Strong's Greek: 1906. ἐπερώτημα (eperótéma) -- an inquiry, a demand
1906. eperótéma
Strong's Concordance
eperótéma: an inquiry, a demand
Original Word: ἐπερώτημα, ατος, τό
Part of Speech: Noun, Neuter
Transliteration: eperótéma
Phonetic Spelling: (ep-er-o'-tay-mah)
Definition: an inquiry, a demand
Usage: inquiry, request, appeal, demand; a profession, pledge.
HELPS Word-studies
Cognate: 1906 eperṓtēma – a response to an inquiry. See 1905 (eperōtaō).
NAS Exhaustive Concordance
Word Origin
from eperótaó
an inquiry, a demand
NASB Translation
appeal (1).
Thayer's Greek Lexicon
STRONGS NT 1906: ἐπερώτημα
ἐπερώτημα, ἐπερωτεματος, τό (ἐπερωτάω);
1. an inquiry, a question: Herodotus 6,67; Thucydides 3, 53. 68.
2. a demand; so for the Chaldean שְׁאֵלָא in Daniel 4:14 Theod.; see ἐπερωτάω, 2.
3. As the terms of inquiry and demand often include the idea of desire, the word thus gets the signification of earnest seeking, i. e. a craving, an intense desire (so ἐπερωτᾶν εἰς τί, to long for something, 2 Samuel 11:7 — (but surely the phrase here (like לְ שָׁאַל) means simply to ask in reference to, ask about)). If this use of the word is conceded, it affords us the easiest and most congruous explanation of that vexed passage 1 Peter 3:21: "which (baptism) now saves us (you) not because in receiving it we (ye) have put away the filth of the flesh, but because we (ye) have earnestly sought a conscience reconciled to God" (συνειδήσεως ἀγαθῆς genitive of the object, as opposed to σαρκός ῤύπου). It is doubtful, indeed, whether εἰς Θεόν is to be joined with ἐπερώτημα, and signifies a craving directed unto God (Winer's Grammar, 194 (182) — yet less fully and decidedly than in edition 5, p. 216f), or with συνείδησις, and denotes the attitude of the conscience toward (in relation to) God; the latter construction is favored by a comparison of Acts 24:16 ἀπρόσκοπον συνείδησιν ἔχειν πρός τόν Θεόν. The signification of ἐπερώτημα which is approved by others, viz. stipulation, agreement, is first met with in the Byzantine writers on law: "moreover, the formula κατά τό ἐπερώτημα τῆς σεμνοτάτης βουλῆς, common in inscriptions of the age of the Antonines and the following Caesars, exhibits no new sense of the word ἐπερώτημα; for this formula does not mean 'according to the decree of the senate' (exsenatusconsulto, the Greek for which is κατά τά δόξαντα τῇ βουλή), but 'after inquiry of or application to the senate,' i. e. 'with government sanction.'" Zezschwitz, Petri quoted in de Christi ad inferos descensu sententia (Lipsius 1857), p. 45; (Farrar, Early Days of Christianity, i. 138 n.; Kähler, Des Gewissen, i. 1 (Halle 1878), pp. 331-338. Others would adhere to the (more analogical) passive sense of ἐπερώτημα, viz. 'the thing asked (the demand) of a good conscience toward God' equivalent to the avowal of consecration unto him).
Strong's Exhaustive Concordance
an inquiry
From eperotao; an inquiry -- answer.
see GREEK eperotao
Forms and Transliterations
επερωτημα επερώτημα ἐπερώτημα επερώτησιν επέτειον επευκτή επεύχεσθαι eperotema eperōtēma eperṓtema eperṓtēma
Interlinear GreekInterlinear HebrewStrong's NumbersEnglishman's Greek ConcordanceEnglishman's Hebrew ConcordanceParallel Texts
Englishman's Concordance
1 Peter 3:21 N-NNS
GRK: συνειδήσεως ἀγαθῆς ἐπερώτημα εἰς θεόν
NAS: from the flesh, but an appeal to God
KJV: but the answer of a good
INT: of a conscience good [the] demand toward God
Strong's Greek 1906
1 Occurrence
ἐπερώτημα — 1 Occ.
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text:
A friction burn is a form of abrasion caused by the friction of skin rubbing against a surface. A friction burn may also be referred to as skinning, chafing, or by the surface causing the burn such as rope burn, carpet burn or rug burn. As friction also generates heat, extreme cases of chafing may result in genuine burning of the outer layers of skin.
The dermal papillae may be exposed after top layers of the dermis (stratum corneum, stratum granulosum, stratum spinosum and stratum basale) have been removed. This is often uncomfortable and even painful, but rarely results in bleeding.
A person's own skin (or the skin of another person) may be sufficient to act as an abrasive surface to cause friction burn. More commonly, friction with abrasive surfaces, including clothing, carpet, or rope, can lead to a friction burn. Common places at which skin-to-skin chafing can occur are between the thighs and under the armpits. Friction burns are very common with clothing such as trousers on the knees caused by playing sport or sliding on wooden surfaces
A risk of friction burns is infection.
One of the underlying factors behind abdominal chafing (inguinal friction) may be obesity, and weight loss may be indicated as a preventive measure.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


Personal Finance
PPI Claims – Is It Better To Claim By Yourself Or Use A PPI Company?
This article aims to explore whether or not it is better to claim back ppi on your own, for free OR whether or not it is better to claim ppi through a ppi company.
Claiming back ppi through a claims company.
Claiming back through a company will cost you a fee for the services rendered, however this helps with the process three ways:
 1. The level of expertise carried by the claims handlers is useful in the environment that the banks themselves persist in rejecting claims that should be upheld
 2. It largely automates the process of making a claim, taking the pressure away from the customer so that they can focus on other matters
 3. It provides a method of organised application, that aids the PPI claims process as a whole, as many people in the general domain will have no idea how to proceed on a claim.
 4. The claims company will update you on progress throughout the process of the claim, and this is convenient as most of the clients have day to day work and more important matters to deal with other than the processing of a PPI complaint.
Claiming back PPI on your own
 1. It is free, no fees payable to a claims company
 2. The process may be hindered due to a lack of expertise in the field of PPI claims
 3. There is no point of contact to let you know the progress in relation to your claim, and thus you are required to keep chasing for an update on your complaint.
Whichever way you look at this matter, there is always going to be a "for" and "against" argument.
However it is an irrefutable fact that members of the general public are inexperienced in matters of claiming PPI, the banks are systematically making it easier to submit a claim, but they are also making the claims process slower by delaying the process by rejecting these complaints that are later upheld.
The primary disadvantage of claiming with a company is the fact that there is a fee payable on completion, but it could be argued that this fee is justified given the amount of work required to process these particular types of complaints.
Many people have claimed back PPI without the use of a company, however it often takes much longer to achieve payout due to two main factors:
 1. They often have less time to focus on the completion of this claim.
 2. They simply do not know what to do if a reasonable claim is rejected.
In conclusion there will always be merit and disadvantage to claiming with a company and claiming alone, what matters is you make an informed decision based on your needs and your personal circumstances.
It might be worth contacting a finance company to find out their policy and their process on the completion of these complaints to find out if that suits your particular needs.
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University of Pisa, IT
On the question of ontological states in simple (pre-)quantum models
The quantum-mechanical features of Hamiltonian cellular automata (CA) are described, i.e., of CA with integer-valued variables and couplings that follow linear updating rules. We then discuss whether, in this class of CA, there is room for systems that evolve by permutations of a set of ontological states, thus providing examples for G. ‚t Hooft's recent CA Interpretation of Quantum Mechanics. Multi-partite systems consisting of interacting two-state components are promising in this respect and may lead to physically interesting models.


text:
Norwegian Cancer Society
The Norwegian Cancer Society (NCS) is a voluntary, non-profit civil society organisation which works for cancer prevention and control in Norway and internationally. It contributes to targeted efforts in cancer information, prevention, advocacy, research, care, and international cooperation.
The Norwegian Cancer Society's main objectives are to ensure that:
- fewer people develop cancer
- more people survive cancer
- people affected by cancer have the best quality of life
The activities of the Norwegian Cancer Society are funded thanks to the generous contributions of its members, bequests, and allocations form the national lottery funds".


May 25, 2017
Galápagos Island Coffee: Why Altitude Isn't Everything
Welcome to the Galápagos Islands. 13 major islands, 6 smaller islands, and numerous islets that are full of unique biodiversity, some of which you canút find anywhere else in the world. It's such a unique island and it should defintely be on your bucket list. Flight details are very easy to find so it should be easy to plan your trip!
And while coffee may not be a plant exclusive to the Galápogos Islands, something about it here is unusual. It's widely accepted that coffee grown at higher altitudes is better quality â€" especially when it's close to the equator, like this archipelago is. Yet specialty-grade coffee is grown at surprisingly low altitudes here, from 200 to 300 m.a.s.l.
So I spoke to Wilson Gonzalez of Productora de Café Galápagos to find out more about coffee in the Galápagos Islands â€" and why altitude isn't always an indicator of quality.
Lee este artÃculo en EspaÃ±ol: Café de la Isla Galápagos: Por Qué la Altitud No lo es Todo
Coffee trees growing under shade on the Galápagos Islands. Credit: Expigo
What Does Altitude Have to Do With Coffee Quality?
Although coffee grows in hot climates, coffee grown at cooler temperatures will often be better quality. This is because the beans will ripen more slowly, developing more sugars and complexity as they do so.
Generally speaking, the higher the altitude, the cooler the temperature. However, this will vary depending on the country's latitude. The farther it is from the equator, the cooler the temperature usually becomes.
For this reason, a coffee grown at a lower altitude in Hawaii could have more sweetness than a higher altitude Venezuelan (or it could not â€" there are many factors that affect sweetness, including plant species/variety, production and processing methods, and roasting/brewing).
High-altitude coffee is also known as hard beans, or dense coffee, and it will affect how the beans need to be roasted. While roasters, baristas, and consumers all see high altitude as a sign of good coffee, it can result in decreased yields for producers.
SEE ASLO: Why Does Altitude Matter? Part II â€" A VIDEO Guide
So, given that the Galapágos Islands sit on the equator, why do they break the rules?
Galapagos Islands. Credit: with modifications by Michiel1972 via Wikimedia Commons, Public Domain
Coffee Production on The Galápagos Islands
First of all, a quick overview of coffee production on these islands: Wilson tells me that, around 135 years ago, the first coffee seeds were brought here from French colonies in the Caribbean (stopping in Panama along the way). These were Bourbon seeds, and Bourbon remains the main variety grown on these islands today.
Other varieties were introduced 40â€"50 years ago by emigrants from the Loja Province of Ecuador: Caturra, Typica, CatuaÃ, Sachimorâ€¦ You'll mostly find these these on Santa Cruz Island.
Wilson Gonzalez checks coffee trees. Credit: Expigo
Harvesting & Processing
The main producing islands are San CristÃ³bal and Santa Cruz; more than 90% of the archipelago's population lives on these islands. As of such, they account for 80% of the archipelago's coffee.
William tells me that most of the coffee is also hand-picked, and the vast majority is washed processed, with dry processing accounting for the rest.
What's more, the Galápagos Islands are one of those few regions with two coffee harvests a year: February to March and November to December. This is thanks to the Humboldt current.
Expigo's coffee mill on the Galápagos Islands. Credit: Expigo
Sea Currents & Altitude
The Galápagos Islands sit on the equator, meaning there's intense sunshine from 6am to 6pm, with little variation throughout the year. Add to that low altitude, and you'd expect poor-quality coffee.
Yet although the islands receive intense sun, they don't receive intense heat. In fact, William describes the climate as similar to what you'd expect at 1,200â€"1,300 m.a.s.l. Even in the hottest months, the temperature rarely reaches above 30/31Â°C. And in July to September, the dry season, it can drop below 20Â°C.
William explains that this because of the Humboldt Current. A low-salinity ocean current, it flows north along the west coast of South America from the Southern Cone up to northern Peru and out to the Galapágos Islands. It brings with it cool marine breezes that bring down land temperature.
This is part of the reason why low-altitude coffee from the Galápagos Islands can taste and roast like high-altitude coffee from other parts of the Americas.
Coffee trees growing on the Galápagos Islands. Credit: Expigo
What Does Coffee From The Galápagos Islands Taste Like?
William tells me that coffee from the Galápagos Islands is typically sweet, with a caramel flavor, medium body, high aroma, and nice acidity.
Part of the reason for this delicious profile is the unique microclimate, with the cool sea breezes and ocean current. It can also be attributed to the varieties; for example, Bourbon tends to be sweet. Then there's the careful processing and production methods.
Soil quality is another key aspect: the Galápagos Islands were created from the frequent eruption of volcanoes over time. The layering of these â€" at the time, underwater â€" volcanoes built up until they emerged from the ocean. Volcanic soil is rich in nutrients, such as nitrogen, which is particularly important for growing and harvesting coffee.
If you were to look at the low altitude of the Galápagos Islands, and their position on the equator, it would be easy to write them off as a bad region for coffee production. Yet many factors influence coffee quality: altitude, yes, but also ocean/air currents, geographic location, local microclimates, soil, processing, and more.
Whether it's from Brazil or Ecuador, it's important to always look at range of information available about a coffee. Or, even better, judge for yourself based on how it tastes in the cup.
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Causes of Avalanches
Avalanches can be caused by many different things. Some of them are natural. For example, new snow or rain can cause accumulated snow suddenly to dislodge and cascade down the side of a mountain. Earthquakes and the natural movements of animals have also been known to cause avalanches.
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"First Night" is a critique of gender-biased stereotypes across the Caucasus region that infiltrates and dictates the social life in these countries. Central to these codes of behavior is female chastity, often leading to extreme measures such as Hymenoplasty (the surgical repair of a vaginal membrane) in order to conceal the sexual experiences of a woman. In this work Ibrahimova performs squats to reenact a common practice for testing against this intervention.
In the video "Naftalan" the artist tries to scrap off the oil from her body, musing on the resource's overwhelming significance in framing the collective unconscious of the country.
"Red Carpet" the red carpet in the hallway of a refugee dormitory in an evening dress. Due to the ongoing military conflict between Azerbaijan and Armenia over a million refugees left their homes and found shelter wherever they could at the time, including Soviet-inherited dormitories. The overall atmosphere of those dormitories is obviously that of extreme poverty, which is an over juxtaposition with the lush appearance of the city and the image our country strives to project as a whole


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Strategy For Farming Vs. Wildlife Studied
September 2, 2011 by UPI - United Press International, Inc.
CAMBRIDGE, England, Sept. 1 (UPI) — Separating habitats from farmland could save species more effectively than trying to grow crops and conserve nature on the same land, British researchers say.
The separation may be the best way to meet increased food demand with the least impact on wild species, researchers at the University of Cambridge and the Royal Society for the Protection of Birds said in a release Thursday.
The researchers collected information on more than 600 species in southwest Ghana and northern India, where demand for agricultural land is putting increasing pressure on wild species.
"Farmland with some retained natural vegetation had more species of birds and trees than high-yielding monocultures of oil palm, rice or wheat but produced far less food energy and profit per hectare," said lead author Dr Ben Phalan from the University of Cambridge. "As well as requiring more land to produce the same amount of food, the 'wildlife-friendly' farmlands were not as wildlife-friendly as they first appeared. Compared with forest, they failed to provide good habitat for the majority of bird and tree species in either region."
Under current and future scenarios of food demand, the researchers said, most species would have larger total populations if farming was restricted to the smallest area feasible, while protecting as much natural forest as possible.
"It would be nice to think that we could conserve species and produce lots of food, all on the same land," said study co-author Malvika Onial from the University of Cambridge. "But our data from Ghana and India show that's not the best option for most species.
"To produce a given amount of food, it would be better for biodiversity to farm as productively as possible, if that allows more natural habitat to be protected or restored."

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


How to build a deck
November 23, 2014
Having the proper tools and materials is an absolute must when planning to build a deck on your own. But before starting your DIY project, there are several other key things to consider when building a deck.
Here are some important deck building tips to keep in mind:
Permits: Unless you're building a deck that will not be anchored to the house itself, most municipalities require a permit for new decks. The permit is obtained once a plan for the deck is drawn.
Level: Decks can be built at ground level or can be built up to the second floor. Decks can also be multiple levels connected by stairs or steps. The optimal level for building a deck depends on where people will be entering and exiting the home most frequently.
Location:Understanding the sun is also important. Where possible, plan to build the deck in a location that can leverage natural shade (eg. from nearby trees). If you do not have trees nearby, you may have to consider installing a shade or a retractable awning. Consider where gas lines for the barbecue are affixed and adjust the location accordingly.
Materials: The most common material used for building a deck is pressure-treated wood or some type of composite material. Pressure treated lumber is relatively cheap and durable but over time the wood does tend to become discoloured and worn. Composite material mimics wood, requires minimal maintenance and comes in elegant styles, but is more expensive.
Foundation: Use poured concrete piers or precast deck blocks for the foundation. Deck blocks are easy to install, but if the soil is soft, the deck can shift. Concrete bases are ideal but slightly more expensive and require more effort. Make sure to use the right screws, as the wrong type may either break or corrode with time. Select fasteners made specifically for decks. While stainless steel fasteners are the best, they may cost a little more. Look for screws that are safe and recommended for deck building.
Preventing long term damage: Consider installing deep concrete footing that extends below the first joist line. Make sure to use a builder tube to prevent frost from damaging the footing. Because rot can also cause serious damage to decks, even when using rot-resistant materials such as pressure treated wood, give thought to how water will drain from the floor joints. By decreasing the internal joint drying time, the life of the deck will be extended. Purchase moisture traps to help avoid trapped water. Even after the deck is built, you will need to regularly inspect the foundation to ensure that there is no water buildup.
Today, several types of pre-customized, ready-made deck kits are also available. The most important aspect is to get the right size and style that matches your home. With the proper time, materials, planning and patience, and keeping in mind these tips on how to build a DIY deck, the experience can be an incredibly rewarding one.
How to build a deck
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BBC News
watch One-Minute World News
Last Updated: Tuesday, 15 July, 2003, 07:42 GMT 08:42 UK
World's poor to get own search engine
Alfred Hermida
By Alfred Hermida
BBC News Online technology editor
People in poor countries could soon have a new and cheap way to get hold of the wealth of information on the internet.
The TEK software being tested
The search engine is being developed at MIT labs in Boston
Researchers at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) are developing a search engine designed for people with a slow net connection.
"More and more we are creating an information divide in the world and this can help narrow that divide and have a huge benefit in that sense, " said Professor Saman Amarasinghe of MIT's Laboratory for Computer Science in Boston.
The thinking behind the TEK search engine is that people in poor countries are short of money but have time on their hands, whereas people in the West are cash-rich but time-poor.
"The idea is that developing countries are willing to pay in time for knowledge," explained Prof Amarasinghe.
"In the West when we surf we want the information in the next two seconds. We are not willing to wait."
Filtered results
The researchers say current web technology such as search engines is focused on the needs of the West.
When the students arrive, they can browse through those pages the way they would if they had full internet connectivity
Prof Saman Amarasinghe, MIT
By contrast, people in poor countries face problems such as the speed and cost of an internet connection, let alone the huge amount of webpages thrown up by search engines.
"Let us assume you are in Malawi," explained Prof Amarasinghe, "and the computer lab does not have access to the telephone line all the time."
"If you want to find some new information about malaria, you are prompted with a message that says 'we are going to send a query through e-mail, it is OK?'.
"At night, when the phone line is available, the teacher can dial out and send the queries."
The request is sent to computers at MIT in Boston, which then search the internet and gather webpages.
To avoid a glut of information, the software then filters the results and chooses the most relevant. These are then sent back to the computer in Malawi so that they can be stored in the machine's internet cache.
"Next morning the teacher can connect, download that e-mail and when the students arrive, they can browse through those pages the way they would if they had full internet connectivity," said Prof Amarasinghe.
The program keeps a record of all the information sent to avoid wasting bandwidth by re-sending the same webpages.
CDs in libraries
So far the program is in its early stages, with a small number of people trying it out.
Woman browsing the web in Bangladesh
The team believe people would wait for search results
But the researchers aim to have a beta version ready to be tested in the next three to four months.
Once they have sorted out any bugs, they intend to make it freely available to anyone.
However, the team realise the program is too big to download over a slow and poor net connection.
Instead they are thinking of sending CDs to libraries so that people can borrow and install the software on their machines.
They are also considering trying to persuade computer sellers in developing countries to install the program on machines.
Why the poor need technology
06 Oct 02 | Technology
Wireless web reaches village pupils
06 Oct 02 | Technology
Net informs Senegalese students
06 Oct 02 | Technology
Wireless net strides Bangladesh
06 Oct 02 | Technology
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text: This correspondence presents a novel hierarchical clustering approach for knowledge document self-organization, particularly for patent analysis. Current keyword-based methodologies for document content management tend to be inconsistent and ineffective when partial meanings of the technical content are used for cluster analysis. Thus, a new methodology to automatically interpret and cluster knowledge documents using an ontology schema is presented. Moreover, a fuzzy logic control approach is used to match suitable document cluster(s) for given patents based on their derived ontological semantic webs. Finally, three case studies are used to test the approach. The first test case analyzed and clustered 100 patents for chemical and mechanical polishing retrieved from the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO). The second test case analyzed and clustered 100 patent news articles retrieved from online Web sites. The third case analyzed and clustered 100 patents for radio-frequency identification retrieved from WIPO. The results show that the fuzzy ontology-based document clustering approach outperforms the K-means approach in precision, recall, F-measure, and Shannon's entropy.


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Model Updating and Uncertainty Management for Aircraft Prognostic Systems
National Aeronautics and Space Administration
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Small Business Information
850 Energy Drive, Idaho Falls, ID, 83401
Socially and Economically Disadvantaged:
AbstractThis proposal addresses the integration of physics-based damage propagation models with diagnostic measures of current state of health in a mathematically rigorous method for the determination of remaining useful life. The principle goal of the proposed Phase I research is the investigation of issues associated with the integration of three independently developed algorithms (physics-based damage progression, diagnostics, and model updating architecture) in a single functioning system. Of particular interest is the ability of the proposed architecture to adequately represent the uncertainty associated with both diagnostic state estimation and loading conditions, and the propagation of such uncertainties to the remaining useful life prediction. The integrated prognostic system will be demonstrated using bearing damage (spallation) propagation models coupled with vibration derived diagnostic measures of spall severity obtained from in house testing. Following V&V of the baseline component-level prognostic system, extension of the existing technology towards support of subsystem-level (multi-model) prognostics will be pursued.
* information listed above is at the time of submission.


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7 causes of winter tree damage
winter tree damage
Harsh winter conditions can wreak havoc on your yard. Here are some of the top causes of winter tree damage in Western Canada.
 1. Temperature fluctuations
Abrupt changes in temperature cause the bark and inner wood of a tree to expand and shrink at different rates. This strain can create long vertical fissures in the trunk known as frost cracks. Irregular freezing patterns can also damage roots and destabilize trees.
Another form of winter tree damage is sunscald. Exposure to warm sunlight triggers the growth of new cells that aren't equipped to handle freezing overnight temperatures. This leads to discolouration and causes the bark to crack and peel.
 1. Ice storms
Winter storms characterized by freezing rain and a substantial accumulation of ice glaze put a strain on trees. The excessive weight of ice buildup can break branches, split trunks and uproot entire trees. Young and diseased trees are particularly susceptible to storm damage.
 1. De-icing salt
Trees can be damaged by salt spray from nearby roads or salt-contaminated soil. An excessive amount of sodium in a tree's system hinders its ability to absorb nutrients. A buildup of salt in the soil can also affect drainage and reduce moisture.
 1. Animals
When food is scarce during the winter, wild animals such as rabbits and squirrels are more likely to feed on tree bark and the mulch around the base of your trees. This damages the bark and exposes the tree's inner wood to the cold, dry air.
 1. Dry winter winds
Dry winter winds accelerate the evaporation of a tree's water reserves, and frozen ground prevents the replenishment of moisture through the tree's roots. This results in a type of dehydration called winter desiccation or winterburn.
 1. Improper pruning
Winter is an ideal time to prune your trees, so long as you wait until they're dormant. Pruning trees prior to hibernation stimulates new growth that's unable to withstand the incoming colder weather.
 1. Snow cover
Branches and stems can bend and break under the weight of accumulated snow. A tree's susceptibility to snow damage depends on its shape, density and health. Mature trees often recover in the spring, but saplings may suffer irreparable damage.
Tree care services in Western Canada
Winter damage can weaken trees, stunt their growth and make them more susceptible to disease. At ArborCare, we offer tree consulting, pruning and storm recovery services to help your trees survive and thrive this winter. To schedule an appointment with a professional arborist in Edmonton, Calgary or Kelowna, contact us today.
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Western Regional Climate Center
Washington's Top 15 Weather Events of 1900s
Editor's Note: Staff at the National Weather Service offices in California have reviewed records of major weather events to affect the state over the past 100 years. Based on impacts to people, property and the economy, National Weather Service has chosen the top 15 weather-related events to impact California, listed in ascending order. Choosing among the numerous weather events was a difficult task. Many of the events did not affect California alone but were widespread, impacting other parts of the western United States. You will note that most of the larger events are recent. This is due to the fact that record keeping has improved in the latter half of the century, while urbanization in the state has increased the economic impacts of severe storms and floods.
Washington is among the nation's leaders in Presidentially declared weather-related disasters. So, choosing among the numerous 20th century weather events was a difficult task. And many of the events did not impact just Washington state alone. These events were widespread, impacting other parts of Pacific Northwest states. These kinds of events were included as well.
This information is taken from the National Weather Service pages. Copied September 2008
10. November 1990 - Statewide Flooding
* Widespread, major flooding on western Washington rivers, especially the rivers of northwest Washington, and several eastern Washington rivers
* Two deaths
* Damage estimated $250 million
* Interstate 90 Lake Washington floating bridge sank during this flooding event
* Stands as the highest flood of record for many northwest Washington rivers including the Elwha, Cedar, Snoqualmie, Skykomish, Snohomish, and Stillaguamish
9. January/February 1916 - Seattle's Greatest Snowstorm
* Seattle recorded its maximum snowfall ever in a 24 hour period, 21.5" on Feb 1st
* Other parts of western Washington received between 2 to 4 feet of snow
* Winds created snow drifts as high as 5 feet
* Region was crippled, transportation essentially halted
* Seattle Jan snowfall was 23", Feb snowfall 35", total 58 "
8. February 1996 - Widespread Flooding in Washington, Oregon, and Idaho
* Major major flooding on rivers of western and southeast Washington
* Widespread flooding on rivers across much of Oregon
* Major flooding in northern Idaho
* Damage region wide estimated $800 million
* Three deaths in Washington state alone
* Highest flood of record on many southwest Washington rivers, most notably the Chehalis, Skookumchuck, and Nisqually
7. April 5, 1972 - Washington's Deadliest Tornado Outbreak
* An F3 tornado touched down in Vancouver
* 6 deaths and 300 injured, Washington led nation in tornado deaths that year
* Tornado swept through a grocery store, bowling alley, and grade school near where Vancouver Mall is today
* 50 million dollars in damage
* Later that day, another F3 tornado touched down west of Spokane
* And an F2 tornado struck rural Stevens county
* Numerous severe thunderstorms with large hail and damaging winds were reported over other areas of eastern Washington
6. March 1, 1910 - Stevens Pass Avalanche
* The deadliest avalanche in U.S. history occurred near Stevens Pass
* Two trains were swept off the tracks into a ravine, claiming 96 lives.
5. May 18, 1980 - Eruption of Mount St. Helens
* Over 60 lives lost from the eruption and ensuing mud flow on the Toutle river
* Sent an ash plume into parts of Eastern Washington and beyond
* The ash fell like snow, drifting as deep as two feet, crushing crops, halting transportation, and causing schools and businesses to close
* A national monument was formed in the wake of the event
4. August 20 - September 9, 1910 - Massive Forest Fires in Eastern Washington and Northern Idaho
* Three million acres of timber were scorched
* Conflagration created its own weather. Ships in the Pacific Ocean were lost in the smoke, which also reached the Atlantic seaboard
* The flames claimed 85 lives -- 72 of them firefighters
3. January 13, 1950 - The January 1950 Blizzard
* 21.4" of snow fell in Seattle on the 13th together with winds of 25-40 MPH, the 2nd greatest 24 hour snowfall recorded
* Claimed 13 lives in the Puget Sound area
* During Jan, 18 days with high temps 32 degrees or lower
* The winter of 1949-50 the coldest winter on record in Seattle - average temp 34.4 degrees
* Eastern Washington, North Idaho, and parts of Oregon were paralyzed - lower elevation snow depths ranged up to 50 inches and temperatures plunged into minus teens and twenties. Several dozen fatalities.
2. May/June 1948 - Greatest Spring Snowmelt Flooding
*Widespread flooding in northern Idaho, eastern Washington and along the Columbia river to the Pacific Ocean
* Columbia River below Priest Rapids WA, Flood of Record 458.65 FT (FS 432.0 FT)
* Lake Pend Oreille near Hope ID, Flood of Record 2071.2 FT (FS 2063.5 FT)
* Pend Oreille River below Albeni Falls, ID Flow of Record 160000 CFS (FF 100 kCFS)
* Methow River at Pateros WA, Flood of Record stage > 12.30 FT (FS 10.0 FT)
* St. Joe River at Calder, ID Flood of Record 18.10 FT (FS 13.0 FT)
May 30, 1948 - Vanport Flood
* America's largest war-time housing project wiped out in less than one hour as dikes along the Columbia river near Portland gave way
* Vanport never came back and is now Delta Park area of north Portland
* Vancouver, Camas, Kalama, Kelso/Longview also suffered flooding
* Flood lasted 45 days
1. October 12, 1962 - The Columbus Day Wind Storm
* The mother of all wind storms this century, the wind storm all others are compared to
* Strongest widespread non-hurricane wind storm to strike the continental U.S. this century
* Struck from northern California to British Columbia
* Claimed 46 lives, blew down 15 billion, yes, 15 billion board feet of timber ($750 million worth - 1962)
* Total property damage in the region $235 million
* Recorded wind speeds (before power went out)
Naselle - Gust to 150 MPH Bellingham and Vancouver - Gust 92 MPH
Renton - Gust 100 MPH Morrison St Bridge - Gust 116 MPH
Tacoma - Gust 88 MPH Troutdale - Gust to 106 MPH
Mt Hebo - Gust to 131 MPH
Honorable Mentions:
May 31, 1997 - Severe Weather/Tornado Outbreak
* A record six tornados touched down in Washington in one day
* Former record was 4 tornados in 1989 for the entire year
* Four F1 tornados hit Stevens and Spokane counties in northeast Washington
* Two F0 tornados touched down in western Washington - Vancouver and Tacoma
* An F1 tornado also struck Athol and an F0 was observed near Lewiston in Idaho
* In addition, severe thunderstorms produced large hail up to 2 to 3 inches in diameter, heavy rain and flash flooding, and wind gust to near 80 mph
* No deaths or injuries reported
* Washington had a record 14 tornados reported in the state for the year
January 20, 1993 - The Inauguration Day Wind Storm
* Claimed 5 lives, 3/4 million homes and businesses without power
* Total damage in western Washington, $130 million
* Winds in Puget Sound area - gusts 60-70 MPH
Cape Disappointment - gust to 98 MPH
November 19,1996 - Spokane Area Ice Storm
* Up to a half inch of ice deposited or accreted on trees, vehicles, buildings, etc., across much of the populated areas of Spokane and Kootenai counties
* Over 100,00 homes and businesses lost power, some people without power for up to 14 days
* Damage estimated at over 22 million dollars and 4 fatalities
1976-77 - Worst Drought in Pacific Northwest history
* Crop yields well way below normal
* Region wide water rationing and power consumption restrictions
* Area ski resorts were closed for much of the 76-77 ski season
* Significant economic impacts throughout from this event
October 16, 1991 - Spokane Area Urban Interface Wildfire
* Strong winds combined with very dry conditions
* Multiple fires started by downed power lines and other sources
* 2 lives were lost, 100 homes were damaged or destroyed
© Western Regional Climate Center


text:
Overall rating 4 out of 54 (1 rating)
Last updated 25 March 2013, created 13 March 2011, viewed 483
A tutorial video from the Autograph team on transformations in 3D. Because of the extra dimension transformations are somewhat different in three-dimensions. In this activity we will see what those differences are. Clicking on the web-link below takes you to all the videos in this series.
Please provide a rating.
A useful tutorial video advising how to use Autograph to teach transformations in 3-D. The video is clear in its instructions which ensures the teacher is able to maximise pupils' learning and understanding.
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text:
1st Grade Research and Inquiry Resources
- Children will use the Internet to learn that some animal babies need parental care after birth, while others do not.
- Children will learn about baby birds whose parent cares for them after birth and baby snakes whose parent does not care for them after birth.
- Children will match baby animals to the parents that care for them.
- Have children look again at Website. Discuss what other animals stay with their moms after they are born. For example, cows, horses, most other mammals and birds. What animals do not need their parents after birth? For example, most reptiles and fish.
- Talk about male animals that also take care of their young, such as the Emperor Penguin.


====================================================================== FILE ORIGINATES FROM: <> UPLOADED BY: Tom Mickus DATE OF UPLOAD: JAN/14/1990 ====================================================================== ====================================================================== KLASDOTY.TXT [ ***] JAN/88 Interview with Klass and R. Doty ====================================================================== ====================================================================== NOTE: The file is reproduced verbatim, except for use of "(sic)". Use of "{}" and "()" brackets, along with CAPITALIZATION and underlining "___" are evidently the work of the author of this transcript. Additionally, all personal comments and characterizations contained within, are also of the author's. "PJK:" = Phillip J. Klass "RCD:" = Richard C. Doty ======================================================================= ======================================================================= Richard (Rick) C. Doty: Telephone interview: Jan. 8, 1988 (Highlight/Excerpts) 1. Says unable to meet with PJK this weekend, will not be in the area, returning Thursday/Friday. 2. He asked what he could do for me and I said I wanted to get him (sic) comments on allegations against him in Just Cause and in MUFOn (sic) Journal. Said he has seen both. PJK: Are you planning to take any action? RCD: I've already taken action. I've an attorney that last summer took some action on my behalf regarding the allegation that I allegedly had leaked these documents. {{PJK Note: But that allegation would not (sic) made publicly by Greenwood until Sept. 1987}} And Greenwood, Gersten, Moore and a couple other people were involved. WELL, I HAVE AN AFFIDAVIT SIGNED BY BILL MOORE THAT WAS EXECUTED IN COURT WITH MY ATTORNEY PRESENT THAT SAYS THAT BILL MOORE NEVER, EVER RECEIVED ANYTHING FROM ME OTHER THAN SOME BITS AND PIECES ABOUT AN INCIDENT THAT HAPPENED AT KIRTLAND IN 1980. {{PJK doubts this could have occurred in the few months since allegations were made public.}} "HE GAVE THE PERSON'S NAME IN THE AFFIDAVIT THAT HE RECEIVED THE DOCUMENTS FROM, AND THIS PERSON--I DON'T KNOW HIM--THIS PERSON IS IN WASHINGTON D.C. AND MY ATTORNEY WENT TO WASHINGTON D.C. AND SPOKE TO THIS PERSON AND HE DENIED EVER GIVING BILL MOORE ANYTHING ALTHOUGH HE SAID HE HAD REGULAR CONTACT WITH BILL MOORE. {{PJK: Very doubtful claim}} So, allegedly, Peter Gersten was given this information and then apologized saying that they never had any concrete information that I had given him anything anyways, but they had kind of put two and two together and thought that it must have come from me. PJK: You say that Moore signed an affidavit. Have you made that affidavit public? RCD: No, no I haven't. PJK: Do you plan to? RCD: I don't know. It's up to the attorney. Again, this happened last year and I have had (sic) any further contact with MUFON or the CAUS people. {He later changes this story.} When that article came I was inundated with phone calls and letters and people trying to interview me saying they want to know what this is all about. And I don't even know, I didn't know, I didn't see these documents until October or November. {NOTE: he is referring to the MJ-12 papers, which were first made public in late May/early June, 1987} And I too (sic) one look at them and said, these are phoney. (Laughs) These aren't even credible documents. What I was shown had some legitimate documents in that was obtained FOIA but these other ones that were released--apparently Bill Moore released it in some kind of a news release. He claimed to have gotten these in (PJK: In December, 1984). Well I wasn't even in the country, nor would anyone have had access to me in 1984. All these things were started in the lawyer's--I can't remember what the legal term was he used--but the court document refuting the claim that I gave him. PJK: Would you be willing to give me the name of your lawyer? RCD: Ah, I can give him your name and he can contact you. But why would you want to know that? PJK: (Explains I am long-time UFO skeptic/investigator, that if MJ-12 papers were authentic, it would be biggest story for AW&ST. So I dug into MJ-12, found evidence to indicate they are a hoax.) RCD: Yeah, you just have to look at them. A fifth grader could tell they're not properly classified and down grade instructions. I've been working in classified for 20 years, from all levels. When my lawyer showed me copies of them--and my lawyer is retired military, of course, and he could tell they're phoney. Apparently Gersten's crew knew they were phoney. PJK: (Explains prevailing view among UFO believers is that MJ-12 is a hoax, but question is who is responsible for producing them.) RCD: WELL, THE FBI KNOWS THAT. THE FBI KNOWS WHO DID IT. THAT INFORMATION WAS PROVIDED TO THE FBI, THE FBI INTERVIEWED THIS PERSON AND OF COURSE THIS PERSON DENIED HE EVER GAVE THEM TO HIM (Moore). But I thin what this person did was he created the documents--I don't know if Bill Moore was actually involved in it, I don't think he was, but it's a possibility. The FBI never pursued it, I don't know why, unless they just couldn't. I don't know if there was any law that this guy broke. I don't if that is public record or not, but you'd have to go to the FBI to find out. BUT I KNOW FOR A FACT THEY INTERVIEWED HIM--THIS PERSON IN WASHINGTON D.C. PJK: And about when would that have been? RCD: Ah, gee, last year (ie. 1987) PJK: How would the FBI have located this person in Washington--I'll call him Mr. X-- RCD: As a matter of fact that's what William Moore called him, Mr. X. PJK: Are you suggesting that Moore told the FBI who X is? RCD: I don't. To tell you the truth I don't remember how--and I don't even know if I was privvy (sic) to that information as to how the FBI found ought (sic) who this guy was, but I think that after this stuff came out the Justice Dept. investigated it or made some inquiries or something and then found out, I don't know how. I don't have that information. --------------------------------------------------------- PJK then raises allegations made by CAUS and reads the first: "In 1984, Linda Moulton Howe, who produced the well-known cattle mutilation film STRANGE HARVEST, was contacted by a government source {{CAUS later identifies this source as Doty}} to aid in producing a UFO documentary, essentially providing the answer to UFOs. She was invited by the source, briefed on the story, then sworn to secrecy about it unti the film's eventual release. The deal was never completed. Details of the story given to her match the MJ-12 tale, along with much extra detail about contacts with 'EBES' {{Extraterrestrial Biological Entities}}, Nordic type aliens called 'Highs' and conflicting alien factions." What can you tell me about your contact with her? RCD: (Laughs) OK. In my duties, in my official government duties I made contact with her AND I CAN'T TELL YOU WHY, I made contact with her for information that she had that she was willing to share with us. The information had nothing to do with UFOs, absolutely nothing to do with UFOs. {{PJK note: Howe is a slightly wacky free-lance TV producer who focuses on UFOs, cattle mutilations, UFO-abductions, etc. --What kind of info would she have that Doty would seek "in an official" capacity--and which is so sensitive he could not tell me??}} When she found out I was with a government agency and I was the same one that had investigated the (UFO) incident (at Kirtland) in 1980, she started asking me questions about UFOs, about what I thought about UFOs, and what my beliefs were about them, and if I could tell her anything about what the government had. And I told her, I don't know very much. I can tell you what happened at Kirtland, because I investigated it. Probably it can be explained away. She said that she had been involved with Budd Hopkins and a number of people who claimed to have been abducted (by UFOs) and then she gives me this whole story about aliens abducting people, and they're called EBES, and then she said she had a contact--I later found out who it was--that had showed her some government documents pertaining to MJ-12 and all this other stuff. But I never, ever originated any contact regarding UFOs with her. Because of our continuing interest in what she was doing--NOT UFOs but to something else--she would ask me questions like what do you think about this, what do you thing (sic) about that? I can tell you that in 1985, excuse me in May, 1986, I TOOK AN EXTENSIVE POLYGRAPH EXAMINATION PERTAINING TO AN AL


text:
Prayer: Does it Make Any Difference?
Multi-award winning spirituality writer Philip Yancey is loved throughout the world for his honest, insightful and inspirational writing. PRAYER: DOES IT MAKE ANY DIFFERENCE? carries all the hallmarks of classic Yancey, a journalist by training. His quest to unravel the mysteries of prayer reads as the journal of a fellow traveller: questioning, challenging, lamenting the unexplainable and rejoicing in the discovery of awesome insights. His journey is beautifully illustrated with moving true stories drawn from around the world.
PRAYER: DOES IT MAKE ANY DIFFERENCE? tackles the following questions: What is prayer? What difference does it make? Why and how should we pray? What about unanswered prayer? How should we understand prayer for physical healing?
Focusing on such a universal theme, this is potentially Yancey's biggest book yet. To date, his books have sold over 14 million copies, and have been translated into 25 languages. His first book with Hodder, SOUL SURVIVOR, sold over 90,000 copies in just five years.


text:
shI bə leth
shI bə lihth
1. a slogan, phrase, or belief that characterizes or is held devotedly by a group.
example: "No new taxes" is now a shibboleth of the Republican Party.
2. a piece of language or a pronunciation that serves as a test of one's membership in a group.


text:
Conclusive Presumption Law and Legal Definition
Conclusive Presumption or absolute presumption or irrebuttable presumption of law refers to presumption which cannot be overcome or changed by any additional evidence or argument. It refers to rules of law and are usually mere fictions. Modern courts repudiate conclusive presumptions when they are not fictions. For example, a child below 7 years of age is incapable of committing a felony.


Urinating Swimmers Blamed for Dead Fish
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By Myles Collier, Christian Post Contributor
May 15, 2012|3:10 pm
German officials have banned locals from entering a lake in northern Germany while they determine if reports of swimmers urinating in the lake have caused the lakes fish to die.
Eichbaum Lake is currently being studied by researchers who believe that a large amount of human urine is responsible for an algae bloom that killed off an estimated 500 fish.
"Swimmers who urinate in the lake are introducing a lot of phosphate" that can lead to algae blooms, a spokesman for the Hamburger Angling Association told Bild newspaper.
"We're calculating half a liter of urine per swimmer per day," he said.
Swimmers are currently banned from the lake due to the high levels of algae, but the city's Urban Development and Environment Authority (BSU) is trying to re-open the lake to swimmers by the time the summer season starts.
In order to identify exactly what is causing the fish to die off, the BSU is requesting the help of a local university to test the urinating hypothesis.
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Local media reports have stated that it was not just the "urinators" that were responsible, but the combination of natural causes and a frozen lake.
In the winter time the lake freezes over and is used by many for ice skating. The ice skating may actually disrupt the fish while they are hibernating, leading to their deaths.
"The ice-skaters make a noise that wakes the fish out of hibernation," BSU spokeswoman Kerstin Graupner told the Local. "Then they can't breathe and freeze. That's a very common phenomenon."
She added that their bodies are only now being found.
Urine, however, is being considered a real threat to the health of the lakes ecosystem. The blog i09 explained that phosphates found in human urine work in a similar fashion as fertilizer which can lead to explosive algae growth.
When levels of algae increase the plants absorb all of the oxygen in the water, which then leads to the fish suffocating.
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RFC (Request for Comments)
The Request For Comments (RFC) are a collection of documents about various topics of the Internet, containing protocol specifications and alike.
It is important to understand that not all RFC documents are protocol specifications; the main categories are: Informational, Proposed Standard, Draft Standard, Standard, Experimental, Best Current Practice and For Your Information. RFC documents may also extend or update a given other RFC document, or make it obsolete. There are even April 1st jokes, which can easily be recognized by the date of publication and the often odd title and abstract.
You will find all RFC documents at the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) RFC repository. An useful address is The RFC Editor where you can search for specific keywords in order to find relevant RFC documents (and even Internet Drafts, which are drafted potential RFC documents).
RFC's are typically referenced by their number, so you might see something like "the TCP RFC 793" or only "RFC 793" in a document.
Assigned numbers
Various official assignments of protocol numbers and other properties can be found at the Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA)'s Protocol Numbers and Assignment Services page. This information used to be maintained in the Assigned Numbers RFC. but the last of those was RFC 1700, which is now outdated.
RFC 1166 has an out-of-date list of IP address ranges. To find out to whom an IP address belongs, you can use various "WHOIS" services:
Famous RFC examples
The following will list some famous RFC's related to the common InternetProtocolFamily:
You will find more RFC references at the specific protocol pages.
RFC (last edited 2008-04-12 17:50:16 by localhost)


Register Log in
Delivery Options:
Product Description
This course is for delegates with more than two years site experience operating the required item of plant wishing to demonstrate occupational competence.
Product Specification
The Experienced Worker Practical Assessed Route comprises of three parts that provide the necessary information required to support the Assessment of Experienced Workers.
Part 1 is designed for use by the assessment centre and the assessor. There are various forms in this part.
Part 2 is the Candidate Application Pack, primarily for their application to the centre and also includes documents that will support their claim for competence.
Part 3 is specific to each category of plant. This part contains the Practical Assessment information for the candidate and detailed requirements for the assessment.
Product Features
The Assessment Method
Step 1 The candidate undertakes profiling. Profiling is carried out to establish that the candidate has adequate experience. The Experienced Worker Practical Assessed Route will only be available to those candidates who have no further training requirement and obtain a clear assessment/action plan from the assessor.
Step 2 The candidate should be advised of the qualification and Units to be undertaken along with the requirements for each Unit. The candidate then receives and completes the Candidate Application Pack (Part 2). This pack contains most of the material required by the candidate including the following: application form, record of employment form, qualifications/education form, employer endorsements and witness testimonies for each Unit.
Step 3 The candidate registers onto the SQA system. This is carried out using the appropriate registration system used by the centre.
Step 4 The candidate obtains witness testimonies and employer's endorsement. Each witness testimony is pre-printed for each Unit, which ensures it is aligned to the practical competences and requirements within the Unit. Each of these must be completed as appropriate and signed by a supervisor/line manager and countersigned by an assessor. The employer endorsement certificate is a declaration and confirmation that the individual has completed the work detailed in the witness testimonies to a satisfactory standard. The main contractor can complete this where the candidate is self-employed.
Step 5 The candidate takes a practical assessment. The duration of the practical assessment will differ depending on the occupation assessed. It is designed to test the skills of the individual, ie planning, organisation, marking out, tool/machine skills, quality, speed and accuracy.
Step 6 The candidate undertakes a professional discussion and questioning with the assessor. The professional discussion must be recorded and retained as evidence. The assessor will explore the evidence provided by witness testimony and employer endorsement to check the validity, authenticity, consistency and sufficiency in accordance with the qualification criteria. This will take the form of a 'professional discussion', where the candidate will engage in a two-way conversation with the assessor, relating to his/her past experiences that forms the witness testimonies. An additional question and answer session will also take place to confirm the underpinning knowledge relating to all aspects of the qualification that are being assessed. It is likely that the discussion and questioning will take up to two hours to complete.
Step 7 The candidate receives feedback from the assessor. Feedback will be given to the candidate on the success of the assessment. If a candidate is unsuccessful in achieving the qualification, an assessment plan review will be required. The candidate may be directed with a recommendation for additional evidence and/or further training.
ISO 9001BS OHSAS 18001 quality, health & safety SOA Approved centreTHTHUVDBLEEA


Peter Wilhousky
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Peter Wilhousky
Born Passaic, New Jersey, USA
Cause of death Cancer
Ethnicity Ukrainian/Rusyn
Citizenship United States
Occupation Director of music in New York City schools and conductor of the New York All-City High School Chorus
Known for English language setting of Carol of the Bells, Arrangement of Battle Hymn of the Republic
Peter J. Wilhousky (Ukrainian: Пітер (Петро) Вільховський) (1902, Passaic, New Jersey - 1978) was a popular American composer, educator, and choral conductor of Ukrainian ethnic extraction. During his childhood he was part of New York's Rusyn Cathedral Boys Choir, and gave a performance at the White House to President Woodrow Wilson.[1] He was featured on several broadcasts of classical music with Arturo Toscanini and the NBC Symphony Orchestra, including the historic 1947 broadcast of Verdi's opera Otello. In 1936, he wrote a set of English lyrics to the popular "Carol of the Bells" a composition by Ukrainian composer Mykola Leontovych originally known as "Shchedryk". His arrangement of the "Battle Hymn of the Republic" for Chorus, Band, and Orchestra, is probably the most famous arrangement of the hymn before the 1940s in the United States.
Former students[edit]
As a choral director in New York City, he influenced the future careers of musicians such as Julius La Rosa and Stephen Jay Gould.[2]
 1. ^ Carol of the Bells, Sean Spurr,
 2. ^ Stephen Jay Gould (6 November 1988). "Strike Up the Choir!". New York Times. Retrieved 16 February 2011.
External links[edit]


text:
American Academy of Arts and SciencesArticle Free Pass
American Academy of Arts and Sciences, honorary society incorporated on May 4, 1780, in Boston, Mass., U.S., for the purpose of cultivating "every art and science." Its membership—some 3,300 fellows in the United States and about 550 foreign honorary fellows (all scholars and national leaders)—is divided into four classes: the physical sciences, the biological sciences, the social arts and sciences, and the humanities and fine arts. Offices are in Cambridge, Mass.
The society was established in 1779 by a group of Harvard College graduates—including John Adams, Samuel Adams, John Hancock, and James Bowdoin—and incorporated in 1780. It evolved largely as a rival to the earlier American Philosophical Society established in Philadelphia in 1743 but ultimately became the larger society, claiming to represent the United States nationally. Its publications include the Bulletin (eight times a year) and Daedalus (quarterly). The academy holds a convention each May in Cambridge, conducts various other conferences and seminars, and presents the Emerson-Thoreau Medal, the Amory Prize, the Rumford Premium, the Talcott Parsons Prize, and the American Academy Award for Humanistic Studies.
What made you want to look up "American Academy of Arts and Sciences"? Please share what surprised you most...


Fences Play According to Aristotle
1540 Words7 Pages
Using Aristotle's descriptions of Tragedy, I classify Fences by August Wilson as a tragic play. The elements of tragedy, Troy Maxson as a tragic hero, and tragic plot were evident throughout the play. Also, the feeling of catharsis at the end-which is proper of tragedy, was clearly identifiable. I. Fences fits into the tragic genre based on the points given by Aristotle. In Poetics, he defines tragedy as "the imitation of an action that is serious and also as having magnitude, complete in itself."
- Aristotle's idea is that the plot has a beginning middle and end and all parts follow each other in concise fashion. o In the beginning, the hero is a garbage man, who previously was given a chance to participate in professional
…show more content…
The promise of change is empty; he cares only about change itself…The so-called realities of the social world around him matter little, for he dances to an internal rhythm, answering a call for self-authentication that springs from a cultural, even cosmological, dimension." (Pereira 38)
- Aristotle then says in his descriptions, "Thirdly, character must be true to life: for this is a distinct thing from goodness and propriety, as here described." o Troy fits a character who would have lived in the 1950's, having experienced discrimination, an abusive father and a changing society towards African-Americans in that period. o Troy says in Act 1, Scene 3 pg. 37 "…The white man ain 't gonna let you get nowhere with that football noway." Troy's beliefs ran true to his experiences all through the play.
- The last characteristic of a tragic hero is that he must be consistent. o Troy was consistent in his belief that the black man could not get ahead in America. o He behaved and learned from the examples given by his own father. o "The events of almost a century had underscored the distinction between de jure and de facto. Legally, blacks had been free for ninety four years, but practically they had little or no access to any of the benefits that ordinary citizens take for granted-recourse to the law, equal employment opportunitites, education." (Pereira 36) III. Troy's
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Actigall use/ Long term high bilirubin
May 29, 2003
Hello Dr Dieterich:
I am getting interesting posts in my lipodystrophy discussion group about the use of Actigall for lowering lipids and bloated stomachs. What can you say about that? A second question: What are the long term implications of having high bilirubin (not jaundiced)for a patient's health. The reason I ask this question is because of the new PI Atazanavir. Thanks! Nelson Vergel
Response from Dr. Dieterich
Actigall is ursodeoxycholic acid and is a good drug for lowering bilirubin in cholestatic diseases like PBC. It also can dissolve some gallstones and can relieve itching in some patients. It does not really lower lipids or change stomachs. As for elevated bilirubins like those causeed by atazanavir, there are no long term health issues caused by that in adults. In babies, it can cause brain issues, but in adults it is not a health issue, but a cosmetic one. DTD
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Reintroduces the concept of "world literature" in a truly global context, transcending past Eurocentrism.
The study of world literature is on the rise. Until recently, the term "world literature" was a misnomer in comparative literature scholarship, which typically focused on Western literature in European languages. In an increasingly globalized era, this is beginning to change. In this collection of essays, Zhang Longxi discusses how we can transcend Eurocentrism or any other ethnocentrism and revisit the concept of world literature from a truly global perspective. Zhang considers literary works and critical insights from Chinese and other non-Western traditions, drawing on scholarship from a wide range of disciplines in the humanities, and integrating a variety of approaches and perspectives from both East and West. The rise of world literature emerges as an exciting new approach to literary studies as Zhang argues for the validity of cross-cultural understanding, particularly from the perspective of East-West comparative studies.
Zhang Longxi is Chair Professor of Comparative Literature and Translation at the City University of Hong Kong. He is the author of several books, including Unexpected Affinities: Reading across Cultures and Allegoresis: Reading Canonical Literature East and West.
"…[a] persuasive, reasoned examination of 'world literature' … Highly recommended. " — CHOICE


text:
noun, plural: anastomoses
(1) Interconnection between parts of a branching system forming a network, as in leaf anastomosis.
Related forms: anastomotic (adjective).
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... with splenomegaly, ascites, GI bleeding and/or portal systemic encephalopathy. The consequences of portal hypertension are due to portal systemic anastomosis formed by the body as an attempt to bypass the obstructed liver circulation. These collateral vessels form along the falciform ligament,...
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Topic: How to use sensor signal trigger/stop code execution? (Read 384 times) previous topic - next topic
Hi I am very new to Arduino, so please excuse the simplicity of my question.
I try to do this:
Read 1st. Proximity sensor signal, then trigger/start my code execution, once get 2nd. Proximity sensor signal, then stop my code execution, and do something else, such as rotate stepper motor 500 rev.
Could somebody give me similar example to achieve this?
Thanks very much in advance.
You need a state variable:
Code: [Select]
byte started = 0
if sensor is triggered then
 started = 1 - started
if started then
 do stuff that doesn't use large delays()
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stricken: Meaning and Definition of
Pronunciation: (strik'un), [key]
— v.
 1. a pp. of
 1. hit or wounded by a weapon, missile, or the like.
 2. beset or afflicted, as with disease, trouble, or sorrow: stricken areas; a stricken family.
 3. deeply affected, as with grief, fear, or other emotions.
 4. characterized by or showing the effects of affliction, trouble, misfortune, a mental blow, etc.: stricken features.
See also:


text:
How to set up a vocabulary jar? Word bank.
Iam a primary teacher who teachers english. I would like to work with primary students more vocabulary, for example "cambridge ket exam vocabulary bank" which i've got it pdf (word list). I would like to do it in a funny way using for example a vocabulary jar which I use to see in, for example, _URL_
We will make small strips of paper containing the words and put them in the jar. They learn the words and put them in the jar, later will go back to review the words. I would like to cover this "cambridge ket exam vocabulary bank" so students will have a good command of vocabulary.
Could you help me to set up as a game, or the way to do it correctly? Have you got any experience related to the "vocabulary jar" technique? I have seen many examples, mainly photos, but do not know how to do it in a correct way.
Thanks for your help,
- English Language Arts


text:
1. Start by drawing the center stem, then the "seed" oval, then the overall top shape around it. Draw more small mushrooms as space allows, and add the snail on top.
2. Trace all the outside lines with a black permanent marker.
3. Add decoration crayon lines and spots on the mushroom tops and snail shell.
4. Paint all with watercolor paints. My sample was painted with Blue, Yellow Orange, and Green Liquid Watercolor Paints from Dick Blick.


text:
Working Paper, Federal Reserve Bank of Atlanta 2006-27
Over the past years, several countries around the world have adopted a system of prudential prompt corrective action (PCA). The European Union countries are being encouraged to adopt PCA by policy analysts who explicitly call for its adoption. To date, most of the discussion on PCA has focused on its overall merits. This paper focuses on the preconditions needed for the adoption of an effective PCA. These preconditions include conceptual elements such as a prudential supervisory focus on minimizing deposit insurance losses and mandating supervisory action as capital declines. These preconditions also include institutional aspects such as greater supervisory independence and authority, more effective resolution mechanisms, and better methods of measuring capital.


Business encyclopedia
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Universal Product Code (UPC)
What is a Universal Product Code (UPC)?
A UPC, short for universal product code, is a type of code printed on retail product packaging to aid in identifying a particular item. It consists of two parts – the machine-readable barcode, which is a series of unique black bars, and the unique 12-digit number beneath it.
The purpose of UPCs is to make it easy to identify product features, such as the brand name, item, size, and color, when an item is scanned at checkout. In fact, that's why they were created in the first place – to speed up the checkout process at grocery stores. UPCs are also helpful in tracking inventory within a store or warehouse.
To obtain a UPC for use on a product a company has to first apply to become part of the system. GS1 US, the Global Standards Organization, formerly known as the Uniform Code Council, manages the assigning of UPCs within the US.
Parts of a UPC
After paying a fee to join, GS1 assigns a 6-digit manufacturer identification number, which becomes the first six digits in the UPC on all the company's products. That number identifies the particular manufacturer of the item.
The next five digits of the UPC is called an item number. It refers to the actual product itself. Within each company is a person responsible for issuing item numbers, to ensure that the same number isn't used more than once and that old numbers referring to discontinued products are phased out.
Many consumer products have several variations, based on, for example, size, flavor, or color. Each variety requires its own item number. So a box of 24 one-inch nails has a different item number than a box of 24 two-inch nails, or a box of 50 one-inch nails.
The last digit in the 12-digit UPC is called the check digit. It is the product of several calculations – adding and multiplying several digits in the code – to confirm to the checkout scanner that the UPC is valid. If the check digit code is incorrect, the UPC won't scan properly.
Advantages of UPCs
UPCs have a number of advantages to businesses and consumers. Because they make it possible for barcode scanners to immediately identify a product and its associated price, UPCs improve speed.
They improve efficiency and productivity, by eliminating the need to manually enter product information.
They also make it possible to track inventory much more accurately than hand counting, to know when more product is needed on retail shelves or in warehouses. Or when there is an issue with a particular product and consumers who purchased it need to be alerted or a recall issued, UPCs allow products to be tracked through production to distribution to retail stores and even into consumer homes.
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Prasad is the reverse of dakshina in Hindu religious and spiritual practices - it is a gift from the guru or god back to the devotee, usually in the form of food. The devotee, having offered his or her gift, is given a sweetmeat or a piece of fruit from a large bowl. This is prasad, and represents the offering of divine grace to the devotee in return for their own gesture of practice and devotion.
On special occasions and large feasts the prasad at a Hindu temple gets a little more fancy - large handfuls of Biryani rice and mouthfuls of sweet yoghurt are common. Prasad is tremendously important in Hinduism, and in the traditions of guru-devotion, and if a devotee is lucky enough to be given a significant piece of prasad, for example a personal item of the guru, it will be treasured as if it was made of solid gold for the rest of that person's life. Often a guru will give his sandals as prasad to the most advanced or favoured of devotees.


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Provided by: umview_0.6-1_i386
umview - User Mode implementation of View-OS
umview [ options ] prog
The main goal of the View-OS project is to give each process its own
view of the system resources. For example, each process can mount
filesystems or hide some file or directories. It is also possible to
assign virtual network interfaces, IP addresses or define virtual
devices for each process (or for hierarchies of processes).
umview is the user mode implementation of View-OS concepts. It is a
modular partial virtual machine. umview before loading any module is
completely transparent, a process behaves inside umview as it would
have behaved outside. Each module can customize specific entities:
there are modules to mount filesystems at user-level (umfuse), to
define virtual networks (umnet), to define virtual devices (umdev),
to provide interpreters for executables, e.g. to support executables
for foreign architectures (umbinfmt), to hide, move, overlay parts of
the file system (viewfs).
These are some examples of modules provided by the View-OS team.
umview aims to provide a general interface to customize the system call
semantics of process under specified conditions. So more modules will
be added both by the View-OS team and by third parties.
umview can also be used as a login shell in /etc/passwd (see
passwd(5)). When umview is a login shell the mapping between each user
and his/her startup script is in the file /etc/viewospasswd (see
Load the specified startup script instead of the standard one
($(HOME)/.viewosrc). /etc/viewosrc is always loaded first, and
then either $(HOME)/.viewosrc or the script specified by -fB or
set the name of the view. The view can be read and set using vuname
or viewname commands.
-p module [, module_options ]
--preload module [, module_options ]
preload modules. Modules will be loaded as shared libraries thus
all the rules to load libraries apply. Modules must be loaded from
a directory within the ld.so search path or should be specified by
their pathnames. If necessary configure the LD_LIBRARY_PATH
environment variable appropriately. module_options are module
specific configuration options, thus the reader should refer to
each service module manual for a complete description. Modules can
be loaded at run time using the um_add_service command.
umview is able to provide module nesting, i.e. a module can provide
services on the basis of virtual services provided by another
module or even by the module itself. For example it is possible to
mount a file system image which is stored in an already virtually
mounted filesystem. This feature requires the pure_libc library.
The -x or --nonesting option disables the nesting feature.
umview is able to use some specific kernel extensions (when
present) to increase its performance. The source distribution of
umview include the kernel patches for the latest kernels. The
kernel extensions are enabled by default when available. This
option disables the kernel extensions.
This option disables the PTRACE_MULTI kernel extension.
This option disables the PTRACE_SYSVM kernel extension.
This option disables the PTRACE_SYSVIEWOS kernel extension (already
experimental, not yet released).
This option diverts the debugging output to the file specified, it
is useful when umview has been compiled with debugging extensions.
Print the version and exit.
Print a short help message and exit.
user startup scripts information for kmview login shells.
global configuration script
user configuration script (it is not automatically loaded in case
of login shell. Add it at the end of the login script if needed)
um_add_service(1), um_del_service(1), um_ls_service(1),
um_mov_service(1), umfuse(1viewos), lwipv6(1viewos), umdev(1viewos),
umbinfmt(1viewos), viewfs(1viewos), vuname(1viewos), viewname(1viewos),
View-OS is a project of the Computer Science Department, University of
Bologna. Project Leader: Renzo Davoli. Development Team: P. Angelelli,
A. Bacchelli, M. Belletti, P. Beverini, D. Billi, A. Forni, L.
Gardenghi, A. Gasparini, D. Lacamera, C. Martellini, A. Seraghiti
Howto's and further information can be found on the project wiki


Given a random variableMathworldPlanetmath X, the kth moment of X is the value E[Xk], if the expectation exists.
Note that the expected value is the first moment of a random variable, and the varianceMathworldPlanetmath is the second moment minus the first moment squared.
The kth moment of X is usually obtained by using the moment generating function.
Given a random variable X, the kth central moment of X is the value E[(X-E[X])k], if the expectation exists. It is denoted by μk.
Note that the μ1=0 and μ2=Var[X]=σ2. The third central moment divided by the standard deviationMathworldPlanetmath cubed is called the skewness τ:
The skewness measures how "symmetrical", or rather, how "skewed", a distributionPlanetmathPlanetmathPlanetmath is with respect to its mode. A non-zero τ means there is some degree of skewness in the distribution. For example, τ>0 means that the distribution has a longer positivePlanetmathPlanetmath tail.
The fourth central moment divided by the fourth power of the standard deviation is called the kurtosis κ:
The kurtosis measures how "peaked" a distribution is compared to the standard normal distributionMathworldPlanetmath. The standard normal distribution has κ=3. κ<3 means that the distribution is "flatter" than then standard normal distribution, or platykurtic. On the other hand, a distribution with κ>3 can be characterized as being more "peaked" than N(0,1), or leptokurtic.
Title moment
Canonical name Moment
Date of creation 2013-03-22 11:53:54
Last modified on 2013-03-22 11:53:54
Owner CWoo (3771)
Last modified by CWoo (3771)
Numerical id 11
Author CWoo (3771)
Entry type Definition
Classification msc 60-00
Classification msc 62-00
Classification msc 81-00
Defines central moment
Defines skewness
Defines kurtosis
Defines platykurtic
Defines leptokurtic


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The winters in Pennsylvania can be dangerous, both on the roads and on the sidewalks and walkways. Snow and ice can build up pretty quickly, and you can easily lose your footing, leading to serious injury. What's the responsibility of a property owner in Pennsylvania to keep sidewalks, driveways and other thoroughfares free of ice and snow?
First, it's important to understand that there's no absolute duty in Pennsylvania to keep pathways cleared of ice and snow. Given the climate in the state, that's generally considered an unrealistic expectation. What has evolved, though, through the opinions of judges—the common law—is what is known as the "hills and ridges" rule.
The Hills and Ridges Rule
According to the hills and ridges rule, a property owner in Pennsylvania will only be liable for injuries suffered in a slip and fall if the following criteria can be shown:
- There was an accumulation of ice or snow in ridges or in elevations that unreasonably obstructed pedestrian travel and constituted an unreasonable danger
- The property owner knew or should have known about the accumulation of snow or ice
- The accumulation of ice or snow was the actual cause of the slip and fall
With this rule, property owners are virtually excluded from liability for injuries sustained due to black ice or freshly fallen snow, as it would be unreasonable for them to know about or anticipate every potentially dangerous situation. However, if a landowner has prior notice that a particular spot is more susceptible to accumulation, that can change the duty, as it would then be reasonable to expect a buildup.
There are exceptions to the application of the hills and ridges rule:
- It does not apply if dangerous conditions were created by an artificial means—a broken water pipe, for example
- It does not apply when the buildup resulted from the property owner's negligence, such as a stopped up storm drain
Contact Our Office
At Barnard, Mezzanotte, Pinnie, Seelaus & Kraft LLP, we offer experienced and knowledgeable legal counsel to individuals in Pennsylvania. To set up an appointment for a free initial consultation, call us at _PHONE_ or _PHONE_ or contact us online


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Positive Psychology & UT's Undergraduate Experience
UT Instructor and ClassroomUndergraduate Student Success through a Strengths-Mindset Lens
Higher education is in transition as technology, finances, changing demographics of our country, and enrollment challenges are at the forefront of our competitive landscape. As such, to remain competitive, we must move beyond merely recruiting and retaining student scholars through traditional measures. Generation Z wants morethey are questioning the value of higher education.
UT can set itself apart by creating the conditions in which each undergraduate student scholar feels empowered to thrive. We propose developing a positive psychology alternative to most student success programs that often operate from a deficit-oriented perspective with little focus on college student scholars' unique strengths that they bring to post-secondary education. Empirical evidence supporting positive psychology in higher education continues to emerge as researchers recognize the relation between a person's wellbeing and personal and professional goals and dreams. Consequently, we believe strengthening our curricular and co-curricular experiences through a strength-based perspective will be particularly useful to prepare UT's undergraduate student scholars to change the world, not just change with it.
Working closely with the campus community, we propose three preliminary strategic pathways to transform the UT undergraduate experience through a personalized strength and talent-based initiative
After reviewing popular positive psychology theories such as Growth Mindset, Hope, Grit, and Self-Determination, each with its own sets of opportunities and limitations, we decided to develop a conceptual framework that best fits the Volunteer spirit. A spirit that values courage, creativity, flexibility, and hard work. As such, UT's positive psychology framework is defined in three ways.
We believe that our student scholars can learn at high levels. We share this message often and consistently.
High Expectations
We challenge every student scholar intellectually. We believe expectations are attainable.
Every Story Matters
We will provide the structures necessary for every student scholar to reach their potential.
Preliminary Strategic Pathways
1. Person. Maximize each studentinnate talents and build the relationships necessary to:
 1. Meet their academic, career, and leadership potential
 2. Increase self-awareness and learn ways to enact new knowledge of self
 3. Understandappreciate, and draw upon the talents of others
2. InfrastructureEvaluate and reimagine academic and social support infrastructure to facilitate student success, high-resiliency, and self-efficacy.
3. CommunityReimagine the curricular and co-curricular efforts that elevate transformational, strengths-based, active-learning deliberately woven throughout the UT undergraduate experience across time and diverse experiences.
Preliminary Metrics for Success
 1. Students strengths awareness will positively impact fall and spring GPA and academic persistence through students' engagement, heightened awareness, and academic self-efficacy.
 2. Increased knowledge of self and appreciation of others' perspectives will increase students' ability to identify and solve problems and communicate with others more effectively.
 3. Increased engagement in Vol Success teams, student organizations, leadership experiences, and co-curricular activities (such as co-op experiences, internships, undergraduate research)
 4. Student scholars will respond to academic belongingness survey questions at the following rates:
 1. I feel a part of the UT community-70% agree or strongly agree
 2. I believe that I will excel academically at UT—70% agree or strongly agree
 3. I would rate my current overall stress level since enrolling at UT this fall is—70% average or less than average stress.
Strengths-Mindset Consultants & Advisory Council
Partnership with Teaching & Learning Innovation
To support the university's Strengths-Mindset initiative, Student Success is partnering with Teaching & Learning Innovation to launch two faculty-specific programs.
TLI's Course Redesign Institute
A virtual three-week event during the May 2021 mini term, the Course Redesign Institute will bring together faculty from across UT to share ideas from their own pedagogies and participate in a focused track to redesign one of their courses.
TLI's Certificate Curriculum
The six evidence-based certificates were developed by TLI staff and piloted by select UT faculty and staff and will allow participants to pursue beneficial, in-depth self-paced learning experiences and professional development.
What Is Deficit Thinking? An Analysis of Conceptualizations of Deficit Thinking and Implications for Scholarly Research
Impact of Positive Psychology
Towards a Positive University
Challenging the Deficit Mindset Handout
In the News


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Written by adam on Mar 16, 2006
Food Dictionary: Chop, Mince, Dice, Grate
To chop or not to chop, that is the question. Whether 'tis mincing or dicing in the mind to chiffonade the basil to outrageous perfection. To grate, perchance to shred - aye, there's the rub. Oh fair Henckel's -- Knife on my block. Be all my ingredients remembered.
Epicurious and Hamlet, bring us this latest batch of food words.... words.... words.... words that tell us how we are cutting our ingredients. Do we chop, grate, mince, dice, or shred?
Chop: cutting food into small, bite-sized pieces
Mince: to cut food into very small pieces. Note: minced food is smaller than chopped food
Dice: to cut food into tiny cubes
Grate: To reduce a large piece of food to small particles or thin shreds by rubbing it against a coarse, serrated surface,
Shred: to cut food into narrow strips by hand or by grater or food processer.
Interesting. So you can grate with a grater and you can also shred with a grater.


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Physical crimes informed by publicly available identity information : underreported risk or overhyped myth?
MetadataShow full item record
Vulnerabilities associated with the wide dissemination of personally identifiable information (PII) are well documented from an identity theft perspective, but reporting of identity-related crimes that result in assaults, robberies, and other physical losses has been inconsistent. This paper aims to identify gaps in existing research regarding physical crimes informed by the public availability of PII, with an emphasis on vulnerabilities created by victim self-publication of identity information through social media. A survey of media reporting regarding 111 recent incidents, or strings of connected incidents, has facilitated the establishment of rudimentary patterns in these crimes, as well as trends in reporting, both within the US and abroad. A review of pop culture commentary on the current risk environment offers insights into public perceptions of risk, and how these perceptions may be impacted by the media and entertainment industries.


Al Quddus – Absolutely Pure published in February 2009
Bismillah (In the Name of God)
1. First meaning of Qaf-daal-seen (ق د س), quds, is taharah (cleanliness). The verb qadasa is from the same root and it is used for the movement of a bucket. Why is it called qadasa? Because from the bucket that has water, you will obtain purity and cleanliness. Taqdees (تقديس) means taTheer (تطهير), to purify and wash. taTheer is the highest form of cleanliness. There are three levels of cleanliness (as shown in the du'a', supplication):
'O Allah, distance me from my sins just as You have distanced The East from The West, O Allah, purify me of my sins as a white robe is purified of filth, O Allah, cleanse me of my sins with snow, water, and ice.'
 - Distancing (O Allah, distance me and my sins as between the east and west) Moving far away from dirt and deficiencies.
 - Removing dirt/filth (purify me of my sins as a white robe is purified of filth) To remove the dirt, and make the place clear and empty of anything that is not clean. No naqs (fault) remains.
 - Washing/Cleansing (cleanse me of my sins with snow, water, and ice) What's the purpose of washing at the end? So that there is absolutely nothing that remains that is impure. So at the end you have something pure and clean.
In Suratul Baqarah, ayah (verse) 30, the angels said to Allah azza wa jal وَنَحْنُ نُسَبِّحُ بِحَمْدِكَ وَنُقَدِّسُ لَكَ (Qur'an 2:30). According to Zujaaj, this ayah means: 'nuTahiru anfusana lak, we purify ourselves for You'. What does that mean? There is no feeling of shirk (associating others with God) in our hearts for You, no bad thought about You. This is why Baitul Maqdis (in Jerusalem) is Baitul MuTahhar: when you go there, your sins are removed. According to Farra', another linguist, Ardhul Muqaddasah (Palestine) means Ardhul Taahirah, land that is pure and clean. Similarly, Rooh al Quddus is another name for Angel Jibreel: he was made from purity and cleanliness. Also because he brings down the Quddus from Allah, the Qur'an, and through the Qur'an we cleanse ourselves, our character, our actions, and our intentions.
2. The second meaning of this root is barakah, a lot of goodness. Ardhul Muqaddasah (The Land that is Pure) also means Ardhul Mubaarakah (The Land that is Blessed). Allah says in the first ayah of Suratul Israa: إِلَى الْمَسْجِدِ الْأَقْصَى الَّذِي بَارَكْنَا حَوْلَهُ to the farthest mosque (in Jerusalem), the neighbourhood whereof We have blessed. So with this meaning, Al Quddoos means: The One who is Blessed, the One who is the Source of All Good, The One with a lot of Khayr. This root means to be or go far away. So Allah ta'ala (most High) is far from any impurity or imperfection.
strong>Proof for this Name
The root Qaf-daal-seen (not the Name, just the root) appears 10 times in the Qur'an: for Allah azza wa jal, for angel Jibreel and for ardhal muqaddasah. The Name Al Quddus appears twice in the Qur'an. (Hashr :23, Jumu'ah: 1)
Statements of the Scholars concerning the Name Al Quddoos
 - Ibnul Qayyim states: Al Quddus means the One who is Free from and Above any sharr (evil), any naqs (deficieny) and any 'ayb (fault). In other words, He is High Above what does not befit Him. He is THE Pure One. He doesn't have any deficiency or fault.
 - Ibn Katheer states: Al Quddus means the One free from any naqa'is (deficiencies). He also says Al Quddoos refers to the One who is attributed with the attributes of Perfection, for example: the attribute of Knowledge and of Creation.
 - Al Bayhaqi states: Al Quddus is the One who is Taahir (Pure), and Uluww (High). The One who is Pure from having any children or partners.
To summarize: He is the One who is far from any imperfection, error, fault, and shortcoming and far from everything that is derogatory.
When we look at Allah ta'ala as Al Quddus, what does it entail?
 - He is Free from the fault of shirk, or having any shareek. He is Perfect. Who needs a partner? The one who needs help and cannot manage himself. Allah says in the Qur'an: Allahu laa ilaha ila Huwa—there is no one but Him.
 - He is Free from having any spouse or child.
 - He is Free from death. He does not die, He does not sleep. The creation sleeps for energy and due to tiredness and all of the creation will die. وَتَوَكَّلْ عَلَى الْحَيِّ الَّذِي لَا يَمُوتُ—and place your trust in the One who is Ever-Living and does not die, (Qur'an 25:58) كُلُّ مَنْ عَلَيْهَا فَانٍ وَيَبْقَىٰ وَجْهُ رَبِّكَ ذُو الْجَلَالِ وَالْإِكْرَامِ—Whatsoever is on it (the earth) will perish. And the Face of your Lord full of Majesty and Honour will abide forever, (Qur'an 55:26-27). Allah is free from the fault of sleep, of dying and of perishing. A hadeeth (narration) in Saheeh Muslim states: inAllaha laa yanaamu: indeed Allah does not sleep; wa la yanbagi lahu an yanaam: and it does not befit Him that He sleeps. In Ayatul Kursi it states: sleep nor slumber overtakes Him. So if He is Al Quddus, He does not get tired, He does not need to sleep, He does not need to die: He is free from these faults.
 - He is Free from committing dhulm (injustice). When do people commit dhulm? When they are overcome by their desires and wishes. Allah is Quddus, even if people do dhulm to Him, He does not do dhulm on people. In a hadeeth qudsi in Saheeh Muslim (one of the 40 hadeeth of Nawawi), Allah says: 'ya ebaadi, innee haramatu dhulmu alaa nafsee, wa ja'latahu baynakum muharraman, falaa tudhaalimoo—O My servants, I have made dhulm haraam upon Myself, and I have made it haraam for you all, so do not commit dhulm'. He says in Suratun Nisaa ayah 40, إِنَّ اللَّهَ لَا يَظْلِمُ مِثْقَالَ ذَرَّةٍ —'Allah does not wrong a person even to the amount of an atom's weight'; وَإِنْ تَكُ حَسَنَةً يُضَاعِفْهَا —'and if there is a good deed, He multiplies it' (He does so much good, so much ihsaan, because He is Al Quddoos, if there is one small good deed, He multiplies it); وَيُؤْتِ مِنْ لَدُنْهُ أَجْرًا عَظِيمًا —'and He gives from Himself a great reward.'
 - He is free from lying. He is so Pure, He does not lie, or say anything that is untrue. In Suratun Nisaa ayah 87, Allah says: وَمَنْ أَصْدَقُ مِنَ اللَّهِ حَدِيثًا —'and who is truer than Allah in narration?' Allah also says: وَعْدَ اللَّهِ حَقًّا ۚ وَمَنْ أَصْدَقُ مِنَ اللَّهِ قِيلًا —'this is a promise on Allah that is true, and who is more truthful than Allah in speech?' (Qur'an 4:122)
 - He is Free from dhalaal (error) or nisyaan (forgetfulness). He does not forget or make a mistake. Those who have faults and are imperfect forget and make mistakes. What is the proof?


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Paid family leave policies have the potential to reduce health disparities, yet access to paid leave remains limited and unevenly distributed in the United States. The US is the only OECD country that does not provide paid leave for new parents, and just 8 states and the District of Columbia have passed partially-paid family leave policies.
In a new paper, Julia Goodman of the OHSU-PSU School of Public Health, Will Dow of UC Berkeley, and Holly Elser of Stanford University examine the impact of the 2017 San Francisco Paid Parental Leave Ordinance (PPLO), the first in the US to provide parental leave with full pay.
The research team drew on two complementary data sources: administrative data from the California Employment Development Department to estimate the effects of the Paid Parental Leave Ordinance on leave-taking, and survey data of new mothers to help understand the remaining barriers to leave-taking. Their findings show that the PPLO moderately increased parental leave uptake among fathers but did not increase leave among mothers. Limited knowledge and reach of the PPLO likely dampened its potential effects:
- Men in San Francisco increased their uptake 13 percent more than did men in surrounding counties after the PPLO went into effect, but women's leave-taking did not change.
- Lower-income mothers reported less knowledge of their maternity leave benefits than other mothers, and were 48 percentage points less likely to report receiving information from their employers.
- Fewer than 2 percent of lower-income mothers had accurate information about the PPLO (that is, knew that it includes fathers and ensures full pay for six weeks), despite extensive public outreach.
- Employers were not a reliable source of information for many workers.
- Health care providers were the only source of information being used equally by low and high-income women and their use over time increased with both groups.
- Among women who were employed during pregnancy, only 33 percent of lower-income women were employed in jobs that were covered by the PPLO, compared to 65 percent of higher-income women.
Implications for Policy and Practice
The current policy is not well targeted for low-income working families. A universal policy would be more effective in expanding parental leave among vulnerable workers. The research reveals three ways to structure paid leave to increase uptake:
Expand eligibility: The San Francisco policy has limited impact due to its eligibility restrictions which exclude small employers, independent contractors, and those in the public sector. These exclusions limit the reach of these benefits among low-income workers. Lower-income women were far less likely than their higher-income counterparts to work in jobs or to have partners employed in jobs covered by the PPLO.
Increase education: Many women, particularly lower-income women, had limited knowledge of maternity leave benefits available to them. More robust outreach would be helpful to increase knowledge of leave benefits as would ensuring that health care providers understand the benefits. In addition, making leave universally available makes it easy for all parents to know they are eligible.
Simplify the program: A less complex policy design and application process would also be helpful, so parents are not required to learn the many nuances of state and local systems. For cities that establish benefits supplementing state policies, like San Francisco, confusion could be reduced by establishing a local office to coordinate applications and benefit payments for all relevant leave policies on behalf of the employee. This would also relieve individual applicants from the burden of figuring out which specific rules apply in their city.