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Maintenance costs will vary greatly depending on the type
of trail, amount of volunteer labor use, available services, and geographic
location of the trail. These costs, however, must be considered during the
trail planning process, to ensure that trail owners can pay for the ongoing
maintenance of the trails they develop.
Maintenance costs are rarely broken down into specific
tasks such as those listed in Table 7-1. Most trails
will be maintained by an existing agency, such as a local or state park,
public works, or maintenance department. Estimated costs, therefore, are
broken down by the type of maintenance performed. There are three basic types
- Routine maintenance includes all the general activities -- such as brush
clearing, trash collection, and sweeping that may take place on a
regular basis throughout a season.
- Minor Repairs refer to activities that can be expected every five years
or so, such as amenity replacement, trail sealcoating, repainting, or restriping.
- Major Reconstruction refers to significant expenditures involving resurfacing
or reconstruction. These activities are the most costly trail maintenance
activities and should be planned for in advance.
Most of the routine maintenance of a trail facility will
be performed by an existing agency or a volunteer group. Local trail owners
should be well equipped to include trail maintenance into their parks or
public works maintenance budgets and activities. Activities that should be
considered as routine maintenance include:
- Yearly facility evaluation to determine the need for minor
- Tree/brush clearing
- Map/signage updates
- Trash removal/litter clean-up
- Repair flood damage: silt clean-up, culvert clean-out, etc.
- Patching, minor regrading, or concrete panel replacement
- Snow grooming and/or plowing for winter-use trails
- Planting, pruning, and general beautification
- Installation and removal of seasonal signage
The yearly cost for routine maintenance depends on the
maintenance capabilities already in place by the trail owner and the amount
of volunteer labor used. In general, yearly routine maintenance costs can
be estimated at $1,500 per mile. This figure assumes a single season trail,
and may increase if a trail is groomed or plowed for winter use. This cost
is estimated in year 2000 dollars, and will be affected by inflation. For
a discussion on inflation, see Chapter 5: Cost Analysis.
The need for minor repairs should be determined by a yearly
facility evaluation (see routine maintenance above). Minor repairs may include
the following activities:
- Replacement, repair, or repainting of trail support amenities, such as
restrooms, signage, benches, trash receptacles, or hitching posts
- Replacement of a portion of the trail
- Restriping of trails
- Sealcoating of asphalt trails
The cost for replacement, repair, or repainting of trail
amenities is based on the initial cost of those amenities. Trail operators
should maintain records of the general costs of trail amenities as a means
of estimating future repair and replacement costs. If custom elements, such
as lighting, decorative railings, or benches, are used in trail design, the
trail owner should consider ordering extra elements at the time of construction
and storing them for future use, thereby defraying the cost of single-runs
Replacement of a portion of a trail may be necessary if
severe flooding, continual erosion, or weak soils cause periodic difficulties
with trail maintenance. For estimated costs for new trail construction, see
Chapter 5: Cost Analysis.
Restriping of trails will cost the same (in year 2000 dollars)
as the original striping. The trail owner should keep a record of the original
bid to determine the price of restriping a trail using contracted labor.
In many cases, it is cost effective to perform restriping along with other
trail or highway maintenance. In such instances, the trail owner itself will
be the best source of costing information.
Sealcoating of asphalt trails should take place approximately
every five years. This will increase the longevity of the trail and provide
a quality riding surface. When performed, sealcoating will cost approximately
$3,500 per mile for a 6-foot pedestrian trail and approximately $5,800 per
mile for a 10-foot multi-use trail. A periodic cost such as this should be
included in the trail owners Capital Improvement Program, in order
to ensure that adequate funding is available.
There are essentially two activities that are considered
to be major reconstructions:
- Resurfacing of asphalt trails
- Complete replacement, regrading, and resurfacing of all trails
Asphalt trails will need to be resurfaced approximately
every 10 years, depending on how well they have been maintained. A resurfacing
typically involves placing an asphalt overlay on an existing asphalt surface
in order to erase cracks and bumps. It is not a perfect solution, as weak
underlying soils or tree root penetration will eventually affect this top
layer, but it does offer a lower cost means of extending a trails life.
The cost for resurfacing can be based on unit costs shown in Chapter
5: Cost Analysis. Asphalt surfacing costs approximately $1 per square
foot for a 4-inch depth. Asphalt overlays should have a depth of 1 to 2 inches.
Table 7-2 offers some sample costs for asphalt resurfacing.


A GROUP of primary school pupils recreated the Tour de France with a ride along the Padiham Greenway.
Youngsters at Padiham Green Primary School cycled up and down the idyllic route in the event they had titled the 'Tour de Greenway'.
The Year 3 and 4 students were headed by headteacher Mark Dixon, and school teacher Jennifer Morton, who cycled on a tandem.
Miss Morton swapped the yellow jersey for a bridal dress to celebrate her impending wedding this summer.
The Year 3 and 4 classes have been learning about the First World War and the Tour de France as part of their studies. They have now learn about local soldiers who were killed in France during the conflict and have decorated the Greenway with information about them.
Youngsters from the lower years at the school lined the route to cheer on their fellow students as they cycled past.


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Motion Graphic Animation
TydenBrooks is a global leader in the design, manufacturing and supply of high security and tamper-evident seals and devices. As a company, they needed an online video that could visually explain how conventional seals could be broken and demonstrate the advantages, as well as the technology, behind their secure cable seals.
- Produce a visually strong demonstration of exactly how cable seals work and the ways in which traditional seals could be tampered
- Highlight TydenBrooks' sophisticated technology and how it prevents tampering and increases security
Revolution Production's Role
- To effectively visualize how a cable seal is manufactured and to demonstrate how it functions, Revolution implemented a motion graphics video alongside a descriptive narrative
- To highlight the effectiveness of TydenBrooks cable seals, scriptwriters implemented a comparison of each product that clearly pointed out the weakness of a conventional seal and the sophistication behind a TydenBrooks seal

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


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Image of the Eleazer Arnold House, built c. 1687, located in Lincoln, RI.
In 1693, Eleazer Arnold, a major landowner, built his house along Great Road, one of the earliest roads in the colonies. Two stories high, with a pilastered chimney, the home so dominated the modest dwellings of nearby farmers that it earned the title "Eleazer's Splendid Mansion." With its massive chimney end wall, the house is a rare survivor of a once-common Rhode Island building type known as a stone-ender. The structure has sustained many alterations over the centuries. Visitors find evidence of seventeenth-century construction methods, eighteenth-century additions, nineteenth century graffiti, and the twentieth-century approach to preservation that restored the house to its present appearance.
From: Town of Lincoln Historic InformationSee also:
Rhode Island Historical Preservation Commission: Statewide Preservation Reports, 1975 - 1982


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The Lord Commander is a rank found in several of the Seven Kingdoms' institutions. It is a combination of "Lord", meaning that the person holding the title is of noble birth, or at the very least knighted, and "Commander", indicating a position of authority and leadership. The term may refer to:
- The Lord Commander of the Kingsguard, the elite group of seven knights whose duty it is to protect the King and the royal family. The Kingsguard's current Lord Commander is Ser Jaime Lannister. He took over the role when Ser Barristan Selmy was dismissed. Ser Duncan the Tall was Lord Commander when Selmy rose to prominence.
- The Lord Commander of the Night's Watch, the order responsible for defending the Wall. The last Lord Commander was Jeor Mormont, former Lord of Bear Island. Following Mormont's death, the position is vacant.
The leader of the City Watch of the Seven Kingdoms' various cities is called a "Lord Commander" when of noble birth, or a "Commander" when not. Janos Slynt was merely a "Commander" due to his lack of noble birth, but was later elevated to the nobility as Lord of Harrenhal in gratitude for his service to King Joffrey in betraying Eddard Stark.
In contrast, the leader of the Kingsguard is always called "Lord Commander", though this might simply be because most knights tend to be noble-born. Even if a commoner is knighted for bravery on the battelfield but was not born noble - as was the case with Ser Duncan the Tall, who was born in the slums of Flea Bottom but later became Lord Commander - being knighted technically promotes a commoner into a "noble". Members of the Kingsguard are supposed to exclusively be knights, and thus even a common-born member such as Ser Duncan would be called "Lord" Commander on the grounds that he is at least a knight. The City Watch only runs into this difference because unlike the Kingsguard, non-knights and commoners can join it and rise to command positions.
Sandor Clegane's appointment to the Kingsguard was considered controversial because he wasn't even a knight, which was explicitly against the rules of the order. The Lannisters did offer to knight Sandor, but he simply refused, because he always considered allegedly honorable knights to be hypocrites. Ultimately, Sandor abandoned the Lannisters and the Kingsguard during the Battle of the Blackwater anyway.
Members of the Night's Watch officially abandon all previous allegiances when they take the oath to join the order, leaving no distinction between members who were formerly common-born or noble-born. The leader of the Night's Watch is therefore always called "Lord Commander", even if they were bastard-born or common-born, and were never "lords" in the first place. The Lord Commander frequently is of noble birth, but this is simply because nobles tend to receive better combat training from their castle's master-at-arms before they arrive at the Wall. As a result noble-born men who join the Watch tend to rise more quickly through the ranks to become officers, but this is just a general trend and not an official rule. Many bastard-born or even common-born members of the Watch have risen to command castle-garrisons along the Wall during its millennia-long history, and there are multiple historical examples of common-born men who were elected Lord Commander. Noble-born men who join the Watch are typically younger sons who would never have inherited their fathers' lands and titles, and were never the "Lord" of a castle and territory ("Lord" with a capital L: technically all members of the nobility are called "my lord" even though they are not a "Lord" of anything). Lord Commander Jeor Mormont was a very rare case, as he was the actual Lord of Bear Island and head of House Mormont before he voluntarily abdicated in order to join the Watch. Jeor did this because Northern Houses tend to have greater respect for the Night's Watch, and House Mormont in particular because their lands are so close to the Wall. However, Jeor Mormont was an exceptional case: a man gets what he earns at the Wall, regardless of his past, and most often the "Lord Commander" was never a "Lord", and frequently was never even noble-born.
|Former Lords Commander:|
|Castles of the Watch:|


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Monte Carlo Simulation of Line-of-Sight Distance Measurements
This Monte Carlo simulation of line-of-sight distance measurement is based on the small angle formula (SAF), which has two arguments: (1) measured width of a reference object, and (2) measured angular diameter of the reference object from the standpoint of the observer. In this example, the reference object is 5 feet in diameter; its measurement errors are normally distributed with a mean of 5 feet and 0.95 quantile of feet. The angular diameter of the reference object from the observer's standpoint is ; its measurement errors are triangularly distributed with limits of. One hundred pseudorandom argument sets based on those distributions are mapped to the SAF and scatter-plotted using their 0.9 ellipsoid quantile against a set of SAF results. The correlation plots indicate that these results are loosely correlated with the measured reference object width and highly correlated with the measured angular diameter.


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The Psychological Meaning of Words: LIWC and Computerized Text Analysis Methods
We are in the midst of a technological revolution whereby, for the first time, researchers can link daily word use to a broad array of real-world behaviors. This article reviews several computerized text analysis methods and describes how Linguistic Inquiry and Word Count (LIWC) was created and validated. LIWC is a transparent text analysis program that counts words in psychologically meaningful categories. Empirical results using LIWC demonstrate its ability to detect meaning in a wide variety of experimental settings, including to show attentional focus, emotionality, social relationships, thinking styles, and individual differences.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


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Building a strong Target Account List is vital to Account Based Marketing success, but finding the right accounts means putting together a large database of accounts, trying to understand which accounts are a good fit, and analyzing readiness signals to understand which accounts to prioritize This can be a lot of work, but with RollWorks a strong Target Account List is only a couple of clicks away.
In this Product Snapshot video, you will learn about:
- The data sources you can use to create your TAL.
- Creating logic and rules using those data sources to define your lists.
- Creating dynamic and static Account Lists.
- Segmenting your account lists into groups to create custom audiences for campaigns.
- Creating journey stagebased groups for easy advertising and engagement.


Giphy for Slack
The Giphy app lets you search a library of animated GIFs and send them in Slack. Once Giphy is installed to your workspace, any member can post GIFs in conversations from the shortcuts menu. Read on to learn how to use Giphy in Slack.
Add the Giphy app to Slack
 1. Visit the Giphy app page in the Slack App Directory.
 2. Click Add to Slack.
 3. Click Add Giphy Integration.
Send a GIF in Slack
Note: Common words and phrases can return unexpected results. Use with care!
 1. From a conversation, click the lightning bolt icon to open the shortcuts menu.
 2. Search for Giphy.
 3. Click Find and share a GIF
 4. Type a word or phrase in the text field, then click Search.
 5. Click Shuffle to view more options, then select Share to post your GIF.
Tip: The Find and share a GIF shortcut won't show up in the shortcuts menu from threads. To share GIFs in a thread, type the /giphy slash command in the message field, then add your search term and send your message to choose a GIF.
Manage Giphy settings
If you'd like, you can set a maximum GIF rating. Setting a GIF rating for the Giphy app determines the G-R rating of GIFs all members of your workspace will be able to view and send in Slack.
 1. Visit the Giphy page in the Slack App Directory.
 2. Open the dropdown menu to select a GIF rating option.
 3. Click Save Integration.


Bipartisan US Congressional Delegation Visits India, Meets PM Modi
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Prime Minister Modi signs the visitors' book at the White House last year. [Image: US Embassy New Delhi].
A bipartisan US congressional delegation called on Indian Prime Minister Shri Narendra Modi on Tuesday. The 26 congressional members were welcomed by the Prime Minister who lauded the visit as a good sign for the continued growth of bilateral ties between the two countries under the new US administration. He reflected positively on his phone conversation with US President Donald Trump early this month in which the two leaders emphasized their shared commitment to further strengthen defense and economic ties.
During the meeting with the US congressional delegation, Prime Minister Modi shared his hope to further strengthen cultural and people-to-people ties between India and the US. He highlighted the benefits that Indian talent brings to the US economy and culture, and encouraged the facilitation of the movement of skilled workers.
In 2015, US imports from India totaled $45 billion while exports to India totaled $21 billion. California's exports alone totaled $4.6 billion making it the top state exporter to India. Major exports to India include precious stones, machinery, aircraft, and optic and medical equipment. The main imports from India include diamonds, textiles, oil, organic chemicals, agricultural products, and textiles.
As of 2015 there were 3.6 million Indian-Americans in the US. California, New York, New Jersey, and Texas accommodate the highest number of Indian-Americans. Concentrated areas of Indian Americans exist within these states. Indian-Americans in Edison, N.J., for example, made up 28% of the population in 2010. Indians in the West Santa Clara Census County Division in California made up 11% of the population.
Indian students studying in the US contributed $5.22 billion to the US economy over a 5 year period. India was the second highest country of origin of international students in the US following China with 100,270 students enrolled. Texas has the highest number of Indian students with approximately 10,000 enrolling in Texan universities per year. Of the Indian students in the US, 66% of Indian students study STEM (science, technology, engineering, or math) fields.


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On the results page, you could create a download form in the results row, you would need a hidden form element and a submit button. Set the value hidden form element to use the fileName column from the results recordset. Then add a Download File Behavior
insert -> Webassist -> File Manipulation -> Download if you have Universal Email 4 or Webassist -> File Manipulation -> Download in Form builder 2
Set the Folder to the folder that contains the files. Set the File field to use the Hidden form element.
Creating a download link on another page would be pretty similar, you just need a way to pass the file name into the download server behavior.


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The Eve of St Agnes is a stained glass masterpiece designed and made by the great Irish artist Harry Clarke. A new book Harry Clarke The Eve of St Agnes by Jessica O'Donnell is on sale in the Gallery Bookshop, tel. _PHONE_. This fully illustrated book looks at each magificent panel and relates the window closely to John Keats's poem.
To the right here you can download for free some suggested art activities for children related to the window.
About Harry Clarke (_PHONE_)
Harry Clarke was born in Dublin on 17 March 1889. His father, Joshua Clarke, was a stained glass maker and church decorator. As a young boy, Harry Clarke worked in his father's stained glass studio which was at the back of their house at 33 North Frederick Street. Working for his father instilled in Harry the importance of good craftsmanship. Harry Clarke went to school at Belvedere College, a short distance from their house, but left in 1905, shortly after the death of his beloved mother Brigid. He continued to work as an apprentice in his father's studio while he was a student at the Metropolitan School of Art in Dublin. He was a talented and hard-working student and won scholarships which enabled him to study full-time at the art college. The scholarships also meant he could travel to France and England to see the magnificent stained glass windows in the medieval churches there. He entered competitions at the South Kensington School of Art and Design in London and won gold medals for the stained glass designs he submitted. Following his studies, Harry Clarke worked as a book illustrator for the London publisher Harrap and was highly praised for his drawings for Edgar Allan Poe's Tales of Mystery and Imagination and for Goethe's Faust. Harry Clarke loved reading and going to the theatre and much of his art is inspired by great plays, fairy tales and legends. He especially loved stories that were fantastical, strange and wonderful. Between 1915 and 1917 Harry Clarke made eleven stained glass windows for the Honan Chapel at University College, Cork and from then on he received many important commissions for his stained glass work. He worked constantly, often late into the night. Around 1929 he became very ill and was diagnosed with tuberculosis (TB), a disease of the lungs. He went to Switzerland for treatment and rest. However, two years later, on 6 January 1931, on the way home from Switzerland to Ireland, Harry Clarke died from his disease at the young age of forty-one.
The Eve of St Agnes by Harry Clarke
In April 1923 a Mr Harold Jacob asked Harry Clarke to design a stained glass window for the landing of his father's house in Ailesbury Road in Dublin. Harold Jacob was the owner of the famous Jacob's biscuit factory. Stained glass was usually associated with religious art in churches so it was an exciting commission to make a window for someone's house. Harold Jacob suggested that 'night and morning' or 'summer and winter' might be good subjects for the window. While these were nice ideas, Harry Clarke was an artist full of imagination and he loved a challenge. He suggested instead some ideas inspired by fairy tales, plays and poems. These ideas included the story of Bluebeard, Sleeping Beauty, The Playboy of the Western World by J.M. Synge and the poem The Eve of St Agnes by John Keats. Mr Jacob very much liked the idea of The Eve of St Agnes and three days later a delighted Harry Clarke wrote again saying: 'I shall set to work on The Eve of St Agnes and submit my first coloured draft for discussion'. Harry Clarke made a number of beautiful preparatory studies for the window in pencil, watercolour and gouache, a type of watercolour, and these are now in the Crawford Art Gallery in Cork. One year later, on 1 April 1924, Harry Clarke completed The Eve of St Agnes. Mr Jacob paid Harry Clarke £160 7s 6d (160 pounds, 7 shillings and 6 pence) for the window. When The Eve of St Agnes was exhibited at the Irish Art Exhibition in Dublin in 1924 it won the gold medal for Arts and Crafts. In 1978 the window was bought by the Hugh Lane Gallery, where it is on view today.
Inspired by a Poem
The poem The Eve of St Agnes was written by the English Romantic poet John Keats in January 1819. There are forty-two verses, or stanzas, so it is a very long poem. The poem was inspired by an ancient tradition where young maidens would fast and go to bed early on 20 January and hope to dream of their future husbands. To 'fast' means to eat nothing. The feast day of St Agnes takes place on 21 January so the 'eve' means the evening before. In John Keats's poem Madeline had been forbidden by her father, Lord Maurice, to marry Porphyro. (Porphyro is pronounced 'pour – fear- o'). Despite this, on a cold and wintry night Porphyro secretly enters the castle and, with the help of Madeline's nurse Old Angela, goes to find Madeline, who is asleep in her bedchamber. As it is the Eve of St Agnes, Madeline has gone to sleep hoping to dream of her future love. When Porphyro's music wakes her, she is unsure whether she is dreaming or awake. Porphyro reassures her that it is not a dream and they flee from the castle and away across the moors.
John Keats's poem is full of beautiful descriptions and Harry Clarke was inspired by these when choosing which parts of the poem to illustrate. The poem is full of colour, especially purple, blue and red, and this is why you see so much of these colours in Harry Clarke's stained glass window.
How the Story is Told
As well as revealing his superb skill as a stained glass artist, The Eve of St Agnes stained glass window is a magnificent example of Harry Clarke's storytelling ability.
The artist chose to tell the story of The Eve of St. Agnes in fourteen panels. If you look closely you will see that each of the panels is accompanied by a quotation from John Keats's poem. In addition, at the top of these panels are two semi-circles, called lunettes. Running horizontally along the bottom of the panels is a frieze showing characters from the poem. Throughout the window there are borders full of wonderful decoration and ornamentation. In his art Harry Clarke was inspired by many sources, including Old Masters such as Diego Velazquez and Albrecht Dürer, Japanese art, music and literature, and Symbolist art. He combined many different ideas and visual inspirations with his own vivid imagination to create a vision which is very much his own.


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Analysis of Different Routing Techniques for Opportunistic Data Transfer
This paper deals with various routing techniques for efficient data transfer in MANET. MANET is a wireless infrastructure-less network where mobile devices communicate through wireless links. To make the communication of wireless network as good as that of the wired ones is the challenging issue. The high link quality involves best path selection and it leads to throughput improvement. Higher layer like network layer is used to provide an efficient data transfer in dynamic environment. To make routing efficient, the authors need to know the topographical information of the wireless network. Based on which they can improve the routing process and packets are transmitted efficiently with high packet delivery ratio.


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How many signs of spring have you spotted? Record your sightings on our survey
Completely bare except for shrivelled leaves
- Use mature trees (30 years old or more), as young trees show different responses.
Even trees of the same species, close to each other can behave very differently.
Record the trendsetters
- If you are finding it difficult to decide when to record, wait until the event is occurring in three trees of the same species in close proximity to each other. Record the trendsetters rather than the extraordinary.
- Leaves may fall off before you have recorded any significant colour change. This may be the species or the weather conditions. Don't worry! Just record when the tree is bare.


During these uncertain times, how can we help?
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Big Brothers Big Sisters Mercer County
Cause Area
 - Children & Youth
535 East Franklin StreetTrenton, NJ 08610 United States
Organization Information
Mission Statement
Volunteers (Bigs) cultivate relationships that provide children with skills to manage every day challenges. Through simple friendship, Bigs experience the joy of helping children discover a world of possibilities and opportunities.
Bigs provide Littles with one-to-one time and attention in their communities, typically four hours or more per month. During these unstructured outings, Bigs provide opportunities for Littles to enjoy the companionship of a caring adult outside of the home and school in various community, sporting, cultural, and educational activities.
This is just like a "Traditional Community-Based Match" except a child is matched with a couple.
School-based mentoring is a way for busy individuals to volunteer and for companies to give back to the community. In the school-based program, companies typically allow their employees to volunteer one hour of their work week during the academic school year, by providing Littles with one-to-one time and attention in their school.
Would you recommend Big Brothers Big Sisters Mercer County?
1 review Write a review
by De'Avion S. from Trenton, NJ (August 23, 2014)
I would recommend this organization to a friend or colleague because it seem as if it would be a gray organization to learn from and also set examples to younger peers.
Report this organization


It's easy to see what's happening in the dining room but it's hard to see what's going on in the kitchen. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1 in every 6 Americans gets sick from food contamination each year. Consumers usually lack the information to knowledgeably choose where to eat based on the risk of food contamination.
Boston restaurants are required by law to be inspected on an annual basis. However, food inspection data is typically available in rare and elusive online datasets. They are not like Yelp or Carfax; they are tedious.
Food Sherpa is a data visualization that seamlessly displays inspection results and grades for all Boston restaurants. These grades are presented in a report card format with an A through F scale. The quantity and severity of a restaurant's five-year inspection history are used to assign the grades. This visualization can be used by any Boston restaurant-goer, to assist in making more informed decisions about where to eat out. Food Sherpa fills an integral gap in the awareness of restaurant consumers.
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It is all very well putting names on family trees, but do they stack up, what is the evidence?
Following are records and images of James Ford's birth from the Old Parochial Records and the certified document from the Scottish Archives. James' name is squeezed in at the end.
James Ford offical birth certificate.
James Ford OPR birth certificate.
The ten children born to Samuel Ford and Margaret Wright are spread over two pages of the Old Parochial Records (OPR), five children on each page.
The OPR give more information that mere names and dates. For instance we learn that Samuel Ford was a quarrier. We may also note that despite the fact that ten children have been born that Samuel's birth place has never been completed. It is evident that the handwriting skills of the recorder, generally the parish priest, often makes the inscription difficult to decipher. But it should be remembered such difficulties as writing and spelling confirm the authenticity of the record something which present-day government computer records cannot provide.
The OPR of James Ford birth showing the full page of entries.
Unfortunately I cannot trace the parents of Samuel Ford. We can assume, following the traditional naming pattern, that his parents were probably named Robert and Mary but here the trail goes cold.
On the other hand we can trace the ancestors of Margaret Wright back to the mid 1600s. Commencing with John Wright who married Janet Allen the follow OPRs confirm Margaret's ancestry.
John Wright is born 19 March 1672 in Kilmarnock to John Wright (b. 1640) and Janet Allen (b.1640).
William Wright is born 22 April 1705 to John Wright who married Marion Tannahill,.
Alexander Wright is born 7 June 1730 at Kilmarnock to William Wright who married Mary Greg.
Robert Wright is born 29 May 1762 in Kilwinning to Alexander Wright who married Margaret Cowan
Margaret Wright is born 30 April 1792 in Millport to Robert Wright who married Janet Gillies.


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The Rise and Fall of the WASP and Jewish Law Firms
University of Denver Sturm College of Law
Stanford Law Review, Forthcoming
U Denver Legal Studies Research Paper No. 08-15
During their golden era in the 1950s and 1960s, large American law firms were segregated along religious and cultural lines between WASP and Jewish law firms. The rise and success of large law firms with distinctive religious and cultural identities is surprising because the large firm was purportedly a-religious and meritocratic.
This Article asserts that the large WASP law firm, despite its ostensibly a-religious organizational structure, had a deeply rooted religious and cultural identity. Its commitments to Protestant values and white-shoe ethos help explain its rise at the turn of the nineteenth century, its successful campaign for elite professional status within the ranks of the legal profession, and its dominance until 1945. Moreover, the religious and cultural identity of the large WASP firm also explains the rise and success of its main competitor after 1945 - the Jewish law firm. Exploring the consequences of the WASP firm's commitments to Protestant values and white-shoe culture, this Article identifies unique reasons for the remarkable success story of the Jewish firm, whose growth rate far exceeded that of the WASP firm. Finally, the Article chronicles the disintegration of the religious identity of the large firm, WASP and, as a result, Jewish alike.
Number of Pages in PDF File: 66
Date posted: May 29, 2008
© 2015 Social Science Electronic Publishing, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
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Australian WWI fiction
 Press/Media: Expert Comment
 Invited guest on Radio National's The Bookshelf on Friday 9 November to discuss war poetry and fiction.
 World War I and literary representations of war, including a reading of a poem by my mother, Dorothy Hewett, and another poem written by me that is published in an anthology of war poetry.
 Period9 Nov 2018
 Media contributions
 Media contributions
 - TitleAustralian WWI fiction
 Degree of recognitionNational
 Media name/outletRadio National, The Bookshelf
 Media typeRadio
 Duration/Length/Size30 mins+
 DescriptionAustralian writers and poets began writing about the First World War in 1914, and have never stopped. Historian Christina Spittel (ADFA/ UNSW) is tracking that century of fiction, noting the ways in which the story and emphasis has changed. She joined Kate Evans and poet and memoirist Rozanna Lilley to discuss those shifts in memory and the imagination.
 Rozanna Lilley's maternal grandfather fought in the First World War and her mother, the writer Dorothy Hewett, wrote a poem in 1960 that reflected on both his death and his war experience. The poem is called 'The Burial', and Rozanna read it for us.
 Poetry that responds to that war is still being written, and Lilley herself contributed to a very recent collection, To End All Wars (Puncher and Wattman), and read that piece for us.
 Producer/AuthorAustralian Broadcasting Corporation
 PersonsKate Evans, Rozanna Lilley


Item Pipeline
After an item has been scraped by a spider, it is sent to the Item Pipeline which process it through several components that are executed sequentially.
Each item pipeline component (sometimes referred as just "Item Pipeline") is a Python class that implements a simple method. They receive an Item and perform an action over it, also deciding if the Item should continue through the pipeline or be dropped and no longer processed.
Typical use for item pipelines are:
 - cleansing HTML data
 - checking for duplicates (and dropping them)
 - storing the scraped item in a database
Writing your own item pipeline
Writing your own item pipeline is easy. Each item pipeline component is a single Python class that must implement the following method:
process_item(item, spider)
This method is called for every item pipeline component and must either return a Item (or any descendant class) object or raise a DropItem exception. Dropped items are no longer processed by further pipeline components.
 - item (Item object) – the item scraped
 - spider (BaseSpider object) – the spider which scraped the item
Additionally, they may also implement the following methods:
This method is called when the spider is opened.
Parameters:spider (BaseSpider object) – the spider which was opened
This method is called when the spider is closed.
Parameters:spider (BaseSpider object) – the spider which was closed
Item pipeline example
Price validation and dropping items with no prices
Let's take a look at the following hypothetic pipeline that adjusts the price attribute for those items that do not include VAT (price_excludes_vat attribute), and drops those items which don't contain a price:
from scrapy.exceptions import DropItem
class PricePipeline(object):
 vat_factor = 1.15
 def process_item(self, item, spider):
 if item['price']:
 if item['price_excludes_vat']:
 return item
Write items to a JSON file
The following pipeline stores all scraped items (from all spiders) into a a single items.jl file, containing one item per line serialized in JSON format:
import json
class JsonWriterPipeline(object):
 def __init__(self):
 self.file = open('items.jl', 'wb')
 def process_item(self, item, spider):
 return item
Activating an Item Pipeline component
To activate an Item Pipeline component you must add its class to the ITEM_PIPELINES list, like in the following example:
Item pipeline example with resources per spider
Sometimes you need to keep resources about the items processed grouped per spider, and delete those resource when a spider finishes.
An example is a filter that looks for duplicate items, and drops those items that were already processed. Let say that our items have an unique id, but our spider returns multiples items with the same id:
from scrapy.xlib.pydispatch import dispatcher
from scrapy import signals
from scrapy.exceptions import DropItem
class DuplicatesPipeline(object):
 def __init__(self):
 self.duplicates = {}
 dispatcher.connect(self.spider_opened, signals.spider_opened)
 dispatcher.connect(self.spider_closed, signals.spider_closed)
 def spider_opened(self, spider):
 self.duplicates[spider] = set()
 def spider_closed(self, spider):
 del self.duplicates[spider]
 def process_item(self, item, spider):
 if item['id'] in self.duplicates[spider]:
 return item


text:
The term gang box has two distinct and largely unrelated meanings, although both relate to construction work. A gang box can be a large tool box that is used by several or all members of a work crew. In electrical work, a gang box is a metal or plastic box used to securely hold electrical components.
A gang box toolbox has only a few special characteristics. These boxes are often left on a job site, so durability and security are important in their design, as they need to be able to endure a good bit of abuse and be difficult to break into. These boxes are usually shared by at least a few workers and are usually larger than ordinary tool boxes so that they can store all the needed tools and supplies.
A gang box used in electrical work is one of the various types of box used to safely enclose wiring and other electrical work. This type of gang box will usually be referred to by the number of mounting points for switches or receptacles that it contains. Gang boxes are commonly found in sizes ranging from one to three gang, although larger boxes are not unheard of. Modern electrical practice generally limits the number of individual switches or receptacles that can be installed in a gang box to one per gang, although some exceptions to this rule exist.
Some gang boxes, designed for use primarily with non-metallic sheathed cable, are made of plastic. This type of gang box is the most common in modern residential construction, primarily because of its low cost and ease of installation. This type of box requires the use of a separate ground wire.
Metal gang boxes can be used for almost any type of electrical work, and are more common in older construction, commercial construction, or areas where the electrical work might be exposed to damage, as the metal boxes are much tougher than their plastic counterparts. These boxes come in the same basic sizes as plastic boxes, although metal boxes are often manufactured in such a way that one side of the box can be removed and another box added to create a larger box, making the metal boxes more versatile in some situations. When electrical work is installed using armored cable or metallic conduit, the conduit or cable, combined with the metal boxes, can often legally serve as a ground path without the use of a dedicated ground wire.


text:
The display promises to give a fascinating insight into the lives of ordinary Scots workers who involved themselves in the development of the early trade union movement. Highlights of the exhibition are:
- The original deed of establishment in 1761 of the Fenwick Weavers' Society in Ayrshire which is regarded as the world's first ever co-operative society
- A membership card issued almost two centuries ago to one of the first ever trade unionists in Scotland
- The service and pay book for John Dunlop who fought against fascism in the Spanish Civil War
Finding out more about ordinary folk rather than the 'great and the good' is always a challenge when using documentary sources, but exhibitions like this can at least give us a glimpse into aspects of the lives of our more 'humble' ancestors.
The exhibition runs from 2nd September until the end of October at George IV Bridge, Edinburgh, and should be well worth a visit. More details can be found at: _URL_
|Image: Simon Howden / FreeDigitalPhotos.net|


Knock-knock joke
related topics
{film, series, show}
{god, call, give}
{language, word, form}
{_USER_@, make, design}
{law, state, case}
{food, make, wine}
{black, white, people}
{line, north, south}
{game, team, player}
The knock-knock joke is a type of joke, probably the best-known format of the pun, and is a time-honoured "call and answer" exercise.
It is a roleplay exercise, with a punster and a recipient of wit.
The standard format has five lines:
The joke refers to the situation where someone knocks on a door and identifies to get somebody who is already inside to open the door, even though there are usually no doors involved when this joke is told. The punster and recipient can also usually see each other during the joke, so there is no actual need for identification.
Distribution and history
Knock-knock jokes are well entrenched in the UK, Ireland, France, Belgium, Australia, the U.S.A., Canada, South Africa, Philippines and India. In nations such as Brazil and Germany they are practically unknown. In French they begin "Toc-Toc" in Afrikaans and Dutch "Klop-klop", and in Japanese and Korean "Kon-kon". In Spanish, it may be enough for the punchline to rhyme with the response. Knock-knock jokes were in common usage amongst South African school children in the early 1950s but the exact origin of the format remains uncertain.
The following was in circulation in Cape Town in about 1953:[citation needed]
Knock, knock!
Who's there?
Delores who?
Delores my shepherd... (a play on "the Lord is my shepherd")
In France, the punchline is almost always a pun on the title of a popular song, allowing the last answer to be sung :
Toc Toc! (Knock knock!)
Qui est là? (Who's there?)
Sheila qui? (Sheila who?)
Sheila lutte finale.... (a pun on "c'est la lutte finale" (It's the final struggle), the opening line of The Internationale)
A popular German riddle precludes the usual trend of including a pun in the answer, instead offering a more literal line: "Knock knock!" "Who's there?" "Boo!" "Boo who?" "I do not know anyone by that name. Unless you wish to startle me with the word "Boo", in which case you are quite unfruitful. I see no reason to open the door in either case".
In Shakespeare's play Macbeth a comic relief character delivers a 20 line monologue and satire that makes reference to events of that time. It follows the pattern of "knock knock who's there?" but it is done entirely by the character and knocks from off stage. The character is a hung over porter (in most performances drunk, but in the original he was hung over) who pretends he is the porter to the gates of hell welcoming sinners of different professions:
(Macbeth ActII, sciii)
Knock, knock, knock! Who's there, i' th' name of Beelzebub? Here's a farmer that hanged himself on the expectation of plenty. Come in time, have napkins enough about you, here you'll sweat for 't.
(this is a joke referring to a price drop in crops, as well as a joke about the heat in hell)
(this passage is believed to be a reference to a trial of the Jesuits who were charged with equivocation speaking unclearly or speaking with double meaning)
Knock, knock, knock! Who's there? Faith, here's an English tailor come hither for stealing out of a French hose. Come in, tailor. Here you may roast your goose.
(the tailor is accused of stealing cloth while making breeches, this is a joke about a fashion trend in Shakespearian times, also a pun for roasting the tailor's iron with the heat of hell)
Full article ▸
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text:
The optical methods for flow visualization in wind tunnels provide an interesting means of analysis. In order to extend their use, in transonic and supersonic flows, it is necessary to obtain photographs and high-speed pictures and a quantitative interpretation must be possible.
Two types of utilized equipment are described.
One of them is an interferometer of the horizontal Mach type. The other, called "interferential schlieren" apparatus, is the result of the application of the interferential contrast methods developed by Françon and Nomarski at the Institut d'Optique in Paris. In this paper, we describe two optical setups, the first for an over-all study of the flow over a model, the second for a detailed analysis of a small region.
Photographs obtained with these devices can be seen. They show how interesting is the interferential schlieren apparatus which permits, in certain cases, a quantitative analysis as precise as that provided by separated beams interferometry, but with a simpler equipment which is easier to handle, less sensitive to external vibrations, and less expensive.
R. CHEVALERIAS, Y. LATRON, and C. VERET, "Methods of Interferometry Applied to the Visualization of Flows in Wind Tunnels," J. Opt. Soc. Am. 47, 703-704 (1957)


text:
Skip to Main Content
Persuasive personal monitoring and feedback systems could help patients and clinicians manage mental illness. Mental illness is complex, difficult to treat, and carries social stigma. From a review of literature on bipolar disorder and interviews with bipolar disorder experts, we developed a framework for designing a persuasive monitoring system to support management of the illness. The framework applies a user-centered design process that is especially sensitive to the complexity of the illness, the difficulty of treatment, its stigma, and the goals of patients and clinicians. We describe our application of this framework to designing a persuasive mobile phone monitoring system. We discuss how our use of the framework can help overcome the special challenges posed by designing systems for mental illness: (1) accommodating a complex array of symptoms, (2) supporting an uncertain treatment process, and (3) maintaining a high level of sensitivity to the seriousness and darkness of the illness, as well as the social stigma associated with it.


Get Inside Unbounce
Publishing assets: Sequential vs Parallel
A few days ago, we quietly deployed a change that nearly doubled publishing speed for the vast majority of Unbounce pages.
Our publishing process involves two main steps:
 1. Render the page, and publish it to S3
 2. Find all the assets referenced by the page, and publish them to S3 (where they are served by Cloudfront)
The second step can only be done after the first step is done, because it needs the rendered page to find all the assets. The first step is quite complex, with little room for optimization. However, we recently discovered that there was some low-hanging fruit for optimization in the second step.
We realized that time spent publishing pages is split pretty evenly between those two steps. It takes about as long to deal with all the assets as it does to render the page for publishing. This meant there was an improvement we could make: publishing the assets in parallel.
Sequential vs Parallel
If you were to write out some pseudo-code of what step 2 looks like, it might look something like this:
for each asset in the rendered page, do the following, one at a time:
 download the asset from wherever it's stored
 upload the asset to S3/Cloudfront
A really simple diagram of the flow of this code looks like:
Sequential diagram
This probably seems pretty straightforward, and it is. It's how we've been doing publishing for years. The problem (or potential for improvement) is that it downloads the first asset, and uploads it completely, before it does anything with the second asset. And it does the same with the second asset, before looking at the third one, and so on.
There's a nifty little thing called Amdahl's Law that applies here. It's a bunch of math that, when applied to the situation here, effectively says that if half the publishing time is spent in something we can parallelize, then we can nearly half how long publishing takes. Uploading the assets is a perfect candidate to parallelize.
Here's some pseudocode for the newly parallelized asset publishing:
for each asset in the rendered page, do the following, all at the same time:
 download the asset from wherever it's stored
 upload the asset to S3/Cloudfront
It looks easy when it's pseudocode, but trust me when I say it's not nearly as easy in real code. A really simple diagram of this parallel code looks like:
Parallel diagram
Instead of uploading the assets one at a time, we do them all at the same time. If there were 50 assets, uploading the assets should take about 1/50th the time. That seems like a huge speedup, but when it's applied to the whole publishing time, there's still that pesky rendering to do first.
Also, sadly, running 50 of these at the same time doesn't always mean a 50 time speed up. 50 at the same time means 50 downloads (or uploads) at the same time. If the network connection can't handle that much traffiic, maybe you'll only see a 40 or 30 times speed up. Additionally, if 1 of those 50 is a big file, it probably accounts for more than 1/50th of the time overall, so we still have to wait for it.
So what does all this mean in the end, for our customers? What I've seen from our measurements so far is that for 90% of pages, publishing takes only 58% as long as did before.
This graph shows the median (50 percentile), 90, 95, and 99 percentile numbers for each 3 hour window, over the last 7 days. As you can see, they all drop significantly on the afternoon of the 21st, when we deployed this change.
A page that previously may have taken 13 seconds to publish, now takes less than 8 seconds, and a page that took 7 seconds to publish now takes only 4. This depends on the page, however. Pages that use very few assets, but still take a long time to render won't show as much benefit from this improvement.
I'm really happy with these changes, and I hope you will be too.
Derek Lewis
Senior Software Developer


How to build a motorcycle ramp for a shed
How long should my shed ramp be?
How high should shed be off ground?
What is a good angle for a ramp?
Bottom line: recommended ramp slope:
The preferred slope for a building access ramp is 1:12 or 1 inch of rise per 12 inches of horizontal run – that's roughly an 8% slope also written as a 4.8 degree angle slope.
What is best for shed base?
You can also use a wooden frame or concrete slabs. Using concrete slabs is a very traditional way to build a shed base and although it takes some initial work, it does provide excellent stability in the long term. Below are the steps involved in building a shed base using concrete slabs.
How do you load a motorcycle without a ramp?
Grab the right handle with one hand and the axle with the other, and lift the front of the bike onto the truck bed. Lift the bike up again until the engine plate is also resting in the truck bed. Grab the rear axle and pull the back tire into the truck.
How steep can a ramp be?
Maximum slope for hand-propelled wheelchair ramps should be 1″ of rise to every 12″ of length (4.8 degree angle; 8.3% grade). Maximum slope for power chairs should be 1.5″ rise to 12″ length (7.1 degree angle; 12.5% grade).
You might be interested: How to fix carburetor on motorcycle
How do you calculate the length of a ramp?
How long of a ramp should I buy? Determining Ramp Length: Measure total rise (how many inches from lower level to upper level) and divide by the slope.
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text:
4.2.1 Well Data Object
|For Standard||WITSML v2.0|
The well data object (Well) (Figure 4.2.1-1) is used to capture the general information about a well, which is sometimes called a well header. This general information includes identifying and legal information (legal name, license number, geographic location (country, state, county, region, and block), purpose (see enums), status (see enums) and more.
Additionally, the well has important related data objects related to its location including a well datum, well location and well reference point.


Definition from Wiktionary, the free dictionary
Jump to: navigation, search
 1. Present participle of gob.
gobbing (plural gobbings)
 1. (mining) The refuse thrown back into the excavation after removing the coal; gob stuff.
 (Can we find and add a quotation of Brande & C. to this entry?)
 2. The process of packing with waste rock; stowing.


Colombia, SC weather in August 1964
Temperature for August 1964
In August 1964 the average high temperature in Colombia, SC was 0.0°F, and this was 91.5°F cooler than the average of 91.5°F. The hottest day in August 1964 was 0 August when the temperature reached 0.0°F. Overnight the average temperature in August is 69.8°F and in 1964 the average overnight temperature was 69.8°F cooler at 0.0°F.
Precipitation for August 1964
In August the average monthly rainfall in Colombia, SC is 5.07 inches with rain usually falling on 11 days. In August 1964 there was a total of 0.00 inches of rain, that fell on 0 days.


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Desert of Maine – The Desert of Maine: A Journey Through the Sands of Time
September 8, 2020 @ 10:00 am
A ten-week homeschool course at the Desert of Maine will take students ages 9-14 on an in-depth, integrated journey through the history, geology, and ecology of this special place. The class will meet Tuesdays at the Desert of Maine in Freeport (95 Desert Road) starting September 8 – October 27th from 10 am – 12 pm.
For the first five weeks of this course, we will literally get our hands dirty digging into the history of the Desert of Maine. We will begin with the obvious question: why is there a large expanse of open sand in the middle of a New England forest? We will seek the answer to this question using real-world observations as we explore how aspects of geology, biology and agriculture came together in just the right way to create what is essentially a small dust bowl. We will learn about the Tuttles who farmed here in the 1800s—examining their methods, their cultural assumptions about the land, and some of the difficulties they faced as their fields became unfarmable. From here we will dive deep into time, looking at the geological processes that have changed Maine's coast over the last 30,000 years. This exploration of ice, ocean, and wind will provide the framework for understanding how the Desert formed and what makes this landscape so unique.
Once we have gained an understanding of what happened here, the class will turn its eyes to the future, developing hypotheses about what lies ahead for the Desert of Maine. We will conduct "forensic" analyses in the surrounding forest to think about how certain ecosystems have changed over the last hundred years; and we will look closely at the reforestation taking place on the boundaries of the dune field, paying particular attention to the tug-of-war between the forest and the sand. Of course, we humans play an active role in the future of the land that sustains us; so with that in mind, we will discuss a range of diverse cultural and philosophical ideas about the relationship between the people and the natural environment. Given this focus, we hope to have a Wabanaki speaker share their perspective.
The final three weeks will be project-based, with students synthesizing and presenting what they have learned about the Desert of Maine. Alternatively, they can use that information as the foundation for exploring specific topics in greater detail, or as the springboard to more open-ended questions. Some questions that might be interesting: what meaning can we draw from the story of this landscape? How do different ways of knowing (e.g., scientific observation; deep listening; storytelling; map making; drawing) form your understanding of the Desert of Maine? How can we best care for the land that supports us? Do environmental restoration and cultural healing go hand in hand? How will you help others understand the importance and fragility of Maine's coastal landscapes?
To enroll in the course and learn more about course fees, times, dates and location, please email _EMAIL_.
Desert of Maine
95 Desert Rd.
Freeport, ME 04032
+ Add to Itinerary


text:
A transformation in which
a figure grows smaller.
Compressions may be with respect to a point (compression
of a geometric figure) or with respect to the axis of
a graph (compression
of a graph).
Note: Some high
school textbooks erroneously use the word dilation to
refer to all transformations in which the figure changes size,
whether the figure becomes larger or smaller. Compression (or contraction)
refers to transformations in which the figure becomes smaller.
Dilation properly refers only to transformations in which the figure
Unfortunately the English language has no word that refers collectively
of a geometric figure, dilation
of a graph


text:
Page from a Kalpasutra manuscript showing the birth of Mahavira
From the Kalpasutra Manuscript
Late 15th - early 16th century
Opaque watercolour on paper
Museum no. IM.8-1931
The Kalpasutra (The Book of Ritual) is one of the two most popular texts and contains biographies of the four most significant Jinas, including Mahavira, and the Story of the Teacher Kalaka (Kalakacharyakatha), an influential moralising work frequently appended to the Kalpasutra.


text:
Vertex Map OperatorBasic Parameter
Vertex Map Operator
Weight maps store a value between 0.0 to 1.0 for each point in an object. These values affect how strongly each point is influenced when deformers are applied to the object. With the Weightmap node, not only can you read these weight values, you can change them also.


Take the 2-minute tour ×
Let $(Y,\|\cdot\|)$ a Banach space and $b\colon Y\to \mathbb{R}$ a nonnegative convex function such that, for some $\mathcal{E}>0$, the set $\{y\in Y\,:\, b(y)<\mathcal{E}\}$ is nonempty and bounded.
I need prove that exist $z\in Y$, $c>0$ and $C>0$ such that $b(y)-b(z)\geq c\|y-z\|$ for $y\in Y\backslash B_C(z)$.
Note: $B_C(z):=\{y\in Y\,:\, \|y-z\|\leq C\}$.
Thanks in advance.
share|improve this question
1 Answer 1
up vote 2 down vote accepted
Let $\epsilon_0$ be the fixed positive constant such that $F_0 := \{ y \mid b(y) < \epsilon_0\}$ is nonempty and bounded. Fix $z\in F_0$. Then we have that if $y \in Y \setminus F_0$, $b(y) - b(z) \geq \epsilon_0 - b(z) =: \delta_0 > 0$.
By assumption $F_0$ is bounded, hence there exists $C > 0$ such that $B_C(z) \supset F_0$. (Here I take $B_C(z)$ to be the open ball; a simple modification of the following argument also allows for closed balls.)
Let $c = \frac{\delta_0}{2C}$. Now we verify this choice of $C$ and $c$ is good.
Given $y \in Y\setminus B_C(z)$, let $\tilde{y} = \frac{C}{\|y-z\|} (y-z) + z$. By convexity of the function $b$ we have that
$$ \frac{C}{\|y-z\|} (b(y) - b(z)) + b(z) \geq b(\tilde{y}) \geq b(z) + \delta_0 $$
Hence we have that
$$ b(y) - b(z) \geq \frac{\delta_0}{C} \|y-z\| > \frac{\delta_0}{2C} \|y-z\| = c \| y - z\| $$
as claimed.
share|improve this answer
Your Answer


text:
Electrostatic Precipitator Monitoring System Based on CAN Bus
The hardware and software design are introduced about electrostatic precipitator control system. And this monitoring and control system is based on CAN bus. In this system the basic data acquisition and control functions can be achieved. The work status of precipitator can be collected in real time and fed back to the computer control interface, in order to provide reliable data support for the fault diagnosis of the ESP, so information integration level can be improved and the monitoring system can be optimized. Simple structure, high reliability, communication speed are the characteristics, and it have a wide range of application prospects.
Z. S. Zhang et al., "Electrostatic Precipitator Monitoring System Based on CAN Bus", Advanced Materials Research, Vols. 443-444, pp. 395-400, 2012


text:
The County Administrative Board is a government authority that exists in close proximity to the people in each county. The County Administrative Board has a unique position in the Swedish democratic system. Sweden comprises 21 counties, which are in turn divided into municipal areas.
Maria Norrfalk, County Governor of County Administative Board of Dalarna
The County Administrative Board is an important link between the people and the municipal authorities on the one hand and the government, parliament and central authorities on the other. The work of the County Administrative Board is led by the County Governor.
The County Administrative Board is a multifaceted authority
The County Administrative Board works with issues that extend across the whole of society and therefore has a wide variety of specialists at its disposal, such as lawyers, biologists, architects, agronomists, foresters, engineers, public relations officers, archaeologists, veterinarians, social scientists and economists.
The County Administrative Board is charged with a range of tasks, including:
- implementing national objectives
- co-ordinating the different interests of the county
- promoting the development of the county
- establishing regional objectives
- safeguarding the rule of law in every instance


text:
No, it costs double to move through a threatened square
This was clarified on the 3.5 FAQ, which the community has mixed opinions about (as seen on this other question):
For example, imagine Ember begins her turn 10 feet from an orc and wants to use Tumble to move through its space and end up 15 feet away on the opposite side.
Her first square of movement wouldn't provoke attacks of opportunity (since she's not leaving a threatened square), so she doesn't use Tumble or move at half speed.
Her second and third squares of movement take her through the orc's space, so these effectively cost twice normal (that is, they each cost 1 extra square of movement), and this movement requires a DC 25 Tumble check. (If you're using this system, it's much easier to think of tumbling as costing extra squares of movement rather than actually changing your speed.) Ember has now paid a total of 5 squares of movement (out of the 8 allotted to her for her speed of 40 feet).
Assuming that check succeeds, Ember now moves from a threatened square (adjacent to the orc), which requires a DC 15 Tumble check and costs twice normal (or 1 extra square of movement). She's now paid a total of 7 squares of movement.
Finally, Ember moves one last square, ending up 15 feet from the orc on the opposite side from where she began. She's not leaving a threatened square, so she doesn't use Tumble or pay any extra movement. Ember has paid for 8 squares (40 feet) of movement, and has covered a linear distance of 5 squares (25 feet).


text:
Nonlinear finite elements/Homework 11
Problem 1: Small Strain Elastic-Plastic Behavior
For small strains, the strain tensor is given by
In classical (small strain) rate-independent plasticity we start off with an additive decomposition of the strain tensor
Assuming linear elasticity, we have the following elastic stress-strain law
Let us assume that the theory applies during plastic deformation of the material. Hence, the material obeys an associated flow rule
where is the plastic flow rate, is the yield function, is the temperature, and is an internal variable.
Answer the following questions. Show your derivations in a clear and step-by-step manner.
Part 1
Let be the equivalent plastic strain, defined as
Express the time derivative of in terms of and. This is the evolution law for.
Part 2
For an adiabatic process, the rate of change of temperature can be written as
where is the Taylor-Quinney coefficient, is the density, and is the specific heat. Express in terms of and. This is the evolution law for.
Part 3
Write down the rate form of the elastic stress-strain law. Assume that deformations are small so that objectivity of the rates is not a concern.
Part 4
The consistency condition during plastic flow requires that
Write down an expression for the time derivative of using the chain rule.
Part 5
Use the consistency condition and the expressions you have derived in the previous parts to derive an expression for in terms of,,,, and.
Part 6
The continuum elastic-plastic tangent modulus is defined by the following relation
Derive an expression for the elastic plastic tangent modulus using the results you have derived in the previous parts.
Part 7
The theory of plasticity also states that the material satisfies the von Mises yield condition
where is the deviatoric part of the stress. Derive an expression for in terms of the normal to the yield surface
Part 8
The yield stress is given by the Johnson-Cook model
where is the initial yield stress, are constants, is a reference temperature, and is the melt temperature. Derive expressions for, and for the von Mises yield condition with the Johnson-Cook flow stress model.
Part 9
Assume that the elastic response of the material is linear, i.e.,
Derive the expression for the elastic-plastic tangent modulus for a von Mises yield condition with Johnson-Cook flow stress for a linear elastic material using the expressions that you have derived in the previous parts.
Part 10
Discretize the equations for (equation 1), (from part 1), and (from part 2) using Forward Euler. Use the following notation in your discretized equations:
where is the time step, is the value of at, is the value of at.
Part 11
The Kuhn-Tucker loading-unloading conditions are
Write down a discrete form of the Kuhn-Tucker conditions.
Part 12
In the radial return algorithm, we define a trial elastic state as
where are the stress and strain at and are the values at. Show that, if the elastic response of the material is linear, equation (2) can be written as
Hint: Start by showing that
Part 13
Starting from equation (3) show that
where is the deviatoric part of and is the deviatoric part of.
Part 14
Hint: The stress is given by
Express this equation in terms of and. Then use the discretized equation for (part 10) and the relation for for isotropic elasticity. Finally compute the deviatoric stress terms after showing that
Part 15
The discretized form of the Kuhn-Tucker conditions in conjunction with the consistency condition gives us
Use this condition and the relations you have derived in the previous sections to arrive at a nonlinear equation in that can be solved using Newton iterations.
Part 16
Let the nonlinear equation be. Recall that the Newton method requires that we iterate using the formula
where is the Newton iteration number. Derive an expression for the derivative of that is required in the above formula.
(You can use Computational Inelasticity by J.C. Simo and T.J.R. Hughes for pointers.)
Problem 2: Billet Upset Forging
Consider the isothermal upset forging of the cylindrical billet shown in Figure 2.
Assume that the dies are rigid. Also assume that sticking friction is in effect between the billet and the die faces when they are in contact.
The billet has an initial radius of 10 mm and its initial height is 30 mm. The shear modulus of the material is 384.6 MPa, the bulk modulus of the material is 833.3 MPa, the initial yield stress is 1 MPa and the linear hardening modulus is 3 MPa.
Model a quarter of the cylinder using symmetry boundary conditions.
Apply a compressive force of 1 kN to the die.
- Plot the final shape of the billet. Compare your results with those shown in Simo and Hughes (Fig. 9.8, p. 325).
- Plot a curve of the die force (kN) versus the die stroke (mm). Compare your results with those shown in Simo and Hughes. Do you observe any volumetric locking?
(Use an implicit software to solve these problems.)
Problem 3: Taylor Impact Tests
Consider the impact of a cylindrical Taylor impact specimen on a rigid target. The undeformed and deformed profiles of the specimen are shown in in Figure 3.
The initial length of the specimen is 30 mm. The initial diameter is 6 mm. The initial velocity is 188 m/s. The initial temperature is 718 K.
The material of the specimen is OFHC copper. The properties of the bar are (in SI units):
|Coeff. Thermal Expansion||1.76e-5|
The plastic deformation of the specimen is described by the Johnson-Cook model and plasticity. The Johnson-Cook model parameters are (in SI units):
- Use LS-DYNA to simulate the Taylor impact test. Assume that there is no friction between the anvil and the specimen. Plot the final deformed shape of the specimen and compare that with the experimentally determined shape given in the table below. What differences do you observe and why?
Point x (mm) y (mm) 1 0.000000 0.000000 2 5.436409 0.000000 3 4.711554 0.852540 4 4.611804 2.040725 5 4.581879 3.228910 6 4.615129 4.141866 7 4.585204 4.980980 8 4.448878 6.175878 9 4.312552 7.223092 10 4.073150 8.344149 11 3.870324 9.465205 12 3.597672 10.868203 13 3.388196 11.707317 14 3.218620 12.902215 15 3.152120 13.949429 16 2.982544 15.070486 17 2.952618 16.674871 18 0.000000 16.674871 19 0.000000 0.000000
- You can generate a mesh in ANSYS and tranfer it to LS-DYNA if you want.
- Show whether energy is conserved during your simulation.


TRS Billing FAQs
How is the Interstate TRS Fund assessment calculated?
The assessment is calculated based on the 499-A data that is due to USAC by April 1st. There will be two separate transactions listed on the invoices starting in July 2020 due to the FCC Order 19-118 that initiated a second obligation to be calculated to help cover the Internet Protocol Captioned Telephone Service (IPCTS) costs. One obligation will be calculated based on the Interstate and International revenues (499-A form Line 514b) multiplied by the non-IPCTS approved rate and the second obligation will be calculated on the total TRS revenues (499-A form Line 514a) multiplied by the IPCTS approved rate.
What changes cause the assessment to be higher than in previous years, other than the amount reported on the 499-A form?
The assessment rate changes each year. Contemporary rate information can be found here.
Why do you use a portal for payment?
In December 2019, the Telecommunications Relay Service Fund account was moved inside of the United States Treasury. All payments must be initiated through the RL Pay Site. Through this portal:
 - Invoices are delivered faster than USPS can deliver it.
 - You have the flexibility to print your invoice whenever you like.
 - The time between receiving the TRS invoice and the due date are greatly expanded.
 - You can review unpaid and paid invoices.
 - All payments must be received by 3pm on the Thursday before the invoice is due to allow adequate processing time. Payments received after this, may result in the company being placed on Red Light Status.
 - The expense your company experiences (for the check stock, envelope, mailing, and handling costs) is reduced.
 - Copies of the invoice can be distributed more widely at reduced expense in less time.
 - RolkaLoube can quickly keep your contact information up to date.
What do I do if I forgot my portal password, or if I try to log in to the portal, and receive an "invalid login" message?
Use the "Forgot Password" option:
 - Select forgot password, and enter your email address associated with the portal account.
 - You will receive an email from the website with a link to reset your password. If you do not see the message within 60 minutes, please check your spam/junk folder.
 - If you are unsure of which email address is linked to your portal account, please contact requesting a password reset.
 - Once you reset your password, you will be able to log into the portal with the new password.
Why do we receive a notification from the TRS Fund that our invoice is available on the portal instead of receiving it via USPS?
RolkaLoube recognizes that your company may be used to receiving Interstate TRS Fund invoices through USPS. We have set up a modern electronic portal which will notify you via email when a new invoice has been posted to RL Pay. Please contact RolkaLoube if you need to discuss the delivery of invoices.
For payments authorized through the portal, what is the ACH information we would expect to see when clearing our account?
You will see the following information displayed on your banking statement: "TRS Payment Obligation."
I clicked to download my invoice and I am unable to find it.
Once you click "Download my Invoice," the invoice will be downloaded into your downloads folder on your computer. Please check your downloads folder on your computer once the processing flag has cleared, for a copy of your invoice.
What is the penalty for filing a late 499-A form?
All companies are subject to late filing sanctions regarding the Form 499-A, as it is a required filing regardless of de minimis status. If a TRS Fund contributor is more than 30 days late (i.e., delinquent) in filing a Telecommunications Reporting Worksheet ("Worksheet") Form 499-A, the Administrator may assess an administrative remedial charge for reasonable administrative expenses resulting from improper filing or failure to file, as well as interest on overdue contributions. The minimum administratively imposed remedial charge for failure to timely submit a Worksheet is $100. The Commission may also pursue enforcement action against delinquent contributors and late filers as well as assess costs for collection activities, in addition to those imposed by the Administrator.
What are my options for how my company is billed?
The fund offers annual billing or monthly billing. If your company's annual assessment is more than $1200, and your account has been in good standing, you will be sent a monthly invoice for 1/12 of your annual assessment. If your annual assessment is below $1200, or your account has not been in good standing, you will be invoiced for your full annual assessment.
If your company is being billed monthly and you wish to be billed the remaining amount for the year, you can request this change via an email to Companies who are being billed monthly and want to overpay are welcome to do so when making a payment through the portal. See the RL Pay User Guide for instructions on how to pay via the new portal.
We do understand that situations arise. Any other payment plans will need to be requested by submitting a payment plan request to Our accounting department will then review your account and respond with the options that you have for a payment plan.
How is the late payment fee determined?
The finance charge rate applicable to late payments is the Internal Revenue Service (IRS) interest rate for underpayments for the calendar quarter beginning July 1st. The rate can be found on the IRS website,, or at 26 CFR _PHONE_-1. The minimum late payment penalty charged each month will be $1.00. There will be a $35.00 administrative charge per invoice for delinquencies that are 30 days overdue.
Our 499-A form was filed on time, but we have been assessed a late filing charge. Why?
As the Interstate TRS Fund administrator, RolkaLoube receives filing data from USAC. If we have assessed a late filing penalty, but your company's filing was timely, contact USAC to have them correct the data they have provided to us. RolkaLoube can only adjust your account after USAC corrects the data. USAC can be reached at _PHONE_ or
Where can I find FCC Form 499-A information
You can find Form 499-A information on USAC's website at
What are the payment options?
All payments must be initiated through the RL Pay billing and collections portal at Through the site, you can either pay online via credit card by selecting Pay Online Now, or set up an ACH debit or credit transfer from your bank by selecting the ACH option.
Can we send payment via check for our contribution payment?
We are no longer accepting check payments. For available payment options, see above, under payment options.
Can we pay by wire transfer?
Wire transfers are no longer accepted. For available payment options, see above, under payment options.
Where can I find a completed W9 for the Interstate TRS Fund?
Click here: Interstate TRS Fund W9 Form.
How can I contact USAC?
You can contact USAC at _PHONE_ or
Who do I contact if I have additional questions?
Questions can be directed to RolkaLoube's Customer Service Team at _PHONE_ Option #1, or
Are there costs that the NDBEDP will not cover?
Yes. Please see "Examples of Reimbursable Expenses" for a list of expenses that are reimbursable and those that are not.
Does the NDBEDP reimburse for the cost of cables, switches, clamps, and adaptive accessories necessary to use the distributed equipment?
Yes. The reasonable costs of cables, switches, clamps, and adaptive accessories will be reimbursed by the NDBEDP if they are necessary for the consumer to use the equipment distributed. Personal accessories that facilitate or enable other life functions are not reimbursable (e.g., a wheelchair to facilitate mobility).
Are the costs of alerting devices reimbursable?
Yes. The reasonable costs of alerting devices such as flashing lights are reimbursable when they are necessary to use the equipment distributed to make telecommunications, internet access, or advanced communications accessible to low-income individuals who are deaf-blind. Assistive lighting that is used separate and apart from the distributed equipment is not reimbursable.
Are the costs for batteries or upgrades reimbursable for equipment that was not distributed by the NDBEDP?
Yes. The NDBEDP will reimburse for batteries or upgrades on previously distributed equipment (hardware, software, applications, etc.) as long as these are reasonable and necessary to make telecommunications, internet access, or advanced communications accessible to low-income individuals who are deaf-blind.
When an equipment recipient moves to another state, which state certified program will be responsible for the upkeep of the equipment?
When an equipment recipient relocates to another state, the former state's certified program will no longer be responsible for upkeep of the recipient's equipment, nor will it be permitted to seek reimbursement for maintenance of such equipment no longer in use within the former state. In such cases, upon the request of the recipient, the former state must transfer the recipient's account and any control over the distributed equipment to the new state's certified program. The certified program in the state where the recipient relocates then will be responsible for the cost of upkeep of the distributed equipment. If the recipient needs new equipment after relocating, the recipient will be permitted to apply for such equipment in the new state.
Is there a searchable national database that certified programs can use to determine if program applicants have received NDBEDP equipment in another state?
With the start of the permanent program, the FCC was tasked with developing


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 5. Tamil Meaning of Intensity - செறிவுசெறிவு › english-to-tamil-meaning
 Tamil Meaning of Intensity. Thanks for using this online dictionary, we have been helping millions of people improve their use of the TAMIL language with its free online services. Tamil meaning of Intensity is as below... Intensity : செறிவுசெறிவு.
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Are there really tannins in coffee?
15 October, 2020
Are there really tannins in coffee?
by BH Learn
At Barista Hustle, we talk about tannins fairly often. We have posted about how tannins are responsible for astringency, the mouth-drying feeling you get in coffee, and how they may be the culprit behind some of the negative flavours associated with 'over-extraction' and channelling. Because astringency is such a key component of over-extraction flavours, and because controlling channelling is so important in achieving high, even extractions, this topic comes up frequently.
And yet, there is some debate, going right back to the 1920s, as to whether coffee contains tannins at all.
Until now, we've mostly skirted around this topic, talking about pseudo-tannins or tannin-like molecules as well as tannins. We want to finally address this, and be clear about what molecules we're referring to when we talk about tannins.
Our position is that there is plenty of evidence that some kind of tannins are present in coffee. In fact, the broadest definition of tannins includes familiar molecules like the chlorogenic acids.
We expect that larger tannins are responsible for much of the negative flavours and mouthfeel associated with channelling and over-extraction. While there's some evidence that such molecules may exist in coffee, it's not yet known exactly which molecules are involved. Until we learn more about the specific compounds involved, 'tannins' is the most accurate and precise word that we can use.
In the rest of this paper, we'll explain why.
What are tannins?
Broadly speaking, tannins are polyphenolic biological molecules that bind to and precipitate proteins. Different types of tannins are found all over the plant kingdom, including in tree heartwood and bark, in unripe fruits, and in the leaves of plants such as tea.
Because tannins bind to proteins, they have an astringent effect in foods. The dry feeling of astringency in the mouth results from tannins binding to salivary proteins and interfering with the ability of saliva to lubricate the inside of the mouth.
The word 'tannin' comes from the leather industry, where tannins derived from plants were used to 'tan' animal skins, making them more durable. One of the main sources of tannins was oak bark, called tann in ancient Celtic languages, but any plant compound that would bind the proteins in animal skin could be used.
Because of the importance of this effect, whether a particular compound is considered a tannin is generally determined by its ability to bind proteins, rather than a specific chemical structure. This means that unlike some categories of chemicals, the definition of what constitutes a tannin is not necessarily rigid or universally agreed on, and different definitions have been proposed over the years (S Quideau 2009).
Most tannins fall into one of three main categories, based on their chemical structure: Hydrolysable tannins, based on gallic acid; condensed tannins, based on flavanol, and the phlorotannins, found in brown algae. However, other types of tannin have been identified and our knowledge of these compounds is always expanding: for example, a group of chemicals called oligostilbenoids were first identified to act as tannins in 1993 (Boralle et al 1993).
In the early twentieth century, some tannin-like compounds were isolated from coffee and called 'caffetannic acid', assumed to be a type of tannin like those found in tea. However, 'caffetannic acid' turned out to be not a type of tannic acid but instead a mixture of molecules, mainly chlorogenic acids (Ukers 1922). This led Lingle in the Coffee Brewer's Handbook (1996) to state that the phenolic compounds in coffee were "incorrectly classified as tannins", based on this early research. However, the fact that this one isolate turned out to be mainly chlorogenic acids does not prove that no tannins are present in coffee at all. Plenty of research testing for tannins in coffee has found that they are present — for example, one paper finds that roasted coffee contains about half as much tannin as tea (Savolainen 1992).
Testing for tannins
Since tannins bind proteins, classification of tannins often depends on whether they show a positive result in various chemical tests that involve testing the ability of the tannin to bind protein. One such test is called the 'Goldbeater's Skin Test', in which the presence of tannin causes a distinctive blue-black colour to appear on a thin layer of cattle intestine. Other tests use different protein sources such as gelatin or albumin as the basis of the test.
However, whether a tannin binds to a protein depends on the protein used in the test (Hagermann 1998), so not all tests work equally well with all tannins. As a result, some molecules are classified as tannins by some tests, but not by others. Compounds that show tannin activity in some tests, but that don't show a positive result in the Goldbeater's Skin Test, are called pseudo-tannins. One such compound is chlorogenic acid, which is abundant in coffee.
Despite the name, pseudo-tannins are considered a sub-category of tannin by some sources — so a pseudo-tannin is still a tannin. By this definition, chlorogenic acid itself can be included as a tannin, and indeed it is listed as a tannin in the National Library of Medicine's PubChem database. However, chlorogenic acid is readily soluble in water, so a significant proportion will be extracted even in a well-extracted brew. When we talk about the importance of tannins in the correct extraction of coffee, we are really talking about larger molecules, that will only dissolve in large amounts if we've done something wrong.
Larger tannins
Whether or not chlorogenic acid (CQA) 'counts' as a tannin, it's clear that there are also other, larger molecules responsible for the harsh astringency of a channelled brew. One possible culprit is dichlorogenic acid (di-CQA) — a type of chlorogenic acid that has two caffeic acids attached to the quinic acid instead of one.
Chlorogenic acid (left) and dichlorogenic acid (right). Dichlorogenic acid has two caffeic acid units, so is a larger molecule and binds to proteins more strongly.
Dichlorogenic acid binds to proteins much more strongly than chlorogenic acid (Okuda & Ito 2011) and so has stronger tanning activity, and many sources that don't count CQA as a tannin do include di-CQA. Dichlorogenic acid may be responsible for the astringency associated with unripe coffee beans, since unripe beans contain a higher proportion of dichlorogenic acid.
More recently, other tannin-like compounds have also been identified in coffee. Using modern techniques that can pin-point the molecular structure of individual molecules, Low et al (2015) found evidence of other types of tannin-like compounds in spent coffee grounds, including catechins, the building blocks of tannins found in tea, as well as the appropriately-named molecule 'astringin', found in wine. The way the molecules are extracted for testing makes it hard to definitively say if these building blocks are joined together to form large tannins in the coffee itself, or if they just exist as individual subunits. However, the authors suggest that the larger tannins are likely to be present.
Why call them tannins?
If we're not sure exactly what type of molecules are causing the astringent effect that we see in coffee, then why do we still generally use the word tannins when talking about problems with brewed coffee?
For us, the reason is that the word 'tannin' is mainly used to tell us what the molecule does, rather than what it looks like. We know that some astringency in coffee is caused by molecules that bind to proteins in the way that tannins do, and that astringency is very important in determining the quality of a brew. Using a more general term such as 'phenolic compounds' includes lots of molecules that don't have this effect, and behave quite differently in an extraction.
For this reason, we need a word that specifically describes larger molecules that bind to proteins and cause astringency, and 'tannin' fits the bill exactly. This word is widely used this way, in both the coffee industry and in the scientific literature. In fact, having chosen our preferred definition of tannins, to use another word such as 'phenolic molecules' is both less accurate and less precise. As always, we are happy to update our position as new information becomes available, or widely accepted definitions change, but as things stand we are quite confident in saying that yes, there are tannins in coffee.
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text:
[postgis-users] Aggregate Functions
pramsey at refractions.net
Thu Feb 20 09:48:30 PST 2003
What is an aggregate function? A function which works on a result set
and returns a summary. For example,
select max(salary) from employees
select mean(age) from patients
Both queries return a *single* value, the aggregate result.
What is a spatial aggregate? Same thing, only with goemetries. I really
look forward to being able to do this to create a single drainage
polygon for a river system:
select union(geom) from watersheds where ws_code > '_PHONE_'
Things might get confusing, because the opengis spatial operators will
have the same name but different arguments.
select union(a.geom,b.geom) from a,b where a.id = b.id
The standard union() function is a pairwise union.
I hope that confuses things substantially. :/
| Paul Ramsey
| Refractions Research
| Email: pramsey at refractions.net
| Phone: _PHONE_
More information about the postgis-users


35. Sayyida Salme of Zanzibar and Oman (1844–1924): she became known as Emily Ruete[12]
Said bin Sultan honors that included:[13]
Further reading[edit]
 - Memoirs of an Arabian Princess from Zanzibar, Emily Ruete, 1888. (Many reprints). Author (1844–1924) was born Princess Salme of Zanzibar and Oman and was a daughter of Sayyid Said. In the fifteenth chapter of her book, she describes her sisters and two of her brothers (Hilal and Thuweini).
External links[edit]


Weibull++ - software for life data analysis
The industry standard for life data analysis
Weibull++ - software for life data analysis
The industry standard for life data analysis
Features Training Demo Request quote Resources
Life Data Classifications
Life data of a component, product or system can be separated into the following categories: complete data, right censored data, interval censored data, and left censored data. Each data type requires a modification to the analysis in order to correctly estimate the underlying lifetime distribution. A good life data analysis package, like ReliaSoft Weibull++, must be able to correctly handle all of these types of data. The characteristics of each data type are presented next.
Complete Data
Complete data, as shown in Figure 1, indicates that all of the units under the test failed and the time-to-failure for each unit is known. Therefore, complete information is known regarding the entire sample.
Complete Data diagram
Figure 1: Complete
Right Censored Data
Right censored data, also called suspended data, is composed of units that did not fail during the test as shown in Figure 2. For example, suppose that five units are put under test. Three units fail and their observed times-to-failure (in hours) are 65, 76, and 84. The last two units are still operating when the test is stopped at 85 and 100 hours respectively. Therefore, the last two units are considered to be suspended or right censored.
Right Censored Data diagram
Figure 2: Right Censored
Interval Censored Data
Another type of censored data, shown in Figure 3, is called interval censored data or inspection data. Interval censored data contains uncertainty as to when the units actually failed. For example, if five units under test are inspected every 100 hours, then the status of each unit (failed or still running) is known only at the time of each inspection. If a unit fails, it is known only that it failed between inspections and the exact time of failure is not known. Instead of an exact time-to-failure, an interval of time (e.g., between 100 and 200 hours) would be recorded.
Interval Censored Data diagram
Figure 3: Interval Censored
Left Censored Data
Left censored data is demonstrated in Figure 4. Left censored data is a special case of interval censored data in which the time-to-failure for a particular unit is known to occur between time zero and some inspection time. For example, if the inspection occurs at 100 hours, a failed unit could have failed at any time between 0 and 100 hours.
Left Censored Data diagram
Figure 4: Left Censored


text:
There's a distinction to be made between two notions: foliations and distributions.
A distribution is the data, at each point m of M, of a subspace of Tm(M). These subspaces are all of the same dimension (say r), and depend smoothly on the point m, which means that they are generated by r smooth vector fields.
A foliation is a partition of the manifold into (not necessarily closed) submanifolds, such that, locally, this partition looks like the standard decomposition of ℝn into translates of ℝd. Ok, there's a caveat in my description since a same leaf could come infinitely many often in the neighborhood of a given point m. Anyways... I'm assuming that you know what a foliation is.
Foliations of M form a subset of distributions on M.
The Frobenius integrability criterion (mentioned by Tom in him remark) states that a distribution D comes from a foliation iff for any vector fields v and w tangent to D, their Lie bracket is again tangent to D.
It turns out that that criterion is always satisfied for one-dimensional distributions, and so one-dimensional distributions are indeed in bijection with one-dimensional foliations. But that's no longer true for r ≥ 2.
The operation of taking orthogonal complement is a very good operation for distributions: it's always well defined, and the orthogonal complement of the orthogonal complement is the distribution you started with.
But the orthogonal complement of a foliation is typically only a distribution.
The standard example that illustrates that situation is the vector field sin(z)d/dx + cos(z)d/dy on ℝ3. It defines a perfectly good foliation, but its orthogonal fails to satisfy the Frobenius integrability criterion, and therefore fails to be a foliation (in this particular case, it's a contact structure, another beautiful mathematical notion...).
Ah! You also wanted the foliation to be defined by the orbits of a group acting by isometries... That can be arranged: take the action of S1 on S3 given by the Hopf fibration. The orthogonal distribution is the standard contact structure on S3.
You also said that you wanted you Riemanninan manifold to be flat... In that case, you can take ℝ4=ℂ2 with its S1-action by complex multiplication. That example contains the above S3 example as an
invariant submanifold, and therefore reproduces all its features.