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Let $\alpha = \frac{1+\sqrt{-19}}{2}$. Let $A = \mathbb Z[\alpha]$. Let's assume that we know that its invertibles are $\{1,-1\}$. During an exercise we proved that:
Lemma: If $(D,g)$ is an Euclidean Domain such that its invertibles are $\{1,-1\}$, and $x$ is an element of minimal degree among the elements that are not invertible, then $D/(x)$ is isomorphic to $\mathbb Z/2\mathbb Z$ or $\mathbb Z/3\mathbb Z$.
Now the exercise asks:
Prove that $A$ is not an Euclidean Domain.
Everything hints to an argument by contradiction: were $(A, d)$ be an ED and $x$ an element of minimal degree among the non invertibles we'd like to show that $A/(x)$ is not isomorphic to $\mathbb Z/2\mathbb Z$ or $\mathbb Z/3\mathbb Z$.
How do we do that? My problem is that, since I don't know what this degree function looks like, I don't know how to choose this $x$!
I know that the elements of $A/(x)$ are of the form $a+(x)$, with $a$ of degree less than $x$ or zero. By minimality of $x$ this means that $a\in \{0, 1, -1\}$. Now I'm lost: how do we derive a contradiction from this?
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3 Answers 3
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What a coincidence, this was a recent homework problem for me as well. Here's an additional hint: Show that $X^2 + X + 5$ does not split over $\mathbb{F}_2$ or $\mathbb{F}_3$. Deduce a contradiction to the minimality of the degree of $x$.
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$X^2-X+5$ doesn't split in $\mathbb F_{2}[X]$ or $\mathbb F_{3}[X]$ because it has no roots in those fields. But it does split in $A[X]$, thus in $A/(x)[X]$. Contradiction! I hope :) – Jacopo Notarstefano Feb 26 '11 at 15:56
_USER_: Yes, something like that. Essentially what happens is that you are forced to conclude that $A/(x)$ is the trivial ring, so $x$ must be a unit, but we already excluded all the units. – Zhen Lin Feb 26 '11 at 16:19
Perhaps you will find enlightening the following sketched proof that $\rm\: \mathbb Z[w],\ w = (1 + \sqrt{-19})/2\ $ is a non-Euclidean PID -- based on a sketch by the eminent number-theorist Hendrik W. Lenstra.
Note that the the proof in Dummit & Foote, uses the Dedekind-Hasse criterion to prove it is a PID, and the universal side divisor criterion to prove it is not Euclidean, is probably the simplest known. The so-called universal side divisor criterion is essentially a special case of research of Lenstra, Motzkin, Samuel, Williams et al. that applies in much wider generality to Euclidean domains. You can obtain a deeper understanding of Euclidean domains from the excellent surveys by Lenstra in Mathematical Intelligencer 1979/1980 (Euclidean Number Fields 1,2,3) and Lemmermeyer's superb survey The Euclidean algorithm in algebraic number fields. Below is said sketched proof of Lenstra, excerpted from George Bergman's web page.
Let $\rm\:w\:$ denote the complex number $\rm\ (1 + \sqrt{-19}/2\:,\:$ and $\rm\:R\:$ the ring $\rm\: Z[w]\:.$ We shall show that $\rm\:R\:$ is a principal ideal domain, but not a Euclidean ring. This is Exercise III.3.8 of Hungerford's Algebra (2nd edition), but no hints are given there; the proof outlined here was sketched for me (Bergman) by H. W. Lenstra, Jr.
$(1)\ $ Verify that $\rm\ w^2\! - w + 5 = 0,\:$ that $\rm\ R = \{m + n\ a\ :\ m, n \in \mathbb Z\} = \{m + n\ \bar a\ :\ m, n \in \mathbb Z\},\:$ where the bar denotes complex conjugation, and that the map $\rm\ x \to |x|^2 = x \bar x\ $ is nonnegative integer-valued and respects multiplication.
$(2)\ $ Deduce that $\rm\ |x|^2 = 1\ $ for all units of $\rm\:R\:,\:$ and using a lower bound on the absolute value of the imaginary part of any noneal member of $\rm\:R\:,\:$ conclude that the only units of $\rm\:R\:$ are $\pm 1\:.$
$(3)\ $ Assuming $\rm\:R\:$ has a Euclidean function $\rm\:h,\:$ let $\rm\:x\ne 0\:$ be a nonunit of $\rm\,R\,$ minimizing $\rm\: h(x).\:$ Show that $\rm\:R/xR\:$ consists of the images in this ring of $\:0\:$ and the units of $\rm\:R\:,\:$ hence has cardinality at most $3$. What nonzero rings are there of such cardinalities? Show $\rm\ w^2 - w + 5 = 0 \ $ has no solution in any of these rings, and deduce a contradiction, showing that R is not Euclidean.
We shall now show that $\rm\:R\:$ is a principal ideal domain. To do this, let $\rm\:I\:$ be any nonzero ideal of $\rm\:R\:,\:$ and $\rm\:x\:$ a nonzero element of $\rm\:I\:$ of least absolute value, i.e., minimizing the integer $\rm\ x \bar x\:.\:$ We shall prove $\rm\ I = x\:R\:.\:$ (Thus, we are using the function $\rm\ x \to x \bar x\ $ as a substitute for a Euclidean function, even though it doesn't enjoy all such properties.)
For convenience, let us "normalize" our problem by taking $\rm\ J = x^{-1}\ I\:.\:$ Thus, $\rm\:J\:$ is an $\rm\:R$-submodule of $\:\mathbb C\:,\:$ containing $\rm\:R\:$ and having no nonzero element of absolute value $< 1\:.\:$ We shall show from these properties that $\rm\: J - R = \emptyset\:,\:$ i.e., that $\rm\ J = R\:.$
$(4)\ $ Show that any element of $\rm\:J\:$ that has distance less than $1$ from some element of $\rm\:R\:$ must belong to $\rm\:R\:.\:$ Deduce that in any element of $\rm\ J - R\:,\:$ the imaginary part must differ from any integral multiple of $\:\sqrt{19}/2\:$ by at least $\:\sqrt{3}/2\:.\:$ (Suggestion: draw a picture showing the set of complex numbers which the preceding observation excludes. However, unless you are told the contrary, this picture does not replace a proof; it is merely to help you find a proof.)
$(5)\ $ Deduce that if $\rm\: J - R\:$ is nonempty, it must contain an element $\rm\:y\:$ with imaginary part in the range $\rm\ [\sqrt{3}/2,\ \sqrt{19}/2 - \sqrt{3}/2]\:,\:$ and real part in the range $\rm\: (-1/2,\ 1/2]\:.$
$(6)\ $ Show that for such a $\rm\: y\:,\:$ the element $\rm\: 2\:y\:$ will have imaginary part too close to $\:\sqrt{19}/2\:$ to lie in $\rm\: J - R\:.\:$ Deduce that $\rm\ y = w/2\ $ or $\rm- \bar w/2\:,\:$ and hence that $\rm\ w\ \bar w/2\ \in J\:.$
$(7)\ $ Compute $\rm\: w\ \bar w/2\:,\:$ and obtain a contradiction. Conclude that $\rm\:R\:$ is a principal ideal domain.
$(8)\ $ What goes wrong with these arguments if we replace $19$ throughout by $17$? By $23$?
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You don't need to know what the degree function looks like to choose $x$: you already chose it when you said "$x$ an element of minimal degree." (By the well-ordering principle, the set of degrees of nonzero, non-unital elements has a least element.)
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I guess I should have phrased my question better. I do understand that this $x$, given a degree function, exists. I'll try to edit my question to


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Recently, we covered some exciting research being pursued by the University of Southampton relating to the use of 3D printing for the creation of uniquely shaped fiber optics. Though their technique will likely involve the selective laser sintering of pure glass powder, it has been brought to my attention by one 3DPI reader that Southampton's project is not the first to unite 3D printing and fiber optics. In fact, a team of researchers at the University of Sydney may have been the first to create fiber optics with 3D printing.
From the video below, you'll see that the process for creating optic fibers is a tedious, expensive, and time-intensive one. To create a single fiber, a long glass tube is heated to the point that silica and germanium particles are formed within, eventually forming a preform.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


Grey teal
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Grey teal
Anas gracilis tas.jpg
Conservation status
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Aves
Order: Anseriformes
Family: Anatidae
Subfamily: Anatinae
Genus: Anas
Species: A. gracilis
Binomial name
Anas gracilis
Buller, 1869
Anas gibberifrons gracilis
This is a mottled brown duck with white and green flashes on its wings. The male and female grey teal share the same colouration, in contrast to the related chestnut teal, whose male and female are strikingly different. The grey teal has almost identical colouration to the female chestnut teal and the Grey can only be distinguished by its lighter coloured neck and paler face. Juveniles are paler than adults, especially on the head.
It was formerly considered a subspecies of the Sunda teal, as Anas gibberifrons gracilis.
Widespread throughout its large range, the grey teal is evaluated as Least Concern on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.[1]
It is often mistaken for a female chestnut teal, due to similar colouring.
Stanthorpe, S.Queensland, Australia
External links[edit]


Main content
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Episode 3 of 4
Archaeologists find Roman objects abandoned during a British rebellion, traces of the lost Iona monastery, and a weapons hoard belonging to a wealthy Bronze Age warrior.
Professor Alice Roberts explores some of this year's most exciting archaeological finds from the north of Britain. Each discovery comes straight from the site, filmed by the archaeologists themselves. Alice discovers the well-preserved writing tablets, swords and domestic items left by Romans at Vindolanda during a time of British rebellion. On the Scottish island of Iona, there are traces of a long-lost monastery and pilgrimage site that was originally built by the legendary Saint Columba, and has been compared to Jerusalem. In the east of Scotland, a weapons hoard belonging to a wealthy Bronze Age warrior is unearthed.
58 minutes
Role Contributor
Presenter Alice Roberts
Production Company 360 Production
Executive Producer Emma Parkins
Series Producer Nick Gillam-Smith
Director Fiona Cushley
Producer Fiona Cushley
Digging for Ireland
Digging for Ireland
Outstanding archaeology from Ireland, including perfectly preserved Iron Age bog bodies


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4-H Animal Science Needs Assessment Priorities
The 4-H Youth Animal Science Livestock Team has established priorities base on a priority setting model that divides issues into Low Difficulty, High Difficulty, Low Impact, and High Impact. The team will focus for the next year on the High Impact, Low Difficulty programming issues that follow.
High Impact, Low Difficulty Programming:
- Basic Production Livestock Practices:
- Basic Education for first time families and leaders including an activity for parents and youth that address the issue that the market animal is going to be processed for meat and that the animal will die.
- Helping leaders focus on life skills
- Focus showmanship as a life skills activity taught by teens.
- Quality Assurance…simplified version.
- Ownership and knowledge of real life animal prices
- Youth leaning marketing skills (and life skills) though their livestock project.
- Finishing techniques and feeds and feeding
- Fact sheet for junior livestock auctions about market floor prices, meat processors, packing plants (wholesale), and animal finishing feed lots.
- Marketing the 4-H livestock program to councils, fair boards, and associations as a life skills and career building program. (There appears to be a disconnect between the 4-H livestock program and some agriculture groups.)
- Contact/resources list of judges and animal science faculty
- On line livestock records that can be filled out on line and printed.
- Disease outbreak updates for youth audiences
- Public safety…hand washing, signage
- Fair education, Schools for judges and superintendents…encourage judges to participate in the "300" Extension livestock courses at WSU. Provide the Fairs Association a list of topics as QA and biosecurity that Extension Faculty could provide at the superintendent workshops, annual association meeting, and in the fair's newsletter.
- More online educational modules
- Face to Face livestock education programs at forum, district meetings and Program days
Low Impact, Low Difficulty programming:
- Information about local and/or accepted feed substitutes in including the value of grass feed cattle
- Showing grass fed cattle in 4-H classes.
- USDA harvest units for small animals…goats, poultry, rabbits (Oregon and WSU small farm group is working on this issue…we need to work with these groups.)
High Difficulty, High Impact Programming;
- Point person in each district to support animal science,
- QA train the trainers, and Master livestock advisors
WSU Football is partnering with 4-H on September 19!
WSU vs. Southern Methodist, Martin Stadium
Special reduced priced game tickets are available through the "group Ticket Window" until August 30, 2009. Sideline reserved Seats $27, End Zone Reserved Seats $13. For a flyer with ordering information go to _URL_
4-H will be recognized at the game and have a reserved cheering section. 4-Hers can also participate in an exceptional outing called "Future Cougar Day".
Future Cougar Day is a great way to learn more about WSU's world-class academics, experience the campus atmosphere, and, of course, cheer for the Cougars at a home football game.
Come to Pullman and campus on September 19, 2009 and be a part of the Cougar family for the day.
- Visit with faculty at the academic fair.
- Take a tour of campus.
- Learn more about academic areas that interest you.
- Enjoy a pre-game barbeque.
- Join in the traditional "Go Cougs!" cheer at a WSU home football game.
I encourage you to support 4-H and WSU by buying your tickets today. I'll see you there!
4-H Council Meeting Deadline Approaches
The deadline for recommendations to the Washington State 4-H Council is September 1, 2009. C0985, WA State 4-H Council Recommendation Form, may be ordered from WSU Extension Publishing and Printing by calling _PHONE_; or the form is available online at: _URL_
Recommendations are an important way for 4-H volunteers to suggest changes and improvements to the 4-H program. Recommendations should go through a process at the local county level to refine and approve them before being signed by County Council Presidents and 4-H staff.
Mail your completed and signed recommendations to:
WSU 401 Hulbert Hall
PO Box 626248
Pullman WA 99164-6248
This year's State 4-H Council Meeting will be held Sunday, October 18 at the Great Wolf Lodge, Grand Mound, as part of the State 4-H Forum, October 16-18. Watch for registration information online at: _URL_
The Council meeting is a chance for 4-H youth and volunteers to discuss issues critical to 4-H, suggest changes in the Washington State 4-H Youth Development Program, and elect representatives to the State 4-H Advisory Board and State 4-H Fair Board. All youth and adults may participate in the committee meetings. Registration material for the Council meeting will be included with the State 4-H Forum registration brochure. A complete agenda and copies of submitted recommendations and applications will be sent to county offices prior to the Council meeting.
The State 4-H Council Meeting is made up of 3 parts: district caucuses, committee meetings, and a general council session. During the district caucuses representatives are elected to the State 4-H Advisory Board and State 4-H Fair Board of Trustees. County-designated voting delegates will elect representatives from their own district. This is also an opportunity to discuss and plan district programming for the future.
The committee meetings are a chance to discuss recommendations from the counties for improvements to the 4-H program. If a committee doesn't have many recommendations or finishes early, it is a great chance to discuss project issues and plan for the upcoming 4-H year.
At the general session each of the committee actions on recommendations are accepted or rejected. The accepted recommendations then go on to the State 4-H Fair Board, State 4-H Advisory Board, statewide committees, or State 4-H Staff for approval. The State 4-H Program Director has final approval of all recommendations. In general, approved recommendations will be implemented October 1 of the following 4-H year.
Outstanding County Volunteer Awards
Each county may submit an outstanding volunteer to be honored at this years' Forum. Counties are encouraged to send a poster or display about the volunteer. Please submit the Outstanding County Leader form and electronic picture of the volunteer no later than September 15, 2009 to Joy Faerber at _EMAIL_. Forms can be found on the 4-H website at: _URL_
Once again this year the State 4-H Forum will feature both live and silent auctions. The live auction will take place on Saturday evening, October 17, 2009.
Be sure to fill out the form completely and mail or email it to the Grays Harbor County Extension Office. DO NOT mail the auction item to Grays Harbor County - bring it with you to the Forum. The Auction Form can be found on the State Forum website: _URL_
The auction is a great way to make money for your county 4-H program. The profits from the auction are divided between the 4-H entity that donated it and the State 4-H Advisory Board. More details about this division are on the donation form. Be sure to mail in your donation forms by September 30, 2009, so that your items may be included in the auction catalog.
APHIS Factsheet on County and State Fairs
--Submitted by Pat BoyEs
This APHIS factsheet may be of assistance to you in approaching your county fair or perhaps planning for your 2010 fair.
MiTTNet Launch Successful!
--Submitted by Pat BoyEs
The Managing in Tough Times resource directory, MiTTNet, officially launched July 30, 2009. The directory can be accessed at: _URL_. It is fully searchable and nearly 900 resources can be found in individual and family, farm and ranch, community, and youth topic areas. A national web conference to announce MiTTNet, to demonstrate the site and highlight its contents was held on July 30. For those who could not attend, the web conference can be viewed at: _URL_
To learn more about Managing in Tough Times contact Lyla Houglum at _EMAIL_, Jane Schuchardt at _EMAIL_, or Tom Coon, ECOP Programs Sub-Committee and Michigan State University Extension Director, _EMAIL_.
Job Opportunity, Iowa State University
--Submitted by Pat BoyEs
Iowa State University, one of the nation's leading land-grant universities, invites applications for the associate dean of the College of Human Sciences Extension and Outreach to Families and 4-H Youth Development.
Just a Reminder!
When you have new Extension staff that will be working in some capacity with 4-H, please let Nancy in the State 4-H Office know. They will be added to mailing lists, added to the 4-H Talk list serve, sent a 4-H Welcome Packet, and be assigned a state 4-H staff person as a point of contact, as appropriate. 4-H News is sent via the 4-H Talk list serve each week. Archived copies of previous weeks "Tuesday 4-H News" are available on the 4-H web site: _URL_ Please send submissions by Friday of each

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


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Imitate is defined as to copy or use something as a model.(verb)
An example of imitate is for a child to copy his older sibling's every move.
See imitate in Webster's New World College Dictionary
Origin: < L imitatus, pp. of imitari, to imitate, akin to aemulus: see emulate
See imitate in American Heritage Dictionary 4
transitive verb im·i·tat·ed, im·i·tat·ing, im·i·tates
Origin: Latin imitārī, imitāt-; see aimin Indo-European roots.
Learn more about imitate


- Certified Organic Castor Oil and Some of Its Uses
 Castor oil has been used for both medicinal and beauty purpose for centuries. It is believed that the ancient Egyptians used castor oil to protect the eyes and also as a facial oil. At present, castor oil is widely used in beauty products like lip balm, eyeliner, conditioner, and styling gel. It is also used in ointments for the skin.


What is a reserve study
What is a reserve fund study?
In basic terms, a reserve fund study is a report that assists condominium corporations in understanding what they own, how much money they have, the timing of potential replacements, future costs, and, ultimately, how to pay for the replacements when they are due.
How often should an HOA do a reserve study?
every five years
How do you do a reserve study?
Reserve Study Definition
How do you do that calculation? You take the estimated replacement cost and divide it by the number of years the item is estimated to last. That number is the amount you should reserve each year.
What is a reserve budget?
A budget reserve is a rainy-day fund a company sets aside to finance operating activities if adverse, unexpected events cripple its liquidity position or make it difficult for the business to access money in corporate vaults. … Department heads generally estimate budget reserves in absolute or relative terms.
What is the purpose of a reserve fund?
A reserve fund is savings or a liquid asset set aside to cover unexpected costs or future financial obligations. Many governments, financial institutions, and individuals regularly set aside funds into accounts that earn interest.
How are reserve funds calculated?
Formula :D=(1+R)1/12 -1 where R is the yearly rate of discount. This is used to determine the present value of the Reserve Fund ie. D multiplied by Reserve Fund.
 1. Input the amount of the required fund.
 2. Input the number of years.
 3. Input the rate of interest.
How much should my HOA have in reserves?
Ideally, the HOA wants to have a 100% funded reserve meaning that it has enough money to cover all anticipated costs. … Typically between 25% and 40% of fees should be put toward the reserve fund. Be transparent with homeowners about the status of the reserve fund and options for improving funding.
You might be interested: How to calculate required reserve ratio
What happens if HOA runs out of money?
Additionally, if the HOA is unable to recover the funds that it used for the shortfall then there is a permanent loss of a reserve fund. … This means that personal property assets become viable solutions to HOA debt. Therefore, when outstanding debt is an ongoing issue parts of the property are likely to be sold.
Can you claim HOA dues on taxes?
What is the purpose of a reserve study?
A reserve study is an assessment of all the major assets that an HOA or business is responsible to maintain. It evaluates how much life those assets have left and how much it's likely to cost when they wear out. A reserve study is an assessment of all the major assets that an HOA or business is responsible to maintain.
What are the 3 types of reserves?
Types of Reserves:
 - General Reserves: These are those which are generally created without any specific purpose.
 - Specific Reserves: These are those which created for some specific purpose and can be used only for those specific purposes. …
 - Revenue and Capital Reserves: This classification is done according to the nature of profits.
What is the difference between contingency reserve and management reserve?
The Difference Between Contingency Reserve and Management Reserve. … The contingency reserve is used to manage identified risks, while the management reserve is used for unidentified risks. The contingency reserve is an estimated figure, while the management reserve is a percentage of the cost or duration of the project.
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Error Codes
What do error codes in the GoZync logs really mean?
Any errors encountered in the sync will be reported in the zync logs tabs in GoZyncMobile and GoZyncHosted.
Many of the errors will be self explanatory, but the guide below may help.
- 101 Record is missing. This is about the table occurrence, not the field.
Most likely reason for this is that you don't have "Allow creation of records..." set to "on" for this table in its relationship with GoZync in the graph of GoZyncMobile.
Turn "Allow creation..." on for the table occurrence mentioned in the error and then try again.
102 Field Missing
There are only a few reasons why you'd see a 102 error.
You've sent a field that doesn't exist in the destination. Remove the field from the sync layout on the source side (the sending side). Note that fields don't have to be on the sync layout in order to be received; fields only need to be there to be sent.
The field exists but has a different name in the destination. See Custom Field Mapping to transform the field name.
You've created a transformation (a custom field mapping) but your field is repeating and you haven't created a field mapping for each repetition.
If these don't apply, see the section "Other Sync Errors" under Troubleshooting.
106 Table is Missing
There is a mismatch between the table occurrence names on the mobile and hosted side of the relationship graph in GoZyncMobile. Even if your actual tables are named something different in the mobile and hosted files, the *occurrences* for those tables in GoZyncMobile's relationship graph need to have the same name (outside of the "gzm_" or "gzh_" prefixes).
You may connected the TO to GoZync on the destination side of the GoZyncMobile graph.
One other thing, that can be hard to spot at first, is that the relationship graph in GoZyncMobile *look* good, but the table occurrences--while named correctly--are either representing the wrong tables or are both pointing at the same file (ie gzm_Contacts and gzh_Contacts are both pointing to the contacts table in your hosted file, for example).
200 Record access is denied.
In this case, access to the records being synced is not permitted for the account being used. Permission must be granted in the mobile and hosted file for each field that will be synced.
301 Record is in use by another user.
Commonly called "record lock".This is exactly what it sounds like: it's not a configuration error.
FileMaker couldn't edit the record (or one of the related records for that entity) because another user was editing it. Feel free to try and sync the record later when the original user has stopped editing it.
500-511 Validation Errors
These will occur when the data coming in fails to meet the validation criteria set up on one of your fields.
You can turn off the validation or change it from "always" to "only during data entry" which will stop it from firing during scripted set fields like those used in GoZync.
You could include a flag-field condition in the validation calculation, then set that flag at the start of the Zync routine, and clear it when it's done.
You could modify the "Commit Records/Requests" step in the "Zengine ( IDsToSync )" script to "Skip data entry validation".
Or you could remove the field validation altogether and instead write a script to do it, then run that script on the server.


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The Discovery Center Tot Lot with roof was designed to give infants and toddlers a fun playground fit for their size. This early learning childhood play structure is perfect for your daycare, head start or early head start programs. The Louise tot lot includes many learning activities giving the teachers a fun way outdoors to interact with the children.
- Two deck structure
- Play features are Clock Panel, Shapes and Objects Panel, Window Panel, Gear Panel, Bongo Drums, Rain Wheel, 1-2-3 Step and a slide
- Textured sides to promote sensory development
- Clock Panel: Children practice telling time by manipulating the hands on the Clock Panes
- Shapes & Colors Panel: Teaches key concepts such as shape recognition, colors and numbers
- Bongo Drums & Rain Wheel: Children are provided open-ended opportunities to creatively express themselves
- 1-2-3 Step: Wide design
- commercially compliant to CPSC and ASTM standards and IPEMA certified.
- Available with or without a roof
- Anchoring using a mounting kit is required for structure to be compliant with commercial playground structures. We suggest inground mounting package
Available Model Number:
DC-Seed-Discovery Center Tot Lot without roof
DC-Seedr-Discovery Center Tot Lot with roof


The Surprising History of Hanafuda
When asked about some of the most popular card games in history, very few people would think to say Hanafuda. But the Japanese classic card game that paved the way for Mario, Pokémon, and Zelda is actually an artefact of modern history. Card games in Japan enjoyed similar levels of popularity to modern-day anime. Throughout time, card games have inspired and led to bigger and better things, have been repurposed for a new audience, and have found a new niche with increasing technology. But what exactly is Hanafuda and how can we give it credit for changing the way we interact with games?
Hanafuda's colorful designs formed the basis of a variety of different games
Hanafuda's colorful designs formed the basis of a variety of different games
How Did Hanafuda Begin?
Hanafuda – or flower cards in Japanese – are a deck of playing cards that can be used for a variety of games. Card games were brought to Japan with the French missionary Francis Xavier in 1549, leading to an upsurge in their popularity. Subsequently, foreign card games were banned in 1633. Despite this, the trend still remained popular.
As playing card games themselves were not banned, this led to the creation of a deck of cards that could flaunt the rules and get around the prohibition. A deck featuring Chinese warriors, armour and weaponry was invented, but the 75-card strong pack became too cumbersome for many to try to learn the rules. Still, every time a pack became popular, the government banned it and a completely new set of cards was created.
It was mainly the numbered cards that were banned, so packs were created that assigned certain numeric values to combinations of images. This continued from the 1700s onwards until the government realised it was fighting a losing battle and people would always find a way to play cards. So, Hanafuda was invented to combine the numbered playing cards with traditional Japanese designs and gameplay.
The games continued for several decades longer, but eventually lost some of the popularity that they had enjoyed when playing had been seen as taboo. The excitement of thwarting those killjoys who tried to temper their card games was probably as much an incentive to creating a new game that could be played. But eventually, one company decided to form and take advantage of the trend of such card games: Nintendo.
Success on the Cards for Nintendo
Nintendo, to the amazement of many people today, was formed in 1889. The exciting thing about Hanafuda is that, as there are no numbers on the cards, they can be used for a variety of games. Nintendo creator Fusajiro Yamauchi understood this and helped card games become popular in Japan again by printing the designs onto Mulberry tree bark. Most people don't know this about Nintendo and instead would think only of Pokémon, Mario, and Zelda.
In fact, the success from the early Hanafuda boom meant that Nintendo owns two of the ten most profitable franchises of all time (Pokémon taking the top spot worth around $92 billion and Mario at ninth worth $36 billion). Nintendo has successfully used its business savvy to tap into what audiences are wanting to engage with at every stage of their development.
One of the most striking characteristics of Nintendo's business model can be seen through the development of the Pokémon franchise. The games – launched in 1995 – have spanned more than 10 different consoles across 14 years. Fans have updated their consoles in order to maintain their connection to the franchise, turning into loyal customers who spend their money with the company.
Mario is much the same, and to a lesser extent so is Zelda. The fact that these franchises are able to command such loyalty as they grow and provide critical and commercially successful games is testament to Nintendo's successful business model. The games move with the technology available and help pioneer new technologies going forward. Pokémon Go was the first example of using AR tech on such a large scale in mobile gaming. Other franchises are following suit – such as Harry Potter, The Walking Dead, and Stranger Things.
Nintendo remains popular with its latest console, the Switch
Nintendo remains popular with its latest console, the Switch
Hanafuda's Lasting Legacy
Once we're aware of Hanafuda and its exciting history, we can begin to see a likely connection with the games we're more familiar with today. Take blackjack, for example. While blackjack does use numbered cards, it uses them to create additional meaning in the quest to achieve a value of 21 that surpasses that of your opponents and the dealer - not forgetting the specific (and adaptable) roles of the face cards.
As we've seen, Hanafuda was invented as a way of playing similar games during a time when they were banned. Blackjack, an American version of the game first notarised by Cervantes in a short story about characters who played veintiuna (twenty-one in Spanish), was invented back in the early 1600s. It's therefore likely that it was played before then, allowing us to surmise it featured somewhere in the Hanafuda story. The tradition – and most of the gameplay – has remained the same ever since.
The advent of digital technology not only helped blackjack continue to thrive but changed the way we look at it. The classic tabletop card game was reimagined with the dawn of online casino. The game translated well online and enjoyed many variants, some making it more difficult for the player, others requiring more strategic thinking in order to beat opponents. We can see from the list of 888 casino games that there are many other variants and that they take a reliance on technology to the next level, incorporating live-streamed gameplay into blackjack.
Live blackjack involves a dealer that you can see dealing live, while you are able to respond to the cards you are dealt. This gives an added element to the gameplay and shows just how live technology can benefit online casino games. By incorporating a classic that has been played for hundreds of years with brand new technology, the fusion can create a gaming experience that keeps players coming back for more.
Hanafuda might not be played as much now, but its legacy will remain important. Not only did Hanafuda gift us with Nintendo and everything that spawned from that, but it showed us the power of simple designs and games that can be played. Our love of playing games supersedes all and we will find a way to circumvent barriers in our way.
Gaming might be done less on tabletops now and more online, but that only adds to the legacy of such longstanding gaming traditions as Hanafuda and blackjack. No doubt the games will continue to prosper in the future.
Related content


text:
This paper utilises computerised textual analysis to explore the extent to which both firm and country characteristics influence mandatory and voluntary risk reporting (MRR and VRR) variations both within and between non-financial firms across Germany, the UK and the US, over the period from 2005 to 2010. We find significant variations in MRR and VRR between firms across the three countries. Further, we find, on average, that German firms tend to disclose significantly higher (lower) levels of risk information mandatorily than UK (US) firms. German firms, on average, tend to reveal considerably higher (lower) levels of VRR than US (UK) firms. Our results document that MRR and VRR variations are significantly influenced by systematic risk, the legal system and cultural values.We also find that country and firm characteristics have higher explanatory power over the observed variations in MRR than over those in VRR.
- automated content analysis
- firm and country characteristics
- mandatory and voluntary risk reporting variations
- repeated measures multilevel analysis


text:
In This Section
APIFED (Appui à l'autopromotion et l'insertion des femmes, des jeunes et des désœuvrés)
APIFED are located in Djoum, Cameroon and works with local and indigenous communities mostly in the region of Djoum. RFUK's partnership with APIFED began in 2014 and together we are working on the following issues:
- Participatory Mapping
- Land and Resource Rights of Forest Peoples
- Processes related to and planning (zoning land reform)
APIFED aims to contribute to improving the socio-economic position of vulnerable groups.


This Sea Slug Looks Like A Day-Glo Sheep And Can Photosynthesize Its Own Food
Recently, we told you about jorunna parva, a sea slug that bears an uncanny resemblance to a bunny. Now, there's another adorable slug to check out.
Costasiella kuroshimae is a tiny species of sea slug that is commonly known as Kuroshima's Avrainvillea Slug. It's named after the island in Japan where it was first discovered and described.
But a more accurate (and cuter) name might be Sea Sheep.
Jim Lynn
Costasiella kuroshimae is tiny, growing to just 5 mm in length. The slug's antennae resemble a sheep's ears.
T. Djauw
After their initial discovery in Japan, the creatures have also been spotted by scientists in Indonesia and the Philippines.
Jim Lynn
Just like sheep, costasiella kuroshimae are vegetarians. They feed on marine algae.
Jim Lynn
But the most amazing thing about these psychedelic "sheep" is that they're able to photosynthesize food, just like plants.
Johnny Chiu
Normally, aside from plants, only single-cell animals are capable of photosynthesis. But the slug uses a process known as kleptoplasty to extract the chloroplasts from its food and incorporate them into its own body.
Randi Ang
Basically, it's an adorable, tiny, solar-powered underwater sheep.
Lynn Wu
See it in action below:
[youtube id="49k1lEXxbkA"]


text:
Are there really glaciers in Colorado?
Colorado proclaims 14 named glaciers—and more than 100 unnamed—within state borders, but all of them seem rather, well, frozen in place. Aren't glaciers supposed to move? As in, are these "glaciers" actually glaciers? The answer is yes—with an asterisk. Our state is home to 141 masses of ice whose size and weight cause them to flow like a very slow river—the definition of glacierhood per the National Snow & Ice Data Center. But according to W.T. Pfeffer, a professor at the University of Colorado Boulder's Institute of Arctic and Alpine Research, one of our most famous glaciers isn't quite worthy of its name: Saint Mary's Glacier, while impressive, is "just a gully that traps snow in a big drift." Take that to your next pub trivia night.


Take the 2-minute tour ×
What I have is a LineItem object and a collection called LineItems that holds LineItem objects. My LineItem objects have a property called ItemDate (DateTime data type) and another property called ItemAmount (decimal data type) and another property called ItemCategory (integer data type).
What I am trying to do is write a function in my collection object that will return the integer category in whichever category has the highest sum(ItemAmount) of that category. For example, if I had this:
Object 1:
Object 2:
Object 3:
OK so in this example, the function should return 2 since ItemCategory 2 had a bigger ItemAmount (535) than ItemCategory 1 (50+25 = 75).
This I know how to do. What makes it harder though is I need it to be able to do this over time, meaning, if an amount has a large amount, like 535, but some other objects have smaller amounts, but there are more of them to closer dates, then it needs to be techically "larger" than the other amount. It is almost like the amount needs to take into account frequency too. $10 amount occuring everyday needs to be "larger" than $500 occuring once a year, even if the $500 is larger than $10 every day. It is almost like I need to look at a month of data through a year's magnifing glass.
I hope this question makes sense.
share|improve this question
Assign the amount a weight based on timespan since last time? – dtb Jul 19 '10 at 17:24
Your description lacks sufficient detail to create an algorithm. Perhaps you need to simply divide the amount by some function (linear, square,...) of the date difference between now and the date it occurred so that near events are worth more? Is it age or frequency you care about? If frequency, over what duration? How do you know if the $500 is a one-off or just the first in a series of $500 payments? etc. etc. – Ian Mercer Jul 19 '10 at 17:26
ok maybe this will help. What I'm doing is creating a.NET program to manage my finances. Whenever I buy stuff, I want to be able to sort the collection on whatever category has the most amount spent. Food is something I buy everyday and therefore my program should track it normally. Once in a while though, I may buy something out of the blue. For example, if I need to buy ink for my printer, then i really don't need to track this because my money is not being "burned" buying ink. It was a "one-time" thing. Even though I might be $100 transaction, it shouldn't track this on a daily basis. – icemanind Jul 19 '10 at 17:45
I guess I only care about tracking stuff that actually occurs more then a few times a week. – icemanind Jul 19 '10 at 17:46
add comment
2 Answers
up vote 1 down vote accepted
Try this:
class ListItem
 internal DateTime When;
 internal decimal Amount;
 internal int Category;
class ListItems
 internal List _items = new List();
 internal int GetCategory(DateTime from, DateTime to)
 Dictionary totals = _items
 .Where(y => y.When >= from && y.When < to)
 .GroupBy(x => x.Category)
 category => category.Key,
 category => category.Sum(item => item.Amount)
 return totals.Keys
 .Where(category => totals[category] == totals.Values.Max())
The Linq's a bit of a mouthful, but if I understand the question correctly, I think it'll work.
share|improve this answer
add comment
Sounds like you might want a traveling window sum: pick a time period (say, 30 days), and track the total of items within that window.
If you just want a single instance (say, 30 days ending right now), of course all you need to do is sum up those items within the window. But, if you want to plot a graph, it is most efficient to sort your items, and perform a running accumulation; add items coming into the window, and subtract items leaving it.
To implement a traveling window, you can use two iterators into a sorted list (the following is pseudocode, not C#):
// initialize
acc= 0.0
for(startP= SortedItems.begin;!startP.last; startP.next) {
 if(startP.item.time > graphstart - timewindow) { break }
for(endP= startP;!endP.last; endP.next) {
 acc += endP.item.value
 if(endP.item.time > graphstart) { break }
// main loop
for(;!endP.last; endP.next) { // advance time window to next item
 endItem= endP.item
 endTime= endItem.time
 for(;!startP.last; startP.next) { // subtract items leaving time window
 startItem= startP.item
 startTime= startItem.time
 if(startTime > endTime - timewindow) { break }
 acc -= startItem.value
 output(startTime + timewindow, acc) // register graph values coming down
 acc += endItem.value
 output(endTime, acc) // register graph value going up
share|improve this answer
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Pride - Definition
The definition of: Pride is below.
There are 1 syllables in the word Pride.
What rhymes with Pride?
See poems containing the word: Pride
Definition of: Pride
Link to this Pride definition/page:
Standard Definition
[n] unreasonable and inordinate self-esteem (personified as one of the deadly sins)
[n] the trait of being spurred on by a dislike of falling below your standards
[n] a feeling of self-respect and personal worth
[n] satisfaction with your (or another's) achievements; "he takes pride in his son's success"
[n] a group of lions
[v] pride or congratulate (oneself) for an achievement
[v] be proud of; "He prides himself on making it into law school"
[v] be proud of; "She prides herself on her son"
congratulate - (4 syllables), congratulate - (4 syllables), plume - (1 syllables), preen - (1 syllables), pridefulness - (3 syllables), superbia - (4 syllables)
Misc. Definitions
\Pride\, n. [Cf. AS. lamprede, LL. lampreda, E. lamprey.] (Zo["o]l.) A small European lamprey ({Petromyzon branchialis}); -- called also {prid}, and {sandpiper}.
\Pride\, n. [AS. pr[=y]te; akin to Icel. pr[=y][eth]i honor, ornament, pr??a to adorn, Dan. pryde, Sw. pryda; cf. W. prydus comely. See {Proud}.]
1. The quality or state of being proud; inordinate self-esteem; an unreasonable conceit of one's own superiority in talents, beauty, wealth, rank, etc., which manifests itself in lofty airs, distance, reserve, and often in contempt of others. Those that walk in pride he is able to abase. --Dan. iv. 3
7. Pride that dines on vanity sups on contempt. --Franklin.
2. A sense of one's own worth, and abhorrence of what is beneath or unworthy of one; lofty self-respect; noble self-esteem; elevation of character; dignified bearing; proud delight; -- in a good sense. Thus to relieve the wretched was his pride. --Goldsmith. A people which takes no pride in the noble achievements of remote ancestors will never achieve anything worthy to be remembered with pride by remote descendants. --Macaulay.
3. Proud or disdainful behavior or treatment; insolence or arrogance of demeanor; haughty bearing and conduct; insolent exultation; disdain. Let not the foot of pride come against me. --Ps. xxxvi. 1
1. That hardly we escaped the pride of France. --Shak.
4. That of which one is proud; that which excites boasting or self-gratulation; the occasion or ground of self-esteem, or of arrogant and presumptuous confidence, as beauty, ornament, noble character, children, etc. Lofty trees yclad with summer's pride. --Spenser. I will cut off the pride of the Philistines. --Zech. ix.
6. A bold peasantry, their country's pride. --Goldsmith.
5. Show; ostentation; glory. Pride, pomp, and circumstance of glorious war. --Shak.
6. Highest pitch; elevation reached; loftiness; prime; glory; as, to be in the pride of one's life. A falcon, towering in her pride of place. --Shak.
7. Consciousness of power; fullness of animal spirits; mettle; wantonness; hence, lust; sexual desire; esp., an excitement of sexual appetite in a female beast. [Obs.] {Pride of India}, or {Pride of China}. (Bot.) See {Margosa}. {Pride of the desert} (Zo["o]l.), the camel. Syn: Self-exaltation; conceit; hauteur; haughtiness; lordliness; loftiness. Usage: {Pride}, {Vanity}. Pride is a high or an excessive esteem of one's self for some real or imagined superiority, as rank, wealth, talents, character, etc. Vanity is the love of being admired, praised, exalted, etc., by others. Vanity is an ostentation of pride; but one may have great pride without displaying it. Vanity, which is etymologically ''emptiness,'' is applied especially to the exhibition of pride in superficialities, as beauty, dress, wealth, etc.
\Pride\, v. t. [imp. & p. p. {Prided}; p. pr. & vb. n. {Priding}.] To indulge in pride, or self-esteem; to rate highly; to plume; -- used reflexively. --Bp. Hall. Pluming and priding himself in all his services. --South.
\Pride\, v. i. To be proud; to glory. [R.]


text:
Topology Based Optimization of Suspension and Steering Mechanisms of Automobiles
MetadataShow full item record
This thesis proposes a kinematic based optimization of the characteristics of suspension and steering systems by focusing on their dynamics interaction. Two of the most important suspension mechanisms are modeled. A new approach based on combining transformation matrix and vector analysis is used resulting in less time and memory consumption during optimization. Modelling is verified by comparing the results with multi-body dynamics software. Further, the steering importance and its effects on the suspension are discussed, along with modelling and analysis of the rack and pinion steering mechanism. The optimization aims at the road holding and vehicle stability considering the effects of steering mechanism on the suspension. Therefore, the cost function is defined based on both steering and wheel travel. Moreover, the effect of wheel travel in different steering angles is shown to be important and has been considered in the cost function. In regards to some behaviors of the suspension, static constraints are defined and their importance is discussed. Lastly, case studies are presented to provide analysis and optimization of the suspension characteristics including steering error and track alterations. Optimization is performed to design suspensions for particular vehicle classification, such as, family cars and SUVs. The results show that optimization can be used to arrive at desired behaviors when the steering and suspension interaction is considered in the optimization.
Cite this version of the work
Reza Atashrazm (2015). Topology Based Optimization of Suspension and Steering Mechanisms of Automobiles. UWSpace. _URL_


Is Dark Chocolate Vegan? Usually, But Not Always!
is dark chocolate vegan
If you are new to the vegan diet, you will have probably questioned whether dark chocolate is vegan-friendly. Dark chocolate is made from cocoa beans, harvested from cocoa trees. Therefore, it easy to assume it passes the vegan test but that may not always be the case.
In this article, we answer the question: "Is dark chocolate vegan?"
What's in Dark Chocolate?
is chocolate vegan
The process of making chocolate is what determines if the final product is vegan-friendly or not.
The basic principle of making chocolate is the same regardless of the cocoa bean species. With the help of factory machinery, the cocoa beans are made into chocolate. Depending on the bean species there will be a few varying details during the production process.
Dark chocolate is naturally a plant-based treat. It is made from cocoa beans that come from cocoa trees.
Unlike other chocolates, i.e. milk and white chocolate, dark chocolate constitutes a high percentage of cocoa. It is also usually devoid of products such as toffees, caramel, and milk typically found in other types of chocolates.
For dark chocolate to qualify as vegan, there should be no animal products in the ingredients list. The usual ingredients found in dark chocolate are cocoa butter, sugar, vanilla, cocoa, and, occasionally, soy lecithin.
However, every now and then, manufacturers will add fillers such as artificial flavoring and food starch. The addition of these products makes that particular chocolate non-vegan friendly.
The higher the cocoa percentage the purer the dark chocolate. If you are vegan, it is important to review the ingredients list on the dark chocolate you intend to consume. This is because some dark chocolate may contain milk derivatives such as casein, milk fat, and whey.
If you are vegan, look out for dark chocolate containing any milk derivatives and cholesterol. Both of these products come from animals. Also, if the package has the statement "contains milk" as an allergen disclaimer it would be wise to avoid it.
Is it Vegan or Not?
Here comes the good news:
Yes, dark chocolate is (generally) vegan.
However, because not all dark chocolates are made equally, always verify the ingredient label. This will ensure that you do not consume chocolate that contains milk or animal-derived fillers.
There are several different types and degrees of veganism, each with varying dietary preferences. Checking the ingredients list will help you identify which dark chocolate is ideal for your dietary preference.
Additionally, there are a few chocolate brands that have a Certified Vegan Logo. The presence of the logo on a bar of chocolate means that it is suitable for vegans and vegetarians. It is also a confirmation that the chocolate does not contain any form of dairy in its ingredients.
Vegan-Friendly Dark Chocolate
The good news for chocolate-loving vegans is there are several brands that make delectable dark chocolate suitable for a vegan diet.
Lake Champlain Chocolate, for example, makes high-quality dark chocolate by using ethically sourced non-GMO ingredients. Their dark chocolate treats would effortlessly pass the vegan test.
Other vegan dark chocolates you can consider include, Newman's Own, Fanny May, Green & Black's and Trader Joe's. All these brands have organic dark chocolate suitable for vegans.
Marion is a Kenya-based freelance writer who covers a wide range of topics from politics and business to health and nutrition.
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Take the 2-minute tour ×
I've got a sprite group which needs to be drawn in a certain order so its sprites overlap as they should.
However even when sorting the group using operator module function (sorted(self.sprites, key=attrgetter('y','x')) the order is wrong.
How can I fix this behaviour?
share|improve this question
1 Answer 1
Straightforwardly, you can't:
The Group does not keep sprites in any order, so the draw order is arbitrary.
Use an OrderedUpdates group instead:
This class derives from pygame.sprite.RenderUpdates - Group class that tracks dirty updates. It maintains the order in which the Sprites were added to the Group for rendering. This makes adding and removing Sprites from the Group a little slower than regular Groups.
Alternatively, you can keep different 'layers' of sprites in different groups, keeping the order of groups correct.
share|improve this answer
+1 for a simple solution – CyberneticTwerkGuruOrc Dec 26 '13 at 18:10
Your Answer


Degree symbol
The degree symbol or degree sign, °, is a typographical symbol that is used, among other things, to represent degrees of arc (e.g. in geographic coordinate systems), hours (in the medical field), degrees of temperature, alcohol proof, or diminished quality in musical harmony.[1] The symbol consists of a small raised circle, historically a zero glyph.
Degree symbol
In UnicodeU+00B0 ° DEGREE SIGN (HTML ° · °)
Different from
The first known recorded modern use of the degree symbol in mathematics is from 1657[2] where the usage seems to show that the symbol is a small raised zero, to match the prime symbol notation of sexagesimal subdivisions of degree such as minute , second , and third , which originate as small raised Roman numerals.[citation needed]
In the case of degrees of angular arc, the degree symbol follows the number without any intervening space, e.g. 30°. The addition of minute and second of arc follows the degree units, with intervening spaces (optionally, non-breaking space) between the sexagesimal degree subdivisions but no spaces between the numbers and units, for example 30° 12′ 5″.
In the case of degrees of temperature, three scientific and engineering standards bodies (the International Bureau of Weights and Measures, the International Organization for Standardization and the U.S. Government Printing Office) prescribe printing temperatures with a space between the number and the degree symbol, e.g. 10 °C.[3][4] However, in many works with professional typesetting, including scientific works published by the University of Chicago Press or Oxford University Press, the degree symbol is printed with no spaces between the number, the symbol, and the Latin letters "C" or "F" representing Celsius or Fahrenheit, respectively, e.g. 10°C.[5][6] This is also the practice of the University Corporation for Atmospheric Research, which operates the National Center for Atmospheric Research.[7]
Use of the degree symbol to refer to temperatures measured in kelvins (symbol: K) was abolished in 1967 by the 13th General Conference on Weights and Measures (CGPM). Therefore, the triple point of water, for instance, is written simply as 273.16 K. The name of the SI unit of temperature is now "kelvin", in lower case, and no longer "degrees Kelvin".
In photography, the symbol is used to denote logarithmic film speed grades. In this usage, it follows the number without spacing as in 21° DIN, 5° ASA or ISO 100/21°.
The degree symbol is included in Unicode as U+00B0 ° DEGREE SIGN (HTML ° · °).
For use with Chinese characters there are also code points for U+2103 DEGREE CELSIUS (HTML ℃) and U+2109 DEGREE FAHRENHEIT (HTML ℉).
The degree sign was missing from the basic 7-bit ASCII set of 1963, but in 1987 the ISO/IEC 8859 standard introduced it at position 0xB0 (176 decimal) in all variants except Part 5 (Cyrillic), 6 (Arabic), 7 (Greek) and 11 (Thai). In 1991 the Unicode standard incorporated all of the ISO/IEC 8859 code points, including the degree sign (at U+00B0)..
The Windows Code Page 1252 was also an extension of ISO/IEC 8859-1 (Part 1 or Latin-1) standard, so it had the degree sign at the same code point, 0xB0. The code point in the older DOS Code Page 437 was 0xF8 (248 decimal); therefore, the Alt code used to enter the symbol directly from the keyboard is Alt+248.
The degree symbol can be used in Arduino[8] LCD program by using the code line: lcd.print((char)223); =
Other characters with similar appearance but different meanings include:
Keyboard entryEdit
Some computer keyboard layouts, such as the QWERTY layout as used in Italy, the QWERTZ layout as used in Germany, Austria and Switzerland, and the AZERTY layout as used in France and Belgium, have the degree symbol available directly on a key. But the common keyboard layouts in English-speaking countries do not include the degree sign, which then has to be input some other way. The method of inputting depends on the operating system being used.
On the Colemak keyboard layout (Windows/Mac), one can press AltGr+\ followed by D to insert a degree sign. On Linux, one can press AltGr+K twice to insert a degree sign.
Desktop OSEdit
With Microsoft Windows, there are several ways to make the degree symbol:
 - One can type Alt+248 or Alt+0176
 Note: "0176" is different from "176"; Alt+176 produces the light shade (░) character.
 Note: The NumLock must be set first; on full size keyboards, the numeric keypad must be used; on laptops without a numerical keypad, the virtual numeric keypad must be used (often requiring that the Fn key be held down as the numeric sequence is typed).
 - The Character Map tool also may be used to obtain a graphical menu of symbols.
 - The US-International English keyboard layout creates the degree symbol with AltGr+⇧ Shift+;
In the classic Mac OS and macOS operating systems, the degree symbol can be entered by typing Opt+⇧ Shift+8. One can also use the Mac OS character palette,[9] which is available in many programs by selecting Special Characters from the Edit Menu, or from the 'Input Menu' (flag) icon on the menu bar (enabled in the International section of the System Preferences).[10][dead link]
In Linux operating systems such as Ubuntu, this symbol may be entered via the Compose key followed by o, o. Some keyboard layouts display this symbol upon pressing AltGr+⇧ Shift+0 (once or twice, depending on specific keyboard layout), and, in programs created by GTK+, one can enter Unicode characters in any text entry field by first pressing Ctrl+Shift+U+Unicode code point, regardless of keyboard layout. For the degree symbol, this is done by entering Ctrl+⇧ Shift+U B0 (where the last key is the number zero) followed by a space.
For Chrome OS, use the Unicode entry method Ctrl+⇧ Shift+U then 00B0 then space or return; with the UK extended layout, use AltGr+⇧ Shift+0.
Mobile OSEdit
In iOS, the degree symbol is accessed by pressing and holding 0 and dragging a finger to the degree symbol. This procedure is the same as entering diacritics on other characters.
In Android, switch to numbers?123 then symbols =\<. The degrees symbol is found on the second row.
In Microsoft Office and similar programs, there is often also an Insert menu with an Insert Symbol or Symbol command that brings up a graphical palette of symbols to insert, including the degree symbol. As with the CharMap app, the table is arranged in unicode order. An easier way is to use Alt+176 or B0 then Alt+X.
In LaTeX, the packages gensymb and textcomp provide the commands degree and \textdegree, respectively. In the absence of these packages one can write the degree symbol as ^{\circ} in math mode. In other words, it is written as the empty circle glyph circ as a superscript.
In AutoCAD it is available as a shortcut string %%d.
See alsoEdit
 1. ^ "Chord Symbols". Retrieved 2013-12-16.
 2. ^ Cajori, Florian (1993) [_PHONE_], A History of Mathematical Notations, Dover Publications, ISBN 0-486-67766-4 |page=216
 3. ^ The International System of Units (PDF) (8th ed.), Bureau International des Poids et Mesures, 2006
 4. ^ Style Manual (PDF) (30th ed.), United States Government Printing Office, 2008
 5. ^ 9.16 Abbreviations and symbols, Chicago Manual of Style (15th ed.), University of Chicago, 2010
 6. ^ 10.52 Miscellaneous technical abbreviations, Chicago Manual of Style (15th ed.), University of Chicago, 2010
 7. ^ UCAR, UCAR Communications Style Guide, retrieved 2007-09-01
 8. ^
 9. ^ "How to use emoji, accents and symbols on your Mac". January 29, 2020. Retrieved 2 March 2020.
 10. ^ "(unknown title)".
External linksEdit


Thomas Broomé Only Uses Words to Make Rooms in 'Modern Mantra'
By: Alexander Lam - Published: • References: & designtaxi
Using only words, artist Thomas Broomé created a series of uber-descriptive room drawings called 'Modern Mantra.' Each room that Broomé drew is composed only of words and nothing else. Furniture, walls and rooms were all drawn using the words that describe them. For example, the table was drawn using the word 'table' while the walls were drawn with the word 'wall.' With this restriction, Broomé went to create detailed rooms with lighting and perspective.
The amazing illustrations in 'Modern Mantra' were created with only ink and paper. As a result, each drawing is monotone. However, Broomé still managed to make his drawings realistic with varied spacing between words to show differences in light. The words for the wall were spaced apart while the words on the tapestry were clustered closely together. Stats for Literal Room Illustrations Trending: Older & Chilly
Traction: 926 clicks in 82 w
Interest: 1.6 minutes
Concept: Modern Mantra
Related: 87 examples / 67 photos
Segment: Neutral, 18-55
Comparison Set: 32 similar articles, including: fun-loving villain illustrations, fairytale college student cartoons, and typographical pun illustrations.


Principle of competitive exclusion and drosophila
Richard Borowsky
Research output: Contribution to journalArticlepeer-review
THE Volterra-Gause equations1 - the mathematical formulation of the principle of competitive exclusion2 - are illusr rid="illus1" where r1 is the intrinsic rate of increase of species 1, N1 is its population size, and K1 is the expected value of N1 in single species culture. The constants α and β, the coefficients of competition, denote the relative effect of the abundance of one species on the population growth rate of the other. These relationships imply that for a stable competitive equilibrium to obtain it is necessary that illusr rid="illus2".
Original languageEnglish (US)
Pages (from-to)409-410
Number of pages2
Issue number5293
StatePublished - 1971
ASJC Scopus subject areas
 - General
Fingerprint Dive into the research topics of 'Principle of competitive exclusion and drosophila'. Together they form a unique fingerprint.
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Starfinder Ship Combat Cheat Sheet by
Cheat sheet for the roles in Starfinder combat
Combat Phases
1. Engineering Phase (Captain, Engineer)
2. Helm Phase (Captain, Pilot, Science Officer)
3. Gunnery Phase (Captain, Gunner)
The Science Officer can act before or after the pilot in the Helm Phase (2).
Captain Actions
Demand (Intimidate)
Grant a +4 bonus to one specific check by succeeding. You must use this action before the associated check is rolled, and you can grant this bonus to an individual character only once per combat. You cannot make demands of yourself
Encourage (Diplomacy DC 15 OR Same Skill at DC10)
Can encourage another member of the crew to give her a bonus to her action. This works like aid another (see page 133), granting a +2 bonus to the check required by a crew action.
Taunt (Push [Comms], Bluff or Intimidate)
Select an enemy vessel and phase and roll Bluff or Intimidate; if successful, each enemy character acting during the selected phase takes a –2 penalty to all checks for 1d4 rounds; the penalty increases to –4 if the enemy's check is made as part of a push action. Cannot target the same enemy twice in combat.
Orders (Level 6, Push, 1RP)
Can grant an additional action to one member of the crew by spending 1 Resolve Point and succeeding at a related skill check at the above DC. Computers for science officer, Engineering for engineer, gunnery (see page 320) for gunner, and Piloting for pilot. Target gains another action if successful, but cannot take the same action twice. You cannot give yourself orders
Moving Speech (Level 12, Diplomacy DC20 + 1.5xTier, 1RP)
Use your action to give a moving speech to the crew during one phase of combat. For the remainder of that phase, your allies can roll twice and take the better result when performing crew actions.
Captain DC's are all 15 + 1.5xStarship Tier unless otherwise noted
Engineer Actions
Divert (Engineering, DC10 + 1.5xTier)
Make engineering check to divert power. If engines, speed increases by 2 this round. If science, science officers get +2 to checks this round. If weapons, damage rolls of 1 become 2. If shields, restore an amount of Shield Points equal to 5% of the PCU rating of the starship's power core (see page 296), up to the shields' maximum value. Evenly distribute the restored Shield Points to all four quadrants (putting any excess Shield Points in the forward quadrant).
Hold it Together (Engineering, DC15 + 1.5xTier)
Select one system; that system is treated as if its critical damage condition were two steps less severe for the rest of the round (wrecked becomes glitching, and a malfunctioning or glitching system functions as if it had taken no critical damage). This check isn't modified by penalties from critical damage to the power core.
Patch (Engineering, DC Varies)
Patch a system to reduce the effects of a critical damage condition. The number of actions and the DC of the Engineering check required to patch a system depend on how badly the system is damaged. The number of actions required can be reduced by 1 (to a minimum of 1 action) by increasing the DC by 5. Glitching: 1 action, DC 10 + 1.5xTier. Malfunctioning: 2 actions, DC15 + 1.5xTier. Wrecked: 3 actions, DC20 + 1.5xTier
Overpower (6 ranks Engineering, Push, DC15 + 1.5xTier, 1RP)
If successful, this functions as the divert action, but you can send extra power to any three systems listed in that action. This action and the divert action can't be taken in the same round.
Quick Fix (12 ranks Engineering, DC20 + 1.5xTier, 1RP)
If successful, remove the critical damage condition from one system for 1 hour (allowing it to function as if it had taken no critical damage), after which time it must be repaired as normal.
Science Officer Actions
Balance (Computers, DC10 + 1.5xTier)
Can shift Shield Points (SP) from the shield in one quadrant another quadrant, including to depleted shields (after rebalancing, every shield must have at least 10% of the total current SP). Alternatively, you can add up the SP from all the remaining shields and evenly distribute them to all four quadrants, putting any excess SP in the forward quadrant.
Scan (Computers, DC5 + 1.5xTarget's Tier + Countermeasures)
If you succeed at this check, you learn the first unknown piece of information on the following list. For every 5 by which you exceed the check, you learn another unknown piece of information. Subsequent checks reveal new pieces of information, continuing down this list.
1. Basic Information: Living crew complement and ship classification, size, speed, and maneuverability.
2. Defenses: AC, TL, total and current Hull Points, total and current Shield Points in each quadrant, and core PCU value.
3. Weapon: Information about one weapon, including its firing arc and the damage it deals, starting with the weapon that uses the most PCU. Repeat this entry until all the starship's weapons are revealed.
4. Load: Information about how the starship's expansion bays are allocated and any cargo the starship might be carrying.
5. Other: Any remaining ship statistics.
Target System (Computers, Push, DC5 + 1.5xTarget's Tier + Countermeasures)
If you succeed, choose one system (core, engines, life support, sensors, or weapons). The next attack made by your starship that hits the enemy ship scores a critical hit on a natural roll of 19 or 20. If that attack deals critical damage, it affects the chosen system. For any further critical damage resulting from the attack, determine which system is affected randomly as normal. Your starship's sensors can target only one system on a specific enemy starship at a time, though this action can be used to concurrently target systems on multiple starships.
Lock On (Computers 6 ranks, Push, DC5 + 1.5xTarget's Tier + Countermeasures, 1RP)
If you succeed, your starship's gunners gain a +2 bonus to gunnery checks against the target for the rest of the round. This action can be taken only once per round.
Improve Countermeasures (Computers 12 ranks, DC5 + 1.5xTarget's Tier + Countermeasures, 1RP)
If you're successful, gunners aboard the target starship roll twice and take the worse result for gunnery checks during this round (including checks for tracking weapons).
Pilot Actions
No skill check, regular movement
Maneuver (DC15 + 1.5xTier)
Move up to speed, reduce distance between turns by 1 (minimum 0).
Stunt (DC Varies)
Back off (Piloting DC10 + 1.5xTier) Move half speed backwards without turns. If fail, move back 1 hex only. Fail by 5 or more, no movement and -4 to AC and TL.
Barrel Roll (Piloting DC10 +1.5xTier, Large max size) Move half speed and facings inverted 1 round. Fail, no roll. Fail by 5 or more, no roll, -4 AC and TL.
Evade (Piloting DC10 + 1.5xTier) Move speed, +2 AC and TL. Fail, no bonus. Fail by 5 or more, still move but -2 AC and TL.
Flip and Burn (Piloting DC15 + 1.5xTier) Move half speed and turn 180°. Fail, no rotation.
Flyby (Piloting DC15 + 1.5xTier) Move normal, can move through enemy w/o provoking. During gunnery phase, choose one arc of ship to fire at enemy and treat as close range. If fail, gunnery phase is normal and movement provokes.
Slide (Piloting DC10 + 1.5xTier) Move up to speed in forward-port or forward-starboard direction w/o changing facing. Fail, move forward half speed w/o turns.
Turn in Place (


text:
The Sentence Pattern Chart
Sentence Pattern Chart
The Sentence Pattern and Parts of Speech Chart consists of two colorful 19" X 25" posters for the bulletin board that display simple sentence structure in context. A pamphlet accompanies the system with exercises where students analyze both sentence patterns and parts of speech at the same time in a "whole grammar" method which simplifies and clarifies function.
The method, developed over years in a busy classroom, is also designed so that students can transfer their work to a machine-scorable answer sheet that takes seconds to correct, then work through and correct their own errors. In the daily plan, the method permits a warm-up lesson as well as a permanent display that students can refer to on need.
Packing all the basics into an ever available visual lesson and display saves valuable class time, which can then be spent on meaning-based activities. Also adaptable to your preferred grammar or reading texts. The posters' flip sides are designed for easy testing.


text:
Living up to the Pope's words: the Vatican turns to solar power
Jeremy Hance, mongabay.com
November 28, 2008
Compelled by the Pope's rhetoric, the Vatican is now taking action: 2,400 photovoltaic panels have been installed on the roof of the Vatican's Nervi Hall. The solar panels will produce an estimated 300 kilowatt hours of energy annually, proving enough energy to light, heat, and cool Nervi Hall and adjacent areas.
Church officials have assured the public that the solar panels would not alter the grandeur of the Vatican's architecture and design. Nervi Hall, also known as Paul VI Audience Hall, is one of the Vatican's more recent additions. Built in 1971, the hall can hold over 6,000 people and is also home to Pericle Fazzini's celebrated sculpture "Resurrection", in which Christ rises from the blast of a nuclear weapon.
The installation of solar panels on Nervi Hall is the first of many. The Vatican plans to employ enough renewable energy to provide 20 percent of its energy requirements by 2020.
When speaking on the environment, Pope Benedict XVI largely places the blame of environmental degradation on materialism. "In a world closed in on its materialism," the Pope has said, "it is easier for the human being to make himself the dictator of all other creatures and of nature." In March of this year the Pope created a list of seven new sins for the contemporary world, which included polluting the environment and excessive wealth.
Currently there are 1.1 billion Catholics in the world who look to the Pope as their spiritual leader, making Catholicism the world's largest sect of Christianity.


The 4 important ways on how to enhance your aiming skills
Ever since it was first released the game has many players. They have been playing the game since then and it's having more time. Also in 2012, it was the release of the counter strike global offensive or CSGO. The game has already lost a lot of players and they started playing CSGO. Now the no steam counter strike 1.6 descargar has fewer players. But the game is still being played with thousands of people around the world. If you want the old school players or you want to learn the game.
You can play a warm-up match
You need to sharpen your skills by having a warm-up match before you play the game. In this way, it can help you tune-up for the game and improve your eyes on the targets. Playing the deathmatch can be useful as well. It will help you be better at your aim.
Improve your muscle memory
It is the most common tip that most players will tell you to enhance your aim. You don't need to look at the screen and keep your eyes at the crosshairs all the time. In that way, you can move your crosshairs on the map. So you have your target in sight.
If you have played enough more CS 1.6 you don't need to keep your eyes on the crosshair. You need to develop your muscle memory and once you will see the enemy your crosshair will go towards it. You need to have a smooth, large mouse pad. And to train your hands to move it smoothly so your crosshairs cover the screen.
Train your flick aim
It has two types of aiming theories. The first one is tracking aim. It is where you keep your crosshairs trained on a certain point even though you are moving. The second is the flick aim. It is where you are moving your crosshair fast between the target points. Its movement is to function the muscle memory. The best thing to make it perfect is to change the target slowly and have quick arm movements. You need to move as quickly because your muscle memory is developing.
Using a crouch well
You need to learn how and when will you use the crouch because this can help you with the aim. The crouch is an effective defensive tool. You can use this to your enemies to miss any headshots. It is because there will be half-decent players who always have the crosshair at head height.
Read More


text:
Shutters protect rooms from light and heat. Blinds are made out of PVC plastic or aluminium given their lightness and resistance to wear.
A belt is used to open and close the shutters. When you open the roller blind, it rolls around a drum hidden in the upper part of the window.
The belts become worn with use. They are then unable to bear the weight of the shutter and the shutter ends up dropping.
You can easily replace the worn belt just by following steps that are explained in the AMIG belt packs.
1. Roll the belt around the winder of the shutter drum.
2. Stretch out the belt to the lower winder.
3. Turn the winder until it is tense and attach the belt to the drum fastener.
You should use the widest possible belt that fits the roller and winder. The broader the belt, the better the grip and the longer the shutter will last.


text:
I've been working on trying to solve the problem of calculating the average of a row of numbers in which some of the cells have a null value. I'm convinced there's no easy way to do this. I found an example on the net that I have been working from but I can't seem to get that to work either. The example is:
$sql = mysql_query("SELECT *, (COALESCE(example, 0) + COALESCE(example2, 0) + COALESCE(example3, 0)) / (3 - (COALESCE(example - example, 1) + COALESCE(example2 - example2, 1) + COALESCE(example3 - example3, 1)) ) AS row_avg FROM attrib1 WHERE recid=".$recordid) or die(mysql_error());
I'm not sure what exactly this query is doing, and thus equally unsure of how to use it do my advantage. Any input would greatly appreciated.


text:
Australian photographer Daniel Shipp's photographic series "Botanical Inquiry" blends the beauty of every day plants along side ghostly urban environments. The composition of the plants highlights and accents their subtle botanical beauty. It creates a striking contrast with the often haunted background. His arrangements have the pants framing the urban scene. The viewer looks through their foliage to see the world beyond.
I enjoy that you can tell the images are constructed. The plants are collected and posed in relationship the their background. The resulting technique creates a strong cinematic image that's aware of it's artifice. The resulting image creates a more interesting narrative. You see the world through the plants perspective, on its scale.


text:
Alexey Bakhirkin, Josh Berdine, and Nir Piterman
We propose a novel approach for computing weakest liberal safe preconditions of programs. The standard approaches, which call for either under-approximation of a greatest fixed point, or complementation of a least fixed point, are often difficult to apply successfully. Our approach relies on a different decomposition of the weakest precondition of loops. We exchange the greatest fixed point for the computation of a least fixed point above a recurrent set, instead of the bottom element. Convergence is achieved using over-approximation, while in order to maintain soundness we use an under-approximating logical subtraction operation. Unlike general complementation, subtraction more easily allows for increased precision in case its arguments are related. The approach is not restricted to a specific abstract domain and we use it to analyze programs using the abstract domains of intervals and of 3-valued structures.
© Microsoft Research


text:
Sometimes while playing your favorite game on Xbox you might encounter certain errors. In most cases these errors are relatively harmless, but some errors can be severe. Users reported Required storage device removed error on their Xbox, and today we're going to show you how to fix it.
Fix Xbox Error "Required storage device removed"
Fix Error Solution #1: Clear system cache
According to users, they managed to fix this error simply by clearing the system cache. Your cache can sometimes become corrupted and that can lead to this and many other errors. You can fix this error easily by following these steps:
- On the Xbox Home screen go to System.
- Select Storage.
- Select any device and press the Y button on your controller.
- Select Clear System Cache option.
- After clearing the cache, restart your console and check if the problem is resolved.
Fix Error Solution #2: Format your hard drive
Users reported that clearing the cache doesn't always fix the issue, therefore you might want to try formatting your Xbox hard drive. Keep in mind that formatting your hard drive will delete all files from your drive, therefore be sure to back up all important files. To format your hard drive, do the following:
- Start your Xbox without a disc in its tray.
- Go to Settings > System.
- Select the Storage option.
- List of all storage devices will appear. Highlight your hard drive and press the Y button on the controller.
- Select the Format option.
- You should see the confirmation message on the screen.
- Choose Yes to start the formatting process. During this step you might be asked to insert the console's serial number, so be sure to do that. You can find the serial number of your console on its back side.
Fix Error Solution #3: Use an 8GB USB flash drive or larger
Users reported this issue while using a 4GB USB flash drive with their Xbox. To fix this problem you just need to replace the 4GB flash drive with an 8GB drive or larger. After doing that, format the 8GB flash drive by following the steps from Fix Error Solution 2. Once your USB drive is formatted, the issue should be resolved.


text:
|Title||Feature Extraction for Hyperspectral Imagery via Ensemble Localized Manifold Learning|
|Publication Type||Journal Article|
|Year of Publication||2015|
|Authors||Li, F., L. Xu, A. Wong, and D. A. Clausi|
|Journal||IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Letters|
|Start Page||2486 - 2490|
A feature extraction approach for hyperspectral image classification has been developed. Multiple linear manifolds are learned to characterize the original data based on their locations in the feature space, and an ensemble of classifier is then trained using all these manifolds. Such manifolds are localized in the feature space (which we will refer to as "localized manifolds") and can overcome the difficulty of learning a single global manifold due to the complexity and nonlinearity of hyperspectral data. Two state-of-the-art feature extraction methods are used to implementlocalized manifolds. Experimental results show that classification accuracy is improved using both localized manifold learning methods on standard hyperspectral data sets.
Feature Extraction for Hyperspectral Imagery via Ensemble Localized Manifold Learning


text:
How the UN is using Google technology to increase awareness of refugee camps
The Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) has teamed up with Google to give anyone with Web access a chance to see what life and conditions are like in a refugee camp. The initial iteration centers on Chad, Iraq, Colombia and Darfur.
Web surfers can explore camps through the visual, textual, audio and video information that's layered on top of the bigger picture. Pop-up windows throughout the images of the camps tell you what's going on, and what's needed. You can also move in close enough to examine the infrastructure, including schools and other facilities.


The level 9 spell imprisonment states that
But the spell does not state if this creature can be injured or killed during this state.
Does this mean if a wizard decides to imprison a creature, another creature can kill or whittle away at the imprisoned creature?
By RAW - yes, but it depends on the form of imprisonment
Firstly, rules-as-written describe the spell Imprisonment fundamentally as a restraint, not something that grants immunity to damage or death:
Given the context of the forms of imprisonment (burial, chaining, hedge prison, etc.) it's clear that the purpose of removing the requirement to eat, breathe and age is to keep the prisoner alive in the context of the prison itself. This doesn't necessarily mean the prisoner can't be harmed by other means. (Just like a "regular" prisoner, who is sustained by the infrastructure of the prison, can still be beaten up or killed by the wardens or fellow inmates).
Form of Imprisonment
That being said, the ability to actually access the prisoner in order to do them harm depends heavily on which form of the Imprisonment spell you choose to use:
Slumber and Chaining keep the prisoner easily accessible, and within the reach of a convenient beating/smackdown. These are essentially souped up versions of Sleep and Hold Person.
Burial, Hedged Prison and Minimus Containment specify quite explicitly that it is near-impossible to physically access the prisoner (perhaps not without a Wish spell and some generous DM-ruling).
 - \$\begingroup\$ Could the hedged prison in & of itself be damaging to the creature(s) so imprisoned? (a water creature being imprisoned in a demiplane of fire, lacking an air supply, drains the level of those contained therein, etc). In terms of the minimus containment, would the gem be able to be used for another purpose (casting a spell, which would consume the gem in the process). Also, the terms of the imprisonment breaking could be creative, such that the moment it ended, it would spell death for the creature so contained (lava, deep underwater, far above the clouds & have them drop to their death!) \$\endgroup\$ – Jesse Cohoon Aug 7 '16 at 18:37
 - \$\begingroup\$ _USER_ That is a different question (possibly two or three different questions) from the question here, which is about whether others can physically attack an imprisoned creatures. Since those are different questions, the answer shouldn't be expected to or prodded to answer them. You should ask them as a separate question(s). \$\endgroup\$ – SevenSidedDie Aug 8 '16 at 16:37
Your Answer


text:
Database Explorer Komodo IDE only
The Database Explorer is a tool for examining the structure and content of databases. By default, it can connect to SQLite and Oracle databases, but support for additional database types such as MySQL is available through extensions.
The Database sidebar displays a filterable list of database connections. Each connection offers a tree view of databases available via that connection, the tables in each database, and the fields/columns in each table.
Click on the Databases tab to open the Databases sidebar in the left pane. Use the Add a Database Connection button to configure a connection. Select a Database Type and configure the required connection information or the path to the file.
Click Add to create the connection and open the database view in the sidebar.
Each database appears as an top-level node in the sidebar. Clicking on the arrow next to the database expands a tree showing all tables. Table names also expand to show the contained field names.
Double-click on a table name in the sidebar to open the Database Explorer dialog. The dialog box displays:
- Full Table: a spreadsheet-like view of the selected table, showing all fields. The table can be sorted by any column. Columns can be hidden or displayed via the column selection button at the right side of the title row.
- Query: a Query field for composing SQL queries (for any table) and an Output pane similar to the Full Table view to show the query results. Click Run to execute the contents of the Query field. The Refresh button is for refreshing the query output display. It re-runs the last successful query, not the current contents of the Query editing buffer above.
- Schema: displays the Schema for the selected table including the field id, name and type as well as whether it is nullable. Indicates the default value (if any) and shows which is the primary key.


is no longer needed for other nodes to send traffic to it. Instead, the NKN address is the only information needed to send packets to a node or client. The role of the NKN address in NKN is similar to an IP address in the Internet. Please refer to "NKN Address Scheme" section for how nodes and clients choose NKN addresses.
The distance from NKN addresses x to y is defined as
dist(x, y) = (y — x) mod 2^m
which satisfies the following conditions:
 - dist(x, y) >= 0
 - dist(x, y) = 0 if and only if x = y
 - dist(x, z) <= dist(x, y) + dist(y, z)
 - dist(x, y) = dist(x + a, y + a)
Note that the distance metric is asymmetric such that dist(x, y) (distance from x to y) is generally not equal to dist(y, x).
Some people may ask, why does NKN define a concept of "distance" in the network? In fact, this is because with the definition of "distance", you can define the topology of the network. The network topology is extremely important for NKN. E.g:
We first define the successor and predecessor node of any NKN address x
successor(x) = argmin_y {dist(x, y) | y in all nodes}
predecessor(x) = argmin_y {dist(y, x) | y in all nodes}
Successor and predecessor of a node can be defined similarly, except that the successor and predecessor of a node cannot be itself. If node x is the successor of node y, then y is the predecessor of x.
Each node x in NKN has a few neighbors:
successor((x + 2^i) mod 2^m), 0 <= i < m
{y | x is a successor of y}
Since not all NKN addresses are assigned to nodes, some neighbors above point to the same node. It is worth mentioning that neighbors are defined to be symmetric such that if y is a neighbor of x, x is also a neighbor of y. The expected number of neighbors of a node is O(log(N)).
Clients connect to the NKN through nodes. A client at NKN address x is connected to predecessor(x). The client sends and receives data only through established connections with the node it's connected to and thus no client public IP address is needed. Clients in the NKN are similar to keys in Chord DHT (except that it's connected to its predecessor rather than successor).
Although there are other topology that may lead to a more efficient routing path, our choice has a critical advantage such that each choice of neighbor can be verified by at least one other node. Suppose a node at address x should choose A as its i-th successor node. In this case, there are no nodes between address (x + 2^i) mod 2^m and A, and A should have known this information from its predecessor. Thus A knows that itself should be a neighbor of x. If node x does not choose A as a neighbor, A is able to falsify it. Similarly, if x chooses another node between A and (x + 2^(i+1)) mod 2^m in addition to A as neighbors, A should also be able to falsify it. Verifiability is crucial to an open network that may have a nontrivial portion of malicious nodes. It greatly reduces the possibility that malicious nodes choose specific neighbors to attack the system.
If you understand the principles of DDTN topology selection, then we can further introduce the DDTN routing technology. Given an established NKN network, routing can be achieved in a greedy algorithm using only information about neighbors. When a node wants to send or relay a packet to a destination address, it sends the packet to the neighbor that has the smallest distance to the destination address. The remaining distance becomes at most half of the previous value for each relay, thus decreases exponentially or faster as the packet is being relayed. Similar to Chord DHT, the expected number of hops is O(log(N)) given uniformly distributed addresses.
If the destination address is a client rather than a node, the above routing stops as long as the packet reaches the node connected to the client. The node then relays the packet to the client through the established connection.
The route between any two node pair is verifiable. Suppose a node sending a packet to destination address D should choose its neighbor A as the next hop while it actually chose neighbor B. From the routing rule we know that dist(A, D) < dist(B, D). Then A is able to falsify the route. If the node chose a non-neighbor node as the next hop, then such route can be falsified by the actual neighbor as discussed previously. The verifiability of routing is crucial to reduce the possibility of forming routes consisting of only malicious nodes. For a practical relay path validation algorithm, please refer to "Relay Path Validation" section.
In addition to network topology and routing, NKN must consider openness in order to build a network-based public blockchain. This requires a set of NKN protocols to define the behavior of the nodes/clients, such as node/client join, node/client exit, channel keepalive messages, network stabilization mechanisms, and so on.
Since NKN is an open network, it is inevitable that nodes will join and leave the network at any time, with or without prior notification. To efficiently maintain the NKN, each node locally maintains three lists:
 1. Its successors and predecessors. At least one successor and one predecessor is needed, while keeping more nodes in the list enhances fault tolerance. (For specific principles, please refer to the NKN White Paper Ising Model Mathematical Proof and Simulation Results: _URL_ ).
 2. Its neighbors.
 3. Clients connected to it.
Nodes update these lists in response to topology changes. For efficiency, it is important that when a node or client join or leave the network, only a small portion of the other nodes (up to O(logN)) are updates. We have the following protocols that satisfy our goal in dynamic environments.
Table 1 Overview of NKN Protocol Definition
Figure 4 NKN node-join protocol flow chart
Figure 5 NKN node-exit protocol flow chart
Proof of Relay (PoR)
One of the key problems in NKN is to prove how much data a node relayed, which we define as Proof of Relay (PoR). PoR is crucial to the NKN as the amount of data being relayed is directly related to token rewards. An ideal proof should satisfy the following conditions:
 1. verifiable: anyone, involved in data transmission or not, is able to verify the proof correctly using only public information;
 2. unforgeable: no party, unless controlled all involved nodes, is able to forge a valid proof with nontrivial probability;
 3. untamperable: no party, unless controlled all involved nodes, is able to modify a valid proof with nontrivial probability.
Unlike Bitcoin and Ethereum mining, PoR is a useful proof of work: mining the data samples under transmission in an active channel. NKN achieve this by using a particular chain of signature. To improve efficiency, we use the hash of the chain to randomly select proofs in an uncontrollable but verifiable way. Moreover, we select a class of proofs that is proven to be hard to forge even for a large malicious party that has controlled a significant portion of all nodes in the network to be eligible for other benefits such as mining rewards.
One of the primary functions of the NKN is to transmit data. To be transparent to higher level applications, NKN works with network packets. Packet originates from source which can be either node or client, then relayed by relayers which can only be nodes, and finally arrives at destination which can be either node or client. The basic transmission unit in NKN is the NKN packet. The fields of a NKN packet are shown in Table 2.
Table 2 Summary of NKN Packet Fields
As can be seen from Table 2, the signature chain is part of the NKN packet and is the part of the NKN packet that may be on chain. The signature chain is a signature chain that the relay node signs in turn when forwarding the NKN packet, as shown in Figure 6. Each element in the signature chain consists of the following fields: the NKN address and public key of the relay node, the NKN address of the next relay node, and the signature(signature of the previous element on chain, relayer NKN address, next relayer NKN address) signed with relayer private key.
Figure 6 Schematic diagram of the signature chain structure
As illustrated in Figure 6, the essential feature of a signature chain is its verifiability. A signature chain is valid if and only if for each element on chain, the following conditions are satisfied:
 - The relayer NKN address matches the next relayer NKN address of the previous element.
 - The signature field is valid.
Any modifications to a signed NKN packet except the payload will invalidate the signature chain unless re-signed. Thus, a signature chain is verifiable to anyone who has access to the NKN packet (no need for the payload). A malicious party cannot tamper with or forge a signature chain without having all the private keys along the route.
A NKN packet is valid if and only if the following conditions are satisfied:
 1. Payload


Conversion plugin phpdocx
Debugging LibreOffice
Debugging LibreOffice
If you use LibreOffice as the transformation tool for the conversion plugin and the example of the library doesn't create the output file, follow these steps to find out the source of the error:
1. Execute the LibreOffice conversion from the command-line interface.
For example, in Linux, type this:
Replace /opt/libreoffice4.3/program/soffice with the path to LibreOffice in your operating system, and replace document.docx for an existing document.
2. Execute the transformDocument example included through the CLI mode.
3. If the PDF file is generated through the CLI mode, but not with a web server like Apache, the error is due to a security or permission problem.
To call LibreOffice using Linux, the server:
 - Needs read and write permissions in the.config folder of the user's HOME directory.
 - Needs to delete the possible blockage of SELinux or the blockage of the execution settings of external programs.
So, for example, if the user of the web server is www-data, and the HOME directory of this user is the default /var/www, then you must provide the user www-data with read and write permissions in the directory /var/www/.config.
A custom HOME folder can be set when doing the transforming. For example, to set it to /home/web:
On common problems and possible errors page are detailed the most common issues when working with LibreOffice and how to solve them.
4. Check the server and system log files to detect other possible problems related to the configuration of any program or the lack of permissions.
Next - Debugging OpenOffice