text:
Il Widna, Malta
The only sound mirror outside England – unless anyone knows better – is on the Mediterranean island of Malta. It is known locally as "il widna", Maltese for "the ear".
The design is the same as the 200 foot mirror at Denge, although the Maltese mirror appears to be in better condition. It retains its painted camouflage pattern, which blends into the colours of the landscape quite effectively.
The site is now used as an earth station for telecommunications company GO (formerly Maltacom), so there is no access to the mirror, though visitors can get quite close and peer through the barbed wire fence.
The construction of early warning sound mirrors was proposed in the early 1930s to help protect the key imperial locations of Gibraltar, Malta and Singapore. Four sites were identified in Gibraltar, but there were concerns about interfere produced by noises from the local population, the wind and the sea. A system of five to eight mirrors was suggested for Singapore, but it was thought that there would be problems with noises from local animal and insect life.
The surveys undertaken in Malta during 1933 were more productive, and five suitable sites were identified around the coast. The ideal site should be sheltered from noise behind and to the sides of the mirror, and 'under no circumstances should the mirror have a view if the breaking sea', said Dr Tucker, who undertook extensive research into sound-based direction finding.
The five proposed sites were given letters
- Ta Karach
- Ta Zura
- Tal Merhla
Priority was given to A and B, which were either side of Valletta and would help to protect the Grand Harbour. The first mirror was to be at Maghtab, on a site a mile or so inland with hills behind. It faces out to sea at a bearing or 20 degrees, towards Sicily around 60 miles away.
Construction was underway in the autumn of 1934, with the work completed during the summer of 1935. The design is a direct copy of the 200 foot mirror at Denge, near Dungeness in Kent. Minor differences include small projecting buttresses at the foot of the mirror face, which were found to harm its performance.
The electrical equipment was installed in the first weeks of September 1935, and testing was undertaken on 23 September. Training of the operating staff began the next day. The total cost of the development of the first mirror on Malta was put at £4500.
Trials using a Supermarine Scapa flying boat found that the range of the mirror was 21 to 37 miles, with an average of 25 miles, and a bearing error of ±2½ degrees. In contrast, the range of the unaided human ear was put at 5 miles. It was estimated that the mirror would provide a six minute warning of an enemy aircraft approaching Malta at 250 mph.
Unfortunately not all the test were successful, perhaps one of the more embarrassing failures being on 5 February 1936 during a visit by Sir Cyril John Deverell, Chief of the Imperial General Staff. No further mirrors were built on Malta, and the Maghtab mirror was reported to be out of use by 5 May 1937.
In May 2008 I had the chance to make a brief visit visit to Malta, so took the opportunity to track down the mirror.
View Larger Map
From Valletta bus station I caught bus number 55 to the terminus at Gharghur, which takes about 35 minutes. As I got off a little old lady came over to ask me where I was going, as she was slightly concerned that I might be lost. I mentioned the "widna", and she knew straight away what it was, and kindly took me to see it. A local chap mending a car also knew the way, and I'd suggest the best way of finding the mirror is simply to ask someone (widna is pronounced as it would be English).
A few minutes walk from the town centre, we turned down a small road along the side of a ravine, through the Victoria Lines, and from the brow of the hill had a view across the fields below, with the earth station in the middle (and a humongous landfill site in the distance).
The white satellite dish makes the mirror pretty easy to spot, though binoculars are helpful for a good view. The track runs down to the bottom of the hill, passing a small cave containing a shrine. From the bottom of the hill I found my way to the mirror by trial and error.
Unfortunately my trip them went horribly wrong, when I thought I was on a different main road to the one I was actually on, and I had a long walk along a busy road until I found a bus stop at Salina Bay. A better move would have been to return to Ghargur, or head across to the coastal road and catch a bus to Sliema from there.
Malta has pretty obvious merits as a holiday destination, and absolutely bristles with things of interest to history enthusiasts, and especially fortification anoraks. I can thoroughly recommend the guided tours of the steam-operated gun at Fort Rinella, which somehow managed to entertain a group of women who were simply ticking off the attractions, a chap with technical questions about the control system, and me wanting to know about sound mirrors.
Links and more information
- Photo on the Naxxar local council website.
- Early warning system from the WWII times, Maghtab.
- Maltacom's Earth station at Maghtab.
- Aerial view.
- Evidence of Malta's Role in WWII, Maghtab Sound Mirror.
- Maghtab sound mirror, Malta by Paul Wells of the Pillbox Study Group.
- SPTT Wied id-Dis Walk 14th October 2007, Ramblers Association of Malta.
- The book Echoes from the Sky by Richard N Scarth devotes two chapters to Malta and the Empire and the Mirror at Maghtab. It is now out of print, but is the definitive work on the subject.
- A tour guide at Fort Rinella told me the mirror is mentioned in a book on the Victoria Lines, but unfortunately they'd sold out of copies.


text:
Images Paint for OneNote crop
Because in OneNote, there is no direct function, with the help of which you crop images, you need to to Paint draw:
- Open Paint.
- Insert your image by Drag & Drop or via "file" and "Open".
- At the top, click "Select" and you cut, holding down the right mouse button to your desired area.
- Click with the right mouse button on the selected area and select "cut".
- You delete the entire image ("Select All" and then [Del]) and then paste with "Paste" the cut-out neckline. Save the image and paste it in OneNote.
OneNote has notes of additional functions. You can, for example, a check-list in OneNote, create.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


text:
A Variational Asymptotic Method Based Free Vibration Analysis of a Thin Pretwisted and Delaminated Anisotropic Strip
An asymptotically exact cross-sectional model coupled with geometrically nonlinear one-dimensional (1D) theory of modelling partial delamination in composite beams has been proposed and implemented using the finite element method. This analytical model is based on the dimensional reduction of laminated shell theory to non-linear 1D theory using the variational asymptotic method. Delamination was included in the model by following the sub laminate approach. The final results from this approach will include linear as well as non-linear stiffness terms that account for the delamination length and location in closed form. Ability of the model to capture the trapeze effect, in the healthy and delaminated strip, is demonstrated and the results have been compared with experimental observations. The stiffness terms obtained from the non-linear beam analysis were used in the dynamic analysis. As a first step, only linear stiffness quantities have been used within the 1D linear finite element methods (FEM) that has been adopted to investigate the modal behaviour of the strip. The utility of the model was demonstrated by determining the natural frequencies and mode shapes of a pre twisted and delaminated anisotropic and, where possible, compared to full 3D FEM in order to validate the present approach. The approach shows good agreement with experimental and analytical results.
KeywordsComposite beam Delamination Dynamic analysis Finite element method Variational asymptotic method
- 4.Hassan AG, Fahmy AM, Goda MI (2014) The effect of fiber orientation and laminate stacking sequences on the torsional natural frequencies of laminated composite beams. J Mech Des Vib 1(1):20–26Google Scholar


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Monday, January 30, 2012
Honey Tangerine Chicken
Honey tangerines, which are also known as Murcott oranges, are only grown in the state of Florida. The actual origin of this fruit is a bit of a mystery, but what we do know about it is that is a hybrid between the tangerine and sweet orange, also known as a tangor. It is thought that a man by the name of Charles Murcott Smith is the developer of the fruit, hence its name. He was a manager of a nursery located in Bayview, Florida. Charles is believed to have created the honey tangerines in the 1920s. Also, supposedly, involved in the development of the honey tangerine are J. Ward Smith and W. T. Swindle. Another name for the honey tangerines is Murcott orange, but it's mostly sold under the name honey tangerine. The fruit comes in various colors, but most of the time it has an orange red color and sometimes it's more of a yellow orange. It all depends on the winter conditions that year; if it was a cold winter, they have a darker orange and during warmer months, they have a lighter, brighter yellow orange.
The reason why the honey tangerines got their name was because of its sweet taste, perhaps the sweetest tangerine there is – usually compared to the sugar levels of the honeybell, also known as the Minneola tangelo. The juice of honey tangerines is mainly used in the kitchen for baking desserts like orange cakes. Some even put it in their salad dressing and croutons. Others put it in during the last minute of their stir fly to give it a citrusy taste. Honey tangerines are only grown in Florida between January and April. The best ones to pick are those that are a bit heavy, shiny and smooth. Those that are light may not be as juicy. Don't buy any that have green spots or wrinkled skin. Honey tangerines are known to spoil quickly, so make sure you plan to eat them fairly quickly before getting them; don't buy too many at a time if you don't think they'll be consumed in a timely manner. The average honey tangerine is small to medium in size. (Source:
I had purchased a few of these tangerines and still had one left. So I decided to just cut it up and make a sauce with it. It was very good. A little on the sweet side but not overly so and it was perfect over some brown rice.
Honey Tangerine Chicken
4-6oz. Boneless Chicken Breasts, cubed
2 tbsp. Flour
1 Honey Tangerine, peeled, segmented and cut in half
1/4 c. Honey
3/4 c. Low Sodium Chicken Broth
3/4 c. Orange Juice
1 tsp. Dill
2 tbsp. Canola Oil
In large pot or Dutch oven, heat oil and saute chicken until it is cooked through. Add flour and mix. Next, add the chicken broth, orange juice, honey, tangerine pieces and dill. Bring to a boil, then let simmer for 15 minutes. Season with salt and pepper and serve alone or over rice or noodles. Serves 4.
Points+=9pts (assuming all of the sauce is used and divided equally into four parts)
Shared on Amee's Savory Dish Fit and Fabulous Fridays on 2/3/12
 1. MMMM sounds wonderful Carrie! I have never had a honey tangerine before, going to see if I can get some from Cali! Nettie
 2. Carrie, this sounds wonderful, and simple enough for me to try! Going to pin this! Hugs!
 3. Thanks for sharing with Weekend PotlucK! Your photo is just GORGEOUS!!!!
 ~Tonya from 4 little Fergusons
 4. Looks amazing!!! :) Thanks for sharing, Carrie!


How to Find Upper & Lower Quintiles in Excel
by Shawn McClain, Demand Media
Quintiles are simply four numbers that break up numerical data sets into five equal parts. For example, if you took the number set of 1,2,3 and 4, the quintiles would be 1.6, 2.2, 2.8 and 3.4, as the five sections are all equal at 0.6. The upper and lower quintiles are simply the highest and lowest of the quintile numbers, which show the top and bottom 20 percent of the data set. Excel doesn't have a specific function to determine quintiles, but you can use the PERCENTILE function to get your desired result.
Step 1
Open a blank Excel 2010 spreadsheet.
Step 2
Click on cell "A1" and enter your numerical data down the spreadsheet's first column. Take note of the number of the last row where you enter data.
Step 3
Select cell "B1." Type the following formula into the cell, without quotes: "=PERCENTILE.INC(A1:AX,.2)". Change the "X" to whatever number corresponds to the last row where you entered data in the first column. Press "Enter" to complete the formula, and the lower quintile will appear in the cell.
Step 4
Select cell "B2" and enter the same formula, with one difference, altering the last number from ".2" to ".8." Press "Enter," and the number that corresponds to the upper quintile will appear in the cell.
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text:
, with, together with, along with, rather than, no less than, except, nothing but, the verb is used according to the first subject.
3) Neither Salman nor his friends is going to the party. ❌
Neither Salman nor his friends are going to the party. ✔
⚫RULE 25 – When two or more subjects are connected by " not only.. But also, neither… Nor, either.. Or, none.. But", the verb is used according to the nearest subject.
💯CLICK HERE FOR THE HINDU PHRASAL VERBS COMPILATION
Neither of the two girls(a) / have been invited(b) / to the party(c) /No error
Solution : The error is in (b)
Replace 'have' with 'has'
⚫ RULE 26- When the Subjects joined by 'or/nor are of different numbers, the Verb must be Plural, and the Plural Subject must be placed next to the Verb.
Neither the Assistant Masters nor the Headmaster was present.❌
Neither the Headmaster nor the Assistant Masters were present.✔
⚫RULE 27- " Many a/an, More than one" should be followed by singular noun and singular verb.
Many a men have come to the party. ❌
Many a man have come to the party. ❌
Many a man has come to the party. ✔
More than one girls were present. ❌
More than one girl were present. ❌
More than one girl was present. ✔
Many an accident have recently taken place. ❌
Many an accidents have recently taken place.❌
Many an accident has taken place.✔
⚫RULE 28 – The inverted form of Verb is used in the following cases
1) When the sentence is introduced by an adverb.
2) When the verb is meant to express a wish or prayer.
Lets see another example:
Hardly had I reached the station when the train arrived. ✔
May you get great success in life. ✔
⚫RULE 29 – When the sentence begins with 'it', the verb is used according to the subject.
Let's take another example
It is I who is to attend the party. ❌
It is I who am to attend the party.✔
It is the apple that are full of antioxidants. ❌
It is the apples that are full of antioxidants. ✔
It is the apple that is full of antioxidants.✔
⚫RULE 30 – Generally, 'A large number of' is followed by a singular verb while 'The large number of is followed by a plural verb.
A large number of students was absent. ❌
A large number of students were absent. ✔
The number of tourists have gradually fallen off. ❌
The number of tourists has gradually fallen off. ✔
⚫RULE 31- If 'it's high time / it's about time / it's time is used in a sentence, v2 comes in the sentence.
It's high time you start working hard. ❌
It's high time you started working hard. ✔
⚫RULE 32 -when a subject becomes receiver of an action, following verbs take reflexive pronoun : Acquit, Absent, Avail, Reconcile, Amuse, Resign, Adapt, Adjust, Pride etc
I pride on being able to work smoothly under pressure too. ❌
I pride myself on being able to work smoothly under pressure too. ✔
We adapt to the environment.❌
We adapt ourselves to the environment. ✔
⚫ RULE 33- A Collective Noun takes a Singular Verb when the collection is thought of as a whole, a Plural Verb when the individuals of which it is composed are thought of.
The Council has chosen the President.✔
The audience have taken their seats.✔
⚫ RULE 34- When the Subject of the Verb is a Relative Pronoun care should be taken to see that the Verb agrees in Number and Person with the Antecedent of the relative.
I, who is your friend will guard your interests.❌
I, who am your friend will guard your interests.✔
Grammar Rules based on PARTICIPLE AND INFINITIVE
⚫ RULE 35- Ask, advise, allow, command, force, forbid, invite, encourage, compel, beg, order, imagine, instruct, permit, persuade, tell, require, remind, teach, etc. are followed by direct Object and no preposition is used before the object.
He advised to me to do it.❌
He advised me to do it.✔
⚫ RULE 36-Know is followed by how/ where/when/why and Infinitive.
I know to write a letter.❌
I know how to write a letter.✔
⚫RULE 37 – With the following verbs/adjective/phrases, (V1 +ing) is used after 'to'.
(Verb +used to), accustomed to, averse to, with a view to, addicted to, devoted to, in addition to, look forward to, object to, owing to, given to, taken to, prone to etc
I am looking forward to meet my friend Sara. ❌
I am looking forward to meeting my friend Sara. ✔
Sheetal is used to wake up early morning. ❌
Sheetal is used to waking up early morning. ✔
⚫ RULE 38- After let, bid, behold, watch, see, feel, make etc. we use Bare-Infinitive and not To-infinitive.
I heard him to speak on several subjects.❌
I heard him speak on several subjects.✔
⚫ RULE 39- Bare Infinitive is used after Modal Auxiliaries (can, could, may, might, shall, should, will, would, must, dare not, need not).
You need not to work hard.❌
You need not work hard.✔
⚫RULE 40 -Dangling Participle.
In the second sentence, if 'it' is not used before being, 'I' becomes the subject of 'rainy day' and gives a wrong meaning to the sentence.
Being a rainy day, I could not attend the class. ❌
It being a rainy day, I could not attend the class. ✔
⚫RULE 41- If an infinitive(to + V1) comes after a noun, an appropriate preposition should be used after the infinitive.
Sheetal has(a) / no achievement (b) to boast(c) /No error
Solution : Error is in (c)
Use 'of ' after boast
⚫ RULE 42- Had better, had rather,had as soon … as …, had sooner etc. are fol-lowed by Bare Infinitive.
She had better to go now.❌
She had better go now.✔
⚫ RULE 43- Conjunction than is also followed by Bare Infinitive.
She had better read than to write.❌
She had better read than write.✔
⚫ RULE 44- When but is used as a Preposition and preceded by any form of the Verb do, then but is followed with Bare Infinitive.
Sohan did nothing but to wonder.❌
Sohan did nothing but wonder.✔
⚫ RULE 45- Every Participle must have a suitable Subject of Reference.
Being a rainy day Vijay decided to stay at home.❌
It being a rainy day Vijay decided to stay at home.✔
⚫ RULE 46- Perfect Participle
(Having + v3) Vs (Having been +v3)
(Having + v3) is used when it qualifies doer of the sentence while (Having been + v3) is used when it qualifies non-doer of the sentence.
Handy Tip – If the clause following the perfect participle is in passive voice,we use having been+v3, otherwise having +v3.
Having typed the letter, it was posted. ❌
Having typed the letter, I posted it. ✔
Having been typed the letter, it was posted. ✔
('It was posted' is in passive form so we will use having been +v3. 'I posted it' is in active form so we will use having +v3.)
⚫ RULE 47- Participles like considering, judging, referring, concerning, regarding, viewing, broadly speaking etc. do not take any Subject of Reference.
Considering the case, I took the decision.✔
(Here I is not a Subject of Reference of considering. So, there is no Subject of Reference for 'considering, still the sentence is correct.)
Grammar Rules based on VERB
⚫ RULE 48- When there are two Subjects in a sentence and they are not in the same Number, then we must have to use separate Auxiliaries (is, are, am, was, were, have, has) for both of them.
Threekilled and one were injured in the mob violence. ❌
Three were killed and one was injured in the mob violence. ✔
⚫ RULE 49- A single Verb should be made to serve two Subjects, only when the form of Verb is same for both the subjects.
I


text:
Below guide will teach you How to Replace a Headlight Switch. Please follow the instructions carefully.
Things You'll Need:
- Headlight Switch
- 1/4 in. Drive Ratchet
- Trim Panel Removal Tool Set
- DIY Costs: Est. $52.55 parts only
- Shop Costs: Est. $141.06 parts and labor
- Put the ignition key to on position.
- Activate the headlight switch and check whether the headlights or fog lights are working or not.
- If lights don't turn on, check the fuse and bulbs. Then, make sure that the switch is getting proper power and earthed reasonably.
- If the power is reaching to the switch but not coming out then the fault is with switch.
- Switch off the key and disconnect the negative battery cable.
- Take the steering column cover off.
- Disconnect the electrical connectors from the switch.
- Take the old switch and install the new switch.
- Reconnect the electrical connectors and put back the steering column cover.
- Inspect the working of the headlights by turning the switch on.


text:
The Academic Council of the University headed by Rector FUI, is the highest academic body of the University and has the powers to lay down proper standards of instruction, training, research publications, and examinations. It regulates and promotes the academic life of the University.
1. The Academic Council shall consist of the following members, namely:
- The Rector (Chairman)
- All the Deans
- All the Head of Departments, Institutes, Colleges and Schools
- All Professors and Associate Professors of the University
- A representative of the Federal Ministry of Education
- Two Assistant Professors and two Lecturers to be nominated by the Board of Governors on the recommendation of the Rector
- Three persons eminent in the arts, the sciences and the professions of whom one shall be from each category to be nominated by the Board of Governors
- Director (Academics), HEC
- Controller of Examinations
- Librarian; and
- The registrar
2. The Registrar shall, ex-officio, act as Secretary of the Academic Council.
3. Members appointed by nomination shall hold office for three years.
4. The quorum for a meeting of the Academic Council shall be one-third of the total number, a fraction being counted as one.


text:
Steve Chien, Russell Knight, Andre Stechert, Rob Sherwood, and Gregg Rabideau
The majority of planning and scheduling research has focused on batch-oriented models of planning. This paper discusses the use of iterative repair techniques to support a continuous planning process as is appropriate for autonomous spacecraft control. This allows the plan to incorporate execution feedback - such as early or late completion of activities, and over-use or under-use of resources. In this approach, iterative repair supports continuous modification and updating of a current working plan in light of changing operating context..


Old Python bindings
From VideoLAN Wiki
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Python binding documentation
For a while, there has been a basic python binding for libvlc, that was used for streaming. A more complete (with a hopefully generic API that can be reused by other players) has been developped, based on the MediaControlAPI.
Sources are browsable from python binding and a code sample can be found in [1].
The vlc python module provides 2 main classes : MediaControl and Object.
vlc.Object provides a binding to the vlc object architecture. It allows to manipulate variables and configuration options, and explore the object hierrarchy. The vlcdebug.py script, located in the python bindings directory, wraps around the vlc.Object to provide an easier access to variables and objects (as illustrated in the code sample in [2]).
vlc.MediaControl implements the MediaControlAPI.
Methods taking positions as parameters expect a vlc.Position object, that provides a very flexible way to address absolute or relative positions, in a number of units (milliseconds, frames or bytes). For convenience, the python binding automatically converts integer positions into milliseconds vlc.Position objects.
Tips and tricks
Snapshot support
In order to get snapshot support, you have to activate the snapshot vout module through a clone video filter. The following code gives a way to achieve this :
 mc=vlc.MediaControl([ "--vout-filter", "clone" ])
 o.config_set("clone-vout-list", "default,snapshot")
 o.config_set("snapshot-width", 320)
 o.config_set("snapshot-height", 200)
Note that all config options could have been given on the command line, but this illustrates the use of the vlc.Object API.
There is a snapshot functionality built in the vlc core, associated to a hotkey. The MediaControlAPI could (should ?) use it, but
 - it did not exist at the time the extension was developped
 - the builtin snapshot functionality is oriented towards interactive use (hotkey activation, saving into a file) and should be revamped to take into accound a more programmatic use
 - the snapshot vout module holds a cache of reduced-size snapshots, that allow to take into account the reaction time of the user (around 200ms) and also to select the more appropriate snapshot from the cache.
Win32 initialization
If the vlc module was not compiled with the exact same prefix as the VLC installation (e.g. c:\\Program Files\\Videolan), then it cannot find itself the installation directory (stored in the registry Software\VideoLAN\VLC\Path), and the MediaControl instanciation will fail with a message like "Cannot find interface plugins".
The workaround consists in changing directory to the VLC installation directory before instanciating the MediaControl object.
 def get_registry_value (self, subkey, name):
 import _winreg
 value = None
 for hkey in _winreg.HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE, _winreg.HKEY_CURRENT_USER:
 reg = _winreg.OpenKey(hkey, subkey)
 value, type_id = _winreg.QueryValueEx(reg, name)
 except _winreg.error:
 return value
 if vlcpath is None:
 print "Cannot locate VLC installation directory"


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Combining Unlike Integer Types
If you combine different integer types in a matrix (e.g., signed with unsigned, or 8-bit integers with 16-bit integers), MATLAB® returns a matrix in which all elements are of one common type. MATLAB sets all elements of the resulting matrix to the data type of the left-most element in the input matrix. For example, the result of the following concatenation is a vector of three 16-bit signed integers:
MATLAB also displays a warning to inform you that the result may not be what you had expected:
A = [int16(450) uint8(250) int32(_PHONE_)];
Warning: Concatenation with dominant (left-most) integer class
may overflow other operands on conversion to return class.
You can disable this warning by entering the following two commands directly after the operation that caused the warning. The first command retrieves the message identifier associated with the most recent warning issued by MATLAB. The second command uses this identifier to disable any further warnings of that type from being issued:
[msg, intcat_msgid] = lastwarn;
warning('off', intcat_msgid);
To re-enable the warning so that it will now be displayed, use
warning('on', intcat_msgid);
You can use these commands to disable or enable the display of any MATLAB warning.
Example of Combining Unlike Integer Sizes
After disabling the integer concatenation warnings as shown above, concatenate the following two numbers once, and then switch their order. The return value depends on the order in which the integers are concatenated. The left-most type determines the data type for all elements in the vector:
A = [int16(5000) int8(50)]
A =
 5000 50
B = [int8(50) int16(5000)]
B =
 50 127
The same rules apply to vertical concatenation:
C =
Example of Combining Signed with Unsigned
Now do the same exercise with signed and unsigned integers. Again, the left-most element determines the data type for all elements in the resulting matrix:
A =
 -100 100
B =
 100 0
A =
 50 0
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Let's Make Robots!
Wii IR camera as standalone sensor
RobotFreak's picture
Using the Wii Remote IR camera directly with an Arduino
Wii-IR-Camera-schem.pdf11.63 KB
Wii-IR-Camera-board.pdf11.3 KB
wii_remote_ir_sensor_sample.pde2.5 KB
The Wii Remote became a very intersting tool for hacking and other uses where it not has been mentioned for. After the first hacks appears in the internet a lot of people are doing great stuff with it.
This tip&walkthrough is about using the IR camera from the Wii Remote as a standalone sensor. It is based on hack of a japanese guy named kako. There also exists a Make article
This sensor is great for tracking infrared sources. It can track upto 4 sources independently and give out the coordinates and the strength ob each tracked object. The IR camera has an I2C interface which can be easy accessed by a microcontroller. Here an Arduino board has been used.
Wii Remote disassembling:
To get the IR camera out of the Wii Remote, the Wiimote must be disassembled. A Tri-Wing screw driver has been used for this task. The IR camera is on the front of the board. To get the IR sensor out a hot air gun is been usefull.
This walkthrough only works for an original Wii Remote. There exists some Wii Remote clones, which are cheaper than the original one but they have different sensors with unknown pinout, so be warned!
The schematic slightly differs from Kako's aproach, it has been taken form the CC2 ATM18 project. A quartz oscillator has been used. A frequency bettween 20..25MHz will work. Unfortunately the sensr is a 3.3V device. Some level conversion must be done before connecting it to a 5V Arduino board. The sensor gets it power source from 2 diodes in series with a 5V from the arduino board which give roughly 3.6V. 2 pullup resistors on the I2C pins limits the voltage down to 3.6.
Schematic and a board layout is atached to this article.
 - Wii Remote IR Camera (from a original Wii Remote, not a clone!!)
 - 24Mhz quartz oscillator (or 25MHz, but not a resonator!)
 - 2x diode 1N4148 or equivalent
 - 2x elecrolytic capacitor 10uF
 - 1x ceramic capacitor 100nF
 - 2x resistor 2.2kOhm
 - 1x resistor 22kOhm
 - perf board 60 x 25 mm
 - pin bar 1x4
 - pin bar 2x4
 - bar jack 2x4
The Arduino control software is also based on Kako's sources. It simply initialise the IR camera sensor and sends the readed blob information to a PC: The sourcecode has been slightly modified to work with the PC software.
The PC software is also taken from the CC2 ATM18 project and can be downloaded here.
An Arduino sketch is attached to this article. At the moment I am working on a processing sketch for graphical represantation of the Wii IR Camera output.
To be continued...
Comment viewing options
I've managed to dismantle another Wiimote properly and have soldered the sensor to a piece of perfboard.
This time, instead of having nothing, I have data flowing on my serial monitor but there are only zeroes. I have moved an IR led in front of the sensor but it doesn't change anything.
I have no oscilloscope, so I can't check precisely what's coming from the sensor. All I could achieve was a test to know if there was some voltage coming out from pins 5 to 8 and there is indeed.
I have checked the circuit and I think everything is connected correctly.
What and how can I test to ensure it's not the sensor which is broken again? :-(
zero data flows means :
1. the clock is not sufficient to drive the camera ( in my case, using 24mhz crystal, kako schematic, 74ls14, just got 3 MHz), fixed by using 74HC04 and got around 22 Mhz with 15pF capacitor, 18Mhz using 22pF
2. the reset is not correctly connected ( it's happen too. make sure you use the right 22k or 30k for reset and it got 3.3v ), fixed by make another pcb, but stilll cannot detected by wiiblobtrack, but read the position of IR correct
3. if SDA and SCL line pull up by 3.3v, use 2k2, but if 5v, use 4k7 ( yup... it happen that the data is still logic 0 because the pull-up is not sufficient )
this is my case so far about zero data flow.
to test the sensor, is put back the sensor to wiimote again... i did it about 7 times.. just solder all 8 pins, not the side pin, and test it again. hope it works
o yeah. i test it using PC, connect using bluetooth, wii whiteboard v 0.3 from johnny lee
1. I have used the updated schematics with a 24 MHz clock oscillator so I don't think there's an issue here. I would need an oscilloscope to check that. Might be my next purchase...
2. I think the reset is correctly connected.
3. I am using two pull-up resistors from 3.3 V, so it's 2k2 indeed.
I don't want to resolder the sensor to the Wiimote, it's a bit too hard to unsolder and resolder, I fear to destroy it.
I was first using the parts indicated in the schematics to get the 3.3 V (it was 3.36 actually) but to simplify I have modified the circuit and now I take it from the Arduino. Actually it's 3.28 V (the Arduino takes its power from the USB connection). Could it be an issue?
RobotFreak's picture
Did you checked the pinout of the clock oscillator? I remember CtC had a problem with his Wiimote boards using different types of clock oscillators.
Using the 3.3V from the Arduino board should be ok.
I bought another Wiimote and this time decided to solder some cables directly to the back of the Wiimote's board to test the circuit prior to unsolder the IR sensor. And it's working! So one must be really careful when unsoldering - this is yet my third dismantled Wiimote.
I can confirm that you can use the 3.3V output from the Arduino (Uno Rev. 2 in my case). Also, the pull-up resistors for SDA and SCL are not needed because the IR sensor is the only device on the I2C bus.
I'm going to try getting the blob sizes too.
Getting the z position trough blob size is easy. However the resolution is 4 bits only. Also, I have a jump between a value of 6 and a value of 15 when getting closer to the camera. I think I'll use two IR sources with constant distance and calculate the evolution of the tracked distance to infer the distance with a better resolution.
I figured out that the clock oscillator I bought is a bit different than the one shown on the diagram. Mine looks like this:As you can see it has only two pins. Is is also written "24.000 QIC" over it. Can I use this component? Can I power it with 5 V? Do I connect the other connection to the sensor's CLK input?
RobotFreak's picture
This is a crystal oscillator not a clock oscillator. But you can build a clock oscillator from it with a circuit like this (X1 is the crystal oscillator).
Kaku has been used a similar circuit with a crystal oscillator:
I decided to buy a regular quartz oscillator because components from the 74AC family are not so easy to find and are reported to create some noise if they are not properly used. Also I am also not sure the 74AC04 could be replaced by a 74HC04 because ICs of the 74AC family have a faster edge rate.
botthoughts's picture
I've used a 74HC04 with a crystal to create a clock signal, but it was a different project so can't speak to the rise/fall times.


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You now have better control over the format of your customer data in Totango, thanks the List attribute type.
With the List attribute you can predefine field values and set defaults, allowing administrators to standardize inputs.
Once you've set up your first List attribute, you can do the following things:
- Restrict inputs to predefined values
- Filter Segments
- Use List values like any other attribute. For example: kick off a SuccessPlay or Campaign when the field value changes.
Creating a List attribute
To set up a List attribute, follow these steps (note - you must have the Global Admin role to create a custom attribute):
- Navigate to Global Settings
- Select Attributes and Metrics
- Choose whether you are creating the attribute at the Account or User level
- Click the green "+" button to add a new attribute
- Name the attribute and provide a description
- For the attribute type, select List.
- Define the values for this List. You can re-order values as necessary.
- Decide whether or not the field can be edited. Note: if you decide to restrict editability, no one including Global Admins will be able to edit the field value from within the Totango user interface.
- Decide whether or not the field is visible to everyone, or restricted to users who's SuccessTeam has access to these accounts.
- Select what you want to happen in case a new account is created or updated and no value is provided for this field. Your options are:
- Delete - the attribute will not be displayed on the Account or User profile. If there is an existing value in the field and a null value is upload, the existing value will be cleared and the attribute will be deleted from the Account Profile.
- Previous Value - If the attribute is updated with a null value via manual upload or through the API, Totango will retain the previous value rather than deleting it.
- Default Value - If the attribute is updated with a null value, Totango will populate the default value as defined by the Global Admin.
- Save your attribute and it's ready for use!
Using List attributes in Segments
Once created, the List attribute can be used to generate segments. When you using a List attribute in your segment criteria, you will have two options:
- Is one of - Allows you to select one or more values to search on.
- Is not one of - Allows you to filter out undesired values from your segment.
Because disabled values are not deleted, it is possible to use disabled values in your segment criteria.
- List values cannot be deleted once they are created; however, they can be disabled and renamed.
- When List values are renamed, once saved, the changes will cascade to all accounts.


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What does BIU stand for?
BIU stands for BikeTrial International Union
This definition appears somewhat frequently and is found in the following Acronym Finder categories:
- Organizations, NGOs, schools, universities, etc.
See other definitions of BIU
We have 24 other meanings of BIU in our Acronym Attic
- Basic Income Unit
- Basic Information Unit
- Basic Interface Unit
- Beach Interface Unit (US DoD)
- Beat It Up
- Beirut Islamic University
- Belarusian Insurance Union
- Benson Idahosa University
- Berkeley International University (Delaware)
- Bibliothèque Interuniversitaire


For assistance with incorrectly uploaded/ imported data into the system, we ( would require the following information to try and assist in recovering the data:
 - The file that was incorrectly uploaded.
 - The user who uploaded the file.
 - The date the file was uploaded so we can get the correct backup data.
With the above information given, we can assist in reverting the uploaded data.
*Note that our imports are done with an update, as a result existing information is updated and new information is added onto the system.
This can also be resolved by the user, either by manually correcting the data loaded onto the system or by correcting the data in the excel file that was uploaded and then re-uploading the file.
For KPI targets and actuals, the dates are used to update the entries and for other imports, the Ids are used to update the records in the system.
*Read the Rules on the import template carefully before attempting to upload a file onto the system.


text:
MTB TraIl nearby Serra de Collserola natural area, in España and Sarrià-Sant Gervasi population.
The largest locality in the area is Barcelona
, with a population of 1,621,537 persons, at a distance of 6.540 kilometers from the center of the map.
The nearest is Sarrià-Sant Gervasi
(140,000 persons), at a distance of
The following indicators give us an idea of the difficulty of the route:
- Trail length: 3.284 kilometers.
- Min height: 171 meters above sea level.
- Max height: 432 meters above sea level.
- Average height: 307 meters above sea level.
- Average slope uphill: 0.000 %.
- Average slope downhill: -8.298 %.
- Mathematical difficulty index: 0.000.


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Eaton's, which was once Canada's largest department store chain, partnered with development companies throughout the 1970s and 1980s to develop downtown shopping malls in cities across Canada. Each mall contained an Eaton's store, or was in close proximity to an Eaton's store, and typically the mall itself carried the "Eaton Centre" name. These joint-ventures represented a significant retail development trend in Canada during that period.
With the demise of the Eaton's chain in 1999, and the retiring of the Eaton's name as a retail banner in 2002, some of these malls have been renamed, although three of the larger ones continue to carry the Eaton name. Some malls in smaller urban areas, which were typically the least successful of all the Eaton Centre developments, have been demolished or converted to other, non-retail uses.
Before the Eaton Centres
Prior to the building of these large shopping malls, Eatons, like other departments stores in Canada and around the world, built stand-alone buildings that would hold one large department store only. Often these large retailers dominated the central cores of many mid-sized Canadian sized Canadian cities. Examples include Eaton's Building, College Park, and Eaton's Annex (Toronto).

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


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Sometimes you end up with more cutlery than you know what to do with. It's not a bad problem to have, seeing as you'll never run out of forks, but more forks means more dishes to wash, which is a problem no one wants to have. Instead of throwing away those helpful tools that assisted you in the enjoyment of delicious meals past, appreciate them by finding a creative use for them. Believe it or not, old eating utensils can be transformed into great hooks for hanging purses, reusable grocery bags, or even keys! Follow these six steps to upcycle your old forks into neat hooks.
You will need:
- Soft hammer (rubber or rawhide)
- Old fork or one you are just willing to sacrifice
- Assortment of pliers
- Drill with standard screw-sized bit (not pictured)
- Protective eyewear (not pictured)
- Strong hands (not pictured)
1. First, hammer out the fork until it is completely flat. Make sure you are using a soft hammer so you do not damage the fork in the process. It is best to place the fork upside-down and begin hammering it flat, then flip it to finish it up. This is a lot harder than it would seem and can take a decent amount of time. To make the time pass quicker, think of something that makes you really angry, such as energy waste, to zone out while you're pounding away.
2. Next, use your pliers to decoratively shape the fork's prongs to your liking. Be sure to keep a firm grip on the fork while fashioning the prongs, as to not let it slip and cause an accident. There are many ways to shape prongs, just be sure to keep them moderately flat so your finished product won't poke you when you hang things.
3. Now, put on your protective eyewear and use caution while you drill a screw hole in the center of what will be the mounting piece. Be patient and let the drill bit gradually reach the other side, otherwise you will break the bit or even worse, hurt yourself. Once the hole is complete, wait a minute before touching the fork, as it will be hot from the metal-on-metal friction.
4. Once your fork has cooled, test to ensure it is still flat by holding it against a wall. If it has bent during the prong bending or drilling process, take a moment to hammer it out until it once again lays flat against the wall.
5. Use your strong hands to shape the handle into a hook. It helps to go against the natural curve of the handle but be gentle; this spot can easily become vulnerable and snap. If you're having trouble, lay the fork on your work surface edge with the handle free and use the edge's resistance to your benefit.


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This investigation examined the adjustments made in cycle rate and length to velocity changes during roller skiing with the double pole (DP), kick double pole (KD), and VI skate (VS) techniques. Eight cross-country ski racers roller skied with each technique on a flat track at submaximal and maximal velocities while being videotaped from a lateral view. Increases in submaximal velocities were associated with increases in cycle rate and cycle length for KD and VS but only with increases in cycle rate for DP. Maximal sprint velocities were approximately 7% lower (p <.01) for KD than for DP and VS and were associated with increases (p <.01) in cycle rate for each technique combined with decreases (p <.01) in cycle length for DP and VS. The findings indicate that there are differences among techniques in the manner in which cycle rate and length are adjusted to change submaximal velocity, but each technique relies upon an increase in cycle rate to achieve maximal velocity.
You are looking at 1 - 2 of 2 items for :
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Martin D. Hoffman, Philip S. Clifford, and Frank Bender
Martin D. Hoffman, Philip S. Clifford, Božo Bota, Michael Mandli, and Gregory M. Jones
A theoretical analysis was used to evaluate the effect of body mass on the mechanical power cost of cross-country skiing and roller skiing on flat terrain. The relationships between body mass and the power cost of overcoming friction were found to be different between cross-country skiing on snow and roller skiing. Nevertheless, it was predicted that the heavier skier should have a lower oxygen cost per unit of body mass for roller skiing, as is the case for snow skiing. To determine whether the theoretical analysis was supported by experimental data, oxygen consumption measurements were performed during roller skiing by six male cross-country ski racers who spanned a 17.3-kg range in body mass. The theoretical analysis was supported by the experimental findings of decreases in oxygen consumption for each kg increase in body mass of approximately 1.0% for the double pole technique, 1.8% for the kick double pole technique, and 0.6% for the VI skate technique.


Oxford's university challenge: describe this cactus
Interviewers say their pointed questions about cacti help to find students who think rather than merely recite facts
A cactus. Describe... Photograph: Getty
Teenagers being interviewed for a place at Oxford might be handed a cactus and asked to describe it, or asked whether someone who risks their life in an extreme sport is a hero or a fool, according to sample questions released by the university today in an attempt to demystify its admissions procedure.
Candidates applying to study music might be asked what kind of musical instrument they would invent, while applicants for English literature might be asked why Coronation Street's 50th anniversary would be of interest to a scholar.
The university published details of the sample interview questions to help explain the reasoning behind apparently bizarre inquiries from admissions tutors.
The interviewer who set the cactus question, Martin Speight, of St Anne's College, said: "We give the student a cactus in a pot and a close-up photo of the cactus's surface structure and ask them to describe the object in as much detail as possible using the plant and the photo. We are looking for observation, attention to detail, both at the large and micro scale."
Candidates seeking a place on an undergraduate degree in biological sciences are expected to deduce why the cactus is bulbous, or why it has a particular array of spines.
"There will frequently be more than one logical answer to these questions, and we are likely to follow one answer with another question – for example: 'The big spines are to stop the cactus being eaten, yes, but by what sort of animals?'," Speight said.
"We would also bring in more general questions at the end of the cactus discussion such as what are the problems faced by plants and animals living in very dry habitats such as deserts."
The Coronation Street question is intended to show that the techniques of literary criticism can be applied to other media and open up discussion about storytelling, collaborative writing and how a writer such as Dickens can move from being regarded as "popular" to being accepted as part of the canon.
Candidates for psychology might be asked what is "normal" for humans. Dave Leal, of Brasenose College, said: "There were various ways that this question might be approached, but some approach that distinguished the normal from the statistical average was a good start. Issues such as whether normality is to be judged by biological factors that might be held to be common to humans, or whether it's normal within a particular culture or at a particular period of history, might also be worth addressing."
Mike Nicholson, director of undergraduate admissions at Oxford, said interviews were meant to replicate Oxford's tutorial system, encouraging students to think rather than recite facts.
"There are many myths surrounding Oxford interviews, and they can be the most anxiety-provoking part of the Oxford application process for students. These questions show that the interviews are not designed to see how quickly students get the 'right' answer or show off specialist knowledge, but to gauge how they respond to new ideas."
Oxford's selection process also involves assessing potential through aptitude tests, written work, exam grades and references.


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noun, plural: anastomoses
(1) Interconnection between parts of a branching system forming a network, as in leaf anastomosis.
Related forms: anastomotic (adjective).
Results from our forum
... with splenomegaly, ascites, GI bleeding and/or portal systemic encephalopathy. The consequences of portal hypertension are due to portal systemic anastomosis formed by the body as an attempt to bypass the obstructed liver circulation. These collateral vessels form along the falciform ligament,...
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When Sense Alerts is enabled, push notifications will be sent to your device whenever the system detects motion. You can enable these notifications to send at all times or only while nobody is at home using the Smart Activation feature.
You need to assign a Primary device to everyone to ensure Sense can properly determine if everyone has left and also enable the People notifications.
- Tap on the Sense icon on the home screen.
- Scroll down to the bottom of the page and open Sense Settings.
- Under Modes and Alerts, slide the Smart Activation toggle to the right if you do not wish to receive alerts while you are home.
- Under the Alerts section, you can set the minimum Time between alerts to either 1 Mins, 2 Mins, 3 Mins, or 5 Mins. This prevents you from getting too many notifications if a motion alert gets triggered immediately after another one.
- Scroll back up to the top of the screen to turn Sense alerts from ON to OFF.
- Open the main menu from the home screen and choose Sense.
- Ensure Motion Detection is on and then tap on the Smart Activation button at the bottom of the screen.
- Slide the Smart Activation toggle to the right if you do not wish to receive motion alerts while you are home.
- Go back to the home screen and tap on the Sense icon.
- Tap on the ellipses next to Sense Alerts and tap On to turn on alerts or Off to turn off alerts.
When are Sense Alert push notifications triggered?
Sense alerts will only be triggered if:
- Sense motion detection is enabled.
- Sense Alerts are enabled.
- If the Smart Activation of alerts has been enabled, everyone has left your home. (all assigned primary devices have been disconnected for 15 minutes or more)
- The motion being detected occurs for at least 2 seconds (5 seconds if pet mode is enabled), within an approximate 10'-13' radius from a motion detection device or SuperPod.
- The minimum time interval since the last alert has been met.


text:
Theoretical Economics 7 (2012), 283–322
Contract, renegotiation, and hold up: Results on the technology of trade and investment
Kristy Buzard, Joel Watson
This paper examines a class of contractual relationships with specific investment, a non-durable trading opportunity, and renegotiation. Trade actions are modeled as individual and trade-action-based option contracts ("non-forcing contracts") are explored. The paper introduces the distinction between divided and unified investment and trade actions, and it shows the key role this distinction plays in determining whether efficient investment and trade can be achieved. Under a non-forcing dual-option contract, the party without the trade action is made residual claimant with regard to the investment action, which induces efficient investment in the divided case. The unified case is more problematic; here, efficiency is typically not attainable but the dual-option contract is still optimal in a wide class of settings. More generally, the paper shows that, with ex post renegotiation, constraining parties to use "forcing contracts" implies a strict reduction in the set of implementable value functions.
Keywords: Contract, renegotiation, hold up, forcing contracts, non-forcing contracts, specific investment, technology of trade, mechanism design
JEL classification: C70, D23
Full Text: PRINT VIEW


text:
Dick Eastman's Genealogy Newsletter had a post this week about the courses being offered for free through the LDS Church's FamilySearch.org website. I decided to see if they had anything available to assist Portuguese researchers.
I found they have three courses under Reading Handwritten Records Series:
This lesson covers the basics on the way the Portuguese write letters. I thought the examples of each letter were very good. This lesson runs 20 minutes. There is also a PDF file with letter examples.
This lesson covers months, days, years, and common words found in Portuguese records. There are also question and answer sections so you can test your knowledge. This lesson runs 25 minutes. There are three handouts in PDF format for dates, keywords, and abbreviations.
This lesson covers the actual records one might encounter in Portuguese research. It walks you through examples of real records. It even shows you the actual text of documents line by line. This lesson runs 25 minutes.
I haven't gone through these lessons in their entirety. But, from what I saw they are presented very well. The audio compliments the text.
If you are starting with Portuguese records, or find yourself having difficulty understand the old handwriting, give this course a try.


text:
What Is a Circle Spoke Diagram
What is a Circle Spoke Diagram? It is a diagram which has a central item surrounded by other items in a circle. The Circle Spoke Diagrams are often used to show the features or components of the central item in marketing and management documents and presentations.
ConceptDraw DIAGRAM extended with Business Diagrams Solution from the Management Area is the best software for creating Circle-Spoke Diagrams.
Example 1. What Is a Circle Spoke Diagram?
What is a Circle Spoke Diagram and what tools offers the ConceptDraw DIAGRAM software for drawing them? The Business Diagrams Solution provides the extensive drawing tools, a set of predesigned templates and samples, and Circle-Spoke Diagrams library with wide variety of different ready-to use shapes for drawing the Circle-Spoke Diagrams in seconds.
Example 2. Circle-Spoke Diagrams Library Design Elements
You can design your diagram in new document using the ready shapes or choose any desired Circle-Spoke Diagram sample from the offered in ConceptDraw STORE that meets your requirements and change it for your needs.
Example 3. Circle-Spoke Diagram - CASA Exposition
The Circle-Spoke Diagrams you see on this page were created in ConceptDraw DIAGRAM using the Business Diagrams Solution. They illustrate what is a Circle Spoke Diagram and how to create it in ConceptDraw DIAGRAM. An experienced user spent 5 minutes creating each of them.
Use the Business Diagrams Solution to design your own professional-looking Circle-Spoke Diagrams of any complexity fast and easy.
All source documents are vector graphic documents. They are available for reviewing, modifying, or converting to a variety of formats (PDF file, MS PowerPoint, MS Visio, and many other graphic formats) from the ConceptDraw STORE. The Business Diagrams Solution is available for all ConceptDraw DIAGRAM or later users.
TEN RELATED HOW TO's:
ConceptDraw DIAGRAM diagramming and vector drawing software extended with Physics solution from the Science and Education area is a powerful software for creating various physics diagrams.
Physics solution provides all tools that you can need for physics diagrams designing. It includes 3 libraries with predesigned vector physics symbols: Optics Library, Mechanics Library and Nuclear Physics Library.
Picture: Physics Symbols
The vector stencils library Aircraft contains clipart of aerospace objects, transportation vehicles, office buildings, and ancillary facilities for ConceptDraw DIAGRAM diagramming and vector drawing software.
Picture: Aircraft - Design Elements
For documenting the Cloud Computing Architecture with a goal to facilitate the communication between stakeholders are successfully used the Cloud Computing Architecture diagrams. It is convenient and easy to draw various Cloud Computing Architecture diagrams in ConceptDraw DIAGRAM software with help of tools of the Cloud Computing Diagrams Solution from the Computer and Networks Area of ConceptDraw Solution Park.
Picture: Cloud Computing Architecture Diagrams
When we think of an hierarchy, we intuitively imagine a pyramid. Thus, a lot of management tools use pyramid charts as examples or illustrations of various documents or models. You can create any type of triangle diagram using ConceptDraw DIAGRAM.
A triangle (pyramid) diagram is often used in marketing to show the data hierarchy. This pyramid diagram represents the Top Brand Model. It illustrate the model of rebranding strategy. It can be used by marketing agency dealing with rebranding strategies development. It's critical for marketing diagrams to be both clear and eye catching. ConceptDraw Pyramid diagrams solution meet all these requirements and can be successfully applied for creating and presenting various marketing pyramidal diagrams.
Picture: Pyramid Chart Examples
The Rapid UML Solution from the Software Development area of ConceptDraw Solution Park helps you to create the UML Class Diagrams quick and easy using ConceptDraw DIAGRAM diagramming and vector drawing software.
Picture: UML Class Diagram Tutorial
ConceptDraw DIAGRAM is a powerful tool for business and technical diagramming.
Software Development area of ConceptDraw Solution Park provides 5 solutions:
Data Flow Diagrams, Entity-Relationship Diagram (ERD), Graphic User Interface, IDEFO Diagrams, Rapid UML.
Picture: Software Diagram Examples and Templates
ConceptDraw DIAGRAM is the best program to make workflow diagrams. With the new Arrows10 technology it brings features allow you make workflow diagrams faster then ever before. These features allow you to focus on thinking, not drawing, that makes ConceptDraw DIAGRAM the best program to make workflow diagrams.
Picture: Best Program to Make Workflow Diagrams
Complexity of databases increases day by day, due to this the Entity relationship models and E-R diagrams become more and more popular, and now are an important part of database design. E-R diagrams created at ConceptDraw DIAGRAM allow visually and graphically represent structure and design of databases.
Picture: E-R Diagrams


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By "compatible" I mean, if $R$ is my relation and $+$ my operation, then if $aRb$ and $cRd$, then $(a+c)R(b+d)$. For an congruence relation this is claimed, but also that $R$ must be an equivalence relation, but there are relations, like $<$ that fulfill the first statement, but are not equivalence relation's. Are there any terms for such relations and are they studied in mathematics?
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You have chosen the right word, compatible is a standard technical term for the notion. – André Nicolas Feb 1 '13 at 19:33
1 Answer 1
up vote 3 down vote accepted
...are they studied in mathematics?
Considering a functional relation $R$, the compatability says, in functional notation: $R(a+c)=R(a)+R(c)$. In other words, the function preserves that operation. Of course we study examples of such relations all the time whenever we are looking at homomorphisms!
If you're asking if relations in general are studied this way, then maybe so. While searhing I came across a paper by Saunders MacLane which looks like a relevant example:
He talks about regarding a homomorphism of things in a category with an operation $S\rightarrow B/L$ instead as a "many valued function" from $S$ into $B$ (that is, every pre-image is related to the multiple things in the coset of the image). It remains "compatible", but is no longer a true function.
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Another way to look at R preserves the operation is that it commutes with it. But is this the same setup as the OP's? $aRb \wedge cRd \to (a+c)R(b+d)$ versus $R(a+b)=R(a)+R(b)$? There are obvious distinctions such as the number of arguments, implication versus equality, and also in the first case there is a conjunction and $+$, while in the latter only $+$ operator. – alancalvitti Feb 2 '13 at 2:13
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text: The close connection between old age and retirement and to what extent society accepts work-free retirement in old age emerged as the topical themes we know in France and Germany as late as the 1950s and 1960s. By analysing the relevant discussions in the labour circles of both countries the author examines whether this modern concept of retirement originated in the early phase of the welfare state. The concepts and points of criticism which each of the labour movements developed for old age provision show, by virtue of the different national mental attitudes, that their considerations about old age as a life phase diverged from one another to a great degree. The German labour movement believed that old age pensions were primarily a compensation for the reduction in income on reaching an advanced age, and it thus gave preference to the invalidity pension. In contrast, French society supported the idea of welfare security for the old. Along with criticisms of state social policies, the purpose of providing for the old is at the centre of the essay's analysis, more specifically the contrary forms this discussion took in Germany and France: obliged to work in old age or well-earned retirement.


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In the wake of Syrian unrest, Israel's residents are scrambling to get their government-distributed gas masks. A month before the festival of Purim, Israeli children are learning to don another costume.
In the wake of Israel's strike on Syrian chemical weapons convoys on Wednesday, January 30th, Israeli citizens in the north, closer to the Syrian border, went to get their gas masks.Officials from the Israel Postal Company said that over 4,000 masks had been given out Tuesday, up from 1,400 on the days before. The company also stated that in Jerusalem and Beersheba the numbers were especially high, up from less than 400 a day to over 1,000. That means almost three times the average number of citizens came to distribution centers across the country to receive their protective gear.
As of now, more than 4,700,000 protective gear kits have been distributed countrywide.
Children are especially vulnerable to toxins, and Israel has had to create special gas masks for children. The image in the post is the cover to the User Manual (הוראות שימוש or horeot shimush) for a gas mask for children aged 0 - 2, and illustrates how Israel has coped with dangerous neighbors. In a a few short weeks, though, children will dress up very differently when they celebrate the redemption of the Jewish people from the evil plans of Haman on Purim.
Purim, celebrated on February 23rd, is a holiday for children (read more about the festival here).. Israeli children dress up and go around giving gifts - Mishloach Manot - to friends, as well as going to the synagogue to hear the Megilla (the story of Esther).
Help Israeli children celebrate this festive holiday and give them something to smile about in this trying time. Click here and purchase a Purim Treat for Children. Israel Today staff will go to various locations in the Jerusalem area and around Israel to deliver your Purim Treat to help children celebrate this festive holiday.
The Purim Treat will contain:
- A Noise Maker for Purim
- Lollies and sweets
- A Surprise gift bag
- Colorful stickers
Be part of the spirit of Purim. Bring joy to the children of Israel.


text:
Promoter, in chemistry, substance added to a solid catalyst to improve its performance in a chemical reaction. By itself the promoter has little or no catalytic effect. Some promoters interact with active components of catalysts and thereby alter their chemical effect on the catalyzed substance. The interaction may cause changes in the electronic or crystal structures of the active solid component. Commonly used promoters are metallic ions incorporated into metals and metallic oxide catalysts, reducing and oxidizing gases or liquids, and acids and bases added during the reaction or to the catalysts before being used.
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text: Over the past forty years intensive investigations into the use of compliant surfaces have been undertaken, both theoretically and experimentally, in order to obtain turbulent drag reduction in boundary–layer flows. Although positive results were found in some of the studies, none of these had been successfully validated by independent researchers. In this paper the results are reported of a recent investigation carried out by the authors to verify the experimental results of Semenov in 1991 and Kulik and co–workers in 1991, who successfully demonstrated the ability of compliant surfaces to reduce the skin–friction drag and surface–flow noise in a turbulent boundary layer. A strain–gauge force balance was used in the present study to directly measure the turbulent skin–friction drag of a slender body of revolution in a water tunnel. Changes in the structure of turbulent boundary layer over a compliant surface in comparison with that over a rigid surface were also examined. The results clearly demonstrate that the turbulent skin friction is reduced for one of the two compliant coatings tested, indicating a drag reduction of up to 7 per cent within the entire speed range of the tests. The intensities of skin–friction and wall–pressure fluctuations measured immediately downstream from the compliant coating show reductions in the intensities of up to 7 and 19 per cent, respectively. The results also indicate reductions in turbulence intensity by up to 5 per cent across almost the entire boundary layer. Furthermore, an upwards shift of the logarithmic velocity profile is also evident indicating that the thickness of the viscous sublayer is increased as a result of turbulent drag reduction due to the compliant coating. It is considered that the results of the present experimental investigation convincingly demonstrate for the first time since the earlier work in Russia (by Semenov and Kulik) that a compliant surface can indeed produce turbulent drag reduction in boundary–layer flows.


text: A stochastic model based on first-order Markov chain was developed to simulate daily rainfall. The model is capable of simulating daily rainfall data of any length, based on the estimated transitional probabilities, mean, standard deviation and skew coefficients of rainfall amounts. A study of rainfall probability is an approach to sound planning for any variation of rainfall either small or large. The simulation model has been used successfully to estimate daily rainfall. The Multivariate logistic regression is used to estimate the probability that it is raining. The logistic regression technique is used to compare between the actual and simulation results for a rainfall from January to December in Bangladesh. The probability of occurrence of rainfall is of vital importance in efficient planning and execution of water use program. This study describes a crop-climate simulation model under rainfed conditions in Bangladesh to be used as a tool for analyzing growth and yield to help planning and management of rice production.


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Lightworkers and Earth Angels are here to bring light, love and healing to the planet.
Think of Lightworkers like living, walking Spirit Guides and Earth Angels as living, walking Angels.
This doesn't necessarily mean that they are free of ego, pains and problems, but it does mean that deep down in their soul, they contain the memory of what it is like to guide people from the Divine realms.
Essentially, both Lightworkers and Angels have this knowledge buried deep inside of them because in their past incarnations this is what they spent their time doing.
The key difference between the two, is that Lightworkers would have guided people from Higher realms, whereas Earth Angels would have guided people from the Angelic realm.
This doesn't mean that one is higher than the other, it is just a different type of guidance.
Lightworkers would have:
- Guided people/animals on a more day-to-day level
- Helped people to know which path to take
- Steered and directed people towards following their passions and their purpose
- "Arranged" meetings of Soulmates and Twin Flames
- Provided comfort and support in times of need
- Offered guidance and intuitive advice
Earth Angels would have:
- Worked to create the soul path and soul contract with the person/animal before they were incarnated
- Helped the soul to find the perfect family to incarnate into
- Guided people/animals, so they could fulfil and understand their soul path and soul lessons
- Worked with people on a more subconscious level through their dreams and mediations
- Sent reminders of their soul journey and life path through angel numbers and Universal signs
- Offered physical protection and healing when needed
Both Lightworkers and Earth Angels would have worked as a team for the highest good of the various people, animals and plants that they were caring for.
Even though they have the power and knowledge to do this work, occasionally Lightworkers and Earth Angels are returned to Earth in order to do their work in human form.
They still carry this knowledge buried within, but in a way, they have to learn how to access it and use it while they are on their earthly journey.
Sometimes this knowledge may emerge subconsciously, and other times it can emerge consciously, but eventually it does always reveal itself.
Usually both Lightworkers and Earth Angels will find themselves drawn to the world of healing, metaphysics, plant medicine, intuition, mediumship, crystals, fairies and so on.
Both Lightworkers and Earth Angels may also appear wise beyond their years and carry an innate knowledge and understanding of energy, different dimensions and higher realms.
You can read about common Lightworker signs here and common Earth Angel signs here.
Just like Lightworkers and Earth Angels served a different purpose in the Divine realms, they also serve a different purpose on Earth.
On their Earthly journey Lightworkers are here to:
- Remind people about the "light" within
- Remind people of their innate healing ability
- Remind people of the healing power of plants, crystals, herbs etc.
- Remind people how to work with their intuition
On their Earthly journey Earth Angels are here to:
- Remind people about the temporariness of life
- Remind people that they are love and connected
- Remind people that there is more to life than this lifetime
- Remind people how to work with higher realms
Of course, what Lightworkers and Earth Angels are here to do is so much bigger than anything described on these lists and there is certainly a lot of crossover too.
Essentially, both of these beings are here to help bring faith, love, hope and gratitude back to the planet and the way that they do this will be as unique as they are.
In order to remind people of these things, Lightworkers and Earth Angels first need to remember all of this themselves. Eventually, Lightworkers and Earth Angels will be forced to remember all of this by going through some type of crisis or deep awakening process.
Once this awakening has occurred, there is often a deep knowing for both Lightworkers and Earth Angels that this is who they are. Even though Lightworkers and Earth Angels have this knowledge, they are still on their own Earthly journey and still here to learn things on a human level.
Lightworkers and Earth Angels are not immune from the human world, however the more they can access the hidden knowledge within, the easier it will be for them.
Read Next: An Angelic Prayer for Lightworkers
Article source: originally written and published on March 12, 2018 on alightworkers.com
Please Note: this article has been re-posted without prior written consent by the original Author. Link to the original article and site can be found above this disclaimer. If you are the Author of this post and you think that we are not re-posting it under the realm of 'fair-use', please contact us _EMAIL_


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Compatibility After Effects Please check exact version compatibility under the "COMPATIBILITY" tab below
Add Your tagsClose
Create 2D and 3D geo located markers on an equirectangular map or projected onto a sphere. In other words, add map location data to your After Effects comp quickly and easily!
1. 3D Checkbox:
If you enable the 3D option the markers you create will be created using cartesian coordiantes. That allows you to place them on a sphere. These markers are bound to an center layer that has aslider for the radius of that sphere. If this is unchecked your comp needs to be in an 2:1 ratio.
2. bake Checkbox:
If you enable this the script will use the AE positions. The expression that calculates the position based on lat lon is still there but disabled.
3. Cogwheel Button:
Opens the settings panel. There you can set if you use comma or tab separated values. Add a prefix and suffix for the text and change the layer name prefix.
4.? Button:
Opens the help. Duh.
5. Read Locations Button:
This button opens a file chooser dialogue. Select an.tsv or.csv file. The Script only can handle tab or comma separated values. It will parse the content of the file and try to fill your latitude, longitude and text dropdown.
6. Marker Type Dropdown:
0 --> nothing
1 --> nullObject
2 --> LightLayer
3 --> TextLayer
4 --> SolidLayer
5 --> Marker Precomp
There are different type of markers. LightLayers will be handled different than the rest due to the fact that lights can't have effects. So the script will calculate the real position and not, like the rest, add 2 angle controllers that can be used to change the lat long degrees. If you choose the Marker Precomp option the script will create a tiny comp that will be used as marker.
7. Lat Dropdown:
Select the latitude row of your csv after reading it in. If your row is named lat/latitude/Latitude/LAT/Lat the script will find them end set them for you.
8. Lon Dropdown:
Select the longitude row of your csv after reading it in. If your row is named lon/longitude/Longitude/LON/Lon the script will find them end set them for you.
9. Name Dropdown:
Select the row that should be used as text. This text will always be the layername and if you use textlayers it also will be its content. If your row is named name/Name/NAME/city Name/etc the script will find them end set them for you.
10. Build Locations Button:
This will create your markers.
11. NEW By id Ceckbox:
This allows you to sort the layers by the given id in the layers name.
12. NEW Sort Button:
Hit the button and the script will try to sort by the give field in the name dropdown (9) or by the id the script creates in the layers name.
Get and Create Geo Data
But there is more going on. For example has twitter an API that gives you geolocations. With this url:
You get all the recent tweets that are geo referenced within an one mile radius around that location.
Or maybe NA weather stations? You just need to find some way to turn these datasets into.csv or.tsv. Geocommons can be helpfull with that. Have a quick look into this tutorial on creating geodata with geocommons.
|After Effects||CC 2015, CC 2014, CC, CS6, CS5.5, CS5, CS4|


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Pacific Rocky Intertidal Monitoring: Trends and Synthesis
Click here for Long-Term trends
Click here for Biodiversity Survey findings
Paradise Cove is located in the South Coast region of California. The site is located in an Area of Special Biological Significance (Mugu Lagoon to Latigo Point ASBS), within the Point Dume State Marine Conservation Area. There is at least one storm water discharge in the vicinity of this site, and this site is 1.2 miles northeast of the Point Dume Mussel Watch site. This moderately sloping site consists of moderately uneven terrain, containing few cracks and folds.
Paradise Cove is dominated by a mixture of consolidated sandstone bedrock and sandy beach, and the area surrounding the site is comprised of a mixture of consolidated bedrock and sandy beach. The primary coastal orientation of this site is southeast.
Long-Term Monitoring Surveys at Paradise Cove were established in 1994, and are done by University of California Los Angeles. Long-Term MARINe surveys currently target the following species: Chthamalus/Balanus (Acorn Barnacles), Mytilus (California Mussel), Endocladia (Turfweed), Phyllospadix (Surfgrass), and Pisaster (Ochre Star). In addition, motile invertebrates, barnacle recruitment, and mussel size structure are monitored at this site. Click here to view Long-Term trends at this site.
Biodiversity Surveys were done by University of California Santa Cruz in 2001, 2006, and 2010. The Biodiversity Survey grid encompasses two sections that are approximately 12 meters (along shore) x 10 meters (seaward), and 15 meters (along shore) x 10 meters (seaward). Click here to view Biodiversity Survey findings at this site.
For more information about Paradise Cove, please contact Rich Ambrose.


Upward strategies for nonprofit brands
Nonprofit brands are definitely on the rise. Their ascent may have been a bit tentative at first, as they explored the best brand approaches for their organizations, but they're finding effective ways to create and deliver brand value, and to build brand communities. As they move upward, they're also bringing new fundraising options into view.
In this post I'll discuss strategic brand approaches for nonprofit organizations. The time is ripe for such a discussion because many nonprofits have reached a "phase one" of brand development, where they've largely focused on building brand identities to aid in promotion and fundraising. They're now ready to move to a more value-rich level of brand development using brand platforms and programs, and interactive brand communities. Freezing their brands at the identity level carries considerable downside risk.
Topics I'll discuss include:
 1. Moving beyond brand identity
 2. The brand strategy imperative
 3. Building value-based brand programs
 4. The importance of brand context
 5. Brand partnership opportunities
 6. Leveraging the brand community
Three strategy areas for nonprofits
In general, nonprofit strategies fall into three areas:
 1. Strategies for mission effectiveness
 2. Strategies for fundraising
 3. Strategies for partnering and opportunity development
A nonprofit's brand strategy can favorably impact all three areas. Historically, nonprofit brand development (as identity) has often been geared to fundraising, PR and publicity. This is probably the weakest use of brand and brand value. Brand programs produce their greatest results when they're integrated into mission effectiveness (as collaboration tools) and into partnering and opportunity development (as value innovation.)
Moving beyond brand identity
In the nonprofit world the term "brand" has often been understood rather narrowly to mean "brand identity." In this approach, nonprofits that seek to "build their brand" usually seek only an identity package designed to set them apart and make them more attractive to potential donors, sponsors or partners. This will typically include a memorable name, a distinctive logo or mark, a design guide to insure visual, symbolic and thematic consistency in all communications (including a website high in donor appeal), and perhaps a punchy slogan or tag line for positioning.
Once a nonprofit has its identity package in hand it usually considers its brand "done," and is off and running with promotional campaigns.
The brand identity trap
Brands, of course, are much more than identity, and nonprofits that limit their brand building to an identity package may be leaving significant amounts of brand value on the table. They certainly run the risk of making their brand a form of signage rather than a form of community engagement. This can become a serious trap. If their focus on identity leads them to neglect brand programs and platforms, and building brand communities, they are reducing their strategic brand options. They are also leaving themselves vulnerable to competing nonprofits whose richer brand structures and programs make them better suited as strategic development partners.
The brand strategy imperative
Because brand programs produce more results than mere brand visibility, a nonprofit's brand strategy will aim for much more than an identity package. A nonprofit's brand programs will connect its substance and direction with the substance and direction of its participants and its partners. This is a strategic connection, made of brand platforms, deliverables, brand engagements, levels of brand experience, brand relationships, brand communities and value networks.
In the business world, a company creates its identity and brand value largely in concert with customers, in a process usually centered around product experience and customer relationships. In the nonprofit world, things are a bit more diffuse. A nonprofit brand creates its identity and value in concert with program beneficiaries, members, donors, sponsors, volunteers, government and civic agencies and other stakeholders. Its brand strategy must take all into account.
Brand strategy considerations
In formulating a nonprofit brand strategy, there are core questions an organization must consider:
 1. As an organization, what is our strategic solution to the problem we address?
 2. What is our (strategic) identity?
 3. How can our brand strengthen our strategic solution?
 4. What kinds of unique value can our brand programs deliver?
 5. How can our brand innovate?
 6. What kind of brand community can we build?
 7. How can that community help build our brand?
 8. How can our brand programs help advance 1) those we serve; 2) our donors; 3) our partners?
 9. How can our brand elevate the context of what we do?
 10. How can our brand create growth opportunities for our organization, our participants and our partners?
Platforms and programs at the heart of your brand
Keep in mind that as important as your identity is (and it is important), it's only one component of your brand. The heart of your brand consists of brand platforms and programs that deliver value that participants and partners can use. These go far beyond your identity proper. They're the building blocks of your future. They include the following elements:
 1. Your brand agenda
 2. The quality of engagement and experience that your brand delivers
 3. The value produced (or unlocked) by your brand
 4. How your brand changes the game in your category
 5. How your brand chain advances program participants
 6. How and where your brand innovates
The thesis of this blog is that brands can be highly effective tools to create customers in the business world. While nonprofits may not typically think of participants and partners as "customers," for the purposes of nonprofit brand-building it may be prudent to do so.
For nonprofits, context is as important as cause
While a nonprofit may be organized toward a specific cause, its brand (and brand identity) can be strongest when they address a larger context that frames the nonprofit's (unique) approach to the cause. For many nonprofits this may require a shift in thinking, and in self-definition. Convention is the enemy of brand. The last thing you want is for a generic cause to define you.
There are thousands and thousands of worthwhile causes, served by hundreds of thousands of nonprofit groups. Does your organization create some unique value in how you approach your cause, something that sets you apart and raises your solution (and the cause) to a stronger and more meaningful context?
Your transformational context
A large part of your brand, and your identity, resides in the transformational value that you provide. You are, after all, a change agent. Thus, you inhabit (and create) a transformational context that defines how you're advancing your partners and participants through your brand.
While "alms for the poor" is a worthy cause, job creation and community development are probably a more productive (and transformational) context for helping those in need. Do you want to be a brand of "alms" or a brand of "community development"? Nonprofits on the solution side of a cause (i.e., "teaching people to fish") can use the context they create as a primary means of brand differentiation. Through their transformational context they may also emerge as a foundation player in a new approach that redefines the cause itself.
Ask yourself: what are we a brand of?
One of the first steps in building a brand is to ask yourself: what are we a brand of? This can sometimes be a difficult question to answer. The most literal, functional or conventional answer may not lead to your strongest brand. A nonprofit might ask: Are we a brand of charity? A brand of compassion? Of fellowship? Generalized categories such as these may not be enough to drive a brand, or to differentiate you from other organizations that share the same mission.
Examples: what you can be a "brand of"
It's usually best to build your "brand of" quality as a proactive force that creates value on a wider (transformational) stage. Then your "brand of" discussion might be: Perhaps how we innovate is what sets us apart. Thus, "we're a brand of innovation." Or maybe we offer structural solutions far beyond meliorative steps. Maybe we're a model that redefines the category, raising it to a higher level. Maybe we redefine the context of our cause, so that it lends itself to more effective approaches. Perhaps we're building brand communities that can take on a life of their own, extending the brand at a grassroots level. Or maybe we're helping to eliminate the problem by empowering participants themselves, raising them and our brand in the process.
You might also be a brand of strategy innovation. Perhaps what you're a "brand of" is a potential innovation avenue for a corporate partner, setting the groundwork for a long-term joint venture.
The above are typical departure points for answering the "brand of" question. As a rule, you would want to be a "brand of" something dynamic, deep, creative, liberating, expansive and social—and absolutely true to you.
Are we becoming a brand of fundraising?
Fundraising is so vital to nonprofits that over time they may tend to become—often without realizing it—brands of fundraising. When this happens their appeal becomes their brand, and it saturates their approach to the world. Often, this can be a side effect of "cause marketing," which can reduce the brand to a symbolic role in marketing support. In effect, the nonprofit becomes a branded marketing machine.
A downside of becoming "a brand of fundraising" is that a nonprofit may begin to operate under fundraising priorities, neglecting its brand programs. This brings a danger of hollowing out the brand, missing brand innovation opportunities, ignoring brand communities, and opening the door for others to step in with more compelling forms of brand value and brand context.
This problem can be mitigated when fundraising strategy is aligned with


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How Much Philosophy Does Measurement of Well-Being Really Need?
Anna Alexandrova (Cambridge University)
CHESS Seminar in Science and Values
May 27, 5-6:30PM
Seminar Room, IAS, Palace Green.
Abstract: If all theories of measurement agree on a single requirement it is that a measure of a phenomenon should be informed by our best theory of this phenomenon. But what is the relevant theory when the phenomenon in question is well-being, or indeed any other picked out by a thick concept? On the current practice in the social and medical sciences, measures of well-being are validated by checking the psychometric properties of questionnaires. Though ostensibly this process validates these questionnaires against a full range of background knowledge about well-being, it is in an important way theory avoidant. This is because psychometrics can ignore or even override any normative considerations we might hold about well-being and the related concepts such as happiness and quality of life. To anyone who takes well-being to be a thick concept this status quo looks wrong. Yet bringing in constraints on measures of well-being from philosophy raises worries: who are philosophers to tell people what their well-being is, and to tell scientists how to measure it? In this talk I first present an interpretation of the current validation procedures and, second, reflect on how to strike the right balance between, on the one hand, acting like a philosopher-queen and, on the other, treating the scientific process uncritically.


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4 April 2014
OECD Conference Centre, Paris
Part of the OECD's work on state-owned enterprises (SOEs) and inclusive growth, this workshop focused on learning lessons from the experience of developing countries aiming to emulate apparent success stories with using SOEs as part of the development process.
Discussions addressed the following questions:
- Over the past decades, what role has been assigned to state interventionism in selected countries in the context of development strategies and industrial policy?
- How has this role been implemented through corporate action, e.g. SOEs, publicly-owned development banks or special-purpose vehicles?
- What are the main conclusions regarding the feasibility of approaches?
Background papers presented by their authors shed light on experiences with using SOEs as agents of development in Asia; South Africa; Latin America; and, the Middle East and North Africa.
Representatives from governments, the private sector, trade unions, civil society and academia attended the workshop.
See also: The role of SOEs in economic development in China
DOCUMENTS AND BACKGROUND MATERIAL
Managing state assets to achieve developmental goals: The case of Singapore and other countries in the region
Role of SOEs in India's economic development
SOEs in Brazil: History and lessons
Evolution of SOEs in South Africa
SOEs in the Middle East and North Africa English | Arabic
CONTACT - Please contact Ms. Yunhee Kim if you require further information.
Corporate governance of state-owned enterprises
Working Party on State Ownership and Privatisation Practices


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What is the physical meaning of magnetic length $\ell_B=\frac{\hbar c}{e B}$ in 2D electron system under magnetic field? When $\ell_B \longrightarrow a$, where $a$ is the lattice constant, does that mean the Landau sub-band is nearly flat?
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3 Answers 3
The physical meaning is the length of electron trajectory along which this electron gains phase factor comparable with $2\pi$ from the magnetic field. Normally, it is rather large. When is is as small as lattice constant, it means that the magnetic field is comparable with electric field in the atom which is rather rare situation.
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First of all, the expression for the magnetic length that you give is wrong: there is a square root missing: $l_B=\sqrt{\frac{\hbar c}{eB}}$.
Secondly, to understand the meaning, you don't really need to think about lattices or phases of the electron wavefunction as the previous answers would have it. Instead, begin by thinking about a motion of a classical charged particle in a magnetic field. If it has an initial velocity in the direction perpendicular to the field, it will move in a circle whose radius is found from the second Newton's law: $m v^2/R = \frac{e}{c}vB \Rightarrow R=\frac{mvc}{eB}$ - the so-called Larmor radius.
Now let's ask ourselves, what would be the smallest radius allowed by the uncertainty principle? After all, the Larmor radius $R\propto mv=p$, but the uncertainty principle states that the two cannot be arbitrarily small simultaneously. In fact, the uncertainties in the particle's position and momentum are bounded by $\Delta x \Delta p \geq \hbar/2$. For a particle moving around a circle, $\Delta x = 2R$ while $\Delta p = 2mv$. In order to minimise the uncertainty we should replace $mv \to \hbar/R$ in the expression for the Larmor radius (I am ignoring the factor of 8 here - but we are after the physical meaning, not the exact numbers here). This gives $R^2=\frac{\hbar c}{eB}$ - which is the expression for the magnetic length! In other words, the magnetic length $l_B$ has the physical meaning of the smallest size of a circular orbit in a magnetic field which is allowed by the uncertainty principle.
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There is a deeper meaning of the magnetic length $l_B$. It is the lattice constant of a two-dimensional (2D) artificial structure. Let's consider a particle moving in 2D plane under a perpendicular uniform magnetic field of strength $B$. In classical mechanics, the system is obviously translationally invariant under any translation. However, in quantum mechanics, it is not so, because what enters the Schrodinger equation is the corresponding vector potential, which breaks this symmetry. Nevertheless, it is still possible to define an artificial lattice with primitive vectors $\vec{a}$ and $\vec{b}$, so that the translation by any $\vec{R} = m\vec{a} + n\vec{b}$ remains a symmetry, provided the area of the unit cell is $|\vec{a}\times\vec{b}|=l^2_B$. This means that, $l_B$ measures the lattice constant of this artificial lattice.
For more details, please see the book The Geometric Phase in Quantum Systems by A. Bohm et al. Also, this paper is very useful: PRL49:405(1982).
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RAPID EXCAVATION OF ROCK WITH SMALL CHARGES OF HIGH EXPLOSIVES
The purpose of this investigation was to determine the feasibility of designing and testing the elements of a small-charge blasting system that will eliminate, or reduce to acceptable levels, most of the undesirable features of current underground drill and blast systems, that is, (1) air blast, (2) ground vibrations, (3) flying fragments, (4) overbreak and fracture of surrounding rock, and (5) the cyclic nature of drill and blast operations. The experimentation was conducted in tunnels in granite, and the results indicated that the basic technical concepts of the project were achieved. The next step is to design, construct, and test a prototype machine.
University of Missouri, RollaRock Mechanics and Explosives Research Center
Rolla, MO United States 65409
Bureau of MinesC Street Between 18th and 19th Streets, NW
Washington, DC United States 20241
- Clark, G B
- Rollins, R R
- Publication Date: 1976-11
- Pagination: 121 p.
- TRT Terms: Blast loads; Detonation; Earth movements (Geophysics); Excavation; Explosives; Mining; Presplitting (Blasting); Tunneling
- Uncontrolled Terms: Fragmentation
- Old TRIS Terms: Detonators; Earth movement; Excavation technology; Explosive charges; Underground mining
- Subject Areas: Bridges and other structures; Railroads;
- Accession Number: 00166259
- Record Type: Publication
- Source Agency: National Technical Information Service
- Report/Paper Numbers: BuMines-OFR-98-77 Final Rpt.
- Contract Numbers: H0252052
- Files: TRIS
- Created Date: Sep 20 1977 12:00AM


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What is the Kurt Gottschalk Science Fund?
The Science Fund supports new initiatives that disseminate information and science-informed management practices to foresters and other natural resource professionals. It also supports recognition of research being conducted by graduate students in forestry and natural resources.
Kurt Gottschalk was a long-time chair of the SAF's Forest Science and Technology Board and was serving on the national board of directors at the time of his passing.
How Your Donation Helps
- Continuing Education, Outreach, and Collaboration: Financial support for technology transfer that helps land managers apply the latest in science, such as for conferences, scientific publications, special issues in scientific journals, and more.
- Leadership Development: Funding to foster scientific leadership.
- Recognition of Student Research: Annual cash awards for best presentations and posters at the SAF National Convention.
- Forestry Research: Funding for graduate students and other researchers to focus on their core research questions by funding the identification and prioritization of research needs, literature reviews, seed money to collect preliminary data required to develop larger research proposals, and more.