text:
Fire Hydrant Inspection for Commercial Buildings
When a fire breaks out in your building, fire protection—including fire sprinklers and kitchen fire suppression systems—engage automatically in fighting the blaze. When these systems aren't enough, you count on the fire department to put out the flames completely with their powerful hoses. This requires a working fire hydrant on your property that a fire truck can tap into.
Are your fire hydrants in good working order? The National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) requires annual inspections to make sure this is the case.
If it's time to have your fire hydrants inspected, contact Unifour Fire & Safety today to schedule services. We provide fire hydrant inspections for businesses throughout the Southeast.
Why Do Fire Hydrants Require Inspections?
Fire hydrants are subject to many problems, including:
- Wear and tear
- Rust and corrosion
- Accidental damage
- Mechanical malfunction
- Accidental closing of hydrant tap valves
While you hope your building never experiences a fire, regular fire hydrant inspections help you detect and repair any damage that could prevent it from working when you need it most. The time and effort to arrange annual fire hydrant inspections is a small price to pay for the peace of mind that comes from knowing your hydrants will perform properly and reliably if you need it in an emergency.
What Happens During a Fire Hydrant Inspection?
According to NFPA 25, fire hydrants should be inspected annually and after use. At Unifour Fire & Safety, our fire hydrant inspection procedure is designed to thoroughly check that your property's fire hydrants meet all codes.
Here are the types of checks we perform during each inspection:
Assess Fire Hydrant Locations
Hydrants should be plotted correctly on water district maps. We note any errors and take steps to correct them. Hydrants should also be easily accessible and visible from all directions. No obstructions should interfere with approaching the hydrant or coupling hoses to it.
Test the Fire Hydrant
The most important part of a fire hydrant inspection is the flow test, which determines water availability for fighting fires. Here's what the test entails:
- Install a pressure gauge in preparation for the flow test.
- Open the fire hydrant fully and let the water flow for at least 60 seconds. This disperses foreign material from the water line and allows the fire hydrant to operate smoothly for an accurate pressure reading.
- Stop the flow of water and assess whether the fire hydrant drains correctly.
- Record data from the pressure gauge to determine whether it meets NFPA standards.
Inspect the Fire Hydrant
After the flow test is complete, our crew carefully examines the fire hydrant and its parts. We include the following in our inspection:
- Clean and lubricate cap threads and chains. Replace missing or cracked caps.
- Make sure valves open and close easily. Tighten leaky valves and report any valves that are difficult to operate or don't open and close fully.
- Touch up chipped paint or rusted areas with aerosol paint. Make sure any necessary markings and curb spray paint are present and easily discernible. Report hydrants that are in severe need of repainting.
Benefits of Annual Fire Hydrant Inspections
Make fire hydrant inspections a priority for your Southeast business to enjoy:
- Improved safety and peace of mind, knowing your building is protected by a functional fire hydrant.
- Insurance coverage and potentially lower monthly premiums.
- Code compliance and the chance to avoid costly fines and penalties.
Call Unifour Fire & Safety for Fire Hydrant Inspections in the Southeast
For over three decades, we have been the company to call for fire hydrant inspections! One of the main reasons your neighbors have been trusting Unifour Fire & Safety for over 30 years is because we are a one-stop shop for fire protection services in the Southeast. Our knowledgeable fire safety professionals specialize in all aspects of fire protection, including:
- Fire sprinkler systems
- Fire extinguishers
- Fire alarm systems
- Commercial kitchen fire suppression
- Backflow preventers
- Fire hydrants
- Emergency lighting
Our team offers fire protection services in North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, and Virginia. Unifour Fire & Safety is also licensed in Tennessee, Alabama, West Virginia, and Maryland. If you're ready to schedule fire hydrant inspection, contact Unifour Fire & Safety today!
We proudly serve the following cities and their surrounding areas:
North Carolina (NC) – Charlotte, Greensboro, Greenville, Hickory, Raleigh, Durham
South Carolina (SC) – Charleston, Columbia, Greenville, Spartanburg
Georgia (GA) – Athens, Atlanta, Savannah
Eastern Tennessee – Knoxville
Virginia (VA) – Blacksburg, Richmond, Roanoke


text:
Real Life Heroes Life Storybook, 3rd Edition is a resourceful tool for children with traumatic stress. The resiliency-centered format and structure of the volume is coupled with treatment and sessions outlined in the Real Life Heroes Toolkit for Treating Traumatic Stress in Children and Families. This updated edition uses a creative arts approach, encouraging children to work with dependable adults to develop autobiographies through a wide range of activities, including drawings, music, movies, and narrative. By helping children feel protection from adversity and stressors that exist in everyday life, this workbook gives children a sense of value that can promote transformation of troubled children from victims into tomorrow's heroes.
Table of Contents
Preface Introduction for Parents and Caring Adults Cover Sheet The Pledge About the Author 1. The Heroes Challenge 2. A Little About Me 3. Heroes 4. Power Plans 5. My Family 6. Important People 7. Mind Power 8. Changing the Story 9. Looking Back 10. Through the 'Tough Times' 11. Into the Future 12. My Story
Richard Kagan, PhD, is the author and co-author of 10 books on treatment and services for children and families with traumatic stress and has published over 30 articles, chapters, and papers on practice and research issues in trauma therapy, child welfare, foster care, adoption, professional development, program evaluation, and quality improvement in family service and behavioral healthcare programs.
Featured Author Profiles
"Real Life Heroes Storybook is a resiliency masterpiece. Built on the historical Hero Archetype, Dr. Kagan invites traumatized children to acknowledge their courage, express their sorrow, and embrace the hero's path to healing. Real Life Heroes Storybook provides creative resiliency based interventions that guide traumatized children through their pain into recovery by discovering and utilizing their internal strengths and significant personal relationships to overcome adversity and become the real heroes of their own lives."—James Henry, PhD, director, Western Michigan University Children's Trauma Assessment Center
"The third edition of the Real Life Heroes Storybook is an impressive continuation of Dr. Kagan's already long list of contributions to supporting stronger, healthier, and more resourced outcomes for young people who have experienced traumatic stress. Through the use of ritual, psychoeducation, expressive strategies, skill-building, narrative, and relational engagement, the workbook provides a powerful tool to promote healing in trauma-impacted youth. The language in the workbook is child, caregiver, and provider-friendly, and the facilitated process of self-examination is empowering rather than pathologizing. Dr. Kagan truly believes that every child and every caregiver has the potential to be a hero—and that "heroism" is often found in every day actions—and this vision shines through in his work."—Margaret Blaustein, PhD, co-author, Treating Traumatic Stress in Children and Adolescents; The Trauma Center at Justice Resource Institute
"Real Life Heroes Life Storybook and Toolkit provides an effective step by step process for clinicians and caregivers to guide children and family members in making sense of the pain in their lives that is due to past trauma. The process provided in RLH is comprehensive in its treatment components. However, what strikes me most is how RLH very tenderly and carefully enables the survivor to recognize that their memories and the subsequent resulting emotions move / fluctuate and will need some anchoring based in the reality of their innocence. In addition, RLH enables practice for survivors in how to effectively handle the sensory based triggers that will assault them in the future. I unequivocally recommend both Real Life Heroes Life Storybook and Toolkit for practitioners."—William E Painter Jr, MS, senior director, Clinical Practice, Child and Family Center of Excellence, Institute for Family Centered Services / The Mentor Network
"Providing a step-by-step process through which to guide children, the information and activities in this book can help build/rebuild a sense of safety, enhance supportive relationships and attachments and start to generate hope and positivity for the future. (...) for those who are committed to engaging in this therapeutic process with a child, this book is an excellent resource for doing so." - Youthinmind

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


{-# LANGUAGE TypeSynonymInstances, FlexibleInstances, MultiParamTypeClasses, TypeFamilies #-}
{-# LANGUAGE OverlappingInstances, IncoherentInstances #-}
{- |
 Module : Data.PolyToMonoid
 Copyright : Copyright (C) 2010 Kevin Jardine
 License : BSD3
 Maintainer : Kevin Jardine
 Stability : provisional
 Portability: non-portable (depends on GHC extensions)
Creates polyvariadic functions that map their parameters into a given monoid.
module Data.PolyToMonoid (
 -- * Introduction
 -- $introduction
 -- * Concept
 -- $usage
 -- * Examples
 -- $examples
 -- * Extensions
 -- $extensions
) where
import Data.Monoid
{- $introduction
number of parameters of multiple types.
PolyToMonoid provides two such functions, 'ptm' and 'ctm', as well as a typeclass 'Monoidable'.
The only precondition is that the
parameters of 'ptm' and 'ctm' can be mapped to an underlying monoid using
the 'toMonoid' function provided by 'Monoidable'.
{- $usage
To understand how the polyToMonoid functions work, consider a function _USER_@ that maps its parameters to
a list:
> list p1 p2... pN =
(which is the same as @[p1,p2,..., pN]@ )
_USER_@ can be generalised to any monoid conceptually as:
> polyToMonoid p1 p2... pN =
Remember that a monoid, defined in "Data.Monoid", is any set of elements
with an identity element _USER_@ and an associative operator _USER_@.
As any list type is automatically a monoid with _USER_ = []@ and _USER_ = (++)@,
the _USER_@ function defined above is just a specific version of _USER_@.
The main difficulty with defining a _USER_@ function is communicating to Haskell what
underlying monoid to use.
Specifically, you can pass _USER_@ as the first element of the function and annotate it with the type of the
monoid it belongs to. Think of the _USER_@ value as like the initial value of a fold.
This library provides two variants of a polyToMonoid function. The first, 'ptm',
The second variant, 'ctm', is composible. In effect, it returns a function that consumes the next parameter.
You can feed the 'ctm' result to a second termination function 'trm' to get the actual result.
{- $examples
We can first tell Haskell how to map a set of types to a list of strings using 'Monoidable':
> instance Show a => Monoidable a [String] where
> toMonoid a = [show a]
and then tell 'ptm' to use the @[String]@ monoid:
The result returned would be:
> ["True","\"alpha]\"","[5]"]
In this case, 'Monoidable' tells the 'ptm' function to accept a wide variety of types
(anything with a _USER_@ function) when using the @[String]@ monoid.
The first parameter of 'ptm', @(mempty :: [String])@ tells it to map its parameters into the
@[String]@ monoid.
Unlike 'ptm', the 'ctm' function in effect returns a partial function ready to consume
the next parameter rather than a monoid result.
It is therefore more composable, at the cost of requiring a second termination function 'trm'
to return the actual monoid result.
> ctmfirstbit = ctm mempty :: [String]) True "alpha"
> ctmsecondbit = ctmfirstbit [(5 :: Int)]
> finalresult = trm ctmsecondbit
The result returned would be the same as above:
Monoids, of course, do not have to be lists.
Here's a second example which multiplies together numbers of several types:
> instance Monoid Double where
> mappend = (*)
> mempty = (1.0) :: Double
> instance Monoidable Int Double where
> toMonoid = fromIntegral
> instance Monoidable Double Double where
> toMonoid = id
In this case, 'ptm' accepts parameters that are either ints or doubles, converts them to doubles,
and then multiplies them together.
You can use the composibility of 'ctm' to define a _USER_@ function:
> productOf = ctm (mempty :: Double)
As before the 'trm' function is required to terminate the 'ctm' calculation and deliver the final result.
Note that since 'ptm' returns its result immediately, it is not possible to use it to
> _TAG_ productOf ptm (mempty :: Double)
{- $extensions
> TypeSynonymInstances, FlexibleInstances, MultiParamTypeClasses
-- | Define instances of Monoidable to tell Haskell
-- how to convert your parameters into values in the underlying
-- monoid
class Monoid m => Monoidable a m where
 toMonoid :: a -> m
squish :: Monoidable a m => m -> a -> m
squish m a = (m 'mappend' (toMonoid a))
Conceptually, ptm is defined as:
> ptm (mempty :: MyMonoid) p1 p2... pN =
class Monoid m => PolyVariadic m r where
 ptm :: m -> r
ctm is a composable variant of ptm.
To actually get its value, use the terminator function trm.
class Monoid m => CPolyVariadic m r where
 ctm :: m -> r
data Terminate m =
 Terminate {
 trm :: m -- ^ Use the terminator function trm to get the value of a ctm calculation.
instance (Monoid m', m' ~ m) => CPolyVariadic m (Terminate m') where
 ctm acc = Terminate acc
instance (Monoidable a m, CPolyVariadic m r) => CPolyVariadic m (a->r) where
 -- ctm m a = \b -> m 'mappend' (ctm (toMonoid a) b)
 ctm acc = \a -> ctm (squish acc a)
instance (Monoid m', m' ~ m) => PolyVariadic m m' where
 ptm acc = acc
instance (Monoidable a m, PolyVariadic m r) => PolyVariadic m (a->r) where
 ptm acc = \a -> ptm (squish acc a)


Yoriichi Type Zero ( (より) (いち) (ぜろ) (しき) Yoriichi Reishiki?) is a Battle Doll constructed by Kotetsu's ancestors during the Sengoku Era. According to Kotetsu's father, it was based off of an actual person, that being Yoriichi Tsugikuni.[2][3]
Yoriichi Type Zero's appearance largely resembles Yoriichi Tsugikuni, the person it was modelled after. It has six arms and hands that each hold a katana, due to the fact that two arms weren't enough to even come close replicate Yoriichi's movements. It is also shown to be heavily damaged, with half of its face and one of its arms missing.
Swordsmith Village Arc
Abilities and Powers
Yoriichi Type Zero has 108 different movements based off of the person it was modelled after. Its power surpasses most humans, which is why it is used as a training dummy for Demon Slayers. However, as centuries passed on, it has vastly withered and eroded, making it likely far weaker than what it was during the Sengoku Era.
 1. Kimetsu no Yaiba Manga: Chapter 103 (Page 3).
 2. Kimetsu no Yaiba Manga: Chapter 102 (Pages 17-19).
 3. Kimetsu no Yaiba Manga: Chapter 103 (Pages 2-3).


text: The first radio commentary was broadcast in 1922 in Australia covering a testimonial match for Charles Bannerman, at the Sydney Cricket Ground. The commentator was Lionell Watt. In 1927, BBC attempted its first radio broadcast of a cricket test, for a match between Essex and New Zealand, and the commentator was Plum Warner. However, BBC did not pursue the idea for about 10 years, as it was not considered a success. Reviving the idea, BBC launched its first ball-by-ball commentary on June 24, 1938, for the second test of the Ashes series between Australia and England. All India Radio started commentary in the early 1940s.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


text:
Skip to Main Content
The nodes of Wireless Sensor Network used in forest monitoring can not replace battery frequently, so they can not use disposable chemical battery with limited energy as traditional sensor network nodes. This article studied on the WSN node power system for forest monitoring, designed a node solar power system on the basis of analysis of the sensor node hardware and energy situation, and introduced the microprocessor control and software control flow of this system in detail. The solar power system was specifically designed to be capable of step-down and step-up the solar panel output DC (Direct current) voltage not only when the light is sufficient to meet the work requirements of each module of the sensor node, but also be able to step-up the output DC voltage when the solar cell was under voltage in poor light to ensure the energy supply in light or low light environments, extending the service life of sensor nodes. Finally, simulation results are presented to show the feasibility of solar power system applied in WSN.
Web Information Systems and Mining (WISM), 2010 International Conference on (Volume:2 )
Date of Conference: 23-24 Oct. 2010


text:
The first peripherals
The first printer
The first computer, Difference Engine, developed since 1822 and presented in 1834, was already able to print the results of its calculations on paper.
But the first high-speed printer was developed in 1953 by Remington-Rand (and sold in 1954) for use on the Univac computer (the first mass produced computer). It was capable of printing 600 lines per minute (at 130 characters per line).
Originally, the Univac computer came with the UNIPRINTER, which resembled an overgrown typewriter (it was a modified Remington typewriter) with an attached tape drive and read metal UNIVAC magnetic tape typing the data at 10 characters per second.
References and useful resources:


text:
National Day of Action against Bullying and Violence 2013
Over 1400 schools across Australia have registered for the National Day of Action Against Bullying and Violence, Friday 15 March 2013. What a fantastic response!
This annual day provides a focus for schools who want to say Bullying. No Way! and to strengthen their everyday messages that bullying and violence at school are not okay at any time.
The annual National Day of Action Against Bullying and Violence is organised by all Australian education authorities through the Safe and Supportive School Communities Project.
Take a Stand Together 2013 Photo Gallery
Bullying. No Way! would love to see your school's National Day of Action photo in our new Take a Stand Together 2013 photo gallery.
For important information about consent forms and instructions on how to submit your photos go to Send a Photo to Bullying. No Way!


text:
What is it?
Stereoisomerism occurs when substances have the same molecular formula, but a different arrangement of their atoms in space. Cis-trans isomerism is one type of this isomerism. It applies to:
- alkenes and other organic compounds that contain C=C bonds
- cyclic alkanes.
In A Level Chemistry, you only need to know about cis-trans isomerism due to the presence of a C=C bond.
What is here?
You can see models of the two cis-trans isomers of but-2-ene. This alkene has cis-trans isomers because each carbon atom involved in the C=C bond has two different groups attached.
For comparison, you can also see a model of but-1-ene, which does not form these isomers.
You should be prepared to identify cis-trans isomers for simple organic compounds like these for your examinations, and you should also be able to name them.
⚠ Does not have geometrical isomers, even though it has a C=C bond! One of the C atoms in this bond has two identical groups (H atoms) attached.
The name cis or trans depends on where the identical groups are located:
- cis if they are on the same side of the C=C bond
- trans if they are on opposite sides of the C=C bond.
So in cis-but-2-ene, the two —CH3 groups are on one side and the two H atoms are on the other side. In trans-but-2-ene, each of these are on opposite sides.
What happens if there are three or four different groups?
In this case, you cannot use the cis-trans naming system. Instead, you must use the E–Z naming system. This is more complicated but much more flexible.


Bring Your Own Device (BYOD)
What is BYOD?
Bring your own device (BYOD) is a policy that allows students to bringing personally owned mobile devices onto the campus to access privileged LMU resources such as email, file servers and databases as well as their personal applications and data.
LMU Approach
In order to maintain full compliance with the LMU Network Policy, the LMU I.T. Department is rolling out a new Network Access Control Appliance (NAC). The NAC requires each user to register each device and bring that device into compliance before being granted network access.
What Devices Are Supported?
 1. Apple Devices
 1. iPhone 3GS or newer
 2. iPad - All models (WiFi only and Cellular)
 (iOS 5.0 or newer is recommended for any Apple Device)
 2. Android Devices
 1. Android devices running version 2.2 or later
LMU IS Responsibilities
Each student will be responsible for the maintenance and upkeep of his or her own device. The IS department will assist students with basic software configuration and connectivity issues only. Additionally, students who purchase Lenovo computers through the Student Purchase Option below will be entitled to basic hardware support of their Lenovo PCs as long as the PC still has an active warranty and the student is still actively enrolled in LMU. Students who purchase Apple computers from the Student Purchase Option and students who purchase their PC from any other vendor will not receive any hardware support.
Student Purchase Option
Minimum System Requirements
Software Requirements


Yes, aspiring is a Scrabble word!
Aspiring is a valid Scrabble word.
Table of Contents
Dictionary definitions of the word 'aspiring'
The meaning of aspiring
2 definitions of the word 'aspiring'.
 1. Desiring or striving for recognition or advancement
 1. Have an ambitious plan or a lofty goal
What Scrabble words can I make with the letters in aspiring?
8 Letter Words
2 Letter Words
2 Anagrams of Aspiring
Anagrams are sometimes called a Word Unscramble
Words that can be created with an extra letter added to aspiring:
Unscramble the letters in aspiring
There are 6 words that can be made by adding another letter to 'aspiring'.
More words that can be made using the letters in aspiring


text:
Science Fair Project Encyclopedia
Institute of Bankers
The Chartered Institute of Bankers (CIB) was founded in 1879, as the professional body for members of the banking profession in the United Kingdom. It was granted its royal charter in 1988. In 2000 it rebranded itself as the Institute of Financial Services, reflecting the changing needs for professionalism across a wide range of financial services.
The CIB was, and continues to be, an important aid to the professionalism of bankers. After studying a series of Banking related topics and passing exams, and after working for a minimum period within the Banking Industry, it is possible to be elected to an Associate of the Chartered Institute of Bankers. The letters ACIB continue to demonstrate to others the experience and academic standards of the designee.
In the last two decades of the 20th century, the Financial Services Industry underwent significant change. Retail banks transformed themselves from transaction oriented deposit taking and lending institutions into deliverers of retail financial services. At the same time, additional complexity was introduced into the less retail forms of banking. New investment products developed. International finance became more complex. Derivatives became available to hedge risk, or in some cases to amplify risk. The distinctions between retail banks, investment banks, building societies, insurance companies and other financial services institutions became blurred. Institutions complimented their own services with additional ranges of services offered by other institutions. It became possible to satisfy all needs for financial services through one financial institution.
The CIB needed to respond to changes in the industry. In 1986, its professional exams were linked to and moderated by UMIST. Any student passing the exams required to attain ACIB status is now awarded a BSc(Hons) in financial services, underscoring the academic standards achieved by professional bankers.
Today the CIB provides courses leading to qualifications in all areas of the financial services industry, and it has a vision to be a school of finance that is recognised for the excellence and relevance of its range of qualifications.
In addition to providing education, the CIB also organises regionally based events to enable members to both network and keep abreast of developments within their fields of interest.
The contents of this article is licensed from _URL_ under the GNU Free Documentation License. Click here to see the transparent copy and copyright details


What is the correct spelling for STUDEIES?
Correct spellings for STUDEIES
 - studied In the afternoon I studied.
 - studious At school he was "studious, well-behaved, and distinguished in mathematical studies."
 - Studies He prosecuted his studies with untiring industry and became an excellent scholar without the advantages of European seminaries to which most of the sons of wealthy men were then sent to complete their education.
 - Studios What do you think of the hats you see, not in those wonderful, silk-hung studios, but those you see on the heads of the women in the streets, on mine?
 - studs I pulled the pearl studs out of my pocket.
 - steadies Now she steadies her voice, though she must answer at random.
121 words made from the letters STUDEIES


text:
Fragment of 1919 shipwreck unearthed by Hurricane Sandy
Published: Sunday, November 11, 2012 at 5:25 p.m.
Last Modified: Sunday, November 11, 2012 at 5:25 p.m.
A piece of history unique to Surf City emerged on the beach when Hurricane Sandy skirted Topsail Island's shore, drawing curious onlookers who are reminded to look, but not touch.
A section of the William H. Sumner, a three-masted schooner whose young captain died under suspicious circumstances after running the ship aground in 1919, has been protruding from the sand a short distance from the Dolphin Street beach access.
The wreckage is a chunk of the ship that floated ashore when the Coast Guard blasted the vessel shortly after it ran aground, to remove the navigation hazard, said Nathan Henry, assistant state archaeologist and conservator with the Underwater Archaeology Branch of the North Carolina Office of State Archaeology.
"This piece broke completely off of the wreck," Henry said. "It's really been there for quite some time. At this point it's in a perfect place. It will last under that sand just being exposed every once in a while. For that reason we really prefer that these things stay in place."
At least part of the 489-ton, 165-foot ship is believed to be resting at the bottom of the Atlantic Ocean near the southern end of the island. Erosion caused by strong coastal storms routinely exposes what has been identified as a side portion of the ship.
A large frame of the ship that once rested on the shore is in the state archaeology lab in Fort Fisher. Henry said he moved the frame to the lab after a group of fishermen was caught trying to illegally remove it from the beach about a year ago.
The state claims all abandoned shipwrecks still in the water.
Surf City Mayor Zander Guysaid when the wreckage was initially exposed more than 10 years ago it was a public safety concern. Large iron bolts used to hold the ship's frame together eventually erode into spikes – a potential hazard to beachgoers.
The state can permit beach towns to relocate and re-bury ship wreckage, Henry said.
For the most part, beach towns leave the artifacts in place, giving a residents and visitors a rare glimpse of the past outside of museum walls.
Henry said the Sumner is a valuable resource unique to Surf City since most shipwrecks on the North Carolina coast are in the Outer Banks. He encourages anyone intrigued by the wreckage to "look and enjoy."
Archaeologists have studied the ship, a "heavily-built" vessel that hauled lumber and phosphate rock for about 30 years. On Sept. 7, 1919, it was sailing precariously close to the shore, catching the attention of swimmers and sunbathers at Wrightsville Beach.
Shortly after it ran aground, the Sumner's 24-year-old captain was dead. His ship's mate, Charles L. Lacey, claimed that his boss, Robert E. Cockram, shot himself to death. This was Cockram's first command after a promotion only two weeks before.
But evidence pointed to foul play, and Lacey was charged with murder. He was convicted of the crime but later acquitted in an appeal.
Metro desk: _PHONE_
On Twitter: _USER_
All rights reserved. This copyrighted material may not be re-published without permission. Links are encouraged.


This is a potentially dangerous command. Don't run it! The "trigger" is omitted from the question above, leaving only the part that sets up the function.
A fork bomb is a simple form of denial of service (DoS) named after the Unix fork(2) system call. It is a program which rapidly consumes resources by repeatedly forking copies of itself, whose children do the same, recursively. On many systems without proper resource limits, this may leave you in an irrecoverably unresponsive state.
This particular definition of a Bash fork bomb is for some reason so well-known that it's sometimes just known as "the forkbomb".
Here is the code in the most common popularized format:
:(){ :|:& };:
And again, following good conventions for readability:
#!/usr/bin/env bash
:() {
 : | : &
This defines a function named :. The body of the function sets up a pipeline, which in Bash consists of two subshells, the stdout of the first connected to the stdin of the second by a pipe. The function (parent shell of the pipeline) backgrounds the pipeline, the function returns, and the shell terminates, leaving behind the background job. The end result is two new processes that each call : to repeat the process.
: is actually an illegal function name in most contexts (described below). Here, bomb is used instead of :, which is both portable and more readable.
bomb() {
 bomb | bomb &
Theoretically, anybody that has shell access to your computer can use such a technique to consume all the resources to which he/she has access. A chroot(2) won't help here. If the user's resources are unlimited then in a matter of seconds all the resources of your system (processes, virtual memory, open files, etc.) will be used, and it will probably deadlock itself. Any attempt made by the kernel to free more resources will just allow more instances of the function to be created.
As a result, the only way to protect yourself from such abuse is by limiting the maximum allowed use of resources for your users. Such resources are governed by the setrlimit(2) system call. The interface to this functionality in Bash and KornShell is the ulimit command. Your operating system may also have special configuration files to help manage these resources (for example, /etc/security/limits.conf in Debian, or /etc/login.conf in OpenBSD). Consult your documentation for details.
Why '':(){ :|:& };:'' is a bad way to define a fork bomb
This popular definition works because of an unusual combination of details that (of the shells I have to test with) only occur in Bash's non-POSIX mode, and Zsh (all emulation modes).
 1. The shell must allow defining function names beyond those required by a POSIX "Name". This immediately rules out ksh93, Bash POSIX mode, Dash, Posh (segfault on definition, Posh is an old pdksh fork that's no longer maintained), and Busybox sh.
 2. The shell must either:
 - Incorrectly resolve functions that overload special builtins ahead of the builtin itself. See Command search and execution. mksh fails (correctly) at this step, simply executing the : builtin. It is impossible to call the function even if you've successfully defined it. Bash non-POSIX mode and Zsh (even POSIX emulation) meet this criteria.
 - Provide a means of disabling the builtin. Bash and Ksh93 do. Bash fails (correctly according to its documentation). Ksh93 succeeds (incorrectly according to its documentation).
 $ bash -c 'enable -d :; type -p :'
 bash: line 0: enable: :: not dynamically loaded
 $ ksh -c 'builtin -d :; whence -v :'
 ksh: whence: :: not found
 Probably a bug:
 -d Deletes each of the specified built-ins. **Special built-ins cannot be deleted**.
 In any event, it's irrelevant because ksh93 already failed at step 1. Now you just have an inaccessible builtin.
So in a nutshell, this forkbomb isn't very interesting. It's basically the canonical definition that's been trivially obfuscated by giving it a strange name that breaks almost everywhere. Ironic given the supposed original author's claim that one may
type in :(){ :|:& };: on any UNIX terminal
BashFAQ/059 (last edited 2013-01-08 18:58:36 by GreyCat)


text:
Neptune's Domain: Discovering the Seas in Roman Myth
Neptune, the Roman god of the sea, holds a significant place in Roman mythology and religion. The sea played a crucial role in the lives of the Romans, as it was a source of sustenance, commerce, and exploration. This article delves into the various aspects of Neptune's domain in Roman myth, including his role, beliefs, rituals, relationships with other gods, and his influence on Roman society and naval power. Furthermore, it explores Neptune's power and attributes, stories and legends surrounding him, as well as his depiction in Roman art and architecture. Additionally, the article addresses Neptune's festivals, celebrations, and his impact on Roman seafaring and trade.
Neptune: The Roman God of the Sea
In Roman mythology, Neptune is considered the god of the sea, rivers, and all bodies of water. He is often depicted as a bearded middle-aged man with a majestic trident, symbolizing his power over the seas. The Romans believed that Neptune had the ability to calm or stir the waters, making him an essential deity for sailors and seafarers. As the brother of Jupiter and Pluto, Neptune is part of the powerful triumvirate ruling over the heavens, the underworld, and the sea.
The Importance of the Sea in Roman Mythology
The sea held immense significance in Roman mythology due to its role in providing sustenance, transportation, and trade opportunities. Romans relied heavily on the sea for fishing, as it provided a vital source of food for the growing population. Moreover, the sea served as a means of transportation, connecting different regions of the vast Roman Empire. It facilitated trade, military expeditions, and exploration, making it an integral part of Roman society.
Roman Beliefs and Rituals surrounding Neptune
Romans held deep reverence for Neptune, as they believed he controlled the unpredictable and mighty seas. To appease him and ensure safe passage, sailors and seafarers performed rituals and offerings in his honor. These included sacrifices of animals, prayers, and libations, all aimed at gaining Neptune's favor and protection during their journeys. Additionally, the Romans built numerous temples dedicated to Neptune, where rituals were conducted regularly.
Neptune's Role in Roman Society and Religion
As the god of the sea, Neptune played a vital role in the daily lives of Romans. His influence extended beyond the realm of seafaring, as he was also associated with freshwater sources, such as rivers and springs. Romans believed that Neptune's benevolence or wrath could impact their agricultural activities, as he controlled the ebb and flow of rivers, which were crucial for irrigation. In Roman religion, Neptune was often invoked for his protection, blessings, and abundance.
The Powers and Attributes of Neptune
Neptune possessed a range of powers and attributes associated with his dominion over the sea. As the wielder of the trident, he had control over the waves, storms, and currents. Neptune was also believed to have the ability to create earthquakes, as the shifting of tectonic plates beneath the oceans was associated with his realm. His immense power over the sea made him a fearsome god, capable of both great benevolence and destructive fury.
Stories and Legends about Neptune in Roman Mythology
Roman mythology is replete with stories and legends featuring Neptune. One of the most famous tales is the birth of Venus, the goddess of love and beauty. According to the myth, Venus emerged from the sea foam created when Saturn, Neptune's father, castrated his own father, Uranus. Another well-known story is that of Neptune and Amymone, where Neptune saves the princess Amymone from a satyr by creating a freshwater spring with his trident.
Neptune and the Creation of the Seas
In Roman mythology, Neptune played a significant role in the creation of the seas. According to one myth, Neptune and his brothers, Jupiter and Pluto, divided the realms of the universe among themselves. Neptune received dominion over the seas, while Jupiter became the ruler of the heavens and Pluto took control of the underworld. This division of power symbolized the close association between Neptune and the seas.
Neptune's Relationships with Other Gods and Goddesses
Neptune's relationships with other gods and goddesses were often marked by both cooperation and conflict. Being the brother of Jupiter and Pluto, he was part of a powerful triumvirate ruling over different realms. Neptune maintained a close bond with his brother Jupiter, and together they presided over the affairs of the gods. However, Neptune's relationship with other sea deities, such as Triton, the son of Neptune and messenger of the sea, was more harmonious.
Depictions of Neptune in Roman Art and Architecture
Neptune's importance in Roman culture is evident in the many artistic depictions found throughout the empire. In sculptures, mosaics, and frescoes, Neptune is often portrayed as a regal figure with a flowing beard, holding his trident. These representations emphasize his power and authority over the seas. Furthermore, Neptune's image frequently appears in Roman coins, further solidifying his role as a significant deity in Roman society.
Neptune's Festivals and Celebrations in Ancient Rome
To honor Neptune, the Romans held festivals and celebrations dedicated to him. One of the most prominent was the Neptunalia, a celebration held in July during the hottest time of the year. During this festival, Romans would participate in processions, make offerings, and engage in various festivities, including games and feasts. The Neptunalia provided an opportunity for the Romans to express their gratitude to Neptune and seek his protection.
Neptune's Influence on Roman Naval Power
Neptune's association with the sea had a profound impact on Roman naval power. The Romans, recognizing the importance of naval supremacy, believed that Neptune's favor was instrumental in ensuring victory in naval battles. As a result, they often dedicated their naval campaigns and ships to Neptune, seeking his protection and assistance. This belief in Neptune's influence on naval power further solidified his position as a revered deity in Roman society.
Exploring Neptune's Domain: Roman Seafaring and Trade
Neptune's domain extended beyond mythology and religion into the practical realms of seafaring and trade. The Romans were skilled sailors and traders, utilizing the vast network of seas and rivers within their empire. They built a formidable navy, which allowed them to expand their influence and engage in extensive maritime trade routes. Neptune's association with the seas and his status as the god of seafarers played a crucial role in inspiring confidence and success in Roman maritime endeavors.
Neptune's domain as the Roman god of the sea held immense importance in Roman mythology, religion, and society. The sea, with its abundant resources and opportunities for trade and exploration, shaped the lives of the Romans. Neptune, with his powers, attributes, and legends, symbolized the unpredictable yet vital nature of the seas. His festivals, depictions in art and architecture, as well as his influence on Roman naval power and seafaring, further highlight the significance of Neptune in Roman culture. Through Neptune, the Romans found solace, protection, and prosperity within the expansive domain of the sea.
AMAZING SPIRITUALITY PROGRAMS
"Your MASTERY OF LIFE begins the moment you break through your prisons of self-created limitations and enter the inner worlds where creation begins."Dr. Jonathan Parker
Amazing Spirituality Programs You Must Try! As You Go Along With Your Spiritual Journey. Click on the images for more information.
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Join us as we empower you with transformative knowledge and insights, supporting you on your path to enlightenment and personal transformation.
Explore our blog for regular updates and let Mystical Awakenings be your trusted source for new age wisdom and spirituality.


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Your tool for editing text and images on webpages.
Do you ever photoshop a screenshot before sending it to friends? With Magic Marker, you won't need to again! This browser extension serves as a very lightweight version of "inspect element" that allows you to edit a webpage before you take your screenshot.
Instructions for use:
1. Use your cursor to highlight the text or image you would like to replace.
2. Open the Magic Marker extension by clicking on the icon in the upper right hand corner of your web browser.
3. Type in the new text or new image url that you would like to replace the highlighted content.
4. Click "Go!" and watch Magic Marker do its magic!


50 Avengers Trivia Questions and Answers (Fun List)
💡 The Best List of Avengers Trivia Questions and Answers.
Last update: 2021-06-03
avengers trivia questions featured image
The best list of the avengers trivia questions.
Inside this article
 1. How to Play
 2. Trivia Questions
Are you the biggest Avengers fan? Take the test with friends! These Avengers trivia questions are a great way to have fun with friends. And show you're the true fan of the Marvel Studios pictures and original comics.
Don't forget to grab the free PDF at the bottom of this article! It will make it easier to play trivia with friends in person.
Have fun playing! And get ready to jump into the Marvel Cinematic Universe!
How to Play
Trivia is best played with a minimum of three players. If playing in person, each player should have a pencil and paper. When a trivia question is presented to the group, a correct answer is worth one point. It's best to play three rounds of the game. With the winner being the player with the most points.
A "game head" is normally chosen before the game begins. This player is going to be the one who reads the questions to the group.
In the event of a tie, leave 10 questions available. The two or three players must compete against each other in these 10 questions in order to determine the winner.
Avengers Trivia Questions & Answers
Trivia Question: How many rings does Captain America's shield have?
Answer: 2.
Trivia Question: What side of his face is the eye patch that Nick Fury wears?
Answer: Right side.
Trivia Question: What planet was the Soul Stone hidden on in the movie Infinity War?
Answer: Vormir.
Trivia Question: What is the real name of the Incredible Hulk?
Answer: Bruce Banner.
Trivia Question: How many infinity stones are there?
Answer: 6.
Trivia Question: Who took out Tony Stark's parents?
Answer: Winter Soldier.
Trivia Question: True or false, early Tony Stark Iron Man suit's were plugged into the wall?
Answer: True.
Trivia Question: Who was the person who came up with the name "The Avengers?"
Answer: The Wasp, wife of Ant Man.
Trivia Question: After being defeated by The Avengers in their firs issue, where did the hulk take refuge?
Answer: In a traveling circus.
Trivia Question: True or false, the avengers once had a Justice League crossover where they fought?
Answer: True.
Trivia Question: What is the signature move of Black Panther?
Answer: The Panther Punch.
Trivia Question: Captain Marvel once became pregnant with the child of which villain?
Answer: Marcus Immortus.
Trivia Question: What issue did Captain America join The Avengers in the Marvel Universe comic series?
Answer: The 4th issue.
Trivia Question: In which Avengers movie does Scarlet Witch make her appearance?
Answer: Avengers: Age of Ultron.
Trivia Question: In the marvel film Avengers: Infinity War, The Wakandan war cry is said to stand for what?
Answer: Hold strong.
Trivia Question: What does Loki say to Thanos in Avengers: Infinity War regarding Bruce Banner?
Answer: We have a Hulk.
Trivia Question: What was Steve Rogers treated with in order to become Captain America?
Answer: Super Soldier Serum.
Trivia Question: How many Avengers films are there in total?
Answer: 4.
Trivia Question: In which Avengers film does Spider-Man make an appearance?
Answer: Trick question, he makes an appearance in Captain America: Civil War.
Trivia Question: What percentage of credit did Tony Stark give to Pepper for the design of Stark Tower?
Answer: 12% of the credit.
Trivia Question: What word does Thanos say in the post-credits scene of the first Avengers movie?
Answer: Death.
Trivia Question: The Infinity Gauntlet was worn on which hand of Thanos?
Answer: His left hand.
Trivia Question: Joss Whedon wasn't a fan of Tony Stark's pose because it reminded him of what Disney character?
Answer: Peter Pan.
Trivia Question: What fake name does Natasha Romanoff give to Tony Stark when they first meet?
Answer: I want one.
Trivia Question: What does "S.H.I.E.L.D." stand for?
Answer: Strategic Homeland Intervention, Enforcement and Logistics Division.
Trivia Question: What actress plays Maria Hill in the Marvel Cinematic Universe?
Answer: Cobie Smulders.
Trivia Question: Kenneth Branagh directed which Marvel Studios film?
Answer: Thor.
Trivia Question: Is Doctor Strange part of The Avengers team?
Answer: Yes.
Trivia Question: In which movie does Doctor Strange fight Thanos?
Answer: In the final battle in Avengers: Infinity War.
Trivia Question: In the comic book series, who were the original avengers?
Answer: Iron Man, Ant Man, Hulk, Thor, and Wasp.
Trivia Question: Pepper Potts is the full name of which avengers assistant?
Answer: Iron Man's assistant.
Trivia Question: Where is the Avengers headquarters?
Answer:Fifth Avenue in Manhattan, New York City.
Trivia Question: What does Nick Fury tell to Captain America in order to get him back into the world?
Answer: Nick Fury tells him that he's trying to save the world.
Trivia Question: What is the full and real name of Black Widow?
Answer: Natasha Romanova.
Trivia Question: Jane Foster was taken out by which Avengers villain?
Answer: Thanos.
Trivia Question: "Puny God" was said to which person while inside Stark Tower?
Answer: Loki.
Trivia Question: What year did Avengers: Endgame get released?
Answer: 2019.
Trivia Question: In the first film, Dean Stanton made an appearance and said what?
Answer: I can do this all day.
Trivia Question: What infinity stone is green in color?
Answer: The Soul Stone.
Trivia Question: What is the color of the space stone?
Answer: Pink.
Trivia Question: What powers does the mind stone give?
Answer: Telekinetic powers.
Trivia Question: What's the name of the soldiers that fought with Captain America in World War II?
Answer: Howling Commandos.
Trivia Question: Who was the first Avenger who decided to quit the team?
Answer: Thor.
Trivia Question: True or false, was Star Wars ever references in an Avengers film?
Answer: False.
Trivia Question: What is the hero name of Clint Barton?
Answer: Hawkeye.
Trivia Question: "The Vision" from the comic book series was originally intended to be what type of creature?
Answer: An alien.
Trivia Question: Thanos was originally inspired by what competing comic companies character?
Answer: DC Comics Darkseid.
Trivia Question: In The Avengers comic book series, which talk show host made a cameo in the series?
Answer: David Letterman.
Trivia Question: In the comic series and movie series, which character was played by the same person?
Answer: Nick Fury.
Trivia Question: The Wasp was going to replace which character in the first Avengers movie?
Answer: Black Widow.
Free PDF Resource
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Created by John Smith and reviewed by Patrick D., the gaming guys. We love games and questions that inspire conversation. See more on the about page.


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|Synonyms:||Fanvid, Songvid, music video|
|See also:||Vidding, AMV, Machinima, Feral Vidders, Songtape Collection, VCR Vidding, Digital Vidding, Contape, YouTube, iMeem|
|Click here for related articles on Fanlore.|
A vid or fanvid is a fannish form of music video. Vidders take short clips of footage, generally from live-action source such as tv or movies, and arrange these clips over a song to make an argument or tell a story.
They were originally called "songvids"--to distinguish them from professional, MTV-style music videos--and collected on songtapes. The term was later shortened to just "vids".
History of Vidding
- Main article: Vidding
The earliest vids, circa 1975, were slideshows set to music; with the advent of VCRs, vids could be made by copying footage from one tape to another. Eventually, computer video-editing software became the standard, and today vids can be made by almost anyone with a computer, using the freeware supplied by Microsoft or Apple or other software.
Distinct fannish video-making traditions have arisen separately in other fandoms. Anime fans developed anime music videos, or AMVs, while MADs developed in Japan. Video gamers have also developed their own video tradition of machinima. Sites like YouTube also often feature remix and parody video art by fans who have little or no connection with these traditions.


DDGS particle separation behind shipping cost troubles
March 30, 2010
WEST LAFAYETTE, Ind. - A Purdue University study solves a mystery that has long plagued ethanol producers and driven up shipping costs of a byproduct sold as cattle feed.
Distillers dried grains with solubles, or DDGS, is the grain product left after production of ethanol. However, when filled with DDGS, railcars register different weights – sometimes many tons different from each other – lowering shipping efficiency and raising costs.
The reason, according to Klein Ileleji, an assistant professor of agricultural and biological engineering, is that the cars aren't all holding the same-sized particles.
Previous studies show that when poured, like-sized DDGS particles congregate, with the smallest, called fines, accumulating in the center of the pile and the larger particles moving to the outside. Ileleji and doctoral student Clairmont Clementson hypothesized that this is what happens when DDGS is poured into railcar hoppers for transport.
To test the theory, Ileleji and Clementson created a scaled-down mechanism that mimicked the loading of railcar hoppers. When simulated, the first containers had mostly fines, with proceeding containers getting more of the larger particles. The containers with fines weighed more because they can be packed more densely.
"When we analyzed our data with what we would expect in theory, the weight pattern of our containers can be explained by particle segregation during filling of the hoppers, which is amplified during discharge, causing bulk density variation," said Ileleji, whose results were published in the early online edition of the journal Bioresource Technology.
The problem is exacerbated by the tendency of DDGS to discharge from hoppers in a funnel-like flow pattern in which the fines that have accumulated at the hopper's core are released first. Outside contents, which are primarily larger in size, are released last. Even mass-flow hoppers with steep sidewall angles designed to release their contents in layers caused weight irregularities because the DDGS continued to exhibit funnel-flow tendencies.
Ileleji suggests either finding a way to mix the contents better during loading or using a process he patented to create uniform-sized particles.
"The granules are larger, so they would not pack as well as fines. But granules are denser than the same amount of fines, so you get more in the same amount of space," Ileleji said. "This would ensure that railcars would weigh about the same amount and help control the cost of shipping DDGS."
Ileleji said the next step is to verify lab studies with field data and test loading methods in the field to reduce variability in DDGS bulk density during loading. An Anderson's Research Grant from Multistate Project NC-213 for Marketing and Delivery of Quality Grains and BioProcess Co-products and a Purdue Research Foundation fellowship funded the research as part of Clementson's doctoral work.
Source: Klein Ileleji, _PHONE_, _EMAIL_
Ag Communications: _PHONE_;
Steve Leer, _EMAIL_
Agriculture News Page
Variability of Bulk Density Distillers Dried Grains With Solubles (DDGS)
During Gravity-Driven Discharge
C.L. Clementson and K. E. Ileleji
Loading railcars with consistent tonnage has immense cost implications for the shipping of distillers' dried grains with soluble (DDGS) product. Therefore, this study was designed to investigate the bulk density variability of DDGS during filling of railcar hoppers. An apparatus was developed similar to a spinning riffler sampler in order to simulate the filling of railcars at an ethanol plant. There was significant difference (P<0.05) between the initial and final measures of bulk density and particle size as the hoppers were emptied in both mass and funnel-flow patterns. Particle segregation that takes place during filling of hoppers contributed to the bulk density variation and was explained by particle size variation. This phenomenon is most likely the same throughout the industry and an appropriate sampling procedure should be adopted for measuring the bulk density of DDGS stored in silos or transported in railcar hoppers.


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This is an excerpt from EERE Network News, a weekly electronic newsletter.
The Bright Lights in New York Could Be Solar
The big city glow of New York could be coming from more than the bright lights on Broadway. The Big Apple also is increasingly aglow with solar power, particularly from rooftop photovoltaic (PV) solar.
Earlier this year, the city unveiled the New York City Solar Map, a collaborative tool which gives an estimate of solar photovoltaic potential for the one million buildings in the five city boroughs. The interactive map, hosted by The City University of New York (CUNY), is based on information from flights over the city by an airplane equipped with an aerial laser system. The device, known as Lidar for "light image detection and ranging," gathered information on the shape, angle, size, and shade of rooftops along with the surface elevations of ground, buildings, and trees. Analysis of the data showed that the city has a solar potential of 5,800 megawatts peak output—more that 40% of the city's electrical demand at peak times if all the rooftops were fully outfitted with solar. About two-thirds of the city's structures are suitable to house solar panels.
CUNY's work on the NYC Solar Map was funded through the Energy Department in 2007 and the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009. For the complete story, see the Energy Blog.


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The area surrounding an isolator/RABS pharmaceutical fill line can be a difficult area to control. There are many functions and moving parts that support the fill operations that occur in the controlled area just outside the controlled area that can greatly impact the process itself. Below are several pitfalls to be aware of that might be thwarting your contamination control efforts if you are currently working with a piece of fill equipment that did not include QbD in the design phase. Additionally, read on to see how these consequences might be reversed with a thorough QbD analysis, even after the fact.
Contamination control considerations for the areas surrounding fill lines designed WITHOUT QbD:
Problem: The Isolator cleanliness grade was classified without a workstudy, and therefore there is not a defendable rationale for clean area classification.
It is difficult to control all contamination entering the filling machine from the primary packaging, ambient environment and operator handling. Depending on the workflow and function of the area, you may be asked to defend your choice of classification by regulatory bodies.
Problem: The flow of materials likely takes the path of least resistance for your facility but may or may not follow the real needs of the process.
The equipment design was determined by ease of engineering or cost, not to the process (yield, duration, and control of the contamination). Consequently, there are now:
- Too many procedures to cover the process flow design gaps
- An increase in extra activities in the surrounding area
- A decrease in production yield due to inefficiencies
- An increase in contamination events due to inefficient materials flow
Contamination control considerations for the areas surrounding fill lines designed WITH a PMS QbD solution:
- Workstudy/process flow evaluation is necessary for a justified & documented determination of the right clean area classification (C or D) for the room.
- A thorough evaluation of material handling by personnel and equipment before it is introduced to the isolator is necessary to establish what is best for the process.
- An evaluation should be performed to determine the best method to introduce materials into the isolator. This might be by conveyor, manual or other method determined to sufficiently limit environmental contamination or that inherent to the incoming materials.
- Evaluation of the positioning of RTP ports, gloves and pass boxes for decontamination
Material Storage and Handling
- An optimization study of material storage (type and quantity) is recommended to control baseline contamination in the area.
- Evaluation of the positioning of RTP ports and gloves for maximum functionality and access to the storage areas.
- A process optimization should be performed to determine the least impactful and most efficient way to move materials out of the area.
- Perform an evaluation of the positioning of RTP ports and gloves for maximum functionality and access to the exiting product.
In the next blog in this series we will examine what cleaning and disinfection on a new fill line looks like with and without QbD implemented at the design phase. These examples come from real-world applications experienced by the Particle Measuring Systems' Advisory Services Team. Our team has over 70 years of collective experience working in and advising cleanroom users around the world.
Click here to learn more about how our Advisory Services Team can help you identify problems and suggest solutions to preserve the high quality of your products and processes.
See links to additional supporting resources below:
On-Demand Webinar: Developing an Isolator Filling Line Using a Quality Risk Management Approach
Corresponding Application Note: Developing an Isolator Filling Line Using a QRM Approach – FAQ's
Want to read more? Jump to other released posts in this series:
Part 1 of 6: Intro and Regulatory
Part 2 of 6: Surrounding Areas (You are here!)
Part 3 of 6: Cleaning and Disinfection
Part 4 of 6: Set up and Process Interventions
Part 5 of 6: Environmental Monitoring
Part 6 of 6: Activity Organization
Don't miss an episode of this series. Register for updates on the right column of this page. Click here to contact our Experts for questions.


Microsoft TechFest: The low power data center
Racks of servers demonstrated prototypes of low-power processors for data centers that deliver one-third to half the performance of high-performance processors while consuming only 5 percent to 10 percent as much power. So, how much power can data center save?
"In addition to requiring far less energy – 5 watts versus 50 to 100 watts for a processor typically used in a data centerlow-power processors also have quiescent states that consume little energy and can be awakened quickly," explained Dan Reed, director of Scalable and Multicore Systems for Cloud Computing Futures. "These states are used in the sleep and hibernate features of laptops and netbooks. With our current Atom processor, its energy consumption when running is 28 to 34 watts, but in the sleep or hibernate state, it consumes 3 to 4 watts, a reduction of 10 times in the energy consumption of idle processors."
Brought to you by and FirstDigest


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Shockwaves: How does the War in Ukraine Impact the EU's Grand Strategy?
No. 5 / 2023 – CSDS In-Depth Paper
Grand strategies define what an international actor stands for, what it wants to achieve and how. They encompass a coherent set of ideas, narratives, flagship plans and policy initiatives. Can a complex and collective political actor like the European Union (EU) craft a grand strategy? This In-Depth Paper contends that it can, it should and, to some extent, it has. However, it now needs to scale it up to match a new strategic landscape. Before Russia's attack on Ukraine, the EU devised elements of a strategic approach for Europe to stand its ground in a more competitive and contested world. The outbreak of the war has put the EU's fledgling grand strategy under a severe stress test.
This In-Depth Paper illustrates the implications of the conflict for EU grand strategy in terms of shifting priorities, new challenges, emerging debates and critical questions that need addressing. The EU has reacted swiftly and firmly to Russia's attack on Ukraine. However, the important steps taken so far do not yet add up to a deeper, joint assessment of how the war's repercussions affect the purpose, priorities and cohesion of the Union. This In-Depth Paper argues that EU institutions and member states need to match their grand strategy to the scale of the challenges they face, or risk losing agency on the global stage. At this stage, the EU need not draft a grand strategy, but, at the same time, it cannot afford not to think in terms of grand strategy, and act accordingly.


Create Log When A Window Gets Focus in Windows
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Window Focus Logger GUI is a free software to create a log when a window gets focus in Windows. That means whenever an application/window/program becomes an active application, its log is created which you can save for later use. The log contains different items like process name of window, date and time when the window gets focus, if keyboard focus was enabled for that application, if application UI was visible, and title of the window. You can create the record of all such items and then save these details as TXT file.
As its name indicates, it is the graphical version of its command line tool "Windows Focus Logger". This software lets you set a custom time (in minutes) for log creation and then you can minimize it to system tray. After that, whenever the focus is removed from some active application to another application, it creates the log each time including keyboard focus, user interface mode (true or false), the application which replaced the first application was off screen or on screen, etc.
Window Focus Loggerinterface
In the screenshot visible above, you can see its interface where it shows the list of all windows which got focus, its time and date, and other information. You can also select all the items, copy them to clipboard, and paste in Notepad like I did in the screenshot below. Once you get the list, you can save it as TXT file for later analysis.
information copied to notepad
How To Create Log When A Window Gets Focus In Windows?
Step 1: Download its zip file. You can do that using the link that I have added at the end of this review.
Step 2: Open the software interface by double-clicking its "WindowFocusLoggerGUI" application. Its interface will show a blank page unless you set the time to log windows. So, add Runtime (in minutes) by adding some value and then press Start button.
set runtime and start log creation process
Step 3: Now you can minimize it to the system tray and it will work silently. Whenever you move from one application to another or some background process/service will try to steal focus mode from the current application, the software will create a log for that.
You can stop the Runtime anytime or let it stop automatically when the timer is completed. After that, you can open its interface and you will see the record. In the record, you can see which application was running as the active window, which application came as next application window, if the application was visible on screen or it was off screen, if keyboard focus enabled for that application, date and time when the application became active application.
log created
To save all the details, copy them using Ctrl+A hotkey and paste it in Notepad++, Notepad, or somewhere else and create a text file.
You can also create log file for each process launched on PC.
The Conclusion:
This is helpful in case there is some hidden process or malicious application runs in the background without your knowledge which usually steals the focus from a particular window. Once you have the log, you can identify the application and then try to remove it from PC or take other actions.
Get this software.
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User Ratings:
[Total: 0 Average: 0/5]
Works With: Windows
Free/Paid: Free


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A tenant who uses drugs or deals drugs can be a significant liability to your investment property, neighboring tenants, and community.
Based on actual law enforcement tips, learn the warning signs of tenant drug dealers, crack houses, and manufacturers (meth labs) occupying your rental property.
Tenants who do drugs and commit crimes can be a nightmare, so learn how to recognize signs of potential illegal behavior.
Here is a list of possible drug dealing (or drug manufacturing) warning signs:
- Frequent visitors at all times of the day or night
- Activity at the house is usually at odd hours or late at night.
- Occupants appear unemployed, yet seem to have plenty of money and pay bills with cash.
- Occupants are unfriendly, appear secretive about activities.
- Occupants watch cars suspiciously when they pass by.
- Occupants display a paranoid or odd behavior.
- Extensive security at the home or signs that indicate "Private Property" or "Beware of Dog", fences, large shrubs, bushes and trees.
- Windows blackened or curtains always drawn.
- Occupants go outside the house to smoke cigarettes.
- Chemical odors coming from the house, garbage or detached buildings.
- Coffee filters, bed sheets or other material stained from filtering red phosphorus or other chemicals.
- Occupants sets his garbage for pick up in another neighbor's collection area.
- Evidence of chemical or waste dumping like burn pits or dead spots in the yard.


What is a Temperature Class?
A temperature class is a term assigned to instruments and equipment within a hazardous area or zone. Classification or rating signify the level of thermal energy allowed in a particular area or produced by a specific equipment.
It defines the maximum surface temperature of the components in the electrical equipment under normal and fault conditions
This maximum surface temperature must not exceed the gas ignition temperature.
It is stated with reference to a maximum ambient temperature of 40 degree Celsius.
Six Categories
 - T1 :- 450 degree celciusT2:- 300 degree celcius
 - T2:- 300 degree celcius
 - T3:- 200 degree celciud
 - T4:- 135 degree celcius
 - T5:- 100 degree celcius
 - T6:- 85 degree Celsius
For Example :- An electric motor may have a maximum surface temperature of 120 degree Celsius and would be classified as T4.
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At Marriage Helper, we often hear from couples that they'd love to put their marriage back together, but their spouse did something terrible. It might be that they had an affair, gambled away their money, or had an addiction problem, but that act is now causing them to feel shame. That shame could be keeping them from feeling like their spouse can forgive them. It keeps them from doing the necessary things to put their marriage back together. Is there hope in this type of situation if you're wondering, "How can I help my spouse work through shame?"
Understanding Guilt And Shame
Luckily, the answer is yes. The feeling of guilt can be a good thing. When you feel guilt, it tells you something is wrong and you need to fix it. On the other hand, people who feel no guilt are labeled as psychopaths or sociopaths. But while short-term guilt can remind us we need to fix whatever is wrong, long-term guilt can cause a sense of shame if it's not dealt with properly.
Shame can take a toll on your psyche, sense of self-worth, self-confidence, and self-esteem. It leads you to believe negative things about yourself, which can even affect you physiologically. For example, you can start to feel like no one loves you and you're worthless when the guilt turns into shame. These feelings of shame can lead to an increase in depression, anxiety, and less immune function. Guilt is, "I did a bad thing." Shame is, "I am a bad thing."
In psychology, there's a lot of good work being done by people like Brené Brown researching shame and vulnerability. She's studying how vulnerability can be something that helps people reverse that shame by sharing the things causing them to feel shame. Finding acceptance on the other side can help people escape a constant shame cycle.
Shame Can Manifest In Many Ways
People who feel shame often won't be very transparent about why they are feeling shame. They feel like if you knew everything, then you would see them as a bad person as they see themselves. That makes them feel like they can't put their marriage back together because they don't feel you can forgive them. This thinking can lead to self-punishment.
The feelings of shame can manifest in many different ways. Besides causing them to feel like a bad person, it can lead to them becoming filled with pride. This can happen because they don't want to feel the shame; they want to try and cover it up. Covering it up can present itself as being confident or very sure of themselves.
So, what can you do if you are dealing with shame?
Understanding Your Shame
The first thing you can do is allow yourself to become vulnerable and do some self-reflection. Try to understand why you feel the shame. Some people will find their shame tied to something they did in their marriage, like having an affair. Even for people who have done something recently in their marriage, those feelings of shame may be at least partly tied to something that happened earlier in their life. Shame is such a deep feeling that it can take a long time to present itself.
These feelings of shame can have a wide range of causes. It might be that you were expected to be perfect during your childhood. You feel like you're not meeting that expectation now, making you unlovable. It might be the opposite end of the spectrum where you were constantly told you were a failure, leading you to believe it. Believing you're worthless is a self-fulfilling prophecy.
What Can Your Spouse Do To Help?
You can't change your feelings until you recognize that you're feeling shame, but your spouse can still help. If you already have a negative self-view, your spouse must be careful about how they respond to you. You can't continue to pile on shame by blaming them. The person experiencing shame needs you to be a safe place for them. Continuing to blame them for things will drive them to disconnect further. The path to coming out of shame is making them feel accepted despite what they have done or even the false beliefs they have about themselves.
Typically, that's not going to be accomplished by telling them they're worthy and valuable because their self-image is already negative. You need to be extremely honest about how you feel about what they did to cause the shame. That might sound contradictory, but if you instantly forgive your spouse and try to move on, they don't fully get to process what's happened. If your spouse is telling you how bad they are, they want you to listen and empathize with them instead of trying to fix them. They need to be able to release those feelings.
Overcoming their feelings of shame won't be a quick process; it can take anywhere from months to years. You should see some progress within the first few months, though. You need to continue having consistent conversations and reaffirming your love for them. You'll not want to discuss it daily because those feelings might be too much, but make sure it's consistent and as often as your spouse feels comfortable.
Using SMART Contact
Patience will be critical in this process. We've talked about the concept of SMART contact in several articles before. Simply put, SMART Communication teaches you the best way to approach any type of communication with your spouse in a "smart" way. Using these techniques in this situation will help by reminding you to avoid PUSH behaviors, respond in a kind, strong, and gentle way, and take it one day at a time.
Our intensive three-day workshops also discuss attachment theory which can be relevant to people experiencing shame. For example, your spouse might decide they don't want to have contact with anyone, even other family members. This is called dismissing avoidance, and we devote an entire section to these issues at the workshop.
Remember that guilt is good in the short-term, but long-term guilt can lead to negative thoughts about yourself. The best way to help your spouse through this is to be a listening ear and a consistent source of empathy for them. Try to emphasize the good that you see in your spouse. And finally, remember that you can't logic shame out of a person; you must love it out of them patiently.


Home > Class Reference > %SYS namespace > %CSP.Error
class %CSP.Error extends %CSP.ErrorLog
This error page will display information that is designed to make debugging an application easier, if you deploy a CSP application then you should use the %CSP.ErrorLog error page that logs the information or your own error that displays an error message suitable for an end user rather than providing them with a lot of debug information.
Method Inventory
classmethod DisplayError(ByRef ErrorInfo As %String) as %Status [ Language = objectscript ]
Output in HTML the error information in ErrorInfo which is the array provided by DecomposeError().
classmethod HyperEventError() [ Language = objectscript ]
If an error occurs while processing a HyperEvent then this method is called. This method will write out javascript code that will be executed on the browser. Note that the variable 'CSPPage' refers to the'self' of the page on which the Hyperevent was called as this may be different to the current'self'.
You could use this javascript to redirect the browser to another page:
 Write "CSPPage.window.location='/csp/samples/menu.csp';",!
Or you could popup an alert box with the error message in it:
 Write "alert('An error occurred');",!
classmethod OnPage() as %Status [ Language = objectscript ]
Output the error page as HTML. This makes use of the ##class(%CSP.Utils).DisplayAllObjects() call to display as much information as possible about the state of the %request, %response, %server objects when the error occurred.
Inherited Members
Inherited Methods


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The Meaning Behind "Don't Go Chasing Waterfalls": Exploring the Symbolism and Message
"Don't go chasing waterfalls" is a well-known phrase that gained popularity through the iconic song "Waterfalls" by the American music group TLC. The lyrics contain a powerful message, urging listeners to exercise caution and make wise choices in life. In this article, we will delve into the meaning behind "Don't go chasing waterfalls," exploring its symbolism and the valuable life lessons it imparts.
1. The Origin of the Phrase:
The phrase "Don't go chasing waterfalls" gained widespread recognition with the release of TLC's hit song in 1994. Written by Lisa "Left Eye" Lopes, Marqueze Etheridge, and Organized Noize, the song resonated with audiences around the world, topping the charts and becoming an anthem of its time.
2. Symbolism of Waterfalls: Wat
erfalls, in this context, serve as a metaphor for the pursuit of elusive and unrealistic dreams or desires. Just as waterfalls represent a mesmerizing and captivating sight, they can also be unpredictable, dangerous, and difficult to reach. The symbolism of waterfalls encourages individuals to exercise caution and consider the consequences before pursuing certain paths in life.
Symbolism of Waterfalls
3. Choosing a Balanced Approach:
The message behind "Don't go chasing waterfalls" emphasizes the importance of maintaining a balanced approach to life. It advises against recklessly pursuing unattainable goals or getting caught up in the allure of instant gratification. Instead, it encourages individuals to make thoughtful decisions, considering both the risks and rewards associated with their choices.
4. Embracing Realistic Expectations:
The phrase encourages individuals to set realistic expectations for themselves and their aspirations. It reminds us that not all dreams are feasible or beneficial for our overall well-being. By focusing on attainable goals and embracing a realistic perspective, we can avoid disappointment and make more meaningful progress in our lives.
Embracing Realistic Expectations
5. Learning from Life's Lessons:
"Don't go chasing waterfalls" urges individuals to learn from their experiences and the mistakes of others. It emphasizes the importance of wisdom gained through observation and reflection. By understanding the potential pitfalls and challenges that others have faced, we can make informed decisions and navigate our own paths more effectively.
6. Resisting Temptation and Distractions:
The phrase advises against succumbing to temptations or distractions that may hinder personal growth and progress. It reminds us to stay focused on our true aspirations and avoid getting swept away by fleeting desires or temporary pleasures. By maintaining clarity of purpose, we can make choices that align with our long-term goals.
7. Finding Contentment and Appreciation:
"Don't go chasing waterfalls" also encourages individuals to find contentment and appreciation for what they already have. It reminds us to value the present moment and the blessings in our lives. Instead of constantly seeking external validation or chasing unattainable desires, the phrase encourages us to find joy in the journey and appreciate the beauty of our current circumstances.
8. Empowering Personal Responsibility:
Ultimately, "Don't go chasing waterfalls" emphasizes the importance of personal responsibility. It encourages individuals to take ownership of their actions, choices, and the outcomes they seek. By exercising discernment and making informed decisions, we can shape our lives in a way that aligns with our values and leads to personal fulfillment.
The phrase "Don't go chasing waterfalls" holds a profound message that transcends its musical origins. It serves as a reminder to approach life with wisdom, balance, and realistic expectations. By resisting the allure of unattainable dreams and focusing on personal growth, we can find contentment, make informed decisions, and navigate our paths with purpose. Ultimately, this timeless advice encourages individuals to embrace personal responsibility and find fulfillment in the journey itself.


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Our client is an organization operating in rural parts of Western Kenya. Due to the rural set-up and challenges associated therewith, all applicants should have a personal commitment to working with the vulnerable community.
1. Purpose of the Position
Monitor progress and impact of the various projects and interventions implemented by the organization and provide feedback to implementers and stakeholders. Strengthen the M&E function and facilitate learning from M&E throughout the organization and within the community.
- T.1 Provide overall guidance, mentorship and supervision to M & E staff, to ensure successful implementation of M & E plan and activities and to meet targets.
- T.1 Guide M & E staff to help them achieve timely implementation of project work plans according to quarterly and annual targets, activities and goals.
- T.2 Conduct regular project performance reviews for M & E staff.
- T.3 Provide quality and timely delivery of all projects reports, in their agreed format, as required by donors, the Executive Director and the Board.
- T.4 Put forward new program ideas and/or recommendations for improvement of existing programs to the management, based on learning from M&E.
- T.5 Provide timely advice to the Management team on issues likely to affect/impact project implementation.
- T.6 Interpret and implement government policies that affect M & E activities.
- T.7 Coordinate and Participate in integrating lessons learnt into ongoing and new projects undertaking.
- T.8 Participate in developing program concept notes, proposals and development of log frames for donor funding.
- T.9 Advise the Management about key development forums and other networks that might serve RWMT achieve its overall objectives.
- T.10 Work with Project staff and stakeholders (where relevant) to revise existing and create new monitoring and evaluation tools, strategies and framework for RWMT as required.
- T.11 Work with staff to develop M & E plans and tools for the departments and other RWMT program staff, including management reports.
- T.12 Develop a quality and feedback system for Training and Resource Centre and assist in ensuring the feedback from students / Stakeholders is tracked, collected and analyzed
- T.1 Maintain and keep up to date and accurate summaries of field records, reports of activities and beneficiaries according to the organization's M&E reporting requirements.
- T.2 Coordinate and participate in field data collection, analysis, monitoring and reporting on indicators as per the agreed Monitoring and Evaluation Framework.
- T.3 Ensure the integrity of information collected and presented, and not compromised in any way whatsoever.
- T.4 Undertake quality control of information from the community as well as from departments and sub-departments.
- T.5 Ensure that all M&E databases are accurate and up to date.
- T.6 Supervise proper filling and documentation processes of the M & E documents.
- T.7 Maintain back-up secure electronic M & E files
- T.8 Coordinate and carry out specialized data processing tasks as needed.
- T.1 Maintain follow-up and feedback system to ensure efficient processes
- T.2 Actively maintain the internal referral system to ensure beneficiaries are provided with maximum support from the organization's various expertise
- T.1 Actively participate in the Saturday Psycho-Social Support Program for Orphaned and Vulnerable Children and build the community's capacity to eventually run the program on their own.
3. Knowledge, Skills and Abilities: (The knowledge, skills, and abilities may be required through a combination of formal schooling, self –education and prior experience or on – the –job –training.)
a) Level of education:
- At least a degree in any Social Science discipline that focuses on Monitoring and Evaluation.
- Demonstrated knowledge and understanding of project monitoring and evaluation.
- Understanding of current trends in M&E.
- At least 3 years-experience in a similar position
- Experience in designing tools and strategies for data collection, analysis and production of reports;
- Demonstrated experience gathering, analyzing and reporting both quantitative and qualitative data in multiple formats.
- Keen attention to details with strong analytical skills.
- Experience in data organization and management.
- Proficiency in computer applications such as Microsoft Word, Excel, Access, PowerPoint and Outlook express including statistical packages and database development;
- Good interpersonal skills with ability to build personal relationships with and mentor the community, beneficiaries, senior government officials and staff.
- Strong communication, presentation and report writing, negotiation, and administration skills.
- Must have a valid Motorbike license and be able to ride the motorbike
How to Apply
Applicants should send their applications with attached CVs to [email protected] with Monitoring & Evaluation as subject of the email.


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(_PHONE_) One of great pioneer Methodist ministers of Texas. Pennsylvania-born, he began preaching at age 19. In 1833 he came to Texas and soon settled in this county. Unkempt in appearance, Kenney redeemed his eccentricity with an eloquent style of preaching. In Texas -- then part of Mexico and Catholic by law -- he helped found Methodist societies and, in 1834, served a vast circuit covering all of present state west of Trinity River. In 1836 he took part in Texas War for Independence. His lifetime saw Methodism become one of the major denominations in state. (1972)
Copyright © StoppingPoints.com, 2010. All Rights Reserved.


Did Poland Really Escape the Black Death?
28 Jul 2021
Since the outbreak of Coronavirus (COVID-19) in China, people have been making obvious parallels with other major pandemics in history, most notably the Bubonic Plague, or 'Black Death'Before the first confirmed case of Coronavirus in Poland, authorities were not doing much aside from propagating the idea that Poland would not be as affected by the virus as other countries. This optimism, though since proven wrong, may have had something to do with the region's historic so-called 'avoidance' of the medieval pandemic. Realistically, it affected Poland on a much smaller scale than the rest of Europe in the 14th century (sadly, this balance would be paid during WWII). Would history repeat itself 700 years later? Apparently not. The number of daily cases in Poland has increased at an alarming rate, and during September-October 2020 we've watched them double from week to week. On October 21st 2020, we reached 10,000+ cases, compared to just 5,000+ a week before.
The surreal image of the Beaked Plague Doctor is synonymous with the Black Death. While the mask looks terrifying, it had a genuine purpose:
Inside the beak would be filled with perfumes and herbs to deflect miasma, the horrific stench of 'bad air' from both plague victims and the dead.
Poland Was Not Actually Spared
Before we go any further we need to clear up a perpetuated myth.
 A map showing the coverage of the Black Death,
 notably the areas of minor outbreaks in Green.
The largest of these areas are centred around historic Poland.
The statement that is often blabbed amongst history buffs and general know-it-alls is 'Poland Escaped the Black Death'. While we would've loved this statement to be true, quite simply, this statement is absolutely false. The bubonic plague absolutely made it to Poland and there were certainly a number of outbreaks around the area. Sadly, with the overall scale of the destruction and the poorly-kept records, we will never know exactly how many succumbed. Estimations have generally stated that the kingdom lost about 25% of its population. While this sounds like a lot by today's standards, losing a quarter of your inhabitants is a pale amount compared to countries like Italy, France and Spain, that suffered an estimated 75-80% loss of life. For this reason, Poland can be called an area of'minor outbreak', as is highlighted in the map to the right. Other tiny areas, such as the Italian city-state of Milan, coastal areas of the Low Countries (now The Netherlands, Belgium and Luxembourg) and the Kingdom of Navarre (now Basque Country in Spain) were also 'lightly touched' in a similar fashion to our beloved Poland.
Quarantine of the Polish Borders
One key reason often attributed to the low rates of contagion was the decision by Polish king, Casimir the Great, to close the country's 'borders' shortly after the initial reports from the west and set up internal quarantines.
 Casimir the Great - Tolerant and Health-Conscious
This was not an operation like you would see in the current 'State of Epidemic Threat' at every road entry to Poland, more-so it related to medieval walled-cities and refusing entry to obviously-infected individuals. Therefore, contagious people could still travel between smaller communities in the countryside of a dominion. Nevertheless, Poland was a much less-densely populated area than elsewhere in Europe, so contagion was slower to spread.
Furthermore, travel time also plays an important factor here. For example, it would normally take 8 days to travel from Prague to Kraków on horseback, even slower if you were on foot. Compare that with the amount of time it would take for the plague to kick-in - between 24 to 72 hours to get sick. So, by the time you reached Kraków or any other city for that matter, you were clearly not going to be let into the city walls!
Poland's Jewish Population
As the historic scapegoats of Europe, the minority Jewish population of Europe suffered at the hands of a bigoted Christian-majority. Once again, thanks to the rulership of Casimir the Great, Jews were offered a safe haven in Paradisus Iudaeorum (ENG: Paradise of the Jews) as Poland became known. This population would thrive for centuries until the atrocities committed in WWII. Unfortunately, when the bubonic plague first hit Europe in October 1347, the gentile population was cynical of the lower rates of infection amongst local Jewry, and therefore subscribed to the idea that the plague was a Jewish conspiracy!
American Jewish historian Berel Wein and many others attribute the lower death-rates of Jews during the plague to the adherence of sanitary practices in Jewish law. Simple but regular actions, like washing his or her hands many times throughout the day or that one must not eat food without washing one's hands, leaving the bathroom and after any sort of intimate human contact are considered basic hygiene in the 21st-century. However, these strict Jewish practices were hardly standard for the majority of common-folk who could go half his or her life without ever washing their hands!
A woodcut from the Nuremberg Chronicle (1493) depicting Jews burned alive en-masse. A prime example of Medieval Anti-Semitism
Another interesting point in Jewish law prevents an individual from reciting blessings and saying prayers by an open pit at latrines and at places with a foul odour. For this reason, the sanitary conditions in Jewish communities were always far superior than in the neighbourhoods of non-Jews.
Jewish law also prescribes certain sanitary conditions related to burial of the dead, which were undertaken by the burial sociery, Chevrah Kadisha, who are kind of like funerary directors in Jewish communities. Practices, such as washing the body of the deceased and stationing shomrim, watchers of corpses, ensured that vermin were kept away from the dead. These factors, no doubt, hugely reduced the spread of infection in their communities.
Illustration from The Chronicles of Gilles Li Muisis (1272–1352) showing citizens of Tournai (now Belgium) burying plague victims.
Scenes like this were commonplace all over Europe in the 14th Century, albeit on a much smaller scale in the Kingdom of Poland.
Geography and Climate
As a final pointer that is often discussed as an asset to slowing the spread of disease is Poland's geographical and climatic position in Europe. Firstly, as was touched on before, Poland was more sparsely-populated than elsewhere in Europe and, more-specifically, could hardly compare to the densley-populated Mediterranean coast that had evolved through trade and generally warmer weather. And on the point of weather, Poland's temperate seasonal climate is believed to have mitigated the spread of the plague due to the fact that it was colder than Southern and Western Europe. Taking it a step further, historian Norman F Cantor theorises in his book In the Wake of the Plague: The Black Death and the World It MadeThe absence of plague in Bohemia and Poland is commonly explained by the rats' avoidance of these areas due to the unavailability of food the rodents found palatable. Maybe both points are true? Maybe neither? Sadly, we will never know for sure.
The Black Death VS Coronavirus
On a virological level, it's impossible to compare the two. The Bubonic Plague is a flea-borne bacterial disease, carried by rodents that jumped to humans. Coronavirus (COVID-19) is a strain of severe acute respiratory syndrome transmitted primarily via respiratory droplets. Whilst the deathtoll of the latter is currently just under 8,000 worldwide, nevertheless shocking, it must be remembered that the Bubonic Plague wiped out 30-60% of medieval Europe and an estimated overall death toll of 75-200 million people in Eurasia. The Black Death truly earnt its name.
Medieval Xenophobia - An illustration portraying
a Jew poisoning the well of a Christian settlement.
Beyond of the stats, other common factors are still present: Xenophobia towards Jews has been replaced with Xenophobia towards Asian minorities across the world. Misinformation by the dominance of the Church in Medieval Europe that Jews were poisoning the wells of Christian communities is somehow echoed in recent fake news headlines that China had a biological-weapon that unintentionally leaked. Asylum granted to Jews in Poland in 14th-Century is a far cry from the Law and Justice (PiS) party's stance on accepting any quote of Syrian Refugees. Sadly, Coronavirus will currently not help these individuals in their case for resettlement. Poland was certainly quicker to close its borders than others in Europe, much like it had in the 14th-century. We hope that measures put in place will somehow prevent the population from going the way of Italy, which is currently the hardest-hit nation in Europe with regard to Coronavirus.
You like Death? You wanna see more?
As the impact of the bubonic plague was not felt as much in Poland, key sites are non-existent. In our article, Creepy Poland, we talk about a number of sites where bones have been used to furnish the interiors of churches and tombs (how lovely!). Most notably, Kaplica Czaszek (ENG: the Chapel of Skulls) on the Polish/C


Working Days between dates
Working Days between dates
I'm looking to try and find away to calulate working days between two dates in a module; I know this has been addressed in a previous post, but it's from 2014 and I can't seem to access the supporting docs. that really show me what I need.
I'm a new model builder so any assitance would be appriciated, and apologies if this has been covered elsewhere and I've not found it.
Regular Contributor
Re: Working Days between dates
Hi Ceri,
This requirement can be acheived in the following manner:
1) Create a module(say, "Time Mappings") to maintain the working day mappings with time scale set as "Day", as shown in below screenshot:
 a) Working Day Check (Line item 1): A boolean formatted line item
 b) Cumulative Working Days (Line item 2): A number formatted line item with formula "CUMULATE(IF Working Day Check THEN 1 ELSE 0)"
The first line should be maintained manually and it will be a yearly activity done by an admin (Working days as to be checked manually, as shown in screenshot below)
2) An example module to hold your start and end dates and to calculate number of working days:
Formula for calculating number of working days = "Time Mappings.Cumulative Working Days[LOOKUP: Date Input.End Date] - Time Mappings.Cumulative Working Days[LOOKUP: Date Input.Start Date] + 1"
Based on the inputs given in Step 1 and Step 2, you can see the number of working days as "5" in Jan 17 column.
Hope this example will solve your query. Let me know, if you need further explanation on this.
CA Pavan Kumar
Re: Working Days between dates
That's great, thanks for your help.
Regular Contributor
Re: Working Days between dates
Occasional Contributor
Re: Working Days between dates
There is a formula on this page
that will help translate from the excel NETWORKDAYS function to Anaplan. Hope this helpg
Certified Master Anaplanner
Re: Working Days between dates
This is something my team has been trying to solve for as we needed to calculate the # of working days in each month for personnel planning. The provided solution is workable but had a bit more manual admin work than would be ideal for our situation. I was able take the outline provided and leverage the WEEKDAY() formula to automate the determination of which dates to include/exclude from working days.
See below for breakdown of my solution:
 1. Create Date Input Module
 1. Create 2 date formatted lines for start and end date
 2. Create number formatted line item for # of cumulative Working Days as of the end date (this will reference the module created in the next step) Formula: Time Mappings.Cumulated Working Days[LOOKUP: End Date]
 Date Input - Working Day.PNG
 1. Create Time Mappings module with a timescale set to Day
 1. Create a number formatted line item to pull in the day of the week for that specific date. Formula: WEEKDAY(START())
 2. Create a number formatted line item to determine the number of Working Days. The formula will define which days of the week will be your non-working day (in the US that is generally Saturday (day 6) and Sunday (day 7). Formula: IF Day of Week = 6 OR Day of Week = 7 THEN 0 ELSE 1
 3. Create Boolean formatted line item to determine which dates have working days between the two specified dates. Formula: START() >= Date Input.Start Date AND END() <= Date Input.End Date AND Working Day > 0
 4. Create number formatted line it to calculate the cumulative number of working days where the Boolean is marked true. Formula: CUMULATE(IF Include in Cumulated? THEN 1 ELSE 0)
 Time Mapping - Working Day.PNG
This solution allowed us to systematically calculate workday for all of our planning periods so wanted to share should it be helpful to anyone else in the future.