The perks of giving: how spending money on others can lower blood pressure
According to a new study, "prosocial spending" may be as good for blood pressure as a healthy diet and exercise
A lot of people believe that the way to become happier and healthier is by spending money on one's self. Putting in extra hours at work and saving up money to be able to buy the things that are believed to bring happiness. However, some research has shown that in terms of health, this isn't exactly the way to go.
Past research has shown that when money is spent on others, greater well-being is experienced than if that money was spent on one's self. Could something as simple as buying a friend dinner or donating to charity improve our health, too—and if so, how?
According to a paper published this February in the journal Health Psychology, it can—and one way it works is by lowering blood pressure.
In an initial study, researchers looked at the relationship between giving money to others (or "prosocial spending") and blood pressure, a simple measure of cardiovascular health. One hundred eighty-six adults who had been diagnosed with high blood pressure were asked to indicate how much money they spent on charities and other causes, and then followed up with two years later. By then, the participants who had initially spent the most on causes had lower blood pressure than participants who had spent less money. This association held even after accounting for the effects of income, education level, and age.
In a second study, the researchers looked at whether spending money on others could actually cause a reduction in blood pressure. On three days during a six-week study, 73 participants with high blood pressure were instructed to spend $40 given to them by the researchers. Half were told to spend the money on themselves, while the other half were told to spend the money on others. The researchers found that the participants who had spent money on others had lower blood pressure at the end of the study. Notably, this effect appeared to be as large as the benefits of healthy diet and exercise.
Why does prosocial spending have these benefits? One possibility is that it increases how socially connected people feel. Feeling closer to the ones who have received help can enhance relationships with others, which have a large impact on health.
Ashley Whillans, doctoral candidate at the University of British Columbia and lead author of the paper, says that prosocial spending may also work to reduce the negative health effects of stress. According to Whillans, future research on prosocial spending and health could investigate whether "helping others protects us from the stresses and strains of our day-to-day lives."
How to maximize the health benefits of giving
If you are looking to spend money on others, researchers have found several ways to make sure that you get the greatest benefit from your spending.
Whillans reports that participants appeared to benefit most when they chose to spend money on people they were close to. This accords with past research suggesting that spending money on others benefits well-being most when it makes givers feel more socially connected.
Additionally, giving seems to be best when the choice to help others comes intrinsically: When it's pressured, the same psychological benefits are not likely to be experienced. Whillans and her co-authors point out that feeling burdened can undermine cardiovascular health, so helping others may not be as beneficial if we feel pressured to do so.
When giving money and time to others, research suggests, we end up gaining something as a result: We experience increases in health and well-being. In particular, giving to others may help strengthen our relationships and foster resilience in the face of stress. Even giving small amounts of money can be beneficial, Whillans reminds us: "It is possible to maximize the happiness and health benefits of every dollar."
This article was originally written by Elizabeth Hopper and was published on Berkeley's Greater Good
10 Short Answers to Hard Questions About Climate Change
10 Short Answers to Hard Questions About Climate Change
Svante Arrhenius (_PHONE_) was a Swedish scientist and probably the first person to ever mention climate change due to energy use in human activity, when he proposed a relation between atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations and temperature. Several decades later, Al Gore made an impact in collective culture with "An Inconvenient Truth", a Documentary in which the former vice president of the United States aims to educate society about Global warming presenting a wide repertoire of facts and information in a thoughtful and compelling way.
The most talked-about documentary in the 2006 Sundance Film Festival has been criticized. Due to some of the phenomena presented, Al Gore was accused of exaggeration and alarmism, but most of what is proposed on the film is accurate, according to expert witnesses.
Another uncomfortable truth is that the issue with Climate Change is overwhelming. The science is confusing and predictions about the fate of the planet may vary.
The New York Times have put together a list of quick answers to often-asked questions about climate change. This should give you a running start on understanding the problem.
1. How much is the planet heating up?
1.7 degrees is actually a significant amount.
As of October 2015, the Earth had warmed by about 1.7 degrees Fahrenheit since 1880, when records begin at a global scale. That figure includes the surface of the ocean. The warming is greater over land, and greater still in the Arctic and parts of Antarctica.
The number may sound low, but as an average over the surface of an entire planet, it is actually high, which explains why much of the world's land ice is starting to melt and the oceans are rising at an accelerating pace. The heat accumulating in the Earth because of human emissions is roughly equal to the heat that would be released by 400,000 Hiroshima atomic bombs exploding across the planet every day.
Scientists believe most and probably all of the warming since 1950 was caused by the human release of greenhouse gases. If emissions continue unchecked, they say the global warming could ultimately exceed 8 degrees Fahrenheit, which would transform the planet and undermine its capacity to support a large human population.
2. How much trouble are we in?
For future generations, big trouble.
The risks are much greater over the long run than over the next few decades, but the emissions that create those risks are happening now. Over the coming 25 or 30 years, scientists say, the climate is likely to resemble that of today, although gradually getting warmer. Rainfall will be heavier in many parts of the world, but the periods between rains will most likely grow hotter and therefore drier. The number of hurricanes and typhoons may actually fall, but the ones that do occur will draw energy from a hotter ocean surface, and therefore may be more intense, on average, than those of the past. Coastal flooding will grow more frequent and damaging.
All of this could take hundreds or even thousands of years to play out, conceivably providing a cushion of time for civilization to adjust, but experts cannot rule out abrupt changes, such as a collapse of agriculture, that would throw society into chaos much sooner. Bolder efforts to limit emissions would reduce these risks, or at least slow the effects, but it is already too late to eliminate the risks entirely.
3. Is there anything I can do?
Fly less, drive less, waste less.
If you want to offset your emissions, you can buy certificates, with the money going to projects that protect forests, capture greenhouse gases and so forth. Some airlines sell these to offset emissions from their flights, and after some scandals in the early days, they started to scrutinize the projects closely, so the offsets can now be bought in good conscience. You can also buy offset certificates in a private marketplace, from companies such as TerraPass in San Francisco that follow strict rules set up by the state of California; some people even give these as holiday gifts. Yet another way: In states that allow you to choose your own electricity supplier, you can often elect to buy green electricity; you pay slightly more, with the money going into a fund that helps finance projects like wind farms.
4. What's the optimistic scenario?
Several things have to break our way.
5. Will reducing meat in my diet help the climate?
Yes, beef especially.
Agriculture of all types produces greenhouse gases that warm the planet, but meat production is especially harmful – and beef is the most environmentally damaging form of meat. Some methods of cattle production demand a lot of land, contributing to destruction of forests; the trees are typically burned, releasing carbon dioxide into the atmosphere. Other methods require huge amounts of water and fertilizer to grow food for the cows.
The cows themselves produce emissions of methane, a potent greenhouse gas that causes short-term warming. Meat consumption is rising worldwide as the population grows, and as economic development makes people richer and better able to afford meat.
This is worrisome: Studies have found that if the whole world were to start eating beef at the rate Americans eat it, produced by the methods typically used in the United States, that alone might erase any chance of staying below an internationally agreed-upon limit on global warming. Pork production creates somewhat lower emissions than beef production, and chicken is lower still. So reducing your meat consumption, or switching from beef and pork to chicken in your diet, are both moves in the right direction. Of course, as with any kind of behavioral change meant to benefit the climate, this will only make a difference if lots of other people do it, too, reducing the overall demand for meat products.
6. What's the worst case scenario?
There are many.
That is actually hard to say, which is one reason scientists are urging that emissions be cut; they want to limit the possibility of any worst-case scenario coming to pass. Perhaps the greatest fear is a collapse of food production, accompanied by


text:
The definition of a bypass is a secondary connection that goes around the main route or that provides an alternative means of arriving at a destination, or a surgical procedure designed to provide an alternative route.(noun)
To bypass is to provide an alternative way around, or to get around something.(verb)
If you take a shortcut to avoid traffic, this is an example of a time when you bypass traffic.
See bypass in Webster's New World College Dictionary
See bypass in American Heritage Dictionary 4
Learn more about bypass

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


text:
Love Me Love You Program Outline
Awareness Presentation (45mins)
A powerful and engaging presentation that outlines the journey through the life of Love Me Love You and explores the facilitator's relationship with mental health. The aim is to raise mental health awareness, reduce stigma and provide you with some information on how to support someone who may be struggling with a mental illness.
Benefits: Increase understanding of mental health, develop knowledge on how to assist someone with a mental health difficulty & educate participants to positively change mental illness stigma.
Takeaways: Wellbeing Conversation Handout & Wristband
Workshop 1: Domains of Wellbeing (45-60mins)
Research shows that younger people consistently reported lower levels of wellbeing than the rest of population. It is critical to the health of young Australians that they understanding and prioritise their wellbeing to ensure their decisions are aligned with their values. This workshop aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of the domains (i.e. physical, social, emotional, spiritual, intellectual, and vocational) that form the wellbeing concept.
Benefits: Participants gain a comprehensive understanding of wellbeing and the how to prioritise each domain dependent on your life stage. Participants with a greater understanding of wellbeing; are more productive, have higher self-esteem, are content with life and can build/maintain relationships.
Takeaways: Personal Wellbeing Index Tool
Workshop 2: Resiliency (45-60mins)
We all have bad days and setbacks in life. Resilience is your ability to cope with tough times by applying your inner strength and engaging support networks. Resilience can not only enable you to face difficult situations, but often provides an opportunity to develop your coping skills. This workshop aims to provide an in-depth understanding of resiliency and how it enables people to overcome challenging situations, maintaining a positive mental health and wellbeing.
Benefits: Participants develop resiliency skills to be better equipped to tackle life's challenges. Resilience skills/knowledge enables participants to; better cope with daily stressors, increase life satisfaction and reduce potential health effects.
Takeaways: Resiliency Worksheet, Support Network Worksheet & Gratitude Journal
Workshop 3: Mindful Goal Setting (45-60mins)
One way to improve your wellbeing and help develop your resilience is through goal setting and mindfulness. Setting realistic and achievable goals is an effective way to deal with life's setbacks, boost self-esteem, increase motivation and practice optimism. Additionally, Mindfulness is living in the present moment. Paying attention to what you can control in a certain situation can help you build coping mechanisms that benefit your physical and mental health. This workshop aims to develop the skills in goal setting and mindfulness as to allow participants to be more resilient daily.
Benefits: Participants to develop skills in Goal Setting and Mindfulness to allow them to take control of their thoughts, feelings and actions. Implementing strategies such as mindfulness and goal setting enables participants; to be more resilient, increase self-esteem, increase motivation and become more productive.
Takeaways: SMART Goal Setting Worksheet, Progressive Relaxation Handout & Mental Health/Mindfulness related Apps

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


text:
1. If you don't have a FO account yet, please click "create account"
2. After you click in, fill in your account name and password. (Account name should be 12 characters long consisting of lower-case letters and of numbers 1 to 5) You can check whether the account is registered using the FIBOS ROCKS blockchain browser:_URL_
3. The wallet will automatically generate a private key. Please be sure that this private key is backed up. (FO Wallet will not save your private key for you, and it is not recoverable if lost.)
4. If you already have an FO account, you can choose to import it. To do so, the private key is required and you will also need to set up a password while importing.
You can transfer specific amounts EOS to FIBOS from another wallet.
Please take note that this is a cross-chain transfer operation:
1.The receiving account will be the FIBOS official account: fiboscouncil
2.The memo note must be your FIBOS account name that you have already registered.
Important Notes: To prevent cross-chain transfer failures.
1.Please do not transfer from exchanges directly. (Using the EOS wallet is recommended). If you are transferring from an exchange and filled in the wrong memo, your assets will return to the exchange, and please contact the exchange!
2.Please be sure that your memo is filled in correctly. (The memo message must be the FIBOS account you have already registered)
a）If the memo you filled in is an account that does not exist, the system will return the assets back to the original withdrawal account.
b）1. If the memo you filled in is accidentally of someone else's account, the assets will be lost permanently.
Here is an example, using TokenPocket:
1. Open the wallet home page and check if the cross-chain transfer of EOS has arrived.
2. Click on EOS and fill in the amount of EOS that you want to exchange for FO. Click the Exchange button on the bottom to exchange EOS for FO.
3.After operating the EOS to FO exchange, go back to the Home page, and check if the amount of FO in the account has increased successfully.
Select FO in the Home page, and click on the Exchange button on the bottom to exchange for EOS.
1. Select EOS token in the Home page and click the Withdrawal button.
2. While cross chain transferring, the default account name that does not need to be changed is the FIBOS official account: fiboscouncil. You only need to fill in the amount you want to withdraw, and the receiving EOS main net account.
Important Notes: In case of cross-chain transfer failure, be sure the EOS account is correct.
a.If the EOS account you filled in does not exist, the system will return the assets back to your original sending account.
b.If the EOS account you filled in with is accidentally someone else's account, the assets will be lost permanently.
3. Please check if the tokens have arrived in the corresponding receiving account.
There are 2 possibilities that may cause the failure of network requests: either the account name is already taken or there are issues with the network.
a.Account name is already taken: Retry with a different account name; You can check if the name is available using the FIBOS ROCKS blockchain browser: _URL_
b.Network Issue: Disconnect from WiFi and use cellular data to try again. If that doesn't work either, retry after turning on and off Airplane Mode, or with Airplane Mode on while connected to WiFi.
There are several situations that may cause the failure of EOS transfers: Insufficient RAM, Insufficient CPU resource, wrong FIBOS account in memo or assertion failure.
a.Insufficient RAM: Buy RAM in wallet resource management DAPP.
b.Insufficient CPU: Mortgage EOS in in of wallet resource management DAPP.
c.Wrong FIBOS account in memo: system will return the tokens automatically if the memo account does not exist. Please check again if the account is registered using the browser:_URL_ and retry FIBOS registration steps.
d.Assertion failure: assertion failure is a result given by the EOS main net. It may be caused by multiple different reasons, please try your transfer again.
Please check the contents below:
a.Is the FIBOS account correct?
b.Is the FIBOS private key entered correct?
c.Is the exchange amount greater than what is currently available in FIBOS?


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Central African Republic
Practice Relating to Rule 15. The Principle of Precautions in Attack
Section D. Information required for deciding upon precautions in attack
The Central African Republic's Instructor's Manual (1999) states in Volume 3 (Instruction for non-commissioned officers studying for the level 1 and 2 certificates and for future officers of the criminal police):
To accomplish his mission a military commander needs appropriate intelligence on the enemy and the environment.
To be able to comply with the law of war, intelligence must comprise the following information:
- concentrations of civilian persons;
- the civilian environment;
- types of built-up areas (towns, villages, shelters, etc.);
- the presence and type of major civilian objects, in particular specially protected objects;
- the natural environment.
Also in Volume 3, the manual states: "Military commanders must inform themselves about concentrations of civilians, important civilian objects and specially protected facilities, the natural environment and the civilian environment of military objectives."


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For more than a century, railway stations have been an integral part of the Canadian landscape. Not only do they stand as testimony to Canada's development, but to many Canadian communities they are an important source of pride. That a great many Canadians feel an attachment to these railway stations is shown by their enthusiastic efforts to preserve them.
Until the late 1980's, public efforts to preserve railway stations were hindered by the absence of legislation. As most railway stations are owned or controlled by federally regulated railway companies, they are not subject to the various provincial laws that protect heritage. In 1988 Parliament passed a private member's bill to protect these railway stations. The Heritage Railway Stations Protection Act was given Royal Assent in September 1988.
The Heritage Railway Stations Protection Act requires federally regulated railway companies to obtain authorization from the Governor in Council before removing, destroying, altering or disposing of a heritage railway station, and before altering any of the heritage features of the station. It also allows for timely public involvement in opposing those interventions that are seen as potentially deleterious to a heritage railway station or its heritage features. The Act provides for heavy fines for infractions.
The Heritage Railway Stations Policy is based on the Heritage Railway Stations Protection Act. Responsibility for the implementation of the Act and this policy has been given to the Minister of Canadian Heritage, who is supported by the Historic Sites and Monuments Board of Canada.
The Heritage Railway Stations Policy promotes consultation, dialogue and public participation in the pursuit of the shared goal of identifying and conserving the built heritage. The policy establishes processes for identifying and evaluating heritage railway stations; for specifying, where applicable, the features that give them heritage value; and for reviewing on a case-by-case basis any intervention that might affect them or their heritage features. The federal government encourages railway companies that own or control these stations to apply cultural resource management methods in their treatment of them, and to set an example in conserving aspects of Canada's built heritage.


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Case Study 2
How to determine whether a population has unique characteristics that require measures adaptation?
It can be challenging to know for certain a priori whether a target population has unique characteristics that require measure adaptation. This case study presents an intervention in which researchers are interested in understanding if an intervention that addresses barriers to drinking tap water at home will have an impact on beverage intake of parents and children (6 months to 3 years old).
The study seeks to understand and address the barriers to drinking tap water instead of sugary drinks in a community in the United States that is 80% Hispanic (predominantly from El Salvador and Guatemala), foreign-born (68%), and low-income (1 in 4 children live in poverty), with 15% and 26% of adults self-reporting being diabetic and obese/overweight, respectively. Parents reported that their infants and toddlers (<3 years) drank 79 g of sugary drinks per day.
To develop the intervention, the researchers engaged with the community to document how living in an environment saturated with sugary drink options and limited access to clean, palatable tap water can contribute to increased sugar-sweetened beverages (SSB) consumption, and how sociocultural norms reinforce SSB consumption in a Central American immigrant community.
Before determining a measure, the research team carried out formative qualitative work, which described how residents in this community did not drink tap water because they did not like the taste or perceived that it was unsafe. This work described how mothers were knowledgeable of the health benefits of drinking water, but food customs and heavy promotion enticed them to consume SSBs. A community survey documented that before migrating to the United States, 52% of respondents drank tap water because it was convenient, they liked the taste, and perceived that it was safe and economical. Once in the United States, only 9% of these same respondents reported that they drank tap water because of safety concerns, taste, and lack of convenience. To determine whether the intervention is successful, the researchers need a measure of beverage intake.
Challenges and Considerations
What is an appropriate dietary instrument to test sugary drink consumption for low-income, low-literacy parents and their young (6 month–3 year old) children?
The dietary instrument needs to be administered quickly but also be sensitive enough to pick up any preliminary findings for intervention impact. Additionally, the instrument needs to be understood by the colloquial Spanish of the population. While multiple 24-hour dietary recalls are the gold standard to assess dietary intake, the data collected would likely yield too much information, especially on foods consumed when the research team is only interested in beverages. Recalls are also a burden on participants' time and require considerable resources for analysis.
Does a brief measure exist that can be used in both infants and toddlers?
The research team can use NCCOR's Measures Registry to locate screeners. One option is a screener that has been previously developed only for beverages and validated for Hispanic preschoolers (Lora 2016). However, in reviewing this screener, the research team does not know if or how the types or quantities of beverages would be different for the study's age group and Central American Hispanic population.
Does the measure capture all sources of sugar consumed by this population?
Anecdotally and from working with the community advisory board, researchers suspect that a main source of sugary may be traditional sweeteners (honey or panela—raw sugar blocks) added to plain water. The study population does not typically consider this a sugary drink, so it may not be captured using the traditional categories of a screener.
From the formative work, the research team determined that the population appeared to have unique characteristics that would require adaptation of the brief screener found in the Measures Registry, which was developed and validated for Hispanic preschoolers
To address the challenge of different quantities, accuracy of added sugars in recipes, and assessment of other beverages that may not be captured by the brief instrument, the research team conducted repeated 24-hour dietary recalls (using interviewer-administered ASA-24) on a subsample to compare to the responses from the beverage screener.
To assist with the low-literacy and participant burden, the beverage screener was interviewer-administered using aids that included pictures of typical drinks and their quantities, and models of different sippy cups, bottles, and cups to better assess quantities.
To determine if the population understood the survey items, instruments and methods of administering them were cognitively tested with a convenience sample from the same population. This was done to adapt language to more colloquial Spanish.
To address the concern about additional beverages that may contribute to sugary drink intake, local examples obtained from the 24-hour recalls, consultation with mothers, and the community advisory board were added to the brief beverage screener. For example, in fruit-flavored drinks, the following examples were added: homemade lemonade and aguas, horchatas, tamarind juices, and mango nectar. Examples of familiar brands and types of beverages within each beverage category were also added. For example, participants were unable to distinguish 100% fruit juice from a fruit-flavored drink marketed as made with real fruit or with vitamin C, but they would be able to distinguish Tampico (an orange-flavored drink) from a brand of 100% orange fruit juice. In addition, the team added an "Other" category to capture information on other drinks that the data collector could not fit into established categories of the beverage screener for preschoolers. These drinks included toddler milks and prepackaged yogurt beverages. The brands and quantities consumed of these prepackaged toddler milks and yogurt beverages were collected via pictures during the beverage screening to assess later during analysis if the instrument must be adapted and how.
- When studying new target populations or communities, all instruments should be cognitively tested to assess if, the question elicits the same concept that the researchers intended to understand in the target population.
- Even after cognitively testing an instrument, it is challenging to know for certain a priori if the target population will be meaningfully different from the reference population for which the instrument was prepared. At best, there is formative work and anecdotal evidence that suggest that the populations may be significantly different.
- Sometimes it is not until the data are being analyzed that researchers may notice that the original instrument does not capture important data for the new study population. For example, in the current case study, if the research team had administered the short instrument without any adaptations and then compared results against multiple 24-hour recalls (gold standard), they would have noticed that the original shorter instrument missed important information about sources of sugary beverages that the study population consumed. Alternatively, if the team had triangulated with observations in the home or had shared results with a community advisory board or knowledgeable key informants, they might have learned that they were missing important sources of sugary beverages in the study population. Similarly, if the instrument is a psychometric scale, and the study population is meaningfully different from the reference population, then the Cronbach α for the scales may not load in the same way as for the reference population. These are all examples that suggest that the target population is meaningfully different from the reference population and that the instruments will therefore require careful adaptations (beyond cognitive interviews) to improve their "fit" to the new target populations' context.
- Colon-Ramos U, et al., How Latina mothers navigate a 'food swamp' to feed their children: a photovoice approach. Public Health Nutr, 2017;20(11):_PHONE_. doi:10.1017/S1368980017000738
- Fuster M and Colon-Ramos U, Changing Places, Changing Plates? A Binational Comparison of Barriers and Facilitators to Healthful Eating Among Central American Communities. J Immigr Minor Health. [published correction appears in J Immigr Minor Health. 2017 May 11;:]. J Immigr Minor Health. 2018;20(3):705-710. doi:10.1007/s10903-_PHONE_-2


Understanding Conversion Disorder And Hysterical Blindness As Seen In Kriti Garg's Raahu
In Subbu Veddula's Raahu, the protagonist played by Kriti Garg suffers from conversion disorder. We dug deeper to know about it.
A still from Raahu trailer
Debutant director Subbu Veddula's thriller film, Raahu features Kriti Garg and Aberaam Varma. The film incorporates many concepts that we are familiar with, like an eclipse. He also incorporates newer ideas like conversion disorder and hysterical blindness into the plot seamlessly. The protagonist of the film finds out that her stress levels escalate upon seeing blood. And this escalation causes her to become temporarily blind. Let's dig a little deeper into this phenomenon.
Watch the trailer of Raahu here:
Conversion disorder is a border term which acts as an umbrella for several conditions. These conditions include hysterical blindness, paralysis, seizures, hallucination, etc. What sets them apart from the regular medical conditions is the fact that they occur without permanent damage to our nervous system. These events occur in a fraction, and then our body quickly slips into its normalcy again. Which is why Bhanu could recover from her blindness in a few moments.
A Still from Raahu Trailer
Bhanu in Raahu
Despite being advanced with our technologies, there has been no concrete reason or cause behind conversion disorder. Some believe that these events are the body's way of suppressing physical or psychological stressors. And others also feel that these events occur from a trigger of the same physical or psychological stressors. While it may sound scary, it is proven that no single gene is responsible for such behaviour. And is not inheritable.
Bhanu in Raahu
Bhanu in Raahu
Counselling, psychotherapy, hypnosis, physical therapy, occupational therapy are some of the more common ways to treat conversion disorder. The symptoms can be noticed in people as early as their adolescent stages. So, you might want to track your patterns and stay safe.
You can watch the full film on ZEE5, streaming now.


Chiese Food Restaurant Sign
"Chiese Food" sign on a Chinese food restaurant.
"Chiese Food" sign on a Chinese food restaurant.
When I lived in Singapore, I used to joke about the misspelled English words I saw everywhere, or the jumbles of random phrases used as shirt slogans. Having English on the shirt made it foreign and cool, I suppose. After working on learning two foreign languages (Arabic and Hebrew), I'm not nearly so critical of spelling mistakes by non-native speakers. Remembering vocabulary is a pain.
However, I can't help but find it amusing that a person would misspell their own nationality on a manufactured neon sign placed in the window of a restaurant that sells said nationality's food (or the Americanized version of it anyway).
How do you open a Chinese food restaurant and put up a sign for Chiese Food? Was it really poor business management, or a clever attempt to draw attention? Or did the guy purposefully misspell it because he knew that what he's selling isn't truly Chinese food? American Chinese food is nothing like what I ate in Singapore, which in most ways is far superior.
This particular establishment is on Amsterdam Avenue between 169th and 170th.


text:
Russian Peasants Go To Court
How Different a Justice?
Bleaching canvas on the roof of a peasant home in winter, Moscow Province.
From the collection of Mikhail Zolotarev.
The final chapter of Russian Peasants Go to Court considers the significance of peasant jurisprudence, and presents an account of peasant legal practice strongly at odds with received ideas about peasant traditionalism and backwardness. The township courts of rural Russia provide a window on the values of peasant litigators and on participatory social transformation in rural Russia during the early twentieth century.
© 2004 Jane Burbank, New York University
with permission from Indiana University Press


text:
Definition of zorils
plural of zoril 1
The word "zorils" uses 6 letters: I L O R S Z.
No direct anagrams for zorils found in this word list.
Adding one letter to zorils does not form any other word in this word list.
Shorter words found within zorils:
is li lis lo loris oil oils or ors os roil roils si silo sir so soil sol soli sori sri zori zoril zoris
List shorter words within zorils, sorted by length
Words formed from any letters in zorils, plus an optional blank or existing letter
List all words starting with zorils, words containing zorils or words ending with zorils
All words formed from zorils by changing one letter
Other words with the same letter pairs: zo or ri il ls
Browse words starting with zorils by next letter
Previous word in list: zorillos
Next word in list: zoris
Some random words: el


text: The effects of different hydrogen or equivalent deuterium treatments on CdTe superficiallayers are studied. Surface chemical analysis is performed by x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and hydrogen profiles are controlled by secondary ion mass spectroscopy using deuterium. Hydrogen plasma etching leads to a clean and nearly stoichiometric surface, and the surface abrasion rate is higher than the hydrogen in-diffusion rate. Deuterium implantation by a Kaufman source leads to surface depleted of tellurium and prevents them from further oxidation. Annealing under deuterium gas produces a similar surface, free fromoxide, but not stable with regard to further oxidation.


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Let $G$ be an open set on some measure space $(\Omega,\Sigma, \mu)$. Show that the indicator function of $G$ is an increasing limit of a sequence of continuous functions.
I understand that this is a "simple text book exercise". I am only seeking for hints.
My idea (at least in 2D) is that we should construct some smooth trapezoidal-like functions, where the gradients near the endpoints of $G$ gets steeper and steeper.
Am I on the right track? Also, how do I write this out mathematically?
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In order to measure the distance to the edge, you could use open balls in the space, since it is measurable. Something like $f(x)=0$ outside and $f(x)=\min(1,\sup\{nr:B(x,r)\subseteq G\})$ on the inside of $G$. – Mario Carneiro Dec 18 '12 at 2:46
1 Answer 1
Every open set in a separable metric space is a union of a sequence of open balls. So start by working out how to write the characteristic function of an open ball as an increasing sequence of continuous functions. As you suggested, this can be done with trapezoidal functions that get steeper in a certain way. The endpoints of the trapezoids need to move to make the sequence increasing...
In the most general sense, a measure space consists of a set $\Omega$, a $\sigma$-algebra $\Sigma$, and a measure $\mu$. Because no topology is mentioned in this definition, it does not make sense to try to prove anything about "open" sets or "continuous" functions in a general measure space. You have to be talking about some class of topological measure spaces for those terms to make sense. In this way, the question is underspecified, because it does not specify what type of topological measure spaces are being considered. In general, whether every open set of a topological space is an increasing limit of continuous functions is a purely topological question, having little to do with measure theory.
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text:
Kids Mystery Parties
Easy for you
FUN for kids!
Break Open the Secret of Creating Your Own Crime Scene Mystery Parties
Crime Scene Buster is organized into Nine Steps. Follow the steps and you end up with a CSI mystery event. Some of the steps have three parts: basic, intermediate and advanced. You only need to do the basic steps. If you are interested in more elaborate mystery parties and/or the mechanics of putting it together, then read the intermediate and advanced sections. The intermediate and advanced sections are not necessary to this book but I feel so passionate and excited about mysteries, that once I start on the topic, I have a hard time stopping!
THE CRIME for children's mystery parties is usually about something being stolen. The stolen item is found at the end of the game. A different crime can be used if you wish. We will use a theft for the crime example but you can just as easily pick a murder for parties with older participants. The format remains the same.
This format is based solely on clues found at the crime scene. Figuring out who had the motives, methods, and opportunity to commit the crime is a more complicated structure and not covered in this book. This book is all about the clues.


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This guide provides in-depth instructions on how to use Zotero, organize sources, and create in-text citations and bibliographies.
Adding the Connector to Your Browser
Zotero provides a browser connector for Firefox, Chrome and Microsoft Edge.
 1. Go to the Downloads page on
 2. Click the Download Connector button
 1. The system will automatically recognize which browser you are using
 Note: there is not a compatible connector for Safari or Internet Explorer
 3. Follow the installation prompts from your browser
 1. Note: You may need to close/quit the browser and reopen it
 4. The connector icon will appear in your browser's toolbar or add-in menu
 In Chrome, pin the add-in so it will be visible all of the time


Wildlife biologist
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A wildlife biologist is someone who studies and/or manages wild animals and their habitats. Wildlife biology as an academic subject or profession is usually narrowly defined as applying to terrestrial vertebrates as the subject of study, however, a more general definition will often include the study and management of fish and other non-vertebrate wildlife. The similar term wildlife ecologist is often also used in reference to wildlife studies, and are often interchangeable in practice. Wildlife biologists may be distinguished from wildlife ecologists in their focus on the physiology, abundance, demographics, populations, and other management-oriented questions for a particular species (often but not always a "game" or sport-hunted species), whereas wildlife ecologists may use similar metrics, but may study communities of species and their interactions and relationships with biotic and abiotic factors in their environments for conservation purposes.
Notable wildlife biologists[edit]


text: This paper will report on findings from an experimental study, commissioned by the Independent Television Commission (ITC), which explored a number of techniques for assessing audience satisfaction with television in terms of the perceived quality and enjoyment of programmes watched. The study formed part of an ongoing programme of research to design a cost effective measure of audience satisfaction. The paper also examines relationships among four different diary measures of audience reaction (quality, enjoyment, memorability of programme seen and amount of programmes watched), between the aggregated programme genre measures derived from the diary and global programme genre measures derived from the questionnaires, variations among viewers in their atomic and global qualitative ratings and relationships between audience reaction indices and viewing behaviour. The paper will report on the detailed programmes findings in terms of how quality and enjoyment perceptions in the UK vary by programme genre, and by actual programme within programme genre. These findings will also be related to respondent type defined in both demographic and psychographic terms. Finally, relationships between audience reaction indices and aspects of viewing behaviour will be explored, in particular audience size and programme choice.


General English
General Science
 - adjective side by side and having the same distance between them at every point
 - noun a line representing a parallel on a map or chart
Cars & Driving
 - noun two or more electrical components each receiving the same voltage
 - adjective used to describe a computer system in which two or more processors operate simultaneously on one or more items of data
 - adjective used to describe two or more bits of a word transmitted over separate lines at the same time
 - The condition in which two lines or planes are an equal distance apart at all points.
 - Electric blasting caps arranged so that the firing current passes through all of them at the same time.
 - A state or condition in which there is an equal distance at all points. For example, two infinitely long straight lines which do not intersect, or two curves or surfaces which are equidistant from each other at all points. Also, pertaining to that maintains this relationship.
 - characteristic of, or pertaining to a parallel circuit or parallel connection.
 - Acted upon, performed, functioning, or occurring simultaneously. For instance, parallel processors working together.
 - The simultaneous processing, storing, transfer, transmission, reception, or the like, of multiple bits, characters, or data units. This contrasts with serial (3), where each is handled one after the other.
 - Any of the great lines which circle the earth, and which are parallel (1) to the plane of the equator.
 - noun a sign (||) used as a reference mark for footnotes
 - see rostrum.
 - noun an imaginary line running round the earth, linking points at an equal distance from the equator
Origin & History of "parallel"
Etymologically, parallel simply means 'beside each other'. It comes via French parallèle and Latin parallēlus from Greek parállēlos. this was a compound formed from pará 'beside' and allḗlōn 'each other', a derivative of állos 'other' (to which English else is distantly related).


Zmodo won't connect to WiFi (solved)
If you have a Zmodo camera that won't connect to Wi-Fi there's a quick fix.
Zmodo camera
Usually the issue with Internet connection is related to the frequency the camera is operating at. When your router works at 2.4Ghz and 5Ghz, the Zmodo camera can associate itself to the wrong SSID (wireless signal name). But you can fix that.
Your Zmodo camera can't connect to the Internet
That's the first thing you usually notice. There's no Internet connection.
If the Zmodo camera doesn't connect to the wi-fi router, there's no way you can have access to the video stream through the Internet, so you need to make sure the camera can associate itself with your router.
The router and Zmodo camera frequency
A Zmodo camera can operate within the frequency of 2.4Ghz and some models can also operate within the 5Ghz. Make sure which model you are using.
Zmodo Wireless Frequency
Some models such as the Zmodo EZcam 720 HD wireless can only operate at the 2.4 Ghz and sometimes that's the reason it gets stuck when associating with the router that works with both frequencies.
If your router has both frequencies available and is using the same SSID (name of the signal your devices can associate with) the Zmodo camera can get confused.
How to solve the Zmodo Wifi connection problem
To solve the problem with the Wi-fi connection, just follow the steps:
 1. Access your wireless router settings;
 2. Look for the wireless settings menu;
 3. Find the wireless signal name (SSID);
 4. Rename the SSID for the 2.4Ghz and 5Ghz (use different names);
 5. Open the security tab and make sure your router is using WPA or WPA2;
Let's say for example you have a Zmodo EZcam 720 HD that works only with the 2.4Ghz frequency but your router works with 2.4Ghz and 5Ghz frequencies.
Just rename the router SSID signal to MySignal-2.4 and MySignal-5 for example.
Now that you have the SSID with different names just go your Zmodo camera and start the connection process again and choose the correct Wi-fi SSID.
The Zmodo camera password limitation
When using the WPA or WPA2 for Wi-Fi security it's necessary to enter a password to connect to the router. That's something universal.
The issue with some Zmodo cameras is that they allow you to type a maximum of 13 characters for a password, so if your router uses a long password it won't work.
Unfortunately, the solution is to change the router password. I know you probably won't like the idea, but it is what it is. So, go ahead and just change it.
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error: Alert: Content is protected!!


text:
Environmental Health Indicators
An environmental health indicator is a measure of health, environmental quality, or sociodemographics used to help monitor the overall health of the population. The Environmental Health Investigations Branch compiled a report in 2001 which established criteria for such indicators and proposed 18 environmental health indicators for California in seven topic areas: (1) Sociodemographic; (2) Air Quality; (3) Pesticides; (4) Water Quality; (5) Waste/Topics; (6) Health; and (7) the California/Baja California Border Region. Basic statistical data are presented for each indicator, along with a definition, formula, significance, data characteristics, data limitations, and additional information. The National Environmental Health Tracking Program, in which California participates, also is recording environmental health indicators on a number of topics including asthma, air quality, water quality, carbon monoxide poisonings, and birth defects.
California Environmental Health Indicators Report
An environmental health indicator is a measure of health, environmental quality, or sociodemographics which is important for monitoring the overall health of the population of California....
California's New Environmental Health Tracking Programs
In the wake of 9/11, renewed resources and attention have been given to the nation's public health infrastructure, especially in the areas of surveillance of acute infectious illnesses and monitoring the...
Trends in the sex ratio of California births, 1960–1996
Study objective: The male sex ratio at birth (or the proportion of male births in a population) has been suggested as a sentinel environmental health indicator....
California Environmental Health Tracking Program (CEHTP)
-- California Environmental Health Tracking Program Improving Public Health With Better Information air quality asthma birth defects cancer carbon monoxide poisoning climate change drinking...
Environmental Health Indicator Report
-- An environmental health indicator is a measure of health, environmental quality, or sociodemographics which is important for monitoring the overall health of the population of California....
Geographic Information System (GIS) for the Border Region
-- Initiated in 2007, the Border GIS project inventories various types of environmental data for the Border region and assesses Environmental Health Indicators....
Sex Ratio Among California Births, _PHONE_
-- The male sex ratio at birth (or the proportion of births in a population that is male) has been suggested as a sentinel environmental health indicator....
NCEH Environmental Public Health Indicators Project
-- From CDC National Center for Environmental Health -- Environmental public health indicators (EPHIs) can be used to assess our health status or risk as it relates to our environment. They may be used to assess baseline status and trends, track program goals and objectives, and build core surveillance capacity in state and local agencies.
- Paul English, Lauren Wohl-Sanchez


How do you really pronounce Audi?
How is Porsche pronounced?
How is BMW pronounced?
Since 'BMW' is just a three-letter word, people tend to pronounce it in the English version – 'bee em double yoo'. However, being a German brand, the English pronunciation isn't valid for the brand name. Thus, the absolutely authentic pronunciation is 'bee em vee'.
What is the spelling of Audi car?
Audi. One of the most renowned luxury car manufacturer across the globe, Audi is a German car manufacturer, hence its name has a certain German touch to it. While we try to speak it in English as 'aw-di', it's actually pronounced as 'oww-dee'. Confused, well say it as if you are hurt – 'oww-dee'.


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The Shukhov radio tower (Russian: Шуховская башня), also known as the Shabolovka tower, is a broadcasting tower in Moscow designed by Vladimir Shukhov. The 160-metre-high free-standing steel diagrid structure was built in the period 1920–1922, during the Russian Civil War. It is a hyperboloid structure (hyperbolic steel gridshell).
Due to its diagrid structure, the steel shell of the Shukhov Tower experiences minimum wind load (the main hazard for high-rising buildings). The tower sections are single-cavity hyperboloids of rotation made of straight beams, the ends of which rest against circular foundations.
The tower is located a few kilometres south of the Moscow Kremlin, but is not accessible to tourists. The street address of the tower is "Shabolovskaya Street, 37", hence the tower's informal name "Shabolovka, 37".
See also
- Vladimir Shukhov
- Hyperboloid structure
- List of Hyperboloid structures
- Shukhov tower on the Oka River
- Constructivist architecture
- List of towers
- Lord Foster fires up campaign to save Shukhov Tower: _URL_
- P.Gössel, G.Leuthäuser, E.Schickler; "Architecture in the 20th century"; Taschen Verlag; 1990; ISBN 3-8228-4123-4.
- Elizabeth C. English, "Arkhitektura i mnimosti": The origins of Soviet avant-garde rationalist architecture in the Russian mystical-philosophical and mathematical intellectual tradition", a dissertation in architecture, 264 p., University of Pennsylvania, 2000.
- "Vladimir G. Suchov _PHONE_. Die Kunst der sparsamen Konstruktion.", Rainer Graefe und andere, 192 S., Deutsche Verlags-Anstalt, Stuttgart, 1990, ISBN 3-421-02984-9.
- Jesberg, Paulgerd Die Geschichte der Bauingenieurkunst, Deutsche Verlags-Anstalt, Stuttgart (Germany), ISBN 3-421-03078-2, 1996; pp. 198–9.
- Ricken, Herbert Der Bauingenieur, Verlag für Bauwesen, Berlin (Germany), ISBN 3-345-00266-3, 1994; pp. 230.
- Picon, Antoine (dir.), "L'art de l'ingenieur : constructeur, entrepreneur, inventeur", Éditions du Centre Georges Pompidou, Paris, 1997, ISBN 2-85850-911-5
- Fausto Giovannardi "Vladimir Shukhov e la leggerezza dell'acciaio" at _URL_
|Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Shukhov tower|
- Shukhov Tower in Moscow - video
- The Shukhov's Radio Tower
- International campaign to save the Shukhov Tower in Moscow
- Shukhov Towers in Google Maps
- Shuhovskaya Tower at Structurae
- 3D model of the Shukhov Tower
- Views of the hyperboloid tower
- Invention of Hyperboloid Structures
- Shukhov Tower Foundation


text:
The VELOMATIC from Schaeffler is an automatic bicycle gearshift system that is suitable for a range of applications. It replaces the conventional manual gearshift system and allows gear hubs in bicycles, pedelecs, and e-bikes to shift gears automatically. The FAG-VELOMATIC automatic transmission is compatible with a wide variety of commonly-used hub gears. It comprises a gearshift actuator and a coupled communications module. The mechanical motion of the bicycle's gearshift system is carried out by the gearshift actuator via a Bowden cable.
The communication module has the function of an information gateway. This intelligent communication allows interaction with almost any conventional electric drive. Thanks to the compact dimensions of its components, it can be installed inside the frame of the bicycle.
The VELOMATIC continuously calculates the optimum gear for the rider based on the bicycle's speed and the incline of the terrain. The gearshift program can be individually adjusted by the rider using the VELODAPTIC bicycle app. The operating software that is installed records the input variables that are needed for regulating the gearshift actuator and derives from them the necessary controlled variables.
- Sensors for uphill and downhill travel
- The system can be integrated into any pedelec with a CAN bus, as it is not dependent on a specific manufacturer
- Automatically switches to the optimum starting gear when the rider comes to a stop based on the incline of the terrain
- Shifting errors are prevented
- Smooth gearshift with no perceptible transition
- Compact and lightweight design
- Extended range for e-bikes due to battery-saving operation
- Premature wear on the bicycle's chain and gearshift system is prevented
- Continuous calculation of the ideal gearshift point using special algorithms
- E-bikes and pedelecs


text:
Combat Water Survival Training
The combat water survival training (CWST) is a requirement of all ROTC cadets. Cadets are required to conduct a 3-meter drop into water, blind folded and carrying a mock M-16 rifle. They are also required to swim 15 meters in uniform with gear while keeping a mock M-16 rifle out of the water. Additionally, cadets must demonstrate removal techniques of their equipment while submerged. For this requirement, cadets must jump into deep water wearing load bearing equipment. While underwater, they must release the equipment, swim to the surface and reach the edge. The last task cadets must perform is creating a floatation device with their BDU or ACU trousers.


text:
Handheld metal detectors can pick up signals from the magnetic ink on U.S. cash, a new study found.
Think those TSA agents waving a metal-detecting wand at your pockets only know how many coins you're carrying? Think again.
Metal detectors can tell how much cash is on you, too, according to a new study by researchers at the University of Washington's Applied Physics Laboratory in Seattle, the Daily Mail reported.
The handheld metal detectors get signals from the magnetic ink dollar bills are printed with, and the strength of the magnetic signals increases when bills are stacked together.
In other words, don't try smuggling big stacks of cash through airport security.
The discovery by Antao Chen and Chris Fuller, which they're presenting at is still in its nascent stages, though, and the pair says there's still no way for the metal detectors to count the exact amount of cash they find. They can only count the number of bills they find.
That's because a dollar bill carries the same amount of responsive magnetic ink as a $100 bill — meaning somebody carrying $10 in ones would trigger the metal detector just as much as somebody carrying $1,000 in hundreds.
Other sources can interfere with the signal, too, particularly ones that also have magnetic ink, New Scientist noted. Adding other equipment to the simple detectors could cut down on that interference, one scientist at the University of Cambridge in the United Kingdom said.


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University of Tabasco
University of Chihuahua
Publication date: 2017-03-30
Acta Sci. Pol. Formatio Circumiectus 2017;16(1):223–236
A confluence is defined as a meeting point where two or more rivers merge to become the source for a new river. This river merge adjusts its geometric parameters depending of the characteristics of its confluent rivers, particularly wide and intersection angle. Based on this idea and supported by the availability of satellite images, in this paper we classificated 43 confluences located in Tabasco, Mexico. We considered the geometry (plan view) and the intersection angle as a key elements, and applied multivariate statistical analysys to did the clasification. Results shown three groups: I. Similarity between the width of the three rivers and intersection angle less than 80°; II. Similarity between the width of the three rivers and intersection angle between 80° and 160°; and group III. Similarity between the width of the main river (the largest confluence river) and the river merge, intersection angle less than 100°. Once this classification was done, next step is to do both hydraulic and sedimentological studies, to understand the integral behavior of the confluences and verify that the proposed classification, not only have geometrical similarities, but its hydraulic and sedimentological operation are also similar. Due to difficulty to study many confluences, the best way is to chosee the representative and analyze it. Here we proposed an alternative to do it, that can be useful for scientist, enginnerings and students interested in to study confluences.


In this post, we want to discuss about efficient way to convert DataTable to JSON String using C#. Before we get started, if you want to know about export GridView data to excel, please go through the following article: Export GridView to excel with advance feature.
JavaScript Object Notation (JSON) is a lightweight data-interchange format. It is easy for humans to read and write and easy for machines to parse and generate. JSON is a text format that is completely language-independent but uses conventions that are familiar to programmers of the C family of languages, including C, C++, C#, Java, JavaScript, Perl, Python and so on.
Method 1: Convert DataTable to JSON using StringBuilder. This is how the JSON sample data looks: {"firstName":"Satinder", "lastName":"Singh"}. JSON objects are written inside curly braces and can contain multiple name/values pairs. So using StringBuilder we can create a similar JSON Structured String. Since we are using StringBuilder we need to import the System.Text namespace in our page as in the following: Using System.Text;
The following code will generate a JSON string. Here we are making a for loop over our DataTable rows and columns. Fetch the data (values) and append it to our JSONString StringBuilder. This is how our code looks:
Method 2: Convert the DataTable to JSON using JavaScriptSerializer. Since we are using JavaScriptSerializer we first need to import the System.Web.Script.Serialization namespace into our page as in the following code: using System.Web.Script.Serialization;
The JavaScriptSerializer class is used internally by the asynchronous communication layer to serialize and deserialize the data. To serialize an object, use the Serialize method. To deserialize a JSON string, use the Deserialize or DeserializeObject methods. Here we use the serialize method to get the JSON format data. So our code looks as in the following:
Method 3: Convert DataTable to JSON using JSON.Net DLL (Newtonsoft). Now in this method we will convert our C# Datatable to JSON using the Newtonsoft DLL. For this first we need to download JSON.Net DLL. We can download it from and then import the Newtonsoft.JSON namespace into our page as in the following code. JSON.NET is a popular high-performance JSON framework for.NET.
Yes we are done with JSON, here's the output:
Convert DataTable to JSON String in ASP.NET C#
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text:
Advanced Modeling Programs: Perplex
What is Perplex?
Perplex is a thermodynamic calculation package suitable for rapidly creating phase diagrams of all types, creating pseudosections (phase diagrams that include only those reactions experienced by a particular bulk composition). It allows easy estimation of rock and mineral properties as a function of conditions (pressure, temperature, composition).
In order to create a phase diagram, the identity, abundance, and composition of the stable phases must be determined for each condition over a range of pressure, temperature, composition, or some combination of these. Thermodynamics requires that the stable phases be those with the minimum Gibbs energy. This low-energy set of phases can be determined in two ways: either by the solution of a set of non-linear equations, or by a "brute force" method, in which the energy of each set of possible phases is calculated, and that set with the minimum energy is selected, for each condition. The conditions are organized on a Cartesian grid, with grid refinement typically iterating to better constrain the position of reactions.
This process is complicated greatly by the fact that many minerals have solid solution, and their energy changes with changes in their compositions. The strategy Perplex uses to address this is to subdivide each mineral into a large number (~50) pseudocompounds. The energy of each pseudocompound is determined in advance (it's actually a function of pressure and temperature), and while this creates a myriad of'minerals' (the pure ones together with the pseudocompounds), it makes the calculation quite straightforward.
There are a number of optimizations that Perplex can use to speed up the calculation, especially with the advent of the 2007 version of Perplex.
Perplex relies on two primary datasets:
- thermodynamic databases that give properties of a wide range of end-members (both mineral, liquid, and melt)
- activity models that describe how the energies of the end-members contribute to the energies of intermediate compositions.
Perplex has the ability to choose among a wide range of databases and activity models at run-time, offering great flexibility.
Phase Diagram Calculations
- Projections (or 'Shreinemakers diagrams') show stable invariant points and univariant reaction lines for all of the bulk compositions in a model system (e.g. petrogenetic grids).
- Composition diagrams show the mineral assemblages and ranges of mineral solid solutions at a specified P and T, for all the bulk compositions in the model system (e.g. AFM diagrams).
- Mixed-variable diagrams show all phase relationships as a function of P or T and one compositional variable.
- Pseudosections show just those phase relationships for a specified bulk composition.
Rock Property Calculations
Once a pseudosection has been determined, the properties of the rock can be calculated, including variables such as seismic velocity.
Strengths & Limitations
Univariant reactions in a petrogenetic grid are extremely useful in providing bounding constraints on the stability of mineral assemblages. However, petrogenetic grids, especially complex ones with lots of reactions, can be difficult to interpret, and most mineral assemblages in real rocks are higher variance. Moreover, for specific rock compositions, many of these reactions are not'seen' by a particular bulk composition.
Most people are interested in specific mineral assemblages in the rocks they are studying, for which they have collected and analyzed. The advantage of the pseudosection approach is that this type of diagram portrays only the reactions we are interested in by examining a compositional slice through the full multi-component chemical system.
One caveat of the pseudosection approach is the choice of bulk composition. This can be done via a whole rock geochemical (XRF) analysis if equilibrium is achieved on the 'rock' scale. However, many metamorphic rocks preserve chemical zoning of porphyroblasts and the choice of an 'effective' bulk composition is more appropriate, by combining mineral chemistry data with modal proportions (e.g. by only including garnet cores and excluding the rims).
There are other thermodynamic modeling programs available, including THERMOCALC, MELTS, and TWQ. Each has its merits, and a comparison of these may be useful. In addition, because Perplex is so similar to THERMOCALC in its goals, a direct comparison of the two may be informative.
The basic approach to creating a diagram in Perplex involves the following sequence of steps:
- Choose a model system in which to do the calculations (choose components).
- Formulate the thermodynamics (a-X relationships) of the phases in the system.
- Decide which phase diagrams are to be constructed and, for pseudosections, choose an appropriate bulk composition. Here are links to worked examples from the Perplex website. Most of these are also included in the Learning Pseudosections with Perplex teaching activity.
- P-T Projections
- Compatibility Diagrams
- Mixed-variable diagrams
- P-T Pseudosections
- P-X or T-X Pseudosections
- Connolly JAD (2005) Computation of phase equilibria by linear programming: a tool for geodynamic modeling and its application to subduction zone decarbonation. EPSL 236:524-541.
- Connolly JAD, Kerrick DM (2002) Metamorphic controls on seismic velocity of subducted oceanic crust at 100-250 km depth. EPSL 204:61-74
- Connolly JAD, Petrini K (2002) An automated strategy for calculation of phase diagram sections and retrieval of rock properties as a function of physical conditions. J Met Geol, 20:697-708.
- Connolly JAD (1995) Phase diagram methods for graphitic rocks and application to the system C-O-H-FeO-TiO2-SiO2. Contrib Mineral Petrol 119:94-116.
- Connolly JAD, Cesare B (1993) C-O-H-S fluid composition and oxygen fugacity in graphitic metapelites. J Metamorphic Geol 11:368-378.
- Abart R, Connolly JAD, Trommsdorff V (1992) Singular point analysis: construction of Schreinemakers projections for systems with a binary solution. Am J Sci 292:778-805.
- Connolly JAD, Trommsdorff V (1991) Petrogenetic grids for metacarbonate rocks: pressure-temperature phase diagrams for mixed volatile systems. Contrib Mineral Petrol 108: 93-105.
- Connolly JAD (1990) Multivariable phase diagrams: an algorithm based on generalized thermodynamics. Am J Sci 290:666-718.
- Connolly JAD, Kerrick DM (1987) An algorithm and computer program for calculating composition phase diagrams. CALPHAD 11:1-55.
- Learning Pseudosections with Perplex - Dave Hirsch, Western Washington University
- Phase Diagram Projections and Phase Diagram Sections Lab (Microsoft Word 40kB Mar29 07) - This two week exercise, provided by Dave Pattison at the University of Calgary, includes problems sets involving phase diagram sections using Gibbs (for demonstration of principles) and Perplex.


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Call for Presentations
Arthur Olsen Student Research Symposium - April 18, 2015
Augustana College students are invited to present their faculty-mentored, independent research at the Arthur Olsen Student Research Symposium. Students who would like to present their research should collaborate with a faculty member to prepare a submission of their project.
- The title of the presentation
- The name(s) of the student presenter(s), and email addresses for each presenter
- The name and email address of the faculty collaborator/sponsor
- The presentation format: either oral presentation or poster
- If an oral presentation, 20 minutes (15 minutes presentation and 5 minutes Q & A)
- Technology, if any, needed for presentation
- An abstract of the presentation. The abstract should be a brief description of the research topic, research method or sources and anticipated conclusions of the study (250 words or less). Please also provide an English translation if the original abstract is in another language. Abstracts may be pasted into the application form from another program.
Students will receive an emailed copy of the information they submit via the application form. They are encouraged to forward this email confirmation to their supervising faculty member.
For more information, contact Dr. Lisa Babcock.


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What items do people take with them when they flee their homes to retain a feeling of belonging? And how is pride in one's roots reflected through dress?
Things That Matter is a new exhibition about important things and the importance of things: objects of great personal significance that, at the same time, are closely related to the major social issues of today, such as migration and origin.
What happens to your culture when your country disappears?
The objects in Things That Matter come from all over the world and incorporate stories that are equally meaningful in the Dutch context. An example is a woven basket from the Marshall Islands. In the accompanying video Kathy Jetnil-Kijiner relates in the form of a poem why this object is of such importance to her culture and how this culture is on the verge of disappearing: rising sea levels will result in her island being the first to sink below the surface of the Pacific Ocean. The basket on display threatens to become the last tangible remnant of her culture, prompting visitors to the exhibition to reflect on climate change, sustainability and the significance of cultural heritage.
Behind the scenes
This video shows the French-Tunisian 'calligraffiti' artist eL Seed at work in the museum. He created the murals in the pavilion about the beauty of Arabic writing, which is part of the exhibition Things That Matter.
The Things That Matter exhibition is slated to run for five to seven years and has been realised with the aid of the BankGiro Loterij and in collaboration with Museum Catharijneconvent. Photo: David Vroom.


NIIT (Net Investment Income Tax) is a 3.8% tax on investment income that was passed as part of Obamacare. This tax only applies to investment income if total income is above a threshold that varies based on filing status. For more information, see the IRS website. Following the IRS instructions, US taxpayers are unable to use Foreign Tax Credits (for taxes paid in Australia) to offset NIIT. So Australian taxpayers who are subject to NIIT are paying a Medicare Levy in Australia AND NIIT to fund US health care under Obamacare. This is a clear case of double taxation!
Of interest is this recent post by John Richardson exploring whether the current Australia/US Tax Treaty requires the US to allow a credit against NIIT for taxes paid in Australia.
2 thoughts on "NIIT"
 1. Dual U.S.-Australian nationals living in Australia are exempt from the Unearned Income Medicare Contribution Tax; more commonly known as the Net Investment Income Tax.
 The reason I emphasize the naming difference is critical. If it's an income tax, you would consider foreign tax credits and the income tax treaty. If it's a Medicare tax, it's covered by the U.S.-Australia Totalization Agreement; a separate treaty that addresses social security and Medicare taxes.
 It is most definitely not an income tax. That was a misnomer; a name given to the tax by people that are not qualified to advise on international tax matters. Shockingly, it became the norm, but it does serve to distinguish between international tax practitioners that know what they're talking about and those that don't.
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Drop forging manufacturer
Home » News » Mechanical Processing after Carburizing Treatment of Drop Forging
Mechanical Processing after Carburizing Treatment of Drop Forging
In order to achieve high surface hardness and surface roughness, improve fatigue strength, and meet working performance of drop forgings, Mechanical processing will be operated after carburizing treatment. The mechanical processing after carburizing treatment is generally as follows:
1) Machining
The surface carbon content after carburizing is high, and after heat treatment, the surface of drop forged blanks will exsit a large amount of residual austenite, easy to form grinding cracks, such as burns and crack, in the process of grinding. Besides, grinding crack can also produce if there is thick carbide, carbide network or carbide film. So in the process of Mechanical Processing, we should refer to the technical requirements of carburizing forgings, choose the correct process parameters according to the specific characteristics. This will help improve the quality of the drop forgings, and can guide the actual machining.
2) Shot blasting
Shot blast the carburized drop forgings into shot blasting machines, pill granule will impact the products with high speed of 50 ~ 70 m/s after a certain period of time, on the surface depth range of 0.1 ~ 0. 25 mm, drop forgings will win the uniform cold work hardening layer, thus to improve the hardnss of forging surface. Its effect has a direct relationship with the original organization of material surface. There will be obvious hardening effect if the surface has redundant residual austenite organization after quenching. Once appear carbide network on the surface, it will cause the emergence of surface crack, therefore, there is a strict control and requirements on the quenching organization of carburized forging surface.
3) Rolling or polishing
To improve the fatigue life, and the strengthening effect of drop forging surface, except for shot blasting processing, drop forgings can also be rolled or polished processing, namely rolling or rolling friction polishing. It is a kind of cold work hardening and strengthening technologies on the surface, which has the following features:
a) Improving surface hardness, change the size and distribution of residual stresses.
b) Improve surface finish of drop forgings.
c) Increase bending fatigue strength and touching fatigue strength.
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Full-Text Articles in Engineering Science and Materials
Numerical Simulation Of Multi-Phase Core-Shell Molten Metal Drop Oscillations, Kaushal Sumaria
The surface tension of liquid metals is an important and scientifically interesting parameter which affects many metallurgical processes such as casting, welding and melt spinning. Conventional methods for measuring surface tension are difficult to use for molten metals above temperatures of 1000 K. Containerless methods are can be used to measure the surface tension of molten metals above 1000 K. Oscillating drop method is one such method where a levitated droplet is allowed to undergo damped oscillations. Using the Rayleigh's theory for the oscillation of force-free inviscid spherical droplets, surface tension and viscosity of the sample can be calculated...


Borknagar:Abrasion Tide Lyrics
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This song is performed by Borknagar and appears on the album Universal (2010).
We're ensnared by the fate if persistence
As the forces of nature interact
To weather slope and mountain, close and by distance
Creating expanding ventifacts
Running water conducts the erosion
Leading grains of sand in the grind
Empowered by wind,time, and oceans
To wear down soil's rind
A tide that changes primary plains
Even principles positions
A flood that runs untimely through the elements and our veins
Shifting our focus and our definitions
New perspective from a vaster reflection
Thoughts flow like water from a hillock
That's repeatedly rinsed,achieving friction
Releasing knowledge of the rock
An archaic course across the outer core
Seasons transform while remodeling the Solum
Above the altering scenery stars soar
Watching the drama like diffuse phantoms
The land is disintegrated by a power that was ice bound
At the same time fertilized
As our forefather's feet touched a ground
That nature constantly has revised
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this already long post at least somewhat palatable, I will show only two. Specifically, I want to explain self-subsumption (or self-subsuming resolution) and (bounded) variable elimination (BVE), but to explain them, I first have to explain resolution and subsumption.
Let's start with subsumption. Given 2 clauses, A and B, A subsumes B, \(A \subseteq B\), iff every literal from A is also present in B. What this means practically is that A is more restrictive in regards to satisfiability than B, and thus B can be thrown away.
Resolution is an inference rule that, given a set of existing clauses, allows us to create new clauses that do not change the satisfiability of the whole set of clauses because it is satisfied when its precursors are also satisfied. This is done by taking a pair of clauses that contain complementary literals, removing these complementary literals and splicing the rest of the clauses together. Complementary literals are literals where one of them is a negation of the other, e.g. \(x_{1}\) and \(\neg x_{1}\) are complimentary, while \(x_{1}\) and \(\neg x_{2}\) or \(x_{1}\) and \(x_{1}\) are not, because in the first pair the variables do not match and in the second pair, both literals have the same polarity.
This sounds complex, but it really is not. Here is a simple example, where the two clauses above the line are originals, and the clause below the line is the result of resolving them together:
\frac{x_1 \vee \neg x_2, \neg x_1 \vee x_3}{\neg x_2 \vee x_3}
A good way of thinking about how resolution works (and why it is correct) is to think through both of the possible assignments of variable \(x_1\). First, let us consider the case of \(x_1 = true\). In this case, the first original clause is satisfied, and the only way to satisfy the second clause is to assign \(x_3 = true\). This assignment means that the resolvent clause is also satisfied. The second option is to assign \(x_1 = false\). This satisfies the second clause, and to satisfy the first one as well, we need to assign \(x_2 = false\). This assignment also means that the resolvent clause is satisfied.
With this knowledge in hand, we can look at self-subsumption. Given 2 clauses, A and B, and their resolvent R, A is self-subsumed by B iff \( R \subseteq A \) (A is subsumed by R). This means that we can replace A with R, in effect shortening A by one literal.
As an example, take \((x_1 \vee x_2 \vee \neg x_3)\) as clause A and \((\neg x_1 \vee \neg x_3 )\) as clause B. The resolvent of these two clauses is \((x_2 \vee \neg x_3)\), which subsumes A. This means that A is self-subsumed by B.
(Bounded) variable elimination (BVE) is also simple. If we want to remove a specific variable x from a set of clauses, all we have to do is split all clauses containing that particular variable into two groups, one with all clauses where the variable's literal has positive polarity, and one with all clauses where the variable's literal has negative polarity. If we then resolve each clause from the first group with each clause from the second group, we get a (potentially large) set of resolvents without x. If we then replace the original clauses with the resolvents, we removed x from the original set of clauses, without changing the satisfiability of the set as a whole.
Unlike self-subsumption, which will always simplify the SAT instance, variable elimination might make it harder. The reason is that it trades a variable for clauses, which might be beneficial, but does not have to be. This leads to the idea of bounded variable elimination, where a variable is only eliminated if the resulting number of clauses is bounded in some way, e.g. in the total number of added clauses[22], or the size of resulting clauses.
That's it for part 3, but not for this series, because I still have at least two more posts planned, one of which will again be theoretical.
 1. Simple explanation of the MaxSAT problem is that you have to find how many clauses in an unsatisfiable SAT problem can be satisfied. ↩
 2. Determinizing a local-search algorithm has proven that the upper-bound on algorithmic complexity of solving a generic CNF-SAT with n variables and m clauses is \[\mathcal{O}\left(2^{n\left(1 - \frac{1}{\ln{\frac{m}{n}} + \mathcal{O}\ln{\ln{m}}}\right)}\right)\] You can improve this significantly if you limit yourself to 3-SAT (SAT where every clause consists of exactly 3 literals), to just \(\mathcal{O}(1.473^{n})\). ↩
 3. At least conceptually. Implementing DPLL/CDCL in a performant manner can be quite complex. ↩
 4. All literals of such variable become positive if any of them becomes positive. Therefore, all clauses containing that variable can be trivially satisfied and thus removed. ↩
 5. In other words, we have reached the state of the art in the 1960s. ↩
 6. This part is very hand-wavy because the exact details of conflict analysis are complex and beyond the scope of this post. ↩
 7. The largest problem we've had a SAT solver successfully solve contained ~300M variables and almost 1 billion clauses. Using MiniSat and our know-how, it took 15 minutes to solve it. ↩
 8. The (z)Chaff solver was a significant upgrade on the capabilities and performance of SAT solvers, and is often considered as the first CDCL SAT solver with "modern" performance. It also pioneered at least 2 techniques that are still used with only minor modifications, (2-)Watched Literals and VSIDS heuristic. ↩
 9. This is because a single cache-line can hold these summaries for 8 clauses, as opposed to \( \leq 2 \) clauses. ↩
 10. The specific improvement depends on the problem, but for most problems, CDCL can deal with an order (or two) of magnitude more variables than plain DPLL. ↩
 11. Given the underlying learning mechanisms, LBD score of 2 is the lowest, and thus the best, that can be achieved when ranking a learnt clause. ↩
 12. If the conflict resolution and clause learning are done in a specific way, the learnt clause can be guaranteed to always have only one variable from the lower decision level. ↩
 13. As long as we assume that the random number generation is independent for each clause. ↩
 14. Said Jabbour, Jerry Lonlac, Lakhdar Sais and Yakoub Salhi, Revisiting the Learned Clauses Database Reduction Strategies, CoRR, 2014 ↩
 15. In fact, variants of the VSIDS heuristic function might still be the dominant heuristic. Recently there has been a paper on using the current understanding of SAT problem structure to design a new heuristic function, and the result was very promising, as the new heuristic dominated VSIDS when implemented in MiniSat. However, I have not kept up with it so it might not have panned out. ↩
 16. In practice, VSIDS updates are not as expensive as they would appear, because we can get the same results if we, instead of decaying the counters of all variables, keep multiplying \(c_{add}\) by \(1 \over{c_{decay}}\). In a sufficiently large problem, this approach will eventually lead to an overflow, but that can be also solved by periodically renormalizing the counters and \(c_{add}\). ↩
 17. There is a reason why naming things is one of the three "two hard things in CS". ↩
 18. The exact definition of learning rate (LR) of a variable is intentionally left ambiguous. The very rough answer is that it is the ratio of learnt clauses that contained a given variable to the total number of clauses learnt when that variable was set. ↩
 19. General version of this idea is called phase saving and is surprisingly powerful. The motivation behind it is that if a variable was given specific assignment via BCP, then there is likely a good reason for that assignment and thus it should be reused. ↩
 20. Strictly speaking, this is not actually true. Glucose 2.1 uses \(K = 0.8\) because it multiplies the average LBD of the last X clauses by K. I think multiplying the average LBD of all clauses is more intuitive and \(K =


Choosing the (right) Number of Fingers
There are four variables to consider when choosing how many fingers your gripper may need.
Choosing the Number of Fingers for Your Soft Robotics Gripper
Please note the below are best practice tips to provide you with the best gripper selection
 1. SIZE: In general, the more fingers you can use to handle your product, the better. In the case of a bagel, a 4 or 5 Finger EOAT is best as all 4/5 will fit around the entire bagel. A pen is a great example of a smaller product that would likely require just 2 Fingers.
 2. SHAPE: If a product has more of a square, or circular form factor an EOAT with between 2 and 5 Fingers would be most effective. A product that has more of a rectangular or elliptical form factor would require between 4 and 6 Fingers.
 3. STRUCTURE: Products such as a pen or a dinner roll have enough structure to support their own weight when grasped and will not collapse when gripped. These products would require fewer Fingers compared to a bag of pretzels, which would require more Fingers to support the collapsible structure of the bagged item.
 4. MASS: If a product has a lower mass, fewer Fingers can be used. As the mass of the product increases, the number of Fingers may also need to increase to support the product.


Insurance News
November 27, 2015
What Road Salt Does to Your Car
what road salt does to cars
Yet there are some definite downsides to road salt when it comes to your car. Read on to learn exactly how road salt works—and what road salt does to your car.
How road salt works
Salt—a.k.a. sodium chloride in scientific terms—lowers the melting point of water. So while water normally freezes at 32 degrees Fahrenheit, water needs colder temperatures in order to freeze when it's exposed to salt. The more salt you add, the lower the temperature needed to freeze water is.
The water that results after salt is applied to ice is known as "brine." This water needs a temperature lower than 32 degrees Fahrenheit in order to freeze. If there's a lot of snow and ice on a road, the brine will seep into the bottom layers, breaking the bond between the ice and the road. The remaining snow and ice will then float along the top of the brine, making it easy for any passing traffic to break it up for good.
What road salt does to your car
Salt creates chemical reactions that can corrode your car. This is especially true if you have any exposed metal on your car.
So what's a motorist to do? Fortunately, there are some tried-and-true ways to help protect your car from road salt damage.
 - Have any scrapes, chips or rust spots repaired before the first snow falls.
 - Refrain from driving behind trucks spreading ice or brine.
 - Give an older car some extra TLC. The National Highway Traffic Safety Administration says that cars are especially susceptible to corrosion after being exposed to road salt for eight years or more.
 - When spring arrives, consider a thorough exterior detailing job. (Also consider taking other steps to help your car recover from winter.)
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Science Fair Project Encyclopedia
Shar-Kali-Sharri was a king of the Akkadian Empire. He was the son of Naram-sin and reigned for 25 years, around ca. 2100 BC. After his reign, there seems to have been a short period of chaos: The list of kings states:
- Then who was king? Who was the king? Irgigi, Imi, Nanum, Ilulu: four of them ruled for only 3 years
After this, king Dudu ascended, who reigned for 21 years.
See also: Sumerian king list.
The contents of this article is licensed from _URL_ under the GNU Free Documentation License. Click here to see the transparent copy and copyright details


Did you know?
estate - definition and synonyms
What are red words?
Thesaurus diagram
noun [countable] estate pronunciation in British English
Word Forms
 1. 1
 British an area where there are many houses, usually built at the same time by the same company. Many estates are owned by local government and have cheap houses for poorer families. The American word is development
 He grew up on an estate.
 1. c.
 a very large area of land that belongs to one person, usually with a very big house on it
 She has a team of six people who manage the estate.
 2. 2
 [usually singular] all the property and money that belongs to someone, especially someone who has just died
 3. 3
 British a long car with an extra door at the back and a lot of space behind the back seats
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Hornyfqnz is an online slang dictionary that defines common texting and internet communication slang phrases. The name "hornyfqnz" is a mixture of the terms "horny" and "fun." It refers to someone who is entertaining and makes you want to have sex with them.
1)What does Hornyfqnz mean?
"Hornyfqnz" refers to someone sexually stimulated or interested in sexual action. The term frequently indicates someone seeking or engaging in sexual activity.
2)The meaning of Hornyfqnz
"hornyfqnz" refers to someone sexually stimulated or interested in sexual action. The term is frequently used to describe someone "turned on" or "horny" by another person. It can also refer to someone who is sexually attracted to another person.
- What exactly does hornyfqnz mean? It's a little mysterious, but we can make some educated guesses.
- The most likely reason is that it's a misspelling of "horny." This makes sense because "horny" is a slang term for sexually aroused.
- Another suggestion is that it's a play on the word "horny," with the "h" replaced by an "f" to sound more like the word "horn." This might be used to describe someone who is having an especially sexual mood right now.
- Whatever the case, we can be certain that "hornyfqnz" is a phrase used to describe someone who is sexually aroused. So, if you see someone using this expression, they are most likely trying to communicate that they are horny!
4)What is the meaning of Hornyfqnz?
Hornyfqnz is an abbreviation for someone sexually stimulated or interested in sexual activity. The term is frequently used to describe someone who is hornier than usual.
5)What does Hornyfqnz stand for?
- Hornyfqnz is an abbreviation for "Horny For No Reason." The phrase is frequently used to describe someone sexually aroused for no apparent reason.
- There are several reasons someone could feel horny for no apparent cause. They may be sexually dissatisfied and haven't had sex in a while. It could also be a symptom of an underlying medical illness, such as a hormone imbalance.
- If you're feeling horny for no apparent reason, there are a few things you can attempt to alleviate the urge. You can begin by masturbating. If that doesn't work or you're uncomfortable, try distracting yourself with other tasks. If the sensation persists, it is important to seek medical attention to rule out any underlying problems.


Student Journal
Purpose of the Journal Entries
Every excellent lawyer is a self-reflective practitioner. A self-reflective practitioner is one who develops techniques for consciously learning from his or her experiences. A self-reflective practitioner plans each task to be performed prior to acting, and then reflects upon the execution of the task after the task is performed to consider what worked best, what did not work as well as expected, and what he or she would do differently the next time. As one tool to aid you in developing into a self-reflective practitioner, you will be keeping a journal of your experiences in the Criminal Justice Clinic. Writing about your work will encourage deeper and more detailed reflections.
The journal you keep in this course will serve a number of different functions:
 1. It will be a tool for you to record your assignments and to reflect upon what you have learned from the work in a concrete form;
 2. It will provide you with a systematic way to reflect on and analyze your experiences by pushing you to examine critically and in depth your performance, thoughts, and feelings;
 3. It will provide you and me with data for discussion of topics central to the course;
 4. It will relieve stress; and
 5. It will enhance your development into a reflective practitioner.
Your journal should not be primarily an account of your activitiesthe time sheets you will be preparing will adequately capture this type of information. Rather, you should record what you are thinking and feeling about your experiences with clients, the criminal justice system, the lawyers you work with in the Public Defender Office, opposing counsel, reading assignments for the seminars, concepts, and skills under study in the course. There are a few requirements for the content of your journal entries designed to help the entries assist your learning over the course of the semester.
The journals will be confidential between you and the supervising faculty member. Occasionally, the supervising faculty member may ask a student's permission to refer to a journal entry in one of the seminar classes or permission from several students to compile some entries for a class discussion on a shared topic. If reference is made to a journal entry, it will only be done after permission is sought and granted in advance and privately, and each student will always have the absolute authority to decline.
Number of Journal Entries Required and Due Dates
Over the course of the semester, you are required to submit at least thirteen (13) journal entries. You should complete at least one (1) journal entry per week for the first twelve (12) weeks of the class, and you will do a final wrap-up journal entry reflecting on the prior entries for the last week of classes. Each journal entry should be the equivalent of at least two double-spaced, typed written pages in length. Journal entries for each week are due on or before Sunday noon, and each entry will be returned to you with comments within one week of my receipt of the journal entry. You may send the journal entry to your faculty member via e-mail, or leave a copy of it under the faculty member's office door at the law school.
The point of the journal entries is to think on paper. Therefore, do not worry too much about spelling, punctuation, or grammar. You should use language that feels natural and expresses your personal voice and style. Do not try to write as you think a lawyer might. Please Turn in Your Journals On or Before the Weekly Deadline, and Do Not Fall Behind In Turning In Your Journals.
Content of the Journal Entries and Format
Throughout the semester you will submit journal entries concerning your reflections on your work, interactions with others, experiences, and what you are learning. While most of your entries will be about whatever you choose to write about concerning your experiences, by the end of the thirteenth week of the semester you must have completed a separate entry on each of the following subjects. A suggested completion date for each topic is included:
 1. Critique a performance by a lawyer, either a defense lawyer, prosecutor, or judge, stating what you observed that was good, what needs improvement, and why. (End of third week.)
 2. Discuss what you are learning about how to learn from experience. How do you learn best? What facilitates your learning? What inhibits your learning? (End of fourth week.)
 3. What are your perceptions or feelings about the criminal justice system? (End of sixth week.)
 4. How does your work in the Criminal Justice Clinic fit into your future plans? What have you learned that will help you to make decisions about future employment? How do you see applying what you are learning to your future endeavors? Is your learning transferable to other settings? How might this best be accomplished? (End of the eighth week.)
 5. Identify an ethical quandary or decision that occurred during the semester, explain the issue, how it was resolved, and whether you think the resolution was proper and why. (End of the tenth week.)
 6. Critique a performance of yourself. Discuss your planning and execution of the task. What do you think was good, what do you think needs improvement, and what would you do differently? (End of twelfth week.)
The format of each entry has to include at least four (4) paragraphs of at least five (5) sentences each.
Paragraph 1: Identify the topic. This should include the "who, what, when, where, why, and how' part of the entry. If you are selecting one of the above topics for the entry, such as a critique of another's performance, identify who you are critiquing, what you are critiquing, when you observed the activity, where the activating took place, how the activity proceeded, and why a certain course of action was taken.
Paragraph 2: Discuss what you were thinking about the activity or topic at the time, and any thoughts you have about the activity upon further reflection.
Paragraph 3: Discuss what you were feeling about the activity and why. For example, if you are discussing an activity you engaged in, discuss how you felt. Remember not to confuse your thoughts with your feelings. For example, the sentence "I felt it was useful" describes your thoughts and not your feelings. Feelings include: fear, anxiety, nervousness, confidence, being relaxed, unhappy, happy, dissatisfied, etc.
Paragraph 4: This paragraph is the analytical discussion, and will often include how you plan to apply what you learned from the experience. If the subject of the entry is a critique, this paragraph would describe the strengths and weaknesses, why you think the aspects were strong or weak, and what you would do if confronted with a similar situation in the future. Be sure not to generalize, such as "Next time I would be better prepared." Instead, describe how you would prepare yourself better, such as what research you would do, practice you would engage in, etc.
Your final journal entry for the course should be a self-evaluation of your accumulated journal entries. To complete the self-evaluation, read through all your entries, then write an evaluation using the following topics as a guide: the quantity of entries (the minimum number is fourteen prior to this final entry), variety (you must have included at least six entries on the previously mentioned subjects), depth of discussion, interest (reflected in the tone and substance of the entries), and value to you the student.
If you have any questions about this requirement, please discuss them with the faculty member in class or privately.
Good luck!