TY - JOUR T1 - Do family physicians know the costs of medical care? Survey in British Columbia. JF - Canadian Family Physician JO - Can Fam Physician SP - 263 LP - 270 VL - 50 IS - 2 AU - Allan, G Michael AU - Innes, Grant D Y1 - 2004/02/01 UR - _URL_ N2 - OBJECTIVE To determine the cost of 46 commonly used investigations and therapies and to assess British Columbia family doctors' awareness of these costs. DESIGN Mailed survey asking about costs of 23 investigations and 23 therapies relevant to family practice. A random sample of 600 doctors was asked to report their awareness of costs and to estimate costs of the 46 items. SETTING British Columbia. PARTICIPANTS Six hundred family physicians. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Estimates within 25% of actual cost were considered correct. Associations between cost awareness and respondents'characteristics (eg, sex, practice location) were sought. Degree of error in estimates was also assessed. RESULTS Overall, 283 (47.2%) surveys were returned and 259 analyzed. Few respondents estimated costs within 25% of true cost, and estimates were highly variable. Physicians underestimated costs of expensive drugs and laboratory investigations and overestimated costs of inexpensive drugs. Cost awareness did not correlate with sex, practice location, College certification, faculty appointment, or years in practice. CONCLUSION Family doctors in British Columbia have little awareness of the costs of medical care. ER -


text:
Date of this Version
Surveys in the Elkhorn River Basin between 1972 and 1994 documented a unionid fauna of 28 taxa. Two additional taxa were documented by museum records, bringing the total to 30 confirmed for the region. In recent collections only eleven species were found as live specimens or fresh shells, suggesting the possible loss of as much as 63% of the documented fauna of the Basin. Biological diversity was once greatest in the eastern portion of the Basin, reflecting the greater variety of habitats in this region. At present, the greatest diversity appears to be found in the western portion. This reversal of biologic diversity probably reflects the extent of habitat degradation in the eastern portion. Arcidens confragosus, Lampsilis teres f. teres, and Obovaria olivaria are newly reported for Nebraska.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


text:
Mayhew is located at west of Columbus, north of Artesia, east of Starkville and south of West Point. According to the United States Geological Survey, a variant name is Mayhew Station. Mayhew Station was the original name given to this community when it was moved from its original site (near Muldrow, Mississippi) to alongside the tracks of the newly built Mobile and Ohio Railroad (later Gulf, Mobile & Ohio) in the very early 1850s. The original location of the town of Mayhew is now referred to as Old Mayhew, but only a cemetery exists there today. Mayhew held the distinction for most of the 20th Century as being home to Stover Apiaries, the world's largest Queen Bee apiary, which shipped queen bees to beekeepers worldwide.
Mayhew is also referred to as Mayhew Junction by area residents, a reference to when US Highways 82 and 45 crossed as at-grade two-lane highways. Before the construction of the new US 82 and the expansion of US 45 to four lanes, the intersection of the original highways was a four way stop, because it was quite dangerous. Several bars and service stations lined the four sides of the original intersection, and were torn down when the new expressways were built over a period of several years between 1975 and 1995.


Add Analytics to Your Android App
This guide shows how to add Analytics to your Android app to measure user activity to named screens. If you don't have an application yet and just want to see how Analytics works, take a look at our sample application.
Required: Latest versions of:
Set up your project
Update your project's AndroidManifest.xml file to include the INTERNET and ACCESS_NETWORK_STATE permissions:

Add the following dependency to your project-level build.gradle:
dependencies {
 //...
 classpath ''
Add the following dependency on Google Play Services to app/build.gradle:
dependencies {
 //...
 compile ''
Create global_tracker.xml
Create the file app/src/res/xml/global_tracker.xml with the following content:
 ${YOUR_TRACKING_ID}
Replace ${YOUR_TRACKING_ID} with your tracking ID.
Add screen tracking
Here you'll send a named screen view to Analytics whenever the user opens or changes screens on your app. Your code should do the following:
 - Provide the shared tracker via an Application subclass.
 - Override the callback method for the foreground activity.
 - Provide a name for the screen and execute tracking.
You should subclass Application and provide a helper method that returns your application's tracker.
 * Copyright Google Inc. All Rights Reserved.
 * You may obtain a copy of the License at
 * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
 * limitations under the License.
 * This is a subclass of {_USER_ Application} used to provide shared objects for this app, such as
 * the {_USER_ Tracker}.
public class AnalyticsApplication extends Application {
 private static GoogleAnalytics sAnalytics;
 private static Tracker sTracker;
 public void onCreate() {
 sAnalytics = GoogleAnalytics.getInstance(this);
 * Gets the default {_USER_ Tracker} for this {_USER_ Application}.
 * _USER_ tracker
 synchronized public Tracker getDefaultTracker() {
 // To enable debug logging use: adb shell setprop log.tag.GAv4 DEBUG
 if (sTracker == null) {
 sTracker = sAnalytics.newTracker(R.xml.global_tracker);
 return sTracker;
Activity or fragment
Open the Activity that you'd like to track. You could also track a Fragment, but ensure that it correctly represents a screen view.
Override the onCreate method of the Activity or Fragment you want to track to obtain the shared Tracker instance:
// Obtain the shared Tracker instance.
AnalyticsApplication application = (AnalyticsApplication) getApplication();
mTracker = application.getDefaultTracker();
Override the appropriate method, such as onResume for an Activity or onPageSelected for a ViewPager to log when the screen changes.
Log.i(TAG, "Setting screen name: " + name);
mTracker.setScreenName("Image~" + name);
mTracker.send(new HitBuilders.ScreenViewBuilder().build());
Add tracking code to every Activity or Fragment that represents a screen. Be sure to set a name inside every Activity or Fragment if you want to differentiate between screen views for your app in Analytics. All activity recorded on the shared tracker sends the most recent screen name until replaced or cleared (set to null).
Send an event
To send an event, set the screen field values on the tracker, then send the hit. The following example uses the HitBuilders.EventBuilder to send an Event:
mTracker.send(new HitBuilders.EventBuilder()
Next steps


text:
(If you are interested in becoming a LeSS trainer (after reading all the below), please mail less_trainer AT less.works)
Who are LeSS-Friendly Scrum Trainers?
A LeSS-Friendly Scrum Trainer is a Scrum Trainer (CTC/CST/CEC/PST) whose Scrum courses are aligned with the LeSS concepts and introduces LeSS in their Scrum course. They are also able to teach the Certified LeSS Basics course, which is a one-day introduction to LeSS.
Becoming a LeSS-friendly Scrum trainer
If you are a LeSS-friendly Scrum trainer and want to list your courses here in the future, the criteria for that are:
- Have gone through two CLP courses (with different trainers), at least one with Bas or Craig
- Be a CST/CEC/CTC or PST or be a "Candidate LeSS Trainer"
- Have your Scrum training material reviewed. For CST, their CSM. For PST, their flipcharts/additional slides. For CTC/CEC, their Scrum training.
- Share your CLB material (if teaching CLB), and not using the standard variant
- Thoroughly read both the Scaling Agile and Iterative Development book and the Large-Scale Scrum book
- Have done the post-course CLP assessment at least once, and contributed a question to the assessment.
- Recommended but not mandatory at the moment: Co-train a CLB with an existing LeSS-Friendly Scrum Trainer
The trainer will need to register the participants at the end of the course.
What to expect from a LeSS-Friendly Scrum Training
Courses from LeSS-Friendly Scrum Trainers have been reviewed and as a participant you can expect that the course:
- is consistent with Scrum.
- clearly mark what is part of Scrum and what is not.
- is consistent with LeSS.
- clarify parts of Scrum that are slighly different in LeSS.
- introduces LeSS briefly.
Expectations towards LeSS-friendly Scrum trainer
We expect the LeSS-Friendly Scrum Trainers to:
- Add your course (e.g. the CLB course, etc) here at less.works, to show in our course listings.
- Upload Scrum and LeSS training participants at the end of the course
- For the CLB courses, pay the registration fee per participant, which is 50 USD
- Share their CLB training material within the LeSS-Friendly Trainer group so they can collaborate on improvements to the standard variants
- Be friendly!
(If you are interested in becoming a LeSS-friendly Scrum trainer (after reading all the above), please mail less_trainer AT less.works)

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


Definitions for
Overview of noun gratuity
The noun gratuity has 2 senses? (no senses from tagged texts)
1. gratuity, tip, pourboire, baksheesh, bakshish, bakshis, backsheesh
(a relatively small amount of money given for services rendered (as by a waiter))
2. gratuity
(an award (as for meritorious service) given without claim or obligation) © 2001-2013, Demand Media, all rights reserved. The database is based on Word Net a lexical database for the English language. see disclaimer
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text:
Water at the heart of science
From the Mediterranean basin to the valleys of the Andes, the exhibition "Water at the heart of science" presents some of the main French research projects in the field of water. Richly illustrated and educational, it leads to a better understanding of the role of research in the sustainable management of water, a vital resource that is essential to development.
The exhibition was prepared for the International Year of Water Cooperation 2013. It is co-produced by the Institut Français, the IRD (Institut de recherche pour le développement) and the Centre de Culture scientifique et technique de la région Centre. Premiered at UNESCO for the official launch of the International Year for Water Cooperation, it will be shown around the world throughout the year in the institutions of the French cultural network.
|Type of Event||Exhibition|
|Start||11.02.2013 08:00 local time|
|End||11.02.2013 17:00 local time|
|Date to be fixed||1|
|Focal point||Kavuma Lwanga, Barbara|
|Street||7, place de Fontenoy|
|Room||Foyer Room I|
|Permanent Delegation Contact||Permanent Delegation of the French Republic to UNESCO|
|Language of Event||English, French|
|Estimated number of participants|
|Link 1||Launch of the International Year of Water Cooperation 2013|


Environmental Design
Modificar el tamaño de letra:
"Bread is as important as the flower for the poor "
The quality of life in elderly person is closely related to their environment and affect. This environment includes adequate health care, closeness and security provided by family or friends and a means of stimulating an independent and integral development (Bernardin-Haldemann, 1993; Chaudhury, 2003, Hwang and Ziebarth, 2006).
Care environment and affective environment is basic in people with advanced dementia. "forever people" project provides a therapeutic proposal fitted to specific needs.


text:
My first project during my bachelor in Digital Design at Aarhus University.
We were given a task
Design a phone that can not use Apple's patents.
Find alternatives to:
- Swipe to answer or reject a phone call
- Rectangular shape with rounded corners
You should be able to:
- Answer and reject a phone up
- Lock and unlock screen
- Zoom in on an image and / or text
- And the phone must of course be practical ift pockets, bags, hands etc.
- You must choose at least two of the above four points in your answer.
The assignment must include:
- Examine how people operate their smartphone (it has to do with its interface)
- Examine how people take their smartphone with them (it has to do with its shape)
- Explore what problems people have had with the operation. It may have to do with the interface, with the shape or with a certain environment / conditions (rain, wind, cold, heat, bags in both hands on the bike etc)
Project made ogether with
Asger Bruun Hansen


text:
yet2 is supporting NASA in their search for strain sensor technologies and tech providers that can measure large strains and associated load data of parachute canopies during the period of deployment (while the parachute is actively being used during a jump/landing). NASA is seeking a variety of strain sensing and measurement technologies that (1) could be applied to soft/flexible fabric substrates, (2) can measure elongation of 10-40% (ideally more), and (3) do not interfere with the function and performance of the parachute. Only solutions that are commercially available or that could be supplied in the next several months are in-scope for this search.
Strain sensors must have the following characteristics:
- Capable of measuring strains up to 10% – 40% elongation
- Compatible with lightweight flexible / soft / woven / fabric substrates
- A small form factor (< 6×6 inches; smaller is preferred)
Additional Considerations and Future Capabilities include:
- Capable of measuring strain rates from 20%/s to greater than 100%/s.
- Does not induce stiffness or stress in the test substrate
- Accounts for temperature (and remains operational) in range between -90°F to 120°F
- Survive / operate in vacuum (but do not necessarily need to be flight/space rated)
- Minimal hysteresis and drift
- Sample rates up to 1 kHz
- Commercial "Off-the-Shelf" sensors preferred
- Sensors may be single-use or reusable
Know of a Relevant Technology and Company?
If you would like to submit an innovative technology and associated company to be considered by our client, NASA, for partnership, please contact Alex Roberts (_EMAIL_).
Related Tech Needs


text: A new method for selective surface functionalization of silicon with a silicon-nitrogen bonded (Si-N) monolayer and subsequent bioimmobilization is presented. The Si-N monolayer was studied using Xray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), fluorescence spectroscopy, and capacitance-voltage (C-V) measurements using an electrolyte insulator semiconductor (EIS) sensor. A symmetric ethylene diamine (EDA, C2H4 (NH2)(2)) molecule was used as a precursor compound for monolayer formation in an inert environment in the liquid phase. XPS results show the attachment of EDA molecules proceeds via dissociative and dative bond formation whereas free amine groups on the surface were used for further immobilization of biomolecules. SEM shows selective functionalization and bioimmobilization on a patterned surface such as a silicon nanowire on silicon oxide substrate. Biosensing experiments with bioimmobilized surfaces were carried out in aqueous buffer and show high sensitivity for biosensing. (C) 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.


How to Find the Best Studio Monitor Placement
Optimize your listening environment with proper studio monitor placement. This guide will help you find the best spot for your monitors and listening position.
Focal studio monitors and mixing desk
Photo by Focal
Why is Studio Monitor Placement Important?
Building an optimal listening environment is crucial. Proper studio monitor placement is essential for creating mixes that translate on different speaker systems. It also ensures you're hearing your music accurately. Conversely, incorrect studio monitor placement will cause problems in the frequency response of your room. A poor listening environment will also affect how you hear your music which leads to bad mix decisions.
This guide outlines five best practices to follow when setting up your studio monitors. However, these best practices may not work in every studio. But, these tips should provide a good starting point for setting up your listening environment.
1. Finding a Room's Sweet Spot
The first step is to pick the best position for your workstation and studio monitors. Here are some general guidelines:
Place Your Monitors Away from the Walls
Sound waves that bounce off walls and other surfaces can either cancel each other out or multiply. Phase cancellation and frequency buildup are serious problems! Place your monitors eight or more inches away from walls to reduce sound wave reflection issues.
Center Your Monitors and Listening Position
Center your monitors and listening position between the sidewalls to achieve a balanced stereo image. This position ensures equal frequency reflections. A listening position too far left or right will create a buildup of frequencies on that side. While the area further away will have a dip in the frequency response. These two issues will give you an unbalanced representation of your mix.
Also, if your room is small and narrow, try centering the monitors along the widest wall. This position reduces side wall reflections.
Avoid Sitting in the Exact Center of the Room
Placing your monitors and listening position in the center of the room creates various problems. For example, some frequencies that bounce to the center simultaneously can cancel each other out. It also creates a null that causes a dip in the bass response.
Keep Your Listening Position Away from Corners
Avoid placing your studio desk in a corner. Keeping your monitors away from corners will help prevent bass buildup. Low frequencies build up where two reflective surfaces meet. This problem affects how you perceive the low end of your mix.
Positioning Monitors in Large Rectangular Rooms
Consider positioning the monitors along the shorter wall if you have a large rectangular room. The further away your listening position is from the back wall, the better. This position allows sound waves that reflect off the rear wall time to dissipate before reaching you. However, place your monitors on the widest wall if your room is small and the shorter wall is narrow to reduce side wall reflections.
The 38 Percent Rule
Try the 38% rule. For example, if your room is 10 feet long, position your monitors 3.8 feet from the front wall. This distance is a good starting point when finding the sweet spot.
2. The Equilateral Triangle Position
Position your studio monitors to form an equilateral triangle with your listening position. This studio monitor placement will put you in the sweet spot and give you an accurate stereo image.
For example, your listening position should be five feet from the monitors if your monitors are five feet apart. Keeping an equal distance between your monitors and your head is the ideal position.
Also, aim the monitors toward your ears at a 60-degree angle for best results. This position ensures you hear high frequencies accurately.
3. Position Your Studio Monitors at Ear Level
Position the monitor tweeters at ear level. High-frequency content is more directional than low-frequency content. So, directing the tweeters at your ears will allow you to hear higher frequencies more accurately. You can also tilt monitors down to direct the tweeters towards your ears if they are too high.
4. Keep Your Studio Monitors Upright
For best sound reproduction, position the monitors vertically. Don't turn your monitors on their side unless the design allows it. Keeping monitors upright will also place you in the sweet spot and give you accurate sound reproduction.
Moreover, read the manual for your monitors. Some monitors can lay horizontal or vertical. Also, if you place your monitors on their side, position the tweeters toward the outside for best results.
5. Invest in Studio Monitor Stands
Placing monitors directly on your studio desk can cause several problems. For example, sound waves that reflect off your desk will not give you a clear and balanced stereo image. Monitors also transmit their vibrations to any surface they are resting on which could produce unwanted noise. Setting monitors on a desk may also place them below ear level, which is not ideal.
Studio monitor stands are an essential piece of studio equipment worth considering. There are a variety of studio monitor stands. Choose the type that best fits your needs. The three main types are:
Floor stands decouple your monitors from the surface. They allow you to place monitors behind your workstation on secure stands. They also isolate your monitors which prevents surface reflections and vibration.
Desk stands raise the monitors closer to ear level. They also help prevent reflections from interfering with your listening environment. Many are also cushioned to reduce surface vibration.
Isolation pads are foam or rubber stands that lift your monitors off the desk. They provide a cushion to reduce surface vibrations and reflections. Isolation pads are also the most cost-effective studio stand.
Calibrate Your Listening Environment
There is room correction software that measures and calibrates the frequency response of your monitoring. For example, Sonar Reference 4 uses a microphone to measure the frequency response of your room. It then creates an EQ curve that corrects any tonal imbalances. Monitoring through this custom curve will help you hear a more accurate representation of your mix. This method leads to better mixing decisions. It also makes it easier to achieve quality mixes that translate on different speakers.
Knowing the frequency response of your studio will also help you calibrate your monitors. Most studio monitors provide a set of controls on the back to adjust optimal settings.
There are exceptions to every rule. Use your ears to decide what the best studio monitor placement is for your room. Also, consider treating your studio with acoustic treatment. A combination of absorbers, diffusers, and bass traps will create an optimal listening environment.
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text:
The Trevelyon Miscellany: Embroidery
Word & Image:
The Trevelyon Miscellany of 1608
|on exhibit January 23 - May 22, 2004
Miscellany is probably best known today for its embroidery patterns,
which make up nearly one hundred pages of the volume.
is possible Thomas Trevelyon was a professional "drawer"
who outlined embroidery designs on fabric for others to fill in
with appropriate stitches. In addition to the obvious embroidery
patterns, almost any of Trevelyon's portraits and figural scenes
can be envisioned in pictorial needlework.
Miscellany contains twenty cap patterns in all,
the only patterns in the book explicitly intended for clothing.
Miscellany, fol. 266r
(Embroidery pattern for a cap)
Word and Image: The Trevelyon
Miscellany of 1608
Trevelyon: the man and his sources | History
and Religion |
and Calculations | Memento
Mori | Proverbs
| The Old
Testament | Lettering
| A Quest for Order
| Women | Astronomy
Exhibition Intro | Visiting
This page updated March 26, 2004


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Define $X_{n+1} = (aX_n + c) \bmod m$ where $a$ is chosen uniformly at random from $\{1,\dots, m-1\}$ and $c$ is chosen uniformly at random from $\{0,\dots, m-1\}$ and $m$ is a fixed prime. Take $X_0$ to be some arbitrary value from $\{0,\dots, m-1\}$. What is the mean cycle length?
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2 Answers 2
up vote 1 down vote accepted
$X_n = c/(1-a) + (X_0 - c/(1-a)) a^n \mod m$. The period is the order of $a$ mod $m$. For each $t$ dividing $m-1$, the number of $a$ with order $t$ is $\varphi(t)$. So the mean period is $$\frac{1}{m-1} \sum_{t | m-1} t \varphi(t)$$ See _URL_ for that sum.
EDIT: This doesn't count the case $a=1$ properly: there we have $X_n = X_0 + c n$ and the period is $m$ (unless $c=0$ in which case the period is $1$). So the mean period for the case $a=1$ is $m - 1 + 1/m$ instead of $1$, and the correct mean period is $$ \frac{m-1}{m} + \frac{1}{m-1} \sum_{t | m-1} t \varphi(t)$$ Thus for $m=7$, where $\sum_{t | 6} t \varphi(t) = 21$, the mean period is $\dfrac{6}{7} + \dfrac{21}{6} = \dfrac{61}{14}$.
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You must be doing something wrong. For $m=2$ there are just two cases: $a=1, c=0$ (period $1$) and $a=1,c=1$ (period $2$). So the mean period is $1.5$. You can't possibly have a period greater than $2$ when there are only two possible values. – Robert Israel Feb 6 '13 at 2:35
_URL_ has a complete enumeration of the $m=7$ case which gives the mean as exactly $4$. (The variable $b$ is the same as $c$ in the question.) Do you see why there is a discrepancy? – user59560 Feb 8 '13 at 19:18
Yes, the problem is that I was taking the period of the function as a whole, neglecting the fact that (for $a \ne 1$) there is a fixed point $X_0 = c/(1-a)$. Taking this into account, the end result is that the mean period is $$1 + \frac{1}{m} \sum_{t | m-1} t \varphi(t)$$ This agrees with your results: $3/2$ for $m=2$, $2$ for $m=3$, $3.2$ for $m=5$, $4$ for $m=7$. – Robert Israel Feb 8 '13 at 21:02
Perfect, thanks! – user59560 Feb 8 '13 at 21:29
it is not a mean, it is a fixed number. there are many papers on this field
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Your Answer


Scientists nose out clue to preserving books: their smell
The complex perfume of ageing books has been broken down into its component chemicals by research that could assist conservators
Dusty books
A little heavy on the vanilla, maybe?... Dusty books on a shell. Photograph: Getty
The dusty smell of old books is one of the joys of visiting secondhand bookshops, and now scientists, who have identified it as combining "grassy notes with a tang of acids and a hint of vanilla over an underlying mustiness", hope it can be used to help preserve valuable ageing titles.
Researcher Matija Strlic, from University College London's Centre for Sustainable Heritage, decided to investigate the smell of old books after spotting a book expert sniffing a title to assess its age. "I noticed a conservator once who was smelling paper to assess its quality – and having seen that and knowing that the analysis of food aroma is a routine analytical problem, I decided to look for correlations between paper composition and its smell. And it worked," he said.
His team investigated 72 books from the 19th and 20th centuries, pinning the smell down to the several hundred volatile organic compounds (VOCs) "off-gassing" from the paper as it ages. "The aroma of an old book is familiar to every user of a traditional library," they wrote. "A combination of grassy notes with a tang of acids and a hint of vanilla over an underlying mustiness, this unmistakable smell is as much part of the book as its contents."
Working in collaboration with curators from the National Archive in the Netherlands, they then identified the 15 most abundant VOCs, and used these to identify degradation markers which can be used to monitor the condition of ageing books by analysing the gasses they produce, without damaging the books themselves.
They hope the research will be used to help libraries and museums preserve their libraries. "There is more work needed to develop an application which would work outside the laboratory. However, we are optimistic," said Strlic.
The research, a joint project with partners from the UK, the Netherlands and Slovenia, was announced in the journal Analytical Chemistry.
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text: South German: 1. habitational name for someone from Oberor Unter-Fall near Triberg in the Black Forest. 2. topographical name for someone living by a waterfall or the site of a landslide, from Middle High German val 'fall', 'waterfall', 'landslide'. 3. in some cases it may derive from Falter, through assimilation of the consonants. 4. Scandinavian: unexplained.


Why Chinese Products Are Cheaper? [Complete Information]
Why Chinese Products Are Cheaper Image
Indian Markets have huge potential in terms of producing anything and everything, but we still rely on the Chinese Market for our basic needs, from a toy to a mobile phone. The Chinese producers have infiltrated the indigenous market and are able to sell the goods cheaper than the local producers. There ought to be a reason why Chinese products are cheaper?
Despite the huge costs involved in transportation through the sea route and high packaging costs and customs duty; Chinese manufacturers are able to squeeze in their products at prices that do not seem viable for their local counterparts. They even compete in items which are simple in nature and are easy to produce, like pencil boxes.
Why Chinese Products Are Cheaper Than Indian Products?
Going by the popular discussions, which emphasize on the fact that production cost in China is cheaper than others as the workers are available at low wages. We doubt the authenticity of the claim as many other countries like Vietnam, Bangladesh, Thailand; also pay their workers in a similar fashion. Yet their products are not that economical as one would perceive.
The fact that the Chinese goods have such an impact on the world and our local markets is really commendable on the part of the Chinese Government. With an exemplary implementation of well thought out strategies; they allowed their economy to be liberalized and supported foreign businesses and investors; which further strengthened the business environment in their county.
The administration has taken necessary steps in investing in the infrastructure of the country including roads, electricity availability, ports to enhance the overall productivity and create efficiency in their operations.
They have also taken initiatives towards setting up of Special Economic Zones (SEZs) and thereby attracting Foreign Direct Investment in their country.
Supporting and promoting global exports for the produce of China, the government consistently indulges in leveraging the currency exchange rates in the International market.
Some points answering the question as to why Chinese products are cheaper?
Economy of Scale
The Chinese Government has always focussed on producing goods on a large scale; which ultimately decreases the overall costs, thereby making the goods cheaper.
Exporting Globally
China believes in exporting their goods in the international markets. Their focus is to serve beyond their own country and thereby their target market is large as compared to our local Indian manufacturers; wherein the scope is restricted to the Indian markets. Since the quantum of production in our local markets is less, the overall cost is high; thereby increasing the price of the goods.
Huge investments in Infrastructure
China has always invested largely in the developments of the roads, transportations systems, supply chain networks; which makes the movement of raw material and the finished products simple and efficient and thereby reduces the cost and time involved. In a contrasting situation; India has still a long way to go and policies need to be implemented to boost the foster the industrial sector.
The same is the case in electricity generation. While electricity is available at cheaper rates with an uninterrupted supply in China; the scenario for the Indian market is, unfortunately, the opposite.
Productive Labour Force
Even though the wage rate in China has substantially improved over the years, the development of the labor force deserves a notable mention. They focus on providing their manpower with skill development programs from time to time, thus increasing productivity. Therefore, the workers are instilled with higher efficiency; thereby contributing to the high demand for Chinese products.
Reverse Engineering Processes
China saves big on Research and Development by not limiting itself. They believe in allowing the manufacturers to produce similar products without any intellectual property rights involved. They believe in copying the design and producing goods in huge quantities. There are claims that China usually imports, deconstructs, and carries out detailed studies of products from all over the world and make their own version.
Leveraging their currency
It is believed that China is involved in manipulating their currency value for their own benefit. Having not signed any WTO agreements, they are not liable to transparency in their transactions and intentionally keep their currency weak against the US Dollar thereby keeping competitive prices for exports.
It is also to be noted that they sometimes even export goods at a price lower than what they actually incur to take advantage of the benefits available.
Popularly known as dumping; this practice is causing harm to all the importing country's local producers who try to make ends meet and are ultimately forced to close down shop in lieu of such unhealthy competition. China has been indulging in such immoral activities for a long time now, despite many countries opposing it.
Summing up, we would like to say that, apart from these reasons, and many more; China is able to sell its product cheaper, and we are doing nothing about it. It is high time that the Indian government finds solutions to this unending competition in order to boost the economy and support the local manufacturers and vendors. India should carve a way towards self-sufficiency.
Do you agree with us? Let us know.
Where is the cheapest labour in the world?
The cheapest labour in the world is in Romania.
Why can't India manufacture cheaper products as compared to China?
It's because China has a great proportion of developed lands whereas in India 70% of people living in rural areas. Also, electricity availability is a major problem in India. Electricity is for a limited time, thus factories lay idle and do not produce goods during the time.
Which country is the largest producer of steel?
China is at No. 1 when it comes to the production of steel.
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text:
Author(s): Bhatt K, Roychoudhury A, Bhutia O, Pandey RM
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Abstract PURPOSE: Recurrence is a major concern in management of temporomandibular joint ankylosis. In this study functional outcomes of gap arthroplasty (group I) and temporalis myofascial interposition arthroplasty (group II) are compared. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Preoperative, intraoperative, and follow-up data were noted from our departmental database. Outcome variables were postoperative mouth opening, open bite, recurrence, and facial nerve dysfunction. The χ2 test, Fisher test, t test, 2-sample Wilcoxon rank sum test, and logistic regression analysis were used. RESULTS: Group I comprised 207 patients, and group II comprised 55 patients. The mean age was 12.9 years (SD, 7.0 years). There were 220 nonrecurrent and 42 recurrent cases. The mean follow-up period was 3.78 years (SD, 3.0 years). In first time-operated cases, the recurrence rate was 14.7\% in group I and 4.8\% in group II. In recurrent cases, the recurrence rate was 34.5\% and 30.8\%, respectively. The differences were statistically insignificant. CONCLUSIONS: In first-time operated temporomandibular joint ankylosis cases, both treatments are satisfactory in preventing recurrence, but the recurrence rate increases with previous recurrences. Copyright © 2014 American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
This article was published in J Oral Maxillofac Surg
and referenced in Journal of Arthritis


GRASS logo
r.mask - Creates a MASK for limiting raster operation.
raster, mask, null data, no-data
r.mask --help
r.mask [-ir] [raster=name] [maskcats=string] [vector=name] [layer=string] [cats=range] [where=sql_query] [--overwrite] [--help] [--verbose] [--quiet] [--ui]
Create inverse mask
Remove existing mask (overrides other options)
Allow output files to overwrite existing files
Print usage summary
Verbose module output
Quiet module output
Force launching GUI dialog
Name of raster map to use as mask
Raster values to use for mask
Format: 1 2 3 thru 7 *
Default: *
Name of vector map to use as mask
Or data source for direct OGR access
Layer number or name (vector)
Default: 1
Category values (vector)
Example: 1,3,7-9,13
WHERE conditions of SQL statement without 'where' keyword (vector)
Example: income < 1000 and population >= 10000
Table of contents
r.mask - Facilitates creation of a raster "MASK" map to control raster operations.
The MASK is only applied when reading an existing GRASS raster map, for example when used in a module as an input map. The MASK will block out certain areas of a raster map from analysis and/or display, by "hiding" them from sight of other GRASS modules. Data falling within the boundaries of the MASK can be modified and operated upon by other GRASS raster modules; data falling outside the MASK is treated as if it were NULL.
Because the MASK is actually only a reclass map named "MASK", it can be copied, renamed, removed, and used in analyses, just like other GRASS raster map layers. The user should be aware that a MASK remains in place until a user renames it to something other than "MASK", or removes it using "r.mask -r" or g.remove.
Grid cells in the MASK map containing 0 or NULL will replace data with NULL, while cells containing other values will allow data to pass through unaltered.
To restore raster operations to normal (i.e., all cells of the current region), remove the MASK file by setting the -r remove MASK flag. In this case, a dummy value must also be given for the input parameter. A MASK also can be removed by using g.remove or by renaming it to any other name with g.rename.
The above method for specifying a "mask" may seem counterintuitive. Areas inside the MASK are not hidden; areas outside the MASK will be ignored until the MASK file is removed.
The MASK is read as an integer map. If MASK is actually a floating-point map, the values will be converted to integers using the map's quantisation rules (this defaults to round-to-nearest, but can be changed with r.quant).
r.mask uses r.reclass to create a reclassification of an existing raster map and name it MASK. A reclass map takes up less space, but is affected by any changes to the underlying map from which it was created. The user can select category values from the input raster to use in the MASK with the maskcats parameter; if r.mask is run from the command line, the category values listed in maskcats must be quoted (see example below).
Somewhat similar program functions to those performed by r.mask can be done using r.mapcalc, g.region, and other commands.
The examples are based on the North Carolina sample dataset.
Create a raster mask, for contraining the calculation of univariate statistics of the elevation values for "lakes":
# set computation region to lakes raster map
g.region raster=lakes -p
# use lakes as MASK
r.mask raster=lakes
# get statistics for elevation pixels of lakes:
r.univar elevation
Remove the raster mask ("MASK" map) with the -r flag:
r.mask -r
Creating a mask from selected categories in the North Carolina 'geology_30m' raster map:
g.region raster=geology_30m -p
r.category geology_30m
d.mon wx0
d.rast geology_30m
r.mask raster=geology_30m maskcats="217 thru 720"
d.mon wx0
d.rast geology_30m
g.region, r.mapcalc, r.reclass, g.remove, g.rename
Michael Barton, Arizona State University
Available at: r.mask source code (history)
© 2003-2021 GRASS Development Team, GRASS GIS Reference Manual


text:
The Trevi fountain is at the ending part of the Aqua
Virgo, an aqueduct constructed in 19 BC. It brings water all the
way from the Salone Springs (approx 20km from Rome) and supplies
the fountains in the historic center of Rome with water
Construction of the Fountain In 1732, Pope Clement XII commissioned
Nicola Salvi to create a large fountain at the Trevi Square. A
previous undertaking to build the fountain after a design by
Bernini was halted a century earlier after the death of Pope Urban
VIII. Salvi based his theatrical masterpiece on this design.
Construction of the monumental baroque fountain was finally
completed in 1762.
The central figure of the fountain, in front of a large niche, is
Neptune, god of the sea. He is riding a chariot in the shape of a
shell, pulled by two sea horses. Each sea horse is guided by a
Triton. One of the horses is calm and obedient, the other one
restive. They symbolize the fluctuating moods of the sea.
On the left hand side of Neptune is a statue representing
Abundance, the statue on the right represents Salubrity. Above the
sculptures are bas-reliefs, one of them shows Agrippa, the girl
after whom the aqueduct was named.


text:
Blanket Purchase order ( Frame work Order)To Simply the procurement of Low-Value Consumables and to reduce the costs blanket purchase order (Framework Order)can be used.
For Example, office supplies such as Pen, Paper. Small repairs, Cleaning work, Courier Service etc..
The business example for blanket PO. Create the Blanket PO with limit and Validity period. Then communicate with the vendor and notify the requirements. When the goods is delivered,no GRN required in the system. Cross check the invoice received from the vendor with limit and validity period of the Blanket PO.
The Main Advantage of Blanket Purchase order are
- Valid for Longer period.
- There is no goods receipt or service entry
- It is not necessary to create PO items for individual Procurement transaction.
- Order type FO ( Framework Order)
- Item Category B( Limit)
- Additional or Multiple account assignment possible in Invoice verification.
- Check on validity period and limit in invoice verification.
1) Go to t-code : ME21N
2) Create the blanket purchase order. Select the Framework Order from order type and enter the validity start date and validity end date in Header ( Additional Data)
3) Specify the vendor details, purchasing group, purchase organization and company code in header tab
4) Enter the Overall Limit and Expected value. 5) Choose Save and make a note of the purchase order number
1) Go to t-code : MIRO
2) Enter the Invoice date, net amount, tax amount from the vendor invoice.
3) On PO reference tab page, Choose Purchase order/Scheduling Agreement and enter the purchase order number
4) Choose Acct Assignment-Cost center in the Layout.
5) In the line item choose Acct Assignment and enter the account assignment data
6) For Multiple Account assignment enter the following data.
7) Press the simulate button and post the invoice
Check the purchase order history from purchase order display t-code ME23N.
Blanket purchase order tolerance limit configuration
Tolerance for value limits and validity periods can also be configured in the system. If the invoice exceeds these tolerance limits it will be blocked.
Material Management > Logistic invoice Verification > Invoice Block > Set tolerance Limits
- Tolerance key LA is defined for Blanket PO Value
- Tolerance key LD is defined for Blanket PO Validity period


Download Article Download Article
Metal puzzles are a fun and challenging way to test your brain. But after hours of working through the same puzzle with no results, you may feel a little stumped! If you're desperate for a solution, a puzzle guide might be your best bet! The P-shaped, horseshoe ring, and double-M puzzle are among the most common metal puzzles—once you've mastered these 3 puzzles, you'll be ready to work through any puzzle design on your own!
Part 1 of 3:
Working Through a P-Shaped Puzzle
 1. 1
 Grab one end of each P-shaped ring with both of your hands. Hold the puzzle as evenly as possible to prevent twisting the puzzle the wrong way while you work. Align the puzzle horizontally before you begin twisting it, with both ends of the P-shaped rings facing outwards.[1]
 - The two Ps should make something resembling a "W" shape before you begin twisting them.
 2. 2
 Turn your left P-shaped ring down. Then, loop the right ring around the upper "P" loop of the left ring. Your two P-shaped rings should look stacked on top of each other and mirroring each other at the loops.[2]
 - The rings should resemble a heart shape at this stage.
 3. 3
 Pull the right ring from the top and through the left loop. As you string the right ring through the left loop, it should slide off once you reach the bottom end. Once the two rings are separated, you have completed the puzzle.[3]
 - Set them down somewhere you won't forget to prevent losing them.
 4. 4
 Slide one ring through the "P" loop of the other ring to reset the puzzle. To prevent losing either ring and to put the puzzle together again, insert one ring through the top loop of the other ring. Pull the first ring all the way through the second ring, then turn the second ring up to secure both in place.
Part 2 of 3:
Beating a Horseshoe Ring Puzzle
 1. 1
 Hold the ring up evenly in front of you. Align the ring as evenly and as tightly as you can. Avoid holding one end of the right higher or lower than the other to prevent the ring from twisting or tangling as you work on it.[4]
 2. 2
 Twist one horseshoe in a counterclockwise direction. Keep the metal ring in-between the two rings. Continue twisting it until the ring is tight between the two rings and you cannot twist the horseshoe any further.[5]
 3. 3
 Bend and align the two horseshoes. Push the two horseshoes together into the middle of the chain until it bends in half. Line up the horseshoes as evenly as possible, allowing the ring to fall to the bottom of the horseshoes.[6]
 4. 4
 Slide the ring up and off of the horseshoe. Grab hold of the metal ring and lift it up through 1 side of the horseshoes. If the horseshoes are aligned, the ring should come off without forcing it. Check the horseshoe alignment if your ring appears stuck or you cannot locate an opening at the top of the horseshoes.[7]
 5. 5
 Re-align the horseshoes to put the puzzle back together. When you're ready to put the puzzle together again, twist and bend the chain in half to align the horseshoes back together. Drop the ring through one end of the horseshoes, then fold the horseshoes back up and twist 1 horseshoe in the opposite direction to secure the ring.
Part 3 of 3:
Solving a Double M Puzzle
 1. 1
 Lift one double M ring above the other ring. Both double M rings have a large curve around the top of the ring. Position your rings so that 1 ring is facing with their curve up and the other is facing downward in the opposite direction.[8]
 - Because the pieces are identical, they should look like a reflection of each other.
 2. 2
 Turn the rings at a 90-degree angle. Lift the bottom ring up through the top ring's side, then tilt them sideways at a 90-degree angle. The two ring curves should still be facing in opposite directions.[9]
 3. 3
 Slide the bottom piece up through the top piece's curve. Keep the rings even and at the 90-degree angle to prevent twisting or complicating your puzzle. When you have reached the top, make the bottom ring aligned with the middle of the top ring's curve.[10]
 4. 4
 Lower the bottom ring through the middle of the top ring's "M." Turn both rings upright again and slide the bottom ring down through the top ring's "M." If you have aligned the rings correctly, it should go through the middle without twisting or catching.[11]
 5. 5
 Insert one ring through the other ring's "M" to put the puzzle together again. To attach the two rings together again, raise one ring through the middle of the other ring's "M." Then, twist the rings at a 90-degree angle and slide it over the top curve and to the bottom of the ring. This will secure the rings together for storage.
Community Q&A
Ask a Question
200 characters left
 - The double M, P-shaped, and horseshoe ring puzzle are just 3 of the most common metal puzzles. For more obscure designs, try watching YouTube tutorials on your specific puzzle.
 - Of these 3 common metal puzzles, the double M puzzle (sometimes called "The Devil Puzzle") is the most difficult.
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 About This Article
 wikiHow Staff
 Co-authored by:
 216 votes - 33%
 Co-authors: 3
 Updated: May 21, 2021
 Views: 116,851
 Article SummaryX
 To solve a P-shaped metal puzzle, start by grabbing 1 end of each P-shaped ring with both of your hands. Hold the puzzle evenly, making sure it doesn't twist. Once you have the rings steady, turn your left ring down so your rings look stacked on top of each other and resemble a heart shape. Next, pull the right ring from the top through the left loop. Once the 2 rings are separated, you have completed the puzzle. If you want to reset it, slide 1 ring through the P loop of the other ring. To learn how to beat a horseshoe ring puzzle, keep reading!
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 Thanks to all authors for creating a page that has been read 116,851 times.
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text:
The effects of process and outcome accountability on judgment process and performance
This article challenges the view that it is always better to hold decision makers accountable for their decision process rather than their decision outcomes. In three multiple-cue judgment studies, the authors show that process accountability, relative to outcome accountability, consistently improves judgment quality in relatively simple elemental tasks. However, this performance advantage of process accountability does not generalize to more complex configural tasks. This is because process accountability improves an analytical process based on cue abstraction, while it does not change a holistic process based on exemplar memory. Cue abstraction is only effective in elemental tasks (in which outcomes are a linear additive combination of cues) but not in configural tasks (in which outcomes depend on interactions between the cues). In addition, Studies 2 and 3 show that the extent to which process and outcome accountability affect judgment quality depends on individual differences in analytical intelligence and rational thinking style.
|Keywords||Raven matrices, analytical intelligence, cue abstraction, dual-process models, epistemic motivation, exemplar memory, multiple-cue judgment, outcome accountability, process accountbility, rational–experiential inventory|
|Persistent URL||_URL_.1016/j.obhdp.2011.02.003, _URL_|
de Langhe, B, van Osselaer, S.M.J, & Wierenga, B. (2011). The effects of process and outcome accountability on judgment process and performance. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 115(2), 238–252. doi:10.1016/j.obhdp.2011.02.003


text: Explore the ancient land of Nippon. Build a railroad empire in the land of the rising sun. Use your initial investment to build track. Then pick up commodities where they are grown, mined, or manufactured and deliver them to a lucrative place of demand. Complete a delivery and make the money you need to buy larger, faster trains, and expand your railroad empire. Win the game by building the most effective railroad empire. With the countless variations of play provided, Nippon Rails provides a challenging region for the creation of your network. Obstacles are rival tracks and Japan's great mountains, channels, and rivers and restrictive coastline. Capture the can-do spirit of Japan and build an empire. Whether you share Nippon Rails as an evening with friends or as a rainy day activity with your family, you'll always find it captivating. After enjoying this great game, you can explore one of the many other award-winning Empire Builder games, including titles as diverse as China Rails, Australian Rails, and Martian Rails. Nippon Rails is geographically accurate. The game depicts Japan's rivers, plains, and mountains, as well as its natural resources. It's a great way to learn about the geography, business, shipping, and transportation of Japan while having loads of fun with friends or family.


Chain of Responsibility Pattern in Java
Chain of Responsibility Pattern is a Behavioral Pattern in which, a Request is sent through a chain of handling Objects without knowing which Object will handle it. With Chain of Responsibility Pattern, we can avoid coupling the Sender of a request to received Objects and create a processing sequence automatically based on type of request.
Chain of Responsibility Pattern defines a set of Handlers that receive request from Sender. Each Handler processes it if possible or pass to another Handler, or does both: process and pass it on.
This is a simple diagram of the Pattern:
– We have an Abstract Handler class that contains inner Successor and handle method for processing Request and pass it to another Successor.
– All Handlers extend Abstract Handler class. Each Handler sets its own Successor (the next Handler).
– Client just gives Request for the first Handler to process, next Handler will handle Request automatically anytime it receives.
1. Project Overview
The customer has a problem with a specific level of difficulty. We have 3 people with different standards: Regular Developer, Senior and Expert. Depending on the problem level, we choose person to give customer advice. So we pass problem (level) to Regular Developer first, if he is not qualified enough to solve the problem (his level is not equal problem level), he will pass the problem to people who has higher standard, and so on.
2. Step by Step
2.1- Create AbstractConsultant class:
package com.javasampleapproach.chainofresponsibility.pattern;
public abstract class AbstractConsultant {
 protected int level;
 protected AbstractConsultant nextConsultant;
 public void setNextConsultant(AbstractConsultant nextConsultant) {
 this.nextConsultant = nextConsultant;
 public void giveAdvice(int level) {
 if (this.level >= level) {
 } else {
 abstract protected void advise(int level);
2.2- Create ProblemLevel enum:
package com.javasampleapproach.chainofresponsibility.pattern;
public enum ProblemLevel {
 private int value;
 private ProblemLevel(int value) {
 this.value = value;
 public int value() {
 return value;
2.3- Create some Handlers class that extend AbstractConsultant class:
RegularDeveloper can give advice for problem level up to 2, Senior is up to 5, and Expert is up to 7.
package com.javasampleapproach.chainofresponsibility.pattern;
public class RegularDeveloper extends AbstractConsultant {
 public RegularDeveloper() {
 this.level = 2;
 protected void advise(int level) {
 System.out.println("RegularDeveloper helps to solve problem level " + level);
package com.javasampleapproach.chainofresponsibility.pattern;
public class Senior extends AbstractConsultant {
 public Senior() {
 this.level = 5;
 protected void advise(int level) {
 System.out.println("Senior helps to solve problem level " + level);
package com.javasampleapproach.chainofresponsibility.pattern;
public class Expert extends AbstractConsultant {
 public Expert() {
 this.level = 7;
 protected void advise(int level) {
 System.out.println("Expert helps to solve problem level " + level);
2.4- Create Client Test Class:
package com.javasampleapproach.chainofresponsibility;
import com.javasampleapproach.chainofresponsibility.pattern.AbstractConsultant;
import com.javasampleapproach.chainofresponsibility.pattern.Expert;
import com.javasampleapproach.chainofresponsibility.pattern.ProblemLevel;
import com.javasampleapproach.chainofresponsibility.pattern.RegularDeveloper;
import com.javasampleapproach.chainofresponsibility.pattern.Senior;
public class MainApp {
 public static void main(String[] args) {
 AbstractConsultant developer = new RegularDeveloper();
 AbstractConsultant senior = new Senior();
 AbstractConsultant expert = new Expert();
 System.out.println("--- ProblemLevel = NORMAL ---");
 ProblemLevel difficultLevel = ProblemLevel.NORMAL;
 System.out.println("--- ProblemLevel = DIFFICULT ---");
 difficultLevel = ProblemLevel.DIFFICULT;
 System.out.println("--- ProblemLevel = INSANE ---");
 difficultLevel = ProblemLevel.INSANE;
2.5- Run the code, the console window shows:
--- ProblemLevel = NORMAL ---
RegularDeveloper helps to solve problem level 2
--- ProblemLevel = DIFFICULT ---
Senior helps to solve problem level 4
--- ProblemLevel = INSANE ---
Expert helps to solve problem level 7
By grokonez | March 19, 2017.
Last updated on May 10, 2021.
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text:
Who made this product: Basha
The founder of Basha knew she had to do something when she met women living on train stations in Bangladesh, selling their bodies to survive. Today, Basha is part of a long-term programme whereby women can leave the sex industry and access education, medical support, counselling, and finally employment making beautiful jewellery which is sold all over the world. Each purchase of Basha jewellery means you're supporting a woman in Bangladesh who now has an alternative source of income to the trauma and degradation of working in the sex industry. In the Bengali language, 'basha' means house and 'asha' means hope. Committed to Fair Trade principles, they are truly building a 'house of hope' for women – many of them mothers - escaping trafficking and sex work.


text:
Two day Historical GIS Workshop
Computers are a necessary tool for all types of historians. They facilitate access to sources via digital archives, help manage large quantities of documents, and influence our interpretation. Despite these timeand cost-saving benefits, the growth of computing technologies also challenges the pedigree of the historian. Often the historian is required to gain intermediate or even expert knowledge in a particular type of software in order to carry out his or her analysis. Computer skills are also increasingly important in teaching and communicating with students. This is an area seldom taught during the historian's formal training.
We are currently seeking funding to hold a two day "crash course" in historical GIS. The workshop is tentatively schedualled for July 24th and 25th and it will take place in Toronto.
Marcel Fortin, GIS and Map Librarian at the University of Toronto, will offer hands-on training to a group of interested historians.
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text:
This paper investigates the use and extension of text retrieval and clustering techniques for event detection. The task is to automatically detect novel events from a temporally-ordered stream of news stories, either retrospectively or as the stories arrive. We applied hierarchical and non-hierarchical document clustering algorithms to a corpus of 15,836 stories, focusing on the exploitation of both content and temporal information. We found the resulting cluster hierarchies highly informative for retrospective detection of previously unidentified events, effectively supporting both query-free and query-driven retrieval. We also found that temporal distribution patterns of document clusters provide useful information for improvement in both retrospective detection and on-line detection of novel events. In an evaluation using manually labelled events to judge the system-detected events, we obtained a result of 82% in the Fl measure for retrospective detection, and a Fl value of 42% for on-line detection.
Available at: _URL_


Dynamic Kubelet Configuration
Dynamic Kubelet Configuration
Author: Michael Taufen (Google)
Why Dynamic Kubelet Configuration?
Kubernetes provides API-centric tooling that significantly improves workflows for managing applications and infrastructure. Most Kubernetes installations, however, run the Kubelet as a native process on each host, outside the scope of standard Kubernetes APIs.
In the past, this meant that cluster administrators and service providers could not rely on Kubernetes APIs to reconfigure Kubelets in a live cluster. In practice, this required operators to either ssh into machines to perform manual reconfigurations, use third-party configuration management automation tools, or create new VMs with the desired configuration already installed, then migrate work to the new machines. These approaches are environment-specific and can be expensive.
Dynamic Kubelet configuration gives cluster administrators and service providers the ability to reconfigure Kubelets in a live cluster via Kubernetes APIs.
What is Dynamic Kubelet Configuration?
Kubernetes v1.10 made it possible to configure the Kubelet via a beta config file API. Kubernetes already provides the ConfigMap abstraction for storing arbitrary file data in the API server.
Dynamic Kubelet configuration extends the Node object so that a Node can refer to a ConfigMap that contains the same type of config file. When a Node is updated to refer to a new ConfigMap, the associated Kubelet will attempt to use the new configuration.
How does it work?
Dynamic Kubelet configuration provides the following core features:
 - Kubelet attempts to use the dynamically assigned configuration.
 - Kubelet "checkpoints" configuration to local disk, enabling restarts without API server access.
 - Kubelet reports assigned, active, and last-known-good configuration sources in the Node status.
 - When invalid configuration is dynamically assigned, Kubelet automatically falls back to a last-known-good configuration and reports errors in the Node status.
To use the dynamic Kubelet configuration feature, a cluster administrator or service provider will first post a ConfigMap containing the desired configuration, then set each Node.Spec.ConfigSource.ConfigMap reference to refer to the new ConfigMap. Operators can update these references at their preferred rate, giving them the ability to perform controlled rollouts of new configurations.
Each Kubelet watches its associated Node object for changes. When the Node.Spec.ConfigSource.ConfigMap reference is updated, the Kubelet will "checkpoint" the new ConfigMap by writing the files it contains to local disk. The Kubelet will then exit, and the OS-level process manager will restart it. Note that if the Node.Spec.ConfigSource.ConfigMap reference is not set, the Kubelet uses the set of flags and config files local to the machine it is running on.
Once restarted, the Kubelet will attempt to use the configuration from the new checkpoint. If the new configuration passes the Kubelet's internal validation, the Kubelet will update Node.Status.Config to reflect that it is using the new configuration. If the new configuration is invalid, the Kubelet will fall back to its last-known-good configuration and report an error in Node.Status.Config.
Note that the default last-known-good configuration is the combination of Kubelet command-line flags with the Kubelet's local configuration file. Command-line flags that overlap with the config file always take precedence over both the local configuration file and dynamic configurations, for backwards-compatibility.
See the following diagram for a high-level overview of a configuration update for a single Node:
How can I learn more?
Please see the official tutorial at /docs/tasks/administer-cluster/reconfigure-kubelet/, which contains more in-depth details on user workflow, how a configuration becomes "last-known-good," how the Kubelet "checkpoints" config, and possible failure modes.


text:
عکاسی های عظیم از شوک لیزری موازی: شبیه سازی، تجزیه و تحلیل، و اعتبار
|کد مقاله||سال انتشار||مقاله انگلیسی||ترجمه فارسی||تعداد کلمات|
|10504||2008||10 صفحه PDF||سفارش دهید||محاسبه نشده|
Publisher : Elsevier - Science Direct (الزویر - ساینس دایرکت)
Journal : International Journal of Fatigue, Volume 30, Issue 1, January 2008, Pages 188–197
Laser shock peening (LSP) is a transient process with laser pulse duration time on the order of 10 ns, real time in situ measurement of laser/material interaction is very challenging. LSP is usually performed in a massively parallel mode to induce uniform compressive residual stress across the entire surface of the workpiece. The purpose of this paper is to investigate the effects of parallel multiple laser/material interactions on the stress/strain distributions during LSP of AISI 52100 steel. FEA simulations of LSP in single and multiple passes were performed with the developed spatial and temporal shock pressure model via a subroutine. The simulated residual stresses agree with the measured data in nature and trend, while magnitude can be influenced by the interactions between neighboring peening zones and the locations of residual stress measurement. A design-of-experiment (DOE) based simulation of massive parallel LSP were also performed to determine the effects of laser intensity, laser spot size, and peening spacing on stresses and strains. Increasing the laser intensity increases both the stress magnitude and affected depth. The use of smaller laser spot sizes decreases the largest magnitude of residual stress and also decreases the depth affected by LSP. Larger spot sizes have less energy attenuation and cause more plastic deformation. Spacing between peening zones is critical for the uniformity of mechanical properties across the surface. The greatest uniformity and largest stress magnitudes are achieved by overlapping of the laser spots.
Laser shock peening (LSP) is a surface treatment process designed to improve the mechanical properties and fatigue performance of materials. LSP is primarily conducted on metallic components. The principle of LSP is to use a high intensity laser and suitable overlays to generate high pressure shock waves on the surface of the workpiece. An increase in fatigue strength is accomplished by the creation of large magnitudes of compressive residual stresses and increased hardness which develop in the subsurface. The maximum compressive residual stress is often formed at the surface of the workpiece and decreases in magnitude with increasing depth below the surface. The transient shock waves can also induce microstructure changes near the surface and cause high density of dislocations to be formed. The combined effect of the microstructure changes and dislocation entanglement contribute to an increase in the mechanical properties in the near surface. It has been shown by previous research,,,,,, and that improved fatigue life of metallic components such as bearings, gears, shafts, etc. can be accomplished by inducing compressive residual stress and work hardening in the subsurface. The compressive residual stresses also improve resistance to corrosion fatigue. An advantage of LSP is that the magnitude of affected depth is very deep as compared with other surface processes such as conventional shot peening. In the case of rolling contact such as bearings, the residual impressions from the LSP can also improve fatigue life by acting as reservoirs for lubricant. During LSP (Fig. 1), the surface of the test specimen is usually first coated with a thin layer of material such as black paint which is opaque to the laser beam. This opaque layer acts as sacrificial material and is converted to high pressure plasma as it absorbs energy from a high intensity laser (1–10 GW/cm2) for very short time durations (<50 ns). If the specimen surface is also submerged in a transparent media such as water, the rapidly expanding plasma cannot escape and the resulting shock wave is transmitted into the specimen subsurface. These shock waves can be much larger than the dynamic yield strength of the material (>1 GPa) and cause plastic deformation to the surface and compressive residual stresses which can extend to a deep depth in the subsurface. Due to the high strains/strain rates that the material undergoes, there can also be significant microstructure changes thus causing the mechanical properties such as hardness, tensile strength, and fatigue strength to be improved. Because thermal rise in the specimen is nearly eliminated by the water overlay, LSP is a primarily a mechanical process. In order to make the improved material properties more uniform, massive LSP zones must be created. It may also be advantageous to perform multiple LSP passes in order to create larger magnitudes of residual stress and hardness. Previous LSP simulations have focused on a single laser peened zone. While these simulations are valuable for obtaining insight of the physical process by which the shock wave is propagated through the specimen, they may not accurately reflect the real process of LSP. In actual applications, multiple locations of the workpiece are usually shock peened in a massive parallel mode to accomplish uniform surface properties across the entire specimen surface. Single LSP simulation is only applicable to cases where the spacing between consecutive peening zones is sufficiently large. If the LSP zones are denser, the interaction between consecutive peened zones will become a significant factor for estimation of LSP affected depth, residual stresses, surface properties, and surface profiles. The objective of this research is to create a 3D finite element model to reveal the interactions between massive parallel laser shock peening of AISI 52100 steel. This will be accomplished in two steps. The first is to perform a simulation which can be compared to the experimental residual stress data. A user subroutine has been created, for the first time, to model massive parallel laser shock pressure as a function of time and space. After this benchmark simulation was completed, a design-of-experiment (DOE) based sensitivity analysis was performed to test the effects of laser intensity, laser spot size, and peening spacing on stresses and strains. This work sheds light on the complex interactions of massive parallel LSP to enable LSP process parameters to be properly selected to achieve optimal surface integrity. The effects of laser intensity, laser spot size, and peening spacing are critical to surface integrity characteristics such as residual stress, microstructure, and surface quality.
نتیجه گیری انگلیسی
FEA simulations of LSP in single and multiple passes were preformed to compare with the measured residual stress data. A DOE based FEA simulations of massive parallel LSP were also performed to determine the effects of laser intensity, laser spot size, and peening spacing on the stress and strain distribution across the top surface and in the subsurface. The results can be summarized by the following statements: • A massive parallel LSP simulation with spatial and temporal shock wave pressure has been developed and the simulated residual stresses agree with the measured data in trend, but differ in magnitude. The interactions between adjacent peening zones are significant to the resultant surface integrity. • Increasing the laser intensity increases both the stress magnitude and affected depth. • Use of smaller laser spot sizes decreases the largest magnitude of residual stress and also decreases the depth affected by LSP. Larger spot sizes have less energy attenuation and cause more plastic deformation. • Spacing between peening zones is critical for the uniformity of mechanical properties across the surface. The greatest uniformity and largest stress magnitudes are achieved by overlapping of the laser spots.


Old School
*Since 2021*
Welcome to Old School CAFÉ
Literally: Old \' ōld, 'ōl\ 1. dating from the remote past, advanced in years or age AND School \'skül \ 1. an institution for the teaching of children.
The building at 196 N Main St was built around 1870 as an early primary school, School #1, for the Naples village children. It has served many purposes since that time, including library, office, retail, residence…Our intent was to restore the Old School vibe, celebrating its earliest history with original photos and classroom artifacts, both reproduced and authentic!
Merriam-Webster: Old School \'ol(d)-,skül\ 1. adhering to traditional policies or practices 2. evocative or characteristic of an earlier or original style, manner, or form
Urban Dictionary: Old-school 1. anything that refers to a previous generation; back in the day. 2. the way things used to be done; classic
Best Will Ferrel movie EVER! Just kidding…Old School today is a pop-culture phrase meaning something done in ways of the past, and thus given credibility, or highly regarded or respected. We make old school espresso, homespun baked goods, classic cocktails and cooked to order food that focuses on superior ingredients and traditional methods. What's an immersion circulator? Who cares – we don't use one!
café or ca•fe [ ka-fey, kuhor French ka-fey ]
noun, plural ca•fés [ka-feyz, kuhor, especially for 2, French ka-fey]
a small, unpretentious restaurant, often with exterior seating on a patio or extending onto the sidewalk.
Good food is the foundation of genuine happiness.
- Auguste Escoffier
Why Old School?
In the modern culinary world, the dining experience has evolved in many ways. Our goal is to return to a meal that is reminiscent, familiar and accessible. Food everyone understands, in an atmosphere where everyone feels welcome…
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text:
Did San Luis Obispo produce any goods? Were they well-known for producing anything?
Did San Luis Obispo produce any goods? Were they well-known for producing anything? I'm working on a Mission report and I can't find any literature on
The primary products produced by the missions were cow hides and tallow. The cow hides were also known as Yankee dollars, because they were traded for manufactured goods brought by ships which were mostly from Boston. San Luis Obispo was also famous for being the first mission to make roofing tiles, which the other missions soon copied.
As of 1832, the last year for which records were kept, San Luis Obispo had a herd of 2.500 cattle and 5,432 sheep. San Luis Obispo also had large agricultural fields under cultivation.


Scrubbing Sensitive Data
As with any third-party service it's important to understand what data is being sent to Sentry, and where relevant ensure sensitive data either never reaches the Sentry servers, or at the very least it doesn't get stored.
These are some great examples for data scrubbing that every company should think about:
 - PII (Personally Identifiable Information) such as a user's name or email address, which post-GDPR should be on every company's mind.
 - Authentication credentials, like your AWS password or key.
 - Confidential IP (Intellectual Property), such as your favorite color, or your upcoming plans for world domination.
We offer the following options depending on your legal and operational needs:
 - filtering or scrubbing sensitive data within the SDK, so that data is not sent to Sentry. Different SDKs have different capabilities, and configuration changes require a redeployment of your application.
 - configuring server-side scrubbing to ensure Sentry does not store data. Configuration changes are done in the Sentry UI and apply immediately for new events.
 - running a local Relay on your own server between the SDK and Sentry, so that data is not sent to Sentry while configuration can still be applied without deploying.
Personally Identifiable Information (PII)
Our newer SDKs do not purposefully send PII to stay on the safe side. This behavior is controlled by an option called send-default-pii.
Turning this option on is required for certain features in Sentry to work, but also means you will need to be even more careful about what data is being sent to Sentry (using the options below).
If you do not wish to use the default PII behavior, you can also choose to identify users in a more controlled manner, using our user identity context.
Scrubbing Data
SDKs provide a before-send hook, which is invoked before an event is sent and can be used to modify event data to remove sensitive information. Using before-send in the SDKs to scrub any data before it is sent is the recommended scrubbing approach, so sensitive data never leaves the local environment.
In Python a function can be used to modify the event or return a completely new one. If you return None, the event will be discarded.
import sentry_sdk
def strip_sensitive_data(event, hint):
 # modify event here
 return event
There's a few areas you should consider that sensitive data may appear:
 - Stack-locals → some SDKs (Python + PHP), will pick up variable values within the stacktrace. This can be scrubbed or disabled altogether, if necessary
 - Breadcrumbs → some SDKs (for example, JavaScript, Java logging integrations) will pick up previously executed log statements. Do not log PII if using this feature and including log statements as breadcrumbs in the event. Some backend SDKs will surface DB queries which may need to be scrubbed
 - User context → automated behavior is controlled via send-default-pii
 - HTTP context → query strings may be picked up in some frameworks as part of the HTTP request context
For more details, see Filtering Events.
Contextual information
Instead of sending confidential information in plaintext, considering hashing it:
Sentry.setTag("birthday", checksumOrHash("08/12/1990"));
This will allow you to correlate it within internal systems if needed, but keep it confidential from Sentry.
User details
Your organization may determine that emails are not considered confidential, but if they are, consider instead sending your internal identifier:
Sentry.setUser({ id: });
// or
Sentry.setUser({ username: user.username });
Doing this will ensure you still benefit from user-impact related features.
Logging integrations
As a best practice you should always avoid logging confidential information. If you have legacy systems you need to work around, consider the following:
 - Anonymize the confidential information within the log statements (for example, swap out email addresses -> for internal identifiers)
 - Use beforeBreadcrumb to filter it out from breadcrumbs before it is attached
 - Disable logging breadcrumb integration (for example, as described here)
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I have a trivial question, but I hope that you don't mind helping. I often get confused with basic definitions.
Let F be a p-adic field. Then (from what I understand) $C_c^{\infty}(F)$ is the set of functions $f: F \to \mathbb{C}$ such that $f$ is locally constant and $f$ has compact support. Is the locally constant part the same as smooth or continuous (the $\infty$)? What exactly does smooth mean in this case?
Thanks, Tom
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In the $p$-adic setting, smooth = locally constant. This is not the same as continuous. – Kevin Ventullo May 7 '11 at 23:27
If $F$ is a local field, then there is a continuous surjective map from $F$ to the Cantor set, but such a map can't be smooth. – S. Carnahan May 8 '11 at 1:51
4 Answers 4
up vote 8 down vote accepted
A function $f : F \to \mathbb{C}$ is said to be smooth provided that $f$ is invariant under translation by some open subgroup of $F$ (hence by some compact open subgroup). Notice that when $f$ has compact support, this is equivalent to requiring that $f$ be locally constant. I don't have time to cook up a counterexample at the moment (nor do I have one readily available, which I suppose is a problem), but without the compact support assumption this is definitely a stronger condition than locally constant.
More generally, if $\pi : F \to GL(V)$ is a complex representation of the additive (topological) group of $F$, a vector $v \in V$ is called smooth provided that there exists an open subgroup of $F$ which fixes $v$. Taking $V$ to be the space of all functions $f : F \to \mathbb{C}$ with the action of $F$ given by translations, one arrives at the definition above.
This is relevant when, for example, one studies induced representations of $p$-adic groups.
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Yes, you're right about the distinction between invariant by an open subset and locally constant. Sorry for my mistake. – Joël Cohen May 8 '11 at 4:23
Justin, for a locally constant but not uniformly locally constant function, just consider a sum of characteristic functions of balls with radii tending to 0, and centres wandering around (i.e., no cluster points). – L Spice May 8 '11 at 18:06
_USER_ Spice: Yes, I was picturing something like this but didn't want to trust my intuition in this non-Archimedean setting... – Justin Campbell May 8 '11 at 21:22
Actually I was rather sloppy: "wandering around" doesn't suggest the need to go very far, but the local compactness of $\mathbb Q_p$ means that I should have said that we were considering balls with centres tending to $\infty$. (I have at least avoided referring to the centre of a ball, that being an eminently Archimedean concept.) – L Spice May 9 '11 at 2:21
Smooth in this setting by definition means locally constant.
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So if differentiable means that $f'(x)$ exists, does it imply that infinitely differentiable = locally constant? – Ho Chung Siu May 8 '11 at 3:26
Actually, f′(x) does not make much sense since $f(x) \in \mathbb{C}$ and $x \in \mathbb{Q}_p$. – Joël Cohen May 8 '11 at 4:14
Yes :
smooth + compactly supported = locally constant + compactly supported
In this context, smooth means continuous with regards to the discrete topology on $\mathbb{C}$, meaning we just look at the algebraic structure of $\mathbb{C}$ (and we could just as well use $\overline{\mathbb{Q}}$ instead). This is why smooth representations are sometimes also called algebraic in old litterature.
And as to why this is denoted $\mathcal{C}^{\infty}$, the only plausible explanation I could think of is an analogy with the case of real groups. I'd be glad if someone could provide an explanation.
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To acquire some sense of differential calculus over fields other than the standard real or complex (topological) fields, one might start by getting acquainted with this paper or other similar contributions of the same authors. Every topological field can be considered as a "topologized" module over the discrete topological ring $\mathbb Z$. So it is meaningfull to speak of differentiability and smoothness of maps between any topological fields in the BGN−sense. However, then the important determination axiom (see iii, p. 8 in the referred paper) is not satisfied, and so there need not be any uniquely determined derivatives.
The basic definition goes as follows. Consider a map $f:E\supseteq U\to F$ where $E,F$ are topologized modules over the topological ring $\boldsymbol R$ and $U$ is open in $E$. Writing $g^{[0]}=f$ and $U^{[0]}=U$ and $E^{[0]}=E$, recursively define $U^{[i+1]}=(U^{[i]})^{[1]}$ where $V^{[1]}=\{(w,z,t):w,w+tz\in V\}$, and $E^{[i+1]}=(E^{[i]})^{[1]}$ where $G^{[1]}=G\times G\times\boldsymbol R$ and the operation "$\times$" refers to the particular topologized module product inherent in the BGN−axioms. Then $f$ is smooth if there exists a sequence $g^{[i]}:E^{[i]}\supseteq U^{[i]}\to F$ of maps satisfying the property that $g^{[i]}(w+tz)=g^{[i]}(w)+tg^{[i+1]}(w,z,t)$ holds for $(w,z,t)\in U^{[i+1]}$. The maps $g^{[i]}$ need not be unique when the determination axiom is not satisfied.
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But the point here is that $\mathbb{C}$ is not an $F$-algebra. So there's no calculus involved when studying smooth complex (or $l$-adic) representations of a $p$-adic group. Now when you're interested in $p$-adic representations of $p$-adic groups, that a whole different story (and your paper is indeed useful for that case). – Joël Cohen May 8 '11 at 12:46
"So there's no calculus involved when studying smooth complex (or $l$-adic) representations of a $p$-adic group." Why then use such misleading phrases as $C^\infty$, "smooth"? You already referred to this in you answer. $C^\infty$ and "smooth" in the sense of some kind of differentiability are meaningfull only when basically speaking of a map $f:X\supseteq U\to Y$ where $X,Y$ are (topological or otherwise suitably structured) modules over the same (structured) ring, or more specifically, a field. – TaQ May 8 '11 at 17:56
TaQ: The word "smooth" does not mean anything about differentiability in the context of functions from p-adic fields to the complex numbers. Why use such a misleading term? The functions one cares about in the classical setting (complex domain, complex codomain) are genuinely smooth, so we simply adopt the word smooth to refer to the relevant class of functions in the new setting (p-adic domain, complex codomain) even though it really is not as calculus-like as you might wish. As von Neumann would say, you just get used to it. – KConrad May 8 '11 at 23:31
I edited my answer to explain that it is meaningfull to speak of differentiability of maps between $p$-adic and the complex field. (Unfortunately, the latex server did not manage to do its job properly although I checked that the code is correct!) So the language "one is used to" really is confusing. – TaQ May 9 '11 at 7:55
TaQ: where has the notion of differentiability of maps from Q_p to C which you are advertising been used in applications (i.e., not in papers just about definitions)? Continuous homomorphisms from the additive group Q_p to C* are locally constant, and this illustrates why continuous locally constant functions are the basic functions of interest from p-adic domains to archimedean domains. Look at Tate's thesis for a nontrivial application of these concepts. You're not going to get people to change terminology at this point. – KConrad May 9 '11 at 12:47
Your Answer


misa = Mass feminine noun
feminine noun
English Translation of MISA
Examples of MISA
 vamos a misa todos los domingos we go to mass every Sunday dijeron/celebraron misa en la catedral they said/celebrated mass in the cathedral los niños estaban como en misa the children were really quiet ¡por mí, que digan misa! let them say what they like! lo que yo diga va a misa what I say goes
Seen & Heard
What made you want to look up misa? Please tell us where you read or heard it (including the quote, if possible).
Spanish Word of the Day


text:
Turning a New Page
by Pat Campbell
Turning a New Page is a research-based program that was implemented
in the Westmorland Institution in Dorchester, New Brunswick in June
2000. It is an innovative program that develops comprehension, fluency,
vocabulary, and self-esteem among prison inmates. Prior to 2000, the
inmates had resisted explicit literacy instruction. However, as the
inmates became involved in Turning a New Page, they became more willing
to receive classroom instruction.
The program involves two components: audio-taping of children's
books and literacy instruction. Inmates contribute to the literacy development
of young children in local schools by producing audiotapes of children's
books. The inmates record stories that are at their own reading level.
The audio-taping requires repeated readings. Some inmates need to read
a book up to 80 times before they can achieve an error free audiotape.
The classroom instruction focuses on comprehension strategies, vocabulary
development, and word pattern.
Over the course of two years, 65 inmates participated in Turning a
New Page. In the first year, more than 1,600 children and 56 teachers
in 20 elementary schools received complimentary children's books
and audiotapes. These resources were used in listening centers and for
guided reading. They allowed children to independently develop their
phonological awareness, and fluency.
In one year some inmates improved as much as three to four grade levels.
Engaging in repeated readings of books at their own reading level contributed
to the development of the inmates' fluency. Reading the children's
books gave them an opportunity to experience success and feel positive
about reading, and gave them the motivation to move on to more challenging
reading material. In addition to an improvement in literacy skills,
the results included improved confidence and reduced recidivism.
This study suggests that programs such as Turning a New Page can support
the literacy development of all learners, regardless of age or situation.
If this program is implemented in PEI, it will be an excellent way to
form partnerships with elementary schools. The repeated readings of
books would be a practical strategy to use with adults who are beginning
readers. The adult students could be encouraged to take the book home
and read it to their children. Engaging children in repeated readings
with their parent would also enhance the children's fluency and
instill a love of literature.
This article is another in a series highlighting new
trends in literacy.


text:
A common theme among recruiters is that of looking for employees with "stable work histories." This criterion showed up in almost every recruiter's list of "must haves" for their positions. What is considered "stable" and why is it important?
According to Elaine Johnson, Director of Human Resources at Blue Cross Blue Shield of Florida, work history is a very important factor in considering a candidate.
"Work history is a way to validate that the candidate has been successful in the past," she said. "What's interesting is the way that the definition of 'stable work history' has changed over the years. Twenty years ago, 'stable' meant having one or two jobs during your lifetime. Now, three years on the same job is considered a long time."CONTINUE READING ON JACKSONVILLE.COM


If you've done a dab, you've been there. You hit the concentrate and inhale that sweet, potent, goodness and your lungs decide it's a great time to try and jump out of your throat. So you're sitting there, hacking up a lung with your eyes watering, wondering how you can prevent this in the future. There are actually ways to control coughing after you dab. In theory, this could also apply to smoking as well, but here are 5 things I've found helpful to control coughing.
1. Always have something to drink handy
Cannabis is a throat irritant when inhaled and an irritated throat is one of the main reasons people cough. Your body is trying to expel whatever it thinks is making your throat feel weird. So, to solve this, have a drink handy. Water and tea are especially helpful for calming down a coughing fit. Just take a sip right after you exhale. Some people even suggest taking a sip while you hold the vapor. It sounds messy, but I bet if you could master it it'd be helpful.
2. Deep Breaths
If I know I'm about to take a giant glob, I take a couple of deep breaths before I do it. I release all the air from my lungs and then refill them, repeating the process until I inhale my hit. Taking those deep breaths allowed my lungs to expand some to prepare for the deep breath I was about to take. Since my lungs could then accommodate it, I find myself exhaling normally more than actually coughing.
3. Dab more, but in smaller amounts
This one is two fold. If you want to avoid coughing, dab more. I know that seems counterintuitive, but since concentrated cannabis is a throat irritant, smoking more of it would help your body group a resistance to the irritating effects. The second part, dabbing smaller amounts, is equally as important. Dabbing is not a contest about who could take more. You end up wasting concentrate like that. Dabbing a smaller amount means there's less vapor to make you cough. You may even get more high because you're able to properly take the hit with smaller amounts.
4. Cool down your dabs
In order for you to take dabs with a rig, the heating of the nail is crucial. The downside to this, however, is the heat is also a throat irritant. If the dabs come off of the nail a little cooler, they may not irritate your throat as much. You could possibly even consider moving from a titanium nail to a lower heat nail like quartz or ceramic.
Dab on!


When a person is choosing a career path, an office job may not sound interesting, and can be boring to individuals who want more thrill out of life. There are many jobs that include more excitement than just sitting at a desk all day long.
Career Opportunities For Thrill Seekers
Here are a few career opportunities for people who seek thrill and adventure:
1. Firemen: Fanning The Flames Of Excitement
Firemen are often considered some of the bravest people around. They go to great lengths to keep people safe. Besides fighting fires, most firemen take an active part in the community. Most of these professionals are trained as paramedics as well. An individual who is interested in this career must be able to pass various physical and written tests. This person must be a high school graduate and over the age of 18. The hourly average salary of a fireman is approximately $20/hour. Being a fireman comes with many risks. Jumping into a burning building can harm personal health. However, saving someone else's life can be very rewarding.
2. Zookeeper: Wild Animals Galore
For people who love animals and crave excitement, it may be wise to consider a career as a zookeeper. This professional will need to have a college degree in environmental science or biology. The best training can take place on a volunteer basis or through an internship. A person will need to learn the habits of animals along with how to feed and care for these creatures. This type of job may be exciting, but salary tends to be on the low side. An average zookeeper's salary will range between $30,000 and $50,000 depending on experience. There are both risks and rewards associated with a job in wildlife management. It can be a great experience to help an endangered species live. However, wild animals can be very dangerous. Even if they seem calm, these creatures can be unpredictable. A zookeeper or anyone who cares for wild animals must be on guard at all times. There are numerous rules that must be followed carefully.
3. FBI: The Spies The Limit
Movies are always filled with exciting people who have the job as an FBI agent. Special agents normally work in areas involving kidnapping, extortion, foreign intelligence, and terrorism. A person in this field must be over 23 years old, possess a four-year degree, and have at least three years of practical experience. This job can get quite physical, so an individual must be in top shape. All candidates will train in Virginia at the Academy for FBI agents in Quantico. Salary for newcomers will be approximately $65,000 a year. Many people are interested in law enforcement. To get the most thrills in this field, a person should enter FBI training. This job is very dangerous, but can help to clean up the street with basis of this career standing for justice.
4. Rescue Team For The Coast Guard
The Coast Guard patrols the country's major waterways and deals with the protection of the environment. A candidate for a career as a Coast Guard Rescuer must be under 27 years old and have a high school diploma. A person must be in good physical shape with no legal violations. The excitement takes hold quickly because a person gets immediately emerged into missions. Dangers may lie around any corner. For example, it is not unusual to use a helicopter in a rescue or to battle rough water and difficult weather. There are many jobs that include a high amount of thrill and adventure. The above fields are just a sample to choose from. Through proper training and dedication, a person can work in a career that is both interesting and satisfying. Joshua Turner is a writer who creates informative articles relating to business. He aims to encourage further study with a Bachelor Degree in Fire Science. Enjoy this article? You've got time for another! Check out these related articles: Photo Credit: Shutterstock


Arjan Scherpenisse
Arjan Scherpenisse
Technical co-founder
The Elixir parser under the microscope
The Elixir parser can be used for purposes other than compiling code. For example, to transform the AST into SQL fragments. Even a basic, interpreted "Elixir-ish" programming language is easy to build, in a few hundred lines of code. However, using the built in parser also has its drawbacks: it creates atoms, and the AST is non-reversible. In this talk, we will zoom in on the inner workings of the Elixir parser and Arjan's efforts to create a non-destructive, "atom-safe" Elixir parser.
Arjan Scherpenisse is an experienced Elixir and Erlang developer. After freelancing as a backend developer for several years, he founded his startup Botsquad, an Elixir-powered chatbot platform, on which he now works full-time. Besides coding, he really enjoys teaching and transferring his knowledge to the next generation of software developers.
Github: arjan
Twitter: _USER_