Enabling the Monitoring API
Before you can use the Monitoring API, you must enable it and authorize users to access it.
This page describes how to enable and authorize use of the Monitoring API v3.
Enabling the API
The Monitoring API must be enabled before it can be used. You can check the status and enable the API if necessary by using either the Cloud SDK gcloud command-line tool or the Google Cloud Console.
Cloud SDK
 1. If you have not already installed the Cloud SDK on your workstation, see Cloud SDK.
 2. To see if the Monitoring API is enabled, run the following command on your workstation:
 gcloud services list
 If monitoring.googleapis.com appears in the output, the API is enabled.
 3. If the API is not enabled, run the following command to enable it:
 gcloud services enable monitoring
For more information, see gcloud services.
Cloud Console
Go to APIs & services
 1. Select the project you will use to access the API.
 2. Click the Enable APIs and Service button.
 3. Search for "Monitoring".
 4. In the search results, click through to "Stackdriver Monitoring API".
 5. If "API enabled" is displayed, then the API is already enabled. If not, click the Enable button.
Authorizing use of the API
Access to the API is controlled by Identity and Access Management (IAM) roles and permissions. There is a permission associated with each method, and permissions for related methods are clustered into roles, which can then be granted to users. See Access control for more information.
Once access to the API is authorized, the API can be used from anywhere. For example, you can use the timeSeries.list method from your local workstation. You can also use the API to send metrics against any entity that can be represented as a monitored resource. See Choosing a monitored-resource type for the list of available types. However, the Cloud Monitoring agent is designed to run on a cloud VM and does not work on a local workstation.
If you are writing an application that uses the Monitoring API, the recommended client libraries authorize your application using Application Default Credentials. This hides authorization details from your application code.
You might also be able to use API keys in some situations, but service accounts are generally recommended. API keys are useful in clients like browsers and mobile applications that don't have a backend server. For more information, see Using API Keys.
You can find out more about authentication and authorization for Cloud APIs in our Authentication guide.
Using client libraries
After you have enabled and authorized the use of the API, you are ready to start writing code. See Client libraries to get started using the Monitoring client libraries.


How to Remove Stickers from a
Did you just buy a new laptop or other device, only to find it covered in unattractive stickers?. Time to remove those stickers and free your hardware from its role as a traveling advertisement.
1. Make sure this laptop isn't too old. The stickers will dry up, and over time, the glue backing will separate from the printed material. If you decide to remove the stickers, do it quickly. The stickers are not going to stay fresh for more than a year or two, depending upon its quality. If your laptop is a relic, skip to the very last step to use a chemical removal method.
2. Decide which stickers to remove. Some stickers are useful, such as OEM licensing stickers that will be void when removed. Others may contain serial numbers, service tags, support information, or systems specifications. Commonly removed stickers include ones promoting the Windows operating system (ie: "Designed for Windows XP" and "Windows Vista Capable"), as well as Intel and AMD CPU stickers.nhl stickers
3. Remember to do this slowly. If you rush it and try to pull the whole thing off at once, you run the risk of tearing the sticker or separating the glue backing.
4. Start from the edges. Use your fingernails or a non-abrasive abrasive putty knife. Be careful not to scratch or damage any plastic or aluminum surfaces in the process.
5. Pull the sticker up slowly from the edge you just started. Try to pull it up using an angle between 45 and 90 degrees. Never bend the sticker back further than a 90 degree angle, as this will promote the separation of the glue backing and printed material.
6. Clean the surface. Some sticker residue may be rubbed off easily, while some require additional help. As always, avoid scratching the surface.
First, try rubbing off the remaining residue by hand. Many forms of glue, even when mixed with a little paper, will curl up onto itself when moved over a surface.
Second, if rubbing doesn't help, try using duct tape or other very sticky tape to remove the remaining residue. Break or cut off a piece of tape, apply it to the surface, then remove it or, if possible, simply rub the sticky surface of the tape over the residue. Repeat this until all of the residue has been removed, and attached to the tape instead.
Third, apply a small amount of cooking oil, such as canola or olive oils to the adhesive with a paper towel. Allow the oil to sit on the adhesive for site 2-5 minutes. The adhesive should now easily scrape off with your finger or a soft plastic tool. Using window cleaner, such as Windex, and a clean paper towel clean the remaining oil and adhesive off.
Fourth, if all previous attempts fail, use chemicals. A popular and extremely useful method is to use a citric-acid based cleaner such as "Goo-Gone". These types of cleaners will not harm metal or harder plastics, but may dry the surface of softer plastics, leaving a white, frosted appearance. Test this on a small, hidden area first. Another liquid to try is alcohol (try spraying a small amount of your deodorant or perfume, if that is handy). Aerosol furniture polish, like Old English, can be very effective. Another is WD-40 which won't hurt the surface and can be cleaned off the computer's surface with a dish rag and a little soap.
7. A product called "Odor Assassin" (Lemon-Lime Scent) that is available at most "dollar" and discount stores will dissolve most adhesives instantly and can be removed with a clean cotton face cloth.
 - If your laptop sticker has one or more rounded corners, start peeling it from a rounded corner. If you come to an area where it starts to separate, start over from another edge.
 - Patience conquers all stickers. Always go slow and steady on sticker removal. If it's not working and you're getting frustrated, leave it for another day when you have more patience.
 - Try to use tools that won't damage your laptop. Your fingernails, erasers, plastic putty knives, plastic guitar picks, no-stick spatula/pancake flipper, and even tweezers (used carefully) will pose the smallest threat to your laptop's surfaces.
 - Heat from a laptop increases the bond of some glue backings over time. This bond may etch into painted surfaces or even stain some plastics and brushed aluminum.
 - Don't remove any stickers with OEM license information, as it will void some OEM licenses.
 - Sharp or hard objects will damage laptop surfaces if used to scrape off stickers. car art stickers
 - Avoid spilling any liquid into the cracks or exposed area of a laptop, such as the keyboard. Some liquid is conductive and may cause electrical shorts.
 - Before following this process, ensure that the laptop power is turned off, and unplugged from any electrical source. If possible, remove the laptop battery from the case as well.
Things You'll Need
 - Tweezers for stickers that are difficult to start.
 - Cleaning solution such as alcohol or "Goo-Gone".
 - Paper towels, napkins, or rags to use with the cleaning solution.
 - Tape, such as duct tape, to help remove residue.


text:
Hierarchical refinement in isogeometric analysis for flexible multibody impact simulations
Detailed impact simulations in flexible multibody systems can be simulated based on reduced isogeometric analysis (IGA) models. However, a precise simulation of an impact requires a high element resolution in the contact area. Usually in IGA, global refinement methods are used, which are easy to implement. However, in the literature, also the use of hierarchical local refinement is proposed. The local refinement generates fewer countable degrees of freedom compared to an equivalent global refinement. Numerous application areas can be found in the literature, such as contact simulations, where the computational effort is reduced by local refinement. In this work, we introduce the inclusion of hierarchically refined IGA models within the floating frame of reference formulation. Thereby, the hierarchically refined IGA model is reduced and applied in impact simulations. In two application examples, we simulate the impact of twoand three-dimensional spheres and compare with an analytical solution. The focus here is on the comparison of calculation times and accuracy of globally and locally refined reference models. The third application example consists of two flexible double pendulums and is devoted to systems in which the bodies undergo both arbitrary rigid body motions and small elastic deformations.
Floating frame of reference formulation

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


text:
HTML5, the successor of Flash, has improved upon its predecessor's flaws – the lack of support for mobile devices, for example. However, moving your Flash-based learning ecosystem to HTML5-based e-learning involves a significant budget, and more importantly demands careful planning.
Before you go ahead with the migration, you need to be certain of the approach you have chosen. In this blog, I will offer you a handy checklist to help you when planning for a Flash to HTML5 migration.
1. List all the courses you want to convert/migrate
The first step – and the most important one – you must follow is, recognizing the various Flash-based courses that you want to convert to HTML5. This is especially vital if you are planning for a pilot approach where you want to convert a few courses and see how your learning audience is going to respond to it. It is ok to test the waters before you convert all the courses.
2. Ensure all the source files are in place
The next important step is to gather all the source files of the legacy courses. Source files are essentially the files a developer uses to create the e-learning, before exporting them for the final output (e-learning course). If your legacy courses were developed by an in-house development team or by a third-party content vendor, ensure that you compile all the related source files. These source files will contain all of your text, media, and resources. Having all these source files in place ensures that your migration process is smooth.
3. Identify the need: Technology update vs. complete redesign
There may be some courses in your repository of legacy courses which may do well with just a technology update, and there may be others that need a complete visual overhaul. Identify the need by evaluating the overall nature of upliftment and then chart a priority list. For your understanding, here's an example of how you can map your priorities:
- Courses that you have developed recently may require only a technology upliftment (Conversion to HTML5 with no instructional design involved)
- Compliance courses (if any) that will work just fine with a visual uplift
- Legacy courses may have to be restructured completely (including instructional design)
4. Evaluate converting long courses to shorter, bite-sized mobile learning
Today's learners expect training to be short, yet useful. They may not have the patience to sit through an hour-long course. It's crucial to understand that your learners are multi-device users (Smartphones, tablets), which means that you have to evaluate a completely different approach for them. Besides, Smartphones and tablets, in the past few years, have been shaping how learners access training resources.
From your repository of legacy courses, identify courses that are anywhere between 1 and 2 hours (more than 50 slides), and convert them into short, digestible courses, also called mobile learning. Mobile learning, as the name suggests, refers to accessing training resources on portable mobile devices, such as Smartphones, tablets, and laptops. The other advantage of mobile learning is that these courses can act as performance support tools (PSTs) for your multi-device learners, who would want to learn and improve their skills even when they are away from the training.
5. Select an authoring tool which supports responsive e-learning
If your mobile learning courses are to work seamlessly on all types of mobile devices, then you need a tool that supports responsive e-learning development. Responsive e-learning is developing online courses that can be accessed efficiently on multiple devices. The courses are "responsive" to the varying screen sizes of various digital devices and provide an optimal viewing experience.
One of the biggest advantages of moving from Flash-based to HTML5-based e-learning is mobile learning. Mobile learning has been growing in popularity among the learning and development community, and especially among the new-age learners who use multiple devices to access training. It is not only important to cater to your learners' needs, but also join and move along with the technology that is shaping the e-learning space – in your case, moving from Flash to HTML5.


Scroll, Refraction and Shader Effects in Three.js and React
Discover how to use react-three-fiber and combine some common techniques to create a Three.js powered layout with shader effects.
Featured image for the tutorial Scroll, Refraction and Shader Effects with Three.js and React
In this tutorial I will show you how to take a couple of established techniques (like tying things to the scroll-offset), and cast them into re-usable components. Composition will be our primary focus.
In this tutorial we will:
 - build a declarative scroll rig
 - mix HTML and canvas
 - handle async assets and loading screens via React.Suspense
 - add shader effects and tie them to scroll
 - and as a bonus: add an instanced variant of Jesper Vos multiside refraction shader
Setting up
We are using React, hooks, Three.js and react-three-fiber. The latter is a renderer for Three.js which allows us to declare the scene graph by breaking up tasks into self-contained components. However, you still need to know a bit of Three.js. All there is to know about react-three-fiber you can find on the GitHub repo's readme. Check out the tutorial on, which goes into the why and how.
We don't emulate a scroll bar, which would take away browser semantics. A real scroll-area in front of the canvas with a set height and a listener is all we need.
I decided to divide the content into:
 - virtual content sections
 - and pages, each 100vh long, this defines how long the scroll area is
function App() {
 const scrollArea = useRef()
 const onScroll = e => ( =
 useEffect(() => void onScroll({ target: scrollArea.current }), [])
 return (
 {/* Contents... */}

scrollTop is written into a reference because it will be picked up by the render-loop, which is carrying out the animations. Re-rendering for often occurring state doesn't make sense.
A first-run effect synchronizes the local scrollTop with the actual one, which may not be zero.
Building a declarative scroll rig
There are many ways to go about it, but generally it would be nice if we could distribute content across the number of sections in a declarative way while the number of pages defines how long we have to scroll. Each content-block should have:
 - an offset, which is the section index, given 3 sections, 0 means start, 2 means end, 1 means in between
 - a factor, which gets added to the offset position and subtracted using scrollTop, it will control the blocks speed and direction
Blocks should also be nestable, so that sub-blocks know their parents' offset and can scroll along.
const offsetContext = createContext(0)
function Block({ children, offset, factor,...props }) {
 const ref = useRef()
 // Fetch parent offset and the height of a single section
 const { offset: parentOffset, sectionHeight } = useBlock()
 offset = offset!== undefined? offset : parentOffset
 // Runs every frame and lerps the inner block into its place
 useFrame(() => {
 const curY = ref.current.position.y
 const curTop =
 ref.current.position.y = lerp(curY, (curTop / state.zoom) * factor, 0.1)
 return (

 {children}
This is a block-component. Above all, it wraps the offset that it is given into a context provider so that nested blocks and components can read it out. Without an offset it falls back to the parent offset.
It defines two groups. The first is for the target position, which is the height of one section multiplied by the offset and the factor. The second, inner group is animated and cancels out the factor. When the user scrolls to the given section offset, the block will be centered.
We use that along with a custom hook which allows any component to access block-specific data. This is how any component gets to react to scroll.
function useBlock() {
 const { viewport } = useThree()
 const offset = useContext(offsetContext)
 const canvasWidth = viewport.width / zoom
 const canvasHeight = viewport.height / zoom
 const sectionHeight = canvasHeight * ((pages - 1) / (sections - 1))
 //...
 return { offset, canvasWidth, canvasHeight, sectionHeight }
We can now compose and nest blocks conveniently:

Anything can read from block-data and react to it (like that spinning cross):
function Cross() {
 const ref = useRef()
 const { viewportHeight } = useBlock()
 useFrame(() => {
 const curTop =
 const nextY = (curTop / ((state.pages - 1) * viewportHeight)) * Math.PI
 ref.current.rotation.z = lerp(ref.current.rotation.z, nextY, 0.1)
 return (

Mixing HTML and canvas, and dealing with assets
Keeping HTML in sync with the 3D world
We want to keep layout and text-related things in the DOM. However, keeping it in sync is a bit of a bummer in Three.js, messing with createElement and camera calculations is no fun.
In three-fiber all you need is the helper (_USER_ atm). Throw this into the canvas and add declarative HTML. This is all it takes for it to move along with its parents' world-matrix.
If we strictly divide between layout and visuals, supporting a11y is possible. Dom elements can be behind the canvas (via the prepend prop), or in front of it. Make sure to place them in front if you need them to be accessible.
Responsiveness, media-queries, etc.
While the DOM fragments can rely on CSS, their positioning overall relies on the scene graph. Canvas elements on the other hand know nothing of the sort, so making it all work on smaller screens can be a bit of a challenge.
Fortunately, three-fiber has auto-resize inbuilt. Any component requesting size data will be automatically informed of changes.
You get:
 - viewport, the size of the canvas in its own units, must be divided by camera.zoom for orthographic cameras
 - size, the size of the screen in pixels
const { viewport, size } = useThree()
Most of the relevant calculations for margins, maxWidth and so on have been made in useBlock.
Handling async assets and loading screens via React.Suspense
Concerning assets, Reacts Suspense allows us to control loading and caching, when components should show up, in what order, fallbacks, and how errors are handled. It makes something like a loading screen, or a start-up animation almost too easy.
The following will suspend all contents until each and every component, even nested ones, have their async data ready. Meanwhile it will show a fallback. When everything is there, the component will render along with everything else.
}>

In three-fiber you can suspend a component with the useLoader hook, which takes any Three.js loader, then loads (and caches) assets with it.
function Image() {
 const texture = useLoader(THREE.TextureLoader, "/texture.png")
 // It will only get here if the texture has been loaded
 return (

Adding shader effects and tying them to scroll
The custom shader in this demo is a Frankenstein based on the Three.js MeshBasicMaterial, plus:
The relevant portion of code in which we feed the shader block-specific scroll data is this one:
material.current.scale =
 lerp(material.current.scale, offsetFactor - top / ((pages - 1) * viewportHeight), 0.1)
material.current.shift =
 lerp(material.current.shift, (top - last) / 150, 0.1)
Adding Diamonds
The technique is explained in full detail in the article Real-time Multiside Refraction in Three Steps by Jesper Vos. I placed Jesper's code into a re-usable component, so that it can be mounted and unmounted, taking care of all the render logic. I also changed the shader slightly to enable instancing, which now allows us to draw dozens of these onto the screen without hitting a performance snag anytime soon.
The component reads out block-data like everything else. The diamonds are put into place according to the scroll offset by distributing the instanced meshes. This is a relatively new feature in Three.js.
Wrapping up
This tutorial may give you a general idea, but there are many things that are possible beyond the generic parallax; you can tie anything to scroll. Above all, being able to compose and re-use components goes a long way and is so much easier than dealing with a soup of code fragments whose implicit contracts span the codebase.
Tagged with:
Paul Henschel
My name is Paul Henschel, I am a frontend developer based in Germany and Switzerland. I am the founder of Luxundlaune, a photography platform in Germany, Paran


11 Replies Latest reply: May 7, 2012 10:18 AM by [Jongware] RSS
 Paragraph rule
 Hi All,
 Is it possible to add a rule above or below my selected paragraph in the documents through Javascript?
 In my document I require rule to cover whole paragraph (paragraph lines varies in the document) in selected paragraph style sheet named QUOTE.
 See example below:
 Screen shot 2012-05-03 at 4.55.01 PM.png
 Please provide the JS code.
 - 1. Re: Paragraph rule
 Dave Saunders Community Member
 Yes it is possible, although you need to answer the question: what do you want to do at column/page breaks? Your described techique won't work there.
 But you seem to be expecting some kind soul to just write a script for you. That might happen, but most people needing a script who aren't prepared to write one themselves would look to hire someone to do the work for them.
 Good luck.
 - 2. Re: Paragraph rule
 kerosk_inddNew Community Member
 I will do it manually. But need to apply pagragraph rule globally in document.
 I write below code but don't know how to calculate paragraph height in paragraph length.
 If anybody has done this before please add the required code in my below JS code.
 var myDoc=app.activeDocument
 var myRule=myDoc.paragraphStyles.item("QUOTE")
 with (myRule)
 - 3. Re: Paragraph rule
 [Jongware] MVP
 You can use the text baseline for that: _URL_
 Read the baseline for the first and the last line. The difference between these is the exact "height" of the paragraph, usually a multiple of its leading (1). Calculate this in points to immediately feed the value into RuleBelowWeight. You'll have to manually find the difference to shift down, but I think you only need to do this once.
 (1) If all of your paragraph text uses the same leading, this would simply be
 someParagraph.lines.length * someParagraph.leading;
 -- but not if it's set to Auto, though (still possible but then you'd use autoLeading and pointSize instead).
 ... Why are you changing your paragraph style in your sample? Are all of your "QUOTE" paragraphs exactly the same amount of lines?
 - 4. Re: Paragraph rule
 -hansCommunity Member
 you may have a look at _URL_
 ... cause you'll run into problems scripting "column/page breaks" (as Mr. Saunders mentioned above)
 - 5. Re: Paragraph rule
 kerosk_inddNew Community Member
 Thanks, Jongware for your suggestion. You are really a master.
 I don't have advanced knowledge of Javascript. I am trying your suggestion but couldn't get any positive result.
 QUOTE paragraphs are different amount of lines. Looking for ready JS code.
 - 6. Re: Paragraph rule
 [Jongware] MVP
 kerosk_inddNew wrote:
 QUOTE paragraphs are different amount of lines.
 Yeah I realize that, but you suggested changing the paragraph style, so they would all be the same.
 Looking for ready JS code.
 alert ('height of this paragraph is '+
 (app.selection[0].paragraphs[0].lines[-1].baseline - app.selection[0].paragraphs[0].lines[0].baseline)+
 'in your current vertical measurement units');
 This measures from the first baseline to the last, so it's one line "short" so you should add your leading to it. (I couldn't test this because my leading is set to "Auto", but it's easy enough.)
 As the alert says, this is in your current measurement units. To set the line weight, you need one of two: either a string of the value plus its measurement unit ("20 mm") or a numerical value (which would be in points). If you are not already working in points, you have to somehow construct this value. You could either try out the infernal function UnitValue (which I personally have given up on), or simply temporarily set verticalMeasurementUnits to POINTS, measure, then reset it to what it was.
 - 7. Re: Paragraph rule
 -hansCommunity Member
 this should basically do the job... column/page breaks are not considered.
 Cycles thru the stories of the document to find a certain pStyle, modifies the existing rule below.
 It's not perfect ;-)
 var pStyleName, myDoc, mUnits, myStories, myStory, myParagraphs, myParagraph, offsetWeight, toAdd, s, p
 pStyleName = 'quote' //the paragraphstyle to look for...
 myDoc = app.activeDocument;
 mUnits = [myDoc.viewPreferences.horizontalMeasurementUnits, myDoc.viewPreferences.verticalMeasurementUnits];
 myStories = myDoc.stories;
 toAdd = 8; //to add to lineweight in pt; space above and below
 function main()
 setViewPrefs([MeasurementUnits.points, MeasurementUnits.points]);
 function setViewPrefs(units)
 horizontalMeasurementUnits = units[0];
 verticalMeasurementUnits = units[1];
 function cycleThruStories(docStories)
 for(s = 0; s < docStories.length; s++)
 myParagraphs = docStories[s].paragraphs;
 for(p = 0; p< myParagraphs.length; p++)
 myParagraph = myParagraphs[p];
 if(myParagraph.appliedParagraphStyle.name === pStyleName)
 offsetWeight = (myParagraph.lines[-1].baseline - myParagraph.lines[0].baseline) + myParagraph.pointSize + toAdd;
 ruleBelowOffset = -(offsetWeight - toAdd/5*3.5); //- toAdd/5*3.5 bit more or less space? ;-)
 - 8. Re: Paragraph rule
 kerosk_inddNew Community Member
 Thanks for the answer, Hans.
 I have tried this code but it is giving error (The property is not applicable in the current state.). See screenshot attached.
 I am unable to rectify this error. Please help.
 - 9. Re: Paragraph rule
 -hansCommunity Member
 if you can't get'myParagraph.lines[-1].baseline' then you probably have a overflow of the paragraph in the text frame (shown as a red '+')... and so it's not possible to get / calculate a position.
 you can ignore it by try catch or write a function to calculate from the last line in the textframe in that case.
 have a nice day
 Hans-Gerd Claßen
 - 10. Re: Paragraph rule
 kerosk_inddNew Community Member
 Thank you so much, Hans. It is working. The script does not apply rule below on quote paragraph style if text is flowing on one page to next page.
 Thanks once again for your support.
 - 11. Re: Paragraph rule
 [Jongware] MVP
 That was mentioned right away as a flaw of this method... Did you check out dtputils' plugin? That adds it as a paragraph attribute, as Adobe should've done long ago.


Speak the truth even when your voice shakes quote
Speak the truth even when your voice shakes quote
WHO SAID speak the truth even if your voice shakes?
These just zap energy and waste time." The phrase "Speak the truth, even if your voice shakes" has been appearing frequently, which led me to find its source: Maggie Kuhn, founder of the Gray Panthers. The whole quote is worth your attention: "Leave safety behind. Put your body on the line.
Did RBG say speak your mind even if your voice shakes?
" Speak your mind, even if your voice shakes." The tributes to Ruth Bader Ginsburg's accomplishments abound and make for inspiring reading.
Why does my voice shake when I present?
' It's one of the most common speech anxiety symptoms. Many, many people suffer from a shaky voice and hands when nervous – and even shaky voice anxiety long before the presentation has begun. When our brain releases adrenaline, it increases our heart rate and causes shaky hands or voice, dry mouth and sweating.
What does it mean to speak your truth?
When Winfrey and others say, " Speak your truth," they typically mean something more like: Share your perspective, tell your story, open up about your experience. But in an America some call "posttruth," semantics matter.
How do you fix a shaky voice?
This problem is simply caused by irregular breathing. You can easily eliminate a shaking or cracking voice by slowing your speaking rate and gaining control of your breathing rate. Focus on someone comforting in the audience. Intentionally slow your speech, inhale, and lower the pitch of your voice as you continue.
You might be interested: Father time is undefeated quote
What does personal truth mean?
Personal truth is something you believe is true. It's part of my Personal Truth, and if I believe it, I need to live it out. Personal truths are unique, and based on your perspective and life experiences.
Why is it important to speak your truth?
We often hear that it's important to speak your truth — to express your honest feelings, thoughts, and perceptions. We don't want to be codependent and conceal our true feelings in order to protect or placate others. Intimacy cannot thrive in a climate of emotional dishonesty and inauthenticity.
What are the benefits of speaking truth?
Benefits Of Telling The Truth You don't have to remember your lies. You'll earn trust and respect. You'll create deeper connections with people. You'll feel more confident. Trust creates opportunities. Lying takes energy. You won't get caught lying. Truth attracts truth.
Molly Blast
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text:
The piezoelectrical effect of piezoelectric
ceramic is used in this ultrasonic sensor for
detecting the 40kHzwavelength of acoustic
1. Small size, light weight.
2. Size can be between 15-20mm in diameter.
3. Optimum structure and decay time.
4. Maximum input voltage is large, and sensitivity setting is easy.
5. Wide usage temperature range: -30 ~ +80°C
6. Sensor is sealed and suitable for in-vehicle or outdoor use.
1. Car rear sensors (sonar)
2. Unattended parking systems
3. Unattended open/close systems
4. Intruder warning devices
Maximum input voltage
Operating temperature range
100MΩ (when DC 100V is impressed)
DC 100V max.
AC 150Vp-p max.
*Specifications may be changed for the purpose of improvement and upgrading.


Earlier this month, OIG issued a Special Fraud Alert on Speaker Programs warning drug and device companies and health care providers that it has significant concerns about payments for "speaker programs." Based on recent investigations and enforcement activity, the OIG has found that a number of speaker programs sponsored by drug and device manufacturers violate the federal Anti-Kickback Statute (AKS). OIG is skeptical about the educational value of speaker programs provided under circumstances that are not conducive to learning and to audience members who have no legitimate reason to attend. Additionally, OIG questions the value of such events given that health care providers can access the same or similar information online, on the product's package insert, third-party educational conferences, medical journals, and more. Because all of this material is already available, OIG warns "that at least one purpose of remuneration associated with speaker programs is often to induce or reward referrals" in violation of the federal Anti-Kickback Statute (AKS).
OIG defined speaker programs as drug or device "company-sponsored events at which a [outside] physician or other health care professional (collectively, "HCP") makes a speech or presentation to other [outside] HCPs about a drug or device product or a disease state on behalf of the company" using a presentation developed and approved by the company. HCPs are paid an honorarium and attendees are paid generally through free meals and drinks, for example.
Based on its investigations to date, OIG provided an illustrative list of speaker program characteristics that result in higher level of scrutiny with respect to AKS violations:
 - Little or no substantive information is actually presented by the speaker;
 - Alcohol (especially if for free) or a meal exceeding modest value is provided;
 - Large number of speaker programs sponsored on the same or substantially the same topic or product (especially if no recent substantive change in relevant information or applicable law/regulation) and repeat attendees or attendees are past speaker on the same or substantially the same topic;
 - Attendees without a legitimate business reason or use for the information attend the program;
 - HCP speakers or attendees selected based on past or on expected revenue from prescribing or ordering the company's product(s) (e.g., a return on investment analysis is considered in identifying participants);
 - Higher than fair market value honorarium paid for the speaking service or compensation that takes into account the volume or value of past business generated or potential future business generated by the HCPs.
In light of the COVID-19 pandemic, OIG recognizes that the speaker activity may have slowed. But OIG fully anticipates that once in person meetings are back in full swing, it will be paying attention to any drug or device company that organizes or pays remuneration associated with the program, any HCP who is paid to speak, and any HCP attendees who receive remuneration from the company (e.g., free food and drink).
The OIG acknowledged that speaker programs sponsored by manufacturers are not per se illegal. Yet, this alert is a warning to all manufacturers that they should scrutinize their speaker programs to ensure that they serve a legitimate purpose and avoid the areas of warning from the OIG. This Alert is also notable, in that the OIG not only used experience from their enforcement actions to inform this statement, they also used data from CMS's Open Payments program that requires reporting of financial relationship data between manufacturers and physicians and academic medical centers. It will be interesting to see if the OIG continues to mine this financial data to provide additional alerts in the future. Finally, while the OIG has not focused on speaker programs sponsored by other healthcare providers like durable medical equipment suppliers or laboratories, the same warnings in this fraud alert can apply. Therefore, all providers should evaluate their speaker programs to mitigate risks that are raised under the AKS.


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Definition of format
n. - The shape and size of a book; hence, its external form. 2
The word "format" uses 6 letters: A F M O R T.
No direct anagrams for format found in this word list.
Shorter words found within format:
aft am amort ar arf arm art at atom fa far farm faro fart fat foam for fora foram form fort frat fro from ma mar mart mat mo moa moat mor mora mort mot oaf oar oat of oft om or ora ort raft ram rat rato roam rom rot rota ta tam tao tar taro to tom tor tora tram
List shorter words within format, sorted by length
All words formed from format by changing one letter
Browse words starting with format by next letter

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


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USGS Volcano Hazards Program Volcano Update
Cleveland volcano forms the western half of Chuginadak Island, a remote and uninhabited island in the east central Aleutians. It is located about 75 km (45 mi.) west of the community of Nikolski, and 1500 km (940 mi.) southwest of Anchorage. The volcano's most recent significant eruption began in February, 2001 and it produced 3 explosive events that produced ash clouds as high as 12 km (39,000 ft) above sea level. The 2001 eruption also produced a rubbly lava flow and hot avalanche that reached the sea. The most recent minor ash emissions were observed in November 2012.
Update in Common Alerting Protocol (CAP) format


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A pot magnet is a permanent magnet encased in a steel shell, which is sometimes called a pot, hence the name 'pot' magnet.
A permanent magnet emits a magnetic field without the need for any electricity.
Magnetic field lines of a pot magnet
The steel shell helps the pot magnet by increasing its holding power and providing the magnet with added strength and stability.
Magnetic down light being held by a stud pot magnet
Pot magnets are often used as magnetic bases and magnetic holders for large supermarket ceiling signs.
Types of pot magnet: bi-pole, countersunk, internal threaded, stud and through hole
There are five forms of pot magnet: bi-pole, countersunk, through hole, internal threaded, and stud.


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Ebenezer Rockwood Hoar was born in Concord, Massachusetts, on February 21, 1816. He graduated from Harvard in 1835, studied law there and received his LL.B. degree in 1839. He was admitted to the bar in 1840. He was judge of the court of common pleas in Boston from 1849 to 1855, and associate justice of the State supreme court from 1859 to 1869. President Grant appointed Hoar Attorney General of the United States on March 5, 1869. He was a member of the Joint High Commission which framed the Treaty of Washington with Great Britain in 1873 through 1875. From December 1873 to March 1875, Hoar was a Representative in Congress. He died on January 31, 1895 in Concord.
William Morris Hunt was born in Brattleboro, Vermont. He attended Harvard, but left before graduating. He studied art at Dusseldorf in Germany and with Thomas Couture in Paris. Hunt returned to the United States and settled in Boston. He was known for his landscapes, portraits and cameo portraits. He is remembered, too, for his murals in the State capitol in Albany, New York. His portrait of Attorney General Hoar was painted in 1870.


TRIVIAL PURSUITS: What is the difference between a green olive and a black olive?
One may think that green and black olives are two different fruits (or vegetables?).
First of all, according to the Oxford dictionary, an olive, just like a plum or a cherry, is a fruit. The olive is the small, bitter-tasting fruit of the olive tree, Olea europea. Olives are classified as fruit because they're formed from the ovary of the olive flower, and they're seed-bearing structures—the pits could grow into trees if you planted them. In culinary terms, however, olives are like those other fruit, tomatoes, and are treated as a vegetable.
Green olives are not from a different tree than black olives, they are just picked before they are ripe.
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The difference between prey drive & hunting instinct
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Barked: Mon Oct 1, '12 7:12am PST
I think prey drive is more to describe the juvenile-like way of just chasing things. No method to it, just chase.
Whereas hunting instinct is used more to describe a more methodical approach. I think someone said something similar above? Same general thing though.
Here it'd be described as prey drive given just the total carelessness about the chase.
And this is more methodical, hunting instinct. An actual attempt to catch. He actually tries. Although gets confused by the initial lack in movement. Pheasants aren't that smart. laugh out loud
I don't think that stalking always means hunting instinct nor that hunting instinct is just stalking. It's just when the dog seems to really have it thought out what he wants. He has a goal. Whereas prey drive is more just for funzies. That's my take on it anyway.
Dr. Watson
Not a wienerdawg!
Barked: Wed Oct 3, '12 12:34pm PST
In her blog, Suzanne Clothier, a marvelous writer and trainer, has an entry entitled "Drive and Brakes and Steering." I'd like to quote from it some.
"For those who find the whole notion of biting and gripping worrisome, perhaps it is easiest to think about it this way: substitute "bite" or "grip" with retrieve, herd, chase. All of these behaviors are aspects of the predatory sequence. In his books DOGS, Ray Coppinger does a wonderful job of explaining the predatory behavior chain - I often recommend his book solely for that chapter.
In our dogs, the behaviors we see are the same ones that would be seen in a wolf's predatory sequence. These behaviors are instinctive, a natural part of the canine behavioral repertoire. Perhaps most importantly, when expressed by our domestic dogs, these behaviors can show considerable deviation from the natural behavior.
Specialized breeds reflect the results of selective breeding for specific behaviors or exaggerations of some behaviors or inhibition of other behaviors.Thus herding dogs exhibit strong chase behaviors but with inhibited bite/grip and highly inhibited killing behaviors, The Border Collie's famous "eye" is a result of generations of breeding for an exaggeration of a natural behavior. Bird dogs have the bite/grip intensely inhibited, thus the desired "soft mouth." In the case of pointing breeds, the naturally occurring stalk behavior is exaggerated to become a frozen "point".
The bite/grip/grab behavior is strong in many working lines, and there is a genetic component to how the dogs grip, where they grip, what will trigger a bite or grip. For example, some dogs bite low while others come up higher -- this becomes very clear when you see dogs worked on sheep or cattle. Are they moving the animals by nipping towards their heels (thus the term "heelers")? or grabbing a hindquarter or going higher for the shoulder/neck or higher still for nose ("headers")?
For many working lines (police K9, Schutzhund, ring sport, etc), there is a tendency to bite hard and to grip with a full mouth bite that goes right to the molars. This is prized, and for good reason: in an attack situation, you want the dog bringing his entire jaw power to bear, not merely the incisors and canines (sometimes called a "bitchy" bite, a grip that is more easily dislodged). These full, hard bites are evident from an early age in puppies from these lines, just as birdy pups demonstrate a keen interest in things with feathers, and field bred retriever puppies carry things, and herding puppies respond to moving things with delight.
Selective breeding is a way of engineering a bigger engine for that behavior (or set of behaviors), so that we can easily shape those behaviors into what we want, whether that's a retrieve of a duck or sheep neatly penned. But balance is the key in any working performance. If you think of instinctive behavior as the engine that drives the dog, then the balance comes in the form of the brakes and steering and multiple gears that allow that engine to be effectively utilized to good purpose. Just as it would not be okay to let a herding dog chase sheep willy-nilly or treat a toddler like an errant ewe, it's also necessary to teach a strong biting dog what is and is not appropriate for those jaws."
I think Clothier explains this question the best. thinking
The MuddyPrincess
Barked: Wed Oct 3, '12 3:16pm PST
I think "prey drive" is something more instinctive and basic and "hunting instinct" is a modified (selectively developed) part of that drive. To me prey drive is a desire to kill things, very basic and critically important for survival. This strong instinct has been preserved in many types of dogs, both intentionally as in terriers, and not bred away from in Nordic breeds. The idea of hunting instinct is generally reserved for sporting breeds and refers to specific traits, like pointing or retrieving. These are unique traits (or parts of the prey capture sequence) that were isolated and enhanced through selective breeding.
My God-dog is a Sammy mix Brady and he has a huge prey drive. I was walking him once with my two pups and my guys who were off leash found an opossum, my Selli just wanted to sniff it and my Duff, a Sheltie Mix, barked at it. I went over with Brady on a leash (because I know how he is), to stop Duffy from barking, and I got one step too close and that was the end of the opossum. I have a friend who has a Brittany Cooper who one day brought her an opossum and dropped it in front of her. She thought the opossum was dead but she saw it run off a few minutes later. Brady had the desire to kill the opossum while Cooper just had the desire to bring it to her.
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Tree Cutting in Farming Simulator 15
In Farming Simulator 2015 tree cutting was introduced as a new feature. The goal was to offer maximum freedom in how trees are cut. The player can decide the position and angle of the cut. This means that the tree mesh models cannot be pre-cut. The meshes are cut on the fly, and become a physical object once separated. Meshes thus need to be stored in a representation that enables real-time splitting. Furthermore, since falling trees may collide with the environment, the collision skin of the tree needs to be computed on the fly as well. The mass and moment of inertia of a cut tree varies with the location of the cut and also need to be computed in real-time.


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Sensitivity Analysis of Different Models of Piezoresistive Micro Pressure SensorsS. Meenatchisundaram, S. M. Kulkarni, S. Bhat
Department of Instrumentation and Control Engineering, Manipal Institute of Technology, Manipal, Karnataka, India.
Department of Mechanical Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Surathkal, Karnataka, India.
Piezoresistive pressure sensors have received much attention over the years because of low cost, simple measurement techniques, etc. There is a challenge in design with respect to appropriate positioning, shape and temperature compensation. Different models of piezoresistive pressure sensors are proposed to enhance its sensitivity in terms of output voltage. This paper aims in sensitivity analysis of various models proposed in research papers. The Acoustics Module of COMSOL Multiphysics® is used to make a comparative study. All sensors used in this paper consist of a membrane, on which the pressure is applied and a surrounding fixed frame. The sensitivity and output voltage of each model are measured and compared. The merits and drawbacks are discussed as a result of the paper.


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Posters are characteristic of Shell's advertising during the 1920s and 1930s. Young talented artists were commissioned to convey simple messages for Shell's poster advertising. Many of these artists went on to become famous names in 20th century British art.
The posters, known as Lorry Bills, were displayed on the side of the delivery lorries transporting cans of fuel to customers across the country. They were large in size and made to fit boards that were 30 by 45 inches.
In 1925 Shell began a series of posters featuring the slogan 'See Britain First – On Shell'. The campaign encouraged the nation to explore the British countryside in their cars using Shell petrol. The posters showed romantic landscapes with traffic free roads. Shell tapped into the longing for a rural escape from the city and reassured motorists of the reliability of their products with the strap line 'You can be sure of Shell'.
Shell continued the campaign to promote motor tourism throughout the British Isles with press advertising, TV advertising and the popular Shell Guide series until the mid 1980s.
The number of private cars on British roads reached a million for the first time in 1930 and there was a growing concern that motoring was harming the countryside. Protests against poster hoardings and signs along country roads led to Shell removing all their placards and enamelled signs. Lorry Bills however, remained the focal point for Shell's advertising.
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too warm makes it hard to sleep.
As if lying down and the possibility of feeling some acid reflux wasn't enough, spicy foods can make it all worse. The acidity can even make it harder for people with sleep apnea to catch some zzz's, because it may irritate the airways.
It's no secret that being warm often makes it harder to sleep. Researchers even theorized that maybe an increase in body temperature after eating extremely spicy food affects sleep quality. Tabasco sauce, for example, has an ingredient that can stimulate the metabolism.


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This paper discusses tetrahedra with rational edges forming a geometric progression, focussing on whether they can have rational volume or rational face areas. We examine the 30 possible configurations of such tetrahedra and show that no face of any of these has rational area. We show that 28 of these configurations cannot have rational volume, and in the remaining two cases there are at most six possible examples, and none have been found.
Journal of Number Theory Vol. 128, Issue 2, p. 251-262


Can't fight your feelings Thursday
Can't Fight your feelings Thursday
Create a picture that represents how you are feeling today. You can use colours, textures, shading and images to give your picture meaning and representation. You can use any materials you choose such as pens, crayons, paints, collage, etc. You can choose whether to add the feeling word to your picture or leave the viewer guessing. Upload your learning to Seesaw or Tapestry when you have finsihed.


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Assistant Professor in Communication at the Universidade do Vale do Rio dos Sinos (Unisinos University), Brazil. He holds a PhD in Communication from the University of São Paulo. Coordinator of DigiLabour Research Lab, and the editor of DigiLabour newsletter. Principal Investigator for the Fairwork project in Brazil. His research interests include digital labour, work & AI, platform cooperativism, datafication, workers' organisation, communication and work. See Rafael's recently published Contextualizing Platform Labor with Jack Qiu, this article in TripleC, and a full list of Rafael's publications.
Research overview:
The hidden labour of Brazilian women on AI platforms
The aim of this research is to analyse the labour of Brazilian women on AI platforms, considering intersections between gender, Global South and class composition perspectives. There are inequalities involving local workers and so-called global platforms. There is no 'digital labour universalism' or a homogeneous and unique notion of global workforce. There are, in fact, diverse work and AI scenarios around the world, including Brazilian AI platforms. The hidden labour in these AI platforms accelerate the platformisation of labour from the process of 'taskification of labour' and the data production for automation. Furthermore, platformisation, or, heteromation of labour has gender perspectives, from the materialities and infrastructures of the platforms to the working conditions. In a Global South perspective, informal work is not an exception, but historically the way of life of most workers, an ordinary state. The change is that informal work – also with gender issues involved – are now platformised. There are connections among human labour, data and planetary resources, considering data as a form of capital for AI companies, expropriating and colonising workers' resources. Is it possible to say that there is an AI colonialism involving hidden labour for AI platforms? Most research on labour and AI focuses on the Global North, highlighting countries such as the United States and France, with a centrality of Amazon Mechanical Turk. The Latin American scenario is less well known in academic research on labour and AI in the Global South in relation to countries like the Philippines and India. In Brazil, existing research to date focuses only on Amazon Mechanical Turk and has no gender perspectives. These researchers argue that the majority of workers are men. Nevertheless, what about women? What is it like to be a Brazilian woman – and thus, from the Global South – working for AI platforms? How are their working conditions? What are the AI imaginaries involved in their relationship with work? How gender and territory issues affect their working experiences?


Mars Society Analog Rover Teams Given Green Light Mars Society
In a major step forward for the group, The Mars Society today announced that three teams will receive funds to build an analog Mars rover. The goal of the analog Mars rover project is to allow direct member participation in important humans-to-Mars research, while at the same time raising public awareness that Mars is a goal in humankind


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Automatic Darkening Welding Filter
Definition - What does Automatic Darkening Welding Filter mean?
An automatic darkening welding filter contains a shutter module that is operated electronically. This module contains ultraviolet (UV) and infra red (IR) filters. The UV and IR filters do not need electricity to operate. The liquid crystal light valve, though, is operated electrically.
Safeopedia explains Automatic Darkening Welding Filter
The liquid crystal (LC) light valve is operated electrically. When the voltage is applied, the crystals re-orient themselves, which are separated by two separate sheets of glass. When the bright light from the welding operation strikes the light valve, the control module darkens the LC valve shutter. The liquid crystal is not sensitive to light itself, and it does not change the shade independently. It depends on the control circuit to change the tint of it.


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View clinical trials related to 5 French Stylette.Filter by:
Study Design: Allocation: 2 arms Intervention Model: Single Group Assignment Masking: Open Label Primary Purpose: Treatment Detailed Description The utilization of a Foley catheter for induction of labor is well established. There are two techniques readily used for placing a Foley catheter. The most common method is under direct visualization of the cervix during a sterile speculum examination and the other method is to place a catheter during a digital cervical examination. Studies have reported the use of a rigid stylette (a thin wire inserted into a catheter to maintain rigidity) to guide the insertion of the Foley catheter decreases failure rate. The Foley catheter plus rigid stylette technique seems to be an efficient and safe method for labor induction. However, to our knowledge there is no study that assesses the difference between the standard digital placement of a Foley catheter versus the digital placement of a Foley catheter with stylette.


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Zoom into a Report
The zooming functionality is available for the NetFlow Auditor charting applet. Users can zoom into all bar, line and area charts.
You can zoom into a report to reveal more intricate details.
Note: By default (except in the case of a baseline report) the grid will update as you select a time area. To "float" through the graph data without the grid updating, click "Chart tab" and disable the "Zoom Option".
To zoom down into a report:Step 1:
Generate a report. Following is an example of a weekly baseline report.Step 2:
For line charts focus choose zoom mode (
). Zoom mode is a toggle option of Drag mode click on drag mode (
) to change to zoom mode.Step 3:
Drag the mouse to select an area within the graph into which you wish to drill down. Step 4:
A new graph is displayed elaborating only the selected area with greater detail.Step 5:
Repeat Step 2, as many times as you want.


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What does CANDY mean in Food?
This page is about the meanings of the acronym/abbreviation/shorthand CANDY in the Miscellaneous field in general and in the Food terminology in particular.
Find a translation for CANDY in other languages:
Select another language:
What does CANDY mean?
- candy, confect(verb)
- a rich sweet made of flavored sugar and often combined with fruit or nuts


Gender: Male
People having the name Loretto are in general originating from Italy, United States of America.
 - Laurel
The Growth number corresponding to this first name is 6.
Learn more with our free
The name Loretto is ranked on the 53,758th position of the most used names. It means that this name is rarely used.
The name Loretto has seven characters. It means that it is relatively medium-length, compared to the other names in our database.
We do not have enough data to display the number of people who were given the name Loretto for each year.
We do not have a name day for Loretto.
For other names check our Name Day Calendar


Definition of coitus interruptus in English:
coitus interruptus
Pronunciation /ˌkōədəs in(t)əˈrəptəs/ /ˌkoʊədəs ɪn(t)əˈrəptəs/
Translate coitus interruptus into Spanish
 - Sexual intercourse in which the penis is withdrawn before ejaculation.
 'Such incomplete discharge was brought about by practices like masturbation or coitus interruptus, or simply by sexual abstinence.'
 - 'Freud insisted that neurotic behavior was the result of libido deflected from normal activity-e.g., coitus interruptus, abstinence, or unconsummated or repressed sexual excitation.'
 - 'To explain how the rate was kept low is not easy: late marriage, abstinence, prostitution, abortion, and infanticide were elements; contraception probably played the biggest part, which usually meant coitus interruptus.'
 - 'And large numbers of Catholics evidently believed that coitus interruptus was less gravely sinful than the use of 'devices' like condoms or pessaries.'
 - 'Similarly, coitus interruptus, birth control, and all other ways of avoiding conception were prohibited by the Catholic Church (and in most cases, still are).'
 - 'By the late thirteenth century there were far more people living in Britain than there had been in 1086-notwithstanding the fact that men and women were familiar with coitus interruptus as a method of birth control.'
 - 'Mother Ann Lee instructed her followers, the Shakers of New York, to consistently practice coitus interruptus, thus ensuring a declining community.'
 - 'The vast majority believed that birth control through use of coitus interruptus was permissible, although a minority disagreed.'
 - 'The unrestrained art of performance is far more fulfilling for him than stop-start filming for television, which he amusingly likens to coitus interruptus.'
 - 'Alfreda, helpfully suggested that a good dose of cold water sploshed over the couple would shock Freddie sufficiently to bring about coitus interruptus.'
 - 'I wouldn't be a bit surprised if taking cellphone calls had become the major cause of coitus interruptus.'
 - 'He cannot understand why Gabi can't wait out nine more years, after which their marriage will cease to be a continual coitus interruptus.'
 - 'Abstention then is like a coitus interruptus, a spectacular thing to feel from a partner whom you love.'
From coitus + Latin interruptus 'interrupted'.


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U.S. Department of Energy - Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy
Federal Energy Management Program
Operations and Maintenance for Major Equipment Types
Equipment lies at the heart of all operations and maintenance (O&M) activities. This equipment varies greatly across the Federal sector in age, size, type, model, condition, etc.
No single resource covers all equipment in use by Federal agencies, and listing major equipment types is beyond the scope of this Web site. Instead, FEMP outlines major equipment types within chapter 9 of the FEMP O&M Best Practices Guide.
The FEMP O&M Best Practices Guide focuses on:
- Steam traps
- Cooling towers
- Energy management and building automation systems
- Air handling systems
- Air compressors
The guide provides the following information for each equipment type:
- General equipment descriptions and operating principles.
- Key maintenance components.
- Important safety issues.
- Cost and energy efficiency issues.
- Water related efficiency issues.
- Recommended maintenance checklists.
The full FEMP O&M Best Practices Guide is also available.


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3.01 MW Demonstration Wind Farm
The Greek Centre for Renewable Energy Sources (CRES) has developed its own 3 MW demonstration wind farm, aiming to:
- Test the characteristics of various wind energy exploitation technologies in the case of complex terrain topography
- Contribute in the development of the Greek wind turbine industry
- Demonstrate and disseminate wind energy systems
- Undertake research work for the integration of wind energy technologies with technologies for the production, storage and use of hydrogen (i.e. energy storage), water desalination systems, etc
- Profit on the electricity sales of the farm, contributing to the financial independence of CRES
The wind farm of CRES is situated in Lavrion, SE Attica, adjacent to its older wind turbine Test Station. It operates in a complex terrain site including hills up to 120m high above sea level and coastal regions. The average annual wind speed is measured 6.7m/s and the turbulence intensity approximately 12%. The energy produced from the wind turbines is fed into the interconnected 20kV electricity grid. Two meteorological masts (100m and 40m), are used to measure the reference wind conditions.
THE WIND TURBINES
There are five wind turbines of various sizes and power control strategies. Three of these wind turbines are commercial and two are prototypes developed in Greece.
The commercial wind turbines are:
- A Enercon E40-500 kW a gearless, synchronous, multipole, variable speed wind turbine.
- A NEG Micon 750kW stall regulated, constant speed with 2 asynchronous generators wind turbine.
- A Vestas V47-660 kW pitch regulated, constant speed, with one asynchronous generator wind turbine.
The two prototype wind turbines, which have been developed in Greece and manufactered by PYRKAL SA, under the tech. development of Prof. N. Athanasiadis (mechanical part) and Dr. K. Michailidis (electrical-electronic part) are:
- OA-500 kW a stall regulated wind turbine, using an advanced variable speed technique (OPSC®: Opti Power Speed Control) and an active line inverter
- OA-600 kW, an otherwise identical to the above machine
The three commercial wind turbines have been erected and their commissioning has started in February 2001. The erection and commissioning of the two Greek prototypes will be completed in the summer of 2003.


text: The dismantling of disused industrial facilities such as nuclear power plants or refineries is an enormous challenge for the planning and control of the logistic processes. Existing control models do not meet the requirements for a proper dismantling of industrial plants. Therefore, the paper presents an approach for the control of dismantling and post-processing processes (e.g. decontamination) in plant decommissioning. In contrast to existing approaches, the dismantling sequence and depth are selected depending on the capacity utilization of required post-processing processes by also considering individual characteristics of respective dismantling tasks (e.g. decontamination success rate, uncertainties regarding the process times). The results can be used in the dismantling of industrial plants (e.g. nuclear power plants) to reduce dismantling time and costs by avoiding bottlenecks such as capacity constraints.


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Find Roku IP address without remote
Nowadays, it is very difficult to find a single person, who is keen to video streaming devices and do not use Roku. The Roku is one of the most popular video streaming devices which are used by the billions of users across the globe. Roku is very well known for its top-rated streaming features that make it different from the other devices. One can use the features of Roku after connecting it to the internet.
For any issue Contact Roku Customer Service
Despite these features users also confront numerous technical issues. Most of the users face difficulties to find the IP address of their Roku device without Roku remote. Are you facing similar situations? Then don't worry about that. Read this article very carefully and go through the below instructions.
Roku device, should be using a private IP address that falls within one of the following ranges:
CAN'T FIND ROKU DEVICE
If you connecting Roku device "Make sure that your Roku device is powered on and connected to your WiFi network" message on the device selection screen in the Roku app if your Roku device was not able detected over your network.
- First, go to network setup to ensure your Roku device is visible ("awake") on your home network.
- Now Go to Settings > Network from your Roku device
(Settings >Network > Repeat guided setup from an original Roku device).
- When you successfully checked your connection, tap "Try Again" in the Roku mobile app.
- If it's not working, exit from the Roku app, turning your phone's (or tablet's) Wi-Fi off and on and now re-entering the app.
- Most important, confirm that your Roku device is on the same network as your phone.
- Now switch on your phone, then open Settings and check your network's IP address.
- Go to Settings > Wi-Fi > Your network name and write down the number next to "IP Address." Your IP address will be a four-part number (e.g. 220.127.116.11).
- Now, check the IP address of your Roku device. If you have a Roku TV, go to Settings > System > About. For all other Roku devices, go to Settings > About from your Roku device (Settings > Player info from original Roku device). Write down the number next to "IP Address."
- The first three of four numbers of the IP address of your phone and your Roku device should match (e.g. 192.168.0 from IP address 192.168.0.101). If these numbers don't match, then it's mean Roku device and phone are not on the same network.
If the IP address numbers match, you can connect manually by entering the IP address of your Roku device in the Roku app. Tap "Connect Manually" in the mobile app and follow directions.
If the IP address numbers don't match then it's simply mean your Roku device and phone are not on the same network, now try the following steps:
- Sometimes Roku device is connected via Wi-Fi, but not your wi-fi it's accidentally connected to a neighbor's Wi-Fi network.
- If Roku device is connected via Ethernet, then connect it wirelessly to the same Wi-Fi network as your phone. For that Go through Wi-Fi setup on your Roku device by clicking Settings > Network. Have your network password ready.
- If you are using a combination cable modem/wireless router, try adding a separate wireless router to your network and connecting your Roku device and phone to it.
- If multiple wireless routers in your home must check that your Roku device and phone are connected to the same router (same SSID).
If the app still doesn't show your Roku device, then powering down your Roku device, phone, and router. Restart all 3 devices, and wait for 3 minutes, then launch the Roku app again.
Steps to find Roku IP address without remote:
- Step 1:- First of all, go to the Chrome Web Store.
- Step 2:- Now type Remoku into the search bar and then tap on the first link.
- Step 3:- Tap on the + Add to Chrome icon and then Remoku will start downloading.
- Step 4:- Now install it on your Google Chrome browser and then you have to see the R icon which is available at the top right corner.
- Step 5:- After that, tap on the Settings to find the Roku on your network.
- Step 6:- Now you have to see the two choices and then choose scanning option which will find your Roku IP address automatically.
After applying the following steps, you can easily find your Roku IP address. Sometimes, if you are not capable of finding your Roku IP address with the help of above-mentioned steps, then contact Roku support team and get reliable assistance from the technical experts.
Roku IP Address Issue
Roku IP address not supported
Roku IP address no remote
Roku IP address all zeros
Roku IP address problems
Roku IP address on box
Roku IP address not found
Roku IP address conflict
Roku IP address where to find
Roku IP address by serial number
Roku IP address lookup
Roku experts are very talented and they can fix all your problems within a short span of time. One can obtain this support by making a voice call, online chat, and email. So don't waste your time and contact with these experts immediately to fix your problems. This support is available at 24/7 hours for the every user.


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Throughout history, there have been numerous hotly-debated topics. That's even more so the case today—we'll debate about almost anything. But I don't think there's a segment of the population that debates issues so intensely as the web design and development community. Don't get me wrong, we certainly have some great debates about important topics, but whoa do we argue over some ridiculous stuff too. Look no further than the debate over, of all things, the pronunciation of an image format: GIF. Some people even go so far as to make a dedicated website of such things. Crazy, right? So anyway, I made this website on how to really pronounce GIF.
Why is it the correct pronunciation?
It's the most natural, logical way to pronounce it. That's why when everyone comes across the word for the first time, they use a hard G.
How is it the logical pronunciation?
Every word that starts with G, then a vowel, then an F, is pronounced with a hard G. For example:
Gaffe. Gift. Guff. Guffaw.
Most one-syllable words that start with G have a hard G (not an exhaustive list):
Gab. Gad. Gag. Gal. Gam. Gap. Gas. Gay. Get. Gig. Gill. Gimp. Gird. Girl. Git! Give. Go. Goal. Gob. God. Gone. Gore. Got. Guide. Guild. Guilt. Gull. Gulp. Gum. Gun. Gust. Gut. Guy.
The word "gift" is the closest word to GIF, and it has a hard G. To pronounce GIF, just say "gift" without the "t".
What about Gin, Gem, Gym, Geo, and Gel?
Gin is not a good counterexample because it's a drink derived from juniper berries, so its name is from the Dutch jenever for "juniper". Gem comes from the Latin gemma for "jewel". As for the other words, they are abbreviations of larger words, so they inherited their pronunciations.
Does the G in "GIF" stand for a word that has a soft G?
No, GIF is an acronym for Graphics Interchange Format. The word "graphics" does have a hard G, but that doesn't necessarily influence the pronunciation. That's why JPEG, an acronym for Joint Photographic Experts Group, is not pronounced jay-feg, but rather jay-peg. Pronunciation of acronyms tends to follow pronunciation rules like any regular word. So the point here is, because the word behind the G in GIF is "graphics", it eliminates any possible argument that could be made if the word happened to have a soft G.
Why does anyone pronounce GIF with a soft G then?
The creator of the GIF image format, Steve Wilhite of CompuServe, when deciding on the pronunciation, said he deliberately chose to echo the American peanut butter brand, Jif, and CompuServe employees would often say "Choosy developers choose GIF(jif)", playing off of Jif's television commercials. If you hear anyone pronounce GIF with a soft G, it's because they know something of this history. If the Jif peanut butter company never existed, he would have never pronounced GIF with a soft G.
Speaking of Steve Wilhite, when he explains the pronunciation of GIF, he himself has to explicitly write, "It's pronounced 'JIF'." He has to explain it this way because it goes against how it would naturally be pronounced.
Are there any valid arguments for pronouncing it "JIF"?
No. There are some websites out there (like this one) that try to convince people to use a soft G, but they rely solely on the way Steve Wilhite says it is. Mr. Wilhite was given a lifetime achievement award at the 2013 Webbys (Congratulations!). He used the occasion to mention again, "It's pronounced 'JIF'." In an article in the New York Times Blog, Bits, he says:
"The Oxford English Dictionary accepts both pronunciations. They are wrong. It is a soft 'G', pronounced 'jif'. End of story."
Not so fast. John Simpson, Chief Editor of the Oxford English Dictionary, disagrees with Mr. Wilhite:
"However, the pronunciation with a hard g is now very widespread and readily understood. A coiner effectively loses control of a word once it's out there…"
I'm sure you would agree, it's far more likely that these masters of the English language understand better than anyone how to pronounce a word.
Wilhite also mentioned that he is annoyed there is still debate over the pronunciation. To be frank, isn't it his own fault for choosing a pronunciation that simply doesn't make sense?
So what now?
Now you can go forth and freely pronounce GIF with a hard G as you naturally would, because you have every right to do so. If you feel compelled to honor the pronunciation given by the GIF's creator out of some sense of obligation, that's perfectly fine too. Just don't give those of us who pronounce it correctly a hard time. :-)


Middle schoolers pass out after taking drugs
OKLAHOMA CITY -- School officials say two 8th graders at Webster Middle School showed up at school under the influence of drugs Thursday morning.
Oklahoma City Schools Spokesperson Tierney Tinnin said, "One student passed out in the hallway and then a few minutes later we had the other one pass out in class."
EMSA paramedics rushed to the scene.
When the students regained consciousness, they told officials, they used a dangerous combination of marijuana and Xanax before coming to school.
Both were taken to an area hospital.
EMSA Field Operations Supervisor Colin Roy said parents need to know the physical signs of drug use.
"A change in sleep patterns, unclear speech pattern and appearing more groggy are all signs. Also heavier eyes, slower breathing and slower movement are also warning signs."
There is no word on the condition of those students but school administrators said both were conscious when EMSA medics transported them to the hospital.


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Franklin vs. Roberts: Experiences as an Apprentice
- Students will be able to appreciate the differences in experiences among apprentices.
- Students will be able to recall, analyze, and synthesize historical information to formulate a position.
- Students will be able to interpret primary source material using critical-thinking skills.
Suggested Instructional Procedures
(Note: This activity utilizes ideas discussed in the previous activity)
Download and photocopy the excerpt from Benjamin Franklin's Autobiography and Jonathan Roberts's journal.
1. Class workDivide the class into two big groups. Half the class will receive the photocopy packet of Benjamin Franklin's Autobiography and the other half, Jonathan Roberts's journal. Allow students within the halves to work together to read through their assigned piece. When completed, bring class back together. Divide class (mixing the original halves) into small groups for jigsaw activity.
Download, photocopy, and distribute the worksheet to each student. Ask students to compare and contrast the experiences of both Franklin and Roberts, completing the worksheet and listing any additional areas they can identify as comparisons.
3. Review & CloseReview the completed worksheets as a class. Close with asking the students to draw conclusions about the individual experiences of Franklin and Roberts, and the extent to which the apprentice system did, or did not affect their future careers according to Franklin and Roberts.
- See lesson 1 of this unit
Plans in this Unit
This unit was created by Laura Beardsley. Modified and updated for SAS by Kimberly L. Parsons, Education Intern, and Historical Society of Pennsylvania.


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Cislunar space (alternatively, cis-lunar space) is the volume within the Moon's orbit, or a sphere formed by rotating that orbit. Volumes within that such as low earth orbit (LEO) are distinguished by other names. Practically, cislunar space is a useful label for "the volume between geostationary orbit and the moon's orbit". Beyond cislunar space lies translunar space.
Cis-lunar is Latin for "on this side of the moon" but also "not beyond the moon". Therefore, one might regard the Lagrange points L4 and L5, the stable regions of the Moon's Trojan points, as cislunar, but in practice they are so interesting as to be likely to be talked about in their own right.
|This article is a stub relating to space or space exploration. You can help Space Wiki by expanding it.|


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One-touch mirroring is only supported on certain Sony's TVs and Xperia smartphones.
- Set NFC setting on the smartphone to on.
- Turn on the TV.
- Touch the NFC detection area of the smartphone to the N mark or the back of the One-touch Remote Control for about 2 seconds.
- The device confirmation completion message will appear at the bottom of the TV screen. Separate the smartphone from the remote control.
- Make sure that the screen lock setting on the smartphone is released or off prior to touching the phone with the One-touch Remote Control.
- Refer to the manual supplied with the smartphone, for information regarding the location or position of the NFC detection area on the phone and any settings information.
- If the TV does not detect the smartphone after touching the phone and the remote, separate the devices and try again.
Once these steps are completed you will see the content from the phone displayed or mirrored on the TV screen.


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Correctional travel nursing jobs offer an exciting and unique career opportunity for nurses. This specialized field of nursing involves providing healthcare services to inmates in correctional facilities. It requires nurses to travel to different locations, working in different correctional facilities for a specified period of time.
Why Choose Correctional Travel Nursing?
Correctional travel nursing offers a range of benefits and opportunities that make it an attractive career choice:
1. Diverse Patient Population
Working in correctional facilities exposes nurses to a diverse patient population with a variety of healthcare needs. This allows nurses to enhance their skills and gain experience in dealing with different medical conditions.
2. Competitive Compensation
Correctional travel nursing jobs often come with competitive compensation packages. Nurses can expect higher pay rates, travel allowances, and other perks such as housing and meal stipends.
3. Flexibility and Adventure
Travel nursing offers the opportunity to explore new places while pursuing a rewarding career. Nurses can choose assignments in different locations, allowing them to experience diverse cultures and lifestyles.
4. Professional Growth
Correctional travel nursing allows nurses to expand their professional network and gain exposure to different healthcare systems. This can lead to career advancement opportunities and open doors to other nursing specialties.
Requirements and Qualifications
To pursue a career in correctional travel nursing, nurses must meet certain requirements and qualifications:
1. Nursing License
Nurses must possess a valid nursing license in the state where they plan to work. Some states may require additional certifications or training specific to correctional nursing.
Prior nursing experience is usually required to work in correctional facilities. Nurses with experience in emergency care, mental health, or correctional nursing are highly sought after.
Correctional travel nursing requires a high level of flexibility as nurses are expected to adapt to different work environments and schedules. They must be willing to travel and work in various locations for extended periods of time.
FAQs (Frequently Asked Questions)
1. What is correctional travel nursing?
Correctional travel nursing involves providing healthcare services to inmates in correctional facilities. Nurses travel to different locations, working in different facilities for a specified period of time.
2. How long are the assignments in correctional travel nursing?
Assignments can vary in length, typically ranging from a few weeks to several months. The duration depends on the needs of the facility and the agreement between the nurse and the staffing agency.
3. What are the challenges of working in correctional facilities?
Working in correctional facilities can present unique challenges, such as dealing with potentially violent or unpredictable patients. Nurses must undergo specialized training to ensure their safety and the safety of others.
4. Is correctional travel nursing safe?
Correctional facilities have security measures in place to ensure the safety of healthcare providers. Nurses are trained on safety protocols and are provided with support from correctional officers.
5. How can I find correctional travel nursing jobs?
There are several staffing agencies that specialize in correctional travel nursing. Nurses can also search online job boards and professional nursing associations for job opportunities in this field.


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Definition of bodkin in English:
- Thus the body of the witch might be subjected to penetration by bodkins or needles as the insensible spot was sought.
- Isaac Newton risked his vision by poking a bodkin beneath his eyeball to understand how we see.
- There is a nail knot/tying tool, clipper/nipper, a bodkin - which as we all know is a needle.
The origin is perhaps Celtic linked with Irish bod, Welsh bidog, and Scottish Gaelic biodag 'dagger'. This was the first sense recorded in English and is used by Shakespeare in Hamlet: 'When he himself might his quietus make With a bare bodkin'. Another early use was for a sharp instrument for piercing cloth; now, in needlework, a bodkin is, on the contrary, blunt with a large eye for threading tape and other thick threads through material.
Words that rhyme with bodkinwineskin • Hodgkin
Definition of bodkin in:
- British & World English dictionary
What do you find interesting about this word or phrase?
Comments that don't adhere to our Community Guidelines may be moderated or removed.


League (unit)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
A league is a unit of length (or, rarely, area). It was long common in Europe and Latin America, but it is no longer an official unit in any nation. The word originally meant the distance a person could walk in an hour.[1] Since the Middle Ages, many values have been specified in several countries.
In nautical usage, a league of 3 nautical miles (5.5 km) is roughly how far an observer of average height (around 6 ft. or 1.8 m) can see when standing at sea level.[2] Thus, a ship travelling one "league" has reached what was previously the farthest visible distance on the horizon. The lack of an historical and global standard for the exact measure of a "league" can be accounted for by the variable elevation of the observer. For example, a crow's nest mounted atop a 50 ft. (15.2 m) mast extends the visible range to 9.35 miles (15.1 km).[3]
Different definitions[edit]
English-speaking world[edit]
On land, the league was most commonly defined as three miles, though the length of a mile could vary from place to place and depending on the era. At sea, a league was three nautical miles (about 5.6 km). English usage also included any of the other leagues mentioned below (for example, in discussing the Treaty of Tordesillas).
Ancient Rome[edit]
The Argentine league (legua) is 5.572 km (3.462 mi) or 6,666 varas: 1 vara is 0.83 m (33 in).[5]
Brazil and Portugal[edit]
In Portugal, Brazil and other parts of the Portuguese Empire, there were several units called league (Portuguese: légua):
 - Légua of 18 by degree = 6,172.4 metres
 - Légua of 20 by degree = 5,555.56 metres (Maritime légua)
 - Légua of 25 by degree = 4,444.44 metres
The names of the several léguas referred to the number of units that made the length corresponding to an angle degree of a meridian arc.
As a transitory measure, after Portugal adopted the metric system, the metric légua, of 5.0 km, was used.
In Brazil, légua is still used occasionally in the country, where it has been described as about 6.6 km.
The French lieue – at different times – existed in several variants: 10,000, 12,000, 13,200 and 14,400 French feet, about 3.25 km to about 4.68 km. It was used along with the metric system for a while but is now long discontinued.
As used in Jules Verne's Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Sea, a league is four kilometres.[6][7]
In Yucatán and other parts of rural Mexico, the league is still commonly used in the original sense of the distance that can be covered on foot in an hour, so that a league along a good road on level ground is a greater distance than a league on a difficult path over rough terrain.
The Danish or Swedish mil was defined as a suitable walking distance between rests, or between inns. While etymologically similar to a mile, the definition shares origin with a that of a league. An old Scandinavian mil ranges from 7.5 km to 12 km depending on nation or region, but has since metrification been defined as 10 km in Norway and Sweden.
The Spanish League or legua was originally set as a fixed unit of distance of 5 000 varas (0.84 m each), about 4.2 km (2.6 miles). Contemporary writers also show it as three millas (miles of 4 566 feet (1 392 meters) each making a total of 13 698 feet (4 175 m or 2.594 miles).[8] Officially the league was abolished by Philip II of Spain in 1568, but it is still in use unofficially in parts of Latin America, with exact meaning varying in different countries.
 - Legua nautica (nautical league): Between 1400 and 1600 the Spanish nautical league was equal to four Roman miles of 4 842 feet, making it 19 368 feet (5 903 meters or 3.1876 modern nautical miles). That seems pretty straight forward until one realizes that the accepted number of Spanish nautical leagues to a degree varied between 14 1/6 to 16 2/3 so in actual practice the length of a Spanish nautical league was 25 733 feet (7 843 meters or 4.235 modern nautical miles) to 21 874 feet (6 667 meters or 3.600 modern nautical miles) respectively.[8]
 - Legua de por grado (league of the degree): From the 15th century through the early 17th century, the Spanish league of the degree was based on four Arabic miles. Although most contemporary accounts used an Arabic mile of 6 444 feet (1 964 meters), which gave a Spanish league of the degree of 25 776 feet (7 857 meters or 4.242 modern nautical miles) others defined an Arabic mile as just 6 000 feet making a Spanish league of the degree 24 000 feet (or 7315 meters, almost exactly 3.950 modern nautical miles).[9]
 - Legua geographica or geográfica (geographical league): Starting around 1630 the Spanish geographical league was used as the official nautical measurement and continued so through the 1840s. Its use on Spanish charts did not become mandatory until 1718. It was four millias (miles) in length. From 1630 to 1718 a millia was 5 564 feet (1696 meters), making a geographical league of four millias to be 22 256 feet (6784 m or 3.663 modern nautical miles). But from 1718 through the 1830s the millia was defined as the equivalent of just over 5 210 feet, giving a shorter geographical league of just over 20 842 feet (6353 m or 3.430 modern nautical miles).[8]
 - Legua marítima (maritime league): From around 1840 through the early 20th century, a Spanish marine league equaled 18 263.52 feet (5566.72 meters or 3.005 79 modern nautical miles), i.e. about 35 feet (10 meters) longer than our modern maritime league.[8]
In the early Hispanic settlements of New Mexico, Texas, and Colorado, a league was also a unit of area, defined as 25 million square varas or about 4,428.4 acres (1 792.110 hectares).[10] This usage of league is referenced frequently in the Texas Constitution. So defined, a league of land would encompass a square that is one Spanish league on each side.
Comparison table[edit]
A comparison of the different lengths for a "league", in different countries and at different times in history, is given in the table below. Miles are also included in this list because of the linkage between the two units.
Length (m) Name Where used From To Definition Remarks
01,482 mille passus, milliarium Roman Empire Ancient Roman units of measurement
01,486.6 miglio[11] Sicily
01,500 Persian mile Persia
01,524 London mile England
01,_PHONE_ (statute) mile USA 1893 today 1760 yards From 1959 also called the U.S. Survey Mile. From then its only utility has been land survey, before it was the standard mile. From 1893 its exact length in metres was: 3600/3937 x 1760
01,820 Italy
01,852.3 (for comparison) 1 meridian minute
01,853,181 nautical mile Turkey
02,065 Portugal
02,470 Sardinia, Piemont
02,622 Scotland
02,880 Ireland
03,780 Flanders
04,000 general or metric league
04,000 legue Guatemala
04,190 legue Mexico[13] = 2500 tresas = 5000 varas
04,444.8 landleuge 1/25° of a circle of longitude
04,513 legue Paraguay
04,513 legua Chile,[13] (Guatemala, Haiti) = 36 cuadros = 5400 varas
04,808 Switzerland
04,828 English land league England 3 miles
Germanic rasta, also doppelleuge
(double league)
05,000 légua nova Portugal[13]
05,196 legua Bolivia[13] = 40 ladres
05,152 legua argentina Argentina, Buenos Aires[13] = 6000 varas
05,154 legue Uruguay
05,200 Bolivian legua Bolivia
05,370 legue Venezuela
05,500 Portuguese legua Portugal
05,510 legue Ecuador
05,510 Ecuadorian legua Ecuador
05,532.5 Landleuge
(state league)
05,540 leg


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We propose atmospheric (free-space) optical code-division multiple-access (CDMA) systems. We analyze the bit error rate (BER) of the proposed system using pulse position modulation (PPM) taking into consideration the effects of scintillation, avalanche photodiode (APD) noise, thermal noise, and multiuser interference. We show that atmospheric optical CDMA systems can realize communications at a bit rate of 156 Mbps when the logarithm variance of the scintillation σs2 is smaller than, or equal to, 0.1. When σs2 is large, we need to use forward error correction codes (FECs).


Is styrofoam poisonous?
Quick Answer
Styrofoam does contain poisonous chemicals, but it is generally safe as a container for food and beverages after service. Microwaving food or drinks inside styrofoam is not recommended, though, as the microwaving process can cause the toxic chemicals to leach from the container into the food.
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Full Answer
The toxins that are present in styrofoam threaten overall health and have particularly damaging effects on the reproductive system. Because styrofoam is made with petroleum, after people throw containers away, those same toxins can leach into the soil and eventually the groundwater, poisoning animals and other species that come across them. Many animals that do not suffer from poisoning as a result of styrofoam end up choking or having digestive clogs after eating the foam pieces.
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What's the difference?
I've already seen Terminator.
I've seen Terminator before.
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2 Answers 2
up vote 5 down vote accepted
They arrive at propositions with the same truth conditions, but by different means; and with somewhat different contextual expectations. In fact, they arrive at the truth value of the sentence without them. They both mean:
 - I have seen Terminator.
When that is true, both of the sentences are also true (when else could you have seen it that wasn't before or already?), and when that is false, both of them are false; and vice versa, in all combinations. They're synomymous. All of them. That's mostly because they all use the Perfect construction.
Adverbials like before, already, never, etc. are used to add nuance and build the background context. Language does that a lot; there's almost never just one way to say something.
Semantically, the before clause is a simple Existential perfect, "used to indicate the existence of past events", and emphasizing the pastness of the event with a redundant before (when else could you have seen it?).
The already clause, however, has a more complex semantics. Already presupposes expectations on the part of the speaker about the timing of events; normally one uses already to refer to events that occur before they are expected to
 - Are you finished already?
 - He left early, so he's probably home already.
 - He only died yesterday, and already the vultures are circling.
So, either before and already might be used in a case where the speaker classifies seeing Terminator as an event that, like registering to vote or getting married, need not be performed more than once. But the one with already is quite definite, in my opinion, that the speaker is not interested in seeing it again.
 - Q; Wanna see Terminator tonight? A: I've seen Terminator before.
 - Q; Wanna see Terminator tonight? A: I've already seen Terminator.
I think the second one is more likely to count as a No answer. Of course, that could be just my perceptions; there's a lot of room for individual variation here.
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+1 I like your answer better than mine. It occurs to me however that before is not completely redundant: it contrasts with just and implies that the prior viewing is more distant than the "immediate" past. – StoneyB Oct 2 '12 at 2:28
Yes, there's a whole suite of durational specifiers like yet, any more, already, still, before, after, while, etc. Each one has its own syntactic foibles, and they contrast in various ways in various dimensions. – John Lawler Oct 2 '12 at 2:57
Thanks, John! :) – Mori Oct 3 '12 at 20:26
Before is a very flexible word. It can be an adverb, a preposition and a conjunction. A word of similar skills is since.
Already, in the other hand, is an adverb.
In theory, both already and before could be used in their adverbial form to modify seen in the examples given, and would be correct.
However, at least in US, before, in its adverbial form, is more often used in referring to location or action rather than viewing something.
I have been there before.
I have done this before.
When referring to visual experience, before just doesn't seem comfortable.
I have seen the Picasso before. [No]
I have seen the Picasso exhibit already. [Yes]
I have read Jane Austen before. [No]
I have read Jane Austen already. [Yes]
And yet
I have been to the library before. I took out Jane Austen. [Yes]
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That sounds like it could have been a hot date. – StoneyB Oct 2 '12 at 0:30
Your Answer


I know that the power of a discrete signal is given by:
$$P(x) = \lim_{N \rightarrow \infty}\frac{1}{2N + 1}\sum ^N _{n = -N} | x[n]|^2$$
However, I would like to know whether the power of a discrite time finite length signal is defined as:
$$P(x) = \frac{1}{N - 1}\sum ^N _{n = 1} | x[n]|^2$$
Or as,
$$P(x) = \frac{1}{N}\sum ^{N - 1} _{n = 0} | x[n]|^2$$
Being $N$ the length of the signal, the number of samples of it.
A finite length signal has a power of zero. This becomes obvious if you just use the first formula in your question and apply it to a signal of finite length. Finite length signals are so-called energy signals, and their energy is given by
where $N$ is the length of the signal (and we assume that the signal is defined in the index range $n\in[0,N-1]$).
The expression
is the power of an $N$-periodic signal, as explained in this answer.
Your Answer