and comment more fully
CHAPTER 12 – The Arc
Why Arc was a game changer? Because it allowed explosion of all other GBs. The details would be explained below.
This is an important graph that you need to understand how Arc works.
The X axis is level of onwer's Arc that is being worked on
The Y axis is net cost of Arc (it means that total FPs required MINUS FPs earned by donor including donor's Arc bonus). This means total FPs required to complete GB after maximum FPs are harvested from rewards.
Different lines represent different Arc bonuses of donors. The better the donor bonus, the less the owner of GB has to pay for his GB because more FPs is coming back from the rewards.
Positive overall Y value means that GB owner must contribute to level GB, while negative value means that GB owner can actually profit from leveling a GB.
This graph assumes that GB owner works with 5 other donors that have the same arc value (different lines).
arc gb.jpg
The reason why you have such a graph pattern is because the reward although it is unknown, it appears to be linear, while total FPs of Arc is exponential (next level total FPs = previous level total FPs *1.025). During levels 0-10, the total FPs values are fixed, while rewards are small. This is why you have such an increase in cost. During levels 10-50, the exponential function is early stage and is overrun by linear function of rewards. While after lvl50, the exponential function (total FPs) explodes with respect to linear function (rewards), making GBs very pricey. You can appreciate the impact of the increasing rewards by noticing that after lvl10 the different color lines are further and further apart, while after lvl60 they start to come closer again becasue rewards become insignificant with respect to overall cost of GB.
The Arc increases to 30% in first ten levels, then by 1% to level 60, then for next 20 levels by 0.5% until 190% total, and then 0.1% per level afterwards.
In early spring 2016, we were able to develop this graph when our Arc's were just started to grow. We understood that if Inno made 1% per level or even 0.5% per level, we could have huge profits (we assumed that initial lvl20, lvl40, lvl60 pattern would follow and there was possibility that overall cost of GB would be negative). However, Inno correctly assigned 0.1% after lvl80, still theoretically possible to achieve a time when certain GBs levels become free of real cost, but limiting these levels to narrow range of 40-60 only when huge arc bonuses are provided as donors.
Notice that for "average" player who gets a little bit extra on top of his reward maybe 100% or 120% or 140%, the cost really increases with level. Majority of players will not be able to break through the "cheap" levels, and they will be stuck in expensive range lvl5-20 forever. Even if they do, starting from lvl 20-30, they will start to be heavily sniped as GB is much more attractive with rewards and this increasing the cost for the host again. This is basically 95-99% of all players. First, you need to get to higher level, and second you need donors with high arc to provide the combination that does the magic.
The costs pattern is not identical for each individual GB and that goes beyond of this topic, but it follows similar patterns.
Majority of average experienced players (unless they do not earn horrendous amounts of FPs) stop their GBs around lvl60-80. If you follow the teal line which represents the 100+90% arc (lvl80) donor, the line starts significantly creep up after owner of GB reached lvl60, and shoot up vertically after lvl80.The rule of thumb is that even with all 90% arcs, the lvl80 for most GBs costs about 1000 FPs, and that is often too much.
The reason players choose to take their arc from lvl60 to lvl80 is because there is a significant in GB leveling cost reduction from purple line (80%) to teal line (90%). It might appear initially that there is a little difference between 180% and 190% in sniping, but that is a big difference. If the sniping profits margins are small e.g. 10%, additional 10% might double the profit making the large investment into Arc reasonable. There are players that rush their Arc beyond 90%, but in reality that will not have a significant impact. In order to provide costs on such investments these players will have to hoard FPs left and right, snipe day and night, and employ an army of noobs that will feed Fps in variety of ways to them. This action is often driven by wanting to have highest GB in the ranking. The cost of leveling arc 80->180 lvl is about few million FPs, and that is just too pricey for 10% extra bonus for 99.999% players.
This graph also explains why levels 30-70 are so prone to sniping from outside. This is because the rewards are increasing significantly with respect to not so fast increasing total FPs making GB attractive to stealing what could have been used to level the GB, but then leaving the empty unfilled gap, and if it is done on correct GB, the GB owner is usually forced to cover the remaining.
The little Zig-Zaging of the function line is due to rounding to nearest "5fp" on GBs, and it has no significant effect overall.
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CHAPTER 13 – GvG HQ and Defense Bonus
One of most annoying thing that can happen is when an inexperienced member with trusted rights moves HQ, and that person has minimal understanding of the consequences and mechanism of HQ bonus distribution that can easily lead to your guild losing several additional sectors.
50% and especially 75% sectors are a deterrent. They can be killed by larger guilds pretty quickly, but in repetitive fights when filled with correct defense units especially when attacker is forced to go auto, it can cause significant damage to the attacker. 0% sectors are much more vunerable and easier to kill, and often attacker losses less than half of units than defender. An action from one person placing HQ correctly and understanding how 50% bonus is applied to sectors can often cause more damage to other guild than several fighters. That skill can give an edge when war is pretty even.
The specific age defense points are different to the Support Pool Bonus that guilds receive from guild level. However, they are linked by support factor.
(Support Pool Bonus + Total defense bonus from all defense GBs in guild) / Support Factor for specific age = Total defense points for specific age
> Support Pool Bonus
A guild receives these points for higher level. It is the number with a shield.
> Total defense bonus from all defense GBs in guild
Every defense GB contributes extra points on top of Support Pool Bonus. St. Basil contributes 3 points (for 1st 10 levels), Deal Castle contributes 3 points (for 1st 10 levels), and observatory contributes 10 points.
> Support factor
It is a number that is preset. They can be derived by solving the equation above when it is only the variable missing. It can be derived also from the ratio of support factors when you know total defense points for specific age. Also other numbers from that equation can be derived for example, you do not have to add all your defense GBs within the guild, but you can derive the total.2
I derived them previously, but I can be wrong if I do not remember them correctly. Please let me know if I got it wrong.
IA - 1.0
EMA - 1.5
HMA - 2.0
LMA - 3.0
CA - 4.0
InA - 6.0
PE - 8.0
ME - 10.0
CE - 12.0
TE - 14.0
TF - 16.0
AA - 16.0
> Total defense points for specific age
This is a total number of % that is redistributed to sectors as a defense.
For most (higher ages) the maximum % defense for HQ is 75% and other sectors is %50
Exceptions include (HQ/other sectors)
InA 25%/0% | EMA 35%/10% | HMA 45%/20% | LMA 55%/30% | CA 65%/40%
These lower values make sectors less stable and easier to take making it less attractive to older and larger guilds.
In our case = Support Pool Bonus (8540) + Total defense bonus from all defense GBs in guild (3092) = 11632 total bonus
Specific age (AA) total defense bonus = 11632 / 16 = 727 (%)
In other words, we can fill one HQ (75%) and 13 other sectors (13*50%=650%) total of 725% before next sectors will not have full bonus.
The defense bonus is distributed in concentric circles from HQ, which means the closest sectors to HQ have the priority to receiving it. Here is how priority of sectors would look like on these arrangements. If there is enough defense bonuses on HQ, it would spread to 1-away-from-HQ, if all sectors have enough bonus that are 1-away, then 2-away would receive defense bonus and so on.
On this image the


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Using an Arduino, a PC and a lot of chemistry, instructables user 'ckrobi' has created from scrap an oxygen-injected miniature blast furnace. This is used for experimenting with ceramics and metal. Using a PC running python/GUi software they control an Arduino which takes care of the various furnace hardware. For control integrity they have created their own communication protocol over serial between the PC and Arduino. The system can also monitor various parameters and return the values back to the PC. Furthermore, heed the safety warnings if you're making your own.
Thinking of making your own blast-furnace with an Arduino? Consider using the Freetronics LeoStick:
Apart from being one of the smallest Arduino-compatibles on the market with USB, it also has an onboard RGB LED and piezo which can be used a knock sensor and various tune and sound effects. Plus you can add extra circuitry with the matching protostick! For more information and to order, click here.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


How to Take Care and Maintain the Food Pan
Written by admin
It is important to follow a regular cleaning routine for your pan to make sure you protect your investment. Here are the ways to take care of your quality food pan.
How to clean the tough stains?
 1. Clean the scorches or crust
If the food pan has food crusts, soak it in water preferably soapy water overnight. In the morning drain the water, and then scrub forcefully with a scrub pad. This will remove the most accumulated food layer.
Avoid using steel wool scrubs or copper based scrubbers as they will scratch the surface of your pan.
 1. Clean the burn Marks
If your cookware has heat burns, you may clean it by using baking soda. Make sure that it is completely dry, then sprinkle a small amount baking soda onto the burned surface. Rub the baking soda around the cookware thoroughly with a sponge.
You can also make a paste by adding little amount of water to the baking soda.
 1. Clean the water spots
Remove the water spots which are actually caused by the minerals in the water. You can clean it by soaking the pan in vinegar, then normally clean it as usual with a mild detergent.
Tips to maintain the pan
 1. Follow a regular routine to clean the pan and use quality materials that prevent the spots from forming during the cooking.
 2. Clean immediately after cooking as once they dry, they form the coating. Use a soft scrub to clean the cookware.
 3. Always wipe your cookware after washing to avoid the water spots to be formed on them.
 4. Avoid the use of dishwasher not only to increase their lifespan but also the bright appearance.
 5. Pour a small amount of oil or butter or fat etc. on a cold pan before you turn on the flame, and distribute it evenly on the pan. The idea is to maintain the layer over the nonstick surface.
 6. Try to use only wooden or plastic utensils to avoid the scratches on the surface of the cookware. Don't use a metal spoon or utensil as it will form scratches on the surface of the cookware.
 7. Maintain the nonstick surface of the cookware by not washing it with dish soap.
 8. Always try to heat the cookware on the burner with medium high heat only till it becomes hot for 1 to 2 minutes only.
Follow these methods and tips to increase the life span of your pan and hassle free cooking.
About the author


Social Media: 8 Reasons Seniors Should Care
Keep in touch
Social media sites allow seniors to stay in better touch with family and friends. Not just family or peers their same age but younger grandchildren as well. Seniors are able to connect with their young family and participate in their activities and accomplishments. Seniors are able to stay closer with family.
Ask questions and Research
Social media is a great tool that provides a way for seniors to do research about topics they are interested in. Also, they are able to interact with others who may be searching for the same information. Because seniors are not afraid to navigate websites and research on their own they also are able to connect with customer support services faster. They can speak to representatives quickly and get the answers they need.
Meet Others and Socialize
Social networks allow seniors to meet and socialize with others on both business and relationship terms. They are able to engage int he community and interact with others. Staying socially active is very important for seniors and offers many mental health benefits. If a senior cant leave their house the internet will provide a way for them to still connect and feel alive.
Stay Safe Online!
Seniors are no longer hiding away from technology; instead, they are embracing it more often than not. The benefits above are enough reason to get your senior connected. However, as the popularity of using these social sites rises so do the risks. Be sure to educate yourself and your friends on how to use social sites safely.
Use caution when clicking links
Even if it seems that the link came from a friend or trusted source use caution when clicking. This is a common way scammers and hackers can access your data.
Do not share your personal information
Never give away your personal information (Medicare number, social security, etc) over unsecured sites. No email! Email is not a secure platform to send confidential information. No legitimate source will ask you for your private information without providing you a secure way to send it.
Know the privacy policy
Be sure to read and understand the privacy policies of any social media site you plan to use. You will most likely be sharing personal information (address, work/life history, images, etc). Therefore, treat these sites as you would a site you are entering a credit card.
Ask your kids
The majority of the time you will be able to ask the younger generation to help you understand social media sites.
Use of the internet and social media among seniors has become a healthy emotional outlet and a world of benefits. Be sure to use the sites safely!


To adjust our walking poles please follow these steps:
 1. Unscrew the lower section by turning the pole towards the unlock position (symbol located on the pole).
 2. Extend the lower section to the stop sign then tighten the pole.
 3. Unscrew the middle section and tighten at your desired length by turning the pole towards the locking position.
 4. To turn the Anti-shock on slightly turn the middle section until it clicks.
(The poles should be set-up so that when gripping the pole your forearm is at a 90 degree angle to your upper arm. The pole should be adjusted to be lower on a incline and longer on a decline)
Please find attached further instructions on how to use our walking poles


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bladder.
- High calcium content in the diet.
- Genitals injured.
- Blood clots.
- Disorder in reproductive organs, especially in unspayed female guinea pigs.
Guinea pigs show changes in physical activities before blood flows along with urine.
Observe if your guinea pig has a bloated abdomen and injury or swelling around the bladder. These are the symptoms of bladder stones.
The antibiotic course is usually suggested for treatment. The diagnosis will help us to determine the exact cause.
In severe cases, surgery is also done. Blood transfusion is done in rare instances when much blood is lost through urination.
Why does my guinea pig's urine smell so bad?
Guinea pig's urine left for some time starts giving a foul smell. That is because of the bacterial activity in the urine, which produces ammonia.
It can damage the inner lining of the nasal passage and cause respiratory infection in your pet if inhaled. The bad smell of urine does not mean that the guinea pig is ill.
The following steps can reduce the foul smell:
- Guinea pigs can be neutered/spayed as they produce less smelling urine.
- Litter trains your guinea pig. Put a litter box at the spot and reward your pet on performance.
- Place hay around the litter box as the guinea pig eats while urinating. Try to restrict the waste at one location.
- The litter tray should be cleaned once daily. The guinea pig won't if it smells terrible. Remove any urine-stained hay. Hutch need not be cleaned very often but check around the litter box.
- The litter tray can be cleaned with white vinegar. That helps to get rid of the foul smell and also clean the calcium residue. Wash the litter box to remove the traces of white vinegar.
Is guinea pig urine harmful to humans
Guinea pig's urine is not harmful to humans and is safe to handle. Its smell may be offensive. Still, it would be best if you were careful from a parasite found in the urine.
Encephalitozoon cuniculi or E. cuniculi is the bug found in most rodents' urine, including guinea pigs. This bug is less prevalent in guinea pigs. The infection is mostly subclinical but can be fatal if the pet is immunocompromised.
The parasite is transmitted through urine. Guinea pig's immune systems can fight this bug. It is thought that once infected, the guinea pig will be the lifelong carrier of the parasite.
Humans with low immunity are more susceptible to be infected by this disease. Children and elderly ones should be careful while handling guinea pig's urine.
Guinea pigs infected with Encephalitozoon cuniculi may appear healthy, but it may compromise their growth. Antibiotics are used for the treatment of the infection. It would be best if you were careful while cleaning the cage until the problem exists.
Check the pee of your pet, whether it is clear and fluid. You should handle cloudy or milky urine carefully. You should once consult your vet, and else it can be painful.
Source: MSD VET MANUAL, Sawneeanimalclinic, Urine sampling, ureteral obstruction in a pet guinea pig, Composition, and characteristics of urinary calculi from guinea pigs, Development of the urinary system in guinea pig females, Cystitis, urolithiasis and cystic calculi in aging guinea pigs.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


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Code Inspection: Use 'nameof' expression to reference name
In.NET libraries, there are a lot of methods that are designed to accept names of types, members, or variables as arguments. One of the most common examples is the
ArgumentNullException(string paramName). If you use string literals as the arguments for such methods, you can run into errors if the literal is misspelled or not changed when the corresponding symbol was renamed. A string literal that does not correspond to any valid symbol is not caught by the compiler.
The nameof operator, added in C# 6.0, addresses this — it allows capturing the string names of symbols that are in the scope.
In the example below, JetBrains Rider suggests the replacement of the string literal
"order" in the argument of the
ArgumentNullException() with the
nameof(order). The result is the same:
nameof(order) returns the string 'order', but with
nameof your code becomes less error-prone.


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Polished Concrete is the enhancement of a concrete surface by processing the surface with grinding, honing and polishing techniques. These Techniques utilize metal and resin bonded diamond abrasives to mechanically reduce the peaks and valleys of the concrete surface and chemical reactions to fill in the capillaries of the concrete. These methods are designed to achieve the following effects.
- Dramatically increased flooring life cycle.
- Mechanical reduction of the peaks and valleys of the concrete surface.
- Chemical reactions to fill in the capillaries of the concrete.
- Improved aesthetics.
- Improved resistance to damage from water & abrasions.
- Increased surface hardness.
- Increase in co-efficient of friction.
- Increased light reflectivity.
- Reduction in concrete dusting.
- Reduced maintenance requirements and costs.
- Creation of a sustainable and environmentally friendly flooring system.
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Research partnership may transform lives of vulnerable children
This year, after a highly competitive process, the Melbourne School of Population Health (MSPH) was awarded one of three 'Research and Evaluation Partnerships' with the Department of Education and Early Childhood Development (DEECD).
The partnership is a unique collaboration between government policy makers and public health and education researchers that could transform the lives of many vulnerable Victorian children. The two other partnerships were also awarded to the University of Melbourne.
The partnership is a new way of doing business for the department and involves researchers and policy makers sharing their respective areas of expertise, with the aim of developing strong evidence-based policies – policies that could enable children to develop to their full potential.
Associate Professor Andrea de Silva-Sanigorski, of the McCaughey Centre at MSPH, says the close partnership between DEECD and three University of Melbourne entities is one of many innovative aspects of the program.
The program's combined efforts will develop a multi-dimensional picture of children's lives, she says, starting from very early childhood, through school years and entry into the workforce, examining a range of outcomes spanning health, well-being, development and learning.
MSPH is focusing on early childhood through three projects that will:
- Link and analyse existing data
- Generate new evidence through innovative research and
- Strengthen the use of evidence in making decisions and policy.
The ambitious, three-year program started in July 2011 and unites DEECD with the Melbourne Graduate School of Education, the Melbourne Institute of Applied Economic and Social Research, as well as MSPH. Associate Professor Andrea de Silva-Sanigorski is partnership director and Professor Terry Nolan and Professor Elizabeth Waters lead the MSPH partnership.Dr Peter Kremer is also part of the project team.
Project 1, 'Establishing an integrated data platform for monitoring and assessing child health, wellbeing, development and learning', is the first of three projects in the first phase of the partnership. "A key aspect of Project 1 by MSPH is making better use of monitoring and surveillance data sets that the Government already collects through sources like the maternal child health service and schools, which are used for the reporting of top line measures that the Government requires," she says. "But these are rich data sources that could be better utilised for planning, resource allocation, and research, evaluation and population monitoring."
Project 2, 'A detailed, prospective cohort study of early childhood factors and child outcomes', will expand two existing early childhood research cohorts to investigate health and development issues. It will examine the contribution of early life risk and protective factors on outcomes throughout childhood.
Project 3, 'Early childhood services which shape primary school educational outcomes', will focus on the service sector. "It will investigate questions such as 'what impact does the quality of kindergarten teachers or child care staff have on learning outcomes as a child gets older?', as well as other services such as health and welfare."
"Alongside this data work is a comprehensive program of activities to enhance research and evaluation capacity with government," she says. "Each of the research partners will provide training and support for policy makers on how to gather and interpret research evidence.The policy and decision makers in turn will guide researchers in relation to how policies are developed and what format we need to provide the research evidence to them for it to be used in policy-making processes."
"We are laying the groundwork for improving the lives of children in the years ahead," she says. "That's our hope. That by creating an evidence base that can inform decision-making processes we will have better outcomes for children, families, settings, services and the wider community," she says. "Through this approach we can try to reduce developmental health inequalities that, once established, are hard to change and can have lifelong impacts on children's trajectories."


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The Textile Technology Digest (TTD) database contains bibliographic citations, with abstracts, and provides international coverage of the literature of textiles and related subjects. Selected articles summarize the technological advancements and applications of science and research to the textile industry. Coverage includes the various aspects of textile production and processing, and the automation and management systems of these operations. Coverage also includes many of the major resources of the apparel, home furnishings, flooring, and polymer industries.
Coverage: 1978 - present


Skip to definition.
Noun: snapper sna-pu(r)
 "the snapper fumbled the handoff";
 - center [US], centre [Brit, Cdn]
 2. Flesh of any of various important food fishes of warm seas
 - cracker, cracker bonbon
 4. Australian food fish having a pinkish body with blue spots
 - Chrysophrys auratus
 5. Any of several large sharp-toothed marine food and sport fishes of the family Lutjanidae of mainly tropical coastal waters
 6. Large-headed turtle with powerful hooked jaws found in or near water; prone to bite
 - common snapping turtle, Chelydra serpentina
Derived forms: snappers
Type of: favor [US], favour [Brit, Cdn], food fish, lineman, party favor [US], party favour [Brit, Cdn], percoid, percoid fish, percoidean, saltwater fish, snapping turtle, sparid, sparid fish
Part of: Chelydra, Chrysophrys, family Lutjanidae, genus Chelydra, genus Chrysophrys, Lutjanidae
Encyclopedia: Snapper


Legionella Testing Market is estimated to bring US$398.7 million revenue by 2025 – TMR
Albany, NY, March 14, 2018 (GLOBE NEWSWIRE) -- According to Transparency Market Research, the global legionella testing market was valued at US$180 million in 2016 and is estimated to reach US$398.7 million by 2025 at a CAGR of 9.4% from 2017 to 2025.
Rising Awareness about Ubiquity of Legionella Bacteria Drives Legionella Testing Market
Legionella bacteria are widespread in natural water bodies such as ponds and rivers. Inhalation of aerosol water particles containing legionella bacteria is a common way of contracting the pathogen. The rising awareness regarding the risk of contracting legionella-borne diseases from water bodies is a vital driver for the global legionella testing market.
Technological advancements are boosting innovative microfluidic platforms which help provide satisfaction, safety, and stability to patients. Growing availability of up-to-date treatment facilities and rise in the number of skilled doctors, consultants, and healthcare services are helping drive the legionella testing market.
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High Costs, Lack of Reimbursement Hamper Legionella Testing Market in Developing Countries
The incidence rate of several infectious diseases is increasing globally, particularly in developing regions. Indications such as waterborne, airborne, respiratory, and sexually transmitted diseases are increasing at an alarming rate in countries across the globe. Highly populous regions such as APAC, MEA, and Latin America have a high incidence of infectious diseases, which is leading to a steady increase in the demand for diagnostic kits. Thus, the global legionella testing market is expected to witness substantial growth over the forecast period.
Currently, the incidence rate of infectious diseases is minimal in developed countries due to the availability of better healthcare and lifestyle standards. However, transmission of diseases across regions through migration is increasing, which in turn is expected to fuel demand for diagnostic tests and kits in these regions. Additionally, increasing healthcare spending is expected to result in increasing demand for better and faster legionella testing and diagnostic methods, and in turn create high growth opportunities for players in the global legionella testing market over the forecast period. However, rise in the cost of treatment, lack of reimbursement policies for legionella testing in developing regions, and side effects associated with legionella treatment are restraining the growth of the market.
The increase in the number of legionella patients in North America and the presence of several of the legionella testing industry's key players has led to steady dominance of the region in the global legionella testing market. For instance, in 2015, nearly 6000 people were diagnosed with Legionnaire's disease in the United States alone. Moreover, the supportive stance of European countries such as the UK, France, and Germany towards advanced healthcare research has allowed them to gain an important place in the global legionella testing market. In Asia Pacific and Latin America, increased awareness about healthcare has led to precautions being taken for early diagnosis of the disease and a rise in investments in the healthcare sector, which has led to rapid growth of the legionella testing market.
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Key players operating in the global legionella testing market include IDEXX Laboratories, Inc., Becton, Dickinson and Company, Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc., Bio-Rad Laboratories, Inc., BioMérieux Inc., and Qiagen N.V., among others. The legionella testing market is likely to retain a high degree of fragmentation in the coming years due to the lucrative prospects on offer in medical research facilities across a number of countries.
About TMR
Mr. Nachiket Ghumare
Transparency Market Research
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TSA TOP TEN
Both students and parents have provided their top ten reasons for being at Thomas Sumter Academy and why is a Thomas Sumter Academy education is set apart from other schools in the area — both public and private. See why Thomas Sumter is the number one choice for academics, athletics, and character education. Tenacity Supports Achievement
TSA Parent Top Ten
- Family is important to us — 51 Second Generation Generals; 5 Third Generation Generals; 30% military families.
- Upper School Student-to-Teacher ratio is 16:1. Lower School Student-to-Teacher ratio is 16:1.
- Innovative and collaborative learning through our Elementary (1st through 5th) Science. Technology. Engineering. Math. (STEAM) Program.
- 27 different sports available to our students.
- 8 Dual Enrollment classes through Central Carolina Technical College (CCTC).
- 14 Student Clubs and organizations available for the students.
- Class of 2019 average SAT scores = 1072 – well above the National Norm
- Class of 2019 graduation rate = 100%
- Class of 2019 college acceptance rate = 100%
- Over $8 million in scholarships offered to the Class of 2019 (22 Graduates).
TSA Student Top Ten
- An opportunity to be a part of something bigger than oneself – Community focus vice self-focus.
- Learning and living core values such as integrity, honor, commitment, and fidelity.
- Learning beyond books — critical thinking; soft skills such as communication, collaborative learning, and healthy debate.
- Academic rigor – Dual enrollment opportunities for 11th/12th Honors classes available in the Middle School; STEAM focus in 1st thru 5th grade.
- Higher expectations and standards along with mutual teacher respect.
- Positive learning environment.
- Tradition and Family.
- School spirit – Tenacity Supports Achievement
- The ability to grow and develop into principled servant leaders.
- Comfortable with who we are – individually and as a school.


Writing down the exercises you perform during your workout can help maximize your results. A weekly workout chart keeps track of the exercises you've done and keeps you from overexercising the same muscle groups. Additionally, it shows the progress you've made over time, and when you're new to exercise it helps you identify which muscles are targeted by the exercises you're doing. Although there are many workout charts available online, making your own chart allows you to customize it to your own workout.
Items you will need
 - Paper
 - Pencil
 - Ruler
 - Eraser
 - Clipboard
Step 1
Turn a blank, 8 1/2-inch by 11-inch piece of paper so the longer margin is horizontal.
Step 2
Draw a large square on the page that's about 1-inch from the borders. Use a pencil and ruler and have an eraser nearby in case you make mistakes.
Step 3
Draw a horizontal line about 1-inch from the top of the square.
Step 4
Divide the large square into five equal-sized columns and six even rows.
Step 5
Write the name of your chart at the top-center of the page outside the square. You can name it My Weight Training Routine or Joe's Exercise Chart. Write "Start Date" and "End Date" in the upper left-hand corner. Leave enough space so you can fill in the dates.
Step 6
Title the five columns in the 1-inch bar at the top of the square. Name them from left to right with "Muscle Group," "Exercises," "Sets & Reps," "Pounds Lifted" and "Notes."
Step 7
Write "Biceps," "Chest," "Triceps," "Back," "Shoulders" and "Legs" in the six squares under the muscle group column -- one muscle group per square.
Step 8
Make copies of the chart and keep your original as the master copy.
Step 9
Attach your workout chart to a clipboard so you can easily write on it. Before your workout, write the start time of your workout and the starting and ending date of the week in the designated areas.
Step 10
Enter the name of the exercise in the specific area on the chart for the muscle you're training. For instance, if you're training biceps, write "Dumbbell Curls" under exercises. Fill in the number of sets and repetitions that were completed and how much weight was lifted. In the notes area, write any details about the exercise -- was it difficult or easy? Did you need a spotter? Did you make progress? When finished with your workout, log the ending time in the upper left-hand corner.
 - If desired, adjust your workout chart to include cardiovascular exercise, calories burned and cool-down and warm-up activities.
About the Author
Photo Credits
 - Thinkstock/Comstock/Getty Images


Creating and managing blocks on your Vineyard
Blocks in Platfarm let you define management zones, and create jobs quickly.
Blocks contain attributes of:
 1. a name
 2. a Vineyard
 3. a Variety
 4. Vine rows
Vinerows are the most important geographical element of your Vineyard and blocks. You do not need to define the geographical area of your block boundaries, the system will automatically identify them based on the vine
You can use block colours to help create visual separation of your vineyard maps. For example give all Shiraz blocks the colour blue, and Grenache the colour orange.


Leche Merengada Recipe | Spanish-food.org
HomeDessertsLeche Merengada
Leche Merengada
Origin: Spain
Leche merengada
Leche merengada or Spanish milk shake is a typical Spanish drink made with milk, egg whites and sweetened with sugar and aromatized with cinnamon. It's served very cold and in some cases part of the drink is frozen and with a texture similar to snow, making it the perfect summer drink. This is why it's normally served in ice-cream parlors in Spanish cities and "horchaterias" (shops where horchata, a typical Valencia drink, is sold in Valencia).
We don't know much about the origins of this popular drink, however it's a favorite of our grandparents, parents and children. It's normally consumed in summer as it's very refreshing.
Many children have among some of their fondest memories, those of when their grandparents took them to the town or neighborhood ice-cream parlor for a cone or a glass of leche merengada and would tell of their week's adventure while their faces and hair got smeared with the dessert.
Not only is leche merengada a tradition in itself, it also has it's own song:
Tengo una vaca lechera
no es una vaca cualquiera.
Me da leche merengada,
¡Ay! que vaca tan salada
Tolón, tolón. Tolón, tolón.
If you want to know the meaning of this song and many others we suggest a Spanish course in Spain. Songs and food are a great way of learning the Spanish language and they are often used as topics on such language courses.
In reality, this drink is considered a milk shake with egg white, although the basic recipe doesn't change, there are some variations. For instance, some cooks add a few espresso drops, lemon juice drops or vanilla. The recipe is really somewhere in between a milkshake and a milk sorbet. Often Spanish mothers will prepare the drink in the morning so that it has enough time to cool in the fridge or freezer before their children tuck into it. After a glass of it though, you might be thinking of making some more in the evening for the next day too!
Leche merengada has been one of the most popular and in demand drink in cafes in Madrid since the end of the 18th century and has appeared in many novels as summer drinks or ice-creams consumed by character, an example of this is Jacinto y Fortuna by Pérez-Galdós. Today it is still a staple recipe for any good Spanish cook book.
Fortunately, like many other Spanish food recipes, leche merengada is easy to make and uses common and easy to find ingredients. This means that it is a great one to make everyday or for special occasions. Furthermore, the ingredients are normally inexpensive which is great if you are on a tight budget yet still want to enjoy a little taste of Spanish cuisine.
Leche Merengada | Spanish Milk Shake
Leche Merengada
Ingredients (6 portions):
 - 1 liter of milk
 - 4 egg whites
 - 300 grams of sugar
 - 1 cinnamon branch
 - 1 lemon peel
 - a pinch of powdered cinnamon
 - Boil the milk for 5 minutes with the lemon's peel, the cinnamon branch and 250 grams.
 - Turn the stove off and let it cool
 - While the milk cools whisk the egg whites until they form peaks, you can add a few lemon drops, though it's not mandatory.
 - Add the remaining 50 grams of sugar and little by little pour the cold milk on the -meringue through a strainer
 - Put in the fridge if you want it liquid or in the freezer if you want to achieve an ice-cream like texture.
Some people leave the milkshake in the freezer for much longer in tubs so that it turns into ice cream. This means that the drink can serve as a dessert as well. In fact, you will find that a number of ice cream parlours in Spain do in fact have leche merengada ice cream in sale. Why not have a scoop!
Naturally, as an ice cold drink, this is perfect for hot summer days in Spain. But when you make it into an ice cream, it makes a great accompaniment to a piece of warm cake or tart, and can therefore be consumed all year round!


T bone car accident settlement
What is the average settlement for a back injury in a car accident?
In an average car accident case that involves a relatively minor soft tissue neck or back injury, the accident victim may expect to receive a settlement anywhere between $2,500 and $10,000 from the at-fault person's insurance company.
What type of injury is commonly associated with T Bone accidents?
Types of Injuries Commonly Associated With T Bone Accidents Concussion. Whiplash, a serious neck injury caused by the forceful, back-and-forth motion of the neck. Broken bones in the hands, legs, forearms, ribs, and elsewhere on the body, especially if the T Bone accident results in the car rolling. Spinal cord injury.
How much is my pain and suffering settlement?
What is the average payout for soft tissue injury?
The average payout of a soft tissue injury ranges from $2,500 to $10,000 for whiplash, $15,000 for ankle sprains, $20,000 for shoulder injuries, and $100,000 to $350,000 for herniated discs.
How much should a rear end collision settlement be?
You might be interested: Titanic ship accident
What does T boning mean?
: a small steak from the thin end of the short loin containing a T -shaped bone and a small piece of tenderloin also : this bone — see beef illustration. T -bone. verb. T – boned ; T – boning ; T -bones.
What does T boned mean?
A T -bone accident is one where the front of one car or truck crashes into the side of another vehicle. Broadside accidents most often occur at intersections when one of the drivers fails to stop at a stop sign or traffic light, or otherwise fails to yield the right-of-way to the other driver.
What happens if you get T boned?
T – bone accidents occur when one vehicle smashes into the side of another vehicle, roughly creating the shape of a T. They are also known as broadside or side collisions. If you are involved in a T – bone crash, it's highly likely you will sustain serious injuries.
How can I prove my pain and suffering?
How much should I ask for settlement?
A general rule is 75% to 100% higher than what you would actually be satisfied with. For example, if you think your claim is worth between $1,500 and $2,000, make your first demand for $3,000 or $4,000. If you think your claim is worth $4,000 to $5,000, make your first demand for $8,000 or $10,000.
Is a pain and suffering settlement taxable?
This means typical personal injury damages that are meant to compensate the claimant for things like lost wages, medical bills, emotional distress, pain and suffering, loss of consortium, and attorney fees are not taxable as long as they come from a personal injury or a physical sickness.
You might be interested: Car accident in
How do you respond to a low settlement offer?
How much can I expect from a personal injury settlement?
Personal Injury : How Much Can I Expect to Get? Settlements and court awards in personal injury cases typically range from $3,000 to $75,000. Seven out of 10 readers receive a settlement or award for their personal injury claims.
How much is neck injury worth?
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Terrence j car accident


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Elizabeth Lake Nature Preserve
Location and Access:
From Richmond at jct. Hwys. 12 & 173, take Hwy. 12 north 1 mi. to an access lane to the east. The nature preserve is 0.8 mi. to the east.
Special Note: Access to this preserve is only through special McHenry County Conservation District sponsored tours.
Elizabeth Lake is a large, diverse wetland in northeastern McHenry County. The natural communities at Elizabeth Lake represent the Morainal Section of the Northeastern Morainal Natural Division. They include graminoid bog, calcareous floating mat, graminoid fen, marsh, pond, lake, low gradient creek, sedge meadow and dry-mesic savanna. One of the more unusual and extremely rare communities at Elizabeth Lake is the graminoid bog. It is always floating, is close to open water and is considered the first stage of bog succession. The bog is dominated by sphagnum moss, sedges and marsh shield fern. The calcareous floating mat has a floating layer of calcareous sedge peat dominated by sedges and blue joint-grass. The graminoid fen is on peat with calcareous seepage and is dominated by big bluestem and sedge. The other communities are typical examples of their types and support common wetland plant species as well as several rare, threatened and endangered species. This diverse wetland provides habitat for a wide variety of animals and many can be seen during any season of the year. The aquatic community present at this preserve is of excellent quality.
Ownership: McHenry County Conservation District
Dedicated: April 1985
Size: 212.477 acres with buffer
Topo Map: Richmond 7.5
For Further Information Contact: McHenry County Conservation District, 6512 Harts Road, Ringwood, IL 60072 (815/_PHONE_)
03/10 R. Heidorn


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Hurlbert's Pebbling Page. Forcing (mathematics) Forcing is equivalent to the method of Boolean-valued models, which some feel is conceptually more natural and intuitive, but usually much more difficult to apply. identify with, and then introduce an expanded membership relation involving the "new" sets of the form.
Forcing is a more elaborate version of this idea, reducing the expansion to the existence of one new set, and allowing for fine control over the properties of the expanded universe. Change in the average geodesic distance of a graph when flipping a single edge. Is there a way to determine how the average geodesic distance between nodes of a graph will change just by flipping (1) a single edge without having to traverse the whole graph like in the Djikstra algorithm?
I'm currently doing this by expensively copying the graph, changing the edge, and then calculating the average geodesic distance of the new graph (using Dijkstra's algorithm) and subtracting it from the average geodesic distance of the original graph.. Is there a more clever way to to this? Cesar A. Hidalgo, Homepage.


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Quite an informative blog post from our local surfing site
What we're talking about is something surfers really don't want to know about, but should, because if you're a surfer, you're taking part in a sport where surfer's ear is one of the most common problems and a price you may have to pay for being a surf-aholic.
So, let's talk about the history of surfer's ear, what causes it and what can, and should, be done about it.Being ignorant on such a relevant topic is not smart, it's plain dumb. And that's not something the surfer community should be. Surf Kings and Queens for sure, but not dummies.
If you're a smoker, you know the small print. The same should apply to surfers and their ears. So at the end of this chat, I hope to have you better informed.Having started with a sexual innuendo, I think it only fair to mention that in 1891, when "surfer's ear" was first described, syphilis was suspected as a possible cause. The first described surgery took place in 1877.
The operation took seven hours using chloroform anaesthesia. They also used leeches to facilitate blood flow. But relax. Just as technology for surfboards and wetsuits has flourished, so have modern surgical techniques and anaesthesia. So chill... you're safe from leeches.
What causes surfer's ear? I worked in London for Sir Donald Harrison who found the reason. He found ear canal skin temperature increased after swimming in cold water. This increase was due to dilatation of the blood vessels. Irrigating the ear with 15°C seawater for 15 seconds caused blood vessels to swell and increase the warmth for some 45 minutes. And in those who already had surfer's ear, the same exposure caused 80 minutes of reflex warming due to vessel dilatation.
So the colder the water, the greater the duration of the reflex dilation and heating up. Basically increased vascular temperature can cause new bone formation because there's no insulating layer of subcutaneous tissue between the lining of the ear canal and the underlying bone. This theory has been found to be true.
In terms of history, a relatively small number of people engaged in long-term cold-water activities as an occupation, but with invention in the 1950s of the neoprene suit, everything changed and one could spend prolonged periods of time in what had previously been uncomfortably cold water. Unless the ear canal was protected from cold-water exposure, the price for greater participation in cold-water activities increased, as did formation of surfer's ear.
The sport predominantly affected by these trends was surfing: so you're at riskSurfers are people who continually have their heads under water and participate in their sport for hundreds of hours per year and, what's more, many for decades. In fact the term "surfer's ear" first appeared in medical literature in 1977.
Since then most discussions on surfer's ear describe mainly surfing populations since this is the group with the highest incidence of the condition. Essentially, a surfing generation was born. A generation of water buddies who spend hundreds of hours in cold water with uncovered ears. Some for decades. All surfers are potentially at risk, so if you're sensible, responsible and all those other boring things, you'd have your ears checked out by someone who understands this condition... not an amateur..., firstly to see whether you have them, and what, if anything, needs be done. Certainly protection is top of the list.
How many surfers get surfer's ear
This varies depending on whether you're susceptible, the water temperature and how often and for how long you surf, always repeating the bottom line as to whether you wear protection. This makes a huge difference. What I mean is, "wear an ear condom."
It needn't be a Rough Rider or equivalent, just a hood, Doc's pro plugs or Prestik, recalling the mantra of "KEEP IT COVERED." In this case, both of them.
A Californian study with water temperature 19-20°c found 86% of surfers to have a degree of canal closure from surfer's ear. Interestingly, more involvement in the right ear than left. Most didn't wear protection because, either they didn't think of it, or it was uncomfortable and unglamorous.Japanese professional surfers have an 80% incidence with canal closure of between 50 – 80%. Again the colder the water, the greater the incidence.
In New Zealand the incidence was some 73% with 40% having 50% or more closure. Those surfing in winter were worst off regards canal closure.Another Californian survey found a 75% incidence in those surfing over 20 years.
An Australian report from Victoria showed males to have 50% and females 43% chance of developing more than 66% closure when surfing more than 20 years.We currently have no South African figures but I'm asking Spike to organise a Cape Town survey.
There'll hopefully be a Wavescape banner and table and I'll be on the beach checking your ears and giving you the result.
Handling surfer's ear:Let's get this straight. By no means every surfer's ear needs surgery. We need understand that. But you, the surfer, need to know firstly whether you have the condition and if so, to what extent. Mild to moderate surfer's ear needs no more than being aware of the condition, taking precautions and regular check ups. But, don't let them get to what I call "North face of the Eiger" – a wall of bone - before you accept surgery is necessary.
Remember your hearing can be absolutely perfect with only a tiny aperture between the osteoma. It's amazing how small a sound wave needs to get through to keep your hearing normal. This is often the case. When you tell a surfer they need something done, they turn pale with fear and run for the door... back to the waves.
The mantra being "it'll never happen to me."It does, and recall the more extensive the surfer's ear, the more difficult the surgery, and the more "small print" comes into play. When you have what I call "North face of the Eiger", the "landmarks" are distorted and one tells the surfer, that in many ways delaying the operation to this stage is equivalent almost to constructing du Toit's Kloof tunnel with no GPS. So don't get into this situation.
Understand the more severe the osteoma, the more potential complications. If you require surgery, have it done before you get to this extreme state.Every ENT surgeon has a case or two of these extensive osteoma where complications occurred because of surgical difficulty.
The current surgical techniques make use of sophisticated binocular microscopes, micro instruments and safe anaesthesia. The combination makes for delicate surgery. The most frequently used technique is high-speed drill, drilling the osteoma away often utilising tiny 1 – 2mm osteotome chisels as adjuncts. Incision is either straight through the canal, or behind the ear. It depends on the surgeon's preference. It's day case surgery and pain not usually a significant factor. The osteoma are removed and an as normal as possible canal recreated by removing the obstruction. Absolutely vital to swift recovery is preservation of the very thin and sensitive skin lining to the canal. If you can retain this, the surfer is back in the water within 4 – 6 weeks. Sometimes sooner.
However, if you present with huge osteoma, then keeping that skin cover can be exceeding difficult and sometimes impossible. In that case, and we've all heard about those that had to stay out of the water for a couple of month's after surgery, because they delayed the procedure and reaped the consequences.The main thing is don't allow them to get to a massive size by running away and then blame the surgeon when your recovery is prolonged.Also, in terms of regular surfing, recall outer ear infections are not uncommon and, just as there's no such thing as clean air, the same applies to much of the ocean in which you surf. The bacteria involved here are often bowel related with all that that implies.
Surgical follow up
Getting a surfer to accept surgery is required is, in itself, especially difficult because of the denial factor. The "running away" syndrome is substantial and largely based on misplaced fear and lack of awareness. The same applies to coming for regular follow up. Remember surgery will have reduced the osteoma, but the possibility of recurrence is real as the cause of the osteoma formation is dilation of blood vessels, something that cannot be surgically removed. It's a physiologic reaction to cold water.
One report on a 10 year follow up showed there was more than 60% closure in 25%, 30- 60% closure in 31% and less than 30% closure in the remaining 42%. So you need follow up.Not surprisingly, those who surf all year round, recurred quicker as did those who were older at the time of their initial surgery. And here's a vital fact. Ear protection reduced the chance of regrowth 5 fold.So what's the bottom line?
Firstly you're in a sport, which constantly exposes you to cold water. A fair number of you will be in a group where this causes the blood vessels to dilate, stimulating new bone formation hence "surfer's ear." Just as you shouldn't drink and drive, so you shouldn't surf without having your ears checked to get the bottom line. Recall, by no means every surfer's ear needs surgery, but every surfer


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The watermark and the marking procedure should also possess certain security properties. The space of distinguishable watermarks should be large enough, which is surely the case, because the number of different watermarks for M=256 results in approximately 4.7x10152 watermarks. The probability of false detection of a watermark can be determined by performing the following steps:
- Determine the number of bits B out of the M bits of the embedded watermark, which gives a false detection.
- Calculate the probability that i=B...M bits match with the embedded bitpattern from Figure 4.
Figure 4: Security.
The threshold T, indicating detection of the watermark, was chosen to be half the size of the maximum value z for the embedded watermark. The thresholds are plotted as horizontal lines; see Figure 5.
Figure 5: Security evaluation about the faked watermarks.
I used different audio tracks and marked all the tracks with the same watermark and an embedding factor of k=0.15. Afterwards, I constructed 30 different bit patterns with a certain percentage identical to the original pattern, then measured the values for the random variables. For both cases, I received a critical similarity of about 67 percent with the original watermark. According to the equation in Figure 4, the probability of detecting a watermark that isn't embedded is 10-35 for Statistic I.
To test the robustness of our watermarking algorithm, I randomly choose 400 different combinations of watermarks and keys, and embedded this bit pattern 10 times into one audio track. All files were 16-bits signed stereo sampled at 44.1 KHz (CD quality).
- Test conditions. All audio signals were watermarked with a embedding factor of k=0.10, then subsequently manipulated; see Figure 6.
Figure 6: Test scenario to measure detection values z manipulating the audio file.
To measure the robustness the total error probability, Perror=PI+PII due to the overlap of the PDFs in the unmarked and marked case were calculated from equations in Figures 1(a) and 1(b).
- MPEG1 Layer III audio compression. I tested the robustness against MPEG 1 audio Layer III compression by using a compression rate of 128 Kbps for the watermarked signal.
- Filtering. To test the robustness against filtering, I applied a bandpass filter to the watermarked signal by amplifying the signal by 9 dB in the lowand high-frequency domain. The cut-off frequencies have been 441 Hz for the low-pass filter, and 4410 Hz for the high-pass one.
- Resampling. I sampled the original audio signals with a sampling rate of 44.1 KHz. The sampling rate of the watermarked audio data was reduced to 22.05 KHz and resampled to the original rate of 44.1 KHz. This causes audible distortions, especially in audio tracks carrying high frequencies.
- Requantization. I also sampled audio tracks at 8 bits, since these are often used in games and multimedia applications. More specifically, I tested the process of requantization of a 16-bit watermarked audio signal to 8 bits and back to 16 bits. This increases the incoherent background noise of the audio track due to the rounding errors during the processing.
- Robustness against cropping. The embedding of a watermark bit in every timeslice of about 116 milliseconds enables the detection of the watermark, even in the case of cropping or cutting, provided I have a contiguous part of at least 232 milliseconds from the watermarked audio stream.
Table 1 shows the test results for the different manipulations. The error probabilities of the several manipulation of the watermarked signal can be easily reduced by using more frequency coefficients. This is equivalent to the embedding of the watermark in a longer timeslice.
Table 1: Total error probabilities for different manipulations.
Possible Algorithm Enhancements
The watermarking algorithm presented here leaves room for further research in a variety of ways. Other test statistics and embedding functions can be investigated. The embedding of multiple noninterfering watermarks into the same audio track is demanded by certain applications. Perhaps one of the greatest challenges is the robustness against the so-called "jitter" attack (see "Attacks on Copyright Marking Systems," by F.A.P. Petitcolas, R.J. Anderson, and M.G. Kuhn, Lecture Notes in Computer Science, Vol. 1525, Springer-Verlag, 1998).
This work was partially funded by WEDELMUSIC (_URL_ a Research and Development project in the IST program of the European Commission.
Michael is a member of the Department for Security Technology for Graphics and Communication Systems Fraunhofer-Institute for Computer Graphics. He can be contacted at _EMAIL_.


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Enthalpy of Mixing (Excess Enthalpy)
Excess enthalpy data (HE) are important for the description of the correct temperature-dependence of the activity coefficients following the Gibbs-Helmholtz equation:
For fitting interaction parameters of gE - and group contribution models, applicable for a larger temperature range, enthalpy of mixing data directly provide the temperature dependence of the activity coefficients. Therefore, a combination of vapor-liquid equlibrium and excess enthalpy measurements is a good solution to cover a broad range of temperature.
Heats of mixing can be measured with different experimental devices.


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Nobody knows what the surface of neutron stars are made of but there's no shortage of suggestions. We know that iron must play a role because we can see its characteristics absorption lines in the spectrum from these exotic objects.
But we can't tell whether the iron forms a gaseous atmosphere, perhaps a meter or so thick above an ultra-hard crust, or whether the iron itself is solid.
Now Felipe Llanes-Estrada and Gaspar Moreno Navarro at the Universidad Complutense in Madrid Spain, say they know how to tell the difference. Here's how:
If the iron is solid, then it ought to form an extraordinary crystal, perhaps a few dozen atomic layers thick, almost perfectly smooth and enveloping the entire star.
One way to examine crystalline solids is to use x-ray crystallography. The new idea from Llanes-Estrada and Navarro is to look for pairs of neutron stars in which one is an x-ray pulsar and the other is dead with an iron crust. Then x-rays from the pulsar should be diffracted from the surface of the dead star and detectable on Earth. The signature would consist of a main pulse from the pulsar followed by the reflection at wavelengths related by Bragg's law of diffraction to the main pulse.
That's a neat and potentially clean way to study the surface of neutron stars: if astronomers can find the right kind of pairs.
If they do, it'll be a breath of fresh air for astrophysicists who have many ideas about the structure and behaviour of neutron stars but few ways to prune the dead wood from the theoretical undergrowth they've created.
Something for the team behind the Chandra X-ray telescope to get to work on, I'd say.
Ref: _URL_.4837: Bragg diffraction and the Iron crust of Neutron Stars


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A_SmokeTrailer is an action that is used to spawn a trail of Objects of a type determined by Var1 when called repeatedly. In Doom Legacy, this action was originally used to spawn smoke trails for rockets and Lost Souls; the action itself is based on the action A_Tracer from Doom, used for the Revenant's homing missiles, which spawned a smoke trail and followed the tracer. A_SmokeTrailer in comparison reuses only the smoke-spawning code from A_Tracer, hence the name of the action. In SRB2, this is used to spawn smoke trails behind the Snailer's missile and the Sea Egg's torpedo.
The position the Objects are spawned at relative to the actor depends on the speed and direction of the actor's current movement, set up so it will trail behind opposite to the actor's movement direction, and the Objects will only be spawned every 4 tics. The spawned Objects will then rise slowly in the air at a speed of 1 fracunit/tic, and their initial state's duration is randomly reduced by 0-2 tics.
 Actions – Spawners [view]


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How can the mid-point of a polyline be calculated using the geoprocessing framework, eg in a Python script?
The polyline.centroid property returns The true centroid if it is within or on the feature; otherwise, the label point is returned. The centroid is rarely located on non-straight lines, which is useless for my purposes.
The Feature Vertices to Points tool has a midpoint option but this requires ArcInfo, which I don't currently have.
An option could be to add measures to the polylines and create a route event 50% along the line.
Another workaround is to use the Calculate Geometry option in ArcMap, but ideally I need to automate this process in a script.
Any better/faster suggestions? Thanks
[EDIT] I'm limited to ArcGIS 10.0 for the moment.


How much does dust affect the output of my PV system?
Detailed studies have been conducted on this subject, concluding that dust does not have a significant impact on PV systems. This is perhaps surprising, but washing the panels with tap water in places where there is a high concentration of calcium (such as Alice Springs) can actually have a more negative effect than dust. The arrays at the DKA Solar Centre are washed once a year by a specialised company who use a reverse osmosis filtration system to treat their water before using it to wash the solar modules.


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This is a flat handaxe, dating from the younger Acheulian or Acheulo-Yabrudian from N-Syria found during the 1960ies.
The data base from the Levant includes 239 Acheulian sites from Syria, 33 sites from Lebanon and 137 sites from Israel. Most of the sites are dated to a late Acheulian (c 600- 400 k.a. BP). These ensembles show a considerable typo-technological variability with almost no chronological significance.
The earliest reliable occurrence of Acheulean handaxes outside of Africa is that at Ubeidiya in Israel during the Early Pleistocene (c 1.4 million years). The absolute chronology of later Acheulian sites in Israel is sparse. The famous Gesher Benot Ya'aqov site, with a basalt and chert handaxe and cleaver dominated ensemble, is known to have been occupied between 800 and 700 ka. Other early Acheulian sites include Joub Jannine II and Latamne in Syria. Here large and rather crude lanceolate handaxes and trihedral picks are predominant. Most bifaces are made by hard hammer, a few indicate occasional soft hammer. The Latamne archaeological horizon lay in the mid-sequence of the Latamne Formation. The Formation has a single TL date of 560 k.a. BP; the proposed date for the horizon is 500-700 k.a. BP.
The Acheulian Evron Quarry yielded luminescence and ESR dates in the order of 630 -330 k.a. The Acheulian layer of Umm Qatafa yielded dates between 262 and 409 k.a. BP. The Acheulian site of Revadim shows luminescence dates between 403 and 194 ka, but it is not clear how the dates relate to the human occupation. U/Th dates on calcitic crusts attached to flint artifacts resulted in dates exceeding 400 k.a. that might be later than the artifacts themselves. The Acheulian site of Birket Ram predates 233 ka and postdates 800 ka but the date of the occupation is not clear.
The data set for the El Kowm area in central Syria clearly helped to clarify the age of the Levantine Acheulian. At least 26 Acheulian sites are known from that area. Well dated Acheulian complexes mainly come from Nadaouiyeh and Hummal. The Acheulian at El Kowm is dated between 525 and 350 k.a. BP. No "logical internal evolution" has been recognized in this sequence on the data base of many thousands of handaxes.
Subdividing the Upper Acheulian of Israel into phases or "facies" is not an easy task and may, after the results at the deeply stratified Syrian sites, not be as significant as once thought. On the basis of technological and morphological considerations Gilead (1970) subdivided the Late Acheulian into several groups as follows:
The Ma'ayan Barukh group (MB), mostly from open-air sites, is characterized by the dominance of handaxes with a cordiform aspect (including amygdaloids, cordiforms and subtriangulars) with fewer ovate and a few pointed bifaces and rare cleavers. The assemblage from the excavations of Umm Qatafa D2 is included in this group.
The Evron-Kissufim group (EK) is, on the basis of stratigraphic evidence, later than the MB group. It contains a richer flake tool component, up to 30-60%, with clear evidence for the manipulation of the Levallois technique. The bifaces show a decrease in rounded aspects (ovates and discoids) and a slight increase in the pointed forms.
The Sahel el-Khoussin-Yiron group (SY) are those assemblages mostly surface collected in the hilly areas and flanks. The bifaces are somewhat cruder than those of the other groups with an occasional dominance of the rounded aspect over the cordiform aspect (Yiron, Beith Uziel, Baqaa-Rafaim 556 etc.). As in the EK group, the Levallois technique was practiced in some sites. It is worth noting that despite the hilly distribution, these assemblages are not present in the three caves where Late Acheulian layers were uncovered (Tabun F, Abu Sif, Umm Qatafa D).
The youngest lower Paleolithic in the Middle East is the Acheulo-Yabrudian. According to TL and ESR methods, the Acheulo-Yabrudian can be generally dated to a range from ca. 400 to ca. 200 k.a. by a small number of reliable ages currently available. The most consistent dates in Israel come from Qesem Cave, where the Acheulo-Yabrudian started earlier than 320 k.a. BP and ended about 220 k.a. BP. The absolute dates of the most important stratigraphy in Israel, the Tabun-cave in the the Nahal Me'arot on the lower reaches of the western part of the Carmel Mountain Range, are still controversial but stratum E could be also of a considerable age between be of 350 to ca. 200 k.a. Dates of 225 k.a. on a flowstone above the Acheulo-Yabrudian layer were reported from Jamal Cave, adjacent to Tabun Cave. It is thus clear that the Acheulo-Yabrudian of Jamal Cave predates 225 ka. Again the dates from the El Kowm area help to clarify stratigraphical issues. The Acheulo-Yabrudian at Hummal cluster around 200 and 256 k.a. BP. Similar dates have been determined for the Acheulo-Yabrudian layers at Yabroud I.
Stone Age of M. Carmel by Garrod and Bate 1937:


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- Boy Names
What does the baby name Abiodun mean? Learn about what Abiodun means, its history & origin, popularity in our random name database, pronunciation, similar names, nicknames & spelling variations.
Abiodun - Name Meaning, Origin & Popularity
- Spelling of Abiodun
- A-B-I-O-D-U-N, is a 7-letter male given name.
- Pronunciation of Abiodun
- ah BEE o doon
- Meaning of Abiodun
- Born at the time of war, born during a war, born in a festive period, born at the time of festival, born during the festival.
- Origin of Abiodun
- African Names
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- Popularity of Abiodun
- Abiodun currently has 1 like, and is in the top 12% of liked boy's names. The name Chenzira is slightly more popular than Abiodun.


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Third Battle of Panipat
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Third Battle of Panipat
The Third battle of Panipat 13 January 1761.jpg
The Third Battle of Panipat, 14 January 1761, Hafiz Rahmat Khan, standing right of Ahmad Shah Durrani, who is shown sitting on a brown horse.
Date 14 January 1761
Location Panipat, Punjab region
(in present-day Haryana, India)
Result Afghan victory
Marathas lost suzerainty over Punjab and Delhi to the Afghans. Ahmad Shah Durrani vacates Delhi soon after the battle, appoints Mughal emperor as nominal head and returns to Afghanistan.
Flag of Herat until 1842.svg
Durrani Empire
Flag of the Maratha Empire.svg
Maratha Empire
Commanders and leaders
Flag of Herat until 1842.svgAhmad Shah Durrani (Shah of Durrani Empire)
Flag of Herat until 1842.svgTimur Shah Durrani
Flag of Herat until 1842.svgWazir Wali Khan[1]
Flag of Herat until 1842.svgShah Pasand Khan[1]
Flag of Herat until 1842.svgJahan Khan[1]
अवध ध्वज.gifShuja-ud-Daula
Rampur flag.svgNajib-ud-Daula
Rampur flag.svgHafiz Rahmat Khan[1]
Rampur flag.svgDundi Khan[1]
Rampur flag.svgBanghas Khan[1]
Flag of the Maratha Empire.svgSadashivrao Bhau (commander-in-chief of Maratha Army)
Flag of the Maratha Empire.svgVishwasrao
Flag of the Maratha Empire.svgMalharrao Holkar
Flag of the Maratha Empire.svgMahadji Shinde
Flag of the Maratha Empire.svgIbrahim Khan Gardi
Flag of the Maratha Empire.svgJankoji Shinde
Flag of the Maratha Empire.svgBhivrao Panse
Flag of the Maratha Empire.svgBhoite
Flag of the Maratha Empire.svgPurandare
Flag of the Maratha Empire.svgVinchurkar (Infantry & Cavalry)
Flag of the Maratha Empire.svgSidoji Gharge
42,000 cavalry
38,000 infantry
10,000 reserves
4,000 personal guards
5,000 Qizilbash
120–130 pieces of cannon
large numbers of irregulars
totally an army of 100,000.
40,000 cavalry
15,000 infantry(divided to 9 battalyons of Gardi rifle infantry)[2]
15,000 Pindaris
200 pieces of artillery. The force was accompanied by 300,000 non-combatants (pilgrims and camp-followers)
totally an army of 70,000.
Casualties and losses
Estimates between 20,000 and 40,000 combatants killed.[3][4] Estimates between 30,000 and 40,000 combatants killed in the battle. Another 40,000-70,000 non-combatants massacred following the battle.[3][4]
The Third Battle of Panipat took place on 14 January 1761, at Panipat, about 60 miles (97 km) north of Delhi between a northern expeditionary force of the Maratha Empire and the forces of the King of Afghanistan, Ahmad Shah Abdali, supported by two Indian Muslim allies—the Rohilla Afghans of the Doab, and Shuja-ud-Daula, the Nawab of Awadh. Militarily, the battle pitted the French origin artillery[5] and cavalry of the Marathas against the heavy cavalry and mounted artillery (zamburak and jizail) of the Afghans and Rohillas led by Ahmad Shah Abdali and Najib-ud-Daulah, both ethnic Afghans (the former is also known as Ahmad Shah Abdali). The battle is considered one of the largest fought in the 18th century,[6] and has perhaps the largest number of fatalities in a single day reported in a classic formation battle between two armies.
The decline of the Mughal Empire following the 27-year Mughal-Maratha war (1680–1707) had led to rapid territorial gains for the Maratha Empire. Under Peshwa Baji Rao, Gujarat, Malwa and Rajputana came under Maratha control. Finally, in 1737, Baji Rao defeated the Mughals on the outskirts of Delhi, and brought much of the former Mughal territories south of Delhi under Maratha control. Baji Rao's son, Balaji Baji Rao (popularly known as Nana Saheb), further increased the territory under Maratha control by invading Punjab in 1758. This brought the Marathas into direct confrontation with the Durrani empire of Ahmad Shah Abdali. In 1759 he raised an army from the Pashtun tribes and Baloch tribes [7] and made several gains against the smaller Maratha garrisons in Punjab. He then joined with his Indian allies—the Rohilla Afghans of the Gangetic Doab—forming a broad coalition against the Marathas. The Marathas, under the command of Sadashivrao Bhau, responded by gathering an army of between 45,000–60,000, which was accompanied by roughly 200,000 non-combatants, a number of whom were pilgrims desirous of making pilgrimages to Hindu holy sites in northern India. The Marathas started their northward journey from Patdur on the 14 March 1760. Both sides tried to get the Nawad of Awadh, Shuja-ud-Daulah, into their camp. By late July, Shuja-ud-Daulah made the decision to join the Afghan-Rohilla coalition, preferring to join what was perceived as the 'army of Islam'. This was strategically a major loss for the Marathas, since Shuja provided much needed finances for the long Afghan stay in North India. It is doubtful whether the Afghan-Rohilla coalition would have the means to continue their conflict with the Marathas without Shuja's support.
The slow-moving Maratha camp finally reached Delhi on 1 August 1760, and took the city the next day. There followed a series of skirmishes along the banks of the river Yamuna, and a battle at Kunjpura, which the Marathas won against an Afghan garrison of about 15,000 (at this time, Abdali and the other Afghan forces were on the eastern side of the Yamuna river). However, Abdali daringly crossed the river Yamuna on the 25 October at Baghpat, cutting off the Maratha camp from their base in Delhi. This eventually turned into a two-month-long siege led by Abdali against the Marathas in the town of Panipat. During the siege both sides tried to cut off the other's supplies. At this the Afghans were considerably more effective, so that by the end of November 1760 they had cut off almost all food supplies into the besieged Maratha camp (which had about 250,000 to 300,000, most of whom were non-combatants). According to all the chronicles of the time, food in the Maratha camp ran out by late December or early January and cattle died by the thousands. Reports of soldiers dying of starvation began to be heard in early January. On 13 January the Maratha chiefs begged their commander, Sadashiv Rao Bhau, to be allowed to die in battle than perish by starvation. The next day the Marathas left their camp before dawn and marched south towards the Afghan camp in a desperate attempt to break the siege. The two armies came face-to-face around 8:00 a.m., and the battle raged until evening.
The specific site of the battle itself is disputed by historians, but most consider it to have occurred somewhere near modern-day Kaalaa Aamb and Sanauli Road. The battle lasted for several days and involved over 125,000 troops. Protracted skirmishes occurred, with losses and gains on both sides. The forces led by Ahmad Shah Durrani came out victorious after destroying several Maratha flanks. The extent of the losses on both sides is heavily disputed by historians, but it is believed that between 60,000–70,000 were killed in fighting, while the numbers of injured and prisoners taken vary considerably. According to the single best eye-witness chroniclethe bakhar by Shuja-ud-Daulah's Diwan Kashi Raj, about 40,000 Maratha prisoners were slaughtered in cold blood the day after the battle.[4] Grant Duff includes an interview of a survivor of these massacres in his History of the Marathas and generally corroborates this number. Shejwalkar, whose monograph Panipat 1761 is often regarded as the single best secondary source on the battle, says that "not less than 100,000 Marathas (soldiers and non-combatants) perished during and after the battle."[3]
The result of the battle was the halting of further Maratha advances in the north, and a destabilization of their territories, for roughly 10 years. This period of 10


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From: The Honorable Colleen Hanabusa
Reps. Hanabusa and Gabbard would like to invite your boss to sign the appropriations request letter (below) requesting critical funding for the Volcano Hazards Program. This request is to the Appropriations Subcommittee on the Interior, Environment,
and Related Agencies, which is due TODAY.
Here is a list of states this program benefits: Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Nevada, Northern Marianas Islands, Oregon, Utah, Washington, Wyoming.
And, here is a map of the areas where the volcanic activity monitored by this program are:
Current signatures: Hanabusa, Gabbard, Don Young, DeFazio
Deadline to sign on: 4pm TODAY. Please email _EMAIL_ to sign on.
Dear Chairman Calvert and Ranking Member McCollum,
As the House Appropriations Subcommittee on Interior, Environment, and Related Agencies considers appropriations for Fiscal Year 2018, we respectfully request this subcommittee to provide $26,238,000 for the Volcano Hazards Program, which is overseen by
the U.S. Geological Survey.
The Volcano Hazards Program is critical in understanding the potential impacts of the United States' 169 potentially active volcanoes in the United States' western states, Alaska, Hawaii, and the U.S. Pacific territories. Under the mandate of the Robert
T. Stafford Disaster Relief and Emergency Assistance Act, this program minimizes the potential of devastating social and economic impacts on nearby communities and ecosystems through delivery of effective forecasts, warnings, and information regarding volcanic
hazards based on scientific data and on understanding of volcanic processes.
The scientific information collected through the Volcano Hazards Program is essential in order to effectively communicate findings and activity alerts to emergency-management professionals and the public. In addition, the information collected helps communities
develop comprehensive hazard zonation maps and assessments, long-term eruption forecasting, land-use planning, and short-term emergency planning.
Ensuring programmatic resources for the Volcano Hazards Program will ensure and improve health and safety protections of residents, businesses, and tourists in areas where there is volcanic activity. We thank this subcommittee for its attention and consideration
of this request.


text:
The physiological effects of restrictive environmental conditions on Dictyostelium discoideum spore germination
Spores may be reversibly activated by the application of heat, dimethyl sulfoxide, urea, or ethylene glucol. Severe changes in four environmental variables (high osmotic pressure, low oxygen tension, low or high pH, and low or high temperature) interfere with the germination process. Spores at the end of the postactivation lag phase of germination were usually deactivated if exposed to severe environmental conditions and thus did not swell; spores in the swelling and emergence stages of germination were killed if exposed to severe environmental conditions. The oxygen uptake which began during spore activation was primarily attributable to a cyanide-sensitive pathway and secondarily to a salicylhydroxamic acid (SHAM) sensitive pathway. Inhibition of the SHAM-sensitive pathway did not cause spore deactivation while the addition of cyanide resulted in rapid spore deactivation. Treatment of activated spores with azide or environmental shifts also resulted in inhibition of oxygen uptake and spore deactivation. Deactivating spores did not demonstrate the amino acid incorporation, uridine incorporation, and expression of trehalase activity which is found in the later stages of germinating control spores. Protein synthesis inhibitors did not cause spore deactivation or a decrease in oxygen uptake but they inhibited amino acid incorporation and the expression of trehalase activity in swollen spores. It is concluded that control of respiratory activity is involved in regulation of reversible activation.
Molecular, Cellular and Biomedical Sciences
Canadian Journal of Microbiology
NRC Research Press (Canadian Science Publishing)
Digital Object Identifier (DOI)
Cotter, D.A., F.J. Garnish, and L.S. Tisa. 1979. The physiological effect of restrictive environmental conditions on Dictyostelium discoideum spore germination. Can. J. Microbiol. 25:24-31
© 1979, NRC Research Press or its licensors


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Clinical Research Coordinator 2
The Stanford University Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Musculoskeletal Tumor Surgery Program is seeking a Clinical Research Coordinator2 to manage and conduct clinical research and support basic scientific research for the division. The CRC2 will independently manage all aspects of human subject PI initiated research studies and works with the PIs, division, and institution to support and provide guidance on the administration of the compliance, financial, personnel and other related aspects of these research studies. The CRC2 will also provide support and management of a new national sarcoma data registry and support grant writing and possible future sponsored studies.
The ideal candidate will serve as the primary point of contact for the study participants, so should be comfortable working with patients with potentially life threatening diseases, should have a solid understanding of GCP and be motivated to support a diverse team of faculty, medical students, residents, scientists and clinical staff that are working to advance sarcoma survival rates and the field of orthopedic tumor surgery.
- Oversee subject recruitment and study enrollment goals. Determine effective strategies for promoting/recruiting research participants and retaining participants in long-term clinical trials.
- Oversee data management for research projects. Develop and manage systems to organize, collect, report, and monitor data collection. Extract, analyze, and interpret data.
- Assist in grant writing, manuscripts, and abstract submissions.
- Oversee and management of Sarcoma MSTS Registry
- Develop project schedules, targets, measurements, and accountabilities, as assigned. Lead team meetings and prepare/approve minutes.
- Process contractual work for sponsored and non-sponsored research with Research management Group (RMG), Office of Sponsored Research, Procurement, and Industrial Contract Office.
- Formally supervise, train, and/or mentor new staff or students, as assigned, potentially including hiring, preparing or assisting with the preparation of performance evaluations, and performing related duties, in addition to instruction on project work.
- Audit operations, including laboratory procedures, to ensure compliance with applicable regulations; provide leadership in identifying and implementing corrective actions/processes. Monitor Institutional Review Board submissions, and respond to requests and questions.
- Collaborate with principal investigators and study sponsors, monitor and report serious adverse events, and resolve study queries.
- Provide leadership in determining, recommending, and implementing improvements to policies/processes; define best practices.
- Develop study budget with staff and principal investigator, identifying standard of care versus study procedures. Track patient and study specific milestones, and invoice sponsors according to study contract.
- Ensure regulatory compliance. Regularly inspect study document to ensure ongoing regulatory compliance.
- Work with principal investigator to ensure Investigational New Drug applications are submitted to the FDA when applicable. Ensure Institutional Review Board renewals are completed.
* - Other duties may also be assigned.
- Bachelor's Degree in biology, chemistry, public health or other health-related field
- 2-3 years working in clinical research
- Managerial Experience
- Research experience as a CRC for cancer studies
- Ability to work fast and efficiently within time constraints
- Ability to work independently and comfortably with study participants
- Prior data entry and management experience
- Strong knowledge of grants and contracts function, clinical trial and research data management.
- Strong knowledge of the Award process and funding management including budget preparation, invoicing and Workbook preparation.
EDUCATION & EXPERIENCE (REQUIRED):
Bachelor's degree in a related field and two years of experience in clinical research, or an equivalent combination of education and relevant experience.
KNOWLEDGE, SKILLS AND ABILITIES (REQUIRED):
- Strong interpersonal skills
- Proficiency with Microsoft Office and database applications.
- Experience with research protocols and regulatory or governing bodies, which include HIPAA and FDA regulations, Institutional Review Board requirements, and Good Clinical Practices.
- Knowledge of medical terminology.
CERTIFICATIONS & LICENSES:
Society of Clinical Research Associates or Association of Clinical Research Professionals certification is preferred. May require a valid California Driver's License.
- Frequently stand, walk, twist, bend, stoop, squat and use fine light/fine grasping.
- Occasionally sit, reach above shoulders, perform desk based computer tasks, use a telephone and write by hand, lift, carry, push, and pull objects that weigh up to 40 pounds.
- Rarely kneel, crawl, climb ladders, grasp forcefully, sort and file paperwork or parts, rarely lift, carry, push, and pull objects that weigh 40 pounds or more.
* - Consistent with its obligations under the law, the University will provide reasonable accommodation to any employee with a disability who requires accommodation to perform the essential functions of his or her job.
- Position may at times require the employee to work with or be in areas where hazardous materials and/or exposure to chemicals, blood, body fluid or tissues and risk of exposure to contagious diseases and infections.
- May require extended or unusual work hours based on research requirements and business needs.
- Interpersonal Skills: Demonstrates the ability to work well with Stanford colleagues and clients and with external organizations.
- Promote Culture of Safety: Demonstrates commitment to personal responsibility and value for safety; communicates safety concerns; uses and promotes safe behaviors based on training and lessons learned.
- Subject to and expected to comply with all applicable University policies and procedures, including but not limited to the personnel policies and other policies found in the University's Administrative Guide, _URL_.
- Schedule: Full-time
- Job Code: 4923
- Employee Status: Regular
- Grade: H
- Department URL: _URL_
- Requisition ID: 86686


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Nonlinear feedback control deals with the analysis and design of feedback systems that contain nonlinear elements, that is, functions or devices that do not obey the superposition and homogeneity principles. Nonlinear models are the rule rather than the exception in engineering systems and hence the ability to analyze and control them is an important attribute for a practicing engineer. The Control Laboratory has made, and continues to make important contributions to the development of nonlinear feedback control, including averaging, geometric methods, hybrid systems, observer design, quasi-linear control, and vibrational control, in both the continuous and discrete time domains. |
ECE FacultyGrizzle, Jessy W
Meerkov, Semyon M.


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Keywords: industrial sectors, knowledge management, Asia, model construction, innovation
Industry as the knowledge base: the way Asians integrate knowledge from academic, industrial, and public sectors
Knowledge Management (KM) has played a critical role in innovation and technology management-related fields over the past decades. Most KM studies investigate related issues from the perspectives of an organisational or firm-to-firm level. Many firms create and sustain their innovativeness and capability via their counterparts within and across the industry, and their KM activities occur at the industrial level. The members of the KM activities may include firms, research and academic institutes, governments, and even their competitors and clients. This study takes industry as the knowledge base and explores the content of Industry-based Knowledge Management (IKM) and how it is practiced in Asia. IKM is classified as four modes – knowledge clustering, enlarging, exchanging, and initiating. Some practical IKM cases in Japan, South Korea, China and Taiwan are reviewed to verify the model and to clarify the IKM contents of each mode. Suggestions and directions toward IKM practices and research for the future are given.


Why Do Guinea Pigs Squeal? Find Out Now!
Guinea pigs are very sociable animals, and because of this, they have evolved to produce a series of vocalizations they use to communicate with other individuals of their species.
Why Do Guinea Pigs Squeal? Find Out Now!
Last update: 30 December, 2020
Guinea pigs are called "Cuys" in some countries of South America. This name has an onomatopoeic origin and it refers to the vocalizations that these rodents emit regularly, in both domestic and wild environments. In this article, we pose the following question: Why do guinea pigs squeal? If you want the answer, we encourage you to read on.
Communication in the animal world is a fascinating evolutionary process, and, for this reason, various ethological researchers are trying to decipher the meaning of language in the different species in the animal kingdom.
About guinea pigs
Before entering fully into the world of guinea pig communication, we need to define the species in question. Surprising as it may seem, the guinea pig (Cavia porcellus) is a species of hybrid rodent belonging to the family Caviidae. These curious pets are the result of the crossing of diverse species of the Cavia genus, such as Cavia aparea or Cavia magna.
Some of the differential characteristics of these small mammals are the following:
 - They come from the Andean region of South America
 - They weigh about 2 lbs and live between five and eight years
 - Guinea pigs are herbivorous animals and require a continuous supply of fiber and vitamin C to enjoy good health
 - This species has different morphotypes, which differ by the color arrangement and nature of their coat.
 - They're affable, calm rodents, and live in social groups.
It's this last characteristic that gives us the first clue as to why guinea pigs squeal. If an animal lives in a society, it has to have some way of communicating with its relatives, right?
Three guinea pigs posing.
So, why do guinea pigs squeal?
As simple as the question may seem, several ethological studies have designed experimental models to discover the reason for these vocalizations. This task is certainly not a simple one. Besides the existence of variations at an individual level, the squeals seem to have a different meaning according to the age of the guinea pig.
The guinea pig is especially multifaceted since, according to this research, it's capable of emitting up to 11 different tonalities. Some of them respond to the following situations:
 - Guinea pigs (especially the youngest ones) emit more audible sounds when they are in a new environment. This coincides with cortisol level increases in their bodies, a stress-related hormone.
 - When separated from their mothers, the guinea pigs emit calls out of loneliness, which are accompanied by an increase in the animal's movements and general agitation. Once the little ones return to their parents, the mothers emit a series of purrs to calm their offspring.
However, not everything is linked to the relationship between mothers and their children, since many other vocalizations are related to other processes. Up next, we'll be mentioning some examples.
A sound for every situation
Several studies have researched when, how, and why different vocalizations occur in various situations. These are some of the results:
 - The chortle is the most common vocalization among guinea pigs. It seems to be present in all kinds of situations, whether they're social or not. The emission of these preliminary sounds is very present when two individuals meet and try to identify each other. In addition, these sounds are later substituted by other noises more appropriate to the situation.
 - The moaning sounds they make are produced, in general, when a situation causes discomfort in the animal. For example, when a non-receptive female is approached by a reproductive male.
 - The squeaking sound is produced when the guinea pig experiences some type of physical pain.
There are many more sounds and noises emitted by guinea pigs, but one idea is clear: guinea pigs squeal to communicate with each other. Each tone has a specific function, and, from an evolutionary point of view, it's much more effective to warn others of a negative interaction with a sound than with a physical activity that requires more energy.
A close-up of a brown guinea pig.
A matter of sociability
As we've seen, social animals such as guinea pigs have developed complex linguistic mechanisms to communicate different feelings and emotions. This is beneficial for all members of the group since they can detect danger more quickly and avoid unnecessary fights among themselves.
In the animal world, everything has a biological response. Therefore, if you have a guinea pig at home, we encourage you to try to understand in what situations and with what frequency it produces these noises. After all, it may be trying to convey a message, such as continuous stress or feeling of loneliness.
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 - Arch-Tirado, E., & Collado-Corona, M. A. (2002). Análisis de vocalizaciones en periodos de soledad en cobayos recién nacidos, como normo-oyentes y con sordera provocada. Cirugia y Cirujanos70(6), 442-448.
 - Cavia, wikipedia. Recogido a 28 de julio en _URL_
 - Verduzco-Mendoza, A., Alfaro-Rodríguez, A., & Arch-Tirado, E. (2012). Etología y bioacústica en ratas y cobayos. Revista Mexicana de Comunicación, Audiología, Otoneurología y Foniatría1(1), 7-12.
 - Berryman, J. C. (1976). Guinea‐pig vocalizations: Their structure, causation and function. Zeitschrift für Tierpsychologie41(1), 80-106.