text:
Seismic data denoising via shearlet transform and data‐driven tight frame
We propose a sort of double sparsity dictionary (DSD) to deal with random noise of seismic exploration, which consists of shearlet transform and data‐driven tight frame (DDTF). We train the DDTF dictionary in the domain of shearlet transform to improve the robustness of the dictionary. Furthermore, the function of hard‐thresholding is applied to find dictionary coefficients and cut small shearlet coefficients. Finally, we verified the reliability of the proposed approach by a synthetic data denoising example.
No Supplementary Data
No Article Media
Document Type: Research Article
Publication date: May 1, 2019


text:
As an experimental model for the different forms of muscle degeneration, injury caused by 2 hours' ischemia has been studied from 20 minutes to 16 hours after release of the tourniquet.
Discoid degeneration developed in stretched fibers by dissolution of the I bands (Z substances and actin). The discs represented the Q bands (A-H-A). In fibers which passively maintained contraction lengths during degeneration, the Z substances were dissolved, but the continuity of the fibrils was preserved, since the filaments are continuous over all sarcomeres under these conditions. Mitochondria and the tubules of the endoplasmic reticulum swelled, ruptured, and disintegrated. Granular degeneration developed in fibers where mitochondria were abundant. Unstretched degenerating fibers with few mitochondria gave a homogeneous or hyaline appearance. The different forms of degeneration therefore were dependent on the status of stretch and the fiber type. The extent of degeneration was not a function of time after ischemia, there being both nearly normal and severely damaged fibers at 20 minutes and 16 hours after the release of tourniquets. When degeneration occurred, however, the basic alterations were the same in all fibers; there was mitochondrial and reticular swelling, dissolution of the Z substances, and finally disintegration of the contractile material. Some damage developed in the sarcolemmas and capillaries.
The mitochondrial disintegration was not linked with inactivation of the succinic dehydrogenase system.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


text:
Boscardin, M. L. (2005). The administrative role in transforming secondary schools to support inclusive evidence-based practices. American Secondary Education, 33(3), 21-32.
The role of secondary administrators, including but not limited to principals, guidance directors, curriculum supervisors, department chairs, and special education directors, is important to the success of students with disabilities. Administrators equipped with the knowledge and skills to support the implementation of evidence-based practices of teachers in inclusive and accessible instructional environments are poised to be effective advocates of improved educational outcomes of all students. In this paper, we examine two ways in which administrators facilitate the development, adoption, use, and evaluation of evidence-based educational interventions within secondary schools. One considers refocusing the administrator role from one of manager to one of effective instructional leader. The other focuses on key leadership strategies for improving the instructional practices of teachers and the educational outcomes of students with disabilities.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


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Dynamic Chiropractic – January 1, 2009, Vol. 27, Issue 01
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Physics for Chiropractors
Calculating the Energy Density of a Therapy Laser
By Phil Harrington, DC, CMLSO
If you are planning on adding a therapeutic laser to your practice, you have plenty of unanswered questions and a lot of decisions to make. On the clinical level, you want to know how it works: which conditions it will benefit and how to incorporate laser therapy with your existing chiropractic techniques and modalities. On the business level, you need to determine how much to invest, what return on investment you can expect and how to adjust office flow to accommodate this exciting new modality.
Before tackling those complicated issues, it would help to examine the basics. Here are some key physics concepts that you must understand when buying a therapy laser: power and power density, wavelength, mode of delivery (continuous wave, pulsed and superpulsed), energy and energy density.
This article will help you calculate the energy density of a therapy laser. The pertinent physical quantities and associated units are as follows:
Before performing any calculations of energy density, be sure that all quantities are expressed in their proper units; i.e., convert time in minutes to time in seconds. The power of a therapy laser is measured in watts, and one milliwatt is one-thousandth of a watt: 1 mW = 0.001 W. Lasers used by chiropractors range in power from 5 mW up to 10 W. Convert the milliwatts to watts before doing any calculation (i.e., 5 mW = 0.005 W). You can think of the power of a laser just like the brightness of a light bulb: the higher the wattage, the brighter the laser light. Power is the time rate of delivery of energy, and the three are related by the following equation:
Power = Energy/Time
Therefore, you can calculate the energy delivered by a therapy laser by multiplying the power times the time. For example, the energy delivered by a 100 mW laser in three minutes would be (converting the 100 mW to 0.1 W and the three minutes to 180 seconds):
Energy = Power x Time = 0.1W x 180 s = 18 J
To calculate the energy density, simply divide the energy in joules by the area in square centimeters as follows:
Energy Density = Energy/Area
For example, let's say the 18 J from the previous calculation is delivered to three different areas: 100 cm2 (the area of a man's palm), 5.5 cm2 (the area of a postage stamp) and 0.4 cm2 (the area of a pencil eraser). As you can see from the chart [at right], 18 J of energy can produce widely varying amounts of energy density, depending on the size of the area being treated.
Quantity Unit of Measurement (Abbreviation)
Power Watts (W)
Area Square Centimeters (cm2)
Time Seconds (s)
Energy Joules (J)
Energy Density J/cm2
If the laser probe is held in one spot during treatment, you will need to determine the area of the laser-output spot size. When treating a larger area, you will need to measure and calculate the area in square centimeters. One way to estimate the area is to measure the area of your palm and count the number of "palms" treated on the patient. Then multiply this number by the area of your palm.
Energy density can also be called treatment dose or fluence.1 I prefer the term energy density to make sure it is distinct from simply "energy." Energy measures the ability to do work, whereas energy density measures the concentration of that energy over a specific area. As the chart above shows, an amount of energy can produce significantly different values of energy density. The two are not equivalent.
Area Energy Density of 18 J
100 cm2 0.18 J/cm2
5.5 cm2 3.3 J/cm2
0.4 cm2 45 J/cm2
If the energy density is too low, it will not biostimulate tissue, but if it is too high it will inhibit healing or even cause damage. An analogy: If you spread a gallon of water over an entire parched football field, you would have very few blades of green grass, and if you dumped that entire gallon onto a very small spot, you would have mud. The key to watering grass is getting the right amount of water per unit area, and the key to laser therapy is delivering the proper amount of laser energy per unit area.
What is the right amount? "Biostimulation has been reported in the literature with doses from as low as 0.001 J/cm2 to 10 J/cm2 and more. There is a great difference between irradiating naked calls in the laboratory and treating a deep-lying pain condition. In fact, a 'dose' is a very complicated issue. It is a matter of wavelength, power density, type of tissue, condition of the tissue, chronic or acute problem, pigmentation, treatment technique and so forth. However, there is certainly a 'therapeutic dose window.'"2 In their text, Tuner and Hode suggest an energy density of 2-4 J/cm2 for superficial pain and 4-10 J/cm2 for deep-lying pain.3
The primary goal of this article is to help physics-challenged chiropractors calculate the energy density of a therapy laser. Further discussion of appropriate energy densities will be left for another column.
 1. Tuner J, Hode L. Laser Therapy: Clinical Practice and Scientific Background. Grängesberg, Sweden: Prima Books, p. 70.
 2. Ibid, p. 72.
 3. Ibid, p. 73.
Dr. Phil Harrington is a certified medical laser safety officer and serves on the subcommittee reviewing the ANSI Standards for Safe Use of Lasers in Health Care Facilities. He is a 1996 Palmer graduate and also holds a bachelor's degree in physics. Dr. Harrington is the senior vice-president of K-Laser USA (_URL_).
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An introduction to mechanized reasoning
Research output: Contribution to journalArticlepeer-review
Colleges, School and Institutes
Mechanized reasoning uses computers to verify proofs and to help discover new theorems. Computer scientists have applied mechanized reasoning to economic problems but–to date–this work has not yet been properly presented in economics journals. We introduce mechanized reasoning to economists in three ways. First, we introduce mechanized reasoning in general, describing both the techniques and their successful applications. Second, we explain how mechanized reasoning has been applied to economic problems, concentrating on the two domains that have attracted the most attention: social choice theory and auction theory. Finally, we present a detailed example of mechanized reasoning in practice by means of a proof of Vickrey's familiar theorem on second-price auctions.
Original languageEnglish
Pages (from-to)26-39
Number of pages14
JournalJournal of Mathematical Economics
Early online date18 Jul 2016
Publication statusPublished - Oct 2016
 - mechanized reasoning, formal methods, social choice theory, auction theory


Parenting culture is the latest hot export from Scandinavia. But what exactly do parents in Europe's far north do differently?
By Linda Åkeson McGurk
November 10, 2017
Mother and son walking in the snow
Credit: Aliyev Alexei Sergeevich/Getty Images
From minimalist design and catchy pop music, to the elusive concept of hygge, people everywhere are swooning over Scandinavian culture. The latest up-and-coming export from Europe's far north? Parenting. And with good reason. When U.S. News ranked the best countries to raise a child in 2017, Sweden came in on top, followed by Norway and Denmark in second and third place. Their strong economies in combination with the most generous parental leave policies in the world naturally help the Scandinavian countries consistently score high in these types of reports. But there's more to the Scandinavian parenting culture than that. Here are five parenting lessons you can learn from Scandinavian moms and dads:
1. There's no such thing as bad weather, only bad clothes
2. Embrace the wild in the child
While wild and dirty kids are often frowned upon in other cultures, digging in the dirt and stomping around in the mud are par for the course for children in Scandinavia. In fact, parents even encourage and cherish messy play, since it's considered an essential part of a good childhood. It can be a boon to children's health, too. Letting them dig in dirt exposes them to healthy bacteria, which in turn can help build a strong immune system, improve gut health, and reduce the risk of asthma and allergies. Some bacteria are even known to trigger the brain's production of the "feel-good" neurotransmitter serotonin. With that in mind, running your washing machine a little more often seems like a small trade-off!
3. Forget the flashcards
Scandinavian parents mainly expect one thing from their children in the early years: that they spend as much time as possible playing. And they have plenty of time for it, since formal schooling doesn't start until age six or seven. Most parents and preschool teachers agree that children will learn what they need to learn when they're ready for it and there is no pressure to teach children how to read and write early. They may be on to something, since research has shown that by age 11, there is no significant difference between children who learn to read at age five and those who learn at age seven. The kicker? Those who learn later have better text comprehension and a more positive attitude toward reading.
4. Freedom fosters responsibility
Busy extra-curricular schedules and a fear of (in no particular order) lawsuits, strangers, nature, traffic, and a surprise visit from Child Protective Services are keeping many American kids under virtual house arrest. Not so much in Scandinavia, where even young children are given the freedom to climb trees, use real tools, play with fire, and walk to the neighborhood playground on their own. By the time they're nine or 10, they're typically expected to get to their after-school activities on their own—by foot, bike, or by using public transit. This, Scandinavian parents believe, helps them learn how to judge risk, make sound decisions, and be responsible, and research suggests that they're right.
5. It's all about the friluftsliv
There's no doubt Scandinavian kids love their TV shows and electronic devices. But young children don't spend nearly as much time in front of screens as their American counterparts, and their parents have a powerful trick to get them to unplug: friluftsliv. Roughly translated to "open-air living," friluftsliv can be described as a way of life that revolves around appreciating and spending time in nature. But you don't have to live in pristine countryside to enjoy friluftsliv—it's all about appreciating nature in everyday life, and walking around the neighborhood or grilling hot dogs in a local park counts, too. In addition to helping parents balance screen time with green time, friluftsliv is a powerful way for children to learn about their role in the natural world, and how to become good stewards of the land. And ultimately, that's probably the most important lesson of them all.
Linda McGurk is a Swedish-American freelance journalist and blogger who lives with her family in rural Indiana. Her writings about natural parenting and outdoor play have appeared in a wide range of newspapers, magazines, and online publications in North America as well as Europe. In 2013, she started the blog Rain or Shine Mamma to inspire outdoor play and adventure every day, regardless of the weather. She is the author of There's No Such Thing as Bad Weather.


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Willaim Chapin |
(1802 - 1888)
William Chapin (1802 - 1888) was a prominent New York and Philadelphia based engraver active in the early part of the 19th century. Though we know little of Chapin's early years he seems to have been an apprenticed at the age of 15 to John Vallance in the Philadelphia firm Tanner, Vallance, Kearny & CO. from 1817. This firm, which is responsible for Tanner's early atlases, had a substantial cartographic corpus. There are records to indicate that Chapin purchased his freedom from Vallance for 125 USD in 1822. In time he established a significant engraving business for himself in Pennsylvania and New York with heavy focus on cartographic material. Fielding suggests that Chapin's large map of the United States is in fact the first published map to be engraved steel in the United States. Around 1839 Chapin seems to have changed careers when he accepted a position as Commissioner of Public Schools in New York. In this capacity Chapin developed an interested in working with and teaching blind children. Chapin began working as headmaster of several schools for the blind in Ohio and New York. His most significant work with the blind took place at Overbrook School for the Blind, where he developed contemporary techniques for teaching and published the first dictionary for the blind. (Fielding, M. & Carr, J. Dictionary of American Painters, Sculptors, and Engravers, p. 61.) Click here for a list of rare and antique maps by William Chapin.
Rare maps by Willaim Chapin currently for sale.
Rare maps by Willaim Chapin in the Geographicus Antique Map Archive.


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Introduction: Easy Card Trick
If you want to explore magic and need a basic trick to amaze your friends, a simple mind reading trick will do. I will go through the steps to help you understand the trick.
Step 1: Preparing the Trick
To start, take the deck and cut it, with half in each hand. Then causally glance at the bottom card of the deck in your right hand. This is your "key card." Make sure you know what it is.
Step 2: Prepping the Cards
Once you have done that, have a friend pick a card from your left hand and memorize it. Have him/her put it on the top of the left hand deck. Put the right hand deck on top of the left one, making sure the the "key card" is directly above your friends card.
Step 3: Finish the Trick and Amaze Your Friend
Flip the deck face up and begin looking through it. When you see the key card stop. The card right before the key card is your friends card. Reveal it and show it to your friend. He or she will be amazed!


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An invisible wall of force appears at a point you specify within casting distance. The direction of this wall of force is up to you: you can make the wall horizontally or vertically bounded, or you can make it incline at an angle. It can float in the air or stand on the ground.
Wall of Force 5e
Casting Time: 1 Action
Range: 120 feet
Components: V, S, M
Duration: Concentration, up to 10 minutes
It can be shaped as a hemisphere or a sphere (with a radius of up to 10 feet), or as a plane of ten 10 ft x 10 ft square plates, each of which must be connected to at least one other plate.
Regardless of the shape, the force field wall is always ¼ inch thick. The force field wall will persist until the spell ends. If the force wall forms through a space occupied by a creature, that creature is pushed to one side of the force wall (it is up to you to decide which side to push to).
Nothing can physically pass through a wall of force. A Wall of Force is immune to all damage and cannot be undone by dispel magic, but the spell disintegrate can cause it to be destroyed immediately. Walls of force can extend into the Etheric plane, and thus can block travel into the Etheric plane through walls.


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Change my Gen 4 server name
Here's how to change the server name for your Generation 4 VPS or Dedicated Server.
- Log into your GoDaddy account. (Need help logging in?)
- In your My Products page, click Servers.
- Next to the Generation 4 server you want to rename, click Manage.
- In the account Dashboard, at the top of the page select Settings.
- In the Server section, next to Server name, click Change.
- Enter a name for the server. The server name must be 1 to 50 characters long, and must include only letters, numbers, spaces, periods, or hyphens.
- Click Save. The new server name appears in the Settings list.


Inspire Positive Action, Build a Better Community, and Support Individuals In Their Recovery.
What We Do
The Dawgpatch Bandits Inc. is a nonprofit organization that operates on a three tier model. 1) Promote and execute endorphin activating physical challenges including, but not limited to, running, swimming, biking and paddling in the natural environment. 2) Plan and build outdoor community projects that promote health and fitness. 3) Support individuals struggling with addiction get the recovery they need.
Why We Do It
We believe that the health of the community and the individual are one. By creating a community that inspires positive action, ambition, and creativity, the individual can do the same.
The idea is to push individuals towards gaining a greater knowledge and understanding of their own physical and mental capabilities, and to combat barriers that may hinder that pursuit.
– Drew Harvey, Dawgpatch Bandits Founder


text:
Definition of Mutuel
1. a system of betting on races [n -S]
Click the following link to bring up a new window with an automated collection of images related to the term: Mutuel Images
Lexicographical Neighbors of Mutuel
Literary usage of Mutuel
Below you will find example usage of this term as found in modern and/or classical literature:
1. Evolution of Credit and Banks in France from the Founding of the Bank of by André Liesse (1909)
"The characteristic of the Credit Agricole mutuel is to give a mutual basis to credit; to offer as security to the lender the joint responsibility of a..."
2. The Encyclopedia Americana: A Library of Universal Knowledge (1918)
"... France the Credit Agricole mutuel represents a development of the Raiffeisen idea. Small local societies had been doing business with moderate success,..."
3. Rural Credits, Land and Cooperative by Myron Timothy Herrick, R. Ingalls (1914)
"Long-term Loans to Associations through Credit Agricole mutuel.—Long-term Loans to Individuals.—Two Methods of Amortization. MUCH private property was..."
4. Baily's Magazine of Sports and Pastimes (1901)
"And if the simple fact that betting with bookmakers takes custom away from the guichets of the Pari mutuel were a sufficient objection to it,..."
Other Resources Relating to: Mutuel


Can you really resist a video called "Cat Smells Another Cat's Fart?"
No, you can't.
Much like our feline friend cannot resist sniffing another cat's butt, you are drawn to this clip because "Cat Smells Another Cat's Fart" is why the internet was invented.
Fun fact -- way back in the '60s when the internet was merely some sort of abstract idea, all those poindexters in their lab coats and ties pushed the tape on their glasses onto the bridges of their noses and proclaimed, "We need to create this interconnected series of computer networks so people can watch videos of cats not only breaking wind, but other cats sniffing their rear ends in the derision and annoyance that only cats can adequately express." Cats smelling farts are the original cat videos of the internet.
So, how about that? In addition to seeing a cat sniff a fart, you got a lesson in the obscure history of the World Wide Web. Animals should pass gas more often, right?


What is the correct spelling for STUDEIES?
Correct spellings for STUDEIES
 - studied In the afternoon I studied.
 - studious At school he was "studious, well-behaved, and distinguished in mathematical studies."
 - Studies He prosecuted his studies with untiring industry and became an excellent scholar without the advantages of European seminaries to which most of the sons of wealthy men were then sent to complete their education.
 - Studios What do you think of the hats you see, not in those wonderful, silk-hung studios, but those you see on the heads of the women in the streets, on mine?
 - studs I pulled the pearl studs out of my pocket.
 - steadies Now she steadies her voice, though she must answer at random.
121 words made from the letters STUDEIES


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Hey, even some pups appreciate the life of the vegan! Natural Balance Vegetarian Formula Dry Dog Food is a safe, healthy way to feed your furry friend an all-natural, completely vegan diet. It contains no dairy products or products derived from meat or dairy sources. Instead, it combines non-meat proteins with nutrient-rich ingredients to ensure your dog gets all of the nourishment she needs in a vegetarian formula.
- Brown Rice has increased levels of B Vitamins and is an excellent source of carbohydrates
- Oatmeal is a rich source of fiber, thiamin, and vitamin E
- Potato protein helps build muscles
- L-Carnitine helps metabolize fat


text:
BIOPHYSICS SEMINARStructural Determinants and Functional Consequences of Protein Partitioning to Membrane Domains
The organization of metazoan membranes into functional domains is a key feature of their physiology. A subset of these domains, known as membrane rafts, has been implicated in a large variety of processes occurring at the plasma membrane. However, the molecular mechanisms by which raft domains regulate cell function remain elusive. Here, we demonstrate that membrane raft association is a necessary and sufficient sorting signal for cell surface localization of integral membrane proteins, and that this raft association is governed by the properties of the protein transmembrane domain. These results begin to define the physical bases for protein raft affinity and establish lateral domain formation in membranes as a mechanism for biosynthetic sorting in mammalian cells.


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Release V6-0 is the latest version of SapphireTrend, Jemmac Software's world leading real-time process visualization package. Headline features in V6-0 include support for displaying digital values using symbols or text on strip-charts, logarithmic scales, optional Plot Title bars and additional Plug-in dll statistics in the Sapphire Collector.
The new pen 'Digitals' option allows the user to define a range of ordinal values for a pen and then use symbols to delimit state change as opposed to a continuous trend line. This significantly de-clutters Strip charts when trending digital values.
- In addition enumerations can be defined so that a textual representation of the data can be displayed in the Item Details Area under the plot. So rather than displaying an integer value of "1" and leaving the user to remember what that means, more meaningful values such as "Closed" or "On" can be displayed instead.
- As an alternative to displaying symbols on the plot, the user can set the symbol style to none and display a text string (Alias) instead, i.e. "Open", "Closed", "On", "Off", etc…
- Where enumerations are used, the actual numeric value can be read via the tooltip on the Pen Pointers (if displayed).
- Pre-defined sets of common digital definitions (for example based on tag definition type) can be stored for future use and loaded into stPro via a dedicated new Sapphire file type of ".SphDigital".
- Note: Template ".SphDigital" files are delivered in the "examples" folder under the Sapphire install path. The files are text based and use a format that is identical to the digital defintion sections as written to Plot files for plot containing digitals. This allows the plot files to be used to seed user and site defined templates for common digital tag types.
The Plot Title Bars can now be removed by right-clicking on the plot and deselecting View->Title Bar. For multi-plot Sessions this increases the visible plot regions height relative to the overall application window size. This gives more visible plot acreage for the same screen size.
- To maintain clarity a new option has been added allowing the plot title to be displayed within the plot window itself when the title bar is removed. Controls have been provided defining the location for the title (i.e. top-left, middle-left etc) and the size of the text to use. A new User Preference has been added for the title colour.
- Note: For added convenience the option to disable the Plot Title Bar and then display, position and size the title within the plot window itself can be quickly copied from one plot to others using the right-click "View->Apply to All" option.
Pens can now use Logarithmic scales instead of linear scales as was the case in previous releases. The setting is on a per pen basis and applies to all graph styles.
- Note: If a pen in logarithmic mode has scales that are out of range for logs (i.e. zero or less) the tick mark labels and the value displayed in the item details area will report that the scales are invalid.
Print Application Window
A new print option called "Print Application Window" has been added allowing a Session (single Tab) to be printed as a whole (including all the plots and maintaining the plot layout.
- Note: With the appropriate third party software installed, stPro can 'print' directly to a PDF document, Image files (via Snag IT or similar) etc.
For more details about SapphireTrend, see the Product page for it.


Last modified July 15, 2020 by John Mcgrath
Qminder logoQminder is a queuing solution for safe, touch-free customer service—greet, inform, and interact with your customers while maintaining safe physical distance. Create Qminder tickets based on user actions within the app and trigger ticket status update messages from Swrve with Swrve's Qminder integration.
Supported actions
Swrve's Qminder integration supports the following actions:
Outbound actions
 - Create a new Qminder ticket; for example, add a customer to a queue.
Inbound actions
 - Process ticket status update events from Qminder.
Use cases
Create Ticket
Using the Qminder connector, Swrve triggers the creation of a ticket in Qminder upon receipt of a selected user action that is configured as a mobile event. There are two main steps involved in triggering ticket creation via the Qminder integration:
 1. Create a custom event in the Swrve SDK for the user action that you want to use to trigger the creation of a ticket; for example, create_ticket.
 2. Create a rule in Swrve that is triggered on receipt of the designated event and uses the Create Ticket action to create the ticket.
The Create Ticket action configuration includes mandatory fields, such as the Swrve User ID and Line ID. If the values vary by user and you want to include them as dynamic content when configuring the rule, ensure the values are included as part of the trigger event payload or set up in Swrve as a user property.
Send push notification
The Qminder connector sends ticket status events to Swrve, which you can use to trigger push notifications in Swrve. For example, when a customer's ticket is called, use the receipt of the Ticket Called event to trigger a rule in Swrve that sends a push notification to a user with pertinent details about their ticket (line number, ticket status, desk number, and so forth).
Qminder configuration
In most instances, your CSM will set up your Qminder configuration, however you might need to provide them with certain credentials. To view your active Swrve integrations, on the Manage menu, select Adaptors.
Step 1: To access the configuration settings, on the Qminder card, select Configure.
Step 2: Complete the following fields as required:
Field Description
API Key Your Qminder API access key
Step 3: To save the configuration settings, select Save.
After you select Save, the configuration status changes to Active and the Deactivate button is available. If you Activate or Deactivate the configuration at any time, the changes apply to both the outbound and inbound actions.
Configuring Qminder actions
This section describes the fields that are included when creating a new rule using the selected action. For certain inbound actions, Swrve automatically creates a rule, while your CSM will likely configure any outbound actions. Most fields have the option to manually enter the value or to select a user property from the list to have Swrve automatically populate the value when the rule is processed.
Create Ticket
Adds a user to a line in Qminder. Complete the following fields to include the values required to create the ticket.
Field Description
Swrve User ID The Swrve User ID of the user to create the ticket for.
Line The Line ID to create the ticket under.
First Name The user's first name. (Optional)
Last Name The user's last name. (Optional)
Phone Number The user's phone number. (Optional)
Email The user's email address. (Optional)
Source PHONE, MANUAL, or NAME. (Optional)
Extra Attributes Custom fields/values to attach to the ticket. (Optional)
Scheduling Options Send Immediately – the action is performed as soon as the rule is triggered.
Send after – the action is performed after X minutes, hours or days.
Inbound actions
The Qminder inbound actions use webhooks with the Qminder system to receive asynchronous ticket status update events. The webhooks are set up when you activate the Qminder integration. Qminder sends the following events to Swrve:
Event Description
Ticket Called Ticket has been called.
Ticket Cancelled Ticket has been cancelled (removed).
Ticket Changed Ticket has been changed (edited) or a label was added.
Ticket Created Ticket has been created.
Ticket Recalled Ticket has been recalled.
Ticket Served Ticket has been served.


size="2"> } finally { LeaveCriticalSection(); }} except(ExceptionFilter()) { ReportException();} Assuming that ExceptionFilter() returns EXCEPTION_EXECUTE_HANDLER, in what order will these functions be called? It goes like this:EnterCriticalSection();DoSomething();RaiseException();ExceptionFilter();LeaveCriticalSection();ReportException(); ... that is, the exception filter--which is deciding how to deal with the exception--is called before the termination handlers on the stack are executed. This is pretty obvious if you recall that with a continuable exception, the filter may return EXCEPTION_CONTINUE_EXECUTION, causing execution to resume from the point where the exception was raised. In that case, DoSomethingElse() would be called, and you wouldn't want to have left the critical section--that'll happen when DoSomethingElse() returns. The implications get interesting. If an exception filter is wrapping code the author doesn't control (say, it's making a call into some other dll), it can't know very much about the state of the thread and the system. The thread might be impersonating, it might be holding locks, who knows? This limits what the exception filter can do. For instance, if the thread faulted in the heap, it might be holding the heap lock (since the heap lock's dropped in a termination handler); another thread might be holding the loader lock and attempting to acquire the heap lock, so if the faulting thread blocks on the loader lock, it'll deadlock. It takes some thought to get this right. The moral is, unless you fully understand and control the code your exception filter is wrapping, you can't make assumptions about the state of the system in your exception filter. (Standard Microsoft disclaimer: This posting is provided "AS IS" with no warranties, and confers no rights.)Rob Earhart


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Coins (also referred to as gold pieces, gp, gold, or simply money) are the most common form of currency in Old School RuneScape. They can be used to represent the value of virtually every single tradeable item in the game, as well as various services offered throughout.
When the number of coins in a single stack exceeds 99,999, then the examine text reads "____ x Coins", where the blank is the exact number of coins in the stack. If there is less than that, the examine text reads "Lovely money!" when examined in the inventory. When a stack of coins on the ground is examined, the examine will always show the exact amount.
Players often refer to one thousand (1,000) coins as 1k and one million (1,000,000) coins as 1m or 1mil. Both can be applied to larger numbers, for example, 10m refers to ten million coins (10,000,000). More rarely, 1b or 1bil refers to one billion coins (1,000,000,000).
Alchemy spells, which create coins, cannot be cast on coins. If a player attempts it, a message will inform the player that "Coins are already made of gold." You can, however, turn other items made of gold like gold ore and gold bars into coins.
The alternate terms for coins have seen seldom official usage since RuneScape Classic was replaced by RuneScape 2. One of the only NPCs who say "GP" ingame is the brewer dwarf in Keldagrim. The reason given is that he prefers to associate with gold at the expense of proper terminology. Additionally, when the glassblower was added to Entrana, he always referred to coins as 'gold pieces'. Another instance that a player may find coins referred to as "gp" is when attempting to pass through the gates to Al-Kharid, right-clicking upon the gate will give the player the option to spend 10 gp to go through.
- 3 coins respawn can be found from Varrock West Bank basement, more can be telegrabbed from the locked room.
- There are a few coin spawns in the room with Elvarg.
- There are a few coin spawns in the Taverley Dungeon near ghosts.
- There are a few coin spawns in the Haunted Mine.
- There are a few coin spawns in the King Black Dragon's den.
- There are a few coin spawns in the Asgarnian Ice Dungeon.
- There are some 5-coin spawns in Varrock Sewers near the red spiders.
- Asking Anja at Rimmington for some free stuff, will lead to a long dialogue, followed by Anja giving 1 to 3 coins.
- There are some gold spawns all over the Wilderness.
- There are 7 coins that spawn in the Edgeville Dungeon.
Real world trading
Some players purchase coins in exchange for real-world money using websites such as eBay. This is known as real world trading. Although players can potentially gain monetary value within RuneScape by such means, this method is not recommended, as Rule #12 of the RuneScape Code of Conduct forbids the trading of RuneScape items for items outside of RuneScape, and can result in a player ban.
- Coins appear in the inventory as plain flat cylinders, but during Grim Tales, it is revealed that coins have more intricate designs imprinted on their faces.
- During the quest Shilo Village, there is an item that looks like coins in one of the tunnels; however, the coins can be picked up only by use of Telekinetic Grab. They are not the same as normal coins, being non-stackable and untradeable. If a player tries to pick them up without Telekinetic Grab, they will be attacked and the coins will turn to dust.
- The maximum number of coins in a stack is 2,147,483,647, because RuneScape uses 32-bit signed integers to store values, which are unable to represent a higher number. Theoretically it would be possible to use higher values by storing them in larger data types like long (64-bit integer with a maximum value of 9,223,372,036,854,775,807).
- • • • •
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Definition from Wiktionary, the free dictionary
See also: Ἰουδαῖος
The terms used in Greek for the Jewish people vary in their shades of meaning:
- Εβραίος m (Evraíos) refers to the Hebrews and their religious background and the associated religious culture. It is the dominant word in use today for the Jews in general.
- Ιουδαίος m (Ioudaíos) is an older term and covers ethnic, religious, historical and cultural meanings.
- Ισραηλίτης m (Israilítis) covers only the religious aspect.
- Ισραηλινός m (Israilinós) is a term for anyone who lives or is from the modern state of Israel.


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This repository
branch: master
a C++ library for parsing and manipulating VCF files.
author: Erik Garrison
license: MIT
The Variant Call Format (VCF) is a flat-file, tab-delimited textual format intended to concisely describe reference-indexed variations between individuals. VCF provides a common interchange format for the description of variation in individuals and populations of samples, and has become the defacto standard reporting format for a wide array of genomic variant detectors.
vcflib provides methods to manipulate and interpret sequence variation as it can be described by VCF. It is both:
 - an API for parsing and operating on records of genomic variation as it can be described by the VCF format,
 - and a collection of command-line utilities for executing complex manipulations on VCF files.
The API itself provides a quick and extremely permissive method to read and write VCF files. Extensions and applications of the library provided in the included utilities (*.cpp) comprise the vast bulk of the library's utility for most users.
vcflib provides a variety of functions for VCF manipulation:
 - Generate haplotype-aware intersections (vcfintersect -i), unions (vcfintersect -u), and complements (vcfintersect -v -i).
 - Overlay-merge multiple VCF files together, using provided order as precedence (vcfoverlay).
 - Combine multiple VCF files together, handling samples when alternate allele descriptions are identical (vcfcombine).
 - Validate the integrity and identity of the VCF by verifying that the VCF record's REF matches a given reference file (vcfcheck).
format conversion
 - Convert a VCF file into a per-allele or per-genotype tab-separated (.tsv) file (vcf2tsv).
 - Store a VCF file in an SQLite3 database (
 - Make a BED file from the intervals in a VCF file (
filtering and subsetting
 - Filter variants and genotypes using arbitrary expressions based on values in the INFO and sample fields (vcffilter).
 - Randomly sample a subset of records from a VCF file, given a rate (vcfrandomsample).
 - Select variants of a certain type (vcfsnps, vcfbiallelic, vcfindels, vcfcomplex, etc.)
 - Annotate one VCF file with fields from the INFO column of another, based on position (vcfaddinfo, vcfintersect).
 - Incorporate annotations or targets provided by a BED file (vcfannotate, vcfintersect).
 - Examine genotype correspondence between two VCF files by annotating samples in one file with genotypes from another (vcfannotategenotypes).
 - Annotate variants with the distance to the nearest variant (vcfdistance).
 - Count the number of alternate alleles represented in samples at each variant record (vcfaltcount).
 - Subset INFO fields to decrease file size and processing time (vcfkeepinfo).
 - Lighten up VCF files by keeping only a subset of per-sample information (vcfkeepgeno).
 - Numerically index alleles in a VCF file (vcfindex).
 - Sort variants by genome coordinate (vcfstreamsort).
 - Remove duplicate variants in vcfstreamsort'ed files according to their REF and ALT fields (vcfuniq).
variant representation
 - Break multiallelic records into multiple records (vcfbreakmulti), retaining allele-specific INFO fields.
 - Combine overlapping biallelic records into a single record (vcfcreatemulti).
 - Decompose complex variants into a canonical SNP and indel representation (vcfallelicprimitives), generating phased genotypes for available samples.
 - Reconstitute complex variants provided a phased VCF with samples (vcfgeno2haplo).
 - Left-align indel and complex variants (vcfleftalign).
genotype manipulation
 - Set genotypes in a VCF file provided genotype likelihoods in the GL field (vcfglxgt).
 - Establish putative somatic variants using reported differences between germline and somatic samples (vcfsamplediff).
 - Remove samples for which the reported genotype (GT) and observation counts disagree (AO, RO) (vcfremoveaberrantgenotypes).
interpretation and classification of variants
 - Obtain aggregate statistics about VCF files (vcfstats).
 - Print the receiver-operating characteristic (ROC) of one VCF given a truth set (vcfroc).
 - Annotate VCF records with the Shannon entropy of flanking sequence (vcfentropy).
 - Calculate the heterozygosity rate (vcfhetcount).
 - Generate potential primers from VCF records (vcfprimers), to check for genome uniqueness.
 - Convert the numerical represenation of genotypes provided by the GT field to a human-readable genotype format (vcfgenotypes).
 - Observe how different alignment parameters, including context and entropy-dependent ones, influence variant classification and interpretation (vcfremap).
 - Classify variants by annotations in the INFO field using a self-organizing map (vcfsom); re-estimate their quality given known variants.
A number of "helper" perl and python scripts (e.g., vcfbiallelic) further extend functionality.
In practice, users are encouraged to drive the utilities in the library in a streaming fashion, using pipes, to fully utilize resources on multi-core systems during interactive work. Piping provides a convenient method to interface with other libraries (vcf-tools, BedTools, GATK, htslib, bcftools, freebayes) which interface via VCF files, allowing the composition of an immense variety of processing functions.
See src/vcfecho.cpp for basic usage. src/Variant.h and src/Variant.cpp describe methods available in the API. vcflib is incorporated into several projects, such as freebayes, which may provide a point of reference for prospective developers. Additionally, developers should be aware of that vcflib contains submodules (git repositories) comprising its dependencies (outside of lzib and a *nix environment).
vcflib includes submodules, so to obtain vcflib you have to use:
% git clone --recursive git://
% git clone --recursive
To build, use Make:
% cd vcflib
% make
Executables are built into the./bin directory in the repository. A number of shell, perl, python, and R scripts already reside there. This makes installation easy, as users can add vcflib/bin to their path, or copy the contained executables to a directory already in their path.
usage: vcf2tsv [-n null_string] [-g] [vcf file]
Converts stdin or given VCF file to tab-delimited format, using null string to replace empty values in the table.
Specifying -g will output one line per sample with genotype information.
usage: vcfaddinfo
Adds info fields from the second file which are not present in the first vcf file.
Uses allele frequencies in the AF info column to estimate phylogeny at multiallelic sites.
usage: vcfallelicprimitives [options] [file]
 -m, --use-mnps Retain MNPs as separate events (default: false)
 -t, --tag-parsed FLAG Tag records which are split apart of a complex allele
 with this flag
If multiple alleleic primitives (gaps or mismatches) are specified in
a single VCF record, split the record into multiple lines, but drop all
INFO fields. "Pure" MNPs are split into multiple SNPs unless the -m
flag is provided. Genotypes are phased where complex alleles have been
decomposed, provided genotypes in the input.
Counts the number of alternate alleles in the record.
usage: vcfannotate [options] []
 -b, --bed use annotations provided by this BED file
 -k, --key use this INFO field key for the annotations
 -d, --default use this INFO field key for records without annotations
Intersect the records in the VCF file with targets provided in a BED file.
Intersections are done on the reference sequences in the VCF file.
If no VCF filename is specified on the command line (last argument) the VCF
read from stdin.
usage: vcfannotategenotypes
annotates genotypes in the first file with genotypes in the second adding the
genotype as another flag to each sample filed in the first file.
annotation-tag is the name of the sample flag which is added to store the
annotation. also adds a 'has\_variant' flag for sites where the second file has
a variant.
usage: vcfbreakmulti [options] [file]
If multiple alleles are specified in a single record, break the record into
multiple lines, preserving allele-specific INFO fields.
usage: vcfcheck [options]
options: -f, --fasta-reference FASTA reference file to use to obtain
 primer sequences
Verifies that the VCF REF field matches the reference as described.
Removes reference-matching sequence from complex alleles and adjusts records to reflect positional change.
usage: vcfcombine [vcf file] [vcf file]...
 -h --help This text.
 -r --region REGION A region


text:
I'm sure you have heard by now that AutoCAD 2007 has gotten a major overhaul in its 3D Modeling capabilities. These changes wouldn't make much difference if they didn't improve lighting, materials and rendering as well. In this posting I take a look at some of the new lighting improvements at a very basic level.
AutoCAD 2007 supports 4 different types of light sources (5 if you are going to count default lighting). The four different types of lights are Point, Spotlight, Distant and Sun light. Point, Spotlight, and Distant lights were all available in previous releases of AutoCAD that supported rendering (all the way back to R13). Point lights are lights that emit light in all directions, and are similar to a candle or a common household light bulb and as the light moves further away from the source it gets dimmer. A spotlight, would be similar to a flash light as it emits in a specific direction and as the light gets further away from the source it gets dimmer.
- Point light
- Distant light
Distant lights are lights that emit light along a specified vector, but the light does not get dimmer the further away from the source that it gets. A distant light would be similar to the sun, the angle and direction affects how the light is emitted. Sunlight is really a specific distant light that allows you to control the time and day of the sun, and its position through longitudinal and latitudinal values. All lights can be selected in the model using the Lights in Model palette or in some cases light with the point and spotlights can be selected and manipulated directly in the model using grips.
That is about all the time I have for now on lights, until next time.


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- slide 1 of 4
There are two ways of fighting fire on board a ship - by using portable marine fire fighting equipments or by using different types of fixed fire fighting installations. The type of system used for fighting fire depends on the intensity and type of fire. Moreover, not all types of fixed fire installation systems can be used for any type of ship. A specific type of fixed fire fighting installation can be used only for a certain type of ship. In this article we will learn about a ship's fire main or the main fire fighting installation system.
- slide 2 of 4
A ship's main emergency fire system consist of a specific number of fire hydrants located at strategic positions across the ship. A series of dedicated pumps are provided to supply to these fire hydrants. The number and capacity of pumps required for a particular type of ship is decided by an international governing authority.
All these pumps are supplied power from the main power system. Apart from that, an emergency fire pump is also provided, which is located remote from the machinery space. The emergency fire pump has its own independent means of power source, which can be used to take over in case of main power failure.
Moreover, all the hydrant outlets are provided with an isolating valve so as to isolate those valves which are not in use. The fire hydrants are also provided with standard size flanges in order to attach hoses which have nozzles attached to them. All the hoses are provided with snap in connectors for easy and quick engaging and disengaging operation. The nozzles attached to the hoses are generally of two types - jet and spray, depending on the type of discharge required for extinguishing the fire. Both the nozzles can be adjusted according to the type of spray and flow required, which could be played over the fire to cool it without spreading.
The pumps are connected with the main sea water connection, having appropriate head to prevent any type of suction problem. The valves supplying water to these pumps are always kept open to provide a constant supply of sea water to fight fire at any point of time. Though sea water is the best mode of fighting fire, the main emergency fire fighting system can only be used on fires of Type A. However, in case of class B fires, if all modes for extinguishing fire fails, sea water from main emergency system can be used.
- slide 3 of 4
International Shore Coupling
The standard sized flanges provided at every strategically positioned hydrant are known as international shore connection. The international shore connections are always carried on all the ships and has standard dimensions decided by an international governing authority. The flange is also slotted in order to fit any shore side fire main and bring water onto the ship whenever required. The practice of international shore coupling has been followed to prevent difficulties at time of emergency when an external help is providing relief work.
- slide 4 of 4


text:
Chemical Soup spreads through North West communities and encourages parents to Take 7 Steps Out
Arsenic, toilet cleaner and nail varnish remover aren't the usual ingredients you would give your children this autumn – but parents who smoke in the North West are being reminded that this could be the case unless they take '7 steps' out of the house when smoking.
The advice follows a series of sessions which took place in the North West over the last year as part of the 'Chemical Soup' initiative which educated parents, volunteers and health workers about the dangers of second hand cigarette smoke.
Developed by Tobacco Free Futures and children's charity Barnardo's working in partnership with Manchester Stop Smoking Service, the 'chemical soup kit' complete with cooking pot and fake hazardous liquids, was presented to attendees in a fun and visual way and highlighted some of the harmful chemicals in cigarette smoke. Of more than 4,000 chemicals in cigarette smoke, 60 are known to cause cancer as well as avoidable childhood illnesses.
A new survey of more than 1000 participants who completed the training revealed that almost three quarters (71%) who indicated their homes were not smoke free before the session pledged to make their homes smoke free following it.
Elaine Samson a Carer from Blackburn with Darwen said: "I used to be a smoker for thirty years and I never realised that there are more than 4,000 chemicals in a cigarette.
"My husband and daughter are smokers and I'm going to share what I've learnt with them both so that they know how to protect others from the harms of secondhand smoke."
This community activity was the next stage of the successful Take 7 Steps Out campaign – which encourages smokers to smoke outside of their home, especially when children are in the house – and delivered jointly by Tobacco Free Futures and Barnardo's.


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This article provides the instructions to create and configure a Google Slides card, which is ideal for displaying information from a Google Slides presentation file on a TV, by simply configuring the card with:
- a shareable public link to a file on Google Drive, for G Suite accounts without administrative authentication controls.
- a shareable private link to a file on Google Drive, for G Suite accounts with administrative authentication controls.
If your organization has administrative controls enabled for your G Suite accounts, then an Appspace account owner/administrator must configure the Google Slides card theme to input the Google authentication credentials in place. A user who wishes to display his Google Slides file via the card, must then make the file shareable and publish to the web, before adding the link in the card.
The new card also has the following features:
- Improved security via card authentication.
- Ability to customize the slide duration.
- New custom template and themes.
What's in this article:
- Ensure your device is compatible. Refer to Compatible Appspace Cards.
- Account Owner, Publisher, or Editor (author) role in Appspace required to create Google Slides card.
- Account Owner or administrator role in Appspace required to configure authentication on Google Slides card theme (optional).
- A shareable private/public link to the Google Slides file.
Configure Google Slides Card
To configure the card, follow the instructions below:
- Configure Google Authentication (Optional)
- Create a Google Shared Link
- Create and Configure Google Slides Card
Configure Google Authentication
Follow the instructions below to configure the Google Slides card theme with the G Suite account authentication. Appspace Account Owner role required.
- Navigate to System > Cards from the Appspace menu on the left navigation bar, and click the Themes tab.
- Select Google Slides from the Filter By drop-down menu, and click the Duplicate icon of the Base Theme.
- Enter in a name for the card theme, and click the Authenticate button.
- Select or enter in your G Suite credentials, and click Allow to enable Appspace to access the Google account.
- Click Save once the card is authenticated.
Create Shareable Link
Follow the instructions below to create a shareable link to your file on Google Drive:
- Follow the steps outlined in the Publish a file to the web section, from this Google Help site: _URL_
- Click the Publish button, and close the window.
- Follow the "Share a single file" instructions in the "Step 1: Find the file you want to share" section, from this Google Help site: _URL_
- In the "Step 2: Choose who to share with & how they can use your file" section ensure you select one of the following options:
- Share a link to the file – Select this option to get a shareable link to a secured Google file, to be used in an authenticated Google card.
- Share a file publicly – Select this option to get a shareable Google file, to be used in an unauthenticated Google card.
- Copy the shareable link to the Google file and proceed to the next section below.
Create and Configure Google Slides Card
Follow the instructions below to create and configure the card. Account Owner, Publisher, or Editor (author) role required.
- Click the QUICK ACTION menu on the top right and select Create Card, and proceed to step 3 below. Or click Library from the Appspace Menu navigation bar on the left, and proceed to step 2 below.
- Select the desired folder in the library, and click the ADD button, and select Create Card.
- Select Google Slides from the Filter by template menu, and select a desired card template.
- Enter in the Google Slides shareable URL obtained earlier.
- Select the interval duration between slides. Default is set to 8 seconds. If Manual is selected, user input (such as a mouse) is required to switch the slides, use the laser pointer, and jump to a specific slide.
- Once customizations have been made, click Next.
- In the Save tab, enter in the Title, as this is a mandatory field. Optionally, you may enter in the Article, Caption, Content Expiry, Content Tags and even upload a custom thumbnail for the content.
- Click Save to complete, and you may now proceed to add the card into a playlist channel.


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Some scientific phenomena in the ocean or atmosphere, such as wind and current, are normally measured with a pair of variables. The pair can be either magnitude (speed) and direction, where magnitude measures how fast wind or water flows, and direction measures the direction of the flow. These can also be measured as U and V components, where U is the velocity toward east, and V is the velocity toward north. This blog describes the capabilities of visualizing wind and ocean current data in ArcGIS, as well as the workflow for preparing layers for visualization.
To visualize wind or water flow, it is common to use vectors to symbolize size, color to represent speed, and symbol angle to represent flow direction. So how can you visualize the two rasters, either magnitude and direction variables, or U and V components? ArcGIS has a vector field data type and special renders for this purpose.
Visualize wind data in ArcGIS Pro
The map displays wind data on top of a temperature layer for the continental United States. The layer is composed of U and V components of wind, and displayed using the wind barb symbol of the Vector Field renderer. More vector symbol types are supported; see this help topic for more information on how to work with the Vector Field renderer in ArcGIS Pro.
Visualize an imagery layer of ocean current data using Map Viewer
This imagery layer in ArcGIS Image for ArcGIS Online contains magnitude and direction variables of ocean currents. The map displays using the Vector Symbol renderer in Map Viewer, in which arrows point to the flow direction and color indicates the speed. Since the imagery layer is multidimensional, the time slider can be used to animate wind flow through time.
Visualize an imagery layer of wind using Animated Flow Renderer
How to prepare data for visualization
Wind and ocean current data is often stored in netCDF, GRIB, or HDF format, either as a single file or multiple files. There are a few ways to prepare a layer with the vector field from the data, depending on which product you use. The key is the Vector Field raster function, which composes the two variables that describe speed and direction into a two-band raster with a vector field type. The type is Vector-MagDir if the two variables represent magnitude and direction, or Vector-UV if the two variables represent U and V components. The recommended workflows of preparing data in ArcGIS Pro, ArcGIS Image for ArcGIS Online and ArcGIS Enterprise are outlined below.
Prepare data using ArcGIS Pro
You can create a raster layer of the vector field and visualize it in ArcGIS Pro, or prepare a dataset with the vector field, and publish a vector field-ready imagery layer from it in ArcGIS Online and ArcGIS Enterprise.
Workflow 1: Create a vector field layer directly from the data
You can use the following workflow if the two variables are in one multidimensional raster file, such as a netCDF, HDF, GRIB, or CRF file:
- Click the Add Data button and choose the Add Multidimensional Raster Layer tool.
- Check the check boxes for two variables that represent magnitude and direction (or U and V components).
- Choose an option for Output Configuration. In this example, it is Vector Field (Magnitude-Direction), as indicated above. Define the corresponding variable type, as shown below, and click OK to create the layer.
A layer with Vector-MagDir type will be added to the map and it will be displayed using the vector field render by default. You can also save the data to a vector field-ready Cloud Raster Format (CRF) using the Copy Raster tool.
Note: This layer is a function raster layer containing a Vector Field raster function. You can also add the two variables to the map and create a layer using the Vector Field raster function. If the two variables are stored in two files, you can also use this workflow, adding the two variables as two separate raster layers to create a layer using the Vector Field raster function.
Workflow 2: Create a dataset of vector field type from multiple files
When your data is stored in multiple files, you can use a mosaic dataset and a vector field processing template to create a vector field-ready dataset. Here, we use NetCDF files as an example to outline the workflow:
- Create a mosaic dataset using the Create Mosaic Dataset geoprocessing tool.
- Open the Add Rasters to Mosaic Dataset tool and for Raster Type, choose NetCDF. If your data is in other formats, you can choose an appropriate raster type here.
- Set the input path containing your data and click the Raster Type button (blue box). The Raster Type Properties page appears.
- On the page, click Variables in the left panel and select two variables in the right panel, then define the type for each variable; in this example, it is U and V. Next, click Processing in the left panel and choose Vector Field.
- Click OK to add data, and a mosaic dataset will be created with a Vector-UV type.
- For better display performance, you can convert the mosaic dataset to CRF format using the Copy Raster tool, and this output CRF will have a Vector-UV raster type.
Create a vector field imagery layer in ArcGIS Online
There are two ways to create a vector field imagery layer in ArcGIS Online: One is to first create an imagery layer from the source files containing the two variables, then create a vector field imagery layer by composing a function template and running raster analytics. The created imagery layer will have either a Vector-UV or Vector-MagDir type. This workflow is entirely web based and requires that you have image analysis privilege. The other method is to use ArcGIS Pro to create a vector field dataset, such as CRF, from which to create a vector field imagery layer directly in ArcGIS Online. I recommend you use this method if you have ArcGIS Pro, because it will upload only the two required variables in ArcGIS Online which saves storage, and you can publish it directly without having to run raster analytics which requires image analysis privileges.
Workflow 3: Create a vector field imagery layer from source files
You can create a vector field imagery layer directly from the source files, such as data in netCDF, HDF, GRIB, or CRF format. Before you start, make sure your account has the ArcGIS Image for ArcGIS Online user type extension license with hosted imagery publishing and image analysis privileges. Refer to this help topic for information about privileges to publish a hosted imagery layer, as well as the choice of tiled or dynamic imagery layers.
To create a multidimensional imagery layer, complete the following steps:
- Click the My Contenttab and click the New item
- Choose the Imagery layer option to open the Create Imagery Layers
- Choose the Tiled Imagery Layer Both tiled and dynamic imagery layers are supported for visualizing vector field data.
- For the layer configuration option, choose One Image if your data is stored in a single file, or choose One Mosaicked Image if your data is stored in multiple files.
- In the Select input imagery box, click Browse or drag your files or the whole CRF folder into the box.
- Click Next to define your layer name, tags, summary, and folder to save.
- Choose Create to start layer creation.
It will create a single imagery layer with all the variables available including the two variables for the Vector Field raster function in the next step.
Note: If the data is stored in two separate raster files, you can create two layers by going through the workflow steps above twice.
To create a vector field imagery layer, complete the following steps:
This will take the two variables in the imagery layer in the previous step, and create a vector field imagery layer using the Vector Field raster function. Use Map Viewer Classic if the Raster Function Editor is not yet available in the standard Map Viewer.
- Open the multidimensional imagery layer created above in Map Viewer Classic, click the Raster Function Editor button (in blue box).
2. In the Raster Function Editor, search for the Multidimensional Filter function and Vector Field function in the System category and create a function chain the same as the one in the following diagram. You can save the raster function template, or directly bring it to the Raster Analysis pane without saving. Click OK to continue and prepare for raster analysis.
Note: If U and V (or Magnitude and Direction) are created in two separate imagery layers, Match Variables option in Multidimensional Rules needs to be unchecked. Multidimensional Rules are located in Edit Properties, the first button at top-right corner of the Raster Function Editor.
3. Define the input parameters for the template.
a. In the first Multidimensional Filter function, select the first variable, for U or magnitude.
b. In the second Multidimensional Filter function, select the second variable, for V or direction.
c. Choose an option for Input Data Type from the combo box. It is either U-V or Magnitude-Direction; make sure the type matches the selected variables. And define the Output Data Type to be Magnitude-Direction.
d. Provide an output name and click Run Analysis to the create imagery layer.
The output will be a vector field-ready imagery layer.
Workflow 4: Create an imagery layer from a vector field-ready CRF
Sometimes you may have a CRF with a vector field type created in ArcGIS Pro. You can create an imagery layer from this CRF using the first portion of workflow 3 above, described in the ArcGIS Online workflow section. The layer created will be vector field ready.
Publish an imagery layer for ArcGIS Enterprise
To publish a vector field imagery layer for ArcGIS Enterprise, you can either publish from your portal or publish using ArcGIS Pro.
Workflow 5: Publish from your portal
To publish from


text:
Part II - Problems with Current Gait
Problems with Current Gait Analysis Work:
- Carry-line has not been recognized
- Foot offset has not been recognized
- Stride specifics are not understood
- Inaccurate measurement of the step
- Line of progression is not an
appropriate reference line for angular measurements
- No standard reference position
- Conflicting and inaccurate
- Measurements are taken at the
- Aberrations aren't measured as a
1. Carry-line has not been recognized.
Stride = carry + step (vectors).
person takes a step with the left foot, as they walk the
right foot has to be brought up to and then pass the
left foot while in the air, in order to take its own
step. This action is called the "carry".
discussions question how a person can walk with
radically different step lines and still show no
problems in gait. Disregarding the carry is the critical
error which leads to the confusion. Carry is the
distance equalization mechanism for the total distance
traveled by each foot.
Thus, when the left foot
takes a 15" step, the right foot is "carried" for 15".
Then, the right foot moves forward with a step of 20",
followed by the 20" carry of the left foot. For one full
stride, the left foot moves forward by a step of 15"
PLUS a carry of 20", for total of 35", and the right
moves forward with a carry of 15" PLUS a step of 20",
for a total of 35". (Note: These numbers come out even
because I assume there are no turns over the step. If
there are, as is probably the usual case, opposing step
and carries are not equal, and accounts for left/right
foot distance variations when turning.)
can be easily controlled, but carry-line changes as a
consequence of the other foot's previous step-line, foot
offset and foot angle, as well as the current step's
push-off angle, aberrations, pelvic stretch (and
straddle-line). So, distance and direction variations in
one foot are reflected by changes in the corresponding
carry-line for the other foot.
must be included as a distinct distance unit.
2. Foot offset has not been recognized.
Foot offset describes how far a person puts their
foot to the side of the straight line for that foot,
entails a rotation of the step-out line, and shows the
contribution from pelvic joint rotations to direction
control. Rotation at either pelvic joint results in foot
It's a direction parameter with a
side-step part, resulting in a lateral mass shift, as
well as a direction change via rotation of the foot-line
along with the step-out line. This foot-line rotation,
however, is not a foot angle change, since foot angle
uses the step-out line as its 0 reference.
may be why foot offset hasn't been defined until now. It
took a logical analysis, not a measurement, to discover
it. Measures using the "line of progression" read all
foot-line rotations as from foot angle, with no way to
distinguish the contribution from foot offset.
Foot offset and foot angle are separate direction
parameters which have different characteristics and
controls. Foot offset is changed by real or apparent
lateral rotation at either pelvic joint, as well as
lateral movement at the knee and ankle joints. Foot
angle is changed by real or apparent foot-line rotation
around the 3D step-out-line axis.
must be included as a separate direction entity.
3. Stride specifics are not understood.
Comparison of right and left heel to heel stride
measurements is not valid as the sole determinant of
direction change. The right stride is related to
different parts of two consecutive left strides (The
step of the first plus the carry of the second.), and
vice versa. Several consecutive measurements would
minimize this error.
And, measured equality of
stride lines doesn't guarantee the person is walking
a) The paths of 2 people both "walking
straight" may diverge if they're not walking straight in
the same way.
b) A person walking a straight
stride may be turning with every step ( I think this is
how everyone normally walks. Walking is a controlled
stagger. A person is virtually always engaged in
turning, according to the lower frame, even if walking
Stride-line (and walking base) is a
product of 9 distance and 5 direction elements, and is
also the vector sum of the step and carry lines. It is
not equivalent to 2 steps. Stride = carry + step
4. Inaccurate measurement of the step length.
First, it has to be clarified what's being described
with the step length (line). To this method, it's an
accurate measurement of the distance traveled by the
foot over the step, measured from heel-points.
Current literature shows 2 main ways to measure "step
1) Left heel-edge to right heel-edge,
and vice versa. (This measurement does not accurately
describe the total distance traveled by the foot over
the step. It includes a part from the pelvis, and shows
a different variation with respect to foot offset than
the accurate measurement. I call this L/R-line (but,
taken from heel-points) see Fig.6)
2) Step =
Stride/2. This is a measure that splits stride length in
two. And, that's all it is.
step-(carry-) line are wrt the appropriate heel-point in
the standard start position. This accurately defines the
distance traveled by the foot over the step (carry).
Also, even in the clinical literature there's the
occasional reference to step length with respect to
direction change, saying that different right vs left
step lengths will cause a person to change direction.
This does not happen. Differences in step length for the
left and right feet can not change direction, only
However, since L/R-line is changed by
foot offset (as is the step-line), and L/R-line is what
many currently define as "step length", direction
changes associated with foot offset may appear to result
from the change in the L/R-line. But, change in the
L/R-line is a consequence of the foot offset, not the
5. "Line of progression" is not an
appropriate reference line for angular measurements.
The "line of progression" is a decision about
direction based on the motion of a mass unit or the
position of footfalls. It's a very inaccurate reference
line for the measurement of direction parameters like
If based on a mass unit, it's motion
is what it shows, and if based on footfalls, it varies
with foot offset and aberrations.
inhibits the recognition of foot offset, since foot-line
rotations due to foot angle vs foot offset appear as all
from foot angle.
There are 5 consecutive
"straight lines forward" which are used as references
over the course of a step. These allow the tracking of
direction change over the entire step, as contributions
from each of the 4 parameters relevant for direction.
6. No standard reference position.
There are two separate distance units involved when
the foot is in swing phase, the carry and step lines.
Since the foot is in the air, and it could have any
number of different paths while in the air, how can the
two be separated?
This requires the application
of an arbitrary, theoretical reference position. The
most logical choice for this is the "standard start
position", which is based on the pelvic joint positions
and start heel-point at heel-contact.
"reference-heel-point", where the step-foot is in the
air in the standard start position, is the stop/start
point for carry/step lines, resp.
But, the foot
never has to pass over the standard position, and the
person never has to take up the orientation of the
standard grid except at the snapshot. Those details are
matters for observation, not definition.
reference position is valid because of the vector nature
of all the measured distances.
7. Conflicting and inaccurate definitions.
While I'd like to conform to definitions that are in
current use, it's not possible. The same terms are used
to describe different things, and vice versa, depending
who you talk to. Unfortunately, literal terms like step
length and stride length have been used to describe
In order to have any
kind of discussion, terminology has to be standardized,
even for just this paper. All the definitions I've
created are unique, and many are accurate versions of
currently used terms. So, there was a bit of a dilemma.
Question: How can the new terms be distinguished
from current, inaccurate versions of the same ones?
Answer: I use the designation "line" when referring
to an accurate quantity.
Any measured distance
can be connected with a straight line. Every line has a
length. So, reference to the step "line" is a reference,
ipso facto, to the step "length", and vice versa. This
avoids the vast majority of conflicts, and highlights
the vector nature of all the measured distances.
8. Measurements are taken at the heel-edge.
Heel-edge measurements are not accurate.
They're easier, but always introduce a variation in both
distance and direction with respect to the accurate
heel-point measurement. Heel-edge measures do not
accurately describe the distance the foot travels over a
step or stride,


text:
History of Horse Boarding at WRSHP
History of Horse Boarding at WRSHP
For most of the last 50 years, privately owned horses could be boarded at the stables and pastures of WRSHP. Unfortunately, the demands of running a boarding stable sometimes conflicted with preserving the Park as a public memorial to Will Rogers. Horse boarding—for the explicit purpose of establishing a regular polo program—began in 1952. At first, there were 19 boarded horses, but by 1968 there were 85 horses. By 1974 the limit had been raised to 100 horses, but 114 were actually living at the Park. During Will Rogers' lifetime, only 20 to 30 horses were on the ranch. The growth in boarding accompanied increasing public complaints of exclusivity and monopoly, finally provoking an investigation by the State Auditor General in 1974. The Auditor General found that the concessionaire had constructed new facilities without approval, and that the number of horses maintained in the park consistently exceeded the allowable maximum. It also reported testimony that the public was effectively excluded from some parts of the unit.
The Department adopted a Horse Management Plan in September, 1979. The objective of the plan was to provide more access for the visiting public and complete interpretation of the grounds at the Park. It contained the following policies:
- Continue horse presence in the unit;
- Continue polo games;
- Limit horses stabled on the grounds to 32;
- Restore Hart and Mitt Canyons [which had been cluttered with pipe corrals]; and
- Maintenance of the Stable should be a Department responsibility.
This plan remained in effect as a Commission policy until superseded in 1992 by a General Plan for the Park. The General Plan raised the maximum number of boarded horses from 32 to 45. A series of concessionaires ran equestrian activities at the Park until 1997. Initially, the Department received no fees from the concessionaires, who were expected to maintain the Polo Field in exchange for use of the facilities.
Beginning in 1963, the Department began receiving payments as well as specifying maintenance obligations. By 1967 Park managers were beginning to look to these contracts as a source of revenue. Although the Department had separate contracts for polo, riding lessons, and trail riding, it decided to combine all equestrian operations into a single concession. The idea was that a single equestrian operation would "be allowed to generate sufficient income to maintain all facilities and to coordinate all horse activities." The goal of generating income to maintain all Park facilities seems to have driven subsequent concession contracts.
By the early 1960s, complaints were mounting about the concessions. Under the initial polo contract, there was a great deal of resentment at the so-called monopoly that the concessionaire enjoyed. Once other equestrian activities were added to the concession contract, there were complaints that the number of horses exceeded the contract limit, and that the horses caused erosion problems.
By the early 1980s, the Department received citizen complaints of irregularities in the polo operation, of failure to maintain the facilities, and of exclusion of non-boarder equestrians from the park. At about this time, Will Rogers' family began to express concerns over restricting public access to the Park and inadequate maintenance of the historic Stable. Other public comments received on the draft General Plan expressed concern that the equestrian activities offered did not reflect those of the historic era, when Will Rogers played polo and enjoyed roping on his ranch. To balance the concerns about the historic Stable and the need to generate revenue to maintain the Park, the General Plan allows only 10 horses to be boarded in the stable, while raising the total number in the park to 45.
In the early 1990s, the Will Rogers Cooperative Association ran the concession. The Association's goal was to use the funds generated by the equestrian operations to restore the historic facilities and support interpretive programs. Perhaps exacerbated by the immediate need to remove boarded horses from the Stable during the restoration of that structure, their tenure was involved from the beginning in controversy with the boarders and the polo club.
When the Cooperative Association's four-year tenure ended in 1997, the Department attempted to change its approach to the situation. It contracted with a manager to run the equestrian operations, while turning maintenance of the Stable over to Park staff. When criticism continued, a second management contract was tried. Finally, the Department established the equestrian operation as a lease in February, 2000.


How Did Making Of Tools Influence The Life Of Early Humans?
How did Stone Age man make fire?
Conditions of these sticks had to be ideal for a fire..
What did early humans use stone tools for?
What technology came from the Neolithic Age?
In consequence, Neolithic weaponry grew more technologically advanced, as well. Daggers, axes, and arrowheads were all used by Neolithic warriors. These were primarily made of stone through the same methods as stone tools, and then mounted on wooden handles and shafts.
What effect did the Ice Ages have on early humans?
What was the first tool used by humans?
What is the importance of tools and equipment?
What were Neolithic tools made of?
Where do humans evolve from?
Why are tools important to humans?
Why did the early humans need tools?
Early man needs tool to protect themselves from wild Animals and used to kill them for food. they used tools to cut trees and use them for lighting purpose.
How did tools improve during the Stone Age?
Home erectus was able to walk upright and could control fire. They used stone tools like the hand ax and the Homo habilis used tools for chopping and scraping. How did tools improve during the Old Stone Age? People learned to use flint to make tools and attach wooden handles to the tools.
How did tools and weapons change during the Stone Age?
During these years, people still used tools and weapons made of stone, but as they adapted from the hunter-gatherer lifestyle into farming, their uses changed and became multi-purpose. The axe was made from a process of striking and shaping rock, called flaking, for protection and for clearing fields.


text:
A moonbow is a rainbow produced by light reflected off the surface of the moon rather than from direct sunlight. Because the light is usually too faint to excite the cone color receptors in human eyes, it is difficult for the human eye to discern colors in a moonbow. As a result, they often appear to be white.
From the Milky Way to the moon, the beauty of Yosemite National Park in California, USA, is on display 24 hours a day. During the full moon of the the spring and early summer, moonbows can be seen on many park waterfalls.


text:
Glycemic index of pineapple
The glycemic index (GI) of pineapple equals to 66, which classifies it as a medium GI food.
Glycemic load of pineapple
The glycemic load (GL) of pineapple is equal to 8.6, which classifies it as a low GL food.
Pineapple: Calories and Nutritional info
100 grams of pineapple contain 50 kcal (209 kJ), 0.5 grams of proteins, 13.1 grams of carbohydrates, and 0.1 grams of fats.


Qt for Python & fbs
fbs provides a powerful environment for packaging, creating installers, and signing your application. It also lets you manage updates to your application. Since fbs is based on PyInstaller, it supports Linux, macOS, and Windows.
For more details, see the fbs tutorial and the fbs manual.
Installing fbs (>= 0.7.6) is done via pip:
pip install fbs
If you're using a virtual environment, remember to activate it before installing fbs.
After the installation, you can use the fbs executable.
Starting a new project
fbs provides useful features for you to create a base project structure with the following command:
fbs startproject
This command prompts you to answer a few questions to configure the details of your project, like:
 - Application name
 - Author name
 - Qt bindings (PySide2 or PyQt5)
 - Bundle indentified (for macOS)
Afterwards, you have a src/ directory that contains the following structure:
└── src
 ├── build
 │ └── settings
 └── main
 ├── icons
 │ ├── base
 │ ├── linux
 │ └── mac
 └── python
Inside the settings directory, there are a few JSON files that can be edited to include more information about your project.
The main file is in the python directory, and its default content is:
from fbs_runtime.application_context import ApplicationContext
from PySide2.QtWidgets import QMainWindow
import sys
if __name__ == '__main__':
 appctxt = ApplicationContext() # 1. Instantiate ApplicationContext
 window = QMainWindow()
 window.resize(250, 150)
 exit_code = appctxt.app.exec_() # 2. Invoke appctxt.app.exec_()
This example shows an empty QMainWindow. You can run it using the following command:
fbs run
Freezing the application
Once you've verified that the application is working properly, you can continue with the freezing process using the following command:
fbs freeze
After the process completes, you see a message stating the location of your executable. For example:
Done. You can now run 'target/MyApp/MyApp'. If that doesn't work, see
Now, you can try to run the application. The result is the same window as the one you saw with the fbs run command:
cd target/MyApp/
This is the case for Linux. For other platforms like macOS, you need to enter the directory: target/MyApp.app/Contents/macOS. For Windows, you need to find the MyApp.exe executable.


text:
two companies of light infantry or riflemen in a regiment of ten companies. The heavy infantry was known as the infantry of the line, and the light as the light infantry and riflemen. Riflemen, armed with rifles, with the light infantry, were charged with the responsibility of opening an engagement and covering the front and flanks of the infantry of the line. With the advent of the rifled musket, however, the distinction between the classes of infantrymen became nominal. After their muster into service in 1861, these terms all but disappeared.
Virginia infantry regiments and battalions in 1861 and 1862, were officially called " Regiment of Virginia Volunteers," or "Battalion of Virginia Volunteers."
Back to History


text:
Researchers at the University of Sydney have come up with a mathematical model verified by software implementation that can more than halve the energy consumption of processors in data centres at little or no operational cost.
The Energy Conscious Scheduling algorithm (ECS) has been patented by Dr Young Choon Leeand Professor Albert Zomaya at the university's Centre for Distributed and High Performance Computing. Dr Lee and Professor Zomaya are now developing an ECS prototype, with a view to commercialising their research by 2011.
Power consumption by servers has more than doubled since 2000; estimates suggest electricity use for servers worldwide cost about $US7.2 billion in 2005. Companies are increasingly looking to curb these energy costs and their ensuing greenhouse gas as demand for computing and data storage capacities continues to grow exponentially.
"The growing popularity of cloud computing will help IT managers reduce data centre energy costs, but more research needs to be done before large organisations can fully entrust their precious data in cloud technology," says Professor Zomaya.
"ECS will work well on cloud systems as they mature but will give a more immediate means for organisations to reduce their data centre's energy consumption. With demand for computing and data storage capacities growing exponentially, this world first will make a valuable contribution to both the environment to and organisations' bottom line."
ECS uses processors" so-called Dynamic Voltage Scaling capability to map computational tasks such as those arising in scientific, engineering and business applications (eg astronomy, chemistry, life sciences and financial forecasting) in order to minimise completion time and energy use.
"Computations are typically comprised of interdependent tasks, so the need to wait for a parent task to complete can create slack and therefore wastage," Professor Zomaya says. "When ECS is employed with the help of DVS capability, mapping decisions between processors, supply voltages, and tasks are streamlined to significantly lower the amount of energy required at any given time.
"This reduces slack and creates energy savings of between 10-60 per cent."


text:
This Rulemaking Task (RMT) addresses the following issues:
- The turbine engine endurance test conditions that are required by the Certification Spefications for Engines (CS-E) are very hard, if not impossible, to achieve with modern engines.
- An initial maintenance inspection (IMI) test for turbine engines is required by the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) regulations for many years, but not by the European (Joint Aviation Authorities (JAA) and European Union Aviation Safety Agency (EASA)) certification specifications (CSs).
- CS-E does not contain a specification for applicants to demonstrate the time between overhauls (TBO) interval. A safety recommendation on this matter was addressed to EASA.
The specific objective of this RMT is to modernise the engine certification test requirements to:
- upgrade the turbine engine endurance test specifications to take into account modern engine design characteristics;
- improve the level of confidence in the robustness of turbine engine designs prior to entry into service, as well as, in some cases, the definition of initial maintenance inspection (IMI) intervals;
- ensure that EASA exercises oversight of the IMI tests and benefits from the resulting knowledge;
- ensure the robust and harmonised substantiation of the TBO and of the maintenance programmes for piston engines; and
- ensure the greatest possible harmonisation with the related FAA regulations and certification policies.


text: The present paper aims to identify ways to reduce pollution injected by residents in the urban wastewater network system. Two approaches are considered. The first one uses flow and pollutant calculation to test whether a polluter can easily be identified in a neighborhood. The second approach uses a survey to examine what incentive would be most effective to influence residents' behavior. Hydrodynamic simulation results show that concentration profiles at the network outlet corresponding to all possible polluters are similar and thus do not point out specific resident source of pollution. Household-level survey results show that most socio-economic and public-good-related characteristics do not play a significant role in explaining choices to discard in the home wastewater network. Apart from the nature of the waste itself, by far the belief that the respondent has about neighbors' and relatives' discarding behavior is the main driver of the choice.


text:
Direct Reader limitations
You must understand the limitations of Direct Reader mode and what functionality is not supported.
- You cannot write data using HWC Direct Reader.
- Transaction semantics of Spark RDDs are not ensured when using Spark Direct Reader to read ACID tables.
- Supports only single-table transaction consistency. The direct reader does not guarantee that multiple tables referenced in a query read the same snapshot of data.
- This mode does not require a Hive Server (HS2) connection, therefore, the audit event is generated by HMS, which captures just the type of access (for example, SELECT) and does not capture all the details (about columns). Also, the audit event does not log the actual query (SQL).
- Does not auto-commit transactions submitted by dataframe or rdd APIs.
Explicitly close transactions to release locks.Some of the operations, such as
df.rddopen transactions but do not close them. This is expected and the transactions are closed automatically after the end of the spark application. If such transactions have to be closed immediately, then it is recommended to execute the following in Spark:
- Does not support Ranger authorization.
You must configure read access to the HDFS, or other, location for managed tables. You must have Read and Execute permissions on hive warehouse location (hive.metastore.warehouse.dir).
- Blocks compaction on open read transactions.
- Does not support stoarge-handlers.
- Streaming inserts
- CTAS statements


text:
I've always read that normal users should stick with AdobeRGB and not use ProPhoto for the working color space. But why? Does it affect the ability to edit and make sense of color changes?
I ask because Lightroom sends work to Photoshop using ProPhoto (by default) and there are also considerations to not use different color space for image and working. In fact, PictoColor does not work unless the image profile matches the working space.
So, why not set Photoshop to use ProPhoto for its "working space"?


Take the 2-minute tour ×
Doe's any one know the history behind, or background of the multiple naming conventions for the equivalent risk functions. Different quant authors prefer using different names, does any one know why? which came first? why do some quants prefer one over the other. What is the history behind all of this.
ES - expected shortfall
CVaR - conditional value at risk
AVaR - average value at risk
ETL - expected tail loss
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Possibly the biggest road block to learning statistics are the varied and nonsensical naming. "[...]bad names reflect (or even result in) difficulties in understanding." Hurst, Joseph, colours and noises: The importance of names in an important natural behaviour, Demetris Koutsoyiannis itia.ntua.gr/getfile/792/1/documents/… – montyhall Mar 15 '13 at 5:40
2 Answers 2
No specific history. I'm not aware who introduced this measure initially. Most probably it came up as an example in the research papers on coherent risk measure. All names make sense to some extent:
Expected shortfall - as it's an expectation of losses
Conditional Value at Risk - as it can be written as $E[X |X >VaR_α(X)]$, i.e. conditional expectation
Average value at risk - as it can be written as $\frac{1}{1-\alpha}\int_{\alpha}^1VaR_{\beta}(X)d\beta$, which is essentially an average Expected Tail Loss - as it's expectation calculated in the tail of loss distribution
It's also sometimes called Tail VaR.
Personal preferences of people are usually based on their favorite risk management reference book.
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I have also seen (in rough decreasing importance order): Mean excess loss, Tail conditional expectation and the variant C.T.E., Tail mean, Mean shortfall...
AVaR doesn't seem as common as the other three you mentioned.
Acerbi&Tasche 2002 discuss the difference between CVaR and ES. In practice there's little mention on reasons for each choice and rarely any differences have a significant role so that all variants become equivalent. The different naming flavours mostly originate historically from various areas: very roughly (from my concentrated and relatively limited sample) CVaR seems more en vogue among economists&traders, ES among risk managers, ETL among "statisticians", TVaR in econometrics, CTE among actuaries etc...
For other formulations of ES check also spectral and distortion risk measures.
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text:
During drilling operations, rock-bit interactions may cause a wide range of undesirable system vibrations. The induced vibrations subsequently reduce drilling efficiency and increase fatigue loads acting on drill bit. In this paper, a coupled torsional and axial drilling model is proposed. It can be used to predict the vibrations including bit bounce and stick-slip. Instead of using finite element (FEM) approach, the drill pipe is accurately modeled based on wave propagation theory. This results in time-delay equations in time domain and significantly reduces the computational complexity associated with FEM. The axial and torsional motions are coupled by bit-rock interactions. Different rock-bit interaction conditions are considered based on bit rotation and contact with formation. Simulations are conducted using the proposed model to analyze the impact of different applied weights on bit and surface rotary speeds on the system vibrations. This information provides insights into optimization of drilling operation.
- Dynamic Systems and Control Division
Modeling of Coupled Axial and Torsional Motions of a Drilling System
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Ma, Z, & Chen, D. "Modeling of Coupled Axial and Torsional Motions of a Drilling System." Proceedings of the ASME 2015 Dynamic Systems and Control Conference. Volume 2: Diagnostics and Detection; Drilling; Dynamics and Control of Wind Energy Systems; Energy Harvesting; Estimation and Identification; Flexible and Smart Structure Control; Fuels Cells/Energy Storage; Human Robot Interaction; HVAC Building Energy Management; Industrial Applications; Intelligent Transportation Systems; Manufacturing; Mechatronics; Modelling and Validation; Motion and Vibration Control Applications. Columbus, Ohio, USA. October 28–30, 2015. V002T20A005. ASME. _URL_
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