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It has always been my understanding that the word for England is イギリス. But the wikipedia page for English-American says イングランド系アメリカ人. Even rikaichan has イングランド as England. Is there a difference in usage between these two words? What about 英国?
And as a side question, where does the word イギリス come from?
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イギリス is used to refer to the United Kingdom which consists of four main countries, England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland. It is also sometimes referred to as 英国 which used more for official names (such as the Embassy). It can be seen alongside similar names such as 米国. The character also gets used in newspapers/convenient abbreviations (eg 日英同盟 is the expression often used to refer to the Anglo Japanese Naval Treaty).
イングランド refers to England. it is used as when referring to the country/institutions designated at that level such as the national football team.
The origin of the use of 英 (and ultimately イギリス）dates back to the name given to British people by Chinese. It was pronounced YING and used phonetically to replicate the Portuguese name of Ingles. (This character's meaning of "great" or "superior" and the name "Great Britain" is coincidence. For the record, Great Britain is the term used to refer to the largest island of "the British Isles" which is a geographical name for the islands occupied by the UK and the Republic of Ireland. "Great" is used in the same sense that people refer to "Greater China", to include Hong Kong and Taiwan, or Greater London.) This must date back more than 300 years, before the union of Scotland with England and Wales so the confusing (and for some, annoying) tendancy to refer Britain/the UK and its people as England/English goes back such a long way it would even seem to have been ingrained into Asian languages several hundred years ago.
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My professor marked points off my essay when I used イングランド -_- – Ataraxia Oct 24 '12 at 13:12
I don't think there is anything wrong with イングランド if that is what you meant although most Japanese probably use イギリス to refer to both but say スコットランドif they want to highlight something such as, say, the birthplace of golf. or the location of Edinburgh. – Tim Oct 24 '12 at 13:54
While it may not be "wrong" to use 「イングランド」 to refer to "England", the truth is that among us native speakers, you would sound pretty snobbish to do so unless you are talking about international soccer. I cannot recommend that a Japanese-learner use the word everytime s/he wants to say "England". Believe it or not, many Japanese-speakers actually would not even be familiar with the word 「イングランド」. – l'électeur Jun 10 '14 at 1:10
Your Answer


Brisk is one of those delightful words that sounds like what it means: quick, lively, bracing, and refreshing. There's nothing like a brisk walk in the morning to get the blood flowing and the spirit ready for the day.
Anything brisk is happening quickly but not too fast. Probably taken from the French brusque, which also means "quick," but in a more negative way, brisk can be used to describe not only physical actions but also more conceptual notions, such as brisk business around the holidays or brisk interactions at a speed-dating event. The soft-drink called Brisk must be called that for a good reason. Perhaps it picks you up!
Definitions of brisk
 1. adjective
 quick and energetic
 "a brisk walk in the park"
 synonyms: alert, lively, merry, rattling, snappy, spanking, zippy
 possessing or exerting or displaying energy
 2. adjective
 very active
 "doing a brisk business"
 full of activity or engaged in continuous activity
 3. adjective
 imparting vitality and energy
 synonyms: bracing, fresh, refreshful, refreshing, tonic
 imparting strength and vitality
 4. verb
 become brisk
 "business brisked up"
 synonyms: brisk up, brisken
Word Family


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From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
(Redirected from Siblings)
Types of siblings[change | change source]
There are several different types of siblings.
- Full siblings (brother, sister): These siblings have the same father and mother.
- Half siblings (half-brother, half-sister): These siblings have one parent that is the same. They either have the same father or the same mother.
- Step siblings (stepbrother, stepsister): These sibling have different fathers and mothers but one of their parents is married to a parent of the other one.
- example: John and Tom are step brothers because John's father is married to Tom's mother.
- Siblings by breastfeeding: In Islam someone who is breastfed by a woman who is not their birth mother become siblings to the children of that woman if they are less than 2 years old and have been breastfed five times or more by that woman.

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text: Activities The Great Outdoors What Does the Term "Confined Water" Mean in Scuba Diving? Share PINTEREST Email Print Divers making a confined water dive in a swimming pool. © Getty Images The Great Outdoors Scuba Diving & Snorkeling Gear Skills Safety Hiking Climbing Skiing Snowboarding Surfing Paddling Fishing Sailing Learn More By Natalie Gibb Natalie Gibb owns a dive shop in Mexico and is a PADI-certified open water scuba instructor and TDI-certified full cave diving instructor. our editorial process Natalie Gibb Updated March 17, 2017 The term confined water is used to describe a dive site at which the environment is entirely predictable and controlled. This includes acceptable visibility for the planned dive, a calm surface and an absence of strong current. Confined water sites should have easy entry and exit points, and should not have any overhang or obstruction that prevents divers from directly reaching the surface. The most common example of a confined water dive site is a swimming pool. Other typical confined water locations include a calm bay, a lake or even a man-made quarry. Confined water sites are used for skill practice and training, for testing out new dive gear, or for novice divers who would like to play in an easy environment before heading to open water. A confined water dive most often refers to training dives with the express purpose of learning, practicing, and evaluating dive skills. The PADI (Professional Association of Diving Instructors) open water course, for example, requires students to pass five confined water dives at a variety of depths. Initially, skills are practiced in water shallow enough to stand up in, and as the student progresses, skills are practiced in deeper water. Any dive made in confined water, however, can be technically considered a confined water dive.


Passionate About Wildlife
Can I feed bread to swans & ducks?
There has been some publicity saying that because people are not feeding bread to waterfowl some swans are starving to death.
Whilst as animal lovers we are saddened to hear that swans are starving there may well be more to why the swans are struggling other than people not giving bread. For example, the very dry summer may have drastically reduced the foods that waterfowl naturally forage for such as aquatic plants, insects etc. We certainly do promote supplementary feeding of waterfowl but the food should be nutritionally beneficial. Reputable wildlife Rescues such as Vale Wildlife Hospital have said that they do not promote feeding bread as they have seen first-hand the damage it causes birds.
So what is the problem with bread?
Bread offers little-to-no nutritional benefit but the birds will readily eat it when it is offered. The problem occurs as the calorific bread fills up the stomach so much that the bird will not forage for their normal natural diet that will give them all the vitamins and minerals they require. In particular, in young birds, a reliance on human supplied bread, and other junk food, discourages them to learn to forage for the natural foods they need to be healthy. In both cases this can lead to malnourishment and in severe cases in young birds to a condition called Angel Wing. Angel Wing is a condition in which the distal portion of wing appears flipped outward. It is caused by excessively rapid growth of feathers in relation to muscle development and as a result growing flight feathers cause excess stress and weight on carpal muscles. This in turn leads to the carpal portion of the wing to hang and twist outwards and prevents the bird from flying (Figure 1).
Figure 1: Angel wing in a Canadian Goose
Possible causes of Angel Wing include:
 - Over feeding &/or excessive calorie intake
 - Genetic factors
 - Excessive growth rate
 - Manganese (or Vitamin E) and vitamin D3 deficiency
It is possible that the high calorie bread discourages natural foraging and thus can cause deficiencies in vitamins and minerals that then lead to Angel Wing in some birds. The condition can be reversed with proper feeding in young birds but once the bird is an adult it cannot be reversed. Although Angel Wing is not life threatening to the bird in a sheltered environment it would be unlikely to survive in the wild.
There can also be problems with bread that is left uneaten as this can attract predators that may be harmful to waterfowl. It can also, if left for long enough, grow mould that if the birds consequently eat can make them very ill. Another issue is one of uneaten bread adding to nutrient build up in the water, especially in closed water such as lakes and ponds. This excess of nutrients in the water can then lead to excess algae growth such as cyanobacteria (blue green algae) and harmful algal blooms that in severe cases depletes oxygen levels to the extent that aquatic plants and animals die out. This process of eutrophication is usually caused by the use of fertilisers and soil run off into water (and human sewage) that leads to high nitrogen and phosphorous levels in the water but there is an argument that bread may contribute to this albeit in a smaller way.
So what can I feed to waterfowl?
There is a place to have a commercial food that will allow families to carry on the pastime of feeding the waterfowl at parks, ponds and lakes etc. that will be nutritionally beneficial and not harm the birds. According to National Geographic safe food for waterfowl include cucumber, corn, peas, beans, broccoli, beets, squash, alfalfa, tomatoes, aubergine, peeled bananas, seeds, scrambled eggs, and rice. Foods to be avoided as they are harmful include avocados, onions, citrus fruits, chocolate, popcorn and, of course, bread. There are foods on the market for commercially kept waterfowl and the recommendation is that a commercial pellet for this instance should contain 14-17% Protein and 3-6% fat with added vitamins and minerals.
Brambles Pet and Wildlife Limited is a family owned company and the team have been involved in developing products for animal welfare since 1990. The Managing Director has a scientific background in Biological Sciences and we have combined our experience and expertise to formulate foods that are nutritionally beneficial to wild animals and ensure that they do not contain any added sugar, colours, or artificial flavours. Our Swan and Duck food conforms to recommended guidelines for nutritional requirements, is also suitable for geese, moorhens and coots, and, as it floats you can easily see when the birds have had sufficient.


text: A great way to view and edit properties in an outline tree is column view. In column view, each outline node is turned into a table row. Columns in this table provide access to properties of the entries. Org mode implements columns by overlaying a tabular structure over the headline of each item. While the headlines have been turned into a table row, you can still change the visibility of the outline tree. For example, you get a compact table by switching to CONTENTS view (S- S-, or simply c while column view is active), but you can still open, read, and edit the entry below each headline. Or, you can switch to column view after executing a sparse tree command and in this way get a table only for the selected items. Column view also works in agenda buffers (see Agenda Views) where queries have collected selected items, possibly from a number of files.


Tiger's Eye Meaning and Healing Properties
Tigers eye smooth stone
If you're an avid collector of gemstones or simply like to pick up a crystal here and there, the tiger's eye stone is one item you'll want to add to your collection. With its gold, brown, and black color tones laid out in exquisite patterns, the tiger's eye stone is a unique one you'll want to collect.
Known for its powerful wealth and success components, the tiger's eye stone is used for many other reasons as well.
What Is Tiger's Eye?
Tiger's eye is formed by altering crocidolite when quartz dissolves it. As for the color, iron oxide is what gives it the signature color that makes it easy to identify this stone.
This gemstone is found in areas where heat and dry air are readily present. Some of the locations where tiger's eye is mined include India, Australia, South Africa, Namibia, Brazil, Spain, and the United States, to name a few.
Tiger's eye has a smooth luster to it and is a 6.5-7 on the Mohs hardness scale.
three smooth and polished tigers eye stones
History of Tiger's Eye
Tiger's eye has a unique history. The ancient Egyptians adored the stone for its eye-catching color scheme. These individuals said the stone equated with divine vision and used it for the eyes of their deity statues. The Egyptians also used the tiger's eye in jewelry for its protective qualities.
The Romans favored tiger's eye gemstones for its protective attributes as well. The gemstone was put to good use as protection when heading into battle.
Meaning of Tiger's Eye
As you might have gathered, tiger's eye is a protective stone that has strength as a main characteristic. As with the tiger who rules the jungle, the tiger's eye stone represents courage and the wearer can embrace this meaning. The different colors also symbolize strength in varying degrees.
The tiger's eye stone has a watchful eye and mystical quality to it. These qualities both work together with the overall strength characteristic of the tiger's eye.
Tiger's eye is also helpful with balancing and clearing emotions. If you want a mind that's calm or a disposition full of peaceful qualities, tiger's eye is your go-to stone.
Healing Properties of Tiger's Eye
Gemstones and crystals are known for their healing properties and tiger's eye is no different. With its strength components, you can use tiger's eye to heal you of the things that bother you and affect you in different ways.
Here are some ways the tiger's eye stone can be used for healing purposes:
- Offering insight into difficult situations
- Providing focus
- Protection from negative energies
- Offering good luck
- Deepening one's state of meditation
- Help with grounding and centering one's energy
- Mental clarity
- Freedom from fear
With all these healing properties, it's no wonder that the tiger's eye stone is a popular healing item. Add in the fact it has a vibrant and unique color and you have a gemstone that everyone wants in their collection.
How to Use Tiger's Eye
Tiger's eye can be put to good use in many ways. From wearing it as a pendant around your neck to keeping the stone in your pocket, you can embrace the powerful healing components of the tiger's eye stone.
If you want to have your tiger's eye stone on you wherever you go, wearing it in a piece of jewelry is an easy way to do so. You can buy tiger's eye pendants, tiger's eye rings, tiger's eye bracelets, and many other unique jewelry pieces adorned with this stone.
Feng Shui
Feng shui is the practice of using space and the layout of your home or office to create a balanced energy environment. This can be done by using gemstones and crystals in the practice of feng shui. Tiger's eye is an especially useful stone for feng shui purposes.
The tiger's eye gemstone can be used to keep moods grounded, make fears dissipate, and attract good luck. Overall, it's an excellent stone for providing a safe environment to your home or office. With its protective qualities you can see why tiger's eye gemstones are often used for the purpose of feng shui.
If you want to tap into the protective attributes of a tiger's eye stone, place it by your front door or by a window. This will add a feeling of security to your home and be an essential part of your feng shui layout.
The tiger's eye stone can also be used for meditation purposes. When you meditate, use your tiger's eye gemstone to help you connect to your purpose and path. As you meditate, hold the stone in your hand and let the healing powers and focus be the result of using the tiger's eye with your meditation.
You can also wear your tiger's eye as jewelry or place a tiger's eye gemstone on the table next to you as you meditate to let its powerful energy guide you in your spiritual meditations.
Chakra Cleansing
The tiger's eye gemstone is used in conjunction with the root, solar plexus, and sacral chakras. Tiger's eye can be used to dispel negative energy when used with the root chakra. When used with all three chakras, a tiger's eye gem will help to provide safety and strength to the holder as well as enable them to feel grounded.
This gemstone can also be used with the third eye chakra for enhancing psychic abilities as it's known for its mystical qualities.
Use the tiger's eye gemstone when engaging in a chakra cleansing and you will feel better in many different ways and reap the benefits listed above.
Table Displays
Sometimes you might want to display your tiger's eye gemstone right out in the open. With a larger tiger's eye gemstone, you can display this beautiful item in your home or office for all to see.
You can place the gemstone on a table by itself or add a few other crystals and gemstones to the collection for a decor item with an added powerful energy.
Carry the Loose Stones
You might find that keeping a tiger's eye stone in your pocket or purse as you go about your day is an ideal notion. By doing so, you can carry this good luck, focus-oriented stone with you wherever you go.
If you need some added energy throughout the day, simply take out your tiger's eye and hold it for a minute or so to recharge your strength.
single tigers eye stone
How to Care For Tiger's Eye
When you purchase your new tiger's eye gemstone, you want to be sure to keep it looking as lovely as possible.
Caring for your stone is easy as can be. Simply let it sit in water with a little bit of soap for a short while. Then, rinse off your tiger's eye stone and you'll find that it's clean, recharged, and ready to be put back to good use.
For a more in depth energy cleansing, place your tiger's stone outside at night every so often and let the moonlight cleanse your beloved gemstone. This will provide excellent recharging qualities for your stone.
When you want to put your tiger's eye aside, such as safely storing a piece of tiger's eye jewelry, make sure to place it in a small felt bag or separate jewelry box compartment so it doesn't get damaged if put in with other items. You want your tiger's eye to be in the best shape possible for years to come.
Pursue Success with Tiger's Eye By Your Side
Tiger's eye is a gemstone with an excellent meaning and wonderful healing qualities. When you have a tiger's eye necklace or loose tiger's eye gem to take with you wherever you go, you'll feel confident and protected as you face each day.
When it's time to buy a tiger's eye gemstone, consider the following:
- Do I want to wear it or carry it?
- Do I want a small stone or larger display?
- What color scheme am I looking for, more yellow or more brown?
- What jewelry items do I often wear that I could add a tiger's eye stone to?
- What is my gemstone budget?
- Do I want to collect other stones to display beside my tiger's eye gemstone?
As you consider these items, you'll be able to choose the right type of tiger's eye gemstone to add to your stone collection. You might even want to collect a few different types of tiger's eye stones, especially if you're really interested in this type of gemstone.
When you buy your tiger's eye gemstone, think of the many ways you can use your new item. You can take up meditation or engage in chakra cleansing and watch the tiger's eye work its powerful energy magic. You'll find that having this gemstone by your side gives a new outlook and helps you in various areas of your life to achieve what you've been looking to do all along.
Explore the tiger's eye products and choose the one that is most suited for your lifestyle. You'll find that adding this lovely stone to your collection is not only a good idea for its powerful energy but lovely aesthetics as well.


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What is Forsythia Fruit?
- Basic Botanical Data of Forsythia Fruit.
- Forsythia Fruit Constituents and Phytochemicals.
- Properties and Effects of Forsythia Fruit.
- Forsythia Fruit Actions and Indications.
- Modern applications of Forsythia Fruit.
- Forsythia Fruit:Cautions and Contraindications.
- Forsythia Fruit:Part Used and Method for Pharmaceutical Preparations.
- Indications and Combinations of Forsythia Fruit.
- Research Update:Forsythia suspensa.
Applications and Properties:
Clear heat and detoxifier.
Scrofula and subcutaneous nodule treatment.
Exopathogenic wind-heat affection, or the epidemic febrile diseases at the early stage treatment.
Pathogenic heat invasion of ying division, high fever, delirium, deep red and dry tongue.
Boils, carbuncles and furuncles.
Properties:Antimicrobial effect, antiparasitic effect, antiemetic effect, for retina hemorrhage, for acute kidney infection, for pus forming in lungs, acute liver infection, and psoriasis.
Dosage: 6~15 g per day. 500mgs to 200mgs daily for dry extract powder.
Safety and Toxicity:
No toxic data available.
- 1.What is Forsythia Fruit?
♥The article and literature was edited by herbalist of MDidea Extracts Professional.It runs a range of online descriptions about the titled herb and related phytochemicals,including comprehensive information related,summarized updating discoveries from findings of herbalists and clinical scientists from this field.The electronic data information published at our official website _URL_ and _URL_,we tried best to update it to latest and exact as possible.
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text:
This list was the first seriously researched peakbagging list ever created, by Sir Hugh Munro in 1891. Prior to this time, detailed topographic maps for large areas were not available, so it is not surprising that the first list was made in a nation where the Ordnance Survey was ahead of the pack in creating high-quality maps.
A "Munro" is a peak in Scotland over 3000 feet high. The list has been revised many times over the years by the Scottish Mountaineering Club, and the latest revision in 1997 has 284 summits. There is a separate list of 227 "Munro Tops" with less prominence than the Munros, but there is no consistent criteria for determining if a peak is a "Top" or a full Munro.
There is no serious list of peaks in the British Isles that does not own a huge debt to Alan Dawson's The Relative Hills of Britian, the ultimate reference for the subject. The Range classification above is based on his chapter headings, with some modifications. Dawson also pioneered the use of prominence numbers to help classify peaks.

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LABC Meaning - What does LABC mean?
LABC meaning is Lake Avenue Baptist Church and other full form of LABC definition take part in below table. There are 2 different meaning of LABC acronym in the table which are compilation of LABC abbreviation such as Religion, Breast etc. terminologies. Unless you can not find the meaning of LABC acronym which you look for in 2 different LABC meaning table, please search again as using question model like "What does LABC mean?, LABC meaning" or you can search by typing only LABC abbreviation in the search box.
Meaning of LABC acronyms are registered in different terminologies. Especially, if you wonder, all meanings belonging to LABC acronyms under a terminology, click related terminology button at the right side(bottom for mobile phones) and reach LABC meanings which recorded to only that terminology.
- Lake Avenue Baptist Church Religion
- Locally Advancing Breast Cancer Breast
Please also find LABC meaning in other sources.
What does LABC stand for?
We have compiled queries on search engines about LABC acronym and we gave place them in our website by selecting the most frequently asked questions. We think you asked a similar question to the search engine to find meaning of the LABC abbreviation and we are sure the following list will take your attention.
What does LABC meaning stand for?LABC meaning stands for Locally Advancing Breast Cancer.
What is the meaning of LABC abbreviation?The meaning of LABC abbreviation is "Lake Avenue Baptist Church".
What is LABC definition?LABC definition is "Locally Advancing Breast Cancer".
What does LABC mean?LABC mean that "Locally Advancing Breast Cancer".
What is LABC acronym?LABC acronym is "Lake Avenue Baptist Church".
What is shorthand of Locally Advancing Breast Cancer?The shorthand of "Locally Advancing Breast Cancer" is LABC.
What is the definition of LABC acronym?Definitions of LABC shorthand is "Locally Advancing Breast Cancer".
What is the full form of LABC abbreviation?Full form of LABC abbreviation is "Locally Advancing Breast Cancer".
What is the full meaning of LABC?Full meaning of LABC is "Lake Avenue Baptist Church".
What is the explanation for LABC?Explanation for LABC is "Locally Advancing Breast Cancer".
What is the meaning of LABC Abbreviation in Astrology?
We did not give any place only meanings of LABC definitions. Yes, we know that your main purpose is the explanation of LABC abbreviation. However, we thought, you can consider the astrological information of LABC acronym in Astrology. Therefore, astrologic description of each word are available at the bottom.
LABC Abbreviation in Astrology
- LABC (letter L)
The letter L people who keeps Venus's love, are sensitive and harmonious like an artist. They express themselves very well. It is important for them to socialize. They like presence in crowded places and also they like to show themselves.
Their humanitarian side always with them. They stand against injustice. They are romantic as they are in love with love. They can make clumsiness. Unforeseen accidents always find them.
- LABC (letter A)
- LABC (letter B)
Sensitive, fragile and withdrawn. When it is located as first letter in the name, it gives its all power to other letters. People whose their names start with B have strong intuition. Peace and consensus are only purpose for them. They want peace where they are stay on. These people are friendly, loving domestic life, sempatic and also laggard. However, what they do is reliable and robust.
People who has B as last letter in their names, finish their works late. But, they usually do the best. They are fond of beauties and being loved.
- LABC (letter C)
Have a finger in every pie, Low concentration, diffident, vivacious and cheerful people. People whose their names start with C are creative, amusing and have strong communication skills. Especially, their hand skills are improved.
C resembles semicircle and these people feel themselves deficient. Change is inevitable for them. Being impatient is their most insufficiency for them. People who has C as last letter in their names are slog on what they do since they get bored quickly. Not to finish a job is so common.


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Activate your device with BlackBerry Enterprise Server for Microsoft Exchange Server
You can also activate your device with the BlackBerry Enterprise Server when you set up your device with the BlackBerry® Desktop Software. If you use the BlackBerry Desktop Software to switch to a new BlackBerry device, your activation settings are copied to your new device.
For more information about the following settings, contact your administrator.
- Connect your device to your computer that is part of your corporate network.
- In the BlackBerry Desktop Software, click Device > Device options.
- Click the Enterprise Email tab.
- In the Email system drop-down list, click Microsoft Exchange (Outlook Client).
- Do one of the following:
- Do any of the following optional steps:
- To add the name of your email account on your device, type the name in the Service name field.
- To include a signature in your outgoing email messages, type a signature in the Email signature field.
- To save copies of the email messages from your device to the Sent Items folder in your Microsoft Outlook email account, select the Save sent emails check box.
- Click OK.


Definitions for john brown
This page provides all possible meanings and translations of the word john brown
Princeton's WordNet
 1. Brown, John Brown(noun)
 1. John Brown
 John Brown was an American abolitionist who believed armed insurrection was the only way to overthrow the institution of slavery in the United States. During 1856 in Kansas, Brown commanded forces at the Battle of Black Jack and the Battle of Osawatomie. Brown's followers also killed five pro-slavery supporters at Pottawatomie. In 1859, Brown led an unsuccessful raid on the federal armory at Harpers Ferry that ended with his capture. Brown's trial resulted in his conviction and a sentence of death by hanging. Brown's attempt in 1859 to start a liberation movement among enslaved African Americans in Harpers Ferry, Virginia electrified the nation. He was tried for treason against the Commonwealth of Virginia, the murder of five men and inciting a slave insurrection. He was found guilty on all counts and was hanged. Southerners alleged that his rebellion was the tip of the abolitionist iceberg and represented the wishes of the Republican Party to end slavery. Historians agree that the Harpers Ferry raid in 1859 escalated tensions that, a year later, led to secession and the American Civil War. Brown first gained attention when he led small groups of volunteers during the Bleeding Kansas crisis. Unlike most other Northerners, who advocated peaceful resistance to the pro-slavery faction, Brown believed that peaceful resistance was shown to be ineffective and that the only way to defeat the oppressive system of slavery was through violent insurrection. He believed he was the instrument of God's wrath in punishing men for the sin of owning slaves.
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Why Your Dog Always Sticks Its Head Out of the Car Window
Be careful when your dog starts itching to poke its head out of the car window.
Lucky Business/Shutterstock
Ever wonder why your dog always gravitates toward the car window when you roll it down? Science provides the answer.
Popular Videos
Because dogs have a greater sense of smell than humans, when they stick their head out the window they're exposed to an intense smelling experience. The air getting forced into their nose might intensify the odors, making it extra exciting for the dog.
What's more is dogs can recognize locations based on the smells, which might also help explain their desire to stick their head out of the window.
But you need to be careful when your dog wants to stick its head out the window. They're prone to get hit by debris, especially little pebbles or bugs flying by. Plus, a dog's ears can get damaged by the wind. It's recommended that you roll the window down just a bit and keep them restrained. Be sure to check out these 16 tips on taking your dog with you on a trip.
You can always pamper your favorite furry friend with these 14 adorable pet beds or one of these incredible dog houses.


Social Loafing
Definition: Social Loafing is in psychology and sociology regarded as the tendency of individuals to reduce efforts when working on a collective task (i.e., when outputs are pooled with those of other group members) as compared to when the individual works alone. It happens because all members of the group are combining their efforts to reach a common goal. The group members tend to contribute less than what they would if they had to do a task alone.
The phenomenon is regarded as one of the main reasons groups are often less productive than the combined performance of their members working as individuals.
More on social loafing.
More on team management: Belbin Team Roles, Social Facilitation, Team Development Stages.


formerly Transcendental dram
Cask Strength: The Ins and Outs
What is cask strength?
Is it how strong the cask is? Is it the stress it can withstand in a rick (barrel) house stack? Does the kind of wood the cask is made of determine its strength? Does high charring weaken a cask and reduce its long term usefulness? Is the strength of a cask measured in units of elephants? I jest, of course. Actually cask strength has nothing to do with any of these!
Cask strength (also known as barrel proof in the world of US whisky) is a term used to describe a spirits alcoholic strength. It is measured in alcohol by volume (ABV) or proof. Proof is always double the ABV. So a whisky labeled at say one hundred proof will have an ABV of fifty percent alcohol. The remaining fifty percent being predominantly water. The term proof originated in the British Navy where sailors were issued rum rations, a practice that ended only in the 1970s. The "proof" they treasured was that their rum had not been watered down. The test: would sample stop gun powder from igniting? Only a full proof spirit would ignite. Too much water and the rum would not ignite. There would be no bang, no happy sailors.
A whisky that has been bottled at the proof that the spirit ended up at after its aging period is cask strength. It goes directly from the cask to the bottle. No further water has been added to dilute and reduce the proof. It is generally considered the premium offering and purest expression of a distilleries flagship malt.
A distillate maybe diluted reducing ABV directly after distillation. It is common to add water and lower the ABV before cask aging begins. Taking the whisky down from anywhere around 160 proof to a more common 140 – 100 proof. There are the obvious business benefits to adding the water as the distilleries have more whisky to age, raising the amount the distilleries have to bottle. But more importantly it is and should be a question of style and flavor profile. Interestingly enough Buffalo Trace have just released a series called the Experimental Collection which takes the exact same whiskies and starts the barrel aging process at four different proofs, ninety through one hundred and twenty five.
If the lowering of proof has happened before the new make spirit is put into barrel, the resulting fully matured whisky can still be bottled and sold as cask strength, because that is what it will be.
I love drinking cask strength whisky. Its amazing how many aromatics are released with just a few drops of water or by chilling and diluting with some ice. I get myself set up at home with a dropper and a glass of water (if you don't have a dropper a straw and a thumb will do!) and settle down to experiment. When pouring a cask strength whisky look for the formation of small beads around the edge of the glass. It's an obvious sign of high alcohol content! I always nose and taste the whisky as it is straight from the bottle. Then I add a drop or two of water and see what happens. Has the nose changed? Is there more obvious sweet or fruit elements to the taste? Below are a few of of my favorite cask strength bottlings if you can make the time to experiment with these it will be fun and delicious. Cheers.
Longrow Red Cabernet Sauvignon 52.1% ABV
Aged initially for seven years in bourbon casks and then transferred into Cabernet Sauvignon hogsheads, this is a fantastic limited-run addition to the Longrow family from the Masters at Springbank. I am generally automatically suspicious of wine finishes on my single malts as I have been let down by them on occasions. It was the Rocks from Bruichladdich that restored my belief, and would Springbank ever disappoint? I think not! The Nose: complex and beautiful. Buttery smoked haddock, coal and soap come to mind. Adding a drop of water brings on a leathery citrus-rind element. The Palate: incredibly full, with rich peaty notes that combine with red fruit and licorice in a truly harmonious way.
Glen Spey 21 year 50.4% ABV
A limited Edition single malt from Glen Spey on Speyside. The Nose: full of ripe tree fruit tones apple, pear, peach and even a hint of plum. A little water brings out creamy vanilla and a touch of chocolate. The Palate: starts with coconut and vanilla. The fruit comes through nicely giving a beautiful round sweetness.
Glen Farclas 2001 59.7% ABV
This Glen Farclas is a single barrel example bottled at eleven years old. Its robust nature sets itself apart from most other sherry cask Speyside malts. The stills at Glen Farclas are still heated on a direct fire basis. Direct fire heated pot stills are rare now in Scotland and the caramel created on the hot spot is a Glen Farcals signature. The Nose:earthy vine fruit tones, walnut shell, mustard seed & touch of fresh sugar cane. The Palate: vine fruit, hazel nut, pudding malt notes, touch of caramel, baking spice intense nutmeg long finish slightly aggressive but completely delightful in nature.
Dun Bheagan Caol Ila 22 year Old 55.4% ABV
This is a single barrel private bottling from Dun Bheagan, something of a rarity as Caol Ila will not release single casks to private bottling companies now. The distillery is currently running at full capacity just to meet the demand for the mighty Johnnie Walker blends of which Caol Ila is a major part so they have not got the spare barrels or inclination to share! The Nose: sweet char, high toned floral components, salted mango. Left to sit a for a while notes of honey roasted bacon emerge. The Palate: spicy vine fruit, chimney ash, earthy honey, sweet bacon fat and finishing charred wood.
Old Weller 107 The Original Wheated Bourbon. 53.5% ABV
Last, but not least, the Buffalo Trace produced Weller Antique 107 wheated bourbon. This is fantastic juice that never fails to impress. The Nose: rich full of corn, caramel, brown sugar. The Palate: overall sweet grain, sweet spice and this amazing dark chocolate. This bourbon shines when served on the rocks.
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Keywords: vehicular traffic, speed–density modelling, explicit model, traffic speed, traffic density, vehicle speeds, vehicle densities, simulation, traffic flow, urban roads, traffic congestion, congestion prediction, sparse data
A simple explicit model approximating the relationship between speed and density of vehicular traffic on urban roads
With the increase in simulation of urban environments for the purpose of planning, modelling vehicular traffic has become important. Since empirical evidence on traffic flow is relatively sparse, models are being increasingly used for planning urban roads and environments. In this paper, a simple, explicit model is proposed to approximate the speed versus density of vehicular traffic flow. The model, which uses two parameters derived from simple measurements of real–time traffic data, allows for a prediction of the approximate relationship for congested as well as uncongested vehicular traffic flow. The proposed model is especially useful in conditions where available data is sparse and can be invaluable for the modelling and simulation of urban environments.


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Diocese of Chipata - Location: Chipata, Eastern Province, Zambia, Eastern
Caritas Chipata is a faith based organization, established by the Catholic Diocese of Chipata to promote integral human development, economic justice, human dignity and empowerment of the less privileged in the society. Caritas Chipata envisions an Eastern province where people are able to move out of poverty and create sustainable livelihoods for themselves as a result of improved policies, structures and services, increased participation by local people and accountable leaders who work for the common good. To obtain this Caritas Chipata has two strategic programs:
1. Governance program
2. Human Development program
The organization operates throughout the 26 parishes of the Diocese of Chipata which follows closely the boundaries of the Eastern Province of Zambia. Caritas Chipata is part of the Caritas network in Zambia with sister organisations in every Diocese and a Caritas national secretariat in Lusaka.
The Finance Department is responsible for Caritas financial management systems, operational and administrative procedures to ensure the adequate management of funds and other resources entrusted to Caritas from funding agencies.
GOAL OF THE POSITION
To ensure financial stability of the organization and compliance with accounting and bookkeeping principles.
- Assisting in the Capturing of Payments and Receipts into the Cash Books and ensuring that entries are coded correctly.
- Receiving of Purchase Requisitions/Cash Advance Form and having them signed by the Authorised Officials.
- Checking of Vehicle Logbooks/Fuel Requisitions and ensure that fuels requested is within the acceptable consumption rate.
- Raising of Fuel Coupons and having them signed by the Authorised Officials
- Following up Statments for fuels drawn, Summarising fuels drawn and having them checked and approved for reimbursement to various Filling Stations.
- Maintainance of Debtors and Creditors Ledger
- Maintenance of the Weekly Cash-flows and advising the Accountant and the Director on the Liquidity position of the Organization.
- Liaison with the Banks and Other Service Providers to ensure that Statements are collected timely for quick settlement of accounts.
- Assisting the Accountant, Assistant Accountant and Project Managers in the preparation of Annual Budgets and monthly Cash-flow Estimates.
- Ensuring that Paid Cheque Vouchers have all the attachments necessary and are properly filed in accordance with the Diocesan Record Policy.
- Attending to Auditors' queries on issues pertaining to Payments and providing necessary documents and information when requested upon.
- Advice and Guide Admin and Program staff on the acceptable accounting procedures to follow when requesting for funds or liquidating advances taken.
- Contribute to the growth of the organization's by participating in developmental programs.
- Keep up to date with the developments in the field and own area of expertise
- Attend management meeting when requested upon.
- Any other duties assigned by the supervisor
- Preparing Payment Vouchers and ensuring that transactions are coded properly and have all the necessary Support Documents
- Taking Payment Vouchers for Checking and Approval by the mandated Officials
- Raising Cheques and having them signed by the Authorised Officials
- Entering the Signed Cheques into the Cheque Register and Handing them over to the Administrative Officer for Cashing/Distribution to the Payees
Internal: Accountant, director, department heads, administrative officer, office assistant
External: banks, auditors, insurance company, national government (statutory obligations)
- Minimum of Intermediary Professional Accounting qualification or comparable National qualification
- Member of National Accounting body
- Knowledge & experience in Accountaing packages like Pastel Accounting is an added advantage.
- Minimum of 3 years of working experience in a similar role
- Experience within a NGO is preferable
- Experience with budgeting, costing and general accounting
- Analytical skills
- Organizational sensitivity
- Teamwork and cooperation
- Promoting core values of Caritas Chipata


This feature requires 1.0.22 of the Meeting Room 365 app (or later) to function.
We now allow all devices to adjust their brightness on a schedule, letting you configure a brightness level change (from 0, or dark, to 1, or full brightness) at any hour you choose.
This can be set in the Hardware tab of your display, under Brightness Schedule.
However, this might be a bit complicated, since you will be creating a schedule object that contains a list of hours, and the brightness setting you wish to apply.
This can also be set in the advanced configuration editor, or via CSV. The key for this feature is brightnessSchedule and the value is an object containing the hours and brightness levels (the display will set the brightness at least once to the specified value during the hour mentioned.
For the most common use-case, you can copy the following template:
{ "7": 1.0, "19": 0.1 }
In this example, the display would go full brightness at 7am, and back to 10% brightness at 7pm. You can adjust the 7 and 19 to any hour you like.
Note, when setting up this feature, you will only see brightness changes during the hours specified (if you set this example up at 1pm, you won't see a change until 7pm).
Setting a key in the advanced configuration editor
Visit the Advanced Configuration Editor from your display
Insert or Append a new key called brightnessSchedule
Set the value (right side) to { "7": 1.0, "19": 0.1 }
Advanced Configuration Example: Setting up a new key -> value pair
That's it! Feel free to reach out if you'd like to have us enable this for you.
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java get Object id
In java there is no any specific method that provides us the object's ID. But each object has its own unique hash value which can be treated as unique Id for that object.
To explain this concept here we are getting the hash code for the two object and this can be done by using the hashCode() method on both of the created objects.
String ind = new String("India");
System.out.println("Hash code for String object: " + ind.hashCode());
Above line of code creates a new String object "ind" and its hash code can be get by the method hashCode().
GetObjectId getObj = new GetObjectId();
System.out.println("Hash code for Class object: " + getObj.hashCode());
In above lines we have created a new object of GetObjectId and for its hash code we will be using hashCode() method. Here is the full example code of GetObjectId.java as follows:
Hash code for String object: 70793495
Hash code for Class object: _PHONE_
Recommend the tutorial


text: This paper studies platform bifurcation, the process in which a subgroup of users from an original platform launches an independent spin-off platform. We identify the effects of bifurcation using a difference-in-differences approach that exploits the introduction of spin-off platforms in an online platform incubator. We find that bifurcation leads to a strong overall increase in contributions. While contributions to the home platform decline, the two bifurcated platforms generate more combined user contributions and attract more new users compared to a single united platform. We further explore how interconnectivity and platform differentiation affect users' choice of platform. Our evidence indicates that users are less likely to migrate from an incumbent platform to a new, specialized platform when interconnectivity is strong but more likely to migrate when the specialized platform enables more differentiation. This paper is the first to empirically analyze the strategic implications of new platform entry at scale and to document the moderating role of interconnectivity and platform differentiation.


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Section 5: Driveway Angle
Two-way driveways should intersect the roadway at an angle of ninety degrees unless it is determined that a lesser angle will provide satisfactory traffic operations for the highway. Suggested limiting values on driveway angles are:
Residential Driveway: 75o
Commercial Driveway: 75o; commercial driveways expected to have a volume of 400 vehicles per day or two or more trucks/large vehicles in a one-hour period shall be designed as normal intersections (public driveway).
Normal Intersection (Public Driveway), Service Driveway and Field Driveway: 80o.
The angle of intersection between the centerline of a one-way driveway and the edge of pavement of the public roadway may be between forty-five (45o) and ninety degrees (90o). Sixty degrees (60o) is a commonly used angle for one-way driveways.


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Definition - What does Seta mean?
Seta is a term that describes the morphology of plants. It is typically used in regards to moss. Mosses are also known as sporophytes. It stem or stalk that supports the stalk that supports the capsule.
MaximumYield explains Seta
When it matures, the seat will usually rapidly elongate, and it brings the capsule to the suitable height for dispersing spores. The seat will have vascular tissue, and it enables the sporophyte capsule to get nutrients from the parent.
Another definition for the term seta is a nerve-like extension to a leaf. It can also mean a bristle or a stiff hair.


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Economic Report of the President
The Economic Report of the President is an annual report written by the Chairman of the Council of Economic Advisers. It overviews the nation's economic progress using text and extensive data appendices. The Economic Report of the President is transmitted to Congress no later than ten days after the submission of the Budget of the United States Government. Information provided includes current and foreseeable trends and numerical goals concerning topics such as employment, production, real income and Federal budget outlays, employment objectives for significant groups of the labor force, annual numeric goals, and a program for carrying out program objectives. The report has been published since 1947.
1947 to 2013
Indexes of Quantity and Unit Value of United States Domestic Merchandise Exports, by Economic Class
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UWinnipeg's Newest Canada Research Chair:
Focus on Indigenous Science Education
The University of Winnipeg's Dr. Dawn Sutherland was named Canada Research Chair in Indigenous Science Education Wednesday as part of a $66.9 million announcement in Ottawa of 90 Canada Research Chairs by the Honourable Maxime Bernier, federal Minister of Industry and minister responsible for the Canada Research Chairs program.
In her research, Dr. Sutherland, Associate Professor in Education, plans to explore the relationship between culture and science education in indigenous communities, in particular in Manitoba. One of her goals is to see the teachings of Aboriginal culture incorporated into school curricula so that science education is more meaningful, interesting, and relevant for Aboriginal students.
Dr. Lloyd Axworthy, University of Winnipeg President and Vice-Chancellor stated that this initiative is part of a broader strategy underway at UWinnipeg to make education more accessible to and inclusive of Aboriginal peoples and culture.
"This project complements our holistic approach to Aboriginal education," said Dr. Axworthy. "The Canada Research Chair in Indigenous Science Education builds on our University's growing expertise and resources in this area such as our new Aboriginal Student Services Centre and the innovative Wii Chiiwaakanak Learning Centre. This combined with the generous support of our partners in both the inner city of Winnipeg and the Aboriginal community as a whole are benefiting not only our students and researchers, but future generations of Aboriginal students."
A five-year, $500,000 appointment, this Canada Research Chair builds on Dr. Sutherland's expertise teaching education students in the field of science. Sutherland incorporates traditional Aboriginal knowledge into her science lessons, and participates in an international committee dedicated to exploring how culture, language, and gender influence learning. She is collaborating with colleagues from around the world to develop an academic framework for teaching science to Aboriginal students that teachers can follow in their classrooms. In addition, she is in the process of establishing a centre where research in this area can be carried out.
"The idea is to make science learning relevant and interesting—to put it into a context that students are exposed to day to day," said Dr. Sutherland. "For some students, this means developing creative techniques, such as incorporating the indigenous knowledge of trappers, Elders, Aboriginal community members who live off the land, to help students engage with the science curriculum."
Dr. Sutherland is the fifth University of Winnipeg professor named as a Canada Research Chair. Dr. Mavis Reimer is Canada Research Chair in the Culture of Childhood, Dr. Jennifer Brown is Canada Research Chair in Aboriginal Peoples in an Urban and Regional Context, Dr. Tom Carter is Canada Research Chair in Urban Change and Adaptation, and Dr. Jacques Tardif is Canada Research Chair in Tree Ring Research.
The Canada Research Chairs program, part of an overall Government of Canada plan to encourage Canada's innovation, promotes leading-edge research and innovation in universities; provides exciting opportunities for Canadian researchers; and, attracts the best research minds in the world to Canadian universities.


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What is the Practicum Administration System (PAS)?
The PAS is an online database which uses an algorithm to match students with interviews and practicums based on student selections from the available opportunities. Each student has a profile on the PAS. Students use the PAS to view descriptions of available practicums, make their interview selections, view finalized practicum assignments and submit their self-evaluation. Field instructors use the PAS to provide information about their practicum, view assigned student names, and submit evaluations.


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For an automated selection of tasks to process, operators can use the Get Next Work logic. Get Next Work automatically prompts users with an assignment that currently has the highest urgency in work queues and work groups that the operator can access.
- In the header of Dev Studio, click.
- On the Operators tab, select an operator that you want
Tip: To find your operator faster, in the Search Text field, enter the operator name, and then click Search.
- On the Work tab, in the Organizational
unit section, define the affiliation of the operator within the
organization by clicking Update, and then provide a
relevant organization, division, and unit.
For example: For an organization, enter the name of your company, for example, UPlusTelco, and then provide a division and unit, such as BankingOperations for a division and Mortgages for a unit.
- In the Team field, enter a work group to which the user
belongs.A work group defines routing of tasks and a reporting manager of the user.
For example: If you create Team A to review mortgage requests and Team B to investigate issues with mortgage operations, the two teams can use separate areas of your application so that the work is logically separated.
- Optional: To assign a user to multiple work groups, click Add a work group, in the text box enter a work group, and then select the radio button next to the work group that you want to set as the default.
- Optional: To enhance the reporting options of your application, in the Reports to field, enter the reporting manager for the user.
- Optional: To enable routing of tasks based on a skillset, in the
Skill field, enter the ability of the user, and then
in the Rating field, enter the level of the
ability.You can apply a rating from 1 to 10, where 10 implies the highest level of the skill.
For example: To indicate that a user is a fluent speaker of French, in the Skill field, enter French, and then in the Rating field, enter 10.
- Optional: To allow the user to process assignments from a work queue that corresponds
with the user's work group, in the Work queue section,
click Add item, and then provide a work queue and an
urgency threshold.During Get Next Work processing, your application ignores assignments with urgency lower than the urgency threshold. For more information about Get Next Work, see Customizing the Get Next Work logic.
- Optional: To assign the user to multiple work queues, click Add item, and then repeat step 8.
- Optional: To trigger the Get Next Work algorithm to retrieve assignments from the work
queues of the user first, select the Get from work queues
first check box.Otherwise, Get Next Work picks up the top assignment on the user worklist, and accesses work queues only if this user's worklist is empty.
For example: If a user is a member of the Team A to review mortgage requests, the Next Get Work algorithm suggests assignments that the application routes to the Team A work queue first and then moves to the assignments from the user's individual worklist.
- Optional: To trigger the Get Next Work algorithm to retrieve assignments from all work queues that correspond with the team that you provided in step 4, select the Use all work queue assignments in user's team check box.
- Optional: To trigger the Next Assignment item to consolidate assignments from all of the
work queues of the user, sort by assignment urgency, and return the most urgent
assignment in any work queue, select the Merge work
queues check box.If you select the Use all work queue assignments in user's team check box in step 11, the system selects the Merge work queues check box by default and you cannot clear this check box.
- Click Save.


of my screen, while opening the generated log file on the right (don't pay too much attention to the colors, the discoloration is due to how the alpha channel is being dumped):
It is then usually a rather straightforward task to find a suitable hash code by following these steps:
 - Find the point in the image dump where the first HUD elements appear. In our case, this happens when going from "dump113" to "dump114".
 - Use text search to find the corresponding line in the log file.
 - Continue on downwards to the first call of "SetPixelShader." The second parameter to this call is the hash code we are looking for.
One complication you might notice is that the HUD is already displayed in "dump111". This can happen in many games if a framebuffer used in a previous frame is not cleared. A more solid guideline for (1) in such cases would be "find the last point in the frame dump where no HUD elements are visible", but a bit of experimentation might be required even so.
Creating a Game Profile
In order to use our newly gained hash code, all that remains is creating a game profile for Mass Effect 3. This means creating a subdirectory in the "config" path of the GeDoSaTo installation named after the game executable—that is, as we figured out for the whitelist entry in the beginning, "MassEffect3"—and putting a "GeDoSaTo.ini" file into it. We can then use the built-in editor of GeDoSaToTool to edit it and add the hash code, like so:
We could also add more settings which we only want to apply for Mass Effect 3. Additionally, by placing a "post.fx" shader file in the same directory we can arbitrarily change the post-processing shader used for the game. As a small demonstration that our targeted injection is working, I created a shader which turns the image into a grayscale rendering:
As you can see, only the 3D rendered parts of the game are affected, while the HUD elements still retain their color. In addition to targeted postprocessing, we can now also use the "takeHUDlessScreenshot" keybinding in Mass Effect 3.
While its main purpose is still high-quality downsampling, the current version of GeDoSaTo can also be used as an alternative to SweetFX for the injection of post-processing effects. It goes beyond the scope of similar tools as, with a bit more effort, it can be tuned to apply only where you really want it to, without affecting HUD or UI elements.
If you find some hashes or create good profiles for games which are not yet supported, please do take a moment to contribute them to the project at Github, so that all users of GeDoSaTo can benefit from your efforts. Github offers an easy to use interface and plenty of documentation for how to set up pull requests, which are the best way to contribute—and of course your contribution will be immortalized in the GeDoSaTo version history!


Abbse airport (Abbse)
Country: Yemen
ISO country code: YE
City: Abbse
Airport name: Abbse
IATA code: EAB
Time zone: +3.0 GMT
Height above sea level: 198 meters
The length of the runway: 2067 meters
Cheap tickets to Abbse
Contacts Abbse airport
Latitude: 15.300000000000
Longitude: 43.967000000000
Hotels near Abbse airport
To find hotels near Abbse airport, paste in search form the name of the city of (Abbse), then select the dates of Check In and Check Out, select the number of guests and click Search.
EAB airport Abbse transcript or EAB which airport?
The name of the airport: Abbse. The airport is located in the country: Yemen. The city location of the airport in Abbse. IATA airport code Abbse: EAB. The IATA airport code is a 3 letter unique identifier, assigned airports world International air transport Association (IATA). ICAO airport code Abbse: OYAB. The ICAO airport code is a 4 letter unique identifier that is assigned to the airports by the International civil aviation organization (ICAO).
The geographic coordinates of the airport Abbse.
The latitude at which the airport is located: 15.300000000000, the longitude of airport: 43.967000000000. Geographic coordinates of latitude and longitude define the position of the airport on the earth's surface. To fully define the position of the airport in three-dimensional space, we should also know the third coordinate is the height. The height of the airport above sea level is 198 meters. The airport is located in the time zone: +3.0 GMT. The airline always indicates local time of departure and arrival airport according to the time zones.


SLC 500 Timers
Thread Starter
Justin Lund
Can anyone please help. I need to input a separate value into 16 timers but also need to increment or decrement all of them together at the same time.
I am using a Panelview 550 and an SLC5/04
Jocko Harmet
You could make all of your values an offset from a single value(Register X - then incrament that value -
Each value would go into a separate register with a number such as 16000 added to it(same number would start out in Register X). For examples sake, this would be registers 0 through 15
Then the timer value for timer 1 would be (Register 0 - Register x)
The timer value for timer 2 would be (Register 1 - Register x)
Then when you need to incrament or decrement, you would perform this function on Register x only.
The number 16000 was used assuming that your timer is cabable of a 16 bit preset
This number would need to be greater than the maximum timer value. This would allow you to decrament all the way down to 0.
Jocko Harmet
[email protected]
Phoenix, AZ
Please make your query more clear. As such what do you want to acheive? Which value you want to increment or decrement? Preset Value or Accumulated value? Are you looking forward to synchronise the timers?
I don't understand. Are you wanting to load values into the timer preset addresses? Then do you wand to increment and/or decrement the preset values all together with a pushbutton, or something? If you know the relative values you want, the operator could enter one number, then let the plc do the math and write to the presets. Otherwise he'll have to fat-finger each one seperately. If you want to do a group inc/dec from the entered values, use indirect addressing to "catchall" the values with each adjustment.
Are you saying that the initial values will be different but thereafter you will add or subtract the same amount from all timers?
Not sure if I understand the problem, but:
On the panelview, use the timers PRE word as the tag for the register. For example for timer T4:1, set the tag for the panelview as T4:1.PRE
In the PLC, use the timer blocks normally. The write will occur during the housekeeping portion of the scan (actually the communication slice, but it all occurs between scans).
If you want all timers running at the same time, just put them all in parallel on a rung. It would make a big rung, but it would work. Give
them some default time for programming, but know that the time will be overwritten when the panelview comes online.
For example, enter the following rung. B3:1/1 is the enable bit. This is for 4 timers, but you can expand it as needed....
(note: in RSLogix, you can get to the text entry prompt by typing / with the rung selected)
xic b3:1/1 bst ton t4:1.01 100 0 nxb ton t4:2.01 100 0 nxb ton t4:3.01
100 0 nxb ton t4:4.01 100 0 bnd
This will give you 4 timers in parallel with an enable bit to start and stop them. 16 timers would just be more branches. For readability and
trouble shooting, you may want to break them into smaller rungs that all use the same enable bit.
Hope this helps!
--Joe Jansen
Yes. The timer presets will be keyed in for each of the 16 timers. The operator then needs to be able to increment or decrement all 16 at the same time even if the values are different. It is a lot quicker than having to enter 16 new values.
Thank you.
Crucius, Wesley
I didn't interpret Justin's question the way Joe did, so I'll offer a suggestion.
My interpretation is that you wanted to use a single panelview "button" (or pair of buttons) to increment and decrement either the accumulator or,
more likely, the preset timer element for 16 different timers "simultaneously". If I've understood your question correctly, here's what
you need:
- pick an intermediate integer register to be written to by the panelview with a desired increment/decrement value
- add a rung of logic in the processor to check this imtermediate register for a non-zero increment/decrement value and add this value to each of the desired timer elements
- reset the intermediate increment/decrement register value to zero when all timer elements have been updated, so that the process can be repeated
- you'll obviously want some limit test logic to avoid invalid timer element values (both in terms of what the PLC considers valid values and what you're process considers valid values)
John Paley--Graphic Pkg Corp
This example requires the timer addresses to be consecutive!!!
After the initial preset values are entered, use indirect addressing to easily change the rest.
If you use a pb to increment the value, one shot it to latch a bit--b3/0. if b3/0 is true, add 1 (or whatever) to t4:[n7;0].pre dest t4;[n7;0].pre.
branch output--add 1 to n7;0 dest n7;0. this increments the index to 1. the next scan, 1 gets added to t4;1, next scan t4;2 etc.
next branch output if n7;0 > 15, move 0 to n7;0 and branch unlatch b3/0. this shuts off the routine and resets n7;0 to start over next time.
this method takes 16 scans to get all the presets incremented, but how long is a scan, anyhow.
Another way is to let the operator set the value of the inc/dec then add that number to the presets.
This example uses timers 0-15, but it depends on the number you reset n7;0 to to start and the number you examine n7;0 greater than to finish. It will work with any range of consecutive timers (or any consecutive data table values).
Look out--be careful not to allow the operator to enter a preset less than zero. The processor won't like it and will lock up when the timer rung goes true. You could do a similar indexed rung to check the presets before you allow a decrement in value that might put one less than zero.
I could e-mail sample [email protected]
Draw a data entry screen on the PV550 to display the actual values for the 16 timer registers. Link these to the addresses you are using. This will allow individual timer preset values to be set independently.
Next add an Inc/Dec object to the screen and use this to ADD/SUBTRACT to/from ALL of the timer registers simultaneously (via ladder in PLC).
I've used similar screens for recipe/sequence modifications.


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Texas drought killed 301 million trees
By Kathy Huber | September 25, 2012 | Updated: September 26, 2012 7:52am
The numbers are ugly. A whopping 301 million trees have died across state forestlands as a result of the 2011 drought, the Texas A&M Forest Service reported Tuesday.
The latest count was determined after a three-month, on-the-ground study of hundreds of forested plots, as well as satellite imagery from before and after the drought. It includes trees killed directly by the drought and those so weakened that they succumbed to insects and disease.
The Brazos Valley region took the heaviest hit, losing nearly 10 percent of its trees on forested land. North Texas and western northeast Texas lost 8.3 percent and 8.2 percent, respectively.
Harris County is included in the 6.5 percent loss in the western section of southeast Texas. That's nearly 19 million fewer trees than the near 290 million live tree count before the drought. Far east stretches of southeast Texas got better news: a 1.3 percent loss, down 7.5 million trees from pre-drought 597.1 million live trees.
The 301 million count falls about midway of the forest service's previous estimates of 100 to 500 million drought-related tree deaths.
Although still a huge toll, the good news is the forest is resilient, says Burl Carraway, department head for the Texas A&M Forest Service Sustainable Forestry department. Young, new trees eventually grow in the place of fallen dead trees.
"Tree death is a natural forest process," he said in a news release. "We just had more last year than previous years."
Most of the dead trees will stand until they fall, says Forest Service analyst Chris Edgar. This benefits wildlife and helps prevent soil erosion.
The dead trees, however, could become hazards in fire conditions.
The 301 million does not include trees that shade our home gardens, city parks and streets. Another 5.6 million urban trees have died from the drought, according to an earlier study done by the service's Urban Forest program.
Houstonians have been shaken by the drought-related gaps in our urban forest.
Forester Mickey Merritt roughly estimates the drought has taken 50 percent of the trees in the city's Memorial Park.
Nature will also gradually help re-green urban canopies. More help will come from those that residents are eager to replant.


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Have shapefiles for provinces in several countries in an Asian region, but currently trying to plug in animal population data for each province with graduated symbols displayed the data. Am trying to work off a Microsoft Excel Chart that I have made with the data (basically with one row for provinces and the other row for populations)- however, importing via a delimited text layer isn't working. I'm pretty new to GIS, and am wondering if there as an elementary error I am making - do I need to enter vector data for each province in my excel file before these will display? Is there an easy way to elicit this from the shapefile(s) that I have that display the provinces in the country?
Thank you so much for your time - I'm trying to learn this as well as I can!
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1 Answer 1
Try reformatting the file so it's columns instead of rows (im assuming this is how the attribute data is organised in the Shapefile?) make sure the field names:
 - Don't contain spaces
 - Are less than 64 characters
 - Special characters (stick to letters)
Arc doesn't like these.
Now what you want to do here is use the 'Add Join' function (located in the Data Management toolbox) to link the Excel Spreadsheet table to your Shapefile. The tool will add animal population data to the shapefile attribute table, assuming that the you join by country names and the country names match up exactly.
I would explain how to use the tool but i think the official documentation will do a better job than me! : _URL_
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Question: If the work required to stretch a spring 1 ft beyond its natural length is 9 ft-lb, how much work W is needed to stretch it 10 in. beyond its natural length?
So my teacher today gave us some physics equations and said to do this homework. Im a little stuck on this, usually they give us the force required to stretch a spring, not the work. Here is what i tried:
Then I did F=KX (hooke's law) to solve for the k constant of the spring
9 = K * 1 ft
K = 9
So I now know that F = 9X (equation for force of a spring when you know the k constant of that spring)
And then i said the:
INTEGRAL of: 9x from 0-10/12 = Total work needed to stretch the spring 10inches.
I get 7.25, but this answer is wrong.


sets the step-limit used by the ACL2 prover at the top level only
This event provides a way to limit the number of so-called ''prover steps'' permitted for an event. See with-prover-step-limit for a way to specify the limit on prover steps for a single event, rather than globally (and without the restriction mentioned above, pertaining to the top level). For a related utility based on time instead of prover steps, see with-prover-time-limit. For examples of how step limits work, see the distributed book books/misc/misc2/step-limits.lisp.
Example Forms:
General Form:
(set-prover-step-limit expr)
Depending on the computer you are using, you may have only (very roughly) a half-hour of time before the number of prover steps exceeds the maximum step-limit, which is one less than the value of *default-step-limit*. Note however the exception stated above: if the ''limit'' is nil or is the value of *default-step-limit*, then no limit is imposed.
The limit is relevant for every event, to calls of thm and certify-book, and more generally, to any form that creates a ''summary context'' to print the usual event summary. The limit is also put in force when entering the proof-checker. Below, at the end of this documentation topic, we explain in detail when a call of set-prover-step-limit is in force: in brief, it applies to all forms that are either at the top level or are inside the same summary contexts.
Note that the limit applies to each event, not just ''atomic'' events. Consider the following example.
(set-prover-step-limit 500)
 (defthm lemma-1 ; takes 380 steps
 :rule-classes nil)
 (defthm lemma-2 ; would take 319 steps
 :rule-classes nil))
Prover steps counted: 380
The summary for lemma-2 reflects that situation:
Prover steps counted: More than 120
The summary for the encapsulate events then indicates that the available steps for that event have also been exceeded:
Prover steps counted: More than 500
Rules: NIL
Prover steps counted: 41090
ACL2!>
Finally, we discuss in some detail with a set-prover-step-limit event is in force: it applies to a subsequent form that is either at the top level or at the same level as the set-prover-step-limit form, in the following sense. Let us say that a ''summary context'' is any context for which the usual ACL2 summary will ultimately be printed (if summary printing is not inhibited). Every event -- a call of defun or defthm, or more generally, every embedded event form (see embedded-event-form) -- establishes a summary context, as do certain other top-level forms such as calls of thm and certify-book. (But a call of ld does not establish a summary context.) Here, we consider two forms to be at the same level if they are in the same summary contexts. Thus, if set-prover-step-limit is called at the top level, then this call is not in force for events under a call of certify-book, encapsulate, progn, make-event, or (more generally) under any form that establishes a summary context. Also, if set-prover-step-limit is called inside a summary context, then it does not apply above that summary context except, if it is not local to some event, at the very top level.


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How do I Become a Landscape Industry Certified Technician/Certified Retail Horticulturist?
Steps to Getting Started
- Complete the registration form
- Purchase a study manual
- Receive your test book, plant list and description of the testing stations and STUDY.
- Remember Safety is the key to success. (please read our SAFETY POLICY)
- Enjoy your status as one of North America's Qualified, Trusted, Recognized horticultural professionals.
Prior Industry Experience:
It is strongly recommended that candidates have at least 2,000 hours (1 year) of landscape via showbox for ios industry experience.
The certification of an individual's competency is accomplished through a series of written and hands-on evaluations.
- Written exams are designed to measure an overall showbox comprehension of the trade.
- The written portion of the exam is usually taken just prior to the hands-on test and is generally 2.5 hours long. All written portions are also usually offered by your provincial association at industry events.
- The hands-on tests measure an individual's level of competence through a series of stations.
- The candidate is required to successfully perform specific tasks within a specified period of time in the presence of a qualified industry judge.
- Depending on the industry sector, a total of up to 11 stations must completed successfully.
- A minimum grade of 70% is required for all problems before certification status can be obtained.
A pre-evaluating orientation process is also available in most provinces.


What Is Meant By Optimal Temperature For Enzyme Activity?
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Anonymous answered
The optimal temperature of any specific biological enzyme is the temperature at which that specific enzymes works the best. Meaning that the enzyme is only actively working at that designated or given temperature to perform activities within the cell or a chemical reaction.
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As the hospitality industry becomes increasingly digitalized, the need for remote data monitoring has become essential. Data Harbor's remote monitoring systems provide an innovative solution for hotels and resorts to remotely monitor and analyze their data, enabling them to make informed decisions in real-time and make immediate adjustments when necessary.
Hotels and resorts can remotely monitor water, gas and power levels and utilization, inventory levels, customer feedback, HVAC, Legionella, environmental levels, employee performance and much more, all from one centralized location. Our systems help optimize operations while providing valuable insights that can be used to enhance customer experience. A Data Harbor monitoring system is an indispensable tool for any hospitality business looking to stay competitive in today's digital age.
Remote Data Monitoring For Hospitality
Data Harbor's remote monitoring systems provide numerous benefits for hospitality including:
- Real-time data insights: A Data Harbor system allows hotels and resorts to receive real-time insights into their operations. Control their data and make informed decisions faster, optimizing operations and improving customer experiences.
- Cost savings: By tracking utility consumption, inventory levels or occupancy and engagement status remotely, hotels and resorts can reduce waste and minimize inventory costs, resulting in significant savings over time.
- Enhanced customer experience: Data Harbor's remote monitoring helps hospitality convert customer feedback and preferences into tailored offerings and services to meet the needs of their guests.
- Improved employee performance: Monitoring employee performance remotely can help hospitality identify areas for improvement and provide targeted training to improve employee productivity.
- Increased operational efficiency: With Data Harbor's remote data monitoring, hotels and resorts can streamline their operations by tracking key performance indicators in resource consumption, identifying bottlenecks, and making adjustments to improve overall efficiency.
- Scalability: Data Harbor's systems allow hotels and resorts to scale their operations as needed, providing valuable insights into performance across multiple locations and markets.
Utility Monitoring for Hospitality
Data Harbor's systems enable granular data visibility and remote real-time controls over utility status and consumption.
- Real-time monitoring: Remote data monitoring enables hotels to monitor utility usage in real-time, providing the essential data they need to optimize their utility consumption and avoid wastage.
- Predictive analytics: By analyzing historical data, Data Harbor's systems can provide resorts with predictive analytics, allowing them to forecast their future utility needs and plan accordingly.
- Automated controls: Remote monitoring systems can be integrated with automated controls, such as smart thermostats, which can adjust temperature settings based on occupancy and weather conditions, reducing energy consumption and costs.
- Equipment monitoring: Daa Harbor's systems can be used to monitor the performance of HVAC, lighting, and other equipment, allowing hotels to identify inefficiencies and optimize energy consumption.
- Alerts and notifications: Data Harbor's platform can be set up to send alerts and notifications when utility usage exceeds predefined thresholds or when equipment malfunctions, enabling our clients to respond quickly and minimize waste.
- Benchmarking: Data Harbor's monitoring systems can be used to benchmark utility usage across different locations and against industry standards, allowing hotels to identify areas for improvement and optimize their consumption.
PROJECT: Gaylord Palms Resort
Learn how Data Harbor's remote data monitoring system helped this large resort manage costs and improve safety
Monitor and control energy consumption through sensors, smart thermostats, and lighting control systems.
Monitor security systems, access control, and video surveillance remotely.
Fire Safety Systems
Monitor fire safety systems, including fire alarms, smoke detectors, and sprinkler systems.
Track hotel assets such as furniture, fixtures, and equipment through RFID or other asset tracking technologies.
Monitor and manage inventory levels of supplies, linens, and other items used in guest rooms and common areas.
Monitor waste collection and disposal, reducing waste production, and optimizing recycling.
Guest Room Automation
Automate guest room systems such as lighting, temperature, and entertainment systems to enhance the guest experience.
Kitchen and Restaurant Management
Monitor and control kitchen equipment such as ovens, refrigerators, and freezers.
Monitor laundry machines' usage and status, including washers, dryers, and other laundry equipment.
Monitor parking occupancy, automate parking control systems, and manage parking reservations.
Monitor and control the guest's safety through wearable technology and emergency response systems.
Monitor for Legionella and create alerts to ensure the safety of your guests and staff
A Remote Data Monitoring provider like Data Harbor offers much more than a system and hardware, we bring a higher level of support which makes the ultimate difference in success. Data Harbor is different because of our customization planning and incredible focus on client requirements.


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Mahad Name Meaning
|"One who is great" or "One who is praised"
Mahad is a name that carries significant cultural and historical weight. It is not merely a collection of syllables; rather, it holds profound meaning across various contexts. From its roots in different religious traditions to its usage in contemporary society, Mahad embodies a rich tapestry of symbolism and significance.
The name Mahad originates from Arabic and Urdu, derived from the root word "Mahid," which means "one who is great" or "one who is praised." In its essence, Mahad encapsulates the idea of greatness, importance, and reverence.
In Islamic tradition, Mahad holds particular importance as it signifies the greatness and praise of Allah. It is often used as a name for boys, reflecting the parents' aspiration for their child to embody noble qualities and virtues.
One of the notable figures bearing the name Mahad is Mahad Abdiaziz Abdirahman, a Somali politician who served as the Minister of Education, Culture, and Higher Education of Somalia. His dedication to education and public service exemplifies the values associated with the name Mahad.
Throughout history, individuals named Mahad have left their mark in various fields, from literature and academia to politics and religion. Their contributions have shaped societies and inspired generations, further cementing the name's significance.
While specific data on the population of individuals named Mahad is not readily available, it is evident that the name maintains a presence in communities worldwide, particularly in regions with significant Muslim populations.
For those who believe in astrology, individuals named Mahad may fall under different zodiac signs depending on their date of birth. Each sign carries its own characteristics and traits that may complement or contrast with the inherent qualities of the name Mahad.
|March 21 – April 19
|April 20 – May 20
|May 21 – June 20
|June 21 – July 22
|July 23 – August 22
|August 23 – September 22
|September 23 – October 22
|October 23 – November 21
|November 22 – December 21
|December 22 – January 19
|January 20 – February 18
|February 19 – March 20
The lucky stone associated with the name Mahad is the Sapphire. This precious gemstone is believed to bring wisdom, prosperity, and spiritual enlightenment to those who possess it.
The lucky metal for Mahad is Silver. Symbolizing purity and strength, silver is associated with qualities that resonate with the essence of the name Mahad.
Friday is considered the lucky day for individuals named Mahad. It is a day associated with blessings, abundance, and opportunities, aligning with the auspicious nature of the name.
The lucky number for Mahad is 7. This number symbolizes spiritual growth, intuition, and divine guidance, reflecting the journey towards greatness and enlightenment.
Green is the lucky color for Mahad. Representing harmony, renewal, and prosperity, green embodies the positive energies associated with the name and augments its auspicious nature.
In conclusion, the name Mahad transcends mere linguistic significance to become a symbol of greatness, reverence, and divine blessings. Whether rooted in religious beliefs, cultural heritage, or personal aspirations, Mahad resonates with individuals across diverse backgrounds, guiding them on a path towards fulfillment and success. Its timeless appeal and profound meaning continue to inspire and uplift generations, cementing its place as a name of enduring significance.


text:
Solve Blocks in Mathad
The Solve Blocks feature can be found in the Math tab within Prime. This allows you to find a solution for variables within a simultaneous system of mathematical requirements, equations constraints. You can also optimize solutions and solve for design variables. Optimization refers to maximizing or minimizing the output of a function and allowing Mathcad to tell us what the input variables to that function should be while satisfying additional requirements at the same time. Solve Blocks also allow you to solve for an object's dimensions.


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Discord is the most popular forum for communicating with friends. You can communicate via text, live stream, or voice chat. You can create a server on Discord and invite friends or family to join. Servers have a given agenda, such as a server for a given game or a server to join your family in a voice channel.
When you create a server, you become the owner, giving you more privileges than other members. So, what can a Discord server owner see?
The Discord owner hosts a given server and acts as the primary administrator. The owner can see all the member and their roles. They can see public messages and logs for activities, such as deleted messages and members kicked out. Moreover, they can see the public profile details of members, such as their profile pictures. However, all your details, such as IP, private messages, server activities, profile settings, email, etc., are hidden.
This guide discusses what things a server owner can see. Moreover, we will see what the server owner can do on a given server and cover what they can't see. That way, you will understand the limited information a server owner can access and the information hidden from them.
Who Is a Server Owner, and What Can They See and Do?
Discord is open to everyone. You can access Discord and create an account using the mobile app, browser, or desktop app. Once you have your account, you can create a Discord server using the below steps.
- On your Discord, click the plus icon at the bottom left sidebar.
- Click the "Create My Own" button.
- Add the server details, such as the name.
- Add members to your server.
- Click the "Create" button to complete the process.
You are now a Discord server owner, which comes with different privileges. First, you can create a channel to connect with your friends. Still, you can add members to your server or send them an invite link to join.
Moreover, you can define the roles of a given member, including the server admin, to help you manage the server. As a server owner, you are the overall admin and can change the roles and permissions of members on the server. Still, you can kick out or ban members from the server.
The server owner can also attach links or files in the server description, delete messages, mute members, and perform other administrative tasks. Generally, the server owner controls how the server runs and can limit the members.
So, what can a Discord server owner see? Many server members are concerned about what the server owners can see as part of the privacy concerns. Here's the thing, most of the private activities of members are kept private from the server owner.
The server owner can only see the list of members and their profile details, such as profile images and server chats. Also, the server owner can see the logs for the server activities, such as banned members, deleted messages, created channels, and the roles of each member.
What Can't a Server Owner See?
Discord upholds the privacy of its users even when they join a Discord server. As such, the server owner is limited in the things they can see. Below are the crucial things hidden from a server owner.
The server admin can't see your IP address. Discord doesn't disclose your IP address to anyone, and only the Discord staff can access your Discord IP. Even when kicked out of a server, your IP address remains hidden unless someone tricks you into using IP address loggers, which unknowingly track your IP.
Your email address is confidential and remains hidden even from the server owner. However, sharing your email address with the server owner is the only way they can access it.
Your messages are private DMs that are inaccessible to the server owner. However, messages shared in the group can be seen by everyone. If you delete a message, the server owner can only see the log for the deleted message but won't see the actual deleted message.
A Member's Activities
Things a member does on the server are private. For instance, if you check the list of members or keep scrolling to see messages sent by different people, the server owner will have no idea of such activities. Also, your search activities are personal and won't be disclosed. Furthermore, even the server owner won't see your activities if you set your visibility to invisible.
The only activities a server owner can access are those in the audit logs, such as members who were kicked out or new channels that were created.
A server owner has privileges on what they can do, but what they can see is limited. They can only see public information such as the list of members, messages shared on the channel, and server logs of different activities. This guide details what the server owner can and cannot see.


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Does there exist a prime 3-manifold such that its mapping class group has an abelian representation in which the 2$\pi$ rotation is represented by -1?
In detail: Let $M$ be a closed orientable prime 3-manifold. Let $D_F(M,p)$ be the group of diffeomorphisms of $M$ that fix a point $p$ of $M$ and a frame there. Define the mapping class group (MCG) of $M$ to be the zeroth homotopy group of $D_F(M,p)$. Then the $2\pi$ rotation is an element of MCG that is the equivalence class of the following diffeo, $R_{2\pi}$: Consider a coordinate ball of radius 2, $B2$, centred on $p$. $R_{2\pi}$ fixes the ball of radius 1, $B_1$, centred on $p$ and everything outside the sphere of radius 2. In between $B_1$ and $B_2$ the $R_{2\pi}$ maps $(x,y,z)\rightarrow(x\cos\theta+y\sin\theta,y\cos\theta−x\sin\theta,z)$ where $\theta$ is a function of $r=\sqrt(x^2+y^2+z^2)$ which increases smoothly and monotonically from 0 to 2$\pi$ as $r$ increases from 1 to 2. The square of the 2$\pi$ rotation is the identity in MCG. A manifold is spinorial if $\[R_{2\pi}\]$ is non-trivial in MCG.
Background motivation:
This question is interesting because of the possibility that fermions can be built on non-trivial spatial topology. $M$ is the manifold of a 3-D spatial hypersurface in spacetime. The fixed point is the point at infinity (where the metric is asymptotically flat) and fixing a frame there has the same effect on $\pi_0(D_F)$ as requiring some falloff conditions on the diffeomorphisms at infinity or requiring them to be the identity outside some ball. The configuration space of General Relativity in this asymptotically flat setting is (space of asymptotically flat metrics on $M$)/$D_F$ and its first homotopy group is isomorphic to (what I called above) MCG, see _URL_ (I know it is not the usual definition of MCG). The quantum state, on canonical quantisation of General Relativity, carries a unitary irreducible representation (UIR) of the MCG and different choices of UIR give different physics. Prime 3-manifolds are potentially candidates for elementary particles built from pure geometry: topological geons (this is speculative!). A prime 3-manifold can be the basis for a spinorial particle (i.e. spin 1/2, spin 3/2....) if $R_{2\pi}$ is nontrivial. Because particles must be able to be pair produced and annihilated, topology change must be allowed in the theory which means that the theory should be quantised in a sum-over-histories framework rather than a canonical quantisation framework. Within the sum-over-histories framework it is challenging to realise nonabelian reps of MCG. Abelian reps on the other hand are more easily accommodated by attaching phases to topologically distinct sectors of the path integral. Moreover certain rules that would result in a spin-statistics correlation for topological geons would also force the reps to be abelian, _URL_ (hence the need for abelian reps). However, if there were no spinorial primes with abelian reps this would rule out spinorial geons and therefore fermions.
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What do you mean by 'the' $2\pi$ rotation? – HJRW May 16 '11 at 12:21
Please edit the question statement to put in the clarifications. You're also presumably assuming that the manifold is spin, and looking at the spin mapping class group. – Dylan Thurston May 16 '11 at 13:25
1. This is not the usual definition of MCG. 2. By the belt trick, the $2\pi$ rotation squares to be the identity. 3. The $2\pi$ rotation is central. 4. I don't know what you mean when you say "abelian representation" or "represented by -1". – Sam Nead May 16 '11 at 13:28
Even with the edit, "represented by -1" is not clear. Are you asking for this element of the mapping class group to map onto the generator of an infinite cyclic group? That's how I read your question. – Ryan Budney May 16 '11 at 19:33
1 Answer 1
up vote 8 down vote accepted
Yes, there exists such a manifold $M$. This follows if there exists aspherical $M$ with $Diff(M)\simeq 0$ (contractible) and $H^2(M;\mathbb{Z}/2\mathbb{Z})=0$. I claim there exists such manifolds. Let's see why such $M$ suffice.
There are two fibrations: $$ D_F(M,p) \to Diff(M,p) \to GL(3,\mathbb{R})$$ and $$ Diff(M,p) \to Diff(M) \to M.$$
The first comes from considering the derivative at $p$ of a diffeomorphism fixing $p$. The second comes from considering the image of $p$ under a diffeomorphism of $M$.
From the long exact sequence of homotopy for a fibration (e.g. 4.41 Hatcher), we have the exact sequence $$0=\pi_2(M) \to \pi_1(Diff(M,p)) \to \pi_1(Diff(M))=0 \to \pi_1(M)\to $$ $$\pi_0(Diff(M,p))\to \pi_0(Diff(M))=0.$$ We see that $\pi_0(Diff(M,p))=\pi_1(M)$, and $\pi_1(Diff(M,p))=0$. Similarly, $$0=\pi_1(Diff(M,p))\to \mathbb{Z}/2\mathbb{Z}=\pi_1(GL(3,\mathbb{R})) \to \pi_0(D_F(M,p))\to \pi_0(Diff(M,p))\to 0.$$
From the second sequence, we see that $\pi_0(D_F(M,p))$ is therefore a $\mathbb{Z}/2\mathbb{Z}$ extension of $\pi_1(M)$. These are classified by $H^2(\pi_1(M);\mathbb{Z}/2\mathbb{Z})=H^2(M;\mathbb{Z}/2\mathbb{Z})=0$ (since any such extension is central). Thus, it is a trivial extension, so $\pi_0(D_F(M,p))=\mathbb{Z}/2\mathbb{Z}\times \pi_1(M)$. The $\mathbb{Z}/2\mathbb{Z}$ factor is generated by $[R_{2\pi}]$ in your notation, so clearly the desired abelian representation exists.
Now we need to see that a closed orientable aspherical manifold $M$ with $Diff(M)\simeq 0$ and $H^2(M;\mathbb{Z}/2)=0$ exists. In fact, we may assume $M$ is a hyperbolic homology sphere. For example, take a hyperbolic knot complement with trivial isometry group. Perform Dehn filling of slope $1/k$ for $k$ large to get a closed hyperbolic manifold. This manifold will be an aspherical homology sphere and will have trivial isometry group for $k>>0$ (this follows from Thurston's Dehn surgery theorem and the Margulis lemma, since the isometries must preserve the short core geodesic of the Dehn surgery). By a result of Gabai, $Diff(M)$ will be contractible.
One can work in somewhat greater generality with hyperbolic 3-manifolds $M$ which have the property that $H^2(Aut(\pi_1(M));\mathbb{Z}/2\mathbb{Z})=0$, since the first exact sequence implies that $\pi_0(Diff(M,p))=Aut(\pi_1(M))$. I'm not sure what happens if $H^2(Aut(\pi_1(M));\mathbb{Z}/2\mathbb{Z})\neq 0$; I assumed it $=0$ as a convenient way to see that the group $\pi_0(D_F(M,p))$ splits.
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Thank you for your answer. I'm still reading through it to try and understand it all but it looks like it's what I'm looking for. Do you mean that $\pi_0(D_F(M,p))$ (as opposed to $\pi_0(Diff(M,p))$) is a $\mathbb{Z}/2\