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I have 2 vectors with 11 dimentions.
a <- c(-0.012813841, -0.024518383, -0.002765056, 0.079496744, 0.063928973,
 0.476156960, 0.122111977, 0.322930189, 0.400701256, 0.454048860,
b <- c(0.64175768, 0.54625694, 0.40728261, 0.24819750, 0.09406221,
 0._PHONE_, -0.04211932, -0.07130129, -0.08182200, -0.08266852,
cosine_sim <- cosine(a,b)
which returns:
I used cosine() from lsa package.
for some values i am getting negative cosine_sim like the given one. I am not sure how the similarity can be negative. It should be between 0 and 1.
Can anyone explain what is going on here.
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take a look at the wikipedia link for cosine similarity (en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosine_similarity). it cleary states the values lie between -1 and 1, with -1 indicating complete dissimilarity and 1 indicating complete similarity. – Ramnath Jul 6 '11 at 14:38
The clue is in the name. The trigometric cosine function can take values from -1 to 1, so you would expect this one to as well. – Richie Cotton Jul 6 '11 at 15:15
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3 Answers
The nice thing about R is that you can often dig into the functions and see for yourself what is going on. If you type cosine (without any parentheses, arguments, etc.) then R prints out the body of the function. Poking through it (which takes some practice), you can see that there is a bunch of machinery for computing the pairwise similarities of the columns of the matrix (i.e., the bit wrapped in the if (is.matrix(x) && is.null(y)) condition, but the key line of the function is
crossprod(x, y)/sqrt(crossprod(x) * crossprod(y))
Let's pull this out and apply it to your example:
> crossprod(a,b)/sqrt(crossprod(a)*crossprod(b))
[1,] -0.05397935
> crossprod(a)
[1,] 1
> crossprod(b)
[1,] 1
So, you're using vectors that are already normalized, so you just have crossprod to look at. In your case this is equivalent to
> sum(a*b)
[1] -0.05397935
(for real matrix operations, crossprod is much more efficient than constructing the equivalent operation by hand).
As _USER_ Maney's answer says, the dot product of two vectors (which is length(a)*length(b)*cos(a,b)) can be negative...
For what it's worth, I suspect that the cosine function in lsa might be more easily/efficiently implemented for matrix arguments as as.dist(crossprod(x))...
edit: in comments on a now-deleted answer below, I suggested that the square of the cosine-distance measure might be appropriate if one wants a similarity measure on [0,1] -- this would be analogous to using the coefficient of determination (r^2) rather than the correlation coefficient (r) -- but that it might also be worth going back and thinking more carefully about the purpose/meaning of the similarity measures to be used...
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Wow. Nice answer. – Matt O'Brien Mar 1 at 5:39
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The cosine function returns
In this case, both the terms in the denominator are 1, but crossprod(a, b) is -0.05.
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The cosine function can take on negative values.
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The Basics of Zeolite is a naturally occurring material found in many countries around the world, as well as Australia in Northern New South Wales. It is very low in nutrients but contains some Potassium, a small amount of Calcium and is known to have a very high Cation Exchange Capacity (see Did You Know section below). A high grade more pure form can be made in a laboratory for such uses as cleaning air supplies for pilots. This is termed a medical – grade oxygen.
Is Zeolite readily available?
Zeolite is mined, ground up, then bagged for sale as a natural garden additive. Because it is a natural product not all deposits have the same range of purity, so the quality is reflected in the price.
What is Zeolite used for?
Zeolite has many uses apart from Horticulture and general gardening. It is also used in many every day products some of which include:
- Kitty litter where it is super absorbent as well as holding odours so it acts as a deodorant in the non-clumping form
- Pool filters instead of sand to collect pollutants
- Water purifiers removes toxic wastes from water & fly ash
- Nuclear Absorbent used with the Fukushima Disaster
- Odour neutraliser removes odours and freshens air (e.g. under chicken pens)
- Vermaculture (Worm farming) absorbs heavy metals, and stabilises the pH level
- Washing Powder and Detergents. This is the largest single use for Zeolite
- Cement as an additive – to make it easier to work with
Zeolite is used to absorb and hold nutrients and water but allows plant roots to absorb the dissolved nutrients from the Zeolite for their growth.
How Zeolite is used in Horticulture:
- Turf – Zeolite is mixed with the soil before any turf is laid at the rate of 250 -750 grams per meter of soil. For existing lawn, the Zeolite is applied after the lawn has been aerated, and is often mixed with fertiliser and/or sand at 250 to 1kg per square metre of soil.
- Garden beds – Zeolite is generally mixed into the top 10-15 cms of soil together with any organic manure or other fertiliser to improve water holding capacity and nutrient retention.
- Planting – Zeolite can be put into the bottom of the hole, mixed with the soil then the new plant installed
- Compost heaps – Zeolite can be used to control the leaching out of Nitrogen by absorbing Ammonia which it then converts to Nitrogen delivering nutrition to plants on demand. It is in this process that Zeolite acts as an odour reduction agent or absorber
- Mulch – Zeolite is normally used to retain moisture and nutrients. It can minimise splashing of fungal spores onto plant foliage from the bare soil. This helps with reducing plant root rot from Fungi like Phytophora spp
- Potting mix – Zeolite reduces the added amount of fertiliser required (especially Nitrogen) because it retains nutrients that would otherwise be lost through the leaching process.
*When Zeolite is used in Horticulture it is primarily from a natural source so it is generally accepted as an organic material for the certification process.
- Commonly used for Bonsai Tree potting mix.
Health and Safety
Zeolite is not toxic in itself; it is the milling process turning it into a fine texture that the user needs to be aware of. It is recommended that a mask be used to stop it entering the mouth and lungs which may cause irritation.
Some people have been know to ingest Zeolite to soak up Alcohol after a big night of drinking. Supposedly you don't get a hangover.
Today's Did You Know…?
There are seven cations in the Cation Exchange Capacity. These are positively charged particles that measure and influence the soils ability to hold on to essential nutrients.
- Hydrogen (H)
- Aluminium (Al)
- Calcium (Ca)
- Magnesium (Mg)
- Potassium (K)
- Ammonia (NH4)
- Sodium (Na)
How the Cation Exchange Works
The Cations (positively charged nutrients) are attracted to Colloids (negatively charged particles) of soils and other material. These colloids are basically a food storage facility for nutrients that plants can access when they are released (or exchanged) into the soil water. These cations (nutrients) in solution are now available for the plant to use. The ability of each particle (colloid) to hold cations (nutrients) is limited by the number of negative charges they hold on their surface.
"If there is a concentration of one particular Cation in the soil water, those cations will force other cations off the colloid and take their place.
The stronger the colloid's negative charge, the greater its capacity to hold and exchange cations, hence the term Cation exchange capacity (CEC)."
Zeolite has a very large Cation Exchange Capacity Go to _URL_ for more information

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


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|Date:||20th January 2010.|
Meaning of Vasant Panchmi: The Vasant Panchmi is also spell as Basant Panchami which reflects the arrival of spring season. The day is celebrated as the Saraswati Pooja where goddess Saraswati is worshiped. The day is celebrated on the fifth day of the Magh month of 'Shukla Paksh', therefore the Vasant Panchami is also called as the 'Shree Panchami' or 'Saraswati Panchami'.
Maa SaraswatiGoddess of Learning:Goddess Saraswati is worshiped on the day of Vasant Panchami. Maa Saraswati reflects the symbol of vedic knowledge and wisdom. Goddess Saraswati is the goddess of great learning, wealth of humanity and wealth of knowledge. According to the Hindu mythology the goddess is sitting with the white attire, white flower and white pearl and sitting on the white lotus which is floating on the water.
Rituals:The mythological history of the goddess Saraswati is associated with the holy rituals that are performed on the banks of river Saraswati. She is also worshiped as the goddess of speech which is also attributed to the formation of words.
Celebrations:On the day of the festival there is the environment of great festivity and the festival also marks the end of the winters. On this day the yellow color is of great significance, people also offers the yellow flowers in worship and also puts yellow tilak on everyone's forehead. At everyone's home the Kesar Halwa is prepared on the day which is also in yellow color. The devotees also visits temples and offers the prayers to the various gods.
The Vasant Panchmi is the festival that is celebrated in North India and is also the festival of nature and there is no story that is associated as it is in the case of the mostly Hindu festivals. On the day of festival goddess Saraswati is generally worshiped by the teachers and students in the northern and eastern part of the country.
Prasadam:The 'Prasadam' of the goddess at the time of the Basant Panchami differs from place to place and community to community. Some of the devotees offers 'Ber', a fruit that is found in Northern and Eastern India or 'Sangari' is the type of bean that is grown on the roots of the radish plant.
Related Tour Packages

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


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Deconstructing Dinner: Exploring Ethnobiology II: Nancy Turner
In May 2010, Deconstructing Dinner travelled to Vancouver Island where two international conferences on ethnobiology were being hosted. Ethnobiology examines the relationships between humans and their surrounding plants, animals and ecosystems. Today, more and more people are expressing an interest to develop closer relationships with the earth. This leaves much to be learned from the research of ethnobiologists, and in particular, from the symbiotic human-earth relationships that so many peoples around the world have long maintained.
On this part II of the series, we listen to segments from a one-on-one interview with Nancy Turner of the University of Victoria. Nancy is one of the most well-known ethnobiologists in Canada and Deconstructing Dinner's Jon Steinman sat down with her in the community of Tofino to learn more about what ethnobiology is, why the field is an increasingly important one to pay attention to, and what we all might learn from the many indigenous peoples who ethnobiologists work with.
Also on the show - a recording of a presentation by Cheryl Bryce and Pamela Tudge who are examining how the indigenous peoples living in what is now the City of Victoria might reinstate traditional harvesting practices of an important traditional food - camus.
Nancy Turner, distinguished professor, School of Environmental Studies, University of Victoria (Victoria, BC) -
Born in Berkeley, California, Nancy moved to Victoria at the age of 5 and she lives there today as a Distinguished Professor in the School of Environmental Studies at the University of Victoria. She earned a PhD in Ethnobotany in 1974 from the University of British Columbia when she studied three contemporary indigenous groups of the Pacific Northwest (the Haida, Bella Coola and Lillooet). Nancy's major research has demonstrated the role of plant resources in past and present aboriginal cultures and languages as being an integral component of traditional knowledge systems. Nancy has also played an important role in helping demonstrate how traditional management of plant resources has shaped the landscapes and habitats of western Canada. In 1999 Nancy received the Order of British Columbia and in 2009 received the Order of Canada. She's authored numerous books including, among others, Food Plants of Coastal First Peoples, Food Plants of Interior First Peoples, Plants of Haida Gwaii and The Earth's Blanket - Traditional Teachings for Sustainable Living.
Cheryl Bryce, lands manager, Songhees Nation, (Victoria, BC) -
The Songhees or Songish, also known as the Lekwungen or Lekungen, are an indigenous North American Coast Salish people who reside on southeastern Vancouver Island, British Columbia in the Greater Victoria area.
Pamela Tudge, former student, School of Environmental Studies, University of Victoria (Victoria, BC) -
Pamela recently moved to the North Okanagan region of BC where she's now studying food systems and mapping for her master's research at the University of British Columbia - Okanagan.


Do fish die if you touch them? (Catch and Release Fishing)
Holding Fish Underwater
All anglers will come in contact with fish when landing the fish, removing the hook, or when putting the fish back in the water. Touching fish is just the nature of fishing and can't be avoided.
A common concern among catch-and-release anglers is do fish die if you touch them? A fish will not die when you touch them. By touching fish what is happening is that you are removing fish's protective slime coating. The slime coating has many different functions but its most important function is to provide the fish with protection against toxins and parasites. The longer an angler handles a fish, more of the protective slime coating is removed which increases the risk of the fish to become ill.
Cool Fact: Some fish can use their protective slime coating as a way to defend against predators. Hagfish will secrete excessive amounts of slime as a defensive mechanism when attacked. Check out this video from National Geographic where a shark ended up gagging on a hagfish's slime.
It is so important as a catch-and-release angler to minimize the amount of time you handle a fish in order to maintain the fish's protective slime coating. That is why I can't up with 5 tips on how you can reduce the amount of slime being removed when handling the fish.
Keep The Fish In The Water
Whenever possible always try to remove a hook from a fish in the water. Fish secretes a certain type of protein when it comes in contact with water will create the slime protective layer. By keeping the fish in the water will help the fish maintain their slime layer. Also, the water lubricates your skin which will naturally help reduce the amount of slime being removed.
When a fish is out of the water the slime layer is slowly drying up and being removed by your skin. This increases the fish's risk to not survive once released back in the water.
Pick The Proper Fishing Net
Fish that are too big to be handled in the water needs to be brought out of the water to remove the hook. This is typically done by using a net but not any net will do. That is of course if your goal is to minimize the amount of slime being removed.
Nets made from rough and hard material with a narrow mesh should be avoided. Instead, use a fishing net made from soft material, rubber will work great here, with a wide mesh. Make sure to get these nets wet before use as it will further minimize the amount of slime removed by reducing the friction between the net and the fish.
Wear Them Silly Orange Rubber Gloves
Dry skin will for sure rub off the protective slime layer. In fact, you can feel it on your hands after you are done handling the fish. So at the very least make sure your hands are wet before handling the fish.
Wearing those bright orange rubber gloves works great when trying to minimize removing a fish's protective slime layer. Just like with the rubber netting make sure to get the gloves wet before handling.
Never Place Fish On Dry Surfaces
You netted and landed the fish. Great!
Now you need to place the fish somewhere to remove the hook but where should you place the fish?
If you are fishing onshore then you should never place a fish on dry surfaces or on the ground (dirt, rocks, twigs, etc) directly. There are small sharp objects that could cut into a fish's body which could cause them an infection. Remember, fish are not used to bacteria from the surface.
This is less of an issue on a boat because there are really not sharp objects that can cut a fish. Depending on the style of boat, like an open V type aluminum boat, where the floor can easily become wet will help reduce the friction.
A solution if you are fishing onshore or on a boat is to place a wet towel or cloth on your working surface to lay the fish on. If you place a fish on a bench, then take all the precautions to ensure you don't lose control of the fish when it moves and have it drop onto the floor.
3 … 2 … 1 Say "Cheese!
Any angler wants to take a QUICK photo of their catch of the day. This is only natural but notice how QUICK is emphasized here. Remember the longer you handle the fish and keep it out of the water the more harm you are causing the fish. So make sure you are not taking several photos with different angles and poses looking for that great shot.
If you must take a photo make sure you have wet hands or are wearing rubber gloves.
Is The Slime Safe For Me … What I Need To Know
Angler knows that cuts and scrapes are part of the territory with fishing. Many of the injuries go unnoticed until you get in contact with some lemon juice.
Anglers have been known to develop what is referred to as "Fish-Handler's Disease". This happens with an Angler comes in contact with the fish's slime while having cuts on their hands that are not properly cleaned. According to this research abstract, it showed that a bacteria called Erysipelothrix was found in a fish's slime. Erysipelothrix is one of two types of bacteria that can cause Fish-Handler's Disease.
Fish-Handler's Disease has many different names and can even be caused by handling shellfish or any other aquatic marine life.
Symptoms will typically develop two to seven days after infection. A red-purple circular area will appear around the infected area and will grow in size after each day. Other symptoms include:
 - joint stiffness,
 - lymph node swelling,
 - pain, burning,
 - itching,
 - and swelling.
If you believe that you are having symptoms make sure to go see a doctor right away for treatment.
To avoid infections make sure to thoroughly wash your hands with warm water and soap. If you have a bunch of cuts and want to be on the safe side then sterilize your hands with rubbing alcohol.
This short article from talks more in-depth about this infection. However, with proper hand hygiene, the risk of developing Fish-Handler's Disease is very small.
With all my years of fishing and knowing others who have been fishing even longer have never had this occurred before.
Other Interest Facts About Fish Slime
After doing some research I found an article that dove more in-depth about a fish's slime. Below is some interesting information that I personally thought was pretty cool.
Allows Fish To Swim Faster & Reduces Turbulence
The fish's slime coating provides lubrication between the fish's body and the water. There is friction between the fish and water as the fish swims around. This extra lubrication reduces the amount of energy used to swim around and allows the water to travel around the fish more smoother.
This allows the fish to swim faster and to be able to conserve energy.
The slime helps fish regulate what is called Osmoregulation. This is the process where fish can regulate salts and water being absorbed through the slime coating.
Freshwater fish tends to have bodies contains more salt than what is in the surrounding water. This causes freshwater fish needing to absorb more water to balance out the amounts of salts in the body.
Saltwater fish naturally holds less salt than what is in the saltwater. Therefore, the fish will need to absorb more salts from the water to balance out the amount of water in their body.
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Clay Tool Set
This set contains a fantastic variety of tools suitable for use with clay. They may be used while the clay is still moist or on green ware (unfired air dried clay) to carve, cut and clean.
This clay tool set may also be used with polymer clay. Each tool is made from clear varnished hardwood handles with durable steel blades. There are infinite ways to use these tools. Below is a small selection of possibilities.
- The small metal brush creates multiple fine textured marks.
- The Spearhead end cuts small straight lines and is perfect for creating fine details. Carve, cut and smooth with the curved end.
- Remove clay in square in large flat areas with the open loop end. Carve, cut and smooth with the curved end.
- These tool ends are the perfect size for hand drilling holes for salt and pepper shakers in green ware.
- The needle point end is ideal for placing delicate objects or scratching in fine details. Carve, cut and smooth with the curved end.
- This tool is often referred to as a spoolie. It is great for cleaning rough spots on green ware in delicate or hard to reach places.
- The curved end has a small sharp blade which is great for removing small areas with straight edges. The angled end is great for cutting small detailed areas.
- The angled end is invaluable for flattening areas in hard to reach places. The needle point can create small holes, texture marks or can assist in placement of small objects.
- Use the slightly forked end to create wood like texture or sgraffito effects. Spearhead ends cuts small straight lines and etches fine details.
- The curved blade with the flat end lifts small areas with straight edges. Use the slightly forked end to create wood like texture or sgraffito effects.
- The curved blade cuts, carves and smoothes clay. The large spearhead blade is great for deepening details and making longer cuts.


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Date of Award
Master of Arts
Marital and Family Therapy
School or College
College of Communication and Fine Arts
Dr. Einat Metzl
The purpose of this research was to explore cultural similarities and differences that could be found from analyzing the images of the Kinetic Family Drawing and their accompanying narratives. The current literature on the Kinetic Family Drawing as an assessment tool and the literature on the role of culture in psychotherapy were examined. The researchers have collected Kinetic Family Drawing images and narratives from groups of college students from the United States and groups of college students from two different areas in Mexico. Participants were asked to perform the Kinetic Family Drawing, title the drawing, write a brief narrative about the drawing, and list any cultural affiliations that may aid in contextualizing the drawing. Researchers used the Kinetic Family Drawings and the accompanying narratives collected to look for similarities and differences in perceptions of family among the different cultures and the ways in which environment and culture may impact family and family perceptions
Baxter, Kathleen Deanna; Uy, Sharon Brooke; and Yun, Stella Mina, "A Cross-Cultural Exploration Into Kinetic Family Drawings" (2015). LMU/LLS Theses and Dissertations. 146.


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:46 +0200] conn=Internal op=-1 RESULT err=0 tag=48 nentries=1etime=0
[06/Aug/2002:16:45:46 +0200] conn=Internal op=-1 SRCH base="cn=\22dc=example,dc=com\22,cn=mapping tree,cn=config"
scope=0 filter="objectclass=nsMappingTree" attrs="nsslapd-state"
[06/Aug/2002:16:45:46 +0200] conn=Internal op=-1 RESULT err=0 tag=48 nentries=1etime=0
Access log level 4 enables logging for internal operations which log the details of the search being performed, and the search base, scope, filter, and requested search attributes.
The connection description, in this case conn=Internal, indicates that the connection is an internal connection. The operation number op=-1 indicates that the operation was initiated internally.
The options description, in this case options=persistent, indicates that a persistent search is being performed. Persistent searches can be used as a form of monitoring. They can be configured to return changes to given configurations when changes occur.
The Sun ONE Directory Server 5.2 access log distinguishes between persistent and regular searches. Some earlier Directory Server releases did not make this distinction.
In Code Example 8-4, both access logging level 512 and 4 are enabled, which results in both internal access operations, as well as entry access and referrals being logged.
Code Example 8-4 Access Log Extract with Internal Access Operation, Entry Access and Referral Logging Levels (Levels 4+512)
[06/Aug/2002:16:45:46 +0200] conn=Internal op=-1 ENTRY dn="cn=\22dc=example,dc=com\22, cn=mapping tree, cn=config"
[06/Aug/2002:16:45:46 +0200] conn=Internal op=-1 ENTRY dn="cn=\22dc=example,dc=com\22, cn=mapping tree, cn=config"
Common Connection Codes
A connection code is a code that is added to the closed log message to provide additional information related to the connection closure. Common connection codes include:
A1=Client aborts the connection.
B1=Corrupt BER tag encountered or BER tag is longer than the nsslapd-maxbersize attribute value. For further information about this configuration attribute, see "nsslapd-maxbersize (Maximum Message Size)".
If BER tags, which encapsulate data being sent over the wire, are corrupt when they are received, a B1 connection code is logged to the access log. BER tags can be corrupted due to physical layer network problems or bad LDAP client operations, such as an LDAP client aborting before receiving all request results.
B2=BER tag is longer than the nsslapd-maxbersize attribute value. For further information about this configuration attribute, see "nsslapd-maxbersize (Maximum Message Size)".
B3=Corrupt BER tag encountered.
B4=Server failed to flush data response back to client.
P2=Closed or corrupt connection has been detected.
T1=Client does not receive a result within the specified idletimeout period.
T2=Server closed connection after ioblocktimeout period was exceeded.
U1= Connection closed by server after client sends an UNBIND request. The server will always close the connection when it sees an UNBIND request.
LDAP Result Codes
LDAP has a set of operation result codes with which you should be familiar. The following result codes may be generated by the LDAP server:
Table 8-2 LDAP Server Result Codes
Authentication method not supported
Strong authentication required
Partial results and referral received
Administrative limit exceeded
Unavailable critical extension
SASL bind in progress
No such attribute
Undefined attribute type
Type or value exists
No such object
Invalid DN syntax
Object is a leaf
Alias dereferencing problem
Server is busy
Server is unavailable
Server is unwilling to perform
Object class violation
Operation not permitted on a non-leaf entry
Operation not permitted on a RDN
Entry already exists
Cannot modify object class
Results too large
Affects multiple servers
Virtual list view error
The following result codes may be generated by LDAP clients:
Table 8-3 LDAP Client Result Codes
Cannot contact LDAP server
Unknown authentication method
Bad search filter
User cancelled operation
Bad parameter to an LDAP routine
Out of memory
Cannot connect to the LDAP server
Not supported by this version of LDAP
Requested LDAP control not found
No results returned
Additional results to return
Client detected loop
Referral hop limit exceeded


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Case Study: Theatre Seating
In many auditoria, the seating and audience form the main absorption in the room, and consequently being able to correctly measure and predict the absorption coefficient of these surfaces is very important. The wrong estimation of seating absorption has been blamed for acoustic problems in many halls. Salford University developed a method for testing theatre seating which is now used commercial.
The aim of measuring the random incidence absorption of a small sample of seats in a reverberation chamber is to predict the absorption that a large area of the same seats will exhibit when installed in an auditorium. There are problems, however, in that the small sample of chairs in the reverberation chamber (say 24) is unrepresentative of a large block of seating because the edge effect is overemphasised in the reverberation chamber measurements.
The Kath and Kuhl method involves placing the seating in the corner of the reverberation chamber in rows with their intended row spacing, and the exposed edges obscured with barriers. The concept is to separately measure three absorption coefficients by carrying out measurements with and without barriers:
- For an infinite array with no edges with side and front barriers in place;
- For the front edges with the side barrier only in place, and
- For the side edges with the front barrier only in place.
This then allows the absorption of the array, front and sides to be found, and a proper prediction of the absorption of any size array.
The test technique has been used extensively over the past few years to test provide information for the design several new or refurbished theatres and concert halls such as the Royal Albert Hall and Royal Festival Hall.
Back to Commercial Testing homepage


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UMass Amherst's Daniela Calzetti Discusses Outer Space
WGBY's Connecting Point: UMass Amherst Astronomy Professor, Daniela Calzetti, discusses the specifics of outer space. A specialist in how galaxies are formed, Calzetti is known worldwide for "Calzetti's Law," a tool she developed in the mid-1990s that allows astronomers to estimate how much information they are missing due to dust obscuring probes of very distant galaxies. She explains what exactly is outer space, why we send telescopes to space, how she is able to use the Hubble Space Telescope to "image nearby galaxies from the ultraviolet to the red."


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Pretty much what the title says. My base question is this. Assuming I take a piece of steel, and a piece of PVC plastic and I measure both their temperatures and find they are the same. I then take a look at the vibration speeds of the individual molecules would they be the same as well?
Here's a rough example:
I measure both the steel and PVC and find them both at 100F, and then I measure the vibrations of a molecule in the steel and find it to be moving at 10 miles an hour. Would the PVC molecules also be moving at 10 miles an hour?
I'm sure I'm not using the correct units of measure to measure the vibration, but I didn't know what the correct unit of measure is for something like that. Hopefully it gets the point across.
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up vote 4 down vote accepted
No, because the atoms in steel and plastic have different masses.
Your example is a bit more complicated than it need be because steel (well iron) is an element while plastic is a compound. This complicates things because molecules can have internal motions that contribute to the energy. A better comparision might be between lead and lithium. These are both elements to you just need to consider the motions of the Pb and Li atoms. For a given kinetic energy a lead atom will be moving more slowly than a lithium atom because it's heavier.
You could think of it this way: if you touch the piece of lead to the piece of lithium the atoms will be in contact so they'll swap energy by bashing into each other. If a lead atom hits a lithium atom the Li atom will recoil a lot faster than a Pb atom.
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Its probably simpler to think of gases. From the Wikipedia article on the Kinetic Theory of Gases, the average kinetic energy of molecules in an ideal gas is 3/2 k_b T. But since molecules of nitrogen (28) are lighter than molecules of oxygen (32), it follows that at the same temperature, an "average" nitrogen molecule is moving about 7% faster than an "average" oxygen molecule. – Anonymous Jun 2 '12 at 17:05
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Milan and its surroundings offer an almost unlimited variety of activities. We believe that only attending lessons is not enough to truly learn Italian, and so every month, our cultural department organizes a wide variety of activities for our students.
Most activities take place outside lesson hours and are a great opportunity to meet and get to know other students.
On the first day of school, students receive detailed information about our programme, and every week the secretary will announce the planned excursions and activities.
Every month, our school gives out a calendar of cultural activities. In this way, students are always well-informed about concerts, art exhibitions, films at the cinema and other events. For weekends, we give out special brochures to help you organize your own activities. The secretary can also help you to organize your sporting activities.
Example of monthly activities in Milan:
- One day excursion to Lake Maggiore, Lake Como, Lake Iseo or Lake Garda;
- Half-day excursion to Monza, Brescia, Pavia, etc
- Guided visit around the city;
- Football: help to buy tickets to attend a Inter or Milan football match at the S. Siro Stadium.
- History of art excursion, to visit the most important places where the works of Leonardo da Vinci are displayed: Castello Sforzesco, Museo della Scienza e della Tecnica, Refettorio S. Maria delle Grazie, Museo d'Arte e Scienza;
- Aperitivo evening at Navigli - students will enjoy the typical after-work pastime in Milan - having a cocktail in one of the most famous cafes of the city, which also includes a rich and unlimited buffet
- The secretary can also help you to organise your own sporting activities, e.g. volleyball, basketball, or football.
Study Italian in Milan - Ask for information
See also: Summer in Milan.


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- What fortify means?
- How do you spell claim?
- Is Rawe a Scrabble word?
- What does a faint scent mean?
- Is JAWE a Scrabble word?
- Is Lawe a Scrabble word?
- How do you spell faint or feint?
- What does fortify yourself mean?
- What does it mean to fortify food?
- How do you fortify something?
- What color is faint?
- What is the meaning of feint?
- Is Faint a Scrabble word?
- How do you use feint in a sentence?
- Is Tawe a word?
What fortify means?
: to make strong: such as.
a : to strengthen and secure (a place, such as a town) by forts or batteries a city fortified by high walls.
b : to give physical strength, courage, or endurance to fortified by a hearty meal..
How do you spell claim?
Correct spelling for the English word "claim" is [klˈe͡ɪm], [klˈeɪm], [k_l_ˈeɪ_m] (IPA phonetic alphabet).
Is Rawe a Scrabble word?
RAWE is not a valid scrabble word.
What does a faint scent mean?
: not clearly seen, heard, tasted, felt, etc. We heard a faint noise. a faint smell/odor/aroma.
Is JAWE a Scrabble word?
JAWE is not a valid scrabble word.
Is Lawe a Scrabble word?
No, lawe is not in the scrabble dictionary.
How do you spell faint or feint?
Summary: Faint or Feint?As a verb and a noun, the word faint refers to a loss of consciousness. However, it can also be used as an adjective meaning "weak" or "dizzy."The verb and noun versions of feint both refer to a deceptive attack or movement. As such, this term is used when describing a fight or battle.
What does fortify yourself mean?
to make strong; impart strength or vigor to: to fortify oneself with a good breakfast.
What does it mean to fortify food?
A food that has extra nutrients added to it or has nutrients added that are not normally there. Examples are milk with vitamin D added and salt with iodine added.
How do you fortify something?
fortifyfortify something (against somebody/something) to make a place more able to resist attack, especially by building high walls. … fortify somebody/yourself (against somebody/something) to make somebody/yourself feel stronger, braver, etc. … to make a feeling or an attitude stronger.More items…
What color is faint?
The definition of faint is something without strength such as a very quiet sound or a very light color. An example of faint is a very pale yellow painted on a wall.
What is the meaning of feint?
: something feigned specifically : a mock blow or attack on or toward one part in order to distract attention from the point one really intends to attack The boxer made a feint with his right, then followed with a left hook. feint. verb. feinted; feinting; feints.
Is Faint a Scrabble word?
FAINT is a valid scrabble word.
How do you use feint in a sentence?
Feint sentence examplesInvasion was but a feint, executed by an army too weak to do much harm. … Grant felt that this was a mere feint to screen some other move. … This game was not for the feint of heart. … This process is not for the feint of heart.More items…
Is Tawe a word?
No, tawe is not in the scrabble dictionary.


text:
Sheet Membrane: Membranes of this type generally can be applied directly to your substrate
- Uniform thickness: Because sheet membrane comes in ready-to-apply rolls, it guarantees an even thickness across all spaces you use it on.
- Know exactly how much space it will cover: Sheet membrane has a predetermined coverage allowance, according to how much is included per roll. Given its consistent size/thickness, it is not subject to over or underuse like liquid membrane can be.
- Highly resilient: Sheet membrane is ideal for high-traffic areas because it holds up well against constant traffic.
- Not made specifically to fit certain areas: Sheet membrane must be cut and pieced together to suit the size of your space.
- Require special attention to seams: Given the fact that you are combining differently sized sheets, you must carefully seal the seams between each sheet to keep water from penetrating any unsealed area.


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10 May 2006
More than 12,000 school children participated this morning in the Caring for Others School Project, a volunteer awareness event organized by the 18 Centraides of Quebec
, a volunteer-led organization, in Canada.
Thanks to the participation of the schools and local community agencies, the children, ages nine and 10 from 280 schools, were made aware of the values of volunteering and community service.
They were visited by hundreds of volunteers and community workers from Centraide supported agencies who explained to them why it is so important to give something back to the community, and told them about their personal experience of "Caring for Others", a Centraide project.
The Caring for Others School Project has two components. First, a preparatory phase during which students complete a workbook in class with their teacher. This workbook contains exercises and games designed to introduce the students to the concepts of caring and volunteering, to encourage them to help others, and to show them how to identify and meet the needs of people in their own community.
Second, the Caring for Others event per se, during which volunteers and staffers from local community agencies come and speak to the students in order to put a face on the concepts which they learned in class.
"The Caring for Others School Project is a wonderful tool for teaching children about the role played by volunteers and the community agencies," said Louis Champoux, president of the Assembly of Quebec Centraides. "By means of exercises, games and personal testimony, we awaken kids to the fact that volunteering meets real needs in their own neighbourhood, and that you're never too young to get involved and show you care."
The Caring for Others School Project is an initiative of the Centraides of Quebec. Since its inception in 2000, this awareness activity has reached more than 93,000 grade four students in every region of the province.


Blurity photo de-blurring utility offers a simple interface for fixing photos damaged by motion blur. It doesn't always work, but it's worth a try. Although at $39 you'd want to make sure it works before you purchase this photo-editing software - fortunately you can. See Group test: what's the best photo-editing software?
The idea of taking a blurry photo and making it sharp again sounds exciting. Like speech recognition, it is one of those technological visions that firmly belonged in the realm of futuristic fantasy just a few short years ago. But while powerful, reliable speech recognition is here, image de-blurring still has a long way to go. Blurity ($39, demo with watermarking) is a utility that's trying to blaze a trail into the difficult field, and it can de-blur certain types of photos if you're skillful and lucky. Pricing is always in US Dollars.
You put the blurry image on the left, click a part of it to demark a selection frame, and click Process. Blurity crunches some numbers, and shows the result on the right half of the window. In a perfect world, this review would end here: You would now be looking at a beautifully sharp version of your previously-blurry photo. In my testing, however, things proved to be more difficult.
When you first run Blurity, the application launches into a short interactive tutorial explaining the different settings, as well as how you should use the selection frame. This frame is very important, because Blurity tries to figure out the shape of the blur using the data within this frame.
Some spots on the photo are good for the frame, while others won't provide Blurity with the information it needs. The tutorial carefully demonstrates this point, and shows some of the other settings. It uses a sample image, and shows the kind of results you can hope to achieve with Blurity: Photos that are significantly clearer, but still have some blur and artifacts.
Photos can be blurry either because they're out of focus, or because the subject or the camera were moving during the exposure. This is called motion blur, and that's what Blurity knows how to fix.
The first photo I fed into Blurity was one of a dolphin leaping out of the water. When I originally took the shot, I was tracking the dolphin with my camera and using a too-slow shutter speed. The dolphin ended up sharp, but the audience in the background had severe motion blur.
No matter how much I played with Blurity's settings, I couldn't get the photo to de-blur. It turns out this is one kind of shot Blurity can't handle: Your entire picture has to have the same kind of motion blur. In other words, Blurity is at its best when fixing camera shake.
I then tried Blurity with a street photo I took of construction workers. I took the shot from the hip while walking, so it had some camera shake (not much, though, because I was using a stabilized lens and it was a bright, sunny day). With this photo as well, no matter how much I played with Blurity's settings and the location of the selection frame, no joy. The end result was worse than the one I started with.
Finally, I decided to take an image just to test Blurity. I took a photo of an artwork while vigorously shaking my camera, resulting in a very blurry shot. The image itself was ideal for Blurity. It contained a good amount of detail, and uniform motion blur. And indeed, this was my most successful attempt.The de-blurred image showed details that were completely smudged over in the original image.
Blurity's website features a comprehensive manual and two videos showing how to use the program, and the output shown reflects what you'll really get with the application (if you know what you're doing).
Blurity: Specs
What Blurity is trying to do is very complicated, and complicated things don't always work like in the movies. Still, if you have an irreplaceable photo that's been damaged by motion blur, Blurity is worth a shot, and is free to try.
Find the best price


text: We are pleased to report that StudentsAchieve (SAS) is now available for teachers to mass email parents and students! StudentsAchieve is fully functional and working well. Given the current school closures and shift in how learning is happening, teachers are not currently entering any data into SAS. In order to avoid any confusion, we will leave SAS "off" for now. If you would like updated information on your child's progress from earlier this year or during the home learning situation, please contact your child's teacher. When schools re-open, we will make SAS available again to parents and students!


The Montevideo Maru - 1945
The Montevideo Maru: 10,000 tonne Japanese merchant ship
Numbers of Australians POWs on board: 1,053
Number of Civilians on board: 208
Date of sinking: 1st July 1942
Prime Minister: John Curtin (Labor) _PHONE_
On 22nd June 1942 the Montevideo Maru, a Japanese merchant ship, left Rabaul, New Britain bound for Japan with civilian and military Prisoners of War.
An American submarine, the USS Sturgeon, intercepted the ship en route to Hainan Island and torpedoed the Montevideo Maru on 1st July 1942.
The ship sank off the northern coast of Luzon within 10 minutes and only 17 Japanese crewmen and three guards survived.
Australia's largest maritime disaster
The sinking of the Montevideo Maru and subsequent loss of Australian lives became the largest maritime disaster in Australian history. Controversy still surrounds the way in which the sinking was officially reported. Japan had only recently entered the war and was anxious to ensure that its internees were treated well by Australia. Japan did not notify the International Red Cross of the attack and subsequent sinking of the vessel and it was not until three and a half years later that official notification was given to families in Australia as to the fate of the POWs and civilians. With confusion and hearsay surrounding the sinking of the Montevideo Maru, many relatives did not believe the official story. Some believed that the POWs had been executed in Rabaul. However, there was supporting documentation and evidence to confirm that soldiers and civilians marched to the port to embark on Montevideo Maru.
A group of nurses from Rabaul remained with their patients and were captured by the invading Japanese forces on the 23rd January 1942. These nurses were interned in Japan and were treated mainly with hostility and contempt; the Japanese did not inform the International Red Cross of the nurses' capture.


Multiple Payments Instructions
Overview: This Help document provides instructions for attaching tickets for two or more Web applications into one total bill, payable in one lump sum.
Table of Contents
 1. Multiple Payments
 2. Why Is My Email Address Needed?
 3. What Are Cookies?
 4. How Do I Make Multiple Payments?
Multiple Payments
Each Web Application allows multiple tickets to be paid within the application using the "Add Another Bill" feature. However, tickets within separate applications (such as Real Estate and Personal Property) can also be combined and paid at one time.
Back to Top
Why Is My Email Address Needed?
Your email address is a unique identifier used to combine all your tickets marked for payment into one lump sum.
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What Are Cookies?
Cookies are small chunks of text sent between a personal computer and a web server. When a website is contacted, certain information is sent from the web server and stored on the computer. The next time the website is visited, the web server checks the cookie and gathers the information stored there. In this case, your email address.
Back to Top
How Do I Make Multiple Payments?
Search and designate tickets for payment as normal (see specific instructions for each application under "Payment Options Help"). When the Checkout screen is reached, click on another application (using links on the left side). Proceed normally. The Summary screen now shows tickets from both applications and a Total Amount Due. The user can add as many tickets from as many applications as desired using this method, and then pay everything at once. Applications use the user's email address to lump tickets together.
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Version: _PHONE_


text:
Log In now to add this GigaPan to a group gallery.
Log In now to add this GigaPan to a gallery.
About This GigaPanToggle
- Taken by
- Vicenç Palà
- Explore score
- 0.47 Gigapixels
- Date added
- May 07, 2011
- Date taken
- May 07, 2011
EOS 7d + 70-200 mm + Gigapan P...
The Aqueduct of Segovia (or more precisely, the aqueduct bridge) is a Roman aqueduct and one of the most significant and best-preserved ancient monuments left on the Iberian Peninsula. It is the foremost symbol of Segovia, as evidenced by its presence on the city's coat of arms.
The aqueduct transports waters from Fuente Fría river, situated in the nearby mountains, some 17 kilometers (10.6 miles) from the city in a region known as La Acebeda. It runs another 15 kilometers (9.3 miles) before arriving in the city. The water is first gathered in a tank known as El Caserón (or Big House), and is then led through a channel to a second tower known as the Casa de Aguas (or Waterhouse). There it is naturally decanted and sand settles out before the water continues its route. Next the water travels 728 meters (0.45 miles) on a one-percent grade until it is high upon the Postigo, a rocky outcropping on which the old city center, the Segovia Alcázar, was built. Then, at Plaza de Díaz Sanz (Díaz Sanz Square), the structure makes an abrupt turn and heads toward Plaza Azoguejo (Azoguejo Square). It is there the monument begins to display its full splendor. At its tallest, the aqueduct reaches a height of 28.5 meters (93.5 ft), including nearly 6 meters (19.7 ft) of foundation. There are both single and double arches supported by pillars. From the point the aqueduct enters the city until it reaches Plaza de Díaz Sanz, it boasts 75 single arches and 44 double arches (or 88 arches when counted individually), followed by four single arches, totalling 167 arches in all.
The construction of the aqueduct follows the principles laid out by Vitruvius as he describes in his De Architectura published in the mid-first century.


text:
Adhesions of the Iris of the Eye in Cats
Synechiae are adhesions between the iris and other structures in the eye. They are the result of inflammation in the iris and are particularly common with anterior uveitis (inflammation of the dark tissues of the eye) and trauma to the eye.
Synechiae can occur in both dogs and cats. If you would like to learn how this type of eye problem affects dogs, please visit this page in the petMD health library.
Symptoms and Types
Synechiae may be anterior or posterior.
- Anterior synechiae is defined as an adhesion between the iris and the cornea. The cornea is the transparent cover of the front of the eye.
- Posterior synechiae is the adherence of the iris to the capsule surrounding the lens of the eye.
Symptoms seen with synechiae include:
- Corneal lesions, such as ulcers
- Excessive tearing
- Variation in the color of the iris
- Opacity of the lens
- Decreased papillary reaction to light
- Cat fight injury
- Chronic infection
- Corneal ulcer
- Foreign body injury to the eye
- Hyphema (bleeding in the front part of the eye)
- Penetrating wounds to the eye
Diagnosis is based on an ophthalmic examination, which involves examining the structures of the eye. In addition, dyes may be used on the cornea to detect corneal injuries. Tonometry may be performed to measure the intraocular pressure (the pressure within the eyeball.)
In many cases, no treatment is necessary. If an underlying cause is diagnosed, it should be treated appropriately. In cases where glaucoma is present, laser surgery to repair the synechiae may be attempted.
A type of light device that transfers a bright beam; this is used for many medical purposes
Anything having to do with the eye or care of the eye
A medical condition in which the uvea becomes inflamed.
The colored layer around the pupil
A disorder that has resulted from intraocular pressure
Fibers that bond items together that would not normally be combined.
In veterinary terms, used to refer to the front of the body.
A property in which one item has the ability to stick or adhere to another.
Found inside the eye


text:
L'objectif est d'examiner si les ressources professionnelles modèrent la relation entre les exigences du travail et la pression professionnelle, et si la pression professionnelle modère la relation entre les exigences du travail et la satisfaction au travail. Le modèle Demande d'emploi – Ressources suggère que les demandes d'emploi et les ressources professionnelles sont liées à la pression professionnelle, et que la pression professionnelle est associée à la satisfaction professionnelle.
Aims To examine whether job resources moderate the relationship between job demands and occupational strain, and whether occupational strain mediates the relationship between job demands and job satisfaction. Background The Job Demands-Resource Model suggests that job demands and job resources are related to occupational strain, and occupational strain is associated with job satisfaction. Methods In 2018, a cross-sectional study was conducted with a convenience sample of 85 nurses from six hemodialysis units. Linear regression with Moderation-Mediation analysis was conducted using SPSS software. Results Under low workload levels, no association between autonomy and occupational strain existed; but under high workload levels, a negative relationship was found between autonomy and occupational strain. Under low workload levels, a negative relationship was found between social support and occupational strain, but under high workload levels, a positive relationship was found. Finally, there was no association between occupational strain and job satisfaction. Conclusion Job resources are moderators of the relationship between job demands and occupational strain. However, there was no significant association between occupational strain and job satisfaction. Implications Nurse leaders should strengthen nurses' autonomy, which can reduce occupational strain. Additionally, sources of support are needed help nurses cope with the workload and occupational strain.


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W64 to AC3 Converter
Convert W64 to AC3
W64 to AC3 Conversion Software converts W64 files to AC3 fast. The converter is a multiple channels encoder. The software supports 2.1, 4.0, 4.1, 5.1, 6.1, and 7.1 channels encoding for AAC, AC3, AIFF, AU, FLAC, OGG, and WAV files. The software also supports common file format such as AIFF, MKA, AAC for iPod/iPhone/iPad/iTunes/DSi, AAC, M4A (MPEG-4 audio), MPA, VOC, OGG, etc. It could convert CDA to M4R (iPhone ringtone), FLV to MMF, WV to M4A (MPEG-4 audio), 3GP2 to FLAC, WMA to M4B (MPEG-4 audiobook), AU to OGG, and so on.
What is W64?
W64 file is a Sony Wave64 Audio. Sony Wave64 is a file format that's similar to the RIFF format. The RIFF format allowed for approximately 4GB of audio data, which was sufficient to hold about 6 hours and 45 minutes of 16-bit/44.1kHz audio. The advent of multi-channel audio - such as 5.1 surround - and 24-bit/96kHz or 192kHz audio, made the RIFF format inconvenient. To accommodate the larger files, the Sony Wave64 is a true 64-bit file format designed to overcome the size limitations of the RIFF format.
W64 typically stores uncompressed sampled audio as pulse-code modulation (PCM) data, and also supports several codecs for compressed audio. It's developed by Sonic Foundry, maintained by Sony.
What is AC3?
Step-by-Step Instructions to Converting W64 to AC3:
 1. Free Download W64 to AC3 Conversion Software
 2. Install the software by instructions
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 4. Choose W64 Files
 5. Click Add Files
 Click "Add Files" to choose W64 files and then add them to conversion list.
 Choose one or more W64 files
 Choose one or more W64 files you want to convert and then click Open.
 6. Choose "to AC3"
 7. Convert to AC3
 8. Convert W64 to AC3
 9. Click Convert
 Click on "Convert" to convert W64 files to AC3 format; alternatively, click on "Convert to One" to convert all files in list and combine to a single one AC3 file.
 Converting W64 to AC3
 The software is converting W64 files to AC3 format.
 10. Play and Browse AC3 File
 11. Play and Browse AC3 File
W64 to AC3 Conversion Software is 100% Clean!
W64 to AC3 Related Topics:


text:
Our friendly and professional team offer the following services:
Zinc is a very useful material and is present in earth various processes. The metal is very versatile and is used in a number of applications, most notably in the galvanization process to keep metals from rusting. Zinc is used heavily in building structures like metal roofs, plumbing, structural support, and other such components. Most people don't realize that this material can be recycled because few companies provide services for zinc recycling in Toronto.
Why is Zinc Recycling Different?
Zinc recycling is different because most zinc material is used in conjunction with other metals. For example, the metal needs to be separated from steel in order to be recycled, which adds an extra step to the recycling process. Fortunately, technology has advanced enough to improve the process and now 90% of the collected products that contain zinc can be recycled through the zinc reclamation process.
The Separation Process
This means both zinc and steel can be extracted from the waste material easily and effectively. Galvanized steel products are the most common source of recycled zinc and are often recycled through the Electric Arc Furnace (EAF) heating process. Here's a brief description of it:
- The scrap metal is placed inside the furnace and heated until the zinc becomes volatile.
- At this stage, zinc separates from steel in a gaseous form and is collected from the furnace.
- This gas is treated to turn it back to a solid state and it forms zinc dust.
- The dust is then melted in a kiln, where it turns into zinc oxide.
Zinc oxide is one of the primary raw materials in the production of zinc and can be used to create the metal once again. This cycle can be repeated numerous times without any problems with the metal.
What are the Benefits of Recycling Zinc?
There are a number of environmental and economic benefits of zinc recycling in Toronto and these include:
- Conserving a non-renewable resource – Zinc is a non-renewable resource and will eventually dry out. Recycled zinc makes up for 40% of worldwide usable zinc and this number will only increase as the recycling technology develops. It's better to recycle and reuse zinc now than deal with its scarcity later.
- Reducing waste – If zinc is recycled, it's not filling the landfills and causing damage to the environment. The more zinc we recycle, the less it burdens the environment and the economy because maintaining landfills and increasing amounts of waste can cost money.
- Impact of extraction on the environment – Zinc extraction can be a considerable burden on the environment. Dust, metal particles, chemicals, and harmful gasses are released into the environment during the extraction and refining process. While companies try to reduce emissions as much as they can, the process still harms the environment. The recycling process is safer and more affordable too.
Zinc recycling in Toronto might be a slightly more complicated process compared to other recycling methods, but it does provide similar benefits and is good for the environment.
A drop-off location for your recyclable material that includes assistance unloading and weighing your recyclable material.
Industrial & commercial pick-up bin service to avoid transportation headaches. Call or email Manville Metal Recycling to arrange a pick-up.
Analyze your scrap. Do you want to know what kind of metal scraps you have? Our trained team will analyze and identify the chemical composition of your scraps and provide a detailed report for you.


text:
Stability of toroidicity induced drift waves in divertor tokamaks
The stability of toroidicity induced drift waves in a tokamak equilibrium with magnetic separatrix is studied both analytically and numerically. In particular, the task of a proper determination of the complex ballooning parameter Ú(0) is performed by solving the stationarity condition for the eigenvalue. Results show qualitative dependence on the location of the x-point in the meridian plane. Specifically, locating the x-point in the equatorial plane, both on the outside and on the inside of the plasma, causes a deepening of the well structure in the potential for the eigenmode, so enforcing the inhibition of the shear damping and the marginal stability result obtained in the circular magnetic surfaces case. On the other hand, the location of the x-point at the top of the plasma produces a flattening of the well and restores the shear damping, yielding stabilisation of the mode. A new quasi-marginally stable branch, corresponding to modes localised around the x-point, is shown to exist at high values of the separatrix parameter k and x-point location close to the equatorial plane.
Bibliographic Reference: Report: RT/FUS/88/16 EN (1988)
Availability: Available from Servizio Studi e Documentazione, ENEA, Centro Ricerche Energia Frascati, C.P. 65-00044 Frascati, Roma (IT)
Record Number: 198911010 / Last updated on: 1994-12-01
Original language: en
Available languages: en


Citizenship test more star-spangled than ever
New citizenship test more star-spangled than everEmphasis is on things that make the U.S. 'what it is'
Think you know American history? Well, what did dollar-coin lady Susan B. Anthony do?
If you answered that she sewed the American flag, like one college student did on Thursday in Houston, you'd fail at least one question in the new citizenship test just announced by the government.
The new exam, several years and $6.5 million in the making, is designed to give would-be Americans a better sense of U.S. history, civics and foundational principles, placing less emphasis on memorization.
For example, the new test asks who lived in America before Europeans arrived, what group of people was taken to America and sold as slaves, and the role of women's rights leader Susan B. Anthony. It also adds questions about geography, such as naming one state bordering Canada.
"It's no longer a test about how many stars are on the flag or how many stripes," said Emilio Gonzalez, director of U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services, which unveiled the new questions Thursday. "It's a test that genuinely talks about those things that make America what it is."
The 100 questions were whittled from an initial list of 142 tested during a four-month pilot program. Nearly 6,800 people took the revised test during the pilot program, with 92.4 percent of them passing.
As with the old test, passing the revamped one involves answering at least six of 10 civics questions correctly. Applicants who fail can take the test a second time. And if they fail again, they must reapply for citizenship.
The desire was not to make the test harder, but to nudge would-be citizens into studying more about the "landmark moments" of history and the nation's defining principles, said Alfonso Aguilar, head of CIS' Office of Citizenship, which designed the test that takes effect in October 2008.
Not all happy with change
Though CIS officials said they took great pains to work with immigrant rights groups, scholars and think tanks during the test's design, not all are happy with the outcome.
The Illinois Coalition for Immigrant and Refugee Rights, which was involved with the pilot program, expressed concern Thursday that the new test will require far more study by applicants and will overload citizenship teachers already struggling to impart necessary knowledge.
"Unfortunately, that list has not been improved, and questions such as 'What is the rule of law?' and 'Who was president during World War I?' are still there," the group said in a statement. "We question how fair it is to require new citizens to answer these questions, which many native-born Americans would find difficult."
But would they really?
The Chronicle decided to find out by conducting an impromptu citizenship quiz, based on the new questions, across Houston Community College's central campus on Thursday.
For some, the questions elicited long pauses as the brain jogged the memory of long-lost civics knowledge.
One particularly challenging question was how many voting members are in the House of Representatives. The answer is 435, though the responses ranged from 32 to around 200.
And "some of the historical figures, like I should know who they are and I recognize their names but it's hard to remember what they did," said Valerie McIntosh, 27, a speech pathology student.
For others, it isn't the names of people who grace our currency that are hard to remember, but the country's current brass.
"That would be, uh... uh... oh my God. I don't know. George Bush and — God, what's that's guy's name?" asked Trey Bell, a 19-year-old electrical engineering student.
It's Dick Cheney.
Or what about who is one of your state's U.S. Senators?
"Bentsen. Lloyd Bentsen," said E.J. Rendon, 31, who's studying marketing.
"Rick Perry," answered 18-year-old Iryna Marchemko, a permanent U.S. resident who hopes to apply for citizenship.
Government quizzes aren't her strong suit, she said, but the questions on the new exam are "basics you need to know, I need to know."
"I mean, you should have a basic knowledge of the country where you live in but it doesn't necessarily mean people who were born here — they know answers to those questions," said Marchemko, a native of Ukraine.
Study guides to be offered
McIntosh said she's currently taking a class on being a good citizen and doesn't necessarily agree that all the questions are helpful. It's not just about knowing, it's about doing, she said. "It's more about our involvement in our government. I think if somebody knows how the government works... they're going be able to participate and want to participate."
Over the next year, CIS will disseminate study guides that will be available online and through community groups that offer citizenship workshops.
And of course, it wouldn't be a genuine Uncle Sam test if it didn't include one of the only things we can be sure of in life:


Here's How The Average Korean Will Look In 2100 According To Scientists
Through artificial smart image technology, pictures of average Korean faces from the past, present, and the future were produced to show how Koreans looked like. These images were created by historians and facial reconstruction experts based on skulls of ancient Koreans.
1. Ancient Koreans of 12,000 years agoThe generated faces have the distinct traits of North Eastern Asians.
2. The Silla Dynasty (57 BC – 935 AD)The average faces shifted significantly as blood was mixed with people who migrated south from Northern Siberia.
A round oval shaped face and small lips are the most significant traits.
3. Goryeo Period 918 ~ 2017Migration of foreign people became less common since the beginning of Goryeo Dynasty.
Through Korea's unification in the Chosun period, Korean faces became close to what the average face is in present-day South Korea.
4. 2050As multinational families with neighboring Asian countries become more prevalent, South East Asian features may start to become more accentuated by 2050.
5. 2100By 2100, it is expected one out of every 5 households will be a multinational family.
The average Korean face is expected to most likely reflect traits from multiple Asian nations.


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Wireless Security Monitoring Versus a Cellular Jammer
Wireless security monitoring capabilities are being built into more and more home alarm systems every day. This is partly driven by the fact that more people are relying on their cellphones, and are ditching their landline-based home telephone service. Many DIY alarm systems now use cellular reporting, and it's also a very good choice for an apartment security system.
Wireless alarm monitoring uses a cellular network to send alarm signals to a central monitoring station, rather than using traditional copper phone lines. This not only eliminates the need for a land line phone; it avoids the threat that alarm signals could be prevented by simply cutting the phone line.
However, wireless home security monitoring comes with its own concern; namely, that a cellular jammer could be used to disrupt the transmission of alarm signals, preventing a police response to a break-in.
In this article, I'll discuss what I see as the possible versus the realistic threats your cellular alarm monitoring system may face.
Learn the basics of wireless alarm monitoring.
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What Would an "Average" Burglar Do?
While there is no such thing as an "average" or "typical" burglar, here is what crime statistics tell us:
 - Most burglars are unsophisticated, and are looking for quick cash from easily sold items like jewelry, guns, small electronics, laptops, etc.
 - Most thieves use simple, inexpensive tools to break in, including screwdrivers, pry bars, pliers, and hammers.
 - Some will cut phone lines to defeat the alarm system, though most prefer to target homes without security systems.
 - Most burglars spend very little time inside the home, making capture by police fairly unlikely.
But what about a sophisticated thief? What could a determined burglar do?
Cellular Jammer Technology
Imagine yourself trying to have a conversation with a friend while standing next to a loudspeaker at a heavy metal concert. Cellular jammers work in a similar way by transmitting signals at the same frequency as the device being jammed, overwhelming the intended signals with meaningless noise.
Wireless security monitoring blocked by a cellular jammer
Some jamming devices can transmit at multiple frequencies, preventing several different bands of communication at once. Others can sweep repeatedly over a bandwidth, or range of frequencies to make absolutely sure they are blocking the specific frequency being targeted.
Cellular jamming equipment
A quick internet search shows lots of jamming equipment for sale, promising to be effective at stopping signals from cell phones and other cellular devices. Jammers are available for all bandwidths in which cellular communications occur, so no cellular frequencies or networks can be considered safe from disruption.
Can Wireless Security Monitoring Be Jammed?
Controlled tests have demonstrated that it is possible to use radio jammers to defeat various alarm system communications.
Successful jamming requires:
 - Knowledge of the frequency you are trying to jam
 - Adequate signal strength
 - Close proximity to the target
With these three key factors, there is no question that wireless security monitoring signals can be blocked.
In the controlled tests mentioned above, those performing the jamming had direct access to the alarm device to be jammed, and knew exactly which frequencies to transmit on.
I have been unable to find any documented cases of cell jammers being used in actual burglaries to prevent wireless alarm monitoring signals. FBI crime statistics that classify how burglaries occur don't even list cellular jamming as an attack method used during a break-in. This tells me that, at least for now, the use of jammers against wireless security monitoring is not a common occurrence.
That said, let's suppose, hypothetically, that a would-be burglar did want to jam your wireless security monitoring system.
What difficulties would he face?
Just how likely is this to happen?
Risk of Possession
To start with, cellular jamming is illegal in many countries, including the US. A thief driving around in possession of a mobile jammer in search of a target home would face some difficult questions if stopped by police. If caught actually using a jammer, he could face seizure of the equipment, substantial fines, and possible imprisonment.
Granted, a thief caught committing a burglary is already facing fines and imprisonment anyway, so this fact alone probably wouldn't be a key factor in deciding whether or not to use a cellular jammer.
Cost of Equipment
Cellular jamming equipment is not cheap, at least for anything that might be effective against wireless security monitoring signals. Prices I've seen vary between a few hundred to several thousand dollars.
Wireless security monitoring can only be disrupted if a cellular jammer has sufficient power and is physically close enough to the home. Most jamming equipment ads list effective ranges of from tens of feet to tens of meters.
Higher-end units are necessary for transmitting at extended ranges, and for the ability to jam signals on multiple frequencies. A burglar attempting to jam alarm monitoring would likely choose the most powerful equipment he could afford, in order to have the best chance for success.
Anti-jamming or Jam Detection Technology
Simplisafe base unit
Several wireless home security alarm manufacturers, including Simplisafe and GE, have anti-jamming features built into their cellular-equipped security panels. These systems actively detect radio signals in their own cellular band, and will then alert the alarm owner of a possible jamming attempt.
For home wireless security systems that are also set up to report over a data or telephone line, a signal can be sent to the monitoring station as soon as a cellular jamming signal is detected.
Wireless Jamming Reliability (Verifiability)
Suppose a burglar, intent on pillaging the vast riches he is sure lay hidden in that expensive-looking home in the nice area of town.
He transports his high-tech cellular jamming equipment to the intended target house and parks nearby. When all is ready, he flips the switch, powering up his top-of-the-line cellular jammer.
Being smarter than your average burglar, he realizes that his wireless jamming device will have no effect on a wired telephone or internet connection. He might also understand that anti-jamming features may already be sending an alert over those same wired connections, so he must approach the house and cut any data or phone wires leading from the house to the outside world.
At this point the land lines are cut, and pose no threat.
Theoretically, his jamming device has blocked all wireless communications into or out of the house, preventing any alarm signals from being transmitted.
But, how can he be sure?
The truth is, he can't. Not absolutely.
He would have to consider that the panel's jamming detection feature has alerted the homeowner to his actions, even before any entry is made into the house.
And, when he actually does break in and the alarm system is tripped, he would have to assume that SOME signal MAY get through.
So really, how effective can his cellular jammer be?
NO burglar wants to get caught, and getting in and out quickly is the best way to avoid this. At the end of the day, jamming an alarm system doesn't provide much of an advantage over a simple "smash-and-grab" approach.
The scenario above shows what I see as the biggest weakness of trying to jam wireless security monitoring signals: there is no way to verify that it's working.
Aside from any of these concerns, add in the fact that all alarm systems will still function locally, with an audible alarm, even if they can't communicate to the outside world. So, from the moment of a break-in, the alarm system will be sounding an audible siren inside the home, and may also have an exterior siren to alert the neighbors.
Is Wireless Security Monitoring Safe from Cellular Jamming?
So, in most cases, the "average" thief will most likely be a fairly unsophisticated smash-and-grab burglar, who might cut phone lines, but won't likely go to the expense and effort of buying and using a cellular jammer. He is most likely not a threat to disable your wireless security monitoring.
How about the more sophisticated burglar? Even a careful cellular jammer user can't be sure if his device is 100% effective. He would have to realize the risk of incomplete jamming, and would likely have to behave as if the police are on their way. And, he would certainly prefer hitting the house next door, with no alarm system at all.
Like all security measures, no burglar alarm monitoring method is totally secure.
Just as installing good locks, outside lighting, and even security bars cannot prevent all burglaries, they are still the best steps to deter the majority of attempts and reduce the chances of a break-in.
Likewise, wireless security monitoring will make defeating your alarm system communication more difficult for a would-be burglar.
Learn more about Wireless Alarm Monitoring.
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How can I compute the distance from a buoy to shore, an inlet, or another reference location?
Often, when you ask us how far a buoy is away from a location, we don't know the exact location of the jetty, inlet, or the point on shore that you are referring to. We'd hate to guess and give you the wrong information. However, it's fairly easy to determine this yourself if you can find the latitude and longitude of your reference position.
Copy the station's latitude and longitude from the station page. Next, look up the latitude and longitude of the inlet, lighthouse, town, or other geographic feature you are interested in. You can find these on NOAA nautical charts: _URL_ provides a listing of these charts which you can purchase.
When you have this information, do an Internet search for a "Great Circle Calculator" and go to one of the web sites featuring this type of calculator.
Here's a Great Circle Calculator offered by NOAA's National Hurricane Center: _URL_
Then, enter the latitude and longitude of our buoy and the position of your reference location. The calculator will provide the distance in in your choice of units.


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Personality, sexual orientation impact online dating service usage
Personality, sexual orientation impact online dating service usage
Posted 2015 april
Your character and intimate orientation could impact the method that you utilize online dating services — just because your uses usually do not consist of locating a life partner, based on new research led by SF State researcher Chris Clemens.
Assistant Professor of Broadcast and Electronic Communication Arts Chris Clemens
Clemens, an assistant teacher of broadcast and electronic communication arts, and his colleagues surveyed 687 visitors to see if character faculties, biological sex or intimate orientation could anticipate why they utilized online dating sites such as for instance or eHarmony.
The scientists unearthed that females had been not as likely than men to make use of web sites to locate sexual lovers, but more prone to utilize them become social, for instance by maintaining in contact with people they do not usually see or by requesting relationship advice or help. Homosexual users had been much more likely than heterosexual users to take web sites for many reasons, including finding a relationship or perhaps a intimate partner. Homosexual research individuals had been additionally more prone to utilize the internet internet web sites as being a convenient solution to communicate or being a distraction from everyday tasks.
The heavy utilization of the internet internet web sites by homosexuals could possibly be specially essential, due to the fact web web web sites might provide a space that is safe individuals "in regions of the nation where becoming a down homosexual just isn't fundamentally the best thing," stated Clemens. "they provide a method to have the ability to satisfy others without dealing with ramifications, either social or physical."
The analysis, posted when you look at the journal Computers in Human Behavior, additionally included concerns to ascertain every person's principal character characteristics. The outcomes advised that individuals who scored saturated in regards to neurotic characteristics — experiencing anxious, depressed, moody or having insecurity — had been more prone to make use of the online dating sites as being a convenient friend, as a distraction or in an effort to build an internet identification that aided them "live away a dream" or escape some facet of their offline life. Ladies and homosexuals tended to highly score more for neurotic faculties in this research.
Clemens stated individuals might not be conscious of all of the reasons they move to online sites that are dating. "I do not think individuals are necessarily considering why they're going he explained on them. "But i do believe each goes returning to them due to the gratifications from them. which they have"
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In some instances, the scientists' predictions did not pan away in the research
As an example, Clemens and their colleagues had been astonished to discover that people that are extroverted no more likely than the others to make use of the websites become social, build an identification or find intimate lovers, while they thought may be the scenario.
"I became sort of amazed that none of these findings was statistically significant, since you would believe that individuals who had been more outbound could be happy to make use of more networks to keep in touch with individuals," said Clemens. "But we reasoned which they may possibly choose interactions actually or one on one, rather than through mediated communication stations."
The analysis individuals included 584 pupils from the university that is northeastern had been almost equally split between people and had been mostly amongst the many years of 18 and 20. The rest of the 94 individuals were drawn through the basic populace and had been more evenly split between individuals within their 20s, 30s and 40s.
The scientists "didn't inquire about just just what web web sites the folks utilize, but we want to do that in the future studies," Clemens noted, "especially utilizing the increase of new apps like Tinder and Grindr along with other mobile choices."
Clemens, whom came across his very own partner through your website OkCupid, stated he hopes their research "provides some information on the various types of individuals who head to internet dating sites in addition to forms of items that businesses could put on the websites that may make sure they are more desirable."
By way of example, he along with his peers suggest incorporating a talk function to the web sites "for people who wish to be social that can not require to check out merely a stagnant profile photo."


Concentration? Percentage? How do I figure the water amount for my lye solution?
When it comes to cold process soapmaking, some things are absolutely necessary and rigid, like how much sodium hydroxide (NaOH) is needed for a given amount of oils. It's a property of the oils and can't be changed without affecting the outcome of the soap, sometimes in really bad ways.
Other things are much more flexible, like the amount of water that is used to make the lye solution. The water is only there to dissolve the NaOH. Using more or less may affect how the soap mixes up, but in the end the water evaporates out and the finished, cured soap is what's left. In fact, many experienced soapmakers use lye solutions that are quite concentrated so that they don't have to wait so long for their bars to get dried-out and hard. It's a real time-saver!
If you're ready to start using your lye solution at a higher concentration, I can help you figure out how much water you will need to get there. The math can be a bit confusing for some. But I have a little formula that should do the trick.
So first, let's explain percentage strength of a solution.
When we talk about a solution being, for example, at a 25% concentration, we are saying that it is 25% solute (the thing you are making the solution out of) and 75% diluent (the thing that you are dissolving the solute in).
In our case NaOH is the solute and water is the diluent. So a 25% lye solution is 25% NaOH and 75% water. "Per cent" means "per 100". So the total percentage always adds up to 100.
Want another way to think about it? Imagine you have a 25% lye solution in a bowl. If you have 100 gr of lye solution in that bowl, there is 25 gr of NaOH and 75 gr of water.
OK, got the concept? Now how do you get your lye solution to be the concentration you want?
Well, you could use a lye calculator that can figure it out. The one in Soapmaker 3 software will do the math for you. So will the Soap Calc online.
But what happens when you're not near your computer? Or you just like doing the calculations yourself. (Yay for math geeks!)
I'll show you how to work it out. Now don't get scared off by the math. Just think of it as a simple ratio. All we have to figure out is how many parts of water do we need for the amount of NaOH in our recipe to get a given percentage.
Here's the formula:
(100 minus "percentage you want") divided by "percentage you want" = the multiplication factor that you use to calculate the water
Huh? Yeah. Let's plug in some numbers.
Let's keep using our 25% solution example. And let's say that I need 72g of NaOH for the recipe that I'm going to make (I used a lye calculator to figure that out for me.) I need to know how much water to use to make my solution 25%.
Here's that formula with the numbers plugged in:
(100 minus 25) divided by 25 = 75 divided by 25 = 3.00 <– that is the ratio of NaOH to water
So now we multiply the amount of NaOH times the ratio:
72g X 3.00 = 216g <– the amount of water you need
Mix 72g of NaOH and 216g of water and you get 288g of a lye solution that is at 25% concentration.
Easy, right?
It works for whatever concentration you want. Just make sure your ratio answer has at least 2 decimal places to be more accurate.
Now, I'll show you what happens if I changed my mind and I want my solution to be 34% concentration. It's going to be more concentrated, so I'm going to need less water. How much less? Let's find out:
(100 minus 34) divided by 34 = 66 divided by 34 = 1.94
So, 72g X 1.94 = 140 gr of water, which is what you need to make a 34% solution. Wow! That's quite a bit less water!
Remember to use the higher concentration of NaOH only when you are comfortable with soapmaking, and are familiar with the formula that you will be using. You don't want to do this with a brand new fragrance for example, or you may end up reading about soap that seizes!
40 thoughts on "Concentration? Percentage? How do I figure the water amount for my lye solution?
 1. Ruth thank you for spelling this out so clearly! Now even I understand! To rely on soapcalc is so easy until you don't have it and now I don't have to it is an option!
 2. Hi Ruth, I attended my first HSMG conference last week and heard you speak on alternative liquids. Thanks so much for sharing your knowledge. You are a good speaker, I like how simple you make it. I'd like to try this method, does it shorten curing times at all? For a first timer how much of a solution would you suggest? I am currently using a 28% solution (if I did the math right).
 - Hi Naomi! I'm glad you enjoyed my talk!
 Yes, using less water to make your lye solution does mean that your soap will be dryer sooner. So it will probably cut a week or so from curing time, depending on where you live. For a beginner, 28% is a great concentration. Once you get comfortable with soapmaking, and are familiar with making a few batches with a given fragrance, then you can try 30% or 33%. The highest I've ever heard of using is 40%, but that was from some very experienced soapmakers!
 Good luck with yours!
 3. Ruth, I just wanted to give you a quick update. I tried using 34% lye solution and I'm thrilled with the results! Thanks so much again for sharing this information. I found my soap is drier much sooner than usual. I found I can cut 24 hours off my waiting time before cutting my soap. I used to wait until my soap is 4 weeks old to stamp it because it was so soft, but now I am able to cut that down to just 2 weeks. In addition to that I've cut one whole week off of my curing time, yah! I've discovered that I must work even quicker with certain FOs that are prone to seizing, though. I've made 15 small batches with this new formula and I'm making it a permanent change. Many thanks to you!
 4. Ruth thank u for yuors willingness.i tried to make with 28% concentration but i have not understand how much fatty acid used for 72 gm of NaOH? And when i tried 500gm fatty the lather of soap is not enough so what shall i do for better lather formation thank u for yours time spending
 5. How can I make my bar soap harder and prevent it from sweating. I'm in Ghana can u assist me to get get titanium dioxide 1kg to buy? Can you help me get it through post since i can get here, by letting me know mode of payment?
 - Hi! Are you asking about cold process soap? Oils that help with making a harder bar are palm oil, cocoa butter and rice bran oil. Try including some of those in your recipe. The sweating comes from the glycerin in the soap. Depending on your environment and how humid the air is, it may be hard to stop that. Try storing the soap in as dry a place as you can. And I don't sell supplies, but some of my favorite US suppliers are Bramble Berry, TKB Trading and Soap Making Resource. Good luck!
 6. Great article Ruth – I'm not sure what I was doing during maths at high school, but it wasn't maths. My burning question is this. I'm upscaling the size of my batches so the slushy method of goat milk soap making is getting harder to manage. I want to make a very concentrated lye and then use goat milk to make the balance. I've always made 100% goat milk so I'm not keen on going to 50/50 style. I'd like to know how concentrated a lye solution I can make without the sodium hydroxide saturating the solution and precipitating.
 - Thanks, Melissa. I'm afraid that the highest concentration you can go with sodium hydroxide is 50% before it just won't go into solution anymore. So that means 50% goat milk is the best you can do, unless you use evaporated goat milk. But I'm guessing that you have your own fresh goat milk, so that wouldn't be very appealing to you. But I think 50% goat milk is still pretty wonderful! :)
 7. I have been making soap for 3 years using the water to oil % and have just learned about the lye concentration, dont know how i missed it before. I've been using 38% water to oils, so if i change to using the lye concentration method ( I understand how to work it out I'm not sure what concentration i should use. I have been playing around with


PM Narendra Modi takes stock of conversion of nitrogen plants to make oxygen
By Express News Service
NEW DELHI: Prime Minister Narendra Modi on Sunday reviewed the progress of conversion of existing nitrogen plants to generate oxygen whose requirement has shot up across the country in the ongoing wave of the pandemic.
Modi also took stock of various measures taken to augment human resources for effective management of the COVID-19 situation as well as discussed measures such as incentivising students and pass-outs of medical and nursing courses to join the pandemic duty.
"Decisions may include delaying NEET and incentivizing MBBS pass-outs studying for it to join the Covid-19 duty. The decisions may also include utilising services of final-year MBBS and nursing students," a government source was quoted as saying by a news agency.
"In order to ramp up oxygen supplies, the government is working on converting nitrogen plants into oxygen plants. Potential industries where current nitrogen plants could be spared are being identified and converted," the PM tweeted after the review meeting.
India is hit by a devastating wave of Covid infections with the daily new cases crossed the four-lakh mark on Saturday and 3,92,488 new Covid-19 cases were reported on Sunday morning.
The surge in cases has left hospitals overwhelmed, doctors traumatised, and resources like beds, medicines, and oxygen in perilously short supply.
The Centre has identified more than two dozen nitrogen generation plants for the production of medical oxygen.
The process of converting the existing Pressure Swing Absorption (PSA) nitrogen plants for the production of oxygen was discussed in the meeting, the PMO said in a statement.
"On deliberation with the industries, so far 14 industries have been identified where conversion of plants is under progress.


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Background: Augmenting the brain clearance of toxic oligomers with small molecule modulators constitutes a promising therapeutic concept against tau deposition. However, there has been no test of this concept in animal models of Alzheimer's disease (AD) with initiation at a late disease stage. Thus, we aimed to investigate the effects of interventional late-stage Anle138b treatment, which previously indicated great potential to inhibit oligomer accumulation by binding of pathological aggregates, on the metabolic decline in transgenic mice with established tauopathy in a longitudinal 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography (FDG-PET) study.
Methods: Twelve transgenic mice expressing all six human tau isoforms (hTau) and ten controls were imaged by FDG-PET at baseline (14.5 months), followed by randomization into Anle138b treatment and vehicle groups for 3 months. FDG-PET was repeated after treatment for 3 months, and brains were analyzed by tau immunohistochemistry. Longitudinal changes of glucose metabolism were compared between study groups, and the end point tau load was correlated with individual FDG-PET findings.
Results: Tau pathology was significantly ameliorated by late-stage Anle138b treatment when compared to vehicle (frontal cortex - 53%, p < 0.001; hippocampus - 59%, p < 0.005). FDG-PET revealed a reversal of metabolic decline during Anle138b treatment, whereas the vehicle group showed ongoing deterioration. End point glucose metabolism in the brain of hTau mice had a strong correlation with tau deposition measured by immunohistochemistry (R = 0.92, p < 0.001).
Conclusion: Late-stage oligomer modulation effectively ameliorated tau pathology in hTau mice and rescued metabolic function. Molecular imaging by FDG-PET can serve for monitoring effects of Anle138b treatment.
Keywords: Anle138b; Late-stage; Neuronal injury; Small animal PET; Tau.


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Ratio and Proportion
Date: 7/4/96 at 19:21:20 From: Anonymous Subject: Ratio and Proportion Six men can complete a piece of work in one day while 5 boys would take 2 days to complete the same piece of job. 44 men can build a tower in 5 days; how long will 40 men and 80 boys take to build the tower?
Date: 7/5/96 at 8:37:52 From: Doctor Anthony Subject: Re: Ratio and Proportion From the first statement, 3 men would take 2 days to do the job. It follows that 5 boys are equivalent to 3 men. Since we have 80 boys building the tower, these boys are equivalent to (3/5)*80 = 48 men. So the total workforce on the tower is equivalent to 40+48 = 88 men If 44 men take 5 days, then 88 men would take 5/2 = 2 +1/2 days. -Doctor Anthony, The Math Forum Check out our web site! _URL_
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(Early-life exposure to…)
Prenatal and early childhood exposure to the chemical solvent tetrachloroethylene (PCE) found in drinking water may be associated with long-term visual impairments, particularly in the area of colour discrimination, according to a new study.
The research by epidemiologists and biostatisticians at Boston University School of Public Health (BUSPH), working with an ophthalmologist from the BU School of Medicine, found that people exposed to higher levels of PCE from gestation through age 5 exhibited poorer colour-discrimination abilities than unexposed people.
The study recommends further investigation into the visual impairments associated with PCE exposure.
The research team assessed visual functioning among a group of people born between 1969 and 1983 to parents residing in eight towns in the Cape Cod region of Massachusetts.
The towns all had PCE in their drinking water because of pipes outfitted with a vinyl liner that was improperly cured. Previous studies led by Ann Aschengrau, professor of epidemiology at BUSPH, have found associations between PCE exposure and cancer, as well as reproductive and developmental outcomes.
Increases in the risks of breast cancer and certain birth defects were seen in the team's prior studies.
PCE is a known neurotoxin that was used to apply the vinyl liner of some drinking water pipes.
Surveys have estimated that more than 600 miles of such pipes were installed in nearly 100 cities and towns in Massachusetts, mainly during the 1970s.
Exposure to PCE from drinking water occurs by direct ingestion, dermal exposure during bathing, and by inhalation during showering, bathing and other household uses.
The pipes no longer leach PCE, but the chemical is still widely used in dry cleaning and metal degreasing solutions and is a common drinking water contaminant.
In testing vision, Aschengrau and colleagues found that people exposed to PCE made more major errors in colour discrimination than those not exposed.
The levels of colour confusion were greatest among people with high exposure levels. PCE previously has been implicated in deficiencies in color discrimination, mainly among adults with occupational exposures.
The new study is the first to assess "the associations between prenatal and early childhood exposure to PCE and adult vision," Aschengrau said.
The findings suggest "the effects of early life PCE-exposure on colour discrimination may be irreversible."
The study was recently published in the journal Environmental Health Perspectives.