text:
Search API Connector Documentation
Import Coinbase Data to Google Sheets
In this guide, we'll walk through how to pull cryptocurrency market data from the Coinbase Digital Currency API directly into Google Sheets, using the API Connector add-on for Sheets.
Coinbase doesn't provide that much data via these endpoints (other crypto APIs are generally better in that respect), but it is easy to use and useful for getting a comprehensive list of exchange rates in one go.
This article also includes a template to access private account data.
- Before You Begin
- Part 1: Create your API Request URL
- Part 2: Pull Coinbase API Data into Sheets
- Part 3: More Example Coinbase API URLs
- Part 4: Get Private Coinbase Account Data
- Part 5: API Documentation
Before You Begin
Click here to install the API Connector add-on from the Google Marketplace.
Part 1: Create Your Coinbase API Request URL
We'll first access the latest exchange rate data for Bitcoin.
- API root: _URL_
- Endpoint: /v2/exchange-rates
- Query String:?symbol=BTC
Putting it together, we get the full API Request URL:
Part 2: Pull Coinbase API Data into Sheets
Now let's get that data into Sheets.
- Open up Google Sheets and click Extensions > API Connector > Open.
- In the Create tab, enter the API URL we just created.
- Leave the OAuth and Headers sections empty. The market data part of the Coinbase API is public, so we don't need any headers or other authentication.
- Create a new tab, and click Set current to use that tab as your data destination.
- Name your request, and click Run. A moment later you'll see the latest exchange rate data for Bitcoin appear in your Google Sheet:
- If you'd like to see the data in columns instead of rows, create a second sheet and include the Sheets function
- If you only need some of those exchange rates, hit Edit Fields before running your request, and select just the fields you want to see in your sheet.
Part 3: More Example API URLs
Experiment with endpoints and query strings as described in the documentation to see other types of currency and crypto data from the API. For example, you can try the following URLs, one at a time (substitute in other currency symbols or dates, if you like).
- list of all currencies and corresponding symbols
- current spot price of any currency pair (the spot price is usually between the buy and sell price)
- historical price snapshot of currency pair at a specified date
Part 4: Get Private Coinbase Account Data
The above endpoints deal with public market data from the Coinbase API.
If you are instead a Coinbase customer looking to get API data from your own account, they require a more complex authentication process that includes generating a "signature".
To access your private account data, please copy this sheet and follow the instructions within.
Part 5: API Documentation
Official API documentation: _URL_


Is the eating of Horse meat Halal or not? I would like an answer with references to the Quran or Hadiths.
Salam. There are two views regarding eating meat of horse. I will try to write both below. But I will try to clear before that there is no order in Quran about the horse being halal or haram. So we will rely on Ahadith as:
 - Eating Horse is Halal:
This term is more accepted because it has some valid ahadith. It is stated in Bukhari as:
Narrated Jabir bin 'Abdullah: On the day of Khaibar, Allah's Messenger (SAW) forbade the eating of donkey meat and allowed the eating of horse meat. (Sahih al-Bukhari 4219)
Asma' reported: We slaughtered a horse and ate it during the lifetime of Allah's Messenger (SAW). (Sahih Muslim 1942 a)
Jabir b. 'Abdullah is reported to have said: We ate during the time of Khaibar the (flesh) of horses and of wild asses, but Allah's Messenger (SAW) prohibited us (to eat) the flesh of domestic asses. (Sahih Muslim 1941 b)
 - Eating Horse is Makrooh
According to Imam Abu Haneefa and his two companions eating horse is makrooh. As it is stated in below Hadith:
It was narrated that Khalid bin Walid said: "The Messenger of Allah (SAW) forbade the flesh of horses, mules and donkeys." (Sunnan Ibn-e-Maja Book 27, Hadith 3319)
But remember that the above Hadith is classified as Da'eef(weak) over there!
I tried to help you and if you have any other question ask in the comments.
 - 2
 _USER_ If you know some more references you can add. And by the way thank you! – Rehan Ullah Aug 8 '15 at 12:43
 - 2
 According to Imam Abu Haneefa and his two companions eating horse is makrooh. --- Can you provide any reference where this view of the Imams is mentioned? – ozbek Aug 8 '15 at 15:57
 - 2
 _USER_ A good approach but I have already stated that it is Daeef. If you are not a muslim you might not know about it. Daeef means doubtful hence it is not obeyed. Doubtful in means that the person who narrated it about the companion of Muhammad(Khalid bin Walid in this case) is not trustworthy! – Rehan Ullah Aug 8 '15 at 16:31
 - 1
 _USER_ Sorry for the most late reply. You cold have a look here pages.citebite.com/x4m5s6t7u0nss and here pages.citebite.com/n4l5h6s7g1uwr though it is common known fact and I can not refer you to an online fiqqah site as I know about none. – Rehan Ullah Aug 9 '15 at 3:49
 - 2
 _USER_ oh, thank you! However if he didn't trust that source, it would mean that he wouldn't trust that the prophet explicitly allowed eating horse, not that it also said that it was explicitly forbidden, right? – o0'. Aug 9 '15 at 8:42
Eating horse is makruh according to the Hanafi and Maliki madhab. Their evidence includes:
 - In the Quran 16:5-7, Allah mentions cattle and the various benefits that may be derived from them including their use in food.
 However horses are then mentioned separately and being food is omitted from their purpose, and if it was permitted to eat them then that would be a major benefit worthy of being noted:
 والخيل والبغال والحمير لتركبوها وزينة
 Quran 16:8
 - Horses are an instrument of Jihad which we are told to accumulate; slaughtering and consuming them is contrary to that.
 Quran 8:60
 - There is difference in the ahadith about whether it is permitted or forbidden, so the cautionary approach would be to refrain from it.
 أن رسول الله صلى الله عليه وسلم نهى عن أكل لحوم الخيل والبغال والحمير
 The Messenger of Allah ﷺ forbade eating the flesh of horses, mules and donkeys
 Nasai, Ibn Majah, Abu Dawud
It is permitted according to the Shafi and Hanbali madhab, their evidence includes these ahadith:
 - نحرنا فرسا على عهد رسول الله صلى الله عليه وسلم فأكلناه
 We slaughtered a horse and ate it during the lifetime of Allah's Messenger (ﷺ).
 Bukhari & Muslim
 - أن رسول الله صلى الله عليه وسلم نهى يوم خيبر عن لحوم الحمر الأهلية وأذن في لحوم الخيل
 Allah's Messenger (ﷺ) prohibited eating of the flesh of domestic asses on the Day of Khaibar, and permitted the cooking of the flesh of horses.
 Bukhari & Muslim
i have found proof using quran only, that horsemeat is halal.
quran, translation by "sahih international", 6:138:
you see, they say here about animals and crops.
6:141 answers to them about plants.
6:142 is about cattle, livestock animals:
6:143 is about sheep and goats. 6:144 is about camels and cows.
then 6:145 says:
counter-argument: predator animals except fish are haram, so this ayah does not work thus simply. answer: probably, this 6:145 ayah is only about cattle and livestock, thus, they are not included there at all. horses are of livestock, so must be mentioned there, if they were haram. and, this ayah is only about what is revealed. it might not be revealed about some things, haramness of which are already clearly known by humans. information about swine is revealed, because eating swine is doubtful for humans. predator animals except fish, for me, are not so much doubtful: they must be haram because they are not in place of food of humans in food chain, and, i think, they are naturally unattractive for humans as food. and also they are much rarer in nature and it would be expensive to grow them in farm, so, they are naturally not as important danger as swine.
 - 1
 What about donkeys? – UmH Mar 8 '19 at 5:33
Salamalleikum for all my dear brothers/As far as i know in some Muslim countries as Kazakhstan/Tatarstan large part of people there eat a horse meat/ It is tasty and healthy in case of dietology it is also concerned as a ;light; meat/ People in those countries normally prefer to drink a horse milk/ which is really unusual for taste/ Just come and visit Kazakhstan! You are welcome my brothers!
Holy Quran 16:115
إِنَّمَا حَرَّمَ عَلَيْكُمُ الْمَيْتَةَ وَالدَّمَ وَلَحْمَ الْخِنزِيرِ وَمَا أُهِلَّ لِغَيْرِ اللَّهِ بِهِ ۖ فَمَنِ اضْطُرَّ غَيْرَ بَاغٍ وَلَا عَادٍ فَإِنَّ اللَّهَ غَفُورٌ رَّحِيمٌ
Holy Quran 16:116
وَلَا تَقُولُوا لِمَا تَصِفُ أَلْسِنَتُكُمُ الْكَذِبَ هَٰذَا حَلَالٌ وَهَٰذَا حَرَامٌ لِّتَفْتَرُوا عَلَى اللَّهِ الْكَذِبَ ۚ إِنَّ الَّذِينَ يَفْتَرُونَ عَلَى اللَّهِ الْكَذِبَ لَا يُفْلِحُونَ
Holy Quran 16:117
مَتَاعٌ قَلِيلٌ وَلَهُمْ عَذَابٌ أَلِيمٌ
[It is but] a brief enjoyment, and they will have a painful punishment.
 - These qur'an quotes actually don't answer the given question as evidences don't speak for themselves. See How to Answer. – Medi1Saif Apr 15 '19 at 6:31
Your Answer


text:
Users may notice that phone numbers and email addresses are missing from the Raiser's Edge Mobile App when viewing a constituent record. When viewing the same constituent record in the database the phone numbers and email addresses are listed.
We are currently evaluating this issue and will update this article when we have more information
Steps to Duplicate
1. Log into the Raiser's Edge Mobile App 2. Select Menu (three horizontal lines) 3. Select Search 4. Enter Constituent Name 5. Click Search button on phone (Magnifying Glass) 6. Click on Constituent Name 7. No Phone Numbers or Email Address listed

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


text:
Field name: Your choice (default = "Source")
DC Element: Source
Dublin Core defines this element as "a reference to a resource from which the present resource is derived." For instance, Source could be the book or journal from which a scanned article was taken, or the name of the original collection or repository in which the scanned resource resides.
Examples of field names:
- Original Source
- Image Source
- Journal Citation
Examples of data:
- Museum of History and Industry (Seattle, Wash.)
- Industries and Occupations Collection
- Journal of American Reptiles, v. 53, no. 3 (Mar. 1989)
- Use a consistent style for citations to books or journals (MLA, APA, etc.)
- Use a consistent form for names (same name, same form). See controlled vocabularies.
Recommended controlled vocabulary:
For the names of organizations:
- Library of Congress/National Authority File (LCAF): List maintained by LC and other libraries. This is the largest file of names (over 4 million) and covers names from many different subject areas and disciplines. It is also the authority file used by the UW Libraries Catalog and all UW Libraries digital projects. You can find authorized forms of names in the Library of Congress Authorities by doing a Name Authority Heading search.
- Union List of Artist Names (ULAN): Vocabulary maintained by the Getty Research Institute. The ULAN "contains around 220,000 names and other information about artists. The coverage of the ULAN is from Antiquity to the present, and the scope is global. The scope of the ULAN includes any identified individual or "corporate body" (i.e., a group of people working together) involved in the design or creation of art and architecture."
For citations to books or journals:

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


Mixed Bump Dots
These Bump Dots allow a variety of uses from tactile marking of everyday items such as computer keyboards, telephone keypads, and multiple switches to adding feet to vases and ceramic pieces. In homes or offices with both blind and sighted people, use the clear dots so the view of keypad displays aren't obscured. For those with low vision, use black dots on a white background (and vice versa) or the fluorescent orange dots on patterned or darker backgrounds.
There are 8 different types of sizes and colors, 10 of each style for a total of 80 pieces in one package.


text:
Located adjacent to the Caves the Gardens were a gift from the Osawano Town Council. The Gardens present a unique opportunity for students to experience unique and unusual plants in a different environment.
The Wellington Osawano Japanese Gardens
Login to see extra information
Logins are provided once your trip is confirmed.
You will gain access to loads of valuable planning tools such as:
- AWGT Required Forms (Final Details, Special Requirements etc...)
- Risk Assessments for all major attractions, accommodations & transport methods
- Teachers Planning Checklists
- Sample Medical Forms, What to bring lists etc…
- Accommodation Information, Links, Maps & Photos
- Attraction Information, Links, Worksheets/Teacher Resources, Maps & Photos
- Plus much more!
Find out more information here.


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What is Terroir and What's it Doing in My Tea?
Ever wonder why the same type of tea from different areas of the same country have totally different cup characteristics? Wonder why the same type of teas from different countries differ radically in appearance? The simple answer is the tea's terroir. (Sounds like "tare WAHr".) However, the concept of terroir is a little more complicated. In fact, there are entire books dedicated to just this one subject matter alone!
If you are a wine lover, you have most likely come across this term. French winemakers originally developed the concept of terroir, which became the basis for the French wine appellation d'origine controlee (AOC) system. This is the model for wine appellation and regulation in France, which then spread around the world.
Today, terroir is used in many food and beverage artisanal industries and each has varying definitions of how they define the term _TAG_. Even wine experts cannot completely agree on its definition.
Tea terroir refers to climate, soil, altitude, and latitude.
Luckily, the majority of tea professionals can agree that terroir refers to climate, soil, altitude, and latitude. Other factors that have an effect on terroir, to a lesser degree, include cultivation method, plant material (varietal or cultivar), growing season, type of plucking, and historical practices.
Climate is critical to the development of flavor, aroma, and survival of the plant. Tea grows best in tropical or subtropical regions, which provides the plant with the water, humidity, sunlight and temperature it needs. Tea plants do not typically thrive in environments that are too hot or too cold. However, climates that are too constant will develop simple cup characteristics. The tea plant requires some climate stress so that its internal defenses kick in, called secondary metabolites. These secondary metabolites help develop complex and unique flavors and aromas. Darjeeling Tea is a great example of tea with complexities due to climate stress.
Soil quality is important to ensure that the plant gets the nutrients it needs to grow and thrive. Though we often refer to the tea plant as a bush, when left to grow in the wild, it can grow more like a tree - to over 30 feet tall. The root system of a cultivated tea bush is about six feet deep, so it needs soil that is loose without limestone or clay. The tea bush does well in many different soil types, as long as the soil is acidic with a pH between 4.5 to 5.5. This allows for those nutrients to be absorbed more easily. The soil must have good moisture but not retain too much water or the plant will drown. This is why we often see tea estates or gardens planted on hillsides. Minerals are also critical to the tea's internal functions, making a big impact on the tea taste. Yunnan teas are prized for their mineral cup character, which is due to the soil's high mineral content.
Altitude plays a key role in the development of essential oils, which are responsible for a tea's aromatics. High altitude stress on the plant kicks in those secondary metabolites and encourages development of exquisite aromas. At this altitude, the tea growth is slowed and the essential oils are allowed to concentrate. Stressors such as UV radiation from the sun, warm days, cold nights, mist, and lack of oxygen, all play roles in the development of these aromatics. Taiwanese Oolongs that are grown above 5,000 feet are a perfect example.
Latitude is one of the factors that denotes the number of flushes the tea plant will have for harvesting. At latitudes closer to the equator, tea can be harvested all year long. Sri Lanka, for example, at a latitude of eight degrees north, produces a new flush about every 80 days. However, travel north or south more than fifteen degrees and the tea can go dormant over the winter months. During this time, when nights are longer and temperatures are cooler, the tea becomes stressed. The first flush harvested after this dormant cycle, produces some of the most expensive teas.
Other factors that have an impact are due to human interaction with the processing of the plant material. Cultivation methods having an impact on the tea include:
· Japanese steamed green teas versus Chinese pan-fired green teas
· Orthodox processing versus CTC processing
· Machine plucking versus hand plucking
· Withering method
· The entire oolong processing method
· Plucking standard
· Firing method
Consider the terroir of your favorite teas as you sip - smell the aroma and taste the flavor.
Understanding the terroir of your favorite tea gives you insight into the type of teas you enjoy, and makes it easier for you to seek new teas to try with a better rate of success.
Consider the terroir of your favorite teas as you sip - smell the aroma and taste the flavor. Remember, tea is an agricultural product and sometimes variations from crop-to-crop cannot be helped. Certain characteristics that are prominent one year, maybe more reserved in other years. Your favorite tea companies use educated tea tasters with decades of experience, seeking consistency in their teas.
After a specific _TAG_ profile or flavor blend for your business? The _TAG_ at Hula Consulting can help with your flavor matching and ingredient sourcing. Email to _EMAIL_ or call _PHONE_ today to get started.


Definitions for Ministryˈmɪn ə stri
This page provides all possible meanings and translations of the word Ministry
Princeton's WordNet
 1. ministry(noun)
 religious ministers collectively (especially Presbyterian)
 2. ministry(noun)
 building where the business of a government department is transacted
 3. ministry(noun)
 a government department under the direction of a minister
 4. ministry(noun)
 the work of a minister of religion
 "he is studying for the ministry"
 1. ministry(Noun)
 Government department, at the administrative level normally headed by a minister (or equivalent rank, e.g. secretary of state), who holds it as portfolio, especially in a constitutional monarchy
 She works for the ministry of finance.
 2. ministry(Noun)
 The complete body of government ministers (whether or not they are in cabinet) under the leadership of a head of government (such as a prime minister)
 The premier offered his last ministry's resignation to the monarch, and is asked the form a new one in accordance with the election results
 3. ministry(Noun)
 A ministration
 4. ministry(Noun)
 The active practice and education of the minister of a particular religion or faith.
Webster Dictionary
 1. Ministry(noun)
 the act of ministering; ministration; service
 2. Ministry(noun)
 agency; instrumentality
 3. Ministry(noun)
 the office, duties, or functions of a minister, servant, or agent; ecclesiastical, executive, or ambassadorial function or profession
 4. Ministry(noun)
 the body of ministers of state; also, the clergy, as a body
 5. Ministry(noun)
 administration; rule; term in power; as, the ministry of Pitt
 6. Origin: [L. ministerium. See Minister, n., and cf. Mystery a trade.]
 1. Ministry
 Ministry is an American industrial metal band founded by lead singer Al Jourgensen in 1981. Originally a new wave - synthpop outfit, Ministry changed its style to industrial metal in the late 1980s. Ministry found mainstream success in the early 1990s with its most successful album Psalm 69: The Way to Succeed and the Way to Suck Eggs and touring as part of the Lollapalooza festival. After 27 years of performing, Jourgensen decided to end the band in 2008, and since then stated that a reunion would never happen. However, on August 7, 2011, a reunion was announced, when Ministry confirmed that they will play one of their first shows in 4 years at the Wacken Open Air festival in August 2012. Ministry released a new album, titled Relapse, on March 23, 2012, which was followed by a world tour.
British National Corpus
 1. Spoken Corpus Frequency
 Rank popularity for the word 'Ministry' in Spoken Corpus Frequency: #2063
 2. Written Corpus Frequency
 Rank popularity for the word 'Ministry' in Written Corpus Frequency: #3518
 3. Nouns Frequency
 Rank popularity for the word 'Ministry' in Nouns Frequency: #845
Translations for Ministry
From our Multilingual Translation Dictionary
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text:
Capital allowances is a tax relief that allows businesses to offset the cost of certain expenditure against its taxable profits. It has been eroded by previous governments offering little scope for residential investors.
But the boom in domestic holidays in 2020 predicted to continue into 2021 has seen a renewed interest in furnished holiday lets. Property investors, and sometimes their advisers, often wrongly assume capital allowances are not available in respect of such properties due to them often being managed much like normal residential dwellings.
The capital allowances regime has the potential to offer investors in holiday lets considerable tax savings but certain criteria must be met to qualify.
Firstly, a property must qualify as a furnished holiday let. This means that it must be furnished for occupation, and meet the following three qualifying tests during a 12-month period or a tax year:
- The availability condition (availability test/threshold) – during the tax year the accommodation was available for commercial letting as holiday accommodation to the public for at least 210 days.
- The letting condition (occupancy test/threshold) – during the tax year the accommodation was commercially let as holiday accommodation to the public for at least 105 days.
- The pattern of occupation condition – the accommodation was not let for periods of longer-term occupation for more than 155 days during the year. Longer term occupation is letting that exceeds 31 days.


matches any Unicode character that represents a letter (lower case, upper case, modified or unmodified).
If you have to stick with JavaScript and cannot use the library suggested by Tim Down, the only options are probably either blacklisting or whitelisting. But your bounty mentions that blacklisting is not actually an option in your case. So you will probably simply have to include the special characters from your relevant language manually. So you could simply do this:
var desired = stringToReplace.replace(/[^\w\sñáóí]/gi, '');
Or use their corresponding Unicode sequences:
var desired = stringToReplace.replace(/[^\w\s\u00F1\u00C1\u00F3\u00ED]/gi, '');
Then simply add all the ones you want to take care of. Note that the case-insensitive modifier also works with Unicode sequences.
share|improve this answer
Your Answer


Speed Control Policy
Traffic conditions on residential streets can greatly affect the liability of neighbourhoods. When streets are safe and pleasant, quality of life is enhanced. Neighbourhood residents are concerned with a variety of issues such as traffic volumes, vehicle speeds and the safety of pedestrians, cyclists and motorists. To help alleviate residents concerns, the City of Niagara Falls initiated neighbourhood traffic management programs.
Neighbourhood traffic calming measures are implemented to resolve traffic and safety problems on residential streets. Neighbourhood traffic calming involves altering motorist behaviour on a single street or on a portion of a street network. Is is the combination of mainly physical measures that reduce the negative effects of motor vehicle use, alter driver behaviour and improve conditions for non-motorized street users.
Effective speed control measures include primarily the use of speed humps with the use of traffic circles in some situations. Speed control measures not only reduce vehicular speeds but they can also elp discourage non-local traffic from travelling through a neighbourhood. Based on the City's past experience, all-way stops on their own are generally not effective for speed control.
For speed control devices to be considered, at least 51% of the residents on the street must be in favour of speed control devices, in addition to a speeding problem being identified. A speeding problem is noted when the operating speed is 10 km/h or more above the speed limit (i.e. 61 km/h or more in a 50 km/h zone) on a residential collector or local street, or when the operating speed is between 1 km/h and 10 km/h over the speed limit (i.e. 53 km/h in a 50 km/h zone) when there is at least one pedestrian generator (school, park, retirement home, etc.) abutting the residential collector or local street.
If you feel that your street is a good candidate for speed control measures, please submit a correspondence to the City's Transportation Services Department. Once received, the City will scheduled technical studies to determine if there is a speeding problem on your street. If so, the project will continue with a questionnaire to all affected property owners, inviting their opinion for speed control devices on the street.


Democratic People's Republic of Korea (North Korea): Conditions of detention
بقلم Amnesty International,, رقم الوثيقة: ASA 24/003/1999
Amnesty International is concerned at recent reports of the severe deterioration of conditions in detention centres in North Korea. Some of these detention centres do not hold prisoners but are used to detain homeless people and internal economic migrants. There is concern that people held there are being given little or no food and are dying as a result of starvation and disease.
استعرض التقرير بـ English


text:
State Capacity: What Is It and Why Is It Needed?
Reflecting on the recent past, two simultaneous forces are in play pertaining to capacities of governments – on the one hand, governments are expected to respond swiftly and effectively to risks and uncertainties; and on the other hand, there is a general increase in the expectations that citizens have from their governments in terms of breadth and depth of capacities. Governments are expected to handle issues related to governance of emerging technologies just as capably as issues related to social welfare. These dynamics require a systematic understanding of state capacity both at the conceptual and practical level.
The overarching motivating question is: State capacity for what? Sub-questions pertain to:
These questions and sub-questions are not meant to be comprehensive, and we welcome submissions on a wide variety of important current and emerging public policy and public management issues that may not be directly aligned with the theme of state capacity.
The IPPN Annual Conference 2022 aims to bring together scholars and practitioners not only from India but also from across the world through high-quality academic research and policy case studies.


Copyright © University of Cambridge. All rights reserved.
'Chocolate Maths' printed from
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This is cool chocolate maths!!!
bar of chocolate.
 3. Add 5 (for Sunday).
 4. Multiply it by 50.
 5. Add 1750.
 7. Now subtract the four digit year that you were born (if you remember).
You should now have a three digit number. The first digit will be your original number (i.e. how many times you eat chocolate each week). The next two digits give your age. Can you explain why it works?


text:
How To Tie Shoelaces For Converse
Since Converse are such a unique brand of shoes, you have probably wondered how to tie shoelaces for Converse. The truth is, tying shoelaces for Converse is the same as any other shoes, and can be mastered fairly quickly.
To tie shoelaces for Converse, you will need:
- A pair of Converse
- Put on both pairs of shoes and make sure that they are laced correctly. The shoelaces should run through all of the holes on the side of the Converse, and an equal length of shoelace should stick out on the right and left side of the first pair of holes.
- Now, tighten the shoe by pulling on the shoelaces on the left and right side of the shoes. This will make sure that the shoes fit you well when the shoelaces are tied.
- Cross the left and right lace by pulling the left string under the right string. This will create an "X" shape.
- Hold the left lace (which was originally the right lace) and form a loop, holding it in place between the index finger and thumb of your left hand. Do the same for the right lace, holding it in place with your right hand. Cross both loops by putting the right loop over the left loop.
- Tie both loops into a knot, like you did in step three. Take care to ensure that the loops don't accidentally open up. If they do, simply repeat step four.
- Pull tightly and your shoelaces are now tied. To untie the shoes, simply pull on the laces.


text:
Just a Usual Day at Unusual School (MegaMath)
Library Home || Full Table of Contents || Suggest a Link || Library Help
|Nancy Casey; Los Alamos National Laboratory|
|Students perform a play that takes place in a school where some of the students always lie and the rest always tell the truth. Terry, the protagonist, is trying to find out which students are which, but at the beginning, there is no way of knowing whom to believe. Can you figure out whom to believe in this play? With accompanying lesson plan and discussion questions.|
|Levels:||Elementary, Middle School (6-8), High School (9-12)|
|Resource Types:||Lesson Plans and Activities, Problems/Puzzles|
|Math Ed Topics:||Curriculum/Materials Development|
© _PHONE_ Drexel University. All rights reserved.
The Math Forum is a research and educational enterprise of the Drexel University School of Education.


text:
Try this :
Remove the top-left corner and the bottom-right corner of a chessboard (thus remain 62 cases).
You have a set of double 9 dominoes. Pick up 31 of these dominoes. How many ways are there to fill in the chessboard with these 31 dominoes? This only includes the position of the dominoes, not the way they're placed (that means if you have 1-9, it matters that it's in A-6 and A-7, but it doesn't matter whether the 1 is on A-6 or A-7).


text:
Program Outcomes of Surveying and Geomatics Engineering
Program outcomes focus on those abilities that are measurable at the successful end of a student's academic program in surveying and geomatics engineering at this department. Performance skills, abilities, and special importance are given throughout the 4-year undergraduate program in order to prepare students to be successful engineers and to meet the department's program outcomes,
- Graduates have the proficiency in and the ability to apply the principles of engineering knowledge, mathematics, and science in the analysis of surveying and geomatics engineering and related fields.
- Graduates have the ability to acquire in-depth technical ability in surveying and geomatics engineering
- Graduates have the ability to identify and solve surveying and geomatics engineering problems
- Graduates have the ability to design systems, components or processes to meet the needs and demands of the profession
- Graduates have the ability to function effectively both as individuals and in a group in the capacity of a leader or a team member
- Graduates have the ability to consider social, economic, technological, and environmental aspects to solve problems professionally and logically
- Graduates have the ability to communicate effectively in carrying and spreading widely the knowledge.
- Graduates have the ability to use the techniques, skills and appropriate engineering methods and tools necessary for supportable development
- Graduates can demonstrate an awareness of the need to stay side by side with the latest knowledge and understand present issues in surveying and geomatics engineering
- Graduates have the potential to continue the professional development and advancement through life-long learning.


text:
Each year, Filmmaker asks the Sundance Film Festival feature directors a question about their filmmaking process. We then compile any and all of the directors' feedback and bring it to our readers courtesy of our "Sundance Responses."
This year we asked:
Attention, our audience's and our own — it's a valued commodity these days. We struggle to command our audience's attention, for them to discover our work and then, once they've discovered it, to actually focus on it. Meanwhile, we struggle to focus our own attention, to fight our society's weapons of mass distraction so we can not just see our work to completion but fully discover the meanings within it. What role does attention play in your work? Can you discuss an instance where you thought about some aspect of attention when it came to your film?
We'll upload the responses individually, the day of each film's premiere. So, as the festival progresses, click the links below. The Sundance Film Festival is being held in Park City, Utah from January 16th to the 26th.


Fish kills and die offs
Dead fish laying on the beach of a Minnesota lakeAs many as 500 fish die-offs can happen each year in Minnesota, most of them from natural causes. If you see one, report it. Early reports allow timely water samples and other investigative responses to be taken if needed.
Most fish diseases and infection issues found in nature tend to be concentrated in fish of a specific species and size range. In contrast, when a die-off includes fish of vastly different sizes and multiple species, human activity is a more likely cause.
To report a fish kill
Call the state duty officer at 651‐649‐5451 or 800‐422‐0798 to report fish die-offs. The duty officer provides a single point of contact for the incident and is available 24 hours a day seven days a week. Try to describe the fish types and sizes affected by the kill.
Spring & summer
Groupings of dead fish usually are the result of a common bacterial infection referred to as columnaris. Columnaris tends to affect fish as water temperatures warm and fish are stressed from the energy they spent on spawning. Columnaris infections can kill sunfish, crappies and bullheads, and occasionally, largemouth bass and northern pike.
Ice out
The retreat of lake and stream ice can sometimes leaves behind dead fish, commonly referred to as winterkill.
When snow and ice cover a lake, they limit the sunlight reaching aquatic plants. The plants cut back on the amount of oxygen they produce. If vegetation dies from lack of sunlight, the plants start to decompose, which uses oxygen dissolved in the water. If oxygen depletion becomes severe enough, fish die.
Winterkill potential is worse in winters with abundant or early snowfall. Lower autumn water levels increase the probability and severity of winterkill. Early ice-on and late ice-out dates also increase the winterkill potential. Wetlands and shallow, soft-bottom lakes are more winterkill-prone than deeper, hard-bottomed lakes.
Other causes
Human causes of fish kills can include water discharged at high temperatures; toxic chemicals discharged or spilled; pesticides and fertilizers; manure runoff; and low oxygen levels in a lake resulting from storm water that runs off urban or rural landscapes. Multiple causes often contribute to fish deaths.
General questions about fish kills? Call the closest area fisheries office.


text:
CEDAR CREEK, TX (DELTA COUNTY)
CEDAR CREEK, TEXAS (Delta County). Cedar Creek was two miles southeast of Cooper, just south of the site of present City Lake, in southern Delta County. Settlement of the area began in the 1840s and 1850s. Early families included the Dawsons and Wrights, and residents established a settlement called Daisy Mission. The name was changed to Cedar Creek, named for the forests in the area and for a local creek. The settlers soon organized Cedar Creek School in a log house and by 1867 had established the Cedar Creek School District. In 1905 the school district enrolled forty-seven students and employed one teacher. Local residents organized the Cedar Creek Church in 1929; it met in the school, and T. M. McClain was the first pastor. The congregation sent a messenger to the Delta County Baptist Association meeting in 1931; however, the church was usually without a pastor. In 1949 Cooper Independent School District absorbed the local school, and the church closed soon after. The little community had disappeared from maps by 1964, and only Dawson Cemetery, near the old site, was identified on maps in 1984. The site of Cedar Creek was inundated with the completion of Cooper Lake in 1991. Dawson Cemetery was moved to a new site on Farm Road 1529. The old cemetery site was located within the boundaries of the Doctors Creek Unit of Cooper Lake State Park.
Paul Garland Hervey, A History of Education in Delta County, Texas (M.A. thesis, University of Texas, 1951). Laurie E. Jasinski, "The Hunt, the Harvest, and the Hoedown: A History of Cooper Lake State Park" (unpublished report, Texas Parks and Wildlife Department, Cultural Resources Program, Austin, 2004). Wilma Ross and Billie Phillips, Photos and Tales of Delta County (1976).
The following, adapted from the Chicago Manual of Style, 15th edition, is the preferred citation for this article.Vista K. McCroskey, "CEDAR CREEK, TX (DELTA COUNTY)," Handbook of Texas Online (_URL_ accessed June 19, 2013. Published by the Texas State Historical Association.


Bob Bickler
How many times can I reuse my flash chromatography column?
November 21, 2019 at 3:40 PM / by Bob Bickler
Flash chromatography – a purification tool for both organic chemists and natural product researchers. This tool is essential when you need to remove impurities from your targeted product, or products, in order to get them pure. To reduce the costs associated with flash chromatography, some chemists try reusing the same column over and over, not always with success.
A question I am frequently asked is "how many times can I reuse my flash column?" Although I have previously addressed this topic, I feel it is worth another look. In this post, I will attempt to address this question by providing a bit more science behind the cartridge reuse question.
Column reuse is an issue of both economics and chemistry. With reversed-phase chromatography, column reuse is a given. Why, because the hydrophobic stationary phase is washable with organic solvents to remove highly retained contaminants and the columns can be stored in acetonitrile or methanol for long time periods. Though reversed-phase columns cost more than silica columns, their reusability soon pays for the cost difference.
But, what about reusing normal-phase flash columns? Well, normal-phase flash chromatography does pose some reuse challenges. Unlike reversed-phase columns, which come to you "deactivated", normal-phase columns packed with dry silica are "active".
So, what does active mean? Well, as you know, silica is a drying agent as well as a chromatography sorbent. Its active nature allows it to adsorb water, among other solvents.
Have you ever noticed how warm a new, dry silica column gets when solvent is introduced? This phenomena is the heat of adsorption and as more solvent is pumped through the column the heat dissipates as the silica becomes "deactivated".
However, solvent chemistry plays a role with the amount of deactivation taking place. Hydrocarbons such as hexane or heptane are very non-polar a do not generate nearly as much heat or deactivation as, say, ethyl acetate or an alcohol. Much of this stationary phase wetting exotherm has to do with solvent polarity, as you can imagine – and that is where the problems regarding reuse start.
The more polar the organic solvent, the more deactivated the silica becomes and the less likely it is to provide the same quality separation as previously achieved. As an example, I used two different brands of silica columns three consecutive times running a hexane-ethyl acetate gradient with a 5-component sample, Figure 1. The results show decreasing compound retention of the three most polar compounds along with decreased separation with each consecutive run with both brands. Brand R actually degraded enough by the third run that the third and fourth peaks co-elute!
Figure 1. When polar solvents are used in gradients with silica columns the silica becomes deactivated. Even with flushing with a weaker solvent silica activity cannot be restored resulting in continually decreased compound retention and separation.
Once silica deactivates, it is virtually impossible to reactivate it. No amount of washing with hexane or other solvent will remove the adsorbed polar solvent, regardless of its concentration.
Are there exceptions? Of course, including running isocratic methods and using solvents with low polarity, such as dichloromethane. Under these conditions it may be possible to re-use your silica column.
So, the answer to the original question - how many times can I reuse my flash column depends on the type of stationary phase and the solvents used. For practical purposes, to avoid potentially adding contaminants to subsequent normal-phase purification, use the silica column only once - its just good science.
For more information on flash chromatography tips and tricks, please download our white paper - Successful Flash Chromatography.
Read The White Paper
Topics: Chromatography Fundamentals, Sfär, Cost, Normal Phase
Bob Bickler
Written by Bob Bickler


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A Sculptural Narrative of the Heroic Bravery of the People of Naga City
"ORAGON" is a two-part visual display that captures the heroism of Naguenos by portraying two forms of bravery, with a central tapestry dividing the two juxtaposed narratives. Crafted by artist Jose Barcena, Jr., grandson of Federico Barcena who carved the monument to the 15 Bicol Martyrs at Plaza Quince Martires, it was commissioned by the City Government of Naga under the leadership of Mayor Jesse Robredo.
"BRAVERY IN PEACE" depicts Naga's native ruler and warrior in full battle regalia, standing valiantly to face rather than run away from Spanish forces, a powerful reminder that Naguenos are gifted with courage and strength to face any challenge in life. Beside him sits Babaylan, a priestess signifying the esteemed position of women. A native boy symbolizes simplicity and trust in himself. The adolescent boy, pointing to the ruler, portrays reverence and obedience to their leaders.
Facing them is the Spanish conquistador Capt. Juan de Salcedo who brings with him two instruments of colonization: the use of force symbolized by the Spanish soldier, and the evangelization of Catholic faith by the Spanish missionary. The ancient Naguenos welcomed the latter and resisted the former, a testimony to their wisdom and capacity to withstand threats and welcome goodness.
"BRAVERY IN TIMES OF WAR" portrays the Naguenos indomitable courage to fight freedom, exemplified by figures of two prominent revolutionaries: Corporals Elias Angeles and Felix Plazo. On the third night of the Penafrancia triduum on September 18, 1898, they mounted a surprise attack on the Spanish government, forcing the governor and the Castillian community to seek refuge in Church premises and eventually capitulate to the triumphant native forces the next day.
"BRAVERY IN LIFE" is depicted by a tapestry at the center of the monument: a powerful symbol of the Naguenos courage to measure all experiences - good or bad, happy or sad, up or down - and see them as singular reality called life. It is also an invitation to realize that in spite of diversity, they remain united as one because of shared history and common vision.
The ORAGON was unveiled on the 18th day of June, 2010 during the 62nd Charter Day celebration of Naga City.
To have a virtual tour of amazing places around the world, please click here.


text:
-A very good cast for consistent anchor placement.
-It can be very useful to raise a sink tip to the surface.
-Can be used to good effect when making a variety of angle changes.
|Start with the line downstream and rod tip toward the water.|
|Lift the rod tip up and draw a "C"|
|The Anchor will land consistently in the right spot. This shows how safe the rod tip is compared to a Snap T|
|Come right back to where you started, rod tip facing downstream.|
|Sweep around just like a single spey cast.|
|Then let it fly.|


Gas Turbine Alternator RTDs Meaning and Explanation
Hello everyone,
We are in operation of 19.6 MW GE make gas turbine (Mark Vie control system) with Brush make alternators. There are nine RTDs installed for alternator i.e. :
1. Stator coupling end : 3 nos, (DTGSF1, DTGSF2, DTGSF3)
2. Stator collector end : 3 nos : (DTGSA4, DTGSA5, DTGSA6)
3. Cold gas TE : 1 no ( DTGGC10)
4. Hot air TE & CE: 2 nos (DTGGH18. DTGGH19)
Can anyone explain what are meaning of the tags, its functions and its importance?
Thanks and regards
>1. Stator coupling end : 3 nos, (DTGSF1, DTGSF2, DTGSF3)
DTGSF1 Detector, Temperature-Generator Stator Forward #1
DTGSF1 Detector, Temperature-Generator Stator Forward #2
DTGSF1 Detector, Temperature-Generator Stator Forward #3
There are three RTDs, embedded in the generator stator at the "forward" end of the generator (also referred to as the turbine end, or the drive end, or the driven end), usually one RTD in each phase (of the 3-phase generator)
>2. Stator collector end : 3 nos : (DTGSA4, DTGSA5, DTGSA6)
Detector, Temperature-Generator Stator Aft #4
Detector, Temperature-Generator Stator Aft #5
Detector, Temperature-Generator Stator Aft #6
There are also usually three RTDs, embedded in the generator stator at the "aft" end of the generator (also referred to as the collector end, the non-drive end, the non-driven end), usually one RTD in each phase (of the 3-phase generator); I have always presumed DTGSA4 is measuring the temperature of the same phase as DTGSF1, and DTGSA5 is measuring the same temperature as DTGSF2, and so on
>3. Cold gas TE : 1 no ( DTGGC10)
DTGGC10 Detector, Temperature-Generator Gas Cold #10
This RTD measures the temperature of the cold "gas" (air in an air-cooled generator; hydrogen in a hydrogen-cooled generator--the cooling "gas")
>4. Hot air TE & CE: 2 nos (DTGGH18. DTGGH19)
DTGGH18 Detector, Temperature-Generator Gas Hot #18
DTGGH19 Detector, Temperature-Generator Gas Hot #19
There is usually an RTD at each "exit" of the air cooling the generator, one at the turbine end (the "forward" end) and one at the collector end (the "aft" end)
Should a high temperature develop in the generator stator (turbine end or collector end), the embedded RTDs could help in detecting the high temperature. Again, as was mentioned in another thread--operators should always be "trending" readings like these, because if they rise, and the rate of rise, can be an indication of a problem--possibly a serious problem if the rate of temperature rise is very quick.
By monitoring the temperature of the air entering and leaving the generator one can also gauge the effectiveness of the cooling of the generator. Again--trending these temperatures is key to spotting a problem BEFORE it becomes a serious problem.
Hope this helps!
Hello CSA...
Yes this will help. recently the RTD DTGSA-4 was increasing gradually till 96 deg C (normal 70-74 deg C) and operator raised alarm. While troubleshooting b instrument engineer, the GT got somehow tripped. Later we came to know its trip setting is 120 deg C.
Now I have a query.... will it really require to set the particular temp at collector end to be set at 120 Deg C. I think it is not.
But anyway thank you CSA sir for the explanation and help
Would it surprise you to know that most generators supplied with a unit packaged by GE don't have trips configured for the generator RTDs? Alarms, yes; but trips, no.
GE's philosophy as a packager is that an alarm should alert a conscious operator to a problem--which might be or become a serious problem--and the operator can raise the issue with the operations supervisor or other plant personnel to decide what corrective action to take.
This is a good philosophy--because when the turbine control system is configured to alarm AND trip for just about every possible condition then the unit becomes unreliable. In the case you are describing if only one stator RTD is indicating a problem the plant personnel should be able to decide how to handle the situation. In your case, it seems the I&C technician was troubleshooting the issue without understanding how the Mark VIe handles RTDs and what can happen when an RTD is disconnected or the wiring is otherwise "disturbed"--and probably was also unaware that a single out-of-range RTD signal (high in this case) would also result in a turbine trip (if the scenario you described is actually what happened--a LOT of times trips are incorrectly attributed to something OTHER than what really tripped the turbine by people who should know better, but don't--the Trip History and the Alarm Display have the required information to be able to say precisely what tripped the turbine!). And, so, if what you say happened actually happened, this is another case of making the unit unreliable by trying to make it trip for any and all conditions and taking the ability of operators and their supervisors to make appropriate decisions.
Now, if the unit was not configured/programmed to trip on a single high stator temperature and the tech caused an out-of-range signal which would have resulted in a trip had it been configured/programmed to trip on a high-high value then all that would have happened is that the signal would have been out of range and the unit would have continued to run (which is probably what the tech thought would happen because it appears he didn't check to see if the unit would trip on a high value--which should have been done).
So, trying to use the automated turbine control system to protect the unit in just about any or every case can actually have undesired results. And, guess what gets the blame? The Mark* turbine control system! Because it tripped the turbine! And, someone thinks--now--the turbine should not trip on a single high-high generator stator temperature (real or caused by an instrument tech). BUT, when the unit was built and ordered someone in the organization that was purchasing the unit decided the unit SHOULD trip on high-high generator stator temperatures, and so it was configured/programmed that way. And that person is probably long gone and no longer associated with the unit, and now someone (you, included) doesn't believe the unit should trip on a single high-high generator stator temperature reading.
Can you see what the issue here is? It's trying to substitute machine intelligence (that of the Mark* turbine control) for operator and operator supervisor intelligence. And, more and more sites are thinking this way, and this is leading to more and more turbine trips and blame being incorrectly attributed to the Mark*. Because owners and managers don't want to pay operators and technicians to be properly trained and want to let the hero turbine control system make all the decisions about whether or not to trip the turbine to protect it from inexperienced operators and technicians.
Yes; it happens everywhere around the world. Not so much in Europe, but pretty much just about everywhere else. Cut training budgets; pay operators and technicians less; and let the hero turbine control system make all of these decisions instead of trained, experienced operators, technicians and their supervisors. (Most operations supervisors get promoted to that position from a job as an operator. And, if they didn't get much, if any, training as an operator how does that make them a good supervisor? Learning by mistake is not the best way to learn how to run a turbine-generator or a power plant.)
As for the trip value of a reading--120 deg C is about 250 deg F. And, that's a fairly high temperature for a normal, air-cooled generator being operated properly (with a good supply of clean, dry cooling air, an unobstructed air way, a clean generator stator and clean generator cooling fan blades).
Here's the deal: It's not uncommon for embedded generator stator RTDs to fail over time. And it's made worse when generators are operated at high stator temperatures for long periods of time. Now, sometimes, it's just the wiring that gets damaged, but sometimes it's the stator insulation. And, it's very difficult to replace most embedded generator stator RTDs. So, they just get left "open" circuited in most cases. I'm NOT saying that has happened or was happening at your site (you didn't tell us what the results of the tech's checks were, which should have been completed after the turbine tripped and before it was re-started). I'm just saying this is not an uncommon occurrence for many generators around the world.
Finally, RTD wiring is very confusing to most people. VERY confusing. It's actually very simple, but it can appear very complicated. And, the Mark* turbine controls will react differently when one wire is removed as opposed to another (most Mark* RTD inputs require three wires, not just two). (And, that's not documented in


text:
Background: Recreational drug toxicity is a common reason for presentation to the Emergency Department. Knowledge of recreational drug names is important to allow targeted assessment of patients presenting with recreational drug toxicity. Aims: To assess final year medical student knowledge of proper and street names for recreational drugs. Design: Questionnaire survey of final year medical students attending a revision lecture. Methods: There were two questionnaires used in this study. The first contained either proper names of recreational drugs or names sounding similar to recreational drugs or licensed pharmaceutical products; students were asked to identify which of these were recreational drugs. The second contained street names of recreational drugs and the students were asked to identify which recreational drug the street name referred to. Results: One hundred and thirty-five students completed the questionnaire 1. The mean total score (±SD) of correct answers was 7.15±2.26 (range 2–13) out of a maximum of 15. One hundred and fifteen students completed questionnaire 2. The mean total score (±SD) of correctly identified street names was 11.0±2.6 (range 0–17) out of a maximum of 24. No individual student was able to correctly identify all the street names for the recreational drugs listed in the survey. Conclusions: We have shown that final year medical students have variable knowledge of both the proper and street names of recreational drugs. There is a need for improved education of medical students in the names of recreational drugs and the sources of information available to assist them in identifying what drugs an individual has taken.
QJM: An International Journal of Medicine Vol. 101, Issue 12, p. 979-982


Best scare pranks Pictures
Scare pranks are pretty much self-explanatory. To break it down: A practical joke is a mischievous trick played on a person. Prank is a slang word for a practical joke. Scare pranks are practical jokes meant to frighten an individual, like in the "Girl Shrieks Over Bathroom Prank" video below. See More »
More Info About Scare Pranks
People pull scare pranks because the victim's reaction is usually hilarious. Scare prank videos are commonly popular among young, internet-savvy users. Usually the prank victim will either cry, get angry or be relieved that it was just a joke. Scare pranks are are almost always carried out by friends perpetrating their trickery on unsuspecting friends (such as two of the featured videos below), but they are occasionally played on unsuspecting strangers to varying degrees of success.
It takes a certain type of person to pull of a successful scare prank.
 1. No mercy. Once you decide to prank someone, there's no backing down.
 2. Poker face. You have to keep a straight face; otherwise your prank victim will know something is going on.
 3. Premeditation. Scare pranking requires some planning ahead, and of course planting a camera in the room.
 4. You might be a jerk.You're probably someone who does not feel bad making someone cry or scaring the bejesus out of them.
It takes a certain type of humor to enjoy scare pranks; not everyone finds them funny, especially the victims. But if you absolutely have to pull one, try the old jumping out of the fridge prank, the fake spider in the shower prank, or maybe even the axe murderer hiding behind the door prank. It's all in good fun.
scare pranks Pictures


Synonyms for lead astray
Synonyms for (verb) lead astray
Synonyms: lead astray, deceive, betray
Definition: cause someone to believe an untruth
Similar words: misinform, mislead
Definition: give false or misleading information to
Synonyms: lead astray, misdirect, misguide, mislead
Definition: lead someone in the wrong direction or give someone wrong directions
Usage: The pedestrian misdirected the out-of-town driver
Similar words: direct, conduct, guide, lead, take
Definition: take somebody somewhere
Usage: We lead him to our chief; can you take me to the main entrance?; He conducted us to the palace
Synonyms: lead astray, lead off
Definition: teach immoral behavior to
Usage: It was common practice to lead off the young ones, and teach them bad habits
Similar words: debase, debauch, demoralise, demoralize, deprave, corrupt, subvert, profane, misdirect, pervert, vitiate
Definition: corrupt morally or by intemperance or sensuality
Usage: debauch the young people with wine and women; Socrates was accused of corrupting young men; Do school counselors subvert young children?; corrupt the morals
Visual thesaurus for lead astray


text:
By Joshi-Mysql-Oracle on Feb 25, 2015
System QA took the approach of using Random Query Generator (RQG) to generate different SQL's for multitude of data types available and supported in MySQL.
This approach would help in easily testing the validity of currently
supported data types and changes (if any) to the same.
Following steps explain What and How this was accomplished
- Generate the table
structure and generate insert queries for different data types through RQG and
redirect to a file.
Use gendata.pl which is part of RQG to create Table structure ( for this instance we have used DATE related data type )
$ perl gendata.pl --dsn=dbi:mysql:host=127.0.0.1:port=3306:user=root:database=rqg --spec=ex_dt.zz
- Generate SQL queries
using gensql and redirect the output to a file
For the following grammar we generated insert queries
INSERT INTO _table(_field) VALUES (data);
date | time | datetime | year | timestamp ;
_date |1000-01-01 | 999-01-01| 999-00-00 |9999-12-31|10000-13-32 ;
_time|-838:59:59 | -839:59:59 |-838:61:61 |838:59:59| 838:62:63 ;
_datetime|999-00-00 00:00:-10| 9999-12-31 23:59:59|10000-12-31 23:59:59 ;
_timestamp|1970 _01_01 00:00:01 |1970-00-00 00:00:01 |2038-01-19 03:14:07 |2038-02-19 03:14:07 ;
$ perl gensql.pl --grammar=ex_dt.yy --queries=10 --dsn=dbi:mysql:host=127.0.0.1:port=3306:user=root:database=rqg > generatedsqls.txt
Note: One can tune the –queries and the corresponding grammar to increase or decrease the data set generated
- Execute the queries
through Connector Application and collect the results
Created a sample Connector Application to
- Open up a connection ( with default settings ) to MySQL Server
- Read the SQL's generated from Step 2 (generatedsqls.txt )
- Execute the insert query that is read on to MySQL Server
- Retrieve the data inserted using Select operation
- Capture the output/response for the Select operation
- Perform same operation(s)
as in Step 3 with MySQL Client
- Compare the output captured
from Step 3 and Step 4
If there is any difference in the resultant then the analysis would clearly point to the difference in handling the datatype/data by different connectors.
Currently System QA has tried this with MySQL Connector/Python and MySQL Connector/Java and identified some differences.
For instance with DATE type following difference is noticed
Data inserted: '999-00-00'
Data retrieved from MySQL Client: '0999-00-00'
Data retrieved from MySQL C/Java: '0998-11-30'
We can try and test this with different Connectors ( MySQL Connector/ODBC, MySQL Connector/C, MySQL Connector/C++,
MySQL Connector/Java,MySQL Connector Python )
The same approach can be easily expanded to other data types or operations by using the
features in RQG, if there are any changes to data types in MySQL Server.
Amrutha Rao and Madhusudhan Joshi
System QA Team


health and medicine question #151
Joan & Colleen, a 11 year old female from the Internet asks on March 16, 2000,
Are cats leftor right-pawed? What percentage are left pawed/right pawed? We are doing some research on this subject for a science fair project and would like to know your results.
viewed 16726 times
the answer
Barry Shell answered on March 16, 2000, A:
Cats do have a preference. Here's something I found about doing an experiment to determine which paw a cat prefers.
This is a good research question. Scientists have found that some animals really do have a preference for one hand over the other. Like humans, monkeys, apes, mice, and gerbils all have preferences for one hand. Even some fish seem to prefer a particular fin for certain behaviors. Here's how you might test your hypothesis: Cats often reach for an object that is placed just a bit in front of them. You can use this natural behavior to study whether cats tend to reach more often with their left or right paws. Try placing a stuffed mouse or catnip toy just out of reach of the cat. To make the cat reach at the toy, try slowly pulling the toy away from the cat just a bit. Cats love this! Next, record whether the cat reached with his left or right paw. Repeat this as many times as the cat will tolerate your teasing! You should try to get the cat to reach about 20-30 times so that you can accurately determine whether he has a preference.
You should try to test as many cats as you can. That way, you'll be able to begin to see whether cats as a group have a general tendency toward preferring right or left paws. Posted By: Lori Holt, Graduate (Ph.D.) Student, Psychology, Ph.D., University of Wisconsin Date: Thu Sep 11, 1997
From Cats International website: Out of every 100 cats approximately 40 are left-pawed, 20 are right-pawed, and 40 are ambidextrous. These findings contrast strikingly with the human situation where only 10 individuals are left-handed for every 90 who are right-handed.
Add to or comment on this answer using the form below.
(required if you would like a response)
Note: All submissions are moderated prior to posting.


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Volunteer Education
All volunteers are required to complete volunteer education to ensure that patients and their families are receiving quality care from freshly trained volunteers.
Why do I have to read all of the materials; I already know this information
Completing the modules and quiz assures us you are competent in your volunteer role and serves as a refresher in areas critical to that role, such as patient and fire safety.
Do I need to do this every year?
Yes, this education is required annually.
Why are we completing this online?
Completing the education online helps us streamline annual requirements.
The following education must be reviewed and the education quiz must be printed, completed and returned to the volunteer office by the due date.
 1. Volunteer Education
 2. Volunteer education quiz & answer sheet
Thank you for choosing to volunteer your time at Randolph Health. You are a crucial member of our team, and we are proud of your dedication and commitment to making Randolph Health an excellent choice for healthcare.


text:
Previous studies have shown the importance of paying attention to lay peoples' interpretations of risk of disease, in order to explain health-related behavior. However, risk interpretations interplay with social context in complex ways. The objective was to explore how asymptomatic patients with high cholesterol interpret risk of cardiovascular disease.
Fourteen patients with high cholesterol and risk of cardiovascular disease were interviewed, and patterns across patient accounts were identified and analysed from an ethnographic approach.
Information from the general practitioner about high cholesterol and risk of cardiovascular disease was reinterpreted in everyday social life. The risk associated with fatty foods was weighed against the pleasures of social and cultural events in which this type of food was common and cherished.
A positive mindset was applied as a strategy to lower the risk of having high cholesterol, but knowledge about risk was viewed as a cause of anxiety and self-absorption, and this anxiety made the body susceptible to disease, hampering the chances for healthy life.
Interpretations of high cholesterol and risk of cardiovascular disease are embedded in social relations and everyday life concerns. This should be addressed in general practice in preference-sensitive cases about risk-reducing medication.
Risk perception; Cardiovascular disease; High cholesterol; Qualitative research
Implementing shared decision making into routine practice is proving difficult, despite considerable interest from policy-makers, and is far more complex than merely making decision support interventions available to patients. Few have reported successful implementation beyond research studies. MAking Good Decisions In Collaboration (MAGIC) is a multi-faceted implementation program, commissioned by The Health Foundation (UK), to examine how best to put shared decision making into routine practice. In this paper, we investigate healthcare professionals' perspectives on implementing shared decision making during the MAGIC program, to examine the work required to implement shared decision making and to inform future efforts.
The MAGIC program approached implementation of shared decision making by initiating a range of interventions including: providing workshops; facilitating development of brief decision support tools (Option Grids); initiating a patient activation campaign ('Ask 3 Questions'); gathering feedback using Decision Quality Measures; providing clinical leads meetings, learning events, and feedback sessions; and obtaining executive board level support. At 9 and 15 months (May and November 2011), two rounds of semi-structured interviews were conducted with healthcare professionals in three secondary care teams to explore views on the impact of these interventions. Interview data were coded by two reviewers using a framework derived from the Normalization Process Theory.
A total of 54 interviews were completed with 31 healthcare professionals. Partial implementation of shared decision making could be explained using the four components of the Normalization Process Theory: 'coherence,' 'cognitive participation,' 'collective action,' and 'reflexive monitoring.' Shared decision making was integrated into routine practice when clinical teams shared coherent views of role and purpose ('coherence'). Shared decision making was facilitated when teams engaged in developing and delivering interventions ('cognitive participation'), and when those interventions fit with existing skill sets and organizational priorities ('collective action') resulting in demonstrable improvements to practice ('reflexive monitoring'). The implementation process uncovered diverse and conflicting attitudes toward shared decision making; 'coherence' was often missing.
The study showed that implementation of shared decision making is more complex than the delivery of patient decision support interventions to patients, a portrayal that often goes unquestioned. Normalizing shared decision making requires intensive work to ensure teams have a shared understanding of the purpose of involving patients in decisions, and undergo the attitudinal shifts that many health professionals feel are required when comprehension goes beyond initial interpretations. Divergent views on the value of engaging patients in decisions remain a significant barrier to implementation.
Shared decision making; Implementation; Patient-centered care; Normalization Process Theory
Women diagnosed with early breast cancer (stage I or II) can be offered the choice between mastectomy or breast conservation surgery with radiotherapy due to equivalence in survival rates. A wide variation in the surgical management of breast cancer and a lack of theoretically guided research on this issue highlight the need for further research into the factors influencing women's choices. An extended Theory of Planned Behaviour (TPB) could provide a basis to understand and predict women's surgery choices. The aims of this study were to understand and predict the surgery intentions and choices of women newly diagnosed with early breast cancer, examining the predictive utility of an extended TPB.
Sixty-two women recruited from three UK breast clinics participated in the study; 48 women, newly diagnosed with early breast cancer, completed online questionnaires both before their surgery and after accessing an online decision support intervention (BresDex). Questionnaires assessed views about breast cancer and the available treatment options using items designed to measure constructs of an extended TPB (i.e., attitudes, subjective norms, perceived behavioural control, and anticipated regret), and women's intentions to choose mastectomy or BCS. Objective data were collected on women's choice of surgery via the clinical breast teams. Multiple and logistic regression analyses examined predictors of surgery intentions and subsequent choice of surgery.
The extended TPB accounted for 69.9% of the variance in intentions (p <.001); attitudes and subjective norms were significant predictors. Including additional variables revealed anticipated regret to be a more important predictor than subjective norms. Surgery intentions significantly predicted surgery choices (p <.01).
These findings demonstrate the utility of an extended TPB in predicting and understanding women's surgery intentions and choices for early breast cancer. Understanding these factors should help to identify key components of interventions to support women while considering their surgery options.
Breast cancer; Mastectomy; Breast conserving surgery; Decision making; Theory of planned behaviour
Health reforms in many countries affect the scope and nature of primary care. General Practitioners (GPs) are expected to spend more time developing public health, preventive health care, coordination of care and teamwork. We aimed to explore which professional activities GPs consider to be meaningful and how they would like to prioritise tasks.
In a cross sectional online survey 3,270 GPs were invited to consider twenty different activities in general practice. They were asked to rate each of them on a Likert scale anchored from 1 (not meaningful) to 5 (very meaningful). They then selected three activities from the item list on which they would like to spend more time and three activities on which they would like to spend less time. We used multinomial logistic regression to explore associations between the GPs' preferences for time spent on preventive health care activities and age, gender and practice characteristics.
Approximately 40% (n=1,308) responded. The most meaningful activities were handling common symptoms and complaints (94% scored 4 or 5), chronic somatic diseases (93%), terminal care (80%), chronic psychiatric diseases (77%), risk conditions (76%) and on call emergency services (70%). In terms of priority the same items prevailed except that GPs would like to spend less time on emergency services. Items with low priority were health certificates, practice administration, meetings with local health authorities, medically unexplained symptoms, addiction medicine, follow up of people certified unfit for work, psychosocial problems, preventive health clinics for children and school health services. In multivariate regression models physician and practice characteristics explained no more than 10% of the variability in the GPs' preferences for time spent on preventive health care services.
The GPs found diagnosis and treatment of diseases most meaningful. Their priorities were partly at odds with those of the health authorities and policy makers.
Health priorities; Health care reforms; General practice
Unsystematic screening for prostate cancer (PCa) is common, causing a high number of false-positive results. Valid instruments for assessment of individual risk of PCa have been called for. A DNA-based genetic test has been tested retrospectively. The clinical use of this test needs further investigation. The primary objective is to evaluate the impact on the use of prostate-specific antigen (PSA) tests of introducing genetic PCa risk assessment in general practice. The secondary objectives are to evaluate PCa-related patient experiences, and to explore sociocultural aspects of genetic risk assessment in patients at high PCa risk.
Methods and analysis
The study is a cluster-randomised, controlled intervention study with practice as the unit of randomisation. We expect 140 practices to accept participation and include a total of 1244 patients in 4 months. Patients requesting a PSA test in the intervention group practices will be offered a genetic PCa risk assessment. Patients requesting a PSA test in the control group practices will be handled according to current guidelines. Data will be collected from registers, patient questionnaires and interviews. Quantitative data will be analysed according to intention-to-treat principles. Baseline characteristics will be compared between groups. Longitudinal analyses will include time in risk, and multivariable analysis will be conducted to evaluate the influence of general practitioner and patient-specific variables on future PSA testing. Interview data will be transcribed verbatim and analysed from a social-constructivist perspective.
Ethics and dissemination
Consent will be obtained from patients who can withdraw from the study at any time. The study provides data to the ongoing conceptual and ethical discussions about genetic risk assessment and classification of low-risk and high-risk individuals. The intervention model might be applicable to other screening areas regarding risk of cancer with identified genetic components, for example, colon cancer. The study is registered at the ClinicalTrials.gov (Identifier: NCT01739062).
Prostate disease < UROLOGY
Risk communication is an integral part of shared decision-making in health care. In the context of interventions for chronic diseases it represents a particular challenge for all health practitioners. By using two different quantitative formats to communicate risk level and effectiveness of a cholesterol-lowering drug, we posed the research question: how does the format of risk information influence patients' decisions concerning therapy, patients' satisfaction with the communication as well as confidence in the decision. We hypothesise


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Spaces & Places:
America's Cultural Landscapes
Stevens Canyon Highway
Lewis County, WA
The Stevens Canyon Highway is a linear landscape in Mount Rainier National Park that extends 19 miles from Paradise to its intersection with the East Side Highway. Surveys for the road began as early as 1904 and construction began in 1931, but it was not completed until 1957 due to delays during World War II.
The road was designed by landscape architects and civil engineers as a scenic drive through public land, but also as an important connector route between the eastern and western sides of the park. The alignment of the highway was carefully chosen to showcase spectacular scenery, while carrying vehicles through Stevens Canyon and around Backbone Ridge using the route that was the most economically feasible and least destructive to the park's resources.
The road links the major developed areas on the east and west side of the park including Longmire, Paradise, Ohanapecosh and Sunrise as well as numerous other attractions in between, such as Box Canyon, Reflection Lakes, Backbone Ridge, Inspiration Point, and various trailheads.
The Stevens Canyon Highway is a historic designed landscape, significant as a part of a rare example of an early national park scenic highway, and an integral part of the early master plan for the park. The highway is distinguished by outstanding engineering achievements and features of naturalistic design. The period of significance for the Stevens Canyon Highway is from 1931 to 1957, reflecting the period when the NPS coordinated the construction of the road.
The naturalistic character of the road is evident in the remaining landscape characteristics and features: spatial organization, circulation, buildings and structures, land use, topography, vegetation, views and vistas, small scale features, and response to natural systems and features. These patterns and their surviving features continue to exist as originally planned conveying the integrity of the road as a scenic highway.


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Best Hidden Gems and Off-the-Beaten-Path Attractions in San Antonio, Texas
Some of the state's most well-liked tourist sites are in San Antonio, Texas, a thriving and busy metropolis. The Alamo and the Riverwalk are just two famous places in the area. Yet San Antonio also has a ton of undiscovered jewels and off-the-beaten-path attractions for those who want to venture beyond the usual tourist hotspots. Tourists frequently need to pay more attention to these places yet provide a unique and genuine glimpse into the city's culture, history, and natural beauty. This guide will take you on a tour of some of the top off-the-beaten-path sights in San Antonio, whether you're a resident eager to learn something new or a first-time visitor.
Old Time Wooden Nickel Company's Museum
The museum is located on San Antonio's outskirts, showcasing a collection of over 50,000 wooden nickels. These wooden coins were used as promotional items and souvenirs in the early 20th century, featuring various designs and messages.
Visitors to the museum can learn about the history of wooden nickels and see some of the rarest and most unique examples in the collection. The museum also offers guided tours, which provide even more insight into this fascinating piece of Americana.
Here are some reasons why this museum is a must-visit hidden gem:
- A collection of over 50,000 wooden nickels showcasing the history of this unique American item
- Learn about the various uses and designs of wooden nickels
- Guided tours are available to provide additional information and insight
- An excellent attraction for collectors or anyone interested in Americana history
- The museum also features a gift shop where visitors can purchase their wooden nickels or other souvenirs
- Located on the outskirts of San Antonio, providing a peaceful and unique experience
- A fun and quirky attraction for visitors of all ages
- Provides a glimpse into a little-known aspect of American history
Lost Propaganda Posters
San Antonio, Texas, is full of hidden gems and off-the-beaten-path attractions, and one of the most interesting is Lost Propaganda Posters. This small art gallery and store are tucked away in a quiet corner of the city, but it is well worth a visit for anyone interested in history, art, or propaganda.
Lost Propaganda Posters features a collection of rare and vintage propaganda posters worldwide. These posters were used to promote political causes, social movements, and military campaigns, and they offered a fascinating glimpse into the history of propaganda and graphic design.
Here are some reasons why this small art gallery and store is worth a visit:
- Features a collection of rare and vintage propaganda posters from around the world
- Offers a unique glimpse into the history of propaganda and graphic design
- Educational materials and information about the history and context of the posters are provided
- Visitors can browse the collection and purchase posters or other items, such as postcards or magnets
- A great attraction for anyone interested in history, art, or propaganda
- Tucked away in a quiet corner of the city, providing a peaceful and unique experience
- It offers a chance to learn about the impact of propaganda on society
- A fascinating destination for those interested in learning more about the history and context of propaganda posters
San Antonio Museum of Art (SAMA)
The San Antonio Museum of Art (SAMA) is a premier fine arts institution in the heart of San Antonio, Texas. Founded in 1981, SAMA houses a collection of over 30,000 works of art worldwide, spanning over 5,000 years of human creativity. The museum's collection includes significant holdings of contemporary art, Latin American art, Asian art, and ancient Mediterranean art. SAMA is committed to providing engaging and educational experiences for visitors of all ages and backgrounds, with a range of programs and events that highlight the diversity and richness of its collection.
Here are some reasons why this museum is a must-visit hidden gem:
- Features an extensive collection of art from around the world, including ancient Mediterranean, Asian, and Latin American art, as well as contemporary works
- The museum offers a variety of exhibitions and programs throughout the year, showcasing different periods and styles of art.
- Visitors can participate in guided tours to learn more about the artwork on display.
- The museum also hosts special events, such as art parties and concerts, providing visitors with a unique and engaging experience.
- Located in the historic Lone Star Brewery complex, offering a unique setting and atmosphere for the museum
- The museum's cafe offers a great place to relax and grab a bite to eat while enjoying the artwork.
- An excellent attraction for art enthusiasts or anyone looking to learn more about different cultures and art styles
- It provides a peaceful and quiet escape from the hustle and bustle of the city.
San Fernando Cathedral
San Fernando Cathedral, located in San Antonio, Texas, is a historical and iconic landmark that has stood the test of time for over 200 years. Built in the 1700s, it is the oldest continuously operating church in Texas and has been home to countless religious and cultural events. The cathedral's beautiful architecture and intricate detail make it a must-see for visitors to San Antonio. Its stunning stained-glass windows, ornate carvings, and impressive pipe organ provide a serene atmosphere for prayer and reflection. The cathedral's rich history and cultural significance make it essential to San Antonio's heritage and identity.
Here are some reasons why this historic cathedral is a must-visit destination:
- One of the oldest cathedrals in the United States, with a rich history dating back to the early 1700s
- A beautiful example of Spanish Colonial architecture featuring intricate details and stunning artwork
- Home to the remains of Davy Crockett, William Barret Travis, and other heroes of the Battle of the Alamo
- Offers daily mass services, providing visitors with the opportunity to experience the cathedral as a place of worship and reflection
- The cathedral also hosts concerts and other events, including the popular "San Antonio | The Saga" light show, which projects colorful images onto the cathedral's facade
- Provides a peaceful and serene atmosphere in the heart of downtown San Antonio
- The cathedral's gift shop offers a variety of religious and cultural items, including rosaries, prayer cards, and souvenirs.
- A great attraction for history buffs, architecture enthusiasts, or anyone interested in religious or cultural experiences


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The term gang box has two distinct and largely unrelated meanings, although both relate to construction work. A gang box can be a large tool box that is used by several or all members of a work crew. In electrical work, a gang box is a metal or plastic box used to securely hold electrical components.
A gang box toolbox has only a few special characteristics. These boxes are often left on a job site, so durability and security are important in their design, as they need to be able to endure a good bit of abuse and be difficult to break into. These boxes are usually shared by at least a few workers and are usually larger than ordinary tool boxes so that they can store all the needed tools and supplies.
A gang box used in electrical work is one of the various types of box used to safely enclose wiring and other electrical work. This type of gang box will usually be referred to by the number of mounting points for switches or receptacles that it contains. Gang boxes are commonly found in sizes ranging from one to three gang, although larger boxes are not unheard of. Modern electrical practice generally limits the number of individual switches or receptacles that can be installed in a gang box to one per gang, although some exceptions to this rule exist.
Some gang boxes, designed for use primarily with non-metallic sheathed cable, are made of plastic. This type of gang box is the most common in modern residential construction, primarily because of its low cost and ease of installation. This type of box requires the use of a separate ground wire.
Metal gang boxes can be used for almost any type of electrical work, and are more common in older construction, commercial construction, or areas where the electrical work might be exposed to damage, as the metal boxes are much tougher than their plastic counterparts. These boxes come in the same basic sizes as plastic boxes, although metal boxes are often manufactured in such a way that one side of the box can be removed and another box added to create a larger box, making the metal boxes more versatile in some situations. When electrical work is installed using armored cable or metallic conduit, the conduit or cable, combined with the metal boxes, can often legally serve as a ground path without the use of a dedicated ground wire.


text:
Oops, try again. Make sure to print each word from the user's text to the console unless that word is the word to be redacted; if it is, print REDACTED (all caps!).
Every word is redacted, not just the one I selected
puts "What is the text we will be evaluating? " text = gets.chomp puts "What word should we redact? " redact = gets.chomp words = text.split(" ") words.each do |word| if word = redact print "REDACTED " else print word + " " end end


Emory Report
Mar. 29, 1999
 Volume 51, No. 25
New ITD program rewards superior job performance
Some Emory employees may see their salaries get a small bump every year and conclude that such an increase is guaranteed, that it is a standard cost-of-living raise. But in fact the University's yearly salary increases are intended to be rewards for job performance, and the principle behind this has led one Emory division to change the way it evaluates its employees.
Last fall the Information Technology Division implemented a team-based approach to evaluation, quantifying job-performance measures and setting clear goals for improving that performance. Though part of every ITD employee's evaluation still depends entirely on individual performance, a good part of the equation rests with how the employee's team meets its goals.
For example, the Customer Support Center team decided it wanted to improve call response time. In conversation with team leaders, the employees set a reasonable goals for answering customer calls more quickly (software in Emory's telephone system can measure this automatically). If the team meets its goal, its salary increase at review time will reflect that; if not, there may be no salary increase.
"This is not just about salary increases," said Paul Morris, vice-provost for Information Technology. "This gives employees a target to aim at. If they're not making their target, they need to make changes. The customer benefits, the team benefits--it's a win-win situation."
Morris conceded that not all job performance measures are so easily quantifiable, but that's why everyone involved participated in the discussions to determine what the numbers would measure. And there are some bugs still to be worked out; how accountable is a team for not making its goal due to circumstances clearly beyond its control, such as weather-related damage or even terrorist attacks? These are questions that will be worked out as they come up, Morris said, but so far the system is working well.
"Teams can see how they're doing throughout the year," he said. Indeed, in many instances anyone in the University can see, as ITD is posting its customer-support performance data on its web site.
During the year ITD spent designing this evaluation system, Morris said, one question from both Human Resources and the Board of Trustees was if the numbers-based approach could be applicable to other areas of the University, for both faculty and staff. HR Vice President Alice Miller thinks the answer is yes.
"Of course it is," Miller said. "There's no question it takes a lot of work, but if departments are willing to sit down and identify variables to put together and establish some programs, it can be done."
Miller said other departments have explored options for implementing new employee performance measures like ITD's, but none has taken action. She also said Emory "has not aggressively communicated the fact that the University's pay rates are extremely competitive with the market rates, and when there are changes in that market rate, we make adjustments."
Edie Murphree, associate vice president for administration, said that while most departments tie pay raises to supervisors' employee evaluations, there are some whose de facto policy is to award uniform salary increases with little or no measurement of job performance. This is not, she said, how the yearly increases are intended to be used.
"A department could use the salary pool dollars for a combination of cost-of-living and merit increases, but the pool is intended to reward and encourage performance that meets or exceeds job performance standards," Murphree said.
--Michael Terrazas
Return to March 29, 1999, contents page


- Tutorials >
 - (beta) Building a Convolution/Batch Norm fuser in FX
(beta) Building a Convolution/Batch Norm fuser in FX
Author: Horace He
In this tutorial, we are going to use FX, a toolkit for composable function transformations of PyTorch, to do the following:
 1. Find patterns of conv/batch norm in the data dependencies.
 2. For the patterns found in 1), fold the batch norm statistics into the convolution weights.
Note that this optimization only works for models in inference mode (i.e. mode.eval())
We will be building the fuser that exists here: _URL_ First, let's get some imports out of the way (we will be using all of these later in the code).
from typing import Type, Dict, Any, Tuple, Iterable
import copy
import torch.fx as fx
import torch
import torch.nn as nn
For this tutorial, we are going to create a model consisting of convolutions and batch norms. Note that this model has some tricky components - some of the conv/batch norm patterns are hidden within Sequentials and one of the BatchNorms is wrapped in another Module.
class WrappedBatchNorm(nn.Module):
 def __init__(self):
 self.mod = nn.BatchNorm2d(1)
 def forward(self, x):
 return self.mod(x)
class M(nn.Module):
 def __init__(self):
 self.conv1 = nn.Conv2d(1, 1, 1)
 self.bn1 = nn.BatchNorm2d(1)
 self.conv2 = nn.Conv2d(1, 1, 1)
 self.nested = nn.Sequential(
 nn.Conv2d(1, 1, 1),
 self.wrapped = WrappedBatchNorm()
 def forward(self, x):
 x = self.conv1(x)
 x = self.bn1(x)
 x = self.conv2(x)
 x = self.nested(x)
 x = self.wrapped(x)
 return x
model = M()
Fusing Convolution with Batch Norm
One of the primary challenges with trying to automatically fuse convolution and batch norm in PyTorch is that PyTorch does not provide an easy way of accessing the computational graph. FX resolves this problem by symbolically tracing the actual operations called, so that we can track the computations through the forward call, nested within Sequential modules, or wrapped in an user-defined module.
traced_model = torch.fx.symbolic_trace(model)
This gives us a graph representation of our model. Note that both the modules hidden within the sequential as well as the wrapped Module have been inlined into the graph. This is the default level of abstraction, but it can be configured by the pass writer. More information can be found at the FX overview _URL_
Fusing Convolution with Batch Norm
Unlike some other fusions, fusion of convolution with batch norm does not require any new operators. Instead, as batch norm during inference consists of a pointwise add and multiply, these operations can be "baked" into the preceding convolution's weights. This allows us to remove the batch norm entirely from our model! Read _URL_ for further details. The code here is copied from _URL_ clarity purposes.
def fuse_conv_bn_eval(conv, bn):
 Given a conv Module 'A' and an batch_norm module 'B', returns a conv
 module 'C' such that C(x) == B(A(x)) in inference mode.
 assert(not (conv.training or bn.training)), "Fusion only for eval!"
 fused_conv = copy.deepcopy(conv)
 fused_conv.weight, fused_conv.bias = \
 fuse_conv_bn_weights(fused_conv.weight, fused_conv.bias,
 bn.running_mean, bn.running_var, bn.eps, bn.weight, bn.bias)
 return fused_conv
def fuse_conv_bn_weights(conv_w, conv_b, bn_rm, bn_rv, bn_eps, bn_w, bn_b):
 if conv_b is None:
 conv_b = torch.zeros_like(bn_rm)
 if bn_w is None:
 bn_w = torch.ones_like(bn_rm)
 if bn_b is None:
 bn_b = torch.zeros_like(bn_rm)
 bn_var_rsqrt = torch.rsqrt(bn_rv + bn_eps)
 conv_w = conv_w * (bn_w * bn_var_rsqrt).reshape([-1] + [1] * (len(conv_w.shape) - 1))
 conv_b = (conv_b - bn_rm) * bn_var_rsqrt * bn_w + bn_b
 return torch.nn.Parameter(conv_w), torch.nn.Parameter(conv_b)
FX Fusion Pass
Now that we have our computational graph as well as a method for fusing convolution and batch norm, all that remains is to iterate over the FX graph and apply the desired fusions.
def _parent_name(target : str) -> Tuple[str, str]:
 Splits a qualname into parent path and last atom.
 For example, 'foo.bar.baz' -> ('foo.bar', 'baz')
 *parent, name = target.rsplit('.', 1)
 return parent[0] if parent else '', name
def replace_node_module(node: fx.Node, modules: Dict[str, Any], new_module: torch.nn.Module):
 assert(isinstance(node.target, str))
 parent_name, name = _parent_name(node.target)
 setattr(modules[parent_name], name, new_module)
def fuse(model: torch.nn.Module) -> torch.nn.Module:
 model = copy.deepcopy(model)
 # The first step of most FX passes is to symbolically trace our model to
 # obtain a 'GraphModule'. This is a representation of our original model
 # that is functionally identical to our original model, except that we now
 # also have a graph representation of our forward pass.
 fx_model: fx.GraphModule = fx.symbolic_trace(model)
 modules = dict(fx_model.named_modules())
 # The primary representation for working with FX are the 'Graph' and the
 # 'Node'. Each 'GraphModule' has a 'Graph' associated with it - this
 # 'Graph' is also what generates 'GraphModule.code'.
 # The 'Graph' itself is represented as a list of 'Node' objects. Thus, to
 # iterate through all of the operations in our graph, we iterate over each
 # 'Node' in our 'Graph'.
 for node in fx_model.graph.nodes:
 # The FX IR contains several types of nodes, which generally represent
 # call sites to modules, functions, or methods. The type of node is
 # determined by 'Node.op'.
 if node.op!= 'call_module': # If our current node isn't calling a Module then we can ignore it.
 # For call sites, 'Node.target' represents the module/function/method
 # that's being called. Here, we check 'Node.target' to see if it's a
 # batch norm module, and then check 'Node.args[0].target' to see if the
 # input 'Node' is a convolution.
 if type(modules[node.target]) is nn.BatchNorm2d and type(modules[node.args[0].target]) is nn.Conv2d:
 if len(node.args[0].users) > 1: # Output of conv is used by other nodes
 conv = modules[node.args[0].target]
 bn = modules[node.target]
 fused_conv = fuse_conv_bn_eval(conv, bn)
 replace_node_module(node.args[0], modules, fused_conv)
 # As we've folded the batch nor into the conv, we need to replace all uses
 # of the batch norm with the conv.
 # Now that all uses of the batch norm have been replaced, we can
 # safely remove the batch norm.
 # After we've modified our graph, we need to recompile our graph in order
 # to keep the generated code in sync.
 return fx_model
We make some simplifications here for demonstration purposes, such as only matching 2D convolutions. View _URL_ for a more usable pass.
Testing out our Fusion Pass
We can now run this fusion pass on our initial toy model and verify that our results are identical. In addition, we can print out the code for our fused model and verify that there are no more batch norms.
fused_model = fuse(model)
inp = torch.randn(5, 1, 1, 1)
torch.testing.assert_allclose(fused_model(inp), model(inp))
Benchmarking our Fusion on ResNet18
We can test our fusion pass on a larger model like ResNet18 and see how much this pass improves inference performance.
import torchvision.models as models
import time
rn18 = models.resnet18()
inp = torch.randn(10, 3, 224, 224)
output = rn18(inp)
def benchmark(model, iters=20):
 for _ in range(10):
 begin = time.time()
 for _ in range(iters):
 return str(time.time()-begin)
fused_rn18 = fuse(rn18)
print