text:
First published on MSDN on Feb 20, 2018
We are delighted to announce the public preview of SQL Information Protection (Data Discovery & Classification), introducing advanced capabilities built into Azure SQL Database for
the sensitive data in your databases. Similar capabilities are also being introduced for on-premises SQL Server via SQL Server Management Studio.
Discovering and classifying your most sensitive data (business, financial, healthcare, PII, etc.) can play a pivotal role in your organizational information protection stature. It can serve as an infrastructure for:
Helping meet data privacy standards and regulatory compliance requirements, such as GDPR.
Data-centric security scenarios, such as monitoring (auditing) and alerting on anomalous access to sensitive data.
Controlling access to and hardening the security of databases containing highly sensitive data.
What is SQL Information Protection?
SQL Information Protection (SQL IP) introduces a set of advanced services and new SQL capabilities, forming a new information protection paradigm in SQL aimed at protecting the data, not just the database:
Discovery & recommendations
– The classification engine scans your database and identifies columns containing potentially sensitive data. It then provides you an easy way to review and apply the appropriate classification recommendations via the Azure portal.
– Sensitivity classification labels can be persistently tagged on columns using new classification metadata attributes introduced into the SQL Engine. This metadata can then be utilized for advanced sensitivity-based auditing and protection scenarios.
– Sensitivity of the query result set is calculated in real time and used for auditing access to sensitive data (
currently in Azure SQL DB only
– The database classification state can be viewed in a detailed dashboard in the portal. Additionally, you can download a report (in Excel format) to be used for compliance & auditing purposes, as well as other needs.
Additional SQL IP capabilities will continue rolling out throughout 2018 – Stay tuned!
How does SQL IP work?
We designed SQL IP with the goal of streamlining the process of discovering -> classifying -> labeling sensitive data in your database environment.
Our built-in automated classification engine identifies columns containing potentially sensitive data, and provides a list of classification recommendations, which can be easily applied as sensitivity metadata on top of columns, using new column sensitivity attributes that have been added to the SQL engine. You can also manually classify & label your columns.
Once you classify & label your data, our detailed overview dashboard provides you visibility into the classification state of your database, as well as the ability to export and download a classification report in Excel format:
Finally, the SQL engine utilizes the column classifications to determine the sensitivity of query result sets. Combined with Azure SQL Database Auditing, this enables you to audit the sensitivity of the actual data being returned by queries:
Get started today!
We encourage you to try out SQL Information Protection today for improved visibility into your database environment, as well as for monitoring access to your sensitive data.
More details on using SQL Information Protection can be found in:


text:
Morphological study of the Lingual papillae of Jentink's flying squirrel (Hylopetes platyurus)
Keywords:Hylopetes platyurus, lingual papillae, light microscopy, scanning electron microscopy
This study describes the anatomy and histology of the tongue in the Jentink's flying squirrel (Hylopetes platyurus), a
rodent native to Indonesia (Borneo and Sumatra). We examined the characteristics of the tongue using scanning
electron microscopy (SEM) and light microscopy (LM). Macroscopic observations revealed three distinct regions: the
apex, corpus (body) and radix (root). The dorsal surface of the apex was characterized by a median groove and lacked
the lingual prominence that is common in many rodents. SEM and LM revealed the distribution of papillae over the
dorsal surface of the tongue. The papillae could be categorized as mechanical papillae (filiform, conical, large conical)
and gustatory papillae (fungiform, foliate, and vallate). Filiform papillae covered the apex and the anterior two-thirds
of the corpus. Fungiform papillae were distributed among the filiform papillae from the apex to the corpus, whereas
the foliate papillae were present only on the apex. Conical papillae were located on the posterior of the corpus, and the
large conical papillae were on the lateral surface of the lingual radix. Three vallate papillae were arranged in a "V"
pointing toward the larynx on the posterior part of the radix. This research provides the first detailed observations of
the lingual papillae in Hylopetes platyurus. The shape, structure and distribution of papillae are described and compared
with those in other rodent species.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


text:
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
A grove is a small group of trees with little or no undergrowth. For example: a sequoia grove, or a small orchard planted for the cultivation of fruits or nuts. Other words for groups of trees include woodland, copse, woodlot, thicket or spinney.
Further reading [change]
- "Start Now to Design Citrus Groves for Mechanical Harvesting". University of Florida, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences. _URL_ Retrieved 2006-01-06.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


Conversational Components
The idea behind Conversational Components is to provide solutions for recurring problems you might encounter while creating voice apps.
They are pre-built npm packages containing the necessary language model, handler (logic) and i18n (cms) files, which you utilize by delegating the task to the component.
Component Structure
Each component has the following structure:
The models folder contains the language model, the src folder contains the logic and the i18n folder contains the components responses.
The component's handler contains the states/intents to fulfill the incoming request. It has to have a START intent which is the entry point for the component.
Every component has its own default configuration, which can be overwritten by the developer.
They provide you with a way to customize them without having to go through the handler and modifying stuff there. The possible options should be documented in each component's own README file.
The i18n folder contains the component's responses. Again, it's a way for the developer to customize the component, without having to dig through the handler.
The sample dialogs in the component's README file, should give you the necessary information you need to make changes to the responses.
For now, i18n is the only supported CMS, with other external ones planned.
The index.ts file at the root is the entry point of each component. It exports a class which contains references to the handler and config object as well as the path to the i18n folder. The component's handler has to be nested inside a state named after the component itself to prevent intents from being overwritten. It also has a name property which has to be the same as the package name.
Name Description Value Required
name Name of your component. Has to be the same as the package name string Yes
handler Contains the logic of your component, i.e. states & intents object Yes
config Contains the default configuration object Yes
pathToI18n Specifies the path to your i18n folder containing the responses used in your component string Yes
That's the basic structure of a component.
Using Conversational Components
Learn how to integrate existing Conversational Components into your Jovo project here.
Developing Conversational Components
Learn how to develop your own Conversational Components here.
Comments and Questions
Join Our Newsletter


text:
Article ID: 189871 - View products that this article applies to.
This article was previously published under Q189871
This article describes how to view partial resource information for projects that share resources from a resource pool. For example, if 20 projects share resources from a resource pool, how to view resource data for only 10 of those projects.
A resource pool will allow you to share a group of resources across multiple projects. When you view resource information, such as resource work, the information will be cumulative for all projects that share resources from the resource pool. To view resource information for only a partial group of those projects, you can temporarily share resources from a new pool. You can then view resource information for only the projects that are temporarily sharing resources from this new pool. When you finish, close all projects without saving information. Your original files and resource pool will remain intact. To do this, follow these steps:
To Temporarily Share Resources
When you finish, close all projects without saving changes.
To Remove a ProjectTo remove one or more projects from the group of projects sharing resources from the temporary pool, follow these steps:
Article ID: 189871 - Last Review: September 18, 2011 - Revision: 5.0
Contact us for more help
Connect with Answer Desk for expert help.


Instant fossils found trapped in asteroid impact glass
Life 24 April 2014
New Scientist Default Image
(Image: Peter Schultz/Geology/GSA)
When asteroids strike Earth, it can mean death and destruction. But they can also be flashbulbs, capturing a freeze-frame record of life at the moment of impact.
Peter Schultz of Brown University in Providence, Rhode Island, and his colleagues examined two asteroid impact sites in the Chasicó and Mar del Plata regions in La Pampa, Argentina. They found the first examples of biological material locked in the glass that is instantly formed in the blast.
This animation of 3D electron microscope scans show plant fragments that were pulled out of the impact glass for detailed analysis. The material was preserved in incredible detail, including structures down to the cellular level.
Similar impact glass fossils, protected for eons under a blanket of Martian dust, could retain a record of ancient life on the Red Rlanet.
Journal reference: Geology, DOI: 10.1130/G35343.1


Journal article
Mobility, muscular strength and endurance in the cervical spine in Swedish air force pilots
No matching items found.
Research Areas
No matching items found.
Publication Details
Author list: Alricsson, Marie;Schüldt, Kristina
Publication year: 2001
Start page: 336
End page: 342
Number of pages: 7
ISSN: 0095-6562
PURPOSE: Muscle strength, endurance and range of movement of the cervical spine in a group of Swedish Air Force jet pilots (AF) and in a reference group of conscripts doing their military service (RG) were compared. METHODS: We tested 30 (AF) 24-42 yr and 33 (RG) 19-22 yr. A questionnaire was used to document complaints. Maximum voluntary isometric muscle strength of the flexor and extensor muscles of the cervical spine and sub-maximum isometric endurance in the flexor and extensor muscles were measured. RESULTS: Eleven AF (37%) and four RG (12%) had experienced discomfort in the neck within the previous year. The pilots flexor and extensor muscle strength (47 Nm and 65 Nm) was superior to that of the conscripts (36 Nm and 59 Nm) (p = 0.0001, p = < 0.05, respectively). However, the RG group had greater isometric endurance in the flexor muscles than AF (p = < 0.05) and greater neck rotation (p = <0.005). There was no difference between the two groups in the other variables. CONCLUSION: Differences between the groups with regard to muscle strength and endurance might depend on variations in work-related physical muscle strain, and/or differences in fiber composition in the muscles, which might be reflected by pilot selection procedures.
No matching items found.
No matching items found.
No matching items found.


text:
An Anciente Mappe of Fairyland 1000-Piece Jigsaw Puzzle
Bernard Sleigh (British, 1872–1954)
An Anciente Mappe of Fairyland: Newly Discovered and Set Forth
, c. 1920
"There lingers a faint, plaintive music, as of far-away organ pipes, of whispering harps, and the sighing of wind amongst the reeds." In his text accompanying this map, artist Bernard Sleigh detailed the secret to entering the magical world called Fairyland: the key is in the heart of every child. His booklet—a guide—is included here in full, so your eyes, too, may be opened to the realm's rainbow-guarded shores. Both the booklet and the map are in the Geography and Map Division of the Library of Congress, the world's largest library, holding more than 162 million items.
Thoughtfully conceived and engagingly intricate, our interlocking jigsaw puzzles combine superb color reproduction, stunning and unusual images, and sturdy construction to delight generations of novice and veteran puzzleworkers.
WARNING: Choking hazard—small parts. Not suitable for children under 3 years.


The Pied Piper of Hamelin
In the town of Hamelin, the rich and greedy live like kings and queens while the poor and sick scavenge rubbish tips for scraps. A lame orphan boy tells the classic tale of how a plague of rats take over the town and how a fantastic piper offers to rid Hamelin of its rats for a single gold coin, then lures away the town's children when the greedy mayor breaks his word. Masterfully weaving contemporary social and environmental themes into a gripping tale, and celebrating it with breathtaking illustrations, former British Children's Laureate Michael Morpurgo and illustrator Emma Chichester Clark team up to create a compelling new take on this timeless story.
Teaching Resources
The Pied Piper of Hamelin Cover Sheet
The Pied Piper of Hamelin Classroom Resource
The Pied Piper of Hamelin Worksheet


Definitions for air force
This page provides all possible meanings and translations of the word air force
Princeton's WordNet
 1. air force, airforce(noun)
 the airborne branch of a country's armed forces
 1. air force(Noun)
 2. air force(Noun)
 3. Air Force(ProperNoun)
 The United States Air Force.
 4. Air Force(ProperNoun)
 Sports teams representing the United States Air Force Academy.
 1. Air force
 1. Chaldean Numerology
 The numerical value of air force in Chaldean Numerology is: 2
 2. Pythagorean Numerology
 The numerical value of air force in Pythagorean Numerology is: 3
Sample Sentences & Example Usage
 1. President Dilma Rousseff:
 I have no right to use an Air Force plane to travel.
 2. Eric Caine:
 Air Force members 've got to make for healthier environments.
 3. Citizen United president:
 These were Air Force flights and crews but State has the records?
 4. Phillip Rolen:
 These girls were born on an Air Force base so you can imagine my reaction, it 's absurd.
 5. Jerry Hendrix:
 Air Force leadership has failed to balance the idea that quantity has a quality of its own.
Images & Illustrations of air force
Translations for air force
From our Multilingual Translation Dictionary
Get even more translations for air force »
Find a translation for the air force definition in other languages:
Select another language:
Discuss these air force definitions with the community:
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Use the citation below to add this definition to your bibliography:
"air force." STANDS4 LLC, 2016. Web. 26 Aug. 2016. < force>.
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text:
Portal:OpenGL Objects/Query Objects
A Query Object represents certain kinds of state, where accessing the state directly would cause severe synchronization problems or degraded performance. So a query object thus represents a result that is not necessarily available yet. Most of these queries are based on rendering operations that happen within a specific, defined boundary.
There are a number of types of queries. There are queries for how many samples in a particular rendering operation passed all of the various post-fragment processing tests and the Fragment Shader itself. That is, how much of a rendered object is visible (if any). There are queries for how long the GPU took to execute some set of commands. And there are queries for how many primitives were written by a Transform Feedback operation.
Like textures, the type of query object is assigned the first time the query object is used. Unlike textures and other OpenGL objects, query objects are never "bound". Because query operations are scoped, query objects use a special begin/end pair of functions. These functions define the type of the query object. Using an existing query object with the wrong type is an error.


cor.smooth {psych}R Documentation
Smooth a non-positive definite correlation matrix to make it positive definite
Factor analysis requires positive definite correlation matrices. Unfortunately, with pairwise deletion of missing data or if using tetrachoric or polychoric correlations, not all correlation matrices are positive definite. cor.smooth does a eigenvector (principal components) smoothing. Negative eigen values are replaced with 100 *.Machine$double.eps, the matrix is reproduced and forced to a correlation matrix using cov2cor.
A correlation matrix or a raw data matrix.
Report all abs(residuals) > cut
The smoothing is done by eigen value decomposition. eigen values <.Machine$double.eps are changed to 100 *.Machine$double.eps. The positive eigen values are rescaled to sum to the number of items. The matrix is recomputed (eigen.vectors %*% diag(eigen.values) %*% t(eigen.vectors) and forced to a correlation matrix using cov2cor. (See Bock, Gibbons and Muraki, 1988 and Wothke, 1993).
This does not implement the Knol and ten Berge (1989) solution, nor do nearcor and posdefify in sfmsmisc, not does nearPD in Matrix. As Martin Maechler puts it in the posdedify function, "there are more sophisticated algorithms to solve this and related problems."
cor.smoother examines all of nvar minors of rank nvar-1 by systematically dropping one variable at a time and finding the eigen value decomposition. It reports those variables, which, when dropped, produce a positive definite matrix. It also reports the number of negative eigenvalues when each variable is dropped. Finally, it compares the original correlation matrix to the smoothed correlation matrix and reports those items with absolute deviations great than cut. These are all hints as to what might be wrong with a correlation matrix.
The smoothed matrix with a warning reporting that smoothing was necessary (if smoothing was in fact necessary).
William Revelle
R. Darrell Bock, Robert Gibbons and Eiji Muraki (1988) Full-Information Item Factor Analysis. Applied Psychological Measurement, 12 (3), 261-280.
Werner Wothke (1993), Nonpositive definite matrices in structural modeling. In Kenneth A. Bollen and J. Scott Long (Editors),Testing structural equation models, Sage Publications, Newbury Park.
D.L. Knol and JMF ten Berge (1989) Least squares approximation of an improper correlation matrix by a proper one. Psychometrika, 54, 53-61.
See Also
tetrachoric, polychoric, fa and irt.fa, and the burt data set.
See also nearcor and posdefify in the sfsmisc package and nearPD in the Matrix package.
bs <- cor.smooth(burt) _TAG_ data set is not positive definite
plot(burt[lower.tri(burt)],bs[lower.tri(bs)],ylab="smoothed values",xlab="original values")
round(burt - bs,3)
fa(burt,2) _TAG_ throws a warning that the matrix yields an improper solution
_TAG_ first throws a warning that the matrix was improper, but produces a better solution
_TAG_ next example is a correlation matrix from DeLeuw used as an example in Knol and ten Berge.
_TAG_ example is also used in the nearcor documentation
 cat("pr is the example matrix used in Knol DL, ten Berge (1989)\n")
 pr <- matrix(c(1, 0.477, 0.644, 0.478, 0.651, 0.826,
 0.477, 1, 0.516, 0.233, 0.682, 0.75,
 0.644, 0.516, 1, 0.599, 0.581, 0.742,
 0.478, 0.233, 0.599, 1, 0.741, 0.8,
 0.651, 0.682, 0.581, 0.741, 1, 0.798,
 0.826, 0.75, 0.742, 0.8, 0.798, 1),
 nrow = 6, ncol = 6)
sm <- cor.smooth(pr)
resid <- pr - sm
# several goodness of fit tests
# from Knol and ten Berge
tr(resid %*% t(resid)) /2
# from nearPD
[Package psych version 1.4.5 Index]
Part of the Personality Project Take our Personality Test


text:
Each message can have various labels assigned to it as a means of classification. Each label has a name; different names are different labels. Any given label is either present or absent on a particular message. A few label names have standard meanings and are given to messages automatically by Rmail when appropriate; these special labels are called attributes. (See Rmail Attributes.) All other labels are assigned only by users.
The a (
rmail-add-label) and k
rmail-kill-label) commands allow you to assign or remove any
label on the current message. If the label argument is empty, it
means to assign or remove the same label most recently assigned or
Once you have given messages labels to classify them as you wish, there are three ways to use the labels: in moving, in summaries, and in sorting.
C-M-n labels
rmail-next-labeled-message) moves to the next message that has
one of the labels labels. The argument labels specifies
one or more label names, separated by commas. C-M-p
rmail-previous-labeled-message) is similar, but moves
backwards to previous messages. A numeric argument to either command
serves as a repeat count.
The command C-M-l labels
rmail-summary-by-labels) displays a summary containing only the
messages that have at least one of a specified set of labels. The
argument labels is one or more label names, separated by commas.
See Rmail Summary, for information on summaries.
If the labels argument to C-M-n, C-M-p or C-M-l is empty, it means to use the last set of labels specified for any of these commands.
See Rmail Sorting, for information on sorting messages with labels.


How Loperamide Works: How Fast Imodium Starts Working
Last Updated: June 10, 2020
Authored by Olivier George, Ph.D.
Imodium (loperamide) is a medication meant to treat diarrhea; however, thanks to its mechanism of action, loperamide is used for other purposes as well. While many have used it, few know how Imodium works. It is important that users understand the medication's mechanism of action.
How Does Imodium Work?
What Imodium does is treat the symptoms of diarrhea, specifically sudden (acute) diarrhea, including traveler's diarrhea. It is not designed to be taken for long periods, though in some cases patients will, of time and it does not treat the underlying causes of sudden bowel disturbances.
How Imodium works is it slows down the movement of the intestines. The result is the person taking the Imodium AD has fewer bowel movements, and less water enters the stool. It is vital that patients stick to the recommended doses unless directed to do otherwise by a doctor. These are 4mg for the first dose, then loperamide hydrochloride 2 mg for each subsequent dose until stopping the medication.
Of course, this does not offer a complete understanding of how loperamide works. For that, the loperamide mechanism of action must be understood.
What Is Imodium Mechanism Of Action?
how does imodium workFor most patients, understanding how Imodium works to stop diarrhea ends with a general explanation. However, the more informed patients are, the better. To truly understand loperamide, people must understand the Imodium mechanism of action – or the specific biochemical interaction between the medication and the body. This can be broken down into five aspects of loperamide MOA: pharmacodynamics, absorption, metabolism, protein binding, route of elimination.
Loperamide Pharmacodynamics
Much of what Imodium does comes down to pharmacodynamics. Loperamide, the active ingredient in Imodium, binds to opiate receptors within the gut wall. Through this binding, the release of acetylcholine and prostaglandins is inhibited. This results in reduced propulsive peristalsis, which means it takes longer for the intestines to move waste, increasing the time between bowel movements and allowing the body to absorb more water, creating firmer stool.
Loperamide Absorption
Absorption determines how fast Imodium works. Imodium for diarrhea is primarily absorbed through the stomach, though the intestines can absorb some of the medication. Once it is absorbed, it does not have a significant impact on plasma. Concentrations are the highest between 2.5 hours and 5 hours after taking the medication. The Imodium half-life is approximately 10 hours.
Loperamide Metabolism
Loperamide is metabolized primarily by cytochrome P450 (CYP450) isozymes, CYP2C8 and CYP3A4. These then form N-desmethyl-loperamide, which is the compound that allows Imodium to work. This must be formed for the medication to act on the body. Such metabolism is considered quite safe. In fact, people can take Imodium while breastfeeding, if taken in small amounts.
Loperamide Protein Binding
Loperamide protein binding occurs primarily in the gut wall. The medication almost exclusively binds to the receptors in the longitudinal muscle layer. The plasma protein binding of the medication comes in at 95%, making this the primary site where Imodium does work on the body.
Loperamide Route Of Elimination
Loperamide is primarily excreted through the feces. While some of the medication and its metabolites can be excreted in other manners, the amount is so small as to be considered statistically insignificant.
Does Imodium Pass The Blood-Brain Barrier?
Because loperamide binds to opioid receptors, it theoretically could act as an opioid in the body and produce a high. However, there is a problem with this theory: loperamide does not easily cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB).
People desperate to get high or access affordable pain medication have looked into how to make loperamide cross the BBB. The only way to do this is to take it in incredibly high doses. Loperamide amount for recreational purposes varies from person to person, with some reporting to need as many as 100 pills to achieve any effect.
How Long Does It Take For Imodium To Work?
how long does imodium take to workHow long it takes for Imodium to work will depend on what the user is taking it for. While the only on-label use of loperamide is in the treatment of diarrhea, some will use Imodium AD for opiate withdrawal or recreational purposes.
How long it takes for Imodium to stop diarrhea is usually somewhere in the range of 24 to 48 hours. However, the medication will start working well before then; the user just will not see the results. For those using it for other purposes, it can range from a few hours to never working at all.
Getting Help
Imodium is a medication that binds to opioid receptors and can cross the blood-brain barrier if taken in excessively large amounts. Anyone who is abusing loperamide or considering it should seek treatment programs provided by professional addiction facilities. Rehabilitation centers can help addicts manage their addiction, craving, and withdrawal symptoms and get clean.
Page Sources
Published on: May 6th, 2019
Updated on: June 10th, 2020
About Author
Olivier George, Ph.D.
Leave a comment


Amaran Assisted Living
Montessori One Academy | Albuquerque, NM
This innovative senior community uses Montessori principles to engage aging adults in meaningful activities that promote independence and encourage them to contribute to their community. Amaran is integrated into the campus of an established Montessori school, Montessori One Academy, to enable daily interaction between seniors and children.
Amaran offers a mix of 72 assisted living and memory care apartments that include studio, one-bedroom, and 2-bedroom apartments. Each apartment is designed to reflect the Montessori principle of creating a prepared environment that provides sensory and behavioral cues to maximize independence. This includes custom entry cubbies that create a sense of order and routine at the transition between private apartments and shared spaces.
This Montessori-based, intergenerational approach required rethinking many typical design practices for senior communities. Compared to a more traditional memory care environment where access to food and outdoor areas is often highly controlled, Amaran empowers residents to access healthy snacks and courtyards themselves (independently) through a design that balances access with safety controls. Residents will use Montessori work stations with real activities and authentic materials rather than more typical memory care activity stations. Technology is used to enable independence through voice activated controls rather than for simulated interaction or virtual reality. Stations and displays are designed to avoid clutter and provide height-appropriate counters, sinks, etc. that allow both seniors and children to take advantage of the prepared environment.
The design of Amaran also includes operable windows, color-tuned lighting, and custom signage to create a cohesive environment and help residents easily navigate the community. Amaran's person-centered philosophy will benefit each resident in different ways. Residents with and without Alzheimer's or dementia will benefit from its structured environment, multi-sensory activities, and opportunities to spend time with children doing purposeful work and creating new relationships.
Featured Staff
Jennifer Facio Maddox Ronnie DiCappo Jitka Dekojova Courtney Mowrer
What We Create
Landscape Architecture
MultiFamily Housing
Building a sense of home into housing.
Master planned communities
Assisted care and independent living facilities
Multi family housing communities
Affordable housing
Student housing complexes
Luxury apartments
Building assessments
Tax credit packages
Environmental and human sustainability integration
Structural Engineering
The building must stand.
What's at stake?
Senior Living
Interior Design
Spaces that work harder.
Custom interior design
Space planning
Finish selection/specification
Workplace performance evaluations
Space needs assessments
Corporate standards programs
ADA, ergonomics evaluation, and product recommendations
Post-occupancy evaluations
LEED consulting
In Progress


Drexel dragonThe Math ForumDonate to the Math Forum
Ask Dr. Math - Questions and Answers from our Archives
Minimize Distance between 3D Point Sets with Rotation and Translation
Date: 07/15/2007 at 14:32:21
From: Juan
Subject: find a rot-translation matrix for fitting two 3D point sets
I need to fit two sets of 3D points (a, b, c... n) and (a', b', c'...
n') in such a way that the Euclidean distances between the point
pairs (a,a'), (b,b')...(n,n') is minimum. I can apply only rotations
and translations but no scale changes.
Is it possible to find a least-squares solution to this problem? There
are lots of web pages describing methods for fitting the least-squares
solution between points and functions but I was unable to find
anything between two sets of points.
I suppose that if I represent X as the first dataset and Y as the
second dataset the classic least-squares method
Xt = Y
t = (X^TX)-1 X^T Y
should be able to provide a t matrix. However, this matrix can
contain scaling and I need that the transformation involves only
rotation and translation.
I have tried to use an iterative algorithm that applies rotations and
translations. It works fine, but it's time consuming and I am
convinced that there are far more efficient methods.
Date: 07/16/2007 at 06:46:54
From: Doctor George
Subject: Re: find a rot-translation matrix for fitting two 3D point sets
Thanks for writing to Doctor Math.
The algorithm that you need is in the following journal article by R.
J. Hanson and M. J. Norris.
Analysis of Measurements Based on the Singular Value Decomposition,
SIAM J. of Sci. and Stat. Comp. (September 1981)
Write again if you need more help.
- Doctor George, The Math Forum
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College Higher-Dimensional Geometry
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Public investment, transport infrastructure and growth in Poland
Aleksander Rutkowski, European Commission
Public investment, transport infrastructure and growth in Polandpdf(159 kB) Choose translations of the previous link
This Country Focus discusses the relation between public investment and economic growth in Poland. Theoretical and empirical work has shown that improvements in the quantity and quality of public infrastructure have a positive impact on growth in the medium and, possibly, in the long run. The effect is even more important for economies in transition engaged in a catching up process.
The analysis presented supports these conclusions. It also provides statistical evidence suggesting that higher public investment stimulates growth in Poland. In recent years, a significant effort has already been made to increase public spending in infrastructure. This has contributed to smooth the economic downturn in Poland during the crisis.
However, significant infrastructure investments are still needed, notably in the area of transport. In the current post-crisis environment, the envisaged efforts to further improve public infrastructure seem to be an appropriate way to support the recovery.
Spending reallocation within the budget and a more extensive use of EU funds would allow financing these new investments. This would avoid increasing the budget deficit or introducing distortionary taxes, which would partly or fully offset the positive impact of the additional investments.
(Country Focus. 11. December 2009. Brussels. PDF. 6pp. Tab. Graph. Free.)
KC-XA-09-011-EN-N (online)
ISBN 978-92-79-13296-4 (online)
ISSN _PHONE_
doi:10.2765/27470 (online)
JEL classification: H54, R42, H76
Additional tools
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Phillip Trelford's Array
POKE 36879,255
Life in a tweet
This week I had pleasure of meeting Vagif Abilov on Tomas Petricek and I's Advanced F# course at Skills Matter. Vagif mentioned a Ruby implementation of Conway's Game of Life being squeezed into 140 characters for tweeting and how that might look in F#.
Here's the 140 characters of Ruby:
And 127 characters of F#:
let f s g = g|>List.mapi(fun i x->match Seq.sumBy(fun o->
g.[abs((i+o)%(s*s))])[-1-s;-s;1-s;-1;1;-1+s;s;1+s]with 3->1|2->x|_->0)
Like the Ruby version, the F# implementation above takes a shortcut when computing points outside of the grid.
This is what the function looks like with added white space, variable names and comments:
let generate size grid =
 grid |> List.mapi (fun i value->
 /// Neighbours count
 let count =
 let s = size
 -1; 1;
 -1+s;s; 1+s]
 |> Seq.sumBy (fun o ->
 let offset = abs((i + o) % grid.Length)
 // Evaluate life
 match value, count with
 | _, 3 -> 1
 | n, 2 -> n
 | _, _ -> 0
The game grid can is expressed as a list:
let grid = [
Visualizing the grid on the console:
let show (size:int) (grid:int list) =
 for y=0 to (_URL_ do
 |> (fun x -> grid.[y * size + x].ToString())
 |> String.concat ""
 |> printfn "%s"
Or watch it running in your browser:
(I used Pit to compile the F# code to JavaScript)
Life.fs (1.77 kb)
What makes a good step definition
Following on from last week's What makes a good feature file article, this week it's time to tackle what makes a good step definition. To automatically test that an application's behaviour matches that defined by the scenarios in a feature file, a mapping is required. Step definitions provide that mapping from the lines in a feature file to the code that implements the feature.
Starting with a Given:
Given I have entered 0.1134 into the calculator
Ruby step definition for use with Cucumber::
Given /I have entered (.*) into the calculator/ do |n|
 # Some Ruby code here
The code above specifies a regular expression used to match lines in the feature file and an anonymous function to execute.
C# attributed step definition compatible with both SpecFlow and TickSpec:
[Given(@"I have entered (.*) into the calculator")]
public void GivenIHaveEnteredNIntoTheCalculator(int n)
 // C# code here
Again a regular expression is specified, however this time the function is public and reflection is used for invocation.
F# attributed step definition compatible with TickSpec:
let [] ''I have entered (.*) into the calculator''(n:int) =
 // F# code here
F# allows white space and special charecters in method names enclosed with backticks. This removes the need for both an attribute and a function name.
TickSpec also supports anonymous functions as Ruby with Cucumber, i.e.:
Given "I have entered (.*) into the calculator" (fun [Int n] –>
 // F# code here
From a terseness point of view it looks like Ruby and F# the advantage for writing step definitions. But that's only part of the story…
By default in frameworks like Cucumber and SpecFlow step definitions are defined globally, so that they can be shared or reused. Global functions are usually fine for small programs, but for larger programs we usually group them into classes or modules for maintainability.
With SpecFlow and TickSpec it is possible to constrain the scope of a step definition or set of step definitions via a StepScope attribute:
public class AdditionSteps
 public void GivenIHaveEnteredNIntoTheCalculator(int n)
 // C# code here
Here the step definition methods in the AdditionSteps class are only matched against the Addition feature. This allows the wording in the feature file to evolve without affecting other feature files, and it allows the actions in the methods to vary too. It also means that it is easy to find the step definitions that map to a feature file in one place.
Using a class level step definition scope is quite similar conceptually to using a View Model within the MVVM pattern, where the View Model is responsible for mapping from view to model. It adds a layer of indirection over binding directly to the model, but allows the application to evolve more easily over time.
Note: TickSpec can apply scope to both Step bindings and Event bindings like BeforeScenario and AfterScenario. There is currently was an open bug on this in SpecFlow (since fixed).
Fluent interfaces
So far the step definition examples have included a "code here" comment. This is where we arrange, act and assert. In the Given steps the preconditions are arranged. The When steps execute the actions. Finally the Then steps assert the outcome. This is almost identical to the steps you'd take in TDD for a unit test, except the parts are spread across multiple methods.
Note: The state for a scenario can also be initialized in a method marked with BeforeScenario attribute
For the arrange and act steps, DSL approaches like fluent interfaces can be useful for making step definitions more readable and maintainable.
In the arrange steps using the builder pattern is useful to build up the initial state:
public void constructPizza()
In the act steps a fluent assertion API is useful, for example the FsUnit F# library:
1 |> should equal 1
anArray |> should haveLength 4
anObj |> should not (be Null)
Using fluent interfaces inside the step definition functions can make them more readable and maintainable. For larger projects constraining the scope of step definitions helps make them more maintainable. Finally step definitions can sometimes be written more concisely in languages like Ruby and F#.


Prosperity, poverty and inequality in London 2000/01 to 2010/11
Ruth Lupton
This report looks at changes in poverty and inequality in London during the 2000s, with a focus on the impact of recession from 2008. It also considers how a decade has changed the geography of poverty in the Capital.
This summary is part of a wider research project examining the impact on poverty and inequality of the recession, Labour's spending and programmes, and the Coalition's austerity measures and reforms. This report focuses on changes in the UK's capital city between 2001 and 2010. In terms of London politics, it relates to the two terms that Ken Livingstone served as (Independent, then Labour) Mayor, succeeded in 2008 by the Conservative, Boris Johnson. It considers not only how London weathered the onset of recession but also the particular effects on poverty and its geographical distribution.
 - The economy and labour market in London proved more resilient to the onset of recession than in other English regions. However, Inner London fared better than Outer London.
 - Full-time employment fell by less across London than elsewhere in the country and there was a smaller rise in unemployment. An increase in part-time working, particularly among men, supports a view that fewer full-time jobs often led to under-employment, rather than unemployment.
 - Employment levels among some population sub-groups, including young people and Black/Black British people, were lower in London than other regions before the recession, but had converged by 2010.
 - Qualification levels among working-age adults were higher in London before the economic crisis than elsewhere and continued to improve more rapidly during the recession.
 - While London coped well with some economic pressures, inequalities in earnings and incomes increased between 2006/8 and 2010. Those living on the lowest incomes were hit hardest, seeing their incomes after housing costs fall by 24 per cent in real terms compared with 3.5 per cent nationally.
 - Wealth inequalities also widened faster in London than in other regions. The wealthiest Londoners increased their financial, physical and property wealth by 8 per cent between 2006/8 and 2010. This compared with 0.4 per cent among their counterparts elsewhere.
 - Poverty became less concentrated in inner London and began to spread outwards. This was partly due to population change and 'gentrification' in Inner London, but also because the recession appeared to hit Outer London harder.
While positive in some respects, these findings show that the Capital's economic success and resilience in recession have not translated into lower poverty or reduced inequality. The implications of Inner London's changing population and increasing poverty in Outer London for housing, public services, and communities will need to be further explored and understood.
London before the crash
In 2000/01, after two decades of rising prosperity, London held 15 per cent of England's population but accounted for 23 per cent of economic output. Earnings were around one-third higher than in the UK as a whole, while typical house prices were 78 per cent higher. London's population, compared with other English cities, was younger, better qualified, and more likely to be in professional and managerial work.
In the early 2000s, London's economic growth rate was similar to that for England as a whole. But from 2004, it began to accelerate faster. Financial services drove London's growth, while manufacturing continued to decline. House prices continued to rise more rapidly than for the country as a whole.
But London was poor as well as rich. In 2007/08 its poverty rate (looking at household incomes after housing costs) was 27 per cent compared with 22 per cent for England. Inequalities between rich and poor were also greater than for the rest of the UK. Using 2006/8 data, the National Equality Panel found the gap between the top and lowest 10 per cent (known as the '90:10 ratio') was larger in London than in the rest of the UK for men's and women's wages and earnings, income and wealth. A 2007 comparison between lower-range house prices and lower-range earnings confirmed that even modest homes in London were substantially less affordable than for England as a whole.
Recession and its consequences
Some might have expected London's reliance on the financial sector to leave it especially vulnerable to the effects of the global credit crunch from 2007/8. However, its economy proved more resilient to the recession than those of other English regions. Output growth remained strong in 2008, as other areas slowed down and it was the only region where output did not dip in 2009. By 2010, London's economic output was 8 per cent higher (at current prices) than in 2007, compared with 4 per cent nationally.
Between 2006/08 and 2010, the decline in full-time employment in London (-1.6 percentage points) was smaller than elsewhere, as was the rise in unemployment (+1.2 percentage points). Part-time employment increased in the Capital by 1.2 percentage points (mainly affecting men) while it stayed mostly level elsewhere. This supports a view that the consequence of falling full-time employment in London was more often under-employment than unemployment. It is also noticeable that London's relatively'soft landing' in recession was more marked in Inner than Outer areas. For example, the rise in part-time employment was concentrated in Inner London.
Economic change also affected some population subgroups less severely in London than elsewhere. Among youth (16-24), the proportion unemployed was higher in London to begin with, but between 2006/8 and 2010, it grew less rapidly than elsewhere, eliminating the starting differential. Similarly, there was a fall of 5.7 per cent in full-time employment among Black / Black British people elsewhere in the country, but not to the same extent in London, where the proportion in employment had previously been lower.
In addition, at a time when qualification levels in the working-age population nationally were rising rapidly, those in London grew faster. For example, a 2.5 percentage point increase in the proportion with university degrees between 2006/8 and 2010, compared with 1.4 percentage points elsewhere. GCSE results in London's schools were already better than elsewhere in the country by 2008, with a smaller attainment gap between pupils on Free School Meals and others. This remained the case in 2010.
Even so, a relatively positive employment and qualifications story in London as the recession took hold occurred in the context of widening economic inequalities. Between 2006/8 and 2010 inequality in weekly earnings increased, more so than in the rest of England. The '90:10 ratio' went up in London by 8 per cent for men and women (according to the Annual Survey of Hours and Earnings), compared with a rise of 5 per cent for men and one per cent for women in the whole of England.
At the same time, falls in household income, after housing costs are taken into account, were greater in London than in other parts of the country - and especially marked among the poorest households. Figure 1 shows that while the incomes of people in the top tenth of the distribution were affected to much the same extent whether they lived in London or elsewhere, net incomes among those in the bottom tenth fell by a startling 24 per cent in real terms in London compared with only 3.5 per cent nationally (see Figure 1).
View the raw data
Inequalities in financial, physical and property wealth also increased faster in London during the first years of the economic crisis. Between 2006/8 and 2008/10 wealth levels among the least prosperous tenth of the population stayed flat in London, but grew by 14 per cent in England generally. Meanwhile, wealth among the top tenth of the distribution increased by 8 per cent in London, compared with 0.4 per cent in the rest of the country. As a consequence, the '90:10 ratio' for wealth in the Capital, which was already high (at 199) in 2006/8 had soared even higher by 2010 (to 215).
London's changing poverty map
The spatial distribution of poverty in London also changed. Mapping the proportion of households receiving Income Support and three other types of means-tested benefit shows that the greatest concentrations of poverty in 2001 were found in Inner East London. However, poverty rates, on this measure, fell considerably in the poorest inner-city neighbourhoods up to 2008, while increasing in less poor Outer London areas. This was mainly due to new house building and an influx of households that were less poor into Inner London, especially the Inner West. The numbers of poor households in these areas only fell a little - rather they were joined by new better-off neighbours.
As Outer London was hit harder than Inner London by recession, the shift of poverty into Outer London continued. Poverty went up across London between 2008 and 2011 as recession bit, but most in Outer London neighbourhoods. The map below shows how neighbourhood poverty rates changed across the whole decade 2001 to 2011 (with decreases shown in dark and light green, and increases in orange and red). In 2001, over three quarters (77 per cent) of the highest poverty neighbourhoods were in Inner east or west London. By 2011 this figure had fallen to closer to half (55 per cent). Thus a trend to decentralisation of poverty was evident before the Coalition's welfare reforms, which are predicted to have this effect.
View the raw data
Further Information
The full version of this paper, by Ruth L


Child tax credits are hitting bank accounts: How far does the money go in Burlington?
April Barton
Burlington Free Press
View Comments
Some Vermont families have begun receiving a $3,600 child tax credit. Just how far does that money go in the Burlington area?
The average amount people in the Burlington-South Burlington area spend on monthly household bills (not including rent or mortgage) is $1,090, according to Doxo, a bill pay management app that compiled bill pay information for metro areas across the country. So, a full child tax credit for one kid could help Vermont families alleviate three months' worth of bills.
Put another way, if families were to put the money toward paying one bill in particular, it would cover nine months of utilities (average cost of $395), about two years of health insurance (average cost of $141), or about two and a half years of cable and internet bills (average cost of $118).
Households in the Burlington-South Burlington area pay 7.3% more than the national average for monthly bills, which amount to 18.9% of their household income.
Monthly child tax credits:Payments start Thursday. Here's what to know
How the expanded child tax credits work
Households could receive up to $3,600 per child 5 years old and younger and $3,000 per child 6 and older.
The full amounts of $3,600 or $3,000 are eligible to those who make $75,000 or less for single taxpayers and $150,000 or less for joint filers. The payment is reduced by $50 for every $1,000 of income above those limits. Payments are made monthly for six months and then families can claim the other half when filing their 2021 income tax return.
A family receiving the full $3,600 benefit for a 5-year-old would receive $300 a month for the next 6 months and claim the other $1,800 on their taxes. A family receiving the full $3,000 benefit for a 10-year-old would get $250 a month for that child for six months and then claim the remaining $1,500 while filing their 2021 taxes.
View Comments


text:
Employees' perceptions of institutional values and employer-employee relationships at the North-West University
_PHONE_ - Fourie, Lynnette Mitizi
_PHONE_ - Holtzhausen, Lida
MetadataShow full item record
A multicultural and multilingual tertiary environment—the North-West University (NWU), with an endorsed corporate identity—had recently gone through an incorporation process (where other tertiary institutions had been merged into the main institutional structure). This created an ideal environment for an article aimed at the relationship between employees' perceptions of how effective the institution upheld its values and the continued quality of its employee relationships. The university consists of three independent campuses, each with their own corporate identity, ethos and employer–employee relationship structure. This article sets out to determine the nature of the NWU's employer–employee relationships and employees' perceptions of the institution's newly established corporate identity. Furthermore, values, integrity, commitment, accountability and respect were only recently established and are currently in a process of being incorporated as institutional philosophy drivers into the corporate identity of the NWU. Against this background, the following research question is asked: what is the relationship between NWU employees' perceptions of the institution's values and employer–employee relationships? The article indicates that there is a connection between the do-value, integrity and the establishment of a communal relationship between the institution and its employees.
- Faculty of Arts@PUK


text:
Probabilistic Analysis of Random Test Generation Method for Irredundant Combinational Logic Networks
Issue No. 07 - July (1975 vol. 24)
P. Agrawal, Department of Electrical Engineering-Systems, University of Southern California
In this paper the random test generation method for large logic circuits is analyzed. Formulas for the detection probability and the number of random input patterns required to complete the test generation with a high probability are obtained for an irredundant fan-out-free combinational network tree consisting of identical n-input NAND gates. The quantitative estimates for the number of random input patterns required for test generation appear to depend upon the number of levels in the circuit and the fan-ins of the gates. Experimental results for actual computer logic circuits are given and show the validity of the approach.
Combinational networks, detection probability, fault detection, path sensitizing, probabilistic analysis of logic, random test generation.
P. Agrawal and V. Agrawal, "Probabilistic Analysis of Random Test Generation Method for Irredundant Combinational Logic Networks," in IEEE Transactions on Computers, vol. 24, no., pp. 691-695, 1975.


Synonyms for lead astray
Synonyms for (verb) lead astray
Synonyms: lead astray, deceive, betray
Definition: cause someone to believe an untruth
Similar words: misinform, mislead
Definition: give false or misleading information to
Synonyms: lead astray, misdirect, misguide, mislead
Definition: lead someone in the wrong direction or give someone wrong directions
Usage: The pedestrian misdirected the out-of-town driver
Similar words: direct, conduct, guide, lead, take
Definition: take somebody somewhere
Usage: We lead him to our chief; can you take me to the main entrance?; He conducted us to the palace
Synonyms: lead astray, lead off
Definition: teach immoral behavior to
Usage: It was common practice to lead off the young ones, and teach them bad habits
Similar words: debase, debauch, demoralise, demoralize, deprave, corrupt, subvert, profane, misdirect, pervert, vitiate
Definition: corrupt morally or by intemperance or sensuality
Usage: debauch the young people with wine and women; Socrates was accused of corrupting young men; Do school counselors subvert young children?; corrupt the morals
Visual thesaurus for lead astray


text:
The overall aim of the IC3 Programme is to improve Punjab Police's operational efficiency by deploying new hardware using up-to-date technology that will enable the Police to adopt more efficient working practices and new operating concepts. The role of the Police will not fundamentally change by the introduction of the IC3; the efficiencies relate to how that role is carried out from both process and performance perspectives. In progressing towards greater efficiencies, one of the IC3 aims is to bring together various elements of Punjab Police operation to work as a more unified team.
The IC3 operations will integrate the Command, Control, and Communication functions through 5 Services areas:
- Emergency Call Centre (ECC) – ECC will be handling all incoming and outgoing public trunk calls in wake of emergency.
- Dispatching Centre (DC) – DC will dispatch, monitor and support operational resources efficiently and timely manner.
- Strategic Operations & Monitoring Suite (SOMS) – SOMS will proactively and intelligently monitor the public spaces and will include:
- Video Management System is responsible for displaying video streams Video-Based Incident Detection system based on intelligent analysis of the video streams of the CCTV Cameras
- Video Wall Management System (and video wall) to display video streams on the video wall
- Automatic Number Plate Recognition (ANPR) Control System to control all ANPR equipment and archiving/retrieving recognized license plates
- CCTV Control – CCTV Control will operate as a receiving and recording point for CCTV images that are available to the CCTV matrix for IC3 Centre. Images can be displayed and, where appropriate, passed into the SOMS and CMC at that Centre for viewing at work-stations and/or for display on the video-wall.
- Crisis Management Centre (CMC) – CMC will plan and manage all the pre-planned and spontaneous major events through a defined escalation process to contain and manage a situation or an event through a clearly defined command structure. It will contain integrated tools that merge information in an environment that provides leadership quick and accurate data to evaluate situations.
These services will generate a level of required support that in some cases will be new work but in others will call upon existing support organizations and processes. In particular these existing organizations will include database management, human resources, finance and facilities management. When completed, the new build IC3 Centre will become integral part of the technology infrastructure, allowing seamless access between the IC3 Centre and the wider Punjab Police (PP) and other agencies. The diagram below outlines the operational scope for the IC3 Programme.
- Command and Control System – including Command and Control Incident Management,
- Geographic Information System (GIS), Resource Management System, Integrated Automatic
- Resource Location System (ARLS), and Mobile Data Terminals
- Integrated Video Management System (IVMS) – including System Control and Management, Digital Recording and Archiving, Specific Analysis Tools, Video Walls and Control Systems, and In-Vehicle Video Systems
- Field Equipment – including Strategic Surveillance Locations, Surveillance of Public Places, Surveillance of Intersections, Surveillance of roads, Surveillance of Iconic Buildings Locations, Camera installation and Security and power and connectivity.
- Implementation and Fit-out – including Data Centre fit-out, structured cabling, furniture and desktop as well as system integration and testing.
Brief Scope of Work
The scope of work is limited to area under the jurisdiction of Lahore City. The key components of the scope for the System Integrator (SI) are provided below. The components may be added or deleted based on the design proposed by various bidders.
- Video surveillance
- Video analytics
- Installation of cameras
- Set up of Command and Control Centre and live feed of:
- Ariel Surveillance – Quad Copters
- Specialized Vehicles equipped with wireless video feed mechanism to IC3
- Integrated Communication Platform to Voice Communication System to provide User Interface for telephone and radio communications.
- Traffic management
- E-Ticketing against traffic violations
- Handheld devices
- Demand Management
- Telephony demand via the ECC
- Social Media
- CCTV surveillance
- Response management
- GPS enabled vehicles/ Automatic Vehicle Location System
- Computer Aided Dispatch (CAD)
- Resource Management
- Operational planning for pre-planned and spontaneous events
- Dispatching mechanism to relevant agencies
- Data Centre (DC) and Disaster Recovery Centre
- Design and setup of primary DC and requisite hardware (computing) for Disaster Recovery Centre.
- Deployment and Installation of hardware including servers, storage, racks etc.
- Detailed solution architecture
- Applicants are required to determine the computing requirements as per proposed solution
- Providing redundant connectivity through reliable media from cameras to Command and Control Centre; Command and Control Centre to DC; DC to DR; from handheld devices/ mobile vehicles to Command and Control Centre.
- Detail network diagram with network architecture
- Provide all network components including all active and passive equipment.
- Command & Control Centre hardware
- Video Wall with allied accessories, Data center, LAN, PC, printers, scanners, switch/router, building security equipment etc.
- Provisioning and Integration of the Security and Surveillance system with existing databases as per industry standards.
- Command and Control, GIS, Resource Management System, Computer Telephony Integration Applications, Integrated desktop, crime and intelligence Systems
- GIS and location services
- Key element and is critical components for the success of IC3 Centre
- Comprehensive training program for management, operational, maintenance, and support personnel


Skip to definition.
Noun: medlar tree
 1. Small deciduous Eurasian tree cultivated for its fruit that resemble crab apples
 - medlar, Mespilus germanica
Derived forms: medlar trees
Type of: fruit tree
Part of: genus Mespilus, Mespilus
Encyclopedia: Medlar tree


Last modified 3 years ago Last modified on 04/16/12 18:23:58
Troubleshooting Sound Problems -
Troubleshooting problems in the audio quality is one of the most difficult task to do with PJMEDIA, because not only it is system/usage specific but also sometimes it is quite hard to describe what the problem is. This page will try to provide a step-by-step troubleshooting guide to assist solving such problems.
Understanding Media Flow
If you want to understand how audio is flowing among various PJMEDIA components, the Understanding Media Flow page provides a detailed explanation about this.
Types of Problems
Please identify the problem with audio from the following list. If the problem is not listed below, it would be great to contact the mailing list so that I can add it here:
 1. No audio is heard on local speaker during the call
 2. No Audio is heard by remote party
 3. Audio breakups
 4. Audio drop-outs or "stutters"
 5. Loud static noise
 6. Soft/quiet noise
 7. Audio stutters when streaming tone to X-Lite/SJPhone
 8. High jitter value observed by remote party
How to Report Audio Problems
If the problem is not listed above, or a solution can't be found, then the next step is to try to contact the mailing list to see if members can provide some help to diagnose/solve the problems. When reporting the problem, it's always good to follow this guideline:
 - Try to describe the problem in detail (is it noise, stutters, etc). Be verbose, because certainly it doesn't help at all to say that "the audio is bad" without describing what it means.
 - Let others know what checklists have been done. Try to narrow down the problem. If there are some log output (such as output of pjsua's dq command or sndtest output or just pjsua's log file) then attach these outpus to your post. It's always better to have more data rather than less data.
 - It will be very useful to have a sample recording of the problem, if it is possible. We know that it's very hard to describe what something sounds like, so with a recording others can hear themselves what exactly the problem is. Use the How to Record Audio with pjsua page for some instructions. Note that the mailing list does not allow message larger than 100 KB so probably you'd need to put the sample recording somewhere and provide the link to your post.


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After debugging a particularly tricky issue in VB.NET involving the order in which instance variables are initialized, I discovered that there is a breaking discrepancy between the behavior that I expected from C# and the actual behavior in VB.NET.
Nota bene: This question concerns a slight discrepancy in the behaviors of VB.NET and C#. If you're a language bigot that is unable to provide an answer other than "that's why you should use C#, noob", there is nothing for you to see here; kindly move along.
Specifically, I expected the behavior outlined by the C# Language Specification (emphasis added):
When an instance constructor has no constructor initializer, or it has a constructor initializer of the form base(...), that constructor implicitly performs the initializations specified by the variable-initializers of the instance fields declared in its class. This corresponds to a sequence of assignments that are executed immediately upon entry to the constructor and before the implicit invocation of the direct base class constructor. The variable initializers are executed in the textual order in which they appear in the class declaration.
Contrast that with the portion of the VB.NET Language Specification concerning Instance Constructors, which says (emphasis added):
When a constructor's first statement is of the form MyBase.New(...), the constructor implicitly performs the initializations specified by the variable initializers of the instance variables declared in the type. This corresponds to a sequence of assignments that are executed immediately after invoking the direct base type constructor. Such ordering ensures that all base instance variables are initialized by their variable initializers before any statements that have access to the instance are executed.
The discrepancy here is immediately obvious. C# initializes class-level variables before calling the base constructor. VB.NET does exactly the reverse, apparently preferring to call the base constructor before setting the values of instance fields.
If you want to see some code, this related question provides a more concrete example of the divergent behavior. Unfortunately, it does not provide any hints as to how one might coerce VB.NET into following the model established by C#.
I'm less interested in why the designers of the two languages chose such divergent approaches than I am in possible workarounds for the problem. Ultimately, my question is as follows: Is there any way that I can write or structure my code in VB.NET to force instance variables to be initialized before the base type's constructor is called, as is the standard behavior in C#?
share|improve this question
I don't believe it's possible to change this - and the VB compiler will fight against any attempts to do so. If you're relying on such behaviour, it's usually an indication of problems elsewhere in your code. There has been advice against calling virtual members within constructors for a long time (as in the sample code in the other question) – Damien_The_Unbeliever Jan 5 '11 at 9:45
_USER_: You're right about it being bad practice to call virtual members within constructors. Unfortunately, that decision wasn't mine to make. I'm subclassing a type provided by the Framework while also overriding one of its virtual methods. I am pretty sure that the problems lie outside of my code, and the only thing I can think of to fix this screams "ugly hack" to me. – Cody Gray Jan 5 '11 at 9:49
+1 interesting question. Also a good nota bene – MarkJ Jan 5 '11 at 12:34
see also stackoverflow.com/q/_PHONE_/185593 – serhio Sep 25 '12 at 15:09
2 Answers 2
up vote 8 down vote accepted
If you have virtual members that are going to be invoked during construction (against best advice, but we've already agreed on that), then you need to move your initialization into a separate method, that can protect itself against multiple calls (i.e. if init has already happened, return immediately). That method will then be invoked by the virtual members and your constructor, before they rely on initialization having occurred.
It's a bit messy, and may represent a minor performance penalty, but there's little else you can do in VB.
share|improve this answer
Any well-written class must either ensure any virtual members which could possibly be invoked on a partially-constructed instance will behave sensibly. C# takes the philosophy that a class instance whose field initializers have run will be in a sufficiently-sensible state to allow virtual methods to be used. VB.net takes the philosophy that allowing field initializers to make use of a partially-constructed object (and--with a little work--any parameters passed to the constructor) is more useful than a guarantee that field initializers will run before any virtual methods are called.
IMHO, the right approach from a language-design standpoint would have been to provide a convenient means of indicating that specified field initializers should be run "early" or "late", since there are times each can be useful (though I prefer the "late" style, since it allows constructor parameters to be made available to field initializers). For example:
Class ParamPasserBase(Of T)'Generic class for passing one constructor parameter
 Protected ConstructorParam1 As T
 Sub New(Param As T)
 ConstructorParam1 = Param
 End SUb
End Class
Class MyThing
 Inherits ParamPasserBase(Of Integer)
 Dim MyArray(ConstructorParam1-1) As String
 Sub New(ArraySize As Integer)
 End Sub
End Class
In C#, there's no nice way to have field declarations or initializers make use of arguments passed to a constructor. In vb, it can be done reasonably cleanly as illustrated above. Note that in vb, it's also possible to use a by-reference constructor parameter to smuggle out a copy of the object under construction before any field initializers are run; if a class's Dispose routine is properly written to deal with partially-constructed objects, an object which throws in its constructor can be properly cleaned up.
share|improve this answer
I'm not sure I follow what you're trying to say here. I don't have the ability to redesign either language, and I'm not particularly arguing over the relative merit of the choices. Furthermore, where does RIAA() come from in your code sample? You say that one can do this now in VB.NET. I'm not familiar with the syntax. Is RIAA() a custom wrapper class that you've written? And how is that different from a using statement? Beyond that, what's the distinction between "older" VB.NET and "newer" VB.NET? One is type safe and the other isn't? What does destruction have to do with the question? – Cody Gray Feb 12 '11 at 4:22
_USER_ Gray: RIAA is a class method which registers an IDisposable for deterministic automatic cleanup (in the style of C++/RIAA) and then returns it. In vb.net, the field initializers run after the list of disposables is created, so the RIAA method can add them to that list. VB.Net also allows an object under construction to be smuggled out of the constructor, so the constructor can be wrapped in a factory method which will clean up any registered IDisposable objects if the constructor throws. – supercat Feb 12 '11 at 5:48
Can you give me a link to where this RIAA method is discussed? I can't find the documentation online. I'm also not sure what disposing items has to do with initializing instance variables before the base class constructor is called. My question is not even about objects, much less those that implement IDisposable. The test case was actually an Integer or Boolean type, both of which are value types and do not need to disposed. RIAA is as useless here as it is irrelevant. – Cody Gray Feb 12 '11 at 5:51
_USER_ Gray: Sorry I was unclear. RIAA is a method in some of my classes which achieves the stated functionality when used in conjunction with other code. My point was that vb.net allows one to declare, initialize, and clean up an field in a single line of code, rather than having to have one area of the source code for object declarations, another area for initialization, and a third area for cleanup. Keeping all three aspects of a field together seems cleaner and less error-prone than having them separate. – supercat Feb 12 '11 at 5:55
I still don't get it. First of all, how is a method you've implemented in your own programs going to help me here? Second, the rationale behind implementing such a method escapes me. You can wrap the object in a using statement, which has the additional benefit of limiting its scope. I don't have any problems with the syntax of the language; my issue is with the behavior described in the spec. And third, what does this have to do with value types that don't implement IDisposable? The question I linked to with some sample code isn't calling any constructors. RIAA won't do any good there. – Cody Gray Feb 12 '11 at 5:59
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Example sentences for: jennerated
How can you use "jennerated" in a sentence? Here are some example sentences to help you improve your vocabulary:
 - Why can't they be Jennerated (ah, that devilish imp, Paronomasia, intrudes again).
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text:
What should you do before you start cutting with a planer?
- Wear safety glasses or goggles, or a face shield (with safety glasses or goggles), and use the appropriate hearing protection.
- Disconnect the planer from the power supply before making any adjustments to the cutter head or blades.
- Ensure switch is in off position before plugging in.
- Use blades of the same weight and set at the same height.
- Ensure that the blade-locking screws are tight.
- Remove adjusting keys and wrenches before turning on power.
- Support the material (stock) in a comfortable position that will allow the job to be done safely and accurately.
- Check stock thoroughly for staples, nails, screws, or other foreign objects before using a planer.
- Do not cut stock less than 20 cm (8 in) long or 1 cm (0.5 in) thick.
What should you do while cutting with a planer?
- Start a cut with the infeed table (front shoe) resting firmly on the stock and with the cutter head slightly behind the edge of the stock.
- Use two hands to operate a planer - one hand on the trigger switch and the other on a front handle.
- Do not put your finger or any object in a deflector to clean out chips while a planer is running.
- Disconnect the power supply when stopping to dump out chips.
- Do not set a planer down until blades have stopped turning.
- Stand on the side of the planer near the controls. Never stand behind stock when being fed into the planer.
- Keep all cords clear of cutting area.
- Do not overreach. Keep proper footing and balance.
Refer to Powered Hand Tools - Basic Safety for Electric Tools for general safety tips.
Document last updated on December 20, 2013
Copyright ©_PHONE_ Canadian Centre for Occupational Health & Safety


text:
Is there a Best Practice on where to implement AD Import rules in a Hierarchy? Should be this done on the Parent SMP or Child SMPs?
There is not a written "best practice" per se but the general practice and common sense has usually lined to the following:
In a hierarchy environments recommended approach is to have AD Import to be run on the Tier 1 NS only (Parent SMP). There are some misconception on how all these resources are send between the Parent and Child SMPs:
Parent never sends down computer resources.
Computer resources are replicated(not relocated) from Child to Parent.
However if it is needed to replicate some imported data DOWN(e.g. Users), then there should be custom hierarchy rule for that resource type.
Keep in mind that some resources(which are included into default rules) can replicate imported data by default, because imported resource can become dependent item of some existing resource(e.g. Computer can replicate User with it ).
There are a lot of hierarchy rules which replicate resources in UP direction.
So it also should be checked that new custom hierarchy rule which will replicate resource in DOWN direction should not have a duplicate which will replicate same resources in UP direction.
If there will be 2 rules for same resources and different direction then it will be impossible to find real "source of truth".
In that case if it is needed to replicate imported from AD resource in DOWN direction, but there is already default rule which replicates such resources in UP direction, then it will be needed to decide:
Disable hierarchy rule which replicated such resources in UP direction(for some cases it can be acceptable)
Prepare AD import on Child and let default hierarchy rule to replicate such resource to Parent(if it is needed)
Note that starting from IT Management Suite 8.1 RU5, the following new features are available for replicating AD import data:
A new default hierarchy replication rule AD import Replication replicates data for users and computers that are imported from Active Directory. By default, this rule is disabled.
The Replication mode option lets you configure what kind of data the hierarchy replication rule should replicate. For example, if you replicate Active Directory (AD) import data from parent Notification Server to its children, you can either replicate missing data for the resources that exist on child Notification Servers or replicate the resources that are not present on child Notification Servers.
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Commissioned by Carnegie Hall as part of its 125 Commission Project, Make A Joyful Noize is a multimedia universe that blends music, film, interviews, spoken word and dance to capture the visceral, contagious and unapologetic energy of black joy.
MAJN Logo_green.png
Behind every movement is a soundtrack that mobilizes change and inspires the leaders for generations to come. Soundtrack '63 is a live, multimedia musical performance exploring the African-American experience in the United States. The production uses immersive video scored by an orchestral ensemble and soul stirring vocalist to tell a story of tragedy, triumph and transcendence.
*Originally commissioned by 651 ARTS in 2012.
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Soul Science Lab's 10 Trane explores the life and evolution of John Coltrane's journey to self-discovery that shook up the world and continues to inspire generations. As a millennial tribute to the icon, the concert covers Coltrane jazz classics, original music and popular hip-hop Coltrane-influenced tracks that tell the story of the musician's transformation.


text:
I already seem to hear cries from geometers that this isn't at all a weird word, but one with a specific and useful technical meaning of a triangle having unequal sides.
Mathematically inclined or not, we all have three of them, since the word is also applied to each of a set of three muscles that enable us to bend our necks — they're called that because of their irregular triangular shapes; another name for them is scaleni, singly a scalenus, which is the Latin word from which scalene derives.
But the origin is further back, in the Greek skalinos, uneven or unequal.
One of its rare appearances outside technical contexts is this:
Mr. Minns found himself opposite a yellow brick house... with 'a garden' in front, that is to say, a small loose bit of gravelled ground, with one round and two scalene triangular beds, containing a fir-tree, twenty or thirty bulbs, and an unlimited number of marigolds".
Sketches by Boz, by Charles Dickens, 1836.


Thread: Help with a maze solver
 1. #1
 Registered User
 Join Date
 Apr 2017
 Help with a maze solver
 Hey everyone. I have an assignment that is to use the right hand method to solve a maze. However for some reason my algorithm for solving the maze is stuck at the initial position and is not moving. The first half of my code works, it takes the maze from a file inputs it into an array and then prints it. It can also find the start and end position no problem. once it does all that it gets stuck and keeps outputting that the current position is the start position. any help would be appreciated.
 and also, the walls of the maze are symbolized as a # and the path is just a space.
 Attached Files Attached Files
 2. #2
 Registered User
 Join Date
 Jun 2015
 You should give us an example maze to work with (why should I have to make one myself?).
 size should be in UPPERCASE (as is the norm for macro names).
 Is the maze SIZE columns and only SIZE - 1 rows? That's what your input/output code seems to say.
 It looks like you could ditch the "flag" variable and simply use the break statement to exit the loop.
 It doesn't look like you're using erow or ecol. They don't seem to be needed.
 You should divide your program into functions.
 int main(void) {
 char maze[SIZE][SIZE];
 int srow, scol;
 find_start(maze, &srow, &scol);
 solve_maze(maze, srow, scol);
 return 0;
 Your switch cases are missing breaks! And it's very messy and hard to understand. Clearning it up a little still leaves rather incomprehensible code. Do you think a && b == '#' compares both a and b to '#'? It doesn't. If that's what you want, then you need to write a == '#' && b == '#'. Even fixing that, I still can't comprehend what you're trying to do here:
 enum { EAST, SOUTH, WEST, NORTH };
 switch (dir)
 case EAST:
 if ((m[x] [y+1] == '#' && m[x] [y-1]) == '#' && m[x+1][y] =='') x++;
 else if ((m[x] [y+1] == '#' && m[x+1][y]) == '#' && m[x] [y-1] =='') { y--; dir = NORTH; }
 else if ((m[x] [y-1] == '#' && m[x+1][y]) == '#' && m[x] [y+1] =='') { y++; dir = SOUTH; }
 else if ((m[x] [y+1] == '#' && m[x] [y-1]) =='' && m[x+1][y] == '#') { y++; dir = SOUTH; }
 else if ((m[x+1][y] == '#' && m[x] [y+1]) =='' && m[x] [y-1] == '#') { y++; dir = SOUTH; }
 else if ((m[x] [y-1] == '#' && m[x+1][y]) =='' && m[x] [y+1] == '#') x++;
 else if ((m[x] [y+1] == '#' && m[x] [y-1] && m[x+1][y]) == '#') dir = WEST;
 You also have to make sure you're not accessing outside the bounds of the array.
 3. #3
 Registered User
 Join Date
 Apr 2017
 Thank you very much Algorism. Yeah I know my coding is very sloppy, i am by no means a programmer. Even through all the mess you still solved my problem for me. I was assuming a&&b== '#' is the same as a=='#' && b=='#'. So thank you again!
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text:
School and Living Costs
Academic Related Expenses:
- $125 Application fee (English for Academic Purposes and/or post-secondary programs)
Tuition and Fees
For Postsecondary program fees:
For information pertaining to Fees and High Demand Programs:
For more information on how to pay your fees please visit:
The College reserves the right to change, amend or alter fees as necessary without notice or prejudice.
- $1,000 - $1,500 per year (2 semesters)
- Supplies: certain programs require extra supplies such as uniforms, equipment, tools, and software, etc.
Room and Board Related Expenses:
- On-campus residence: $5,000 per year (8 months) including cable TV and high-speed internet access. Meals are not included
- Off-campus housing: $400 - $800/month
Local bus pass:
- $60 per month
General Cost Information:
Most students budget approximately $20,000 to $24,000 annually to study and live in Windsor, Canada.
Protected Persons (Convention Refugees)
A person and his/her dependents*, who has been determined to be a protected person, including a Convention refugee or a person in need of protection, within the meaning of subsection 95(2) of the Immigration and Refugee Protection Act by the Immigration and Refugee Board (IRB) or the Minister of Citizenship and Immigration Canada will be classified as a Domestic student, including assessed domestic student tuition fees.
Notice of Decision issued by Immigration and Refugee Board.
Note: Refugee Status claimants will be considered an international student and pay international tuition rates. Should the claimant receive a Notice of Decision while studying at St. Clair College from the IRB, that current semester and/or future semesters will be assessed at a domestic student tuition rate.
*Dependents are defined as:
- A spouse.
- A common-law partner.
- A dependent child or the dependent child of a spouse or common-law partner.
- A dependent child of the dependent child referred to above.
A dependent child is a child who is a biological child who has not been adopted by a person other than the spouse or common-law partner, or an adopted child; and who is in one of the following situations of dependency:
- Under age 22 and not a spouse or common-law partner;
- Enrolled continuously at a college, university or other educational institution and dependent substantially on the financial support of the parent since before age 22 or since becoming a spouse. or common-law partner if that occurred before age 22; or
- A person with a disability who has been financially supported substantially by his or her parents, and who is unable to be self-supporting because of the disability.
- Dependents: Marriage Certificate, or for common-law: an affidavit signed by both spouses, confirming that they are living together in a conjugal relationship for not less than three years, or that they are living together in a conjugal relationship and are raising any children of whom they both are the natural or adoptive parent.
- Dependent Child: proof of financial dependency.


Re: binary vs non-binary ports
Bradd W. Szonye wrote:
Per Bothner wrote:
Well, yes. The points I'm making are:
* One layers text i/o on top of binary i/o.
Not in general. That's the easiest way to do it on the "all files are
streams of bytes" used by Unix and Windows, but those aren't the only
operating systems in the worlds. Many systems still use record-based
files and other oddities where you usually implement "binary" I/O on top
of the text or record interface to create the illusion of a byte stream.
You'd still not layer binary i/o on top of text i/o. You can layer
binary i/o on top of record i/o.
 --Per Bothner
per@xxxxxxxxxxx _URL_


Allen charge
An instruction given by a court to a deadlocked jury to encourage it to continue deliberating until it reaches a verdict. Some states prohibit Allen charges, because they deem them coercive, but the U.S. Supreme Court upheld their use in Allen v. U.S., 164 U.S. 492 (1896). Also called dynamite charge, nitroglycerine charge, shotgun charge, and third-degree instruction.
Illustrative caselaw
See, e.g. Lowenfield v. Phelps, 484 U.S. 231 (1988) and Allen v. U.S., 164 U.S. 492 (1896).
See also


text:
Using Trusted Auth on Tableau Server
This article describes how you can use Trusted Auth from Metric Insights to Tableau Server. The procedure includes the following steps:
In Tableau Server you will configure Trusted Authentication. The steps for doing this are covered in this article. Trusted authentication simply means that you have set up a trusted relationship between Tableau Server and the Metric Insights. When Tableau Server receives requests from Metric Insights, Tableau assumes the credentials of the Metric Insights user.
For more detailed information on Trusted Authentication in Tableau Server, refer to the Tableau Server Administration Guide.
1. Configure Tableau Server for Trusted Auth
To use Tableau Trusted Auth, each Username created on Metric Insights must have an identical Username in Tableau Server. For example, if you sign in with Username 'Mary Jane' in Metric Insights, then to be able to sign on to Tableau server you must also have the Username 'Mary Jane' in Tableau server.
1.1. Find IP address of Metric Insights instance
You only need to do this for versions of Tableau server 8.0 and prior. For Tableau server 8.1 and beyond, you can use the fully qualified domain name of the Metric Insights instance.
For example, one way to find is from the following:
root@demo:~# ifconfig eth0 Link encap:Ethernet HWaddr inet addr:10.146.246.13
root@sandbox:~# ifconfig eth0 Link encap:Ethernet HWaddr inet addr:10.192.61.233
1.2. Configure Tableau Server for trusted authentication
Starting with Version 2018.2+ Tableau Server on Windows includes Tableau Services Manager (TSM), which replaces the Configuration Utility and the command line tool.
- For more information, refer to Add Trusted IP Addresses or Host Names to Tableau Server
1.2.1. Tableau Version 2018.2+ (via Tableau Services Manager)
Having signed in to Tableau Services Manager:
- Click [User Identity & Access] on the Configuration tab
- Under Trusted Authentication, for each trusted host, enter the hostname or IP address and then click [Add]
- Optionally, specify Token Length value
- Save Pending Changes
- Click [Pending Changes] that appears at the top of the page
- Apply Changes and Restart
Use Tableau Server command line utilities to add Metric Insights IP address (or fully qualified domain name for Tableau server 8.1 and beyond) to the list of trusted sites.
Using Metric Insights IP address:
D:\Tableau\Tableau Server\10.1\bin>.\tabadmin.bat set wgserver.trusted_hosts "10.146.246.13, 10.192.61.233" D:\Tableau\Tableau Server\10.1\bin>.\tabadmin.bat config D:\Tableau\Tableau Server\10.1\bin>.\tabadmin.bat restart
Using Metric Insights fully qualified domain name:
D:\Tableau\Tableau Server\10.1\bin>.\tabadmin.bat set wgserver.trusted_hosts "mi-dev.mycompany.com, mi-prod.mycompany.com" D:\Tableau\Tableau Server\10.1\bin>.\tabadmin.bat config D:\Tableau\Tableau Server\10.1\bin>.\tabadmin.bat restart
1.3. Verify trusted authentication from Metric Insights for the user
From Metric Insights server run a command line utility to confirm trusted authentication to Tableau server. Use a username that exists on Tableau server. For example, 'admin'
curl -k -dusername=admin _URL_ curl -3 -k -dusername=admin _URL_ curl -ssl -k -dusername=admin _URL_
In the curl request, supply the username (e.g., 'admin') and the url of Tableau server (e.g., _URL_ Any of the above curl request arguments should work.
The above curl request returns -1 from Tableau server if not trusted, and returns non-negative ticket value if trusted. For example,
root@sandbox:~# curl -3 -k -dusername=admin _URL_ -1
root@sandbox:~# curl -3 -k -dusername=admin _URL_ Co_GwPDEfUzAuj1mDO2MH-FE
1.4. Enable Variable ALLOW_TRUSTED_SERVER_USERNAME_OVERRIDE
Assign the "Y" Value to the ALLOW_TRUSTED_SERVER_USERNAME_OVERRIDE Variable to let MI Users be mapped to licensed Tableau Users.
1.5. Specify which Username will be used for Trusted Server Sign-on
1.6. Configure Plugin Connection Profile Parameters (Admin > Data Sources)
- Edit Auth Method
- Configure Auth method to be "trusted"
2. Configure Metric Insights for Tableau Trusted Auth
The following steps show how to configure Metric Insights for Trusted Auth
2.1. Add External Report Type for Tableau Trusted Auth (Admin > Advanced > External Report Types)
- In the Report Type field choose Add New Report Type from the drop-down list.
- Then choose Tableau Single-Sign in the Drill-Down Authentication field.
NOTE: If you already have an existing External Report Type defined for Tableau, you can enable authentication for all reports associated with this type by modifying the Drill Down Authentication setting to Tableau Single-Sign.
Alternatively, you can do this while creating a new External Report (the procedure is described Create a new External Report Type)


Enel Green Power (EGP) has secured a €160mn loan from the European Investment Bank (EIB) to source renewable and alternative energy sources.
This is the second and final tranche of a €600mn loan package that was approved in 2010. The first tranche of €440mn was signed two years ago.
The financing will be used to implement Enel's four-year plan, which aims to increase the amount of electricity generated from renewable sources by developing a range of innovative technologies involving solar, photovoltaic, wind and geothermal energy as well as hydro power.
According to EIB, the operation is one of its priority areas as it involves financing energy projects that will help to increase the amount of power generated from renewable sources.
Diversifying the sources of production will improve the impact on the environment and increase overall efficiency, while ensuring the security and sustainability of energy supplies over time, EIB says in a statement.
The operation will also contribute towards implementing the European Union's 2020 strategy, which has the target of reducing CO2 emissions by 20% over the next few years.


Owl blocks with numbers-Squidling Toys
Owl blocks with numbers
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Size: 22.5×20.3×4.2 cm
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From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Centaur from the pediment of Parthenon
A relief is a sculptured artwork where the form is modeled out from a flat background.
Reliefs are a common type of artwork found around the world, to decorate important buildings, such as temples.
The frieze in the classical Corinthian order is often enriched with bas-relief (low relief). Alto-relievo (high-relief) may been seen in the pediments of classical temples, e.g. the Parthenon. Reliefs can be used for a single scene, or ordered into a narrative. They can be very detailed to the extent that even tensed musculature itself may be seen.
Types of relief[change | change source]
Roman Hetaera, Relief, around 2nd century, Head is missing
Several types of relief are commonly used and defined, although, in all cases the images must attach to the background.
Famous reliefs[change | change source]
Famous examples of reliefs include:
Gallery[change | change source]