiplication
 - Again, amps is a NumPy array that contains a sequence of amplitudes. fs is a sequence containing the frequencies of the components. ts contains the times where we will evaluate the signal.
 - args contains the outer product of ts and fs, with the ts running down the rows and the fs running across the columns (you might want to refer back to Figure 6.1). Each column of matrix M contains a complex sinusoid with a particular frequency, evaluated at a sequence of ts.
 - When we multiply M by the amplitudes, the result is a vector whose elements correspond to the ts; each element is the sum of several complex sinusoids, evaluated at a particular time.
 - Remember that we can think of a complex number in two ways: either the sum of a real and imaginary part, x + iy, or the product of a real amplitude and a complex exponential, Ae^(iφ0). Using the second interpretation, we can see what happens when we multiply a complex amplitude by a complex sinusoid. For each frequency, f, we have:
Ae^(iφ0) · e^( i2π f t) = Ae^(i2π f t+φ0)
 - Multiplying by Ae^(iφ0) multiplies the amplitude by A and adds the phase offset φ0.
 - Now that we have the more general solution to the synthesis problem – one that handles complex amplitudes – we are ready for the analysis problem.
7.5 The analysis problem
 - The analysis problem is the inverse of the synthesis problem: given a sequence of samples, y, and knowing the frequencies that make up the signal, can we compute the complex amplitudes of the components, a?
7.6 Efficient analysis
 - Unfortunately, solving a linear system of equations is slow. For the DCT, we were able to speed things up by choosing fs and ts so that M is orthogonal. That way, the inverse of M is the transpose of M, and we can compute both DCT and inverse DCT by matrix multiplication.
 - We'll do the same thing for the DFT, with one small change. Since M is complex, we need it to be unitary, rather than orthogonal, which means that the inverse of M is the conjugate transpose of M, which we can compute by transposing the matrix and negating the imaginary part of each element. See
 - The NumPy methods conj and transpose do what we want. Here's the code that computes M for N = 4 components:
 - If M is unitary, M^*M = I, where M^* is the conjugate transpose of M, and I is the identity matrix. We can test wheter M is unitary like this:
We can use this result to write a faster version of analyze1:
7.7 DFT
 - As a function, analyze2 would be hard to use because it only works if fs and ts are chosen correctly. Instead, I will rewrite it to take just ys and compute freq and ts itself.
 - First, I'll make a function to compute the synthesis matrix, M:
 - We are almost done; analyze3 computes something very close to the DFT, with one difference. The conventional definition of DFT does not divide by N
 - The inverse DFT is almost the same, except we don't have to transpose and conjugate M, and now we have to divide through by N:
 - If I could go back in time, I might change the definition of DFT so it divides by N and the inverse DFT doesn't. That would be more consistent with my presentation of the synthesis and analysis problems. Or I might change the definition so that both operations divide through by √ N. Then the DFT and inverse DFT would be more symmetric. But I can't go back in time (yet!), so we're stuck with a slightly weird convention. For practical purposes it doesn't really matter.


text:
A Political Ecology of Latin American Forests Through Time
Auroi, C. & Helg, A, Latin America _PHONE_: Dreams and Legacies, Imperial College Press, pp. 241-267, June 2012
27 Pages Posted: 13 Oct 2013 Last revised: 16 Oct 2013
Date Written: 2012
Despite the establishment of conservation mechanisms and indigenous lands, Latin America has lost 10% of its forests in 20 years from 1990 to 2010. All of its great forest ecoregions are threatened: the Amazon, the Cerrado, the Gran Chaco, the Yungas, and the Meso-American Corridor. The purpose of this paper is to present a review of the forests in Latin America, their importance in the collective imaginary and in contemporary economies, the ways they are being governed through mechanisms of conservation and indigenous lands, and an overview of different dynamics of land conversion. Political ecology and environmental history show a fundamental conflict between on one side a predatory vision of the forests, and on the other side a more sustainable management.
Keywords: Latin America, Forests, Political ecology, Governance, History, Deforestation
JEL Classification: Q15, Q23, Q28, Q32
Suggested Citation: Suggested Citation