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Framework for scalable DeepLabCut based analysis including 3D tracking
Project description
Anipose is a framework for scalable DeepLabCut-based analysis. It supports both 2d and 3d tracking, handles calibration and processing all files within a group of folders.
The name Anipose comes from Animal Pose, but it also sounds like "any pose".
(NOTE: This is not yet ready for production, still some issues to fix to make the experience smooth )
Getting started
 1. Setup DeepLabCut by following instruction here
 2. Install Anipose through pip: pip install anipose
Input specification
Ideally someone who is collecting data should just be able to put all the videos into a single folder during a data collection run.
Different data collection sessions (e.g. on different days) are usually placed into different folders.
We'll need a config file to specify what to use for tracking and post-processing. However, it's cumbersome to remember to put a new config file for each new session, especially if the config doesn't really change from session to session.
It would be nice to be able to place a separate config file into each session though, to override the experiment config as needed.
It would be extra nice to reprocess the data if any of the config parameters change.
layout of folder for videos for 2d tracking
layout of folder for videos for 3d tracking
Example config file for 2d/3d tracking:
# Project name
project = "flypose"
# Change this to match deeplabcut folder (one with trained network)
model_folder = '/Data/Videos/DLC_Analysis/Running-Brandon-2019-01-29'
# How many folders are nested in structure?
nesting = 1
# Settings for a threshold filter
# Removes data outside threshold (probably errors in tracking), and interpolates
enabled = true
medfilt = 13
offset_threshold = 25
score_threshold = 0.8
spline = true
# labeling scheme...specify lines that you want to draw
scheme = [ ["head", "thorax", "abdomen"], ["thorax", "leg-1"] ]
Output specification
The output structure should match the input structure, with additional files resulting from the tracking.
The structure should be as follows:
Where FOLDER is a folder storing the output of a specific processing step.
It can be one of the following values:
 - videos-raw = input videos
 - pose-2d = 2d tracking for each of the input videos
 - pose-2d-filtered = filtered version of 2d tracking
 - calibration = camera parameters obtained from 3d calibration, along with calibration videos
 - pose-3d = 3d tracking for each group of input videos
 - angles = computed angles from 3d tracking
 - videos-labeled = videos labeled with the 2d tracking
 - videos-3d = 3d videos generated from 3d tracking
 - config = computed configuration for each session
Outline of processing plan
For each experiment, for each session
 1. Compress the videos into videos-raw
 2. Place the configuration files into config (based on defaults and session config)
 3. Perform the 2d tracking based on the configuration
 4. Label the individual videos with 2d tracking
 5. If 3d tracking is enabled
 1. Perform camera calibration
 2. Perform triangulation of 2d tracking
 3. Compute angles, if needed
 4. Generate 3d videos
Using the pipeline in the field
Ideally, there should be one repository with all the code, and the data is held separate. Each data folder should come with a configuration file of its own. The user should be able to invoke some pipeline script to process everything, and separate pipeline scripts for each step.
Perhaps something like:
anipose calibrate # run calibration of intrinsics and extrinsics
anipose label # label the poses for each video
anipose label-videos # create videos for each pose
anipose run-data # run only the data portion (no viz)
anipose run-viz # run only the visualization pipeline
anipose run-all # run everything (run-data then run-viz)
The program anipose should parse out the config within the folder, and figure out all the appropriate parameters to pass to the functions underneath.
Computing angle estimates
Although it's very useful to get 3D tracking estimates, we also need angle estimates.
However, not all angles make sense, it is up to the user to specify which angles she cares about.
This may be specified in the config.toml file as follows:
L1_CF = ["L1A", "L1B", "L1C"]
L1_FTi = ["L1B", "L1C", "L1D"]
L1_TiTa = ["L1C", "L1D", "L1E"]
The key above is the [angles] header, which specifies that whatever follows is an angle.
Next, each angle is specified by a name on the left, and by a list of 3 joints on the right.
Summarizing the data
After computing the whole pipeline for all videos, the final outputs of interest (the 3d pose coordinates and angles, possibly the 2d coordinates) are scattered across a lot of folders.
For further processing and analysis, it is often useful to have one central file with all the data. Hence, Anipose provides the command "summarize", which summarizes everything into a "summaries" folder. The output csv for each of angles, 3d, and 2d tracking coordinates has all the data from all sessions, and a few extra columns to show where the data comes from.
Configuring the standardized 3D pose
In order to properly compare across different trials, different animals, and different setups, the 3D coordinates must be standardized relative to a common reference frame.
Anipose should allow configuration of this by specifying 2 sets of points to use as axes, and which axes these should be.
The algorithm to determine the axes is as follows:
 - the first axis is taken as given
 - the second axis is orthogonalized with respect to the first
 - the third axis is the cross product of the first two axes
An axis is specified as a pair of points, with the axis going from the first to the second point.
Furthermore, it is often useful to set the zero to a standard reference point. Anipose allows this too.
An example configuration:
axes = [
 ["x", "L1A", "L3A"],
 ["z", "L1B", "L1A"]
reference_point = "L1A"
Calibration marker configuration
Anipose uses ArUco markers for calibration. They are superior to checkerboards in that they are more robust to blurring, rotation, and cropping. This makes them ideal for calibrating arbitrary camera setups.
In order to configure this, it should be possible to specify which ArUco board was used to calibrate the cameras. What should be configurable:
 - The type of board (ArUco / ChArUco)
 - the size of the board (number squares in X and Y directions)
 - ArUco marker dictionary (number of bits and number of markers in dictionary)
 - Length of marker side in appropriate unit (triangulation is set to this unit)
 - Length of marker separation (for ArUco) or square side (for ChArUco), in same unit
# aruco / charuco
board_type = "aruco"
# width and height of grid
board_size = [2, 2]
# number of bits in the markers
board_marker_bits = 5
# number of markers in dictionary (less is best)
board_marker_dict_number = 50
# length of marker side
board_marker_length = 4 # mm
# If aruco, length of marker separation
board_marker_separation_length = 1 # mm
# If charuco, square side length
# board_square_side_length = 8 # mm
Calibration: how to actually calibrate
TODO: Document how to calibrate cameras
TODO: Document where to place the calibration folder and how this is processed
TODO: document how to specify ROIs
TODO: provide example python/matlab code to automatically generate toml files
Here are some references for DeepLabCut and other things this project relies upon:
 title={DeepLabCut: markerless pose estimation of user-defined body parts with deep learning},
 author = {Alexander Mathis and Pranav Mamidanna and Kevin M. Cury and Taiga Abe and Venkatesh N. Murthy and Mackenzie W. Mathis and Matthias Bethge},
 journal={Nature Neuroscience},
 title = {DeeperCut: A Deeper, Stronger, and Faster Multi-Person Pose Estimation Model},
 author = {Eldar Insafutdinov and Leonid Pishchulin and Bjoern Andres and Mykhaylo Andriluka and Bernt Schiele},
 booktitle = {ECCV'16},
 url = {}
Project details
Download files
Files for anipose, version 0.2.1
Filename, size File type Python version Upload date Hashes
Filename, size


text:
The surname Spink in my family tree is from my paternal line. At the moment I have 27 people with this surname. The earliest person is my 4x great grandfather William Spink who was born about 1764, probably in the Linton area of the Yorkshire Dales.
According to surnamedb the name Spink is of Anglo-Saxon origin. It is said to derive from a nickname given in the first instance to someone thought to resemble a finch in some way. Possibly with reference to its brightly coloured plumage or sweet singing voice.
A large number of early medieval surnames were gradually created from the habitual use of nicknames, given with reference to a variety of characteristics, such as
- a person's physical attributes or peculiarities
- mental or moral qualities
- a fancied resemblance to an animal's or bird's appearance or disposition
- habits of dress, or
The first recorded spelling of the family name is believed to be that of Roger Spinc dated 1133 in the "Chartulary of Ramsey Monastery", Bedforshire. Other early recordings are :-
Thomas Spink listed in the Assize Rolls of Northumberland in 1256; the marriage of Edmonde Spincke and Alice Madison in Stepney, London on 5th September 1604; and the marriage of Stephen Spink and Ann Ring on 29th October 1696.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


Tag Archives: mhchem
How to type a bar over/under a letter in mhchem of LaTeX?
I use usepackage mhchem to write chemical equations in LaTeX, it works fine most of time. Today I encountered a problem, how to type a horizontal bar over (or under) a letter?
After some Googling work, here is my solution, combining the command mathrm and overline/underline. The command \underline (\overline) is placing a bar under (over) a letter, while mathrm is remove the italic style of the letter in the math environment.
E.g. to get an chemical equation as follows:
You can use the code below:
\ce{3 C4A\mathrm{\underline{S}}H12 + 2 C\mathrm{\underline{C}} + 18 H -> C6A$\mathrm{\underline{S}_3}$H32 + 2 C4A\mathrm{\underline{C}}H11}
\label{some label}
You are welcome to share your trick with me, thanks.


Skip to definition.
Noun: package pa-kij
 1. A collection of things wrapped or boxed together
 - bundle, packet, parcel
 2. A box or collection of items wrapped for shipment
 - parcel
 - software, software program, computer software, software system, software package
Verb: package pa-kij
 1. Put into a box
 "package the gift, please";
 - box
 2. Sell different items together as a single product
 - bundle
Derived forms: packages, packaged, packaging
Type of: accumulation, aggregation, assemblage, case, code, collection, computer code, container, encase, incase
Encyclopedia: Package


How long do beef sausages take to cook?
How do you cook beef sausages?
Just bring a saucepan of water to the boil, and then place the uncooked sausages in the water. Make sure they're completely submerged in the water, and reduce the heat to a gentle simmer. Let the sausages simmer for about 10 minutes, then remove them from the water and dry them off with a paper towel.
How do you tell if beef sausages are cooked?
To determine whether it's done, you can measure the internal temperature with a meat thermometer. Sausages should reach 155–165°F (68–74°C). Alternatively, boiling them before cooking in a pan or on a grill can ensure that they're thoroughly cooked and remain moist.
IT IS INTERESTING: Do you have to cook a turkey on a rack?
How do you cook beef sausage on the stove?
 1. PAN FRY. Cut Smoked Sausage sections in half lengthwise or into 1'2″ slices. Add to non-stick skillet over medium heat. Cook 6-9 minutes, turning frequently.
 2. STOVE TOP. Add sausage to 2-3 inches of boiling water.
 3. GRILL. Grill over medium-high heat for 12-14 minutes, turning frequently.
How long do sausages take to cook?
What is the best way to cook sausages?
Pan-frying is probably the most popular way to cook sausage. What makes it so effective is the fact that you can fry other ingredients alongside the sausage, which will acquire their flavors during cooking. Set your stove to medium heat and heat your pan or skillet for a couple of minutes, until it gets hot.
How do you tell if a sausage is cooked?
Use a meat thermometer. Insert the needle tip into the end of the sausage and measure the internal temperature of the meat. When the internal temperature has reached 160°F (70°C) for pork and beef or 165°F (74°C) for chicken and turkey for at least 30 seconds, the sausage is fully cooked and ready to serve.
Is a little pink in sausage OK?
IT IS INTERESTING: Do you weigh meat before or after cooking?
How do you know when sausages are cooked in a frying pan?
Fried sausages recipe
Should you boil sausages before frying them?
When you cook raw or fresh sausage, pre-boiling can bring the meat to a safe internal temperature faster, which helps eliminate any foodborne pathogens in the meat. However, while you can boil sausage before frying, it is usually not necessary.
How do you cook sausage in a frying pan?
 1. Spray a skillet with cooking spray.
 2. Add sausage.
 3. Cook over medium-high heat until browned, about 5 minutes, turning links often.
 4. Reduce heat to medium-low.
 5. Carefully add ½ cup water to skillet.
Can you bake sausages instead of frying?
There are many ways to cook sausages, but cooking them in the oven is often the simplest method. You don't have to stand over them, turning them in a frying pan or on the grill. And cooking them on foil means easy clean-up. … Then, depending on their size, bake them for 20 to 40 minutes in the oven at 350 °F (177 °C).
Should you pierce sausages?
Never, ever prick a sausage. … Cook sausages slowly over low heat on a greased grill, turning several times. High heat will simply cause them to split their skins and expunge their precious bodily fluids. Sausages also like a little rest after cooking.
IT IS INTERESTING: How long do you cook fresh polish kielbasa?
Is it better to fry or bake sausages?
Don't bake your sausages
While this seems like the healthy option, it doesn't provide the fry-up experience that pan cooking does. Baking prevents the exterior from developing that lovely umami taste we all crave.
Is it safe to eat undercooked sausage?
Yes, you can get severely sick by eating undercooked sausage, but then again it depends on what type of sausage you're eating. … They're not magicians or psychics and they can't see if the sausage contains a harmful bacteria such as Trichinosis.
How long does it take to cook sausage at 350?
I'm cooking


text:
Science Fair Project Encyclopedia
Bird in the bush
"A bird in the hand is worth two in the bush."
A proverb of which one meaning is it is better to have something for sure (low risk) than something speculative (high risk). The paradox part is that investors will often not do a probability analysis for lowest risk/highest return. They will take their chances of getting something more speculatively than they will getting something less as a sure thing. Better to have than to speculate on the one hand but better to speculate than have on the other. Since most choose to speculate, we can extrapolate that this saying is intended as a caution to incautious people.
Due to the phrasing of the sentence (and the emphasis given to the position of the bird) it is plain that it is 'not a paradox'.
The contents of this article is licensed from _URL_ under the GNU Free Documentation License. Click here to see the transparent copy and copyright details

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


Secrets of the Wood Comb
Discover the healing power of using wood combs for massage and more
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Taiwanese craftsman Xianyi Chan makes his seemingly simple wood combs using traditional techniques. But there's more than meets the eye with this elegant instrument of personal care. They are sold today under the brand M Comb, and the inspiration for their design and use goes back centuries.
Song Dynasty poet Su Dongpo combed his hair one hundred times each night before bed.
Flying bugs dance to greet the moon,
I let my hair down in front of moon-lit windows.
A thousand combs quickly wake up the skin and stimulate the bones,
Energy nourishes the roots like dewdrops.
Su Dongpo romanticized the ritual of the comb in ancient Chinese life. A modern person might wonder why. Was it because he didn't have a television to watch? Or was there something about the ritual that today's people don't know?
Meet the M Comb, a wooden masterpiece
Xianyi Chan has loved wood from a young age. He and his brother used to make wood hair clips and hairpins for money. One day, a customer said, "Before putting on hairpins and hair clips, we have to comb our hair. Why don't you make us some combs?" The brothers thought it was a great idea, so they added wood combs to their product line.
About ten years ago, Chan got a terrible toothache. He saw a dentist who sent him to a neurologist, who discovered a tumor in his ear. Even though it was benign, it was big enough to affect his trigeminal nerve, and Chan needed a surgery that had only a 50 percent chance of survival. After a 15-hour operation, Chan made it through, but his facial nerves had been damaged. He lost motor function completely in half of his face. He even had to tape his eye shut in order to sleep.
wood combs in the M Comb collection
The M Comb comes in multiple designs, each with its own unique functions and features. Photography by Tiana Wang
As part of his physical therapy, Chan received massages. The woman only used her hands, but it triggered a memory. He recalled a teacher by the name of Mula.
"Mula told me of the wood comb's many functions. Many of my customers who bought my combs took lessons with Mula. She taught them how to use the wood combs for massage."
The benefits of wood comb massages
After learning Mula's wood comb massage technique, Chan taught it to his masseuse. From that point on, Chan would bring his own comb to the salon when he got his daily 30-minute massage. Four months later, he was brushing his teeth when he noticed his mouth twitch. At first, he thought his mind was playing tricks, but he wiped the mirror and looked again. "I saw my face really twitched. I was so happy. I felt like I had just won the lottery."
After six months of wood comb massages, Chan regained 100 percent of his facial functions. His doctors were amazed.
People say "wood comb massage," but that's actually a misnomer, he says. The goal of massage is generally for blood circulation and muscle relaxation, whereas wood combing focuses on adjusting the body's qi or energy. The theory makes sense from both a traditional Chinese perspective as well as modern medicine, which has come to embrace the old ways more and more.
"It's not only our nose and mouth that breathe. All of our sweat pores breathe. When people have a cold, they feel miserable because they lack energy. The same is true when your sweat pores are congested, especially the sweat pores on your head, which are the greatest in number."
Chan says that people sometimes feel energized after combing their head because the qi congested under the skin gets expelled through the sweat pores. Once the qi is smoothed out, a person experiences a renewed sense of wellness.
Wood combs can also be used to massage other parts of the body. Chan combs his entire body every day. Qi can become murky and hover around, causing inflammation. A wood comb can expel that murky qi while stimulating fresh qi.
"The best part is that, unlike with medication, this method has no side effects. Wood combs are completely natural. It combs your energy and makes it flow so as to relieve pain and other symptoms."
Even knowing that Chan is a true lover of wood combs and a gifted artisan of many years, it's still surprising to discover that his process for bringing a comb into the world takes more than a hundred steps.
"Anything handmade has a heart. When there's a heart, there is feeling, and it has power."
Handmade quality
Chan's wood combs are always handmade. The wood is selected according to weight, colour, and aroma. Wood type is also important. One of Chan's most popular choices is the black and purple sandalwood.
The first step is to cut the wood into blocks. Chan will wait months, sometimes years, for the blocks to air dry. Once completely dry, the wood retains its shape and resists warping. Only then can it be used for production. Many manufacturers use heat to speed up the drying process. Chan believes this method alters the fibre, drains the resin, and altogether damages the wood.
After drying, patterns are drawn onto the blocks, and a thread saw is used to cut out the comb. A person then manually sands the comb until each tooth is cone-shaped with a pointy tip and thick base. This design ensures optimum energy flow. Chan got the idea from the shape of a boat. The comb moves energy like a boat moves water.
"Machine-made teeth are straight and easy to make," he says. "Mine are cone shaped, and the process involved is much more complicated. Only handmade teeth feel smooth on the body."
wood combs being made for the M Comb collection
Every M Comb is crafted by hand from a single piece of wood, creating an elegant form and natural strength.
Wood combs made with love
Chan requires his artisans to leave their problems at home and maintain a positive mindset while making his combs. He believes that the emotions of the craftsman live in the craft. "Anything handmade has a heart. When there's a heart, there is feeling, and it has power."
Chan's process is one of intimacy. He says he notices nuances that others don't. "It's just like dating someone you love. You want to know everything about her, her family, her everything. That's why I say I've been in love with my combs all my life."
Chan believes virtue is the most important thing in a person's life. Without it, one doesn't have blessings or fortune. A tree also has virtue. Its virtue starts from being a seed. It falls into soil, grows downward to find its base in the earth, and wraps around the earth with its roots. It then grows upward, taking in light and giving out pure oxygen that refreshes us all. It blooms into flowers, bears fruit, and becomes a tall tree that protects and provides.
wood combs in the M Comb collection
The wood blocks used to create the M comb are air-dried without heat to preserve the natural fibres, resins, and energy of the wood. Xianyi Chan instructs his artisans to leave their problems behind when creating the combs, so only positive energy goes into every product. Photography by Tiana Wang
"A tree doesn't take much from this world but offers a great deal. It's very quiet but always devoted. Even after it dies, we still use its body. I hope when people use their wood combs, they feel the virtue in the wood and are grateful."
Here's what Chan suggests: Every morning and every night, spend three to five minutes combing your hair. Start from the top of the head and comb downward in all directions. You'll smooth out the congested qi and let out the negative energy. Relax and enjoy the therapeutic process.
"In the old days, combing hair was a daily routine, a very natural thing to do," he says. "Modern people don't pay attention to it and have lost it. It actually has a great impact on our health. People say you can assess a person's success from his daily routines. This success might not be monetary. If you routinely smoke, then your lungs will not be successful. If you routinely comb your hair, your health will be very successful."
The M comb will be launched at in Jan 2021.
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How to send two different DocRead tasks from the same base document
It is really easy to use DocRead to assign an item that has been stored in a SharePoint document library or list to groups of users who then must acknowledge the completion of the item leaving an audit trail to prove exactly who has completed what task and when. DocRead allows you to select several SharePoint Groups / Active Directory groups and individuals who will all receive the same instructions and will all be asked to complete the same task.
However if you need two groups of employees to read / complete the same information, but with slightly different requirements then this is also easy to arrange without having to duplicate the initial document or save details in multiple locations by using a link to the document.
For example:
1) If you need Group A to read a document and take an associated quiz but also need Group B to read exactly the same document but who do not need to answer the quiz.
2) If Group C are required to read an item, but it only needs to be recommended to Group D and you wish email messages to contain appropriate messages to be sent to both groups.
How to create two DocRead tasks from the same item
1) Save the item in the required SharePoint library or list.
2) Create a link to the document, this is shown in more detail in the post here.
3) Use DocRead message templates to ensure the email notifications and messages the user receives in the DocRead task window are appropriate for the task.
4) Attach surveys created with DocSurvey as necessary.
5) Repeat steps 2, 3 +4 to create as many iterations as you need.
6) Assign each link to the document (with the correct messages) to the correct group(s) of users.
7) Ensure the item is checked in, approved as necessary and a major version has been created, then wait for the DocRead timer job to run (or process reading tasks manually on the site) for the tasks to be created. Remember after the tasks have been created you may need to wait a little while longer for the associated emails to be sent (this will depend on the settings you have used for the email notification schedule timer jobs).
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How fast do Red-Tail Boas grow?
Add your answer...
1 Answer
Depending on the genetics of the snake, it's normal for a Red-Tail Boa to grow 2 feet per year. When they are born, they are usually 15-18 inches in length (depending on what subspecies it is), and they will grow on an average of about 2 inches per month. Again, this is all dependant on their genes and scientific classification. more
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Wondering if Weather Affects Your Hair Transplant?
Warmer weather brings with it outdoor barbecues, days at the swimming pool, and other fun activities. It also raises questions in patients about hair restoration in San Jose and other warm climate areas. People are often curious about how warmer weather affects healing after a hair transplant. This article looks at that topic.


text:
Select the Drive that you wish to use, such as J: and type your server name (always starts with \\; i.e. \\nas\home\john.doe) into the Folder field. Be sure Reconnect at logon is checked so you will be reconnected to this drive back whenever you restart your computer. Click on Finish.
In the User name field, type GALLAUDET\ then your username. In the Password field, type your password. The user name and password should be based on your Bison account. Click on OK.
You can access your folders and files by opening Computer (same as step #1) and selecting the J: drive (or the drive letter you picked).


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What is weight bearing?
Putting weight on your affected (weaker) leg is called "weight bearing." Your physical therapist will check one of the categories below. Read what is beneath the category. This is your "weight-bearing status." It tells if you may or may not put any body weight on your affected leg. It also tells you how much weight you may place on the affected leg.
Non-weight bearing (NWB)
Place no weight on your affected leg. Do not touch the floor with your affected leg. While you stand or walk, you must hold your affected leg off the floor (see Figure 1 at right).
Touch-down weight bearing (TDWB), or toe-touch weight bearing (TTWB)
When you stand or walk, you may touch the floor only for balance. Do not place actual weight on your affected leg (see Figure 2 at left).
Partial weight bearing (PWB)
When you stand or walk, you may place ____ percent of your body weight ( _____ pounds) on your affected leg (see Figure 2 at left).
Weight bearing as tolerated (WBAT), or weight bearing to tolerance (WBTT)
When you stand or walk, place only as much weight as feels comfortable on your affected leg. Let pain be your guide. If you feel pain, place less weight on the affected leg (see Figure 2 at left).
Full weight bearing (FWB)
You may place your full body weight on your affected leg when you stand or walk.
Note: Your therapist may give you other instructions about weight bearing.


How Does Rotating Log Grapple Works Out & What Are Its Advantages?
Many of us would love to talk about tech and its working behind, right? So, we will be talking today about the rotating log grapple working which is an equipment of a heavy machinery such as crane. Now, there is much kind of cranes as we all know but we shall not be discussing about these cranes and will be more focusing onto the grapple which can be affixed in almost every kind of cranes. So, in bit older time we have only unidirectional grapple which can only move upside down or downside up with an interlocking mechanism and if we want to rotate it so it was not possible due to which we have to move the crane instead, quite difficult and painful but now it is very easy with rotating log grapple. Actually, what happens is that when we are working with logs so it is quite long and to hold it is not a problem but when it comes to rotate it for several reason so that was not possible easily.
In an addition, rotating log grapple makes a lot easiness in such kind of work and especially when it is about long materials and good like log. This is why this specific grapple called as rotating log grapple. Let us see its advantages in following bulleted points and its explanation. For more information about rotating grab please click here.
 1. Affixing rotation log grapple in a crane
This is a preliminary step to install or attach the rotating log grapple in your crane so that you can be able to use it wisely.
 1. Connect Gears with rotating log grapple
If you need an extra control and advance features than you may needed to connect additional gears to it for extended support. Like, when you wanted to rotate it without dropping the log so it will hold and moves simultaneously as much as you want. The best part is that it can balance it from an edge, it is not necessary to rotate it from the middle.
 1. Horizontal and Vertical rotation
With the help of hydraulics rotating log grapple, you can also rotate it like clock and anti-clock wise. For an example you wanted to rotate the log in vertical direction so you can do that also if you wanted to rotate the log horizontally so yes that is also possible.
There are many other benefits of rotating log grapples and also you can customized your own grapple according to your requirement. If you are looking for rotating log grapple and also if you interested in hydraulic grapple for sale, rotating multi grappleand demolition grab than the best and the first choice is "Earth master Grapples". For more details, you can visit their online and an official website at


Where Can CVS Expand New Stores?
Stephen Kita
Posted on Aug 3, 2020
For this project, CVS location and US population data were analyzed to suggest where CVS should consider opening new stores.
CVS pharmacy is the largest pharmacies in the United Sates, with almost 10,000 locations as of August, 2020. Last year they reported $256B in revenue, and were listed as #5 on the Fortune 500 list.
According to CVS's SEC filing, their major sources of income are pharmacy and in-store sales. In addition, the majority of the pharmacy sales are within network, as opposed to online or mail-order. Therefore, the vast majority of revenue for CVS comes from people physically walking into the store.
If CVS wants to continue growing, the easiest way seems to be opening new stores. However, CVS is challenged to open new stores, because they already operate in so many locations. Therefore, CVS should target areas with higher demand when opening stores.
Data Collection
In this project, the location and count of every CVS store in the United States were scraped from the CVS website1. Store location data was collect and processed with the Python BeautifulSoup package.
Population data was downloaded from the US Census website, and population estimates for 2019 we used for all states (including District of Columbia and Puerto Rico) and for all cities > 50,000 residents.
These two datasets were combined using Python Pandas to generate a data frame of CVS location by state and city population:
Data Analysis
This data was graphed using Python Matplotlib to show the number of stores per capita. A linear trendline was calculated, and the slope was approximately 1 CVS store per 33,000 people. This trend was the same for both cities and states.
These states/cities can be grouped by whether they fall above or below the trendline (average number of stores per capita). The regions in green are where there are more than 33,000 stores per person, and the regions in red are where there are less.
Using this framework, we can assume that locations with below average CVS counts have a higher demand for new CVS stores. We can also rank the highest and lowest locations based on demand by population:
We can see that states like Washington and Colorado have a higher demand while states like Florida and Massachusetts have a lower demand. This could be do to the difference in ages between the states. Florida and Massachusetts have older populations, who would need more prescriptions than younger populations.
Looking at the cities, New York City and Los Angeles have a higher demand while Miami and Washington DC have a lower demand. This could be due to the high cost of real estate in NYC and LA, where the operating costs might hurt the profitability of a store.
We can cross-reference the city and state information to form a strategy about where CVS should expand.
If a state has a high demand for CVS and also has cities with a high demand, then CVS should make a larger presence in those cities. However, if a state has a high demand for CVS, but low demand in cities, then CVS should try expanding to new cities in that state.
In conclusion, if CVS wants to continue adding new stores, they could focus on expanding their presence in these cities where demand is high:
 - Seattle, WA
 - Denver, CO
 - Portland, OR
 - San Juan, PR
Alternatively, they could add stores in these states where demand is high by expanding to new towns:
 - Wisconsin
 - Arkansas
 - Utah
 - Iowa
Future Work
This analysis could be expanded by adding more demographic data, such as age and income levels, to better predict where a store would be profitable. In addition, competitor data from walgreens, walmart, rite aid, etc. could be scraped from the web to look for areas with less competition.
1 Data was scraped from the CVS Store Locator online. The CVS robots.txt file was reviewed beforehand and the store locator pages were allowed.
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text:
The introduction of the Metadata extension within the Solana ecosystem significantly enhances the capabilities of token issuers by allowing them to attach customizable key-value pairs directly to a Mint Account. This extension fundamentally broadens the scope of what can be achieved with tokens, particularly in domains such as gaming, by enabling the embedding of custom metadata within each token. Such an advancement opens up myriad possibilities for how tokens can be utilized, interacted with, and represented.
Token Metadata Interface
The Token Metadata Interface standardizes the procedure for adding metadata to tokens, offering a defined structure and a set of instructions for managing metadata. This interface can be implemented by any program, affording developers the flexibility to craft bespoke Metadata Programs. This universal interface ensures compatibility across the Solana ecosystem, allowing wallets, decentralized applications (dApps), and other on-chain programs to seamlessly access and interact with token metadata.
Metadata Interface Fields
The interface delineates a standard format for the
TokenMetadata struct, which includes fields for basic token information such as name, symbol, and URI, in addition to an
additional_metadata field for custom key-value pairs. This design permits the inclusion of extensive and varied data about tokens, thus accommodating a wide range of use cases.
Metadata Interface Instructions
The interface specifies a concise set of instructions for interacting with token metadata:
- Initialize: Sets up the initial metadata fields.
- UpdateField: Allows for the modification of existing fields or the addition of new key-value pairs.
- RemoveKey: Facilitates the removal of key-value pairs from the
- UpdateAuthority: Enables the change of authority for metadata modification.
- Emit: Ensures the metadata can be emitted in the standard
TokenMetadataformat, thereby supporting diverse account data storage formats.
To leverage the Metadata extension, developers initiate by creating a Mint Account that enables both the MetadataPointer and TokenMetadata extensions. This approach consolidates metadata management into a single account, streamlining the process of metadata addition and modification.
The process involves several key steps:
- Mint Account Setup: Define the properties of the Mint Account, including the metadata to be stored.
- Account and Extension Initialization: Calculate the required account size and lamports for rent exemption, create the Mint Account, and initialize the necessary extensions.
- Metadata Management: Implement the instructions to add, update, and remove metadata as needed.
Advantages and Opportunities
The Metadata extension presents numerous advantages and opportunities for developers:
- Enhanced Token Utility: By embedding custom metadata directly into tokens, developers can create more complex and engaging token-based applications and games.
- Ecosystem Standards: The extension fosters the development of new standards for using metadata on-chain, encouraging collaboration within the developer community to explore innovative uses of token metadata.
- Simplified Process: Directly storing metadata on a Mint Account simplifies the metadata management process, reducing complexity and enhancing efficiency.


Traveling Luck for Ravenna, Emilia-Romagna, Italy
Italy flag
Where is Ravenna?
What's around Ravenna?
Wikipedia near Ravenna
Where to stay near Ravenna
Also known as Ravena, Ravenna, Ravenne, Rawenna, Rávena, Равена, Равенна, רוונה, ラヴェンナ, 拉文納
The timezone in Ravenna is Europe/Rome
Sunrise at 07:23 and Sunset at 16:34. It's Dark
Latitude. 44.4175°, Longitude. 12.2011°
WeatherWeather near Ravenna; Report from Cervia, 27km away
Weather : No significant weather
Temperature: 5°C / 41°F
Wind: 3.5km/h West/Southwest
Cloud: Sky Clear
Satellite map around Ravenna
Loading map of Ravenna and it's surroudings....
Geographic features & Photographs around Ravenna, in Emilia-Romagna, Italy
populated place;
an artificial watercourse.
a building used as a human habitation.
a small artificial watercourse dug for draining or irrigating the land.
a tract of land without homogeneous character or boundaries.
section of populated place;
a neighborhood or part of a larger town or city.
a wetland dominated by grass-like vegetation.
meteorological station;
a station at which weather elements are recorded.
navigation canal(s);
a watercourse constructed for navigation of vessels.
Airports close to Ravenna
Forli(FRL), Forli, Italy (31.4km)
Rimini(RMI), Rimini, Italy (64.4km)
Bologna(BLQ), Bologna, Italy (86km)
Peretola(FLR), Firenze, Italy (122.4km)
Padova(QPA), Padova, Italy (130.7km)
Airfields or small airports close to Ravenna
Cervia, Cervia, Italy (27km)
Istrana, Treviso, Italy (164.2km)
Verona boscomantico, Verona, Italy (179.8km)
Ghedi, Ghedi, Italy (221km)
Grobnicko polje, Grobnik, Croatia (245.8km)
Photos provided by Panoramio are under the copyright of their owners.


Country Size Comparison
Algeria is about 1.4 times smaller than India.
India is approximately 3,287,263 sq km, while Algeria is approximately 2,381,740 sq km, making Algeria 72.45% the size of India. Meanwhile, the population of India is ~1.3 billion people (1.3 billion fewer people live in Algeria).
This to-scale map shows a size comparison of India compared to Algeria. For more details, see an in-depth quality of life comparison of Algeria vs. India using our country comparison tool.
Other popular comparisons:


text:
The Na'vi sometimes blow through the tubular plant body to make its signature wailing sound as a warning to intruders to stay away. Although deadly and toxic, the plant is also a food source for the Na'vi. The large seeds of the banshee are attached on the stem opposite to the direction the plant is pointing, making it easy for the Na'vi to harvest them.
The banshee of paradise is one of the most dangerous plants on Pandora because it can eject poison tipped spines in a targeted direction. It has the ability to sense infrared radiation (IR), which is emitted from warm objects such as animals and people, and to rotate its tubular body to point toward the source of the IR. Large spines contain toxins in glands on the tips, which can be deadly in large concentrations. When the source of IR comes close to the plant, the spines eject their poisonous tips in the direction of the threat. (Read more)


I sometimes need to email a list of directions that I need to be available offline. So, emailing a link to Google Maps directions doesn't work. I want to email all of the directions.
I've tried just copying the page and emailing with Gmail but the markup is fouled up and unreadable (in IE10 and Chrome).
 - 1
 How about copying the "Print" view? Hit the "print" button to get a simplified view and copy that (rather than actually printing). – ale Jul 23 '13 at 15:33
 - 3
 Or printing them to PDF and emailing the PDF file. – Alex Jul 23 '13 at 15:48
First press the Print button, and then either:
 1. Print the contents of the window to a PDF file (using a tool such as doPDF), or
 2. Save the contents of the window using your browser's equivalent of
 "Save Page As" ==> "Web Archive" / "Web Page, complete".
 If the archive consists of multiple files then optionally zip them together into a single file for convenience.
 3. Mail the PDF or the web archive file(s)


text:
Ministry of Public Health today announced the registration of 623 new confirmed cases of COVID-19 and the recovery of 61 cases, bringing the total number of recovered cases in Qatar to 750.
Most of the new cases are for expatriate workers most of who have been subject to quarantine after it was found that they were in contact with confirmed cases.
All newly infected cases have been put into isolation and are receiving the necessary medical care.
With the registration of 61 new recovered cases, the total number of people to have recovered from COVID-19 is 750.
The Ministry of Public Health stated that the recent increase in the number of confirmed new cases of coronavirus is due to several reasons, including that the spread of the virus has begun to enter the peak stage (i.e. the highest wave that affects the country), which may continue to increase for a period of time before it begins to decline.
It is also due to the increase in the efforts of the Ministry and its medical teams to track the transmission chains of coronavirus and expand the surveillance process, including of groups of contacts with people who were previously diagnosed with the disease. All of this has contributed to the early detection of many cases of infection and reduced the spread of the virus.


SJPH_General_CoverAims. Labour force activity and marriage share some pathways through which they potentially influence health. In this paper, we examine whether marriage and labour force participation interact in the way they influence mortality in the USA and six European countries.
Methods. We used data from the US National Health Interview Survey linked to the National Death Index, and national mortality registry data for Austria, England/Wales, Finland, Hungary, Norway and Spain (specifically, the Basque country) during 1999–2007, for men and women aged 30–59 years at baseline. We used Poisson regression to estimate both the additive (relative excess risk due to interaction) and multiplicative interactions between marriage and labour force activity on mortality.
Results. Labour force inactivity was associated with higher mortality, but this association was stronger for unmarried, rather than married, individuals. Likewise, being unmarried was associated with higher mortality, but this association was stronger for inactive than for active individuals. To illustrate, among US women out of the labour force, being unmarried was associated with a 3.98 times (95%CI 3.28–4.82) higher risk of dying than being married; whereas the relative risk (RR) was 2.49 (95%CI 2.10–2.94), for women who were active in the labour market. Although this interaction between marriage and labour force activity was only significant for women on a multiplicative scale, there was a significant additive interaction for both men and women. The pattern was similar across all countries.
Conclusions. Marriage attenuated the increased mortality risk associated with labour force inactivity; while labour force activity attenuated the mortality risk associated with being unmarried. Our study emphasizes the importance of public health and social policies that improve the health and well-being of unmarried and inactive men and women.
K. van Hedel, F.J. van Lenthe, M. Avendano, M. Bopp, S. Esnaola, K. Kovács, P. Martikainen, E. Regidor and J.P. Mackenbach. "Marital status, labour force activity and mortality: A study of the United States and 6 European countries." (2015). Scandinavian Journal of Public Health. 43(5):469-80. doi: 10.1177/1403494815578947.
Also freely available through Pubmed Central.
Van Hedel et al., 2015, SJPH


text:
The Czech Warmblood is a riding horse that, as its name implies, originates from
The Czech Warmblood is a sturdy horse. It is speedy and agile. Most Czech Warmbloods are colored bay and chestnut, although some are gray and black; and still others are seen in Isabella or dun. The average height of a Czech Warmblood is 16 hands (64 inches, 163 centimeters).
Personality and Temperament
This energetic, animated, and alert horse breed has an aristocratic air. Its temperament, however, is suited for the discipline of racing.
History and Background
The original Czechoslovakian horses were all of the Warmblood type. To improve them, breeders introduced Spanish and Oriental horses and, at the start of the 20th century, English blood. The breeding of these horses was also influenced when Empress Maria Theresa issued an edict about horse breeding in 1763.
During World War I, Thoroughbreds and
The modern Czech Warmblood is still in use in former


Tracking down immigration attorneys after hours is often tricky. However, a large number of law firms now use personal answering services. These services help assist the immigration attorney's clients after hours. The following are a few tips regarding how to work with answering services to locate immigration attorneys after the business day is done.
Immigrants must work through the process of gaining residence or citizenship through their immigration attorney. Usually, simply calling an attorney to make an appointment for help with your legal matter starts the process of protecting yourself. If you need help after normal business hours, you can still contact your attorney's answering service who can both provide you with the needed assistance at that time and place.
For answering services used by immigration attorneys, the following requirements are vital to ensure both the attorney and answering service can assist the client. The answering service should be bilingual, English and Spanish, to ensure clients for whom English is a second language can communicate clearly. Also, the answering service should operate 24/7 to ensure no call is missed. With a bilingual answering service, the staff there can work with the immigration attorneys to translate a client's communications, whether it be over the phone or in print.
When calling an immigration attorney after hours, it is important to understand you are more likely to speak with the immigration attorney's answering service, and not the actual attorney. The receptionist taking the call will collect your contact information and provide everything to an employee working at the firm. This person will then contact you and discuss how the immigration attorneys at their office can assist you.
Clients must be comfortable working with the remote answering service to provide all of the necessary details within your message. Avoid giving away personal information, but still ensure you give the remote receptionists how urgent the current situation is, and how quickly you need the immigration attorney to return your call. If you cannot receive a call (for example, you are in jail), you must tell the answering service this so they understand you need help immediately. Top-quality answering services working alongside immigration attorneys understand the best way to make sure the immigration attorneys are best able to assist you.


text:
- Discrete Laplace operator
In mathematics, the discrete Laplace operator is an analog of the continuous Laplace operator, defined so that it has meaning on a graph or a discrete grid. For the case of a finite-dimensional graph (having a finite number of edges and vertices), the discrete Laplace operator is more commonly called the Laplacian matrix.
The discrete Laplace operator occurs in physics problems such as the Ising model and loop quantum gravity, as well as in the study of discrete dynamical systems. It is also used in numerical analysis as a stand-in for the continuous Laplace operator. Common applications include image processing, where it is known as the Laplace filter, and in machine learning for clustering and semi-supervised learning on neighborhood graphs.
There are various definitions of the discrete Laplacian for graphs, differing by sign and scale factor (sometimes one averages over the neighboring vertices, other times one just sums; this makes no difference for a regular graph). The traditional definition of the graph Laplacian, given below, corresponds to the negative continuous Laplacian on a domain with a free boundary.
where d(w,v) is the graph distance between vertices w and v. Thus, this sum is over the nearest neighbors of the vertex v. For a graph with a finite number of edges and vertices, this definition is identical to that of the Laplacian matrix. That is, φ can be written as a column vector; and so Δϕ is the product of the column vector and the Laplacian matrix, while (Δϕ)(v) is just the v'th entry of the product vector.
If the graph has weighted edges, that is, a weighting function is given, then the definition can be generalized to
where γwv is the weight value on the edge.
Closely related to the discrete Laplacian is the averaging operator:
Approximations of the continuous Laplacian
Approximations of the Laplacian, obtained by the finite difference method or by the finite element method can also be called Discrete Laplacians. For example, the Laplacian in two dimensions can be approximated using the five-point stencil finite difference method, resulting in
where the grid size is h in both dimensions, so that the five point stencil of a point (x, y) in the grid is
If the grid size h=1, the result is the negative discrete Laplacian on the graph, which is the square lattice grid. There are no constraints here on the values of the function f(x,y) on the boundary of the lattice grid, thus this is the case of the homogeneous Neumann boundary condition, i.e., free boundary. Other types of boundary conditions, e.g., the homogeneous Dirichlet boundary condition, where f(x,y)=0 on the boundary of the grid, are rarely used for graph Laplacians, but are common in other applications.
Multidimensional discrete Laplacians on rectangular cuboid regular grids have very special properties, e.g., they are Kronecker sums of one-dimensional discrete Laplacians, see Kronecker sum of discrete Laplacians, in which case all its eigenvalues and eigenvectors can be explicitly calculated.
Discrete Laplace operator is often used in image processing e.g. in edge detection and motion estimation applications. The discrete Laplacian is defined as the sum of the second derivatives Laplace operator#Coordinate expressions and calculated as sum of differences over the nearest neighbours of the central pixel.
Implementation in Image Processing
For one, two and three dimensional signals, the discrete laplacian can be given as convolution with the following kernels:
or, including the diagonals:
- 3D-Filter: is given by: first plane = ; second plane = ; third plane =
These kernels are deduced by using discrete differential quotients.
The spectrum of the discrete Laplacian is of key interest; since it is a self-adjoint operator, it has a real spectrum. For the convention Δ = I − M, the spectrum lies within [0,2] (as the averaging operator has spectral values in [ − 1,1]) and contains 0 (for constant functions). The smallest non-zero eigenvalue is denoted λ1 and is called the spectral gap. There is also the notion of the spectral radius, commonly taken as the largest eigenvalue.
The eigenvectors don't depend on the convention above (for regular graphs), and are the same as for the averaging operator (as they differ by adding a multiple of the identity), though the eigenvalues differ according to the convention.
If the graph is an infinite square lattice grid, then this definition of the Laplacian can be shown to correspond to the continuous Laplacian in the limit of an infinitely fine grid. Thus, for example, on a one-dimensional grid we have
This definition of the Laplacian is commonly used in numerical analysis and in image processing. In image processing, it is considered to be a type of digital filter, more specifically an edge filter, called the Laplace filter.
Discrete Schrödinger operator
Let be a potential function defined on the graph. Note that P can be considered to be a multiplicative operator acting diagonally on ϕ
Then H = Δ + P is the discrete Schrödinger operator, an analog of the continuous Schrödinger operator.
If the number of edges meeting at a vertex is uniformly bounded, and the potential is bounded, then H is bounded and self-adjoint.
The spectral properties of this Hamiltonian can be studied with Stone's theorem; this is a consequence of the duality between posets and Boolean algebras.
On regular lattices, the operator typically has both traveling-wave as well as Anderson localization solutions, depending on whether the potential is periodic or random.
Discrete Green's function
where δw is understood to be the Kronecker delta function on the graph: δw(v) = δwv; that is, it equals 1 if v=w and 0 otherwise.
For fixed and λ a complex number, the Green's function considered to be a function of v is the unique solution to
Certain equations involving the discrete Laplacian only have solutions on the simply-laced Dynkin diagrams (all edges multiplicity 1), and are an example of the ADE classification. Specifically, the only positive solutions to the homogeneous equation:
- Δϕ = ϕ,
- "Twice any label is the sum of the labels on adjacent vertices,"
are on the extended (affine) ADE Dynkin diagrams, of which there are 2 infinite families (A and D) and 3 exceptions (E). The resulting numbering is unique up to scale, and if the smallest value is set at 1, the other numbers are integers, ranging up to 6.
The ordinary ADE graphs are the only graphs that admit a positive labeling with the following property:
- Twice any label minus two is the sum of the labels on adjacent vertices.
In terms of the Laplacian, the positive solutions to the inhomogeneous equation:
- Δϕ = ϕ − 2.
The resulting numbering is unique (scale is specified by the "2"), and consists of integers; for E8 they range from 58 to 270, and have been observed as early as (Bourbaki 1968).
- Bourbaki, Nicolas (1968), "Chapters 4–6", Groupes et algebres de Lie, Paris: Hermann
Wikimedia Foundation. 2010.


text:
In this paper, we propose a probabilistic model for minimizing the anticipated regret in combinatorial optimization problems with distributional uncertainty in the objective coefficients. The interval uncertainty representation of data is supplemented with information on the marginal distributions. As a decision criterion, we minimize the worst-case conditional value-at-risk of regret. The proposed model includes the standard interval data minmax regret as a special case. For the class of combinatorial optimization problems with a compact convex hull representation, a polynomial sized mixed integer linear program (MILP) is formulated when (a) the range and mean are known, and (b) the range, mean and mean absolute deviation are known while a mixed integer second order cone program (MISOCP) is formulated when (c) the range, mean and standard deviation are known. For the subset selection problem of choosing $K$ elements of maximum total weight out of a set of $N$ elements, the probabilistic regret model is shown to be solvable in polynomial time in the instances (a) and (b) above. This extends the current known polynomial complexity result for minmax regret subset selection with range information only.
View A Probabilistic Model for Minmax Regret in Combinatorial Optimization


Octopus Deploy Documentation
Coordinating multiple projects
Last updated
When working with multiple related projects, it is often necessary to co-ordinate between them and take some action that depends on their combined status. For example, ensure a related project is deployed first or send an email when all projects are deployed. This section discusses some approaches to this problem and provides some examples showing how to query and control projects programatically.
For in depth code samples covering many of the processes discussed in this section, see the Project Coordination Code Samples page
Responding to events across multiple projects
There are various ways to respond to events within Octopus, which is useful for:
 - Sending an email after a set of projects is deployed.
 - Generating a report of the day's deployments.
 - Promoting all projects from one environment to another at a certain time.
 - Triggering another process, for example, another deployment.
 - Verifying that some conditions have been met.
The simplest trigger is a periodic timer setup through a Windows schedules task, Azure Function, or as a windows service. Alternatively, it can also be a project within Octopus as a project that re-queues itself when run (see the samples).
Subscriptions can call a web service or send an email when Octopus events occur.
The event can also be a script step in a project. If the script is defined as a step template it can be shared among the related projects. However, it is difficult to ensure that two copies of the script do not run at the same time.
Orchestrating the deployment of multiple projects
Below are two different approaches to orchestrating multiple projects. Depending on the projects and requirements, one or a combination of these two approaches may be used. This orchestration is useful for when:
 - A set of projects should always be deployed together or in a specific order.
 - A project depends on a certain version of another project.
 - A project should not be deployed while another project is being deployed.
 - A certain step should not execute at the same time as a step in another project.
Parent project
This approach consists of creating a project that co-ordinates the deployment of other projects and any other related actions. For example it could define steps that:
 1. Deploy and wait for projects A and B.
 2. Send an email informing users Project A and B have been deployed.
 3. Deploy project C.
 4. If the deployment of project C fails, redeploy an older version of A and B.
Cooperating projects
This approach consists of each project taking on the role of checking that the other projects are in the right state so that it can deploy itself. It is usually implemented as one or more script steps. For example the project could:
 - Trigger a deployment of Project A if it has not been deployed to the environment.
 - If Project B is running, wait for it to reach step 3.
Deploy release step
The Deploy Release step is helpful when implementing the Parent Project or Cooperating Projects approaches described above. It makes it simple to deploy a release of a project from another project.
Deploy Release Step Example Process
In this section
The following topics are explained further in this section:
Need support? We're here to help.


Pricey Handbags and Helpful Behavior Don't Mix
Brand-name luxury outlets provide visual reminders of materialistic values, decreasing pedestrians' inclination to help strangers.
By Tom Jacobs
(Photo: deepwarren/Flickr)
Are you the sort of person who will come to the aid of a struggling stranger?
The answer may depend on the specific shops lining the street where the two of you meet.
Newly published research finds customers emerging from prestigious, luxury-brand stores in Paris were less likely than passersby to provide urgent requested assistance. While that news may confirm stereotypes about the self-involved one percent, a second finding suggests a more subtle psychological effect.
The researchers report pedestrians who were approached near such famous-brand outlets were less helpful than those who were stopped on a nearby residential street. It seems such stores embody the ethos of materialism, and just being in their immediate proximity can negatively affect one's behavior.
"Cues related to possession, luxury, and prestige" can apparently trigger a me-first mindset, decreasing one's likelihood of helping a stranger, according to a research team led by Lubomir Lamy of Paris Descartes University. The researchers' study is published in the journal Social Influence.
Who knew strolling down Rodeo Drive was hazardous to your moral health?
Lamy and his colleagues conducted three experiments. The first featured 80 pedestrians (40 men and 40 women) who were "walking alone in the Paris Triangle d'Or,which includes the prestigious (shopping) streets avenue des Champs-Elysees and avenue Montaigne."
The devil may not wear Prada, but the attitudes the brand activates appear to be anything but angelic.
Each pedestrian witnessed a college-age woman, wearing a large leg brace and walking with the aid of a crutch, "accidentally" drop her bottle of water and packet of candies. The researchers noted whether the targeted passerby offered assistance.
Among those who had just exited a luxury store such as Dior, Chanel, or Versace, only 35 percent extended or offered help. In contrast, 77.5 percent of other pedestrians did so. Apparently fashion doesn't mix with compassion.
The second experiment featured 112 pedestrians who were approached either on Paris' place Vendome (home of exclusive jewelry and watch stores), or on a nearby side street featuring apartment buildings.
Each was stopped by a young woman who was pushing another in a wheelchair. The young woman explained in a worried voice that she had lost her cell phone, and asked if the person could "please stay close to my friend a few minutes" while she looked for it at a nearby restaurant they had just patronized.
"Among participants asked for help near a luxury store, 23.2 percent gave help," the researchers write, "whereas 82.1 percent gave help in the control, 'ordinary street' condition."
A final, similarly structured experiment found this effect only occurred on streets containing luxury stores, as opposed to those lined with ordinary shops.
"The place Vendome concentrates mainly on watch and jewelry brands, whereas the avenue Montaigne is dedicated to fashion," Lamy and his colleagues note. "Taken together, these results suggest that whatever the brand type, reminders of luxury would inhibit helpfulness more readily than reminders of non-luxury shopping."
But why? "Materialistic reminders may have increased self-enhancement and competitive values," the researchers speculate, "which in turn would decrease trusting and benevolent behavior, and a sense of being concerned about, and connected to, other people."
These first-of-their-kind findings are consistent with several earlier studies by Nicolas Gueguen (a co-author of this new paper), including one that found people who had just handled money at an ATM machine were less likely to engage in helpful behavior.
So if you find yourself needing to rely on the kindness of strangers, stay away from both banks and luxury-brand shops. The devil may not wear Prada, but the attitudes the brand activates appear to be anything but angelic.


text:
Pig Trap Interlocking
Safety interlocks are an essential feature in the design of pig traps. SFC interlocks can be specified to ensure the minimum safety arrangement of interlocking the vessel vent valve with the pig trap closure. This arrangement ensures the vessel vent valve is open before any attempt can be made to open the closure. With interlocks fitted to both the vent valve and pig trap closure, a key is released when the vent valve is opened. Removing the key from the vent valve locks the valve in the open position. This key is coded in common with the closure lock and only by opening and locking the vent valve, can the operator use the correct key to proceed to unlock and open the closure.


MQTT time stamp
I've set up a simple test that has a couple ESP32's that publish Temp/Humidity pairs to the MQTT connector. I'm able to display a graph with the published data that covers a 24 hour period. The problem I have is with the time display on the graph, it is UTC. Both the ESP32's and RaspberryPi are set to the correct local time. But the incoming data is always displayed using UTC. Is there a way to change this to local time?
Hi tresark,
If you are referring to the timestamp in the metadata, you can add the missing hours with a formular.
In Exceltime 1 represents 1 day. So adding 1/24 to your current time adds one hour to the total. :slight_smile:
Time in A1
In B1 you write =A1+(1/24)
The time in B1 is one hour later then the time in A1.
Thanks for the quick response. I'm not sure though how to use that with the draw.chart function.
What is your Streamsheet looking like at the moment, what do you use as your DataRange for the Chart?
The streamsheet is fairly trivial at the moment. It is based on the Windmill demo included during install. I was able to get the esp32 to post the data using MQTT. The current sensor values are moved from the 'inbox' to a pair of cells D5, D6. I then use the TIMEAGGREGATE function to keep a running average over the course of an hour (=TIMEAGGREGATE(D5,86400,1) in cell D7 and for the other in D8. Then I use (=DRAW.CHART("ID1","Chart1",13743,7594,11668,6191,"scatterLine",D7).
All that said, the demo Wind Cockpit that displays the moving chart for Wind Speed does the same thing. Across the bottom of that chart the times are in UTC.
In the Timeaggregate function you can use the parameter "timeserial".
This defaults to NOW() which is UTC. If you enter "NOW()+1/24" you added one hour to the UTC time! :slight_smile:
Example: =TIMEAGGREGATE(B11,,0,NOW()+1/24)
Perfect, thanks very much.
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Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English homepage
1 containing poison or producing poison:
Some mushrooms are extremely poisonous.
poisonous gases such as hydrogen sulfide
poisonous substances
She was bitten on the ankle by a poisonous snake.
poisonous to
The berries are poisonous to birds.
2 full of bad and unfriendly feelings:
the poisonous atmosphere of the office
3 British English someone who is poisonous seems to get pleasure from causing arguments, unhappiness etc:
That poisonous bastard Lucett told Morris I was seeing his wife.
poisonously adverb
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How to delete a module from Vtiger CRM (5.0.4. to 6.x)
~ 0 min
12-05-2015 04:54
Here I am showing an example of how to delete a module named as testModule from Vtiger 5.0.4.
Simply deleting the files from modules folder associated with a particular module won't delete it completely. But deleting the files is also required. The best way to realize that is, try to reinstall the module, you will get the message that the module exists. In order to delete a module follow the steps given below.
Create a file named delete_testModule.php and put it in the root directory of Vtiger CRM.
Paste the following code into that file delete_testModule.php:
 $Vtiger_Utils_Log = true;
 $module = Vtiger_Module::getInstance('testModule');
Execute the file delete_testModule.php. Once it is done delete the files associated with the testModule from modules folder in the root directory.
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Custom color themes
Choose an overall color theme for the Notes interface. Customize colors for specific parts of the interface.
 1. Click File > Preferences. Click Fonts, Colors, and Themes.
 2. With IBM Theme selected, click Customize Theme.
 3. To choose a new color theme, click the color box next to Choose your theme and select a color. Or, keep the default theme.
 4. To adjust the color theme for individual components in Notes, expand a component and select new colors.
For example, customize colors for the navigator:
Example of selecting custom colors for the navigator.
Example of custom colors in the navigator.


Take the 2-minute tour ×
Luke 12:45-48 uses the word "servants". What kind of servants get beaten up by their master?
That looks a lot like slaves to me. We have an English word for that thing. It's called slaves. So why use servants? Servants are employees that got paid. Slaves are properties that got beaten up.
Does the Bible translator bowdlerize the Bible to keep it politically correct?
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What kind of servant gets beaten by his master? Any servant before the 20th century. You are completely looking at this with 20th century eyes and ignoring the historical context. – DJClayworth May 7 '13 at 13:40
I didn't know about the "before the 20th century" part so I found your question useful. Only a strong historian would know these things. – Tom Au May 9 '13 at 12:35
Well, still proper translation of the scripture to a 20th century english shouldn't use the word servant. – Jim Thio May 13 '13 at 10:51
1 Answer 1
The word servant used here is the Greek word doulos (δοῦλος, Strong's G1401). It can mean either a slave, servant, or bond-servant (similar to indentured servant). But in the Roman society of the time there was very little difference between them, since what we now think of as civil rights only applied to Roman citizens. Slave or not, a Roman master had every right to beat their servants simply because the servants were not Roman citizens. So I would argue that:
 - The words slave, servant, and bond-servant are (nearly) interchangeable here, since each would be historically accurate, the only things that change are the modern implications each word carries.
 - The meaning of the verse holds regardless of the English word which the translators chose to use.
 - share|improve this answer
 exactly! no matter what kind of words they use... what's important is how it is described. like "servants" can be beaten up to a pulp by their master as long as they don't die. – FFCoder May 7 '13 at 8:15
 roman citizen can beat up non roman citizen? – Jim Thio May 8 '13 at 10:43
 _USER_ : Yes, or at least that's what my Ancient Histories professor said in his lectures on Roman society. – Walter May 9 '13 at 6:29
 Your Answer


Class 3 Calamity
Class 3 Calamity is a anime/manga concept
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The Class 3 Calamity is a curse that haunts the 9th Grade students of Yomiyama North Middle School's Class 3.
Every year in Yomiyama North Middle School's 9th Grade Class 3, past records are mysteriously altered and an unidentifiable dead person joins class as an extra student. Changing rosters or class assignments fails to solve the issue and eventually, the dead student brings enough bad energy into the classroom resulting in a student and one of their family members dying every month.
No permanent cure has been found, however, one class was able to stop the calamity after it began by using currently unknown methods and acts involving a shrine. After years of death, the students and teachers of Class 3 found a preventive measure with a success rate nearing 50%. The students and teachers simply ignore one student and act as if they don't exist, which figuratively puts the class count back at a normal level, and prevents people from dying.
26 years before the start of the series, star student named Yomiyama Misaki tragically died in an accident. Unable to cope with or accept his death, his classmates, teachers, and students acted as if he was still an active member of the class. After graduation, they noticed that he still appeared in class photographs despite being dead.
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Advanced Technician Bus and Coach
The minimum entry requirement is a 3 years industrial experience OR a Level 3 S/NVQ (or equivalent qualification) plus at least one year's experience in a relevant industrial environment.
In order to achieve an irtec licence, a technician must successfully complete both the theory (Under Pinning Knowledge) test, and a series of practical assessments at an irtec-approved assessment centre.
The practical assessments in the Advanced Technician licence are as follows:
 1. Engine Electrical Systems
 2. Mechanical Systems
 3. Braking Systems
 4. Chassis Systems
 5. Electrical Systems
Once candidates have passed the Under Pinning Knowledge (UPK) theory test, they have 12 months in which to successfully complete all the practical assessmets.
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text:
This video teaches you
How to Plane Wood
Before you use your hand plane, make sure you sharpen the blade. To do so, place a piece of 220-grit sandpaper on a flat surface and hold the plane at a 25 degree angle so the bevel is flat against the sandpaper. Then, rub the blade in a circle until metal shavings form along its back. Place the blade back in your hand plane and adjust the angle of the blade with the depth adjustment wheel. The angle you choose will determine how thick the shavings you remove will be. If you're unsure what angle to choose, opt for a shallow angle, since you can always increase the depth of the cut if necessary. When you're ready, place your plane against the edge of your wood. Hold the knob with your non-dominant hand and press down so the plane is flush with the wood. Then, hold the back handle with your dominant hand and press forward so you're working across the surface smoothly and methodically. When you're done, lay a straight edge along your wood to check and confirm it's perfectly flat.


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Whistling feathers sound predator alarm
crested pigeon
Flights of fear: this crested pigeon has a secret alarm in its feathers (Source: Geoffrey Dabb)
Behavioural ecologist Dr Robert Magrath and student Mae Hingee of the Australian National University in Canberra report their findings today in the Proceedings of the Royal Society B.
Birds hang around in a flock rather than on their own because there are more individuals looking out for predators, says Magrath: "There are more eyes looking for danger."
But if one individual in a large group spots a predator, how does it communicate this to the rest?
While some bird species use vocal alarms to warn the rest of the flock, not all do.
One that doesn't is the Australian crested pigeon, Ocyphaps lophotes.
The bird has a very curious whistling sound when it flies, which seems to change when it flies off in alarm, says Magrath.
"You can close your eyes and know when a crested pigeon is flying around," he says.
Magrath says the whistling sound is so loud some might suspect it was made vocally, but it is actually made by the pigeons' wings.
"In fact one of their common names is the whistle-winged pigeon," he says.
Feather alarm
Magrath and Hingee hypothesised that the crested pigeon might be using its whistling feathers as an alarm.
To test this, they made model hawks which they used to scare flocks of crested pigeons.
They recorded the whistling sound made by pigeons taking off in alarm and compared this to a recording of the whistling sound made by birds taking off routinely.
Magrath and Hingee then analysed the characteristics of the different wing whistles on computer.
They found that each downbeat and upbeat of the wings produced different tones but the alarm signal was faster and louder than the routine flight sound.
The next step was to independently test whether the birds responded differently to these two different sounds.
Magrath and Hingee recorded the alarm and routine flight sounds onto CD and then played them back to flocks of birds.
"If you played back the routine whistle they just kept on feeding as if nothing had happened," says Magrath.
"If you played back the alarm whistle they just shot off - 80% of the flocks just went for the hills. Clearly the birds are playing attention to these whistles."
Alarm feathers
The researchers now want to look more closely at how the wings produce their alarm sound.
Magrath says there is a special feather on the wings that appears to be key to the whistles.
This feather amplifies the differences between slow and fast wing flapping, turning a routine whistle into an alarm whistle, he says.
Magrath says future tests will involve the use of high speed photography to try and associate particular wing strokes with particular sounds.
Other tests will place individual feathers in a wind tunnel to see if the alarm whistle can be recreated, he says.
Tags: animal-behaviour, birds


text:
Definition of Genus Enterolobium
1. Noun. Small genus of tropical American timber trees closely allied to genus Albizia.
Generic synonyms: Rosid Dicot Genus
Group relationships: Mimosoideae, Subfamily Mimosoideae
Member holonyms: Conacaste, Elephant's Ear, Enterolobium Cyclocarpa
Genus Enterolobium Pictures
Click the following link to bring up a new window with an automated collection of images related to the term: Genus Enterolobium Images
Lexicographical Neighbors of Genus Enterolobium
Literary usage of Genus Enterolobium
Below you will find example usage of this term as found in modern and/or classical literature:
1. The Geology of the Corocoro Copper District of Bolivia by Joseph Theophilus Singewald, Edward Wilber Berry (1922)
"... zone of the eastern slopes, but so far as I know none occur in or west of the Cordillera Real or eastern Andes. genus Enterolobium..."
Other Resources Relating to: Genus Enterolobium


Average Weather Data for Logansport, Louisiana
Monthly Averages
January February March April May June July August September October November December
Average Monthly high in °F: 57° 61° 69° 76° 83° 89° 92° 92° 88° 78° 67° 58°
Average Monthly low in °F: 35° 38° 44° 53° 62° 69° 71° 70° 64° 53° 44° 36°
Yearly Averages
What's The Average High Temp in Logansport? 75.8 °F
What's the Average Low in Logansport? 53.3 °F
What's the Average Temperature in Logansport? 64.55 °F
How Many Inches of Rain per year does Logansport get? 51.96 inches
How Many Rainy Days a year are there in Logansport? N/A
How Much Sunshine each year is there in Logansport (in hours)? N/A
How much, if any, snow falls each year in Logansport? N/A
Logansport Temperature and Rain Graphs
Average high in °F
Average low in °F
Average precipitation in inches


Take the 2-minute tour ×
Basically that is the question - if we have a DVI file can we get on the base on it the original TeX file?
share|improve this question
no, that is not possible. – Herbert Mar 4 '12 at 17:39
It is comparable to the task of decomposing a once baked cake into its ingredients. – Thorsten Donig Nov 11 '12 at 8:42
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4 Answers
The simple answer is no. If you have a dvi and have lost the TeX there are tools such as dvi2tty which will extract the text and some of the paragraph structure, but in general you will have to add the markup back by hand.
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Somewhat alike to disassembling a compiled executable: Yes, technically it can be done - but you will lose much of the information that was contained in the original TeX source.
For example, the DVI contains the text "see also chapter 11.2".
You might be able to turn this into text again, but the information that this was originally written as see also chapter \ref{sec:FooBar} is irrevocably lost.
Since this is the case, I don't think anyone has ever made the effort to write such a DVI-to-text converter, since the usability of such text would be severly limited.
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No, technically it cannot be done. DVI, PDF and postscript contain text arranged on a page according to instructions in a (La)TeX document. You can extract the text, and you can try to guess at commands that would generate a similar page, and you might even guess well. But you'd be doing it by matching the result. If there is a number in the text, for example, you can never know for sure if it was typed literally or came from a TeX counter. Imagine eating a cake and trying to reconstruct the recipe: If you're good you can identify the ingredients and guess a lot about what was done, but the recipe itself is not in the cake.
Despite what some others said, it's not at all like disassembling: Executable code contains the algorithm, and disassembly just translates it to a human-readable language. Going from dvi to LaTeX is more like trying to reconstruct a C program from its output: Reverse engineering is a better term for it.
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PS files would be tremendously difficult to convert back to TeX.
With DVI files I think it would at least be partially possible. Of course all high-level macros and stuff like that would be lost. Compare the task to recovering, e.g., C++ code from a compiled binary file.
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Why South Koreans are two years older at home than they are abroad
Lee Dong Kil's daughter Lee Yoon Seol celebrates the 100th day of her birth in Daejeon, South Korea Credit: Ahn Young-joon/AP
People living in South Korea have two ages - but that could be set to change.
A politician in the ultra-modern Asian country is working to overturn a centuries-old tradition which sees babies become one-year-old on the day of their birth - and then get an additional year tacked on when the calendar hits January 1.
The move comes amid complaints the system is an anachronistic, time-wasting custom which drags down an otherwise forward thinking nation.
For parents whose babies are born in December, it can be especially painful.
One hour after his daughter's birth in the central city of Daejeon at 10pm on December 31 of last year, Lee Dong Kil posted the news on social media.
Lee Dong Kil holds his daughter Lee Yoon Seol as his wife Ryu Da Gyeong sits at their house in Daejeon Credit: Ahn Young-joon/AP
His friends immediately showered him with congratulatory messages.
"An hour later, when the new year began, they phoned me again to say congratulations for my baby becoming two years old," said Mr Lee, who is 32 internationally but 34 in South Korea.
"I thought, 'Ah, right. She's now two years old, though it's been only two hours since she was born. What the heck!'"
 - Why does South Korea use the strange age system?
The origins of the traditional age reckoning system are not clear.
Being one-year-old at birth may be linked to the time a baby spends in its mothers' womb or to an ancient Asian numerical system that did not have the concept of zero.
Becoming a year older on January 1 is even harder to explain.
It could be that ancient Koreans cared a lot about the year in which they were born in the Chinese 60-year cycle but, without regular calendars, did not care much about the specific day they were born; so they mostly ignored the day of their birth and instead marked another year of age on the day of the Lunar New Year, according to senior curator Jung Yonhak, at the National Folk Museum of Korea.
This may have then shifted to the solar new year on January 1 as the South began embracing the Western calendar.
 - Is South Korea the only country to use the system?
South Koreans use the system in daily life - including when it comes to dating. Credit: AP
Perhaps unsurprisingly, yes.
Neighbouring North Korea uses the Western age calculating system, but they have a twist: they follow their own calendar based on the birth of national founder and president-for-life Kim Il Sung.
The year of your birth is still incredibly important in South Korea and lumps linked children together for life, for example through education.
Other Asian countries, including Japan and Vietnam, abandoned the Chinese-style age system amid an influx of Western culture.
Officially, South Korea has used Western-style calculations since the early 1960s.
But its citizens still embrace the old-fashioned system in their daily lives because the government has done little to get people to change over to the Western style.
Most South Koreans are simply accustomed to living with two ages.
Read more: 'New significant technical issues' found in Huawei technology
Lee Dong Kil with his wife and daughter Credit: Ahn Young-joon/AP
 - How do people celebrate the anniversary of their birth?
People do not hold massive joint birthday parties on New Year's Day; they just celebrate their birthday on the days they were born.
Young people consider themselves another year old on solar New Year's Day (January 1) while older people often use the Lunar New Year's Day.
Many family restaurants do not charge babies if they are 36 months old or younger, so parents often calculate their babies' ages under the Western method when they are dining out.
Some South Koreans still worry that the practice makes their nation look odd on the international stage.
Read more: South Korea and US to end springtime military drills to back diplomacy
South Korean women in traditional attire in the nation's capital, Seoul. Credit: AP
 - What does it mean for people from abroad?
Many foreign journalists in Seoul ask Koreans what year and month they were born to calculate their Western age for news stories.
There are also some who say the concept of "Korean age" encourages a fixation on age-based social standing in this seniority-based country.
In South Korea, those born in the same year often treat each other as equals, while people must use honorific titles to address those born earlier, rather than directly using their names.
Ahn Chang-gun, from the south-eastern city of Gimhae, said he felt "empty" when his first child became two on January 1 2013, about two weeks after his wife delivered him after eight years of marriage.
"He was this precious baby that we finally had, but I felt that all of a sudden two years had just gone by and yet I hadn't done anything for my baby," said Mr Ahn.
Read more: Thousands angle for glory at South Korean ice fishing festival
Seo Hyo Sun was upset when her baby was born early and became two just 48 hours later/ Credit: Lee Jin-man/AP
Parents whose babies are born in December often worry about their children falling behind others born earlier in the same year, though worries gradually disappear as their children age.
When Seo Hyo Sun, from Buchon, just west of Seoul, was taken to hospital to get a caesarean section on December 29, she could not stop weeping because her baby's due date was supposed to be January 7.
"Tears kept flowing. … My doctor told me the baby wanted to come out today so let's just celebrate," said Ms Seo, 31 in international age.
"When I awoke from my anaesthesia, I felt really grateful … because my baby was born healthy. That was enough."
 - How is South Korea planning to change the age system?
In January, politician Hwang Ju-hong tabled a bill aimed at requiring the government to put international ages in official documents and encouraging citizens to go with their international ages in everyday life.
It is the first legislative attempt to abolish "Korean age".
"It is aimed at resolving confusion and inefficiency caused by the mixed use of age-counting systems," Hwang said in the proposed legislation.
Hwang's office said a parliamentary committee discussion and a public hearing on the issue are expected in coming months.
Choi Min Kyung says the age system isn't such a bad thing after all. Credit: Ahn Young-joon/AP
Surveys in recent years showed more South Koreans supported international age though it was not clear how seriously they wanted a change.
"If we use international age, things could get more complicated because it's a society that cares so much about which year you were born," said Lim KyoungJae, 46, head of the Seoul-based Miko Travel agency.
"We should also definitely count the time of a baby being conceived and growing in its mother's womb."
Mr Lim's employee Choi Min Kyung, who is 26 internationally and 28 in South Korea, disagreed.
"It's good to be two years younger … (especially) when you meet men" on blind dates, Ms Choi said with a laugh.
"There is a big difference between 26 and 28."


Almaz - Meaning of Almaz
What does Almaz mean?
[ syll. al-maz, alm-az ] The baby girl name Almaz is pronounced as AELMaaZ †. Almaz is mainly used in Ethiopian and it is of African-Ethiopia origin. The name Almaz means diamond.
See also the related categories, diamond and ethiopia.
Baby names that sound like Almaz include Almaas, Almas (Arabic and Turkish), Allma, Alma (English, German, Hebrew, Italian, and Spanish), Almah, Almha (Irish), Almog (Hebrew), Ahlama, Alanah (English), Alanice (English), Alanis (English and Irish), Alannis (English), Alannys, Alanya, Alanza, Alawna (English), Alhenah, Alimah, Allena (English), and Alleynah.
Meaning of Almaz
Baby Name Explorer for Almaz
Almaz Popularity Charts
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How to Brew Smoked Beer: Rauchbiers, Smoked Stouts, and More
Smoked beer can be polarizing. While some people love it, others can't stand it. Is it an acquired taste? Or are there not enough great quality smoked beers available on the market? We're here to shed some light on this often misunderstood area of brewing.
With many breweries reviving this historic style, smoked beer is becoming increasingly popular. Still though, for the best and freshest versions, you'll need to brew it yourself!
How To Brew A Great Smoked Beer
Fans of Scotch, Southern barbecue, smoky bacon, and smoked salmon should all try brewing a smoked beer. And even if you don't love other smoked food and drinks, smoked beer might bring a new and interesting aspect to your brewing repertoire.
What is a Smoked Beer?
Smoked beers refer to all beers with a smoky flavor. No… the beer isn't put in a smoker like making smoked ribs!
Instead, smoked beer is made with malt that has been dried in wood-fired kilns. This malt absorbs the flavor of the burning wood smoke, which is transferred into beer during the mashing process.
Smoked beer comes in a wide range of flavors, styles, strengths, and colors. The one common thread is the use of smoked malt, in varying percentages.
What is Smoked Malt?
Smoked malt is the key to smoked beer. Interestingly, all beer was once brewed with smoked malt. That's because malted barley was exclusively kilned over wood-fired ovens, where the smoke passed through the malt. This imparted that unmistakable smoky taste in all brewer's malt as it dried.
During the industrial revolution, through the 17th century, coal fired kilns began to replace most wood-fired ones. Smoke from the burning coal was diverted to chimneys, and the residual heat produced by the coal was what was used for drying the malt.
Because of this, smoked flavor was eliminated from nearly all malt. Brewers and consumers alike began enjoying the more neutral flavored malts. The shift allowed brewers to have more flexibility in highlighting hop and yeast expression.
Wood smoked malt was relegated to traditional breweries and specialty beers. Today, several maltsters make specialty smoked malt, and some breweries even produce their own. The largest smoked malt producing maltster is Weyermann, in Bamberg, Germany.
Types of Smoked Malt
Smoked malt is usually malted barley, but smoked wheat malt is also fairly common. Malt can be smoked with any type of wood, but the most commonly available are:
 - Beechwood: Traditional and most common type of smoked malt, often sold as Rauch Malt or Rauchmalz. Very smoky but pleasantly balanced.
 - Oak: Rounded and subtle smoke flavor. Often used for smoked wheat production.
 - Cherrywood: Commonly found in the U.S. Balanced smokiness much like beechwood smoked malt.
 - Peat: High smokiness and an almost acrid flavor. This is what Single Malt whisky is made from for that intensely smoked profile.
Smoked Beer Styles
Smoked Marzen
General in name, Rauchbier directly translates to "smoke beer" from German. In Germany, the term Rauchbier refers to all types of beers made with smoked malt. Confusing perhaps, outside of Germany, Rauchbier generally refers to a specific style of beer: smoked marzen.
Smoked marzen is dark, malty, and very smoky but backed by delicious malt sweetness. Hop bitterness is subdued but present, adding to drinkability. It's a marzen, a classic German lager, but made with nearly 100% smoked malt.
The most quintessential smoked beer, Aecht Schlenkerla Rauchbier Märzen, is world-class and a must-drink for any fan of smoked beer.
Smoked Pale Lager
Less common, but equally delicious, are smoked pale lagers, like smoked helles and smoked pilsner. With all of the thirst-quenching and crisp qualities of the base style, the added layer of smoke creates a delicious new dimension.
Brewed with 40 to 60% smoked malt, smoked pale lagers come across exceptionally smoky due to the subtle base malt and hop flavors. Served cold and highly carbonated, there may be no better pairing for barbecued foods like sausages and pulled-pork.
Grodziskie is a historic smoked beer from Poland. Dating back to the 14th or 15th century, the style is a light and refreshing ale brewed with oak-smoked wheat malt. It's very effervescent and bright, with a rounded body and soft mouthfeel from the wheat malt.
At around 3 to 4% ABV, Grozsikie is similar to Belgian grisette, but brewed with 100% oak-smoked wheat malt and fermented with a clean German ale yeast.
Smoked sour ale – certainly not a beer for everyone. You might be surprised by the complex mix of flavors that Lichtenhainer puts forth. The style originates in Thuringia, Germany and is usually brewed with equal parts pilsner malt, wheat malt and smoked malt.
It's light in body, low in alcohol, pale and refreshing, very much like Berliner Weisse, but not quite as tart. The subtle layer of smoke adds to its drinkability and complexity, creating a very unique and quaffable beer.
Smoked Porter and Smoked Stout
Porters and stouts are common candidates to be smokified. Whether you're brewing a session strength porter or a sticky imperial stout, a bit of smoked malt can complement the roasted and chocolatey malt.
When brewing smoked stouts and porters, be sure to retain some residual sweetness. Too dry, black smoked beers can come across burnt tasting. Using an English yeast, like Wyeast 1318 London Ale III, or incorporating some caramel malts can help soften the mouthfeel.
What makes a good Smoked Beer?
Smoked beer can vary widely in style and level of smokiness. Depending on the brewer's vision, beers can range from very subtly smoked to face-in-a-campfire levels. There are no minimum or maximum thresholds for smokiness.
Generally, smoked beer should be balanced. If it's very smoky, malt sweetness and balanced bitterness should complement those intense flavors. For lightly smoked beers, like smoked pilsner or helles, crisp malt backbone and herbal hoppiness is desirable.
For those unaccustomed to smoked beer, it does take some getting used to. Many people directly associate smoked flavors with food – like bacon or smoked ham – which can be a bit mind-bending in the context of beer.
Per Schlenkerla, the masters of smoked beer:
How to brew Smoked Beer
Brewing smoked beer takes experimentation and an ambitious brewing spirit. Using smoked malt, you need to be willing to accept that the beer might come out a little "too much" or "not enough". The more you brew with smoked malt, the more consistent you'll be able to design recipes.
Generally, smoked beers are not overly hoppy. Assertive hop character can clash with smoked flavor, or the smokiness can overwhelm hoppiness. That said, a smoked NEIPA may be possible with the right mix of ingredients – I've certainly been considering experimenting.
Recipe design
Smoked malt can replace a certain percentage of the base malt from most beer recipes. If you have a favorite helles or pilsner recipe, swap out 40 to 50% of the pilsner malt with smoked malt.
Here's a handy guide that can help with smoked beer recipe decisions:
Style Average Smokiness Smoked Malt % Other Malts Yeast
Smoked Marzen (Rauchbier) ⬤⬤⬤⬤⬤⬤⬤⬤◯◯ 90 – 100% CaraMunich (2%), roasted barley (2%) Lager
Smoked Helles ⬤⬤⬤⬤⬤⬤◯◯◯◯ 20 – 50% Pilsner Lager
Smoked Pilsner ⬤⬤⬤⬤◯◯◯◯◯◯ 10 – 30% Pilsner Lager
Grodziskie ⬤⬤⬤⬤⬤⬤⬤⬤⬤◯ 100% oak-smoked wheat German Ale
Smoked Stout and Porter ⬤⬤⬤⬤⬤◯◯◯◯◯ 15 – 40% Pale malt, roasted barley, chocolate malt, caramel malt Ale or Lager
Lichtenhainer ⬤⬤⬤◯◯◯◯◯◯◯ ~33% Wheat (33%), Pilsner (33%) Lactobacillus and Ale
Recipe: Smoked Pilsner
This is a simple Smoked Pilsner recipe that's a great introduction to the world of smoked brewing. A touch of wheat helps round out the mouthfeel, and a heavy hand of smoked malt comes across smoky but balanced.
It's extremely refreshing and drinkable like a Pilsner, but with a layer of unique smoked complexity.
Final Volume Original Gravity Final Gravity ABV IBU SRM
5 Gallons 1.048 1.008 5.3