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Sparks - St. Elmo's Fire
Instructor/speaker: Prof. Walter Lewin
Last time I mentioned to you that charge resides at the surface of solid conductors but that it's not uniformly distributed.
Perhaps you remember that, unless it happens to be a sphere.
And I want to pursue that today.
If I had a solid conductor which say had this shape and I'm going to convince you today that right here, the surface charge density will be higher than there.
Because the curvature is stronger than it is here.
And the way I want to approach that is as follows.
Suppose I have here a solid conductor A which has radius R of A and very very far away, maybe tens of meters away, I have a solid conductor B with radius R of B and they are connected through a conducting wire.
If they are connected through a conducting wire, then it's equipotential.
They all have the same potential.
I'm going to charge them up until I get a charge distribution QA here and I get QB there.
The potential of A is about the same that it would be if B were not there.
Because B is so far away that if I come with some charge from infinity in my pocket that the work that I have to do to reach A per unit charge is independent of whether B is there or not, because B is far away, tens of meters, if you can make it a mile if you want to.
And so the potential of A is then the charge on A divided by 4 pi epsilon 0 the radius of A.
But since it is an equipotential because it's all conducting, this must be also the potential of the sphere B, and that is the charge on B divided by 4 pi epsilon 0 R of B.
And so you see immediately that the Q, the charge on B, divided by the radius of B, is the charge on A divided by the radius on A.
And if the radius of B were for instance 5 times larger than the radius of A, there would be 5 times more charge on B than there would be on A.
But if B has a 5 times larger radius, then its surface area is 25 times larger and since surface charge density, sigma, is the charge on a sphere divided by the surface area of the sphere, it is now clear that if the radius of B is 5 times larger than A, it's true that the charge on B is 5 times the charge on A, but the surface charge density on B is now only one-fifth of the surface charge density of A because its area is 25 times larger and so you have this -- the highest surface charge density at A than you have at B.
5 times higher surface charge density here than there.
And I hope that convinces you that if we have a solid conductor like this, even though it's not ideal as we have here with these two spheres far apart, that the surface charge density here will be larger than there because it has a smaller radius.
It's basically the same idea.
And so you expect the highest surface charge density where the curvature is the highest, smallest radius, and that means that also the electric field will be stronger there.
That follows immediately from Gauss's law.
If this is the surface of a conductor, any conductor, a solid conductor, where the E field is 0 inside of the conductor, and there is surface charge here, what I'm going to do is I'm going to make a Gaussian pillbox, this surface is parallel to the conductor, I go in the conductor, and this now is my Gaussian surface, let this area be capital A, and let's assume that it is positive charge so that the electric field lines come out of the surface like so, perpendicular to the surface.
Always perpendicular to equipotential, so now if I apply Gauss's law which tells me that the surface integral of the electric flux throughout this whole surface, well, there's only flux coming out of this surface here, I can bring that surface as close to the surface as I want to.
I can almost make it touch the conductor.
So everything comes out only through this surface, and so what comes out is the surface area A times the electric field E.
The A and E are in the same direction, because remember E is perpendicular to the surface of the equipotentials.
And so this is all there is for the surface integral, and that is all the charge inside, well the charge inside is of course the surface charge density times the area A, divided by epsilon 0, this is Gauss's law.
And so you find immediately that the electric field is sigma divided by epsilon 0.
So whenever you have a conductor if you know the local surface charge density you always know the local electric field.
And since the surface charge density is going to be the highest here, even though the whole thing is an equipotential, the electric field will also be higher here than it will be there.
I can demonstrate this to you in a very simple way.
I have here a cooking pan and the cooking pan, I used to boil lobsters in there, it's a large pan.
The cooking pan I'm going to charge up and the cooking pan here has a radius, whatever it is, maybe 20 centimeters, but look here at the handle, how very small this radius is, so you could put charge on there and I'm going to convince you that I can scoop off more charge here where the radius is small than I can scoop off here.
I have here a small flat spoon and I'm going to put the spoon here on the surface here and on the surface there and we're going to see from where we can scoop off the most charge.
Still charged from the previous lecture.
So here, we see the electroscope that we have seen before.
I'm going to charge this cooking pan with my favorite technique which is the electrophorus.
So we have the cat fur and we have the glass plate.
I'm going to rub this first with the cat fur, put it on, put my finger on, get a little shock, charge up the pan, put my finger on, get another shock, charge up the pan, and another one, charge up the pan, make sure that I get enough charge on there, rub the glass again, put it on top, put my finger on, charge, once more, and once more.
Let's assume we have enough charge on there now.
Here is my little spoon.
I touch here the outside here of the can -- of the pan.
And go to the electroscope and you see a little charge.
It's very clear.
What I want to show you now it's very qualitative is that when I touch here the handle, it's a very small radius, that I can take off more charge.
There we go.
That's all I wanted to show you.
So you've seen now in front of your own eyes for the first time that even though this is a conductor that means that it is an equipotential, that the surface charge density right -- right here is higher than the surface charge density here.
Only if it is a sphere of course for circle symmetry reasons will the charge be uniformly distributed.
If the electric field becomes too high we get what we call electric breakdown.
We get a discharge into the air.
And the reason for that is actually quite simple.
If I have an electron here and this is an electric field, the electron will start to accelerate in this direction.
The electron will collide with nitrogen and oxygen molecules in the air and if the electron has enough kinetic energy to ionize that molecule then one electron will become two electrons.
The original electron plus the electron from the ion.
And if these now start to accelerate in this electric field, and if they collide with the molecules, and if they make an ion, then each one will become two electrons, and so you get an avalanche.
And this avalanche is an electric breakdown and you get a spark.
When the ions that are formed become neutral again they produce light and that's what you see.
That's the light that you see in the spark.
And so sparks will occur typically at the -- at sharp points -- at areas where the curvature is strong, whereby the radius is very small, that's where the electric fields are the highest.
How strong should the electric field be?
Well, we can make a back of the envelope calculation.
If you take air of 1 atmosphere, dry air, at room temperature, then the -- the electron on average, on average, will have to travel about 1 micron, which is 10 to the -6 meters, between the collisions with the molecules, it's just a given.
Sometimes a little more, sometimes a little less.
Because it's a random process of course.
To ionize nitrogen, to ionize oxygen, takes energy.
To ionize an oxygen molecule takes twelve-and-a-half electron volts.
And to ionize nitrogen takes about 15 electron volts.
What is an electron volt?
Well, an electron volt is a teeny weeny little amount of energy.
It's 1.6 times 10 to the -19 joules.
Electron volt is actually a very nice unit of energy.
Because once you have an electron and it moves over a potential difference of one volt, it gains in kinetic energy, that's the definition of an electron volt, it gains 1 electron volt.
It's the charge of the electron, which is 1.6 times 10 to the -19 coulombs, multiplied by 1 volt.
And that gives you then the energy, 1 electron volt.
And so what it means then -- let's assume that this number is 10 electron volts.
We only want a back of the envelope calculation


text:
Department of Computer Science
Subspace based active contours with a joint distribution metric for semi-supervised natural image segmentation
In this paper, we present an efficient active contour with a joint distribution metric for semi-supervised natural image segmentation. Firstly, we project an RGB image into two-dimensional subspace and draw a polygon curve around the Region of Interest (ROI) as the initial evolving curve. Then, we model the regional statistics in terms of joint probability distributions and propose an effective distribution metric to regularize the active contours for evolution. Subsequently, we convert the resultant zero level set function into binary pattern and find all the 8-connected regions. Finally, the largest region is selected as the desired ROI and smoothed with a circular averaging filter so that the corresponding final segmentation result can be obtained. Meanwhile, the proposed approach also features fast convergence and easy implementation in comparison with the traditional methods, which need a laborious process of re-initializing the zero level set in terms of a sign distance function (SDF) periodically. The experiments show the promising results. © 2012 IEEE.
active contours, joint distribution metric, natural image segmentation, semi-supervised, Subspace
Source Publication Title
2012 IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing Proceedings
Link to Publisher's Edition
Peng, S., Liu, X., & Cheung, Y. (2013). Subspace based active contours with a joint distribution metric for semi-supervised natural image segmentation. 2012 IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing Proceedings, _PHONE_. _URL_

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


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Optical coherence tomography (OCT) is a high resolution intravascular imaging method that allows visualization of flow diverter struts and the vessel wall. In this study, malapposition of the flow diverter that continues into the neck of the aneurysm, named communicating malapposition (CM), was investigated as a potential factor for delayed aneurysm healing.Methods
40 New Zealand White rabbits underwent elastase induced aneurysm creation, and were subsequently assigned to one of four treatment groups based on flow diverter type and administration of antiplatelet therapy. All animals underwent post device deployment balloon angioplasty and subsequent OCT to assess device/vessel apposition. The incidence of CM seen on OCT was assessed with a binary scoring system: 0–CM present; 1–CM absent. At 30 days, DSA was acquired to assess aneurysm healing. Aneurysm healing on terminal DSA was measured using a previously developed 5 point scale, with a score of 3 or 4 considered a positive outcome.Results
All animals were grouped into a single cohort for analysis as no difference in the rate of CM or healing was seen in the four treatment groups. Significant interaction between the absence of CM and a positive outcome was confirmed by Fisher exact test (P=0.0034). Angioplasty was shown to treat 33% of the cases of CM seen at implant, and these treated cases overwhelmingly had a positive outcome (P<0.001).Conclusion
The use of OCT to assess CM of flow diverters has been shown to be predictive of the 30 day healing rate of an animal model of aneurysms.


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BECOMING A SOLDIER
a process that changes you - for the better
Becoming a Soldier can be challenging, but it's also a rewarding life. The process can be summed up in three steps. The first is to work with a Recruiter. Once you sign up and are sworn in, you attend Basic Combat Training (BCT). Then you learn valuable job skills at Advanced Individual Training (AIT). Each of these steps is explained in more detail below.


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Tackling Cancer Pain – A toolkit for patients and families was Highly Commended at the British Medical Association (BMA) Patient information awards 2016.
The reviewer said 'This resource is of an exceptionally high standard; the amount of effort that went into producing and reviewing it is clear. It's very well-presented, and contains a large amount of helpful information in a clear and easy to read way. This really is an excellent resource.'
The purpose of Tackling Cancer Pain is to provide evidence-based information and practical advice for patients and families about self-management of advanced cancer pain. The resource comprises a booklet in the form of a compact loose-leaf A5 ring binder with a DVD attached to the inside front cover. Both were designed on the basis of an extensive literature review and user involvement and produced with the input of professional film-makers and designers. The booklet and DVD contain essentially the same information but in different formats and are structured so that they can be used independently by patients or family members. They can also form the basis for one-to-one or group education or coaching from a health professional. Clear guidance is given in each chapter about how to use the information presented. Step-by-step tuition is provided on non-pharmacological pain relief measures such as relaxation and visualisation, and on how to initiate and conduct conversations about pain with health professionals.


How does my EPOS communicate with the IPC and the PED?
Your EPOS application will not communicate directly with the PED, the EPOS app only communicates with IPC which handles all communication with the PED and Worldpay servers for payment processing.
EPOS and IPC can communicate in two modes: File or Socket. The communication for either method, is in the form of a request for transaction (input) and the transaction result (output).
If you want to read the messages directly from the PED and not use the IPC GUI, you can use the IPC in the Hosted IPC mode. Your EPOS application needs to be listening on the appropriate port (default 8000) to read messages coming from the IPC through the PED.


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Rain can be a relaxing event that can make you peaceful as you hear the calming raindrops on your window sill. For many people, the rain can make them cozy and create inner peace in them. For others, the rain symbolism is far different – it can be a symbol of cleansing and clarity.
But there are also some other meanings of rain. It can be used as a symbol of sadness and melancholy, which is especially typical in literature and works of art, as well as movies. It's also a common symbol of romance, as it's used in many romantic movies and romantic literature, especially in those famous scenes where protagonists make love in the rain.
Rain symbolism has many different meanings. It's a very wide-ranging symbolism that can have different implications when used in different settings. Let's take a look at some of the main meanings of rain and how it's used in literature and movies.
Rain Symbolism: 7 Meanings
What are some of the main meanings we connect to rain?
Rain cleanses the dirtiness and pollution physically, but also mentally. This rain symbolism is commonly seen in movies where it's used as a sort of cathartic quality that cleanses one's soul. It acts as this redeeming event that can free one's soul and remove all the bad thoughts and negativity out of one's mind.
But rain is also good for cleansing the air and removing pollution. Have you ever seen how clean the air is after a rainfall? You'll probably be able to see for miles and miles, which was previously not possible.
2. Sadness and Depression
Rain can also undertake a fairly negative role, in that it might inspire feelings of sadness and depression. When it rains, it's dark, which might bring out negativity and empower the negative feelings and thoughts within us.
That's why you might feel the blues when it rains. It's scientifically correct that rain might cause feelings of sadness, and that's why many people don't like rain. This negative meaning of rain is commonly depicted in movies to inspire melancholy and feelings of sadness and depression (more on that later).
Perhaps surprisingly, there's a calming quality of rain, too. When it rains calmly and when there is no wind, it might even be a symbol of calmness. But that's different when a storm comes by and sweeps up everything in front of it.
It forces us to retreat indoors and take a moment to think about ourselves and our surroundings. While some people might not like this, it's a good opportunity for many to take a closer look at their feelings.
Also, rain is often welcome for many trying to fall asleep. It can be calming listening to raindrops fall on the window sill as you're trying to fall asleep or calm down from a stressful day.
Rain is also often an obstacle that prevents someone from achieving a greater goal. It can be quite unpleasant to be outside when it rains, so it prevents us from going outside in the first place.
That's why it's earned its reputation for being a symbol of negativity and as an obstacle. But in movies, for instance, it's used as a symbol to portray a character's mental strength and determination in order to overcome this problem.
5. Rebirth and Growth
Without rain and water, life on earth would be impossible. It's responsible for keeping the life cycle alive, as it helps flowers and species on Earth grow. It provides them with fluids in order to keep alive and keep growing and keep the life cycle going.
Lakes would empty and seas would drain without adequate portions of rain. And when there would be no water on earth, life would be practically impossible. Even though it might be unpleasant when it rains, it's necessary for keeping us alive and for keeping other species alive, too.
Rain creates fertile ground. Back when people had no irrigation systems, they relied heavily on rain to help them grow their crops. But when there was no rain, their crops wouldn't grow, which would result in poverty and famine.
Today, we've developed different systems for growing plants, but rain is still essential for growth and fertility. Some Indian peoples and Egyptians used the rain symbol to portray fertility, and it was often seen as a symbol of good luck which would help them grow more crops and survive more comfortably.
When it rains, the weather changes. There's a well-known saying that says "the sun always shines after the rain", which means that rain is necessary in order for positive change to happen.
We can connect that with almost all our difficulties in life. It might be difficult at the start, but it's absolutely necessary to allow us to change and grow. Without rain, there would be no change.
Rain Symbolism in Literature and Film
Because of its highly symbolic nature, rain is commonly used in literature and films. It can have several different meanings, so let's take a look at some of them.
Rain is often used as a predicting symbol in movies. It can symbolize that the story is about to take a negative turn, or that negative events are about to happen. In movies, rain might start to fall right before a big event, or it might coincide with the event.
It might happen before a traumatic scene in the movie, for instance. Dark clouds are present, and there might be heavy rainfall to inspire feelings of anticipation in viewers.
Rain is commonly present in romance movies, especially where it's used as a symbol of love. This leads to many scenes of "kissing in the rain" and other romance scenes where rain is used as a background event to encourage the feeling of romance.
The list of movies where rain is falling during a romantic scene is wide. Some of the most well-known ones include Spiderman, Breakfast at Tiffany's, The Notebook, Singin' in the Rain, A Cinderella Story, Australia, and several others.
When a character goes through a tough period during a movie, there might be a scene where the character is seen walking through the rain. This rain might symbolize a traumatic event that might have happened to the character, and it's almost an effect that's used to inspire some sympathy for the character.
However, it normally happens that the character is able to withstand the storm and move through the rain. This is used to portray the determined character of the protagonist where the protagonist overcomes the rain.
Have you ever wondered what rain can symbolize? You might have associated with negative feelings only, but rain can have several other meanings. Rain symbolism represents cleansing, calmness, growth and fertility, and even rebirth.
It's also a favorite symbol for moviemakers and literature writers who use rain as a symbol of foreshadowing. It's also commonly present in romantic scenes but also to portray a protagonist's high level of mental strength.
I'm Chris and I run this website – a resource about symbolism, metaphors, idioms, and a whole lot more! Thanks for dropping by.


By Paul Strauss
Vintage Rube Goldberg Clip Explains Gas Engineszoom in
In this classic 1940s clip from General Motors, they enlisted the help of master of contraptions Rube Goldberg to help explain how gasoline powers car engines. In the short film, titled Something for Nothing, Goldberg first shows us how his overly complicated door opener functions, then some other silly inventions before he gets down to business. Then, he discusses the idea of perpetual motion machines.
Ultimately, he's interrupted by an announcer who explains how fuel is a necessity for powering engines, and mentioning along the way such dated concepts as fossil fuels being "virtually unlimited." The demonstration of how exploding gasoline causes an engine's pistons to work is pretty entertaining though.
Also, that self-tipping hat should be on Kickstarter.
Source:: 95 Octane


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The East has longer American history. The West has more palm trees. The East has rolling deciduous forests. The West has towering evergreens and Rocky mountains. Homeowners from coast to coast take pride in their design, their cities, and their environment. Yet at the same time, a home in Boston is likely designed much different from a home in Los Angeles.
How and why are East and West Coast housing different? What, if anything, makes one better or more attractive than the other? In this post we'll attempt to explore the markets, architecture, and environment on both sides of the Mississippi River.
Up until a few years ago, East and West both enjoyed an unprecedented housing boom. Unfortunately, both are now deep in the throes of a rapid economic downturn, resulting largely from a sudden crash in the housing market.
It's hard to say if East or West has it any better than the other. After all, Florida and California, the two states taking the hardest hit, are geographical opposites. In terms of housing permits, declines were seen across the nation from 2005-2007, although southern California and western Arizona had the most widespread decline. Palm Coast, Florida had the largest decrease in permits issued at 86 percent.
There were pockets of increases as well, although few and far between. Most growth in the West was limited to central Washington and the small region in and around Missoula, Montana. There were several more localized increases east of the Mississippi, but they do not represent the overall trend and have most likely reversed direction since these figures were released a year ago.
There's just no point in trying to separate east from west in market terms. The overall downward trend in the national housing market screams for unity, not division.
East Coast versus West Coast architecture is like old versus new. Eastern metropoles have centuries of design behind them, while many western cities may have but 50 years. The difference is palpable. The old brownstones of Chicago and New York clash loudly with Spanish-influenced, mission-style stucco peppering Los Angeles neighborhoods. Or contrast the long history of Connecticut colonials and Atlanta's sprawling porches with the mid-century modern architecture so prevalent in Hollywood's golden years. One would have to fly to San Francisco to find much architecture that reflects eastern origins.
Yet each region has its own style, and it's up to homeowners to decide which better suits their preferences, whether it be the cooler colors of the arid-to-temperate west or the intricacy and age of America's early years. The future of American architecture will be influenced mostly by one key factor…
I am by no means an architect or an expert in building design trends, but I feel confident in saying that environment will drive and inspire the architects of the future; for many it already does. Just like the housing market is slumping across the country, so green building is increasing from sea to shining sea. According to a report from the American Institute of Architects (via sourcecorp.com), the Pacific region is moving toward green building at a much faster rate than other regions, mainly due to progressive state and local governments and public support.
East and West both have their advantages, but the differences are moot. It is easy to fall in love with eastern architecture, but times are changing, and presently. The rapid move to green, energy efficient building will change the face of American (and global) architecture. Now the great architects will trade in large mega mansions of brick, stone, and wood for sandbags, straw bales, and solar panels. Housing in the 21st Century will not be inhibited by the Mississippi River.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


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Indian Journal of Science and Technology
Year: 2016, Volume: 9, Issue: 22, Pages: 1-8
Hetal Patel* and Dharmendra Patel
Objectives: To compare different data mining algorithms with the same parameters on the 10fold cross validation test to predict the crop yield. Methods/Analysis: Different data mining classification algorithms like K-nearest Neighbor, K-means, Neural Network, Support Vector Machine, Case-based Reasoning, Decision Tree algorithm, etc. are applied for various application of agriculture domain. A comparative study is done by using J48, Naïve Bayes and Simple Cart algorithms to determine which classification algorithm is best fitted for crop prediction. Findings: In this study, this work reveals the superior performance of J48 classification algorithm with accuracy 89.33% for crop prediction than the other two classification algorithms Simple Cart and Naïve Bayes. Novelty /Improvement: This study first time demonstrates the application of different data mining classification techniques (as discussed above) in the domain of agriculture for yield prediction.
Keywords: Classification Algorithm, Crop Prediction, Data Mining, Decision Tree, J48
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text: Scottish and northern English: very common patronymic from the personal name Ander(s), a northern Middle English form of Andrew. See also Andreas. The frequency of the surname in Scotland is attributable, at least in part, to the fact that St. Andrew is the patron saint of Scotland, so the personal name has long enjoyed great popularity there. Legend has it that the saint's relics were taken to Scotland in the 4th century by a certain St. Regulus. The surname was brought independently to North America by many different bearers and was particularly common among 18th-century Scotch-Irish settlers in PA and VA. In the United States, it has absorbed many cognate or likesounding names in other European languages, notably Swedish Andersson, Norwegian and Danish Andersen, but also Ukrainian Andreychyn, Hungarian Andrásfi, etc.


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How many bytes does a terabyte equal?
Roughly 1 trillion bytes. Webopaedia is a good Web site that lists a variety of computer terms and terminology.
================================== MORE INFORMATION ON THIS TOPIC ==================================For Web definitions and terminology, check out whatis.com's IT-specific encyclopedia.
The Best Web Links: tips, tutorials and more.
Ask your systems management questions--or help out your peers by answering them--in our live discussion forums.
This was first published in September 2001


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SCPL and Crowd++: Two Unobtrusive Human Context Awareness Techniques
Rutgers University, Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering
Thursday, July 17, 2014|
3:30pm - 4:30pm
Add to Google Calendar
About the Event
Learning human contexts is critical to the development of many applications, ranging from healthcare, business, to social sciences. Most existing work, however, acquires contextual information in an obtrusive manner -- they may require the subjects to carry mobile devices to be monitored, or rely on self or peer report to report the data. In this talk, we will present two unobtrusive techniques that can help us learn important human contextual information including the count, location, trajectory, and speech. We first present SCPL, a RF based device free localization technique. SCPL is able to count how many people are in an indoor setting and track their locations by observing how they disturb the wireless radio links in the environment. Second, we present Crowd++, a smartphone based speech sensing technique. Crowd++ records a conversation and automatically counts the number of people in the conversation without prior knowledge of their speech characteristics. Crowd++ can also calculate the percentage of each person's speech, as well as the turn-taking behavior of the speakers. Both techniques are unobtrusive, low-cost, and private, which can thus enable a large array of important applications that rely upon the knowledge of human contextual information.
Yanyong Zhang is currently an Associate Professor in the Electrical and Computer Engineering Department at Rutgers University. She is also a member of the Wireless Information Networks Laboratory (Winlab). Her current research interests are in future Internet and pervasive computing. Her research is mainly funded by the National Science Foundation, including an NSF CAREER award.
Contact: Ann Pace
Sponsor(s): University of Michigan, Department of Electrical Engineering & Computer Science
Open to: Public


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Animal Species:Cotton Harlequin Bug
The Cotton Harlequin Bug is a member of the Jewel Bug family named for their bright metallic colouration.
The males and females of the Cotton Harlequin Bug are different colours, with the females mostly orange and the males mostly blue-red.
The Cotton Harlequin Bug is found in eastern Australia.
The Cotton Harlequin Bug lives in urban, agricultural and coastal areas.
The Cotton Harlequin Bug is common during summer in Sydney gardens and among ornamental trees in parks.
Feeding and Diet
The Cotton Harlequin Bug feeds on many species belonging to the hibiscus plant family (Malvaceae), including ornamental hibiscus species and cotton. It feeds mostly on young shoots, piercing the stems and sucking the sugar-rich juices intended for shoot growth.
Cotton Harlequin Bugs are sometimes a minor pest of cotton and have been known to cause the introduction of a fungus, which rots the cotton boll. In gardens, they cause flower buds to drop prematurely.


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Does your WordPress site show a message similar to this?
Fatal error: Allowed memory size of 33554432 bytes exhausted (tried to allocate 19456 bytes) in wp-admin/includes/theme.php on line 81
If your answer is "yes", this tutorial is for you.
We've helped several of our students with similar issues so we decided to write a tutorial to hopefully help someone else out as well.
Before starting to read this guide, it's worth understanding what PHP errors are in WordPress.
Background Information About PHP Memory Limit
PHP Memory limit sets the maximum amount of memory in bytes that PHP allows to allocate to a script. This prevents poorly written scripts for eating up all available memory on a server.
In most cases, if you get a memory limit error it's due to a faulty plugin. If you're at 32 or 64 M limit, that should be more than enough.
If you set it to 128 M and still getting the error, then you for sure know it's due to a faulty plugin. So the key question is what plugin did you install prior to this?
Things to Try
- Try adding this line to your wp-config.php file:
- If you have access to your PHP.ini file, change the line in PHP.ini
If your line shows 32M try 128M:
memory_limit = 128M ; Maximum amount of memory a script may consume (128MB)
- If you don't have access to PHP.ini try adding this to an.htaccess file:
php_value memory_limit 128M
- Talk to your host.
- If you have just updated a plugin and you're seeing errors, try rolling back to a previous version.
Plugin for Keeping Track of Memory Usage
Use the TPC! Memory Usage plugin to track the memory usage in your WordPress.
TPC! Memory Usage allows WordPress administrators to view the current and peak memory usage of the application. This is extremely helpful when testing new plugins, or if there are a lot of modifications, plugins, or large language files. As of version 0.4, administrators now have the ability to view detailed system information about their web server, MySQL, PHP, and WordPress software. Chris Strosser"


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Ten people taste wine A and wine B. Let $X$ denote the number who prefer A. Assume that all the others indicate a preference for B. The people are a random sample.
If $X=10$, and we test the null hypothesis of no difference in preference between the wines (vs. two-sided alternative), the $p$-value is equal to 0.0020.
I don't get how one comes to the conclusion that the p-value is 0.0020. Are you supposed to use the one sample test for proportion?


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A power generation solution that allows users to create customized solutions to best suit the environment in which they live. The different components include;
- Mechanical Modules - Various mechanical systems with gearing which connect to the generator.
- Generation Modules - Different sized generators to fit the needs of the user.
- Power Regulation Modules - A range of regulators capable of controlling different amounts of power.
Power Scenarios (Intended Users)
At the current time we might be considering schools which have no power solutions, but they will need to adopt one of the following scenarios to enable the use of the XOs.
School (Community) Power Scenarios
There are 6 school power scenarios;
- School has constant and reliable mains power.
- School has mains power which encounters regular power cuts and spikes.
- School has power generation, storage and inverters which feed the mains infrastructure in the school.
- School has power generation and storage which supplies power to the XOs and gang charger.
- School has power generation feed directly into the gang charger.
- School has power generation feed directly into the XOs
Student (Individual/Family) Power Scenarios
For a family the community power scenarios may be more relevant depending on the particular circumstances. However, 3 main individual power scenarios exist;
- Upper body
- Lower Body
- Power generation solutions are the most requested peripheral.
- No one solution is going to solve the power problem in developing countries.
- This solution takes advantage of local skills and the local environment.
- Surges or spikes in power will not damage attached equipment.
- Scalable – Initially small low cost generators and regulators could be purchased but as the users power requirements increase more modules can be added to the system to enable more power to be generated and regulated. The aim is to allow people to build onto their existing power systems instead of having to replace the technology they have already purchased. This acts as a form of financing.
- Different Gear ratios will be required to run at maximum efficiency - this could add cost.
- Different situations will have different variability in the power generated.
- One possible workaround for power variability is to create responsive power consumers - e.g. a multi-charger that only charges as many of its slots as there is power for. But that is another design challenge.
Example of Use
In any of the situations below a storage solution, such as car batteries or the gang charger, could be attached to the power regulator creating an uninterruptible power supply (UPS).
- Two different schools may both require power, but exist in two very different environments. One has regular strong winds, and the other has a fast moving river near by. To get the most reliable power solution possible both schools require the power regulator and generator, but should select different mechanical modules - the blades for wind and the water wheel for the river. Because both schools are purchasing 2 identical modules the cost will go down due to economies of scale, but because they have different mechanical modules they are still getting a custom power solution.
- For some locations the mechanical module and generator could be assembled from locally available materials representing the lowest cost option. However they may still require the intelligence of the power regulator to guarantee the safety of equipment attached to this power solution.
- In some locations electronic equipment may be rare but the understanding and inventiveness of local people to create a mechanical system to drive the generator should be leveraged to enable the best power generation solution. In this situation the power regulator and generator could be purchased and have the custom build mechanical system attached in field.
- Some schools are already connected to the countries electricity supply so don't require any generation mechanism. However, in many countries large power spikes or power cuts are common. The power regulator would protect the schools electricity supply preventing damage to electronic equipment and could also act as a UPS if batteries were hooked up to the storage output of the power regulator.
- "I came to this website trying to find a solution for a school in the western Himalayas - where there is very little sun in the winter - and not much water or wind either - and of course there is no mains power! I guess we will look at finding a longlife laptop battery with good human-powered generators available. Maybe some flywheel-based pedal generator that can be built with local materials is best. If we can find a reliable solution for pedal generation, then it may be possible for batteries to be made redundant - which would be great, as they are expensive, consumable, and don't work well in low temperatures." Reference
- Concept: Joshua Seal, 15th October 2007


Moses, Jesus, and the Trickster in the Evangelical South - Paul Harvey
Moses, Jesus, and the Trickster in the Evangelical South
Moses, Jesus, and the Trickster in the Evangelical South
0 0 5 Scritto da: Paul Harvey
Paul Harvey uses four characters that are important symbols of religious expression in the American South to survey major themes of religion, race, and southern history.
The figure of Moses helps us better understand how whites saw themselves as a chosen people in situations of suffering and war and how Africans and African Americans reworked certain stories in the Bible to suit their own purposes. By applying the figure of Jesus to the central concerns of life, Harvey argues, southern evangelicals were instrumental in turning him into an American figure. The ghostly presence of the Trickster, hovering at the edges of the sacred world, sheds light on the Euro-American and African American folk religions that existed alongside Christianity. Finally, Harvey explores twentieth-century renderings of the biblical story of Absalom in William Faulkner's Absalom, Absalom and in works from Toni Morrison and Edward P. Jones.
Harvey uses not only biblical and religious sources but also draws on literature, mythology, and art. He ponders the troubling meaning of "religious freedom" for slaves and later for blacks in the segregated South. Through his cast of four central characters, Harvey reveals diverse facets of the southern religious experience, including conceptions of ambiguity, darkness, evil, and death.
Lingua: Inglese Categoria: Religione e Spiritualità Traduttore:
Più informazioni
Editore: University of Georgia Press
Pubblicato: 2012-03-01
ISBN: 9780820343747
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text:
Why was the Voyager aircraft not symmetrical?
A 20-year mystery solved.
- By Joe Pappalardo
- AirSpaceMag.com, November 01, 2006
Some people are really bothered by things that are unequal.
This time it was a portion of Voyager, which in 1986 completed the first nonstop, non-refueled flight around the world.
Reader Peter Lakatos has been torturing himself for 20 years over the puzzle of why the canard-like structure near Voyager's nose (a canard is a horizontal stabilizer mounted in front of the main wing) joins the twin booms at different points. He noticed this both in photos and in museum scale models, where one of the booms juts out slightly ahead of the other one.
Thus begins the case of the uneven booms.
"On the left side the leading edge of the canard is exactly flush with the forward-most point on the boom," Lakatos wrote us. "That is not the case on the right side, where the canard's junction with the boom is noticeably set farther back from the tip of the boom."
There's a good reason for that, says Pete D'Anna, a volunteer and retired aero-electrical engineer who works with Voyager at its home in the National Air and Space Museum. It doesn't have to do with the canards themselves, but with a reconfiguring of the aircraft's sensors during Voyager's design phase. The starboard (right side) boom had to be extended slightly forward of the canard to house radar antennas for navigation and weather, he explains.
The sensors were originally mounted inside the cockpit. But, says D'Anna, the designers, Burt and Dick Rutan, discovered that in that location, the radar encountered major interference from Voyager's alternator. "They solved that by moving the antenna out to the forward part of the right hand boom," D'Anna says.
According to pilot Dick Rutan's 1987 book Voyager, "We had to hack up the wing, dig a big trench to run a cable through, then fill it up and fair off a bubble on top of the boom." D'Anna surmises that they had to extend the tip another foot or so to fit both antennas. "When you look at the airplane as it is displayed at the museum, you can see the antennas in the tip," he adds.


How Do I Calculate Beam Size?
How do you find the width of a beam?
As per IS code 456 depth and width of beam depend on its length of beam and various types of load acting on it.
according to as per IS code 456 minimum depth of simply supported beam is about L/20 and minimum width of beam is about depth/1.5..
What is the maximum length of beam?
Span (distance) between two columns One can use beams of size 9″ X 12″ (225 MM x 300MM) with a slab thickness of 5″ (125 MM) cast in M20 concrete for spans up to 5m. There are other considerations like secondary and tertiary spans, point loads and wall loads which have to be considered.
What is depth of beam?
Introduction. A beam is considered as a deep beam when the ratio of effective span to overall depth is <2.0 for simply supported members. The beam theories which are based on assumptions are useful in case of those problems, where thickness of beams is moderate.
How far can a beam span without support?
What is the maximum length of cantilever beam?
That is the ratio of effective length to effective depth of the member. IS 456: 2000 prescribed a limiting value of 'l/d'=7, for cantilever beams for spans up to 10m. So, if we go beyond a certain length, we will end up with large depths as per the relation: d=l/7.
What is effective depth of beam?
For the design of the longitudinal tension reinforcement, the effective depth of a section, d is defined as the distance from the extreme concrete fibre in compression to the centre of gravity of the longitudinal tension reinforcement.
How much weight can a 2×12 beam hold?
How much weight can a 2×12 support horizontally? A 2×12 can withstand about 180 pounds per foot or about 2100 pounds.
What is the standard size of beam?
THE STANDARD SIZE OF THE BEAMS In a residential building it is 9 ʺ × 12 ʺ or 225 mm × 300 mm standard size according to (IS codes). The minimum RCC beam size should not be less than 9 ʺ × 9 ʺ or 225mm × 225mm with the addition of a 125mm slab thickness.
How do I calculate house beam size?
What is the minimum size of footing?
12 inchesThe minimum depth of footings below the surface of undisturbed soil, compacted fill material or controlled low strength material (CLSM) shall be 12 inches (305 mm). Where applicable, the requirements of CBC Section 1809.5 shall also be satisfied. The minimum width of footings shall be 12 inches (305 mm).
How far can a 2×8 beam span without support?
What is the minimum depth of beam?
How do you design a beam?
The design of concrete beam includes the estimation of cross section dimension and reinforcement area to resist applied loads. There are two approaches for the design of beams. Firstly, begin the design by selecting depth and width of the beam then compute reinforcement area.
How do you size a ridge beam?
Determining the Ridge Beam Height For example, if the slope is 4 in 12, and the run is 12 feet, the ridge beam height (M) will be 4 feet. The finished ridge beam height (Z) above the top of the wall will be (M) plus the Y Height. The formulas are: M = (R * X) / 12.
What size ridge beam do I need to span 20 feet?
If it is a 20′ span in the ridge beam you could easily need 3-18″ LVL's if not more and 18′ rafters will probably need to be 11 7/8's I joists.
How thick should a ridge beam be?
Ridge board shall be at least 1-inch (25 mm) nominal thickness and not less in depth than the cut end of the rafter.
What is a width?
The measurement of the extent of something from side to side. … Width is defined as the quality of being wide, or the measurement of distance from side to side. An example of width is a 36″ measurement for a table's wideness.
What is the minimum and maximum distance between two columns?
The Minimum Spacing or Distance between two column should not be less than 2.5 Meter. It Must be 2.5 Meter minimum distance. Or, Maximum Spacing & Distance of two Columns Should not be less than 7.5 meter.
How far can a triple 2×12 beam span?
Joist SpansSouthern Pine3-2X1011′-0″3-2X1213′-0″Douglas Fir-Larch, Hem-Fir, Spruce-Pine-Fir, Redwood, Cedars, Ponderosa Pine, Red Pine3X6 OR 2-2X64′-5″3X8 OR 2-2X85′-8″17 more rows


Taubman College
Course List
Term Winter 2011
Class ARCH 585
Class Title Advanced Building Technology
Description "The objective of this course is to explore state-of-the-art building and environmental technologies. Recent advancements in building technology promoting intelligence and automation are reviewed and explorations of a new generation of buildings and building technologies are pursued. The main topics of the course are: 1. Direction of technological advancements. 2. Building automation and intelligent building technologies. 3. Advanced lighting, daylighting, heating, ventilating, and air-conditioning systems. 4. Prototype buildings of the future. "
Prereq graduate standing or permission of instructor
Crosslist none
Required No
Elective No
Selective Yes
Meets T 8:30-11:30am 2222 A&AB
Credits 3
Faculty Jong-Jin Kim
Syllabus not available


text:
The LDC offers experiments in hypergravity: the 8m-dimameter four-arm centrifuge is set spinning at up to 67 revs a minute, creating up to 20 times normal Earth gravity.
Experiments in microgravity, on board the ISS for example, allow us to explore the effects of living and coping in an environment without gravity. But to understand these effects properly, it is useful to same responses in different gravitational conditions such as partial gravity (on the Moon) and hypergravity.
ESA built its LDC to improve the research infrastructure it could offer the European research community, encouraged by the European Low Gravity Research Association and supported by Dutch government. It is located at the ESA's Life and Physical Sciences Instrumentation Laboratory in the Netherlands.
Poster image courtesy of ESA.


text:
Serbian doctors discover that strawberries protect against ulcer and cancer
Strawberries protect stomach mucous from damage caused by alcohol in high concentration, the latest study that four Serbian doctors worked on together with their colleagues from Italy and Spain showed. The study has been publicized recently in a reputable international journal 'Plos ONE.'
'Strawberries contain powerful antioxidants thus preventing stomach mucous damages caused by free radicals. We proved that antioxidants from strawberries prevent lipid peroxidation', Doctor Dragana Dekanski, study co-author explains for 'Blic' She is doing medical research with the 'Galenika'.
She says that experiments were performed on laboratory animals, rats, which were given 40 milligrams per kilo of strawberry extract what is equivalent to daily consume of this fruit by a human being of half a kilo. The rats were given the extract during ten days and after that period they were given alcohol of large concentration.
Results of the research showed that the degree of stomach mucous damage of the animals that were given strawberries was far less than with those that were not given the extract', Doctor Dekanski says.
'Apart from alcohol stomach mucous can be damaged by numerous medical drugs such as aspirin and other non steroidal antirheumatic drugs. Strong stress can also cause damage. Damage mucous can result in numerous diseases such as ulcer, gastritis or even cancer of the stomach. Consume of strawberries prevents or delays appearance of those diseases. It is important, however, what strawberries are being taken. The best are those with high level of anthocyanin', Doctor Dekanski says.
Research co-author Italian Professor Maurizio Battino says that the research was actually aimed to reveal molecules protecting stomach mucous from harmful effect of various agenses.


, we would very probably only support 1 API using labelled arguments. Unfortunately, because we are creating bindings for a JavaScript API, we try to match their API so that it is easier for clients of our bindings to convert their code.
 3. Note how we pass a unit (()) to limit the end of our labelled arguments because otherwise the compiler would assume we are just doing currying.
Finally, we need to create a binding for the endOf function. We can write it like this:
[_USER_.send.pipe : dt]
external endOf :
 [ | 'year | 'month | 'week | 'day | 'hour | …]
 ) =>
 dt = "";
Note how we are using a poly variant type together with the [_USER_.string] attribute to constrain the set of arguments that can be passed to this function[2]. We just improved upon the original JavaScript by adding compile-time argument checking. This would have been impossible in pure JavaScript but because we are writing OCaml, we can do this kind of thing.
We can now compare the 2 full examples in Reason and JavaScript, and notice that they are not that different:
 .minus({ weeks: 1 })
And now in Reason:
let myDate =
 |> setZone("America/New_York")
 |> endOf('day);
Example #2 (mysql.js)
Alright, that was cool. Now let's take a look at another example that makes use of the Js API that ships with Bucklescript.
Let's take a look at a code snippet that uses the mysql JS library:
var mysql = require("mysql");
var connection = mysql.createConnection({ host: "", user: "root" });
connection.query("SHOW DATABASES", function (error, results, fields) {
 if (error) {
 console.log(results, fields);
I created bindings for this library recently and at first, this is how a client would use my bindings:
let conn = Mysql.createConnection(
Mysql.query(conn, "SHOW DATABASES", (error, results, fields) =>
 switch (Js.Nullable.to_opt(error)) {
 | None =>
 | Some(error) => Js.log(error##message)
Pretty similar to the JavaScript right? Note that the error parameter in the callback (which is a nullable type in JavaScript) is converted to an Option type in Reason. This is because in OCaml, there are no nullable types and we use the Option variant type to achieve a similar goal.
Note, too, that this API is not actually very good. The user could skip the Option variant checking and dangerously check the values of results and fields. This is a problem in the original JavaScript API but we can improve on it by making our bindings force a better API:
let conn = Mysql.createConnection(
Mysql.query(conn, "SHOW DATABASES", result => {
 switch (result) {
 | Ok(results) => Js.log(results.results)
 | Error(err) => Js.log(err##message)
As a member of the audience cleverly pointed out here, this sort of API is not new even in the JavaScript world. Promises can be used to solve this issue (and mysql2) addresses this problem by using promises for their async APIs. However, the original 'mysql.js library does not support that, but we improved upon it in our Reason bindings.
The other way round (consuming Reason libraries with JavaScript)
Because Bucklescript produces sane (readable) JavaScript code, one would expect that it would be straightforward to consume your Reason code using JavaScript. And it is, but only sometimes.
Example #1
Let's, once again, take a look at an example:
let isAre = n => n == 1? "is" : "are";
We can write that Reason function in a simple file and Bucklescript will generate the following:
'use strict';
function isAre(n) {
 var match = +(n === 1);
 if (match!== 0) {
 return "is";
 } else {
 return "are";
exports.isAre = isAre;
/* No side effect */
Note that:
 1. All functions and top-level values are automatically exported in the generated Bucklescript output.
 2. The function that we created is very similar in JavaScript. Its argument is a number and the output is also a string.
We can easily consume this function using JavaScript, like so:
const { isAre } = require("./demo.bs");
const word = "meetups";
console.log('${word} ${isAre(word, 3)} fun');
// => meetups are fun
Example #2
I wrote this simple function using Reason for validating required fields in a form:
let requiredFieldValidator = value =>
 if (String.length(value) == 0) {
 Js.Option.some("Field is required.");
 } else {
It can be used like this, in Reason:
switch (requiredFieldValidator("test")) {
| None => Js.log("all good")
| Some(err) => Js.log("invalid field: " ++ err)
If you try to consume it from JavaScript, weird things can happen. This is because JavaScript has no variants and as so, you would simply get the Bucklescript internal representation for variants in JavaScript.
Let's take a look at what that is:
OCaml Type JS Internal Representation
int number
string string
tuple array
list [] -> 0
[1] -> 1
[1, 2] -> [1, [2, 0]]
option('a) None -> 0
Some(a) -> [a]
Note that it is 0 for None option variants and [a] for Some option variants. We should never depend on the internal representation of values in JavaScript (they might be changed in the future).
We should, instead, take advantage of Bucklescript APIs that let us interop with them, from JavaScript:
let requiredFieldValidator = value =>
 if (String.length(value) == 0) {
 Js.Option.some("Field is required.");
 } else {
let requiredFieldValidatorJs = value =>
const { requiredFieldValidatorJs } = require("./demo.bs");
// => null
// => "Field is required"
Example #3
type person = {
 age: int,
 name: string
let personToString = (p: person) => {
 let name = p.name;
 let age = p.age;
 {j|$(name) is $(age) years old|j};
let david = {
 age: 22,
 name: "David Gomes"
/* => "David Gomes is 22 years old" */
In the above snippet, we declare a new record type person and a simple function personToString that outputs a string representing a person record. We then create a new record called david (note that Bucklescript automatically infers the type of david as person), and use the personToString function on it.
Given that records are currently implemented as arrays in the Bucklescript generated code, one would maybe think about consuming this function like this:
const { personToString } = require("./demo.bs");
console.log(personToString([22, "david"]));
However, as I explained before, we should never do this, because we are depending on the internal representation of record types. We can instead do this:
[_USER_.deriving jsConverter]
type person = {
 age: int,
 name: string
const { personFromJs, personToString } = require("./demo.bs");
 name: "David",
 age: 22,
The [_USER_.deriving] jsConverter, documented here, adds two functions to the generated Bucklescript code — personFromJs and personToJs. These functions do what you would expect them to do, which comes in very handy!
Key Takeaways
Let's summarize 8 things we learnt during the talk (or this accompanying blog post):
1 — Think twice before you start to bind
You don't always need to create bindings. Sometimes it might be better to just Rewrite It In Reason™, or to look for existing bindings. Use Redex or the Discord chat for this.
2 – Gradually reach full type safety, don't be afraid to start slowly
You should start your path to full type safety-ness by iterating on ever-more typed code. Don't be afraid to use raw JavaScript code and patch it up later!
3 – Bindings don't need to be 1-1 mappings of the original API (and probably shouldn't be)
As we saw in our examples, bindings don't have to be perfect copies of the original JavaScript API. In fact, they shouldn't be because OCaml is different from JavaScript, and so you should try to do things in a more OCaml-y way.
4 – You can (and should) write test for bindings
Here's an example from bs-luxon that uses Jest (and bs-jest):
test("DateTime.local(2017) is the beginning of the year", () => {
 let dt = DateTime.local(~year=2017, ());
 |> toEqual({
 "year": 2017,
 "month": 1,
 "day": 1,
 "hour": 0,
 "minute": 0,
 "second": 0,
 "millisecond": 0
The best way to write tests for your bindings is to simply copy the original library tests. The above example is a rewritten test from the original Luxon Jest test set.
5 — You should use interface (.rei/.mli) files
This technique is very popular in OCaml because it allows for a separation of concerns between type signatures and actual implementation details.
6 – Inspect your JS output every now


text:
External compression headache is an infrequently cited cranial neuralgia resulting from continued stimulation of the cutaneous nerves caused by the application of pressure over the forehead or scalp. The headache can result from wearing a tight band around the head, a tight hat, or sports goggles. They include a constant nonpulsating head pain felt in the area subjected to pressure that increases over minutes, is not associated with other symptoms, and often disappears within 1 hour after removing the causative stimulus.
If the causative stimulus is prolonged, external compression can lead to a more severe, migrainous headache or to a full-blown migraine attack in predisposed patients. This is a primary-type headache, not associated with organic cranial or intracranial disease, and thus does not require further investigation when the diagnostic criteria are fulfilled and the intermittent presentation is clear. The goal of this study was to evaluate headache in police officers subsequent to wearing helmets during ordinary patrolling assignments. The mechanism causing external compression headache in some patients and not in others remains unknown.


Intercultural Ministry seeks to connect with churches in 'sanctuary' jurisdictions
Church of the Brethren Newsline
February 25, 2017
A letter from the Church of the Brethren Intercultural Ministry, signed by director Gimbiya Kettering, is part of a new effort to connect with congregations located in areas considered to be "sanctuary" jurisdictions across the country.
Opening with verses from Matthew 25: 34-35–"Then the King will say to those on his right, 'Come, you who are blessed by my Father; take your inheritance, the kingdom prepared for you since the creation of the world. For I was hungry and you gave me something to eat, I was thirsty and you gave me something to drink, I was a stranger and you invited me in….'"–the letter invited prayerful discernment of "how we are called to witness, as members of the Church of the Brethren, how we feel called to stand with those who come to our communities seeking refuge."
The letter invited congregations to join a denominational conversation about what it means to be a congregation in a sanctuary jurisdiction, to consider how congregations can articulate and act upon their convictions, and to share resources, stories, and experiences with one another.
"You are part of a community that has declared itself to be a sanctuary," the letter said, in part. "While there is no official definition of a sanctuary city, town, county, or state, it is a continuation of our Judeo-Christian culture, national history, and our denominational witness in the wider world."
The letter noted ways the Brethren have connected to the biblical vision of sanctuary and safety for those who are endangered, including the post-World War II effort to encourage each congregation to welcome and care for a refugee family, as early as the 1980s recognizing the injustice in efforts to deport and deny refugees from conflicts in Haiti and South and Central America, and more recently bringing Chibok girls from Nigeria to the US for healing and new opportunities.
"We, too, sought sanctuary when the Brethren of the 1700s fled religious persecution in Germany," the letter noted.
Among other foundational statements, the letter referenced the Annual Conference statement of 1969, "Obedience to God and Civil Disobedience." Kettering also urged readers, as individuals and congregations, to study and prayerfully consider the following Annual Conference resolutions and statements: "Making the Connection," 1986; "Providing Sanctuary for Latin American and Haitian Refugees," 1983; "Undocumented Persons and Refugees in the United States," 1982; and "Action in the Refugee Crisis of Southeast Asia," 1979. Find Annual Conference statements online at .
To talk directly with Gimbiya Kettering in the Intercultural Ministry office of the Church of the Brethren, call _PHONE_ or e-mail .


Gorm Salomonsen
Learn More
We describe the theory behind a practical voting scheme based on homomorphic encryption. We give an example of an ElGamal-style encryption scheme, which can be used as the underlying cryptosystem. Then, we present efficient honest verifier zero-knowledge proofs that make the messages in the voting scheme shorter and easier to compute and verify, for voters(More)
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I'm working on High Line, a bulky weight wool lace shawl. Lace is always an interesting proposition when you have to join a new skein of yarn, but when you're working with a bulky weight wool, there's simply no way of disguising it. Enter spit splicing, a join method that works with any yarn that is at least 75% wool fiber. Since this join depends on wool's ability to felt, you also can't use a superwash wool, where the fiber has been coated so it won't felt while you're washing it. (See what they did there?) Again, this is for wool. Cottons, linens, and acrylics need not apply.
 Step 1. For each yarn end (old skein and new skein), carefully unwind about 4″, and separate fibers into two relatively equal parts. If you're working with a plied yarn, untwist them and divide evenly. Odd number of pies? Then separate the odd ply like the picture shows. Trust me; this is totally worth it.
 Step 2. Now carefully take your separated yarn ends (top) and tease the yarn apart further so that you can see space between the actual fibers. The more spread out your fibers are, the easier it will felt and, as a result, the stronger your join will be.
 Step 3. Next, carefully tear one section of the fibers away on each end. While you can cut them, tearing the fibers creates a more natural, and less noticeable, join. Fibers that are cut to the same length can show an edge or bump to the finished join. Remember, this is more obvious with big bulky yarns, and I'm working a lace pattern. If it's fingering or DK? Those snap pretty easy too, once you have separated the strands. As with everything, your mileage may vary.
 Step 4. Lay your two ends together so they overlap the 4″ you've removed. Ready? Spit on it. No, I'm not kidding, and yes, I really do want you to get the section wet. Which means spitting on it several times. (See? Knitting isn't a prissy sport.) Roll the fibers together between your flat palms to cause the fibers to lock onto each other and draw them together. (What you're doing here is actually wet felting, using the wetness from the spit and the friction created by rubbing your hands together. SCIENCE!!) Your fibers should go from looking like two separate pieces (top) to a single strand of fiber (bottom).
 Step 5. The end result: your next skein is invisibly joined to the old skein, and this join will simply disappear into your project. Seriously — can you even see where the two ends have become one? I can't. This is pure knitting magic. MAGIC, I tell you!!


text:
CBSE Board NCF-FS System: Schools affiliated to CBSE Board will have to adopt the 'National Framework for Foundational Stage' (NCF-FS) 2022. Let us know what this new system is after all.
Image Credit source: PTI
CBSE Board: Now the system of pre-primary schooling is going to change in all the schools affiliated to the CBSE board. Till now, after studying nursery and KG class, children used to get admission in the first class. However, now this whole system is about to change. In fact, CBSE Board has asked all the schools to adopt the 'National Framework for Foundational Stage' (NCF-FS) 2022. It has been prepared by the 'National Council of Educational Research and Training' (NCERT).
NCF-FS 2022 was released in October 2022. Under this new NCF-FS system, schools will have to adopt a three-year pre-primary schooling system. Overall, the NCF-FS system will be of five years, with emphasis on foundational learning.
Read also: Why did the CBSE Board warn the schools? After all, what is the matter, know
What is the new system?
Till now, first of all children had to take admission in nursery class. Then the number of KG used to come and then of the first class. This was called the pre-primary system. However, now there will be a change in this system. After nursery and KG, now there will be one more class at pre-primary level. That is, the pre-primary will now be of three years instead of two.
After this there will be first and second class, which will be part of the primary level. In the schools which already have pre-primary classes, arrangements for lower KG are also being made there. Three pre-primary classes will be started in government schools and Kendriya Vidyalayas. The reason for this is that in both these types of schools, education starts from the first class.
Read also: CBSE Board Exam: CBSE 12th Physics paper was like this, check question bank like this
Schools will have 'Balvatika'
CBSE Board Director (Academic) Joseph Emmanuel said, "To meet the objectives stated in the NCF-FS 2022, schools have been advised to follow the new structure of five years of elementary education and three years of secondary education". Include 'Balvatika' or say nursery classes.
He said, 'There will be more emphasis on activities in school kindergarten classes, which will generate curiosity in children. Attention will also be paid to the health, hygiene, nutrition etc. of the students in the Balvatika class.


text:
Employment law changes – 1st October 2015
Numerous employment law changes came into force today as a result of the Deregulation Act 2015. Key changes include:
- Sikhs will now have the right to wear a turban instead of a safety helmet across almost all workforces in Great Britain. Until now, this right was restricted to Sikhs within certain workplaces. It should be noted that there will be some limited exceptions, such as specific roles within the military and emergency services.
- The power of employment tribunals to make wider recommendations in discrimination cases will no longer be available.
In addition to the changes introduced by the Deregulation Act 2015, The National Minimum Wage Amendment Regulations 2015 (SI 2015/971) ("the NMW Regulations") came into force today. The NMW Regulations change the rates of national minimum wage in accordance with recommendations from the Low Pay Commission. The following rates will now apply:
- Standard adult rate (workers aged 21 and over) = £6.70 p/h
- Development rate (workers aged between 18-20) = £5.30 p/h
- Young workers rate (workers aged under 18 but above compulsory school age) = £3.87 p/h
- Apprentice wage = £3.30 p/h
Later in October 2015, it is expected that large businesses will be required to publish an annual slavery and human trafficking statement, setting out the action they have taken to ensure that their supply chains are free from slavery.
If your business is affected by any of the above changes or if you would like any further information, please do not hesitate to contact a member of our Employment Law team.Back to index


One Common Trench or Two Opposite Sides?
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The Arab Socialist Baath Party regards all Arabs as being part of one nation both in the cultural and spiritual sense. The different countries, in which they live, make up a politically and economically united fatherland. In the Party's documents, 'the Arab fatherland' means all the Arab countries. Each of these is a 'qotr', which, literally translated, means country; in the Baath context, it should be read as province or region. The adjective 'Qotri' (provincial, regional) is used when referring to an individual country. The adjective 'qawmi' (national), on the other hand, is used when referring to all the countries, which together make up the one fatherland. Thus, the National Leadership deals only with matters concerning the whole fatherland. Each Regional Leadership deals with matters within its own country.
As for example, the Lebanese or Jordanian Regional Leadership etc.
The word Baath can be translated as meaning revival, resurgence or renewal. Hitherto, resurgence seems to be the meaning, which is preferred by Arab intellectuals and foreign Arab experts.
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The Richest Man in Babylon – Book Summary
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This book is created from the ancient tablet found in the rich city of Babylon. This tablet consists of timeless principles on finance and considered a cure to the lean purse problem. It is said the most of the famous principles of investing and finance are derived from this tablet.
Any person who wants to learn personal finance principles in short stories should read this book. This covers topics about luck in a person's life to things to consider when lending principles. The principles mentioned in the tablet made Babylon a rich city along with the people living in it.
The Richest Man in Babylon
This chapter starts off with a story about two friends, Bansir and Kobi, discussing how they dreamt about having lots of wealth. Both friends dreamt about having lots of gold coins to make their purses fat but till today failed to do it.
They start to wonder the reason behind it but fail to realize. Kobi witnesses a rich person in a golden chariot and clothes made of fine silk wonder about his secret for his wealth. Bansir soon realized that the rich person was their school Arkad and was also the richest man in Babylon.
Bansir and Kobi then decide to take the guidance and understand the secret behind the wealth. Arkad being childhood friend agrees to share his secret with them.
Arkad mentioned that
 - Every person when receiving the salary should at least save 10% of the income before paying off the bills or making any purchases.
 - The saved money should be put at work where it starts multiplying itself and further generating more wealth.
 - Advice is one thing that everyone gives for free, but advice should be taken from individuals from expertise in their respective fields only. Eg investing tips on finance should be taken from a finance expert and not a gambler.
 - Staying away from the investment opportunity that promises exorbitant returns as those are huge risks and way to lose the money. A small return with assured safe investment is always better.
Cure for the Lean Purse
 This chapter describes to the reader the ways to increase saving. Once King of Babylon was facing the problem of poverty and the decline of trade in the kingdom. Facing this problem the King called up Arkad once again to solve this problem.
Arkad along with King decided to share the financial learning with the people in the kingdom that he had learned all along with his life. Arkad starts his story mentioning that he had started with a humble beginning.
For every money you receive, keep one-tenth of the money and eventually, it will increase money in saving which will help you feel good.
To have a clear understanding between necessary expenses with desire, if one does not have a clear budgeting system in place will eventually have empty pockets by the end of the month. So have a budget for expenses for and clear understanding of necessary expenses. Limit your expenses to 90% of your earning.
Saving 10 % of earnings is the start. The next step is investing the money so that it starts multiplying itself. This starts producing a stream of income contributing to one's wealth.
Learning to guard small amounts of money before handling large amounts of money. Not being misleading to make huge wealth rapidly.
Ensuring a future income. A person should plan certain investments or provisions that may endure safely for many years. Provide in advance for the needs of the growing age and the protection of the family.Increasing your earning ability cultivate the power by studying and becoming wiser, to become more skillful. This will increase the wealth of the individual.
Understanding Luck
This story starts with King of Babylon along with his advisors one fine evening discussing luck. King wanted to understand luck and if there was any way to attract it.
Each subject in the meeting mentioned instances where some had luck and some misfortune. Then the discussion turned to create money through gambling. Most of the time creating riches from gambling is not possible. The gambling house creates odds in such a way that the person playing has more probability of losing money compared to winning the money.
As the discussion continued the conclusion was drawn that good luck comes to those who accept the opportunity. Most of the time people are not able to take action on the opportunity and fall prey to procrastination.
While luck follows in such a way that the men take quick action on the opportunity desiring to be lucky. The spirit of procrastination follows men that they tend to delayed action and in the event, the opportunity is lost.
Once a person understands the procrastination and masters it then he is truly on the path of creating riches for himself. The ending note of this chapter is the men who take action are favored by the goddess of luck.
Babylonian Proverb
Babylonian Proverb
The Five Laws of Wealth
Here is the story where the richest man in Babylon Arkad tests the wealth management skills of his son named Nomasir. Nomasir was asked to prove his earning and management skill after which the wealth created by Arkad will be passed on to him.
While Nomasir embarked on this journey he was given some gold coin and the tablet which mentioned the five laws of wealth. Nomasir lost all the gold coins which were handed to him. The son persisted and followed the five principles of wealth and returned with bags filled with gold.
The five laws of wealth
 1. The more money is saved, the more readily it comes in increased quantities. The money which is saved earns more money, and it earns more & more.
 2. Every man who saves some money aside, opportunity comes for its most profitable use that it surprisingly multiplies itself.
 3. Money clings to the protection of the cautious owner who invests it under the advice of men wise in its handling.
 5. Money flees from the man who would force it to impossible earnings or who follows the alluring advice of tricksters and schemers or who trusts it to his own inexperience desires in investment.
Gold Lender of Babylon
This story teaches about lending. This solves the dilemma regarding lending and how to lend money or invest money in the business. The story revolves around the spear maker named Rodan in the city of Babylon. Rodan was gifted gold coins by the King for his craftsmanship.
Rodan's sister came to know about this and asked Rodan to lend that gold coin so her husband could start a business. Rodan was not sure whether this investment was the best option.
Rodan went to a moneylender named Mathon who would lend money to people to start their business. Rodan wanted to seek the counsel of the expert. Mathon seeing that Random wanted to make the best use of the money was a delight and shared his wisdom.
Rules of Lending
 - Help friends in such a way that it will not bring in the burden of friends on to yourself
 - When lending, always secure a token as security so that if the person fails to pay back the money, the lender's money is not lost.
 - The safest loans are those whose possessions are of more value than the one they desire.
 - Lending money to people always asks about their plan of repaying the money back. Check the knowledge of the person and their source of money generation.
 - Never be swayed by mentions or obligation to trust money to other people.
 - Not investing money in risky opportunities where there is a chance of losing money is always better than investing in these opportunities.
understanding Lending
Tablets from the Richest Man in Babylon
Along the chapter, the author mentions that his archaeological team found ancient clay tablets. The clay tablets mentioned words for leading a life of happiness and success.
Words from Tablets
 - A man should keep doing the deeds which makes it worthwhile for his nation & people. This in return will get respect from the nation and people.
 - Taking good care of wife and family as they add in the additional strength to man's vision
 - seeking easy wealth is the way to find disaster and to see oneself in the debts
 - If you truly seek to undo your mistake and ask for forgiveness with clear intentions most of the time you will receive forgiveness.
This book uncovered that people who desired wealth had an understanding of how money works. People of Babylon discovered the money principle which made the people and the city the richest city at its time. It is really amazing how the money principles have stayed the same for ages and are used even today with few tweaks.
One-Line Take-Away
 - Always set 10% of income and invest it in the right places.
 - Getting rich overnight schemes are all risk opportunities to lose money.
 - Learning and cultivating the right mindset is a must to make a person wealthy.
Book Recommended
This is a small book who is looking to understand how money works but is written in old English. This book has stories to make each reader understand money principles and also inspire along the way.
Score – 7/10
Roopesh Bhosle is an author at Hackedwits and writes on summary for books from Business and Finance. A Project Manager at day and content writer at night. Love to learn new things, to connect dots in life. Connect with me on LinkedIn for collaboration on project or Guest Post
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In 2007, the Child and Family Research Centre, NUI Galway, was commissioned by the PMC to evaluate Globe: All Ireland Programme for Immigrant Parents. From 2007 - 2009 a number of interim evaluation reports were submitted to the PMC on the development phase of the project and its resources. In 2009, following the extension of the project, the objectives of the evaluation were revised. These objectives, which underpin this final evaluation report, are as follows:
Examine and assess the pilot phase;
Examine and assess the uptake and use of the Information Packs by parents and practitioners;
Examine and assess the partnership working and development on a multi-sectoral and crossborder basis of the PMC, and more generally in meeting the needs of immigrant parents;
Examine and assess the mainstreaming of learning and good practice; and
Examine and assess the training/awareness raising and support of practitioners in delivering the programme.
- A very high number of potential future professionals received the capacity and awareness training day and globe toolkit. The PMC or member organisations should consider initiating contact and work with further/higher education institutions who received the capacity and awareness training and resources. Attempts should be made to track the extensive numbers of students who received the training and resources to examine future use in practice.
- In any potential revisions to the toolkit the possibility of adding signposts to online or hardcopy sources of information should be explored.
- Consider refining the information pack to reflect more local information, or signposting practitioners and parents to sources of local information.
- The provision of an electronic toolkit is a positive, cost-effective development in sustaining the globe. However, it is clear that the resources, in tandem with the capacity and awareness training day, have made the most impact. Any electronic circulation of the toolkit should be done so with consideration for the capacity and awareness training day developed by culturewise.
- In addition to this successful mainstreaming approach, the pmc or member organisations should consider a dissemination plan for the findings of this evaluation and learning from the toolkit more generally.


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In the special relativistic action for a massive point particle,
$$\int_{t_i}^{t_f}\mathcal {L}dt,$$
why is the Lagrangian
$$\mathcal {L}=-E_o\gamma^{-1}$$
a negative number?
share|improve this question
I'm just guessing this is the relativistic action for a free point particle, but some clarification of your question would help... – Michael Brown Jan 25 '13 at 9:59
Having you noticed that adding a constant the $\mathcal{L}$ doesn't affect the resulting optimal path? – dmckee Jan 25 '13 at 11:09
Because by convention, we want the action to be minimized in normal cases, not maximized. It's a convention: we could redefine $S\to -S$ which would then be maximized. For a massive pointlike particle, the proper time along the straight path is actually maximized, recall the twin paradox (the traveling twin ages less than the stationary one because of time dilation!), so one has to take $S$ to be a negative multiple of the proper time for the action to be minimized along the classical path. – Luboš Motl Jan 25 '13 at 11:25
Luboš agrees with me! :-) – John Rennie Jan 25 '13 at 11:40
I have even upvoted you, _USER_, after I noticed that you wrote the same thing and before me! ;-) – Luboš Motl Jan 25 '13 at 12:22
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2 Answers
The argument I have seen is that the action is the length of the geodesic i.e.
$$ \text{path length} = \int ds $$
but we know that the trajectory of a free relativistic particle is the one that maximises the path length. So by writing:
$$ S = -m\int ds $$
we get an action that is minimised for the correct path (the $m$ is there to make the dimensions correct).
share|improve this answer
And how about non relativistic $L=mv^2/2$? – Vladimir Kalitvianski Jan 25 '13 at 10:37
Generally what matters is that the action is stationary $\delta S=0$, as is most easily seen from the path integral. Whether the classical path corresponds to a maximum, minimum or saddle point of the action is practically immaterial. – Michael Brown Jan 25 '13 at 11:21
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At the classical level (meaning $\hbar=0$), to derive the Euler-Lagrange equations (i.e. the special relativistic version of Newton's 2nd law) from the action $S$, an overall (possibly negative) multiplicative factor is irrelevant. In this case, the normalization is chosen so that the Lagrangian
$$ L~=~-\frac{E_0}{\gamma} ~\approx~ \frac{1}{2}m v^2 -E_0 \qquad\text{for}\qquad v\ll c$$
recovers the well-known expression for the kinetic energy (up to an additive constant) in the non-relativistic limit $v\ll c$. So a bit oversimplified, the negative sign is caused by the huge rest energy $E_0$. Note that additive constants in the Lagrangian do not affect the equations of motion.
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Right, with choosing $L=E_o(1-\gamma^{-1})$ we obtain the same equations. – Vladimir Kalitvianski Jan 25 '13 at 10:54
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THE narrative was, perhaps, just a little too good to be true. When news broke last month of the so-called "Buddha from space" — a swastika-emblazoned statue, apparently 1,000 years old, that had been carved out of a meteorite and looted by a Nazi ethnologist — the world was enthralled.
There were only, it turns out, a few slight catches. According to two experts who have since given their verdict on the mysterious Iron Man, it may have been a European counterfeit; it was probably made at some point in the 20th century; and it may well not have been looted by the Nazis. The bit about the meteorite, though, still stands.
According to Buddhism specialist Achim Bayer, the statue bears 13 features which are easily identifiable by experts as "pseudo-Tibetan" — and which sit uneasily with speculation by researchers last month that it was probably made in the 11th-century pre-Buddhist Bon culture.
These include the 24cm-high statue's shoes, trousers and hand positioning, as well as the fact that the Buddha has a full beard rather than the "rather thin" facial hair usually given to a deity in Tibetan and Mongolian art. In his report, Bayer says he believes the statue to be a European counterfeit made some time between 1910 and 1970.
"Up to date, no acknowledged authority in the field of Tibetan or Mongolian art has publicly deemed the statue authentic…," writes the University of Seoul academic.
The statue's Asian provenance is not the only aspect of the story to have been questioned. In September, the man leading a team of German and Austrian researchers, University of Stuttgart geologist Elmar Buchner, said its previous owner had claimed it had been brought to Europe in the late 1930s by Ernst Schafer, a Nazi ethnologist who led an SS expedition to Tibet.
But German historian Isrun Engelhardt, who has studied Schafer's trip to Tibet in depth, has cast doubt on this suggestion, questioning the statue's absence on the long list of items brought back. "There is an extremely precise list of the purchased objects, including date, place and value," she told Spiegel.
Buchner says he had no reason to doubt the account of the previous owner, and stresses that his team was only looking into what the statue was made of — a rare form of iron with a high content of nickel — not where it had come from. While they felt able to say the material most likely came from the Chinga meteorite, which crashed to earth 15,000 years ago, the researchers admitted that "the ethnological and art historical details — as well as the time of sculpturing, currently remain speculative".
Moreover, Buchner's statements about the origins were qualified. He told the journal Meteoritics and Planetary Science: "If we are right that it was made in the Bon culture in the 11th century, it is absolutely priceless and absolutely unique worldwide."
— The Guardian, London


Berries improves glycemic response to bread or sugar
Jacob Schor, ND, FABNO
May 31, 2013
Three papers have changed the way I look at raspberry jam. And strawberry jam. They would also change my view of lingonberry, bilberry, cloudberry and also chokeberry jam as well except I don't recall ever tasting them.
These threes studies were all conducted by Riitta Törrönen and colleagues at the University of Eastern Finland, a country apparently blessed with all sorts of juicy berries. Few of us would have predicted the results reported in any of these studies.
In the most recent study, published just this past April, Törrönen investigated the effect of eating berries with bread, either white or rye. In the two earlier studies the berries were combined with sugar. In all the effect on glycemic profiles was measured.
Let's review these in chronological order. The two earlier studies were published in May and September of 2012.
The May study measured the impact of a combination of berries and sucrose (white sugar) on postprandial insulin, serum glucose and glucagon-like peptide 1. Twelve subjects were randomized, into a single-blind, placebo-controlled crossover study in which two test meals were consumed on separate days. One meal was a berry purée (150 g) made of bilberries, blackcurrants, cranberries and strawberries with 35 grams of added sucrose. The 'control meal' was 35 grams of sucrose dissolved in water. The berries significantly improved the glycemic profile over the sugar water; plasma glucose and serum insulin concentrations were all lower at 15 min, and higher at 90 min. The berry mixture also reduced the maximum increases in glucose and insulin concentrations and improved the glycemic profile. Glycemic control was improved by adding berries to sucrose.
The second study in Törrönen's series was published in September 2012. Twenty healthy women participated in this randomized, controlled, crossover meal study. They consumed either blackcurrants or lingonberries (150 g served as purées) or blackcurrant or lingonberry nectars (300 mL) with 35 grams of added sucrose. Sucrose alone (35 g in 300 mL water) was used as a reference.
Again, compared with sucrose alone, adding berries to sucrose resulted in lower glucose and insulin concentrations during the first 30 min and a slower decline during the second hour and a significantly improved glycemic profile. Berries prevented the sucrose-induced late postprandial hypoglycemic response and the compensatory free fatty acid rebound. Nearly similar effects were observed with the sugar and berry nectars. The improved responses were evident despite the higher content of available carbohydrate in the berry and nectar meals.
In the most recent study published just this past April 2013, subjects participated in 3 randomized, controlled, crossover, 2-hour meal studies. They consumed white bread (WB) or rye bread (RB), both equal to 50 grams of available starch, with 150 g whole-berry purée or the same amount of bread without berries as reference.
Eating Strawberries, bilberries, lingonberries, or chokeberries with white bread significantly reduced the postprandial insulin response. So did eating the mixed berry puree with either white bread or rye bread. Both strawberries and the mixed berry puree significantly improved the glycemic profile of both breads (about 40% for the white bread and about 20% for the rye). When white bread is consumed with berries, less insulin is needed for maintenance of a normal or even slightly improved postprandial glucose metabolism. Even the insulin profile to rye bread, which is initially better than white bread's, is improved.
These three studies tell us that combining berries to sugar or astarch containing food improves the glycemic profile.
The term the term glycemic profile is actually a bit obscure and I confess to only vaguely understanding it until I read these papers. The glycemic profile system was developed by Liza Rosén, doctor in applied nutrition at Lund University in Sweden. It is a specific measuring system used to describe the blood glucose response. It goes beyond the low glycemic index concept we are familiar with. Glycemic profile is "… defined as the duration for the incremental post-prandial blood glucose response divided with the blood glucose incremental peak (min/mM)."
In simpler words, the GP is based on the graph of the rise and fall of postprandial blood glucose. Glycemic profile scores reflect the appearance of this graph's curve. The flatter the curve, the better the glucose profile and the higher it is scored. The best scores are for blood sugar curves that are even and reasonably low. High scores describe when blood sugar rises slowly and evenly after a meal and then drops down slowly. Low scores describe sudden spikes and rebound drops into hypoglycemia. Taking these variations into account provides a more accurate prediction of a person's response to a particular meal, how long their energy is sustained after eating or conversely how soon they will crash.
"A food with a high GP indicates that the energy lasts longer. The absolute best situation is if the product has a low GI and high GP. This means it's a really good product! One example is boiled rye kernels, which have a GI of 73 (where 100 is the GI of white wheat bread) and a GP of 94. In the same study, boiled wheat kernels had a GI of 68 but a GP of 51. The results suggest that the rye kernels produce a more stable blood sugar profile", says Liza Rosén.
This GP system added to glycemic index scores may be a more accurate predictor of your response to meals. Flattening out the sudden spikes in glucose level and insulin production may have more value in preventing and treating metabolic syndrome than glycemic indexes alone. High glycemic profile foods may keep people feeling 'full' longer increasing satiety.
Törrönen's studies taken together should leave us fairly certain that adding berries to either sugar or bread will actually improve glycemic control.
Berries provide significant amounts of polyphenols that are linked to a wide array of health benefits. Yet patients, particularly those with blood sugar problems, are often resistant to our suggestions to eat berries in quantity or with frequency out of fear that the berries contain sugar. These studies provide the data to respond to this concern. While berries may contain some sugar, they contain other chemicals that change they way the body responds, slowing the rise in blood sugar, so that neither the sugar in the berries nor the starches eaten with them are quite as bad for you as they might normally be.
Adding berries to a high carbohydrate breakfast such as corn flakes or oatmeal should lessen the mid-morning hypoglycemic crash these meals often trigger. Adding berries to a pastry do something more than making it look pretty.
Does this mean that bread eaten with jam is better than plain bread alone? Not exactly, but almost; if the jam were made from berry puree without further added sucrose, then yes, apparently it would yield a better glycemic profile. Would a sugar-sweetened berry jam on my morning toast be better than no jam at all? This is where it gets complicated.
1. Törrönen R, Sarkkinen E, Niskanen T, Tapola N, Kilpi K, Niskanen L. Postprandial glucose, insulin and glucagon-like peptide 1 responses to sucrose ingested with berries in healthy subjects. Br J Nutr. 2012 May;107(10):1445-51. doi: 10.1017/S0007114511004557. Epub 2011 Sep 20.
2. Törrönen R, Kolehmainen M, Sarkkinen E, Mykkänen H, Niskanen L. Postprandial glucose, insulin, and free fatty acid responses to sucrose consumed with blackcurrants and lingonberries in healthy women. Am J Clin Nutr. 2012 Sep;96(3):527-33. doi: 10.3945/ajcn.112.042184. Epub 2012 Aug 1.
3. Törrönen R, Kolehmainen M, Sarkkinen E, Poutanen K, Mykkänen H, Niskanen L.J Nutr. Berries reduce postprandial insulin responses to wheat and rye breads in healthy women 2013 Apr;143(4):430-6.
4. Rosén LA, Silva LO, Andersson UK, Holm C, Ostman EM, Björck IM. Endosperm and whole grain rye breads are characterized by low post-prandial insulin response and a beneficial blood glucose profile. Nutr J. 2009 Sep 25;8:42. doi: 10.1186/_PHONE_-8-42.
5. _URL_


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WSOP runs for seven weeks and for long hours each day. That is a lot of electricity consumption. Most of the electricity is still produced from fossil fuels, which cause extensive damage to the environment. In order to compensate for that damage Harrah's, the owners of the WSOP, have purchased carbon offsets from NativeEnergy.
NativeEnergy is associated with the production of environment friendly electricity from community owned renewable energy projects. The cost of electricity from such projects is higher than that produced from fossil fuels. Therefore the producers of this electricity are given certified carbon offsets, which they can sell to offset their higher costs. NativeEnergy buys these carbon offsets and sells them to organizations that are concerned about the environment.
Harrah's has not only has it bought carbon offsets itself, but also it is encouraging Main Event players to buy their own carbon offsets, to compensate for the adverse environmental impact of travel to and from Las Vegas and for the extended hotel stays while playing in WSOP.