DNP Awarded the 26th Grand Prize for Global Environment Award, Japan Business Federation Chairman's Prize for DNP Lighting Film
Dai Nippon Printing Co., Ltd. (DNP) has been awarded the 26th Grand Prize for Global Environment Award, Japan Business Federation Chairman's Prize.
DNP was recognized for its development of DNP Lighting Film that by effectively reflecting and dispersing natural light brightens an entire room to reduce power consumption and create pleasant spatial expressions.
[DNP Lighting Film]
DNP has positioned the Environment and Energy as a growth area, and is promoting the development of new products and services with the objective of achieving a balance between economic growth and environmental preservation. One example is the development of various functional films capable of controlling light, heat, liquid and gas through the application and development of printing technologies, including photolithography technology that configures fine patterns on metals, and coating technology that ensures uniform coatings of ink and other components.
In particular, DNP Lighting Film controls the light by taking light entering a room from a window, and effectively reflects and disperse it onto the ceiling and others, to brighten the entire room. The award winning film utilizes optical design and micro-processing technology developed through optical film for displays. By optimizing the optical attributes and structure of the materials used, DNP Lighting Film is designed to capture natural light all year round in an effective manner, facilitating reduced power consumption and creating pleasant spatial expressions as a result.
DNP has developed two types of lighting film; one that is inserted between two sheets of glass, and another that is attached to the surface of the glass. Both have found uses in a variety of venues, including housing, offices, schools, healthcare facilities, and others, for not only new construction but also remodeling.
Since the establishment of the Company 140 years ago, DNP has consistently pursued technology at the leading edge of each period in which it has been active, and as a result has successfully raised the level of in-house technology to the highest global standards. On this occasion the Company has been recognized for the development of a functional film, but looking ahead, will continue to propose new values through all business operations, aiming to contribute to the development of a sustainable society.


Grammar: [noun] [de staking, de stakingen].
Translates to: "strike".
The verb that goes with "staking" is "staken", which means "to strike". The Dutch are not eager to strike but it happens once in a while, especially in public transportation.
1. "In de vier grote steden is er vandaag een staking in het openbaar vervoer."
("In the four big cities, today there's a strike in public transportation." See 'Extra' below.)
This example is based on a true event ;-), see
2. "Omdat het overleg tussen de vakbonden en de overheid is vastgelopen, is er vandaag een staking."
("Because the negotiations between the unions and the government have reached a deadlock, there will be a strike today.") See also "DWOTD 77. Overleg".
3. "Vanwege de slechte omstandigheden besloot de gevangene in hongerstaking te gaan."
("Because of the bad conditions the prisoner decided to go on hunger strike.")
Related Words:
1. "Staker": striker.
2. "Vakbond": union.
3. "Werkonderbreking": (work) stoppage.
4. "Protesteren": to protest.
"De vier grote steden" (see example 1 above) is the common group name for Amsterdam, Rotterdam, Den Haag and Utrecht.
6 thoughts on "Staking
 What about the expression RANDSTAD?
 2. The term 'Randstad' (literally: edge city) is used to indicate the agglomeration that consists of 'de vier grote steden' and all the surrounding areas that all together form a strip from Amsterdam to Rotterdam following the coast line ("edge"). For example: the city of Leiden is not one of the 'vier grote steden', but it is however part of the 'Randstad'. Read more at
 The word "Randstad" appeared earlier in "DWOTD 26. Fluitje" (
 3. Does "staken" also mean "to strike" as in to hit something? Or is it strictly a business oriented strike?
 4. "Staken" does not translate to "to hit something", however it does have a second meaning, which would be "to end an activity of some kind" in a more general sense. Here are three common examples:
 1. "De politie staakte de zoektocht, omdat het te donker werd."
 ("The police stopped the search, because it got too dark.")
 2. "De wedstrijd werd gestaakt vanwege het wangedrag van sommige spelers."
 ("The game was ended due to the misbehaviour of some of the players."
 3. "Ik staak het verzet!"
 ("I end my resistance!")
 5. Which version is correct:
 "Prettig weekend!" or "Prettige weekend!"
 Looking at the weather forecast for this weekend you might claim that neither is likely, but I would be interested from a grammatical point of view.
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Songket Deli - Padi
Rp 1.450.000,00
Rice Pattern was first introduced by the 12th Sultan of Deli. The pattern is taken from the form of rice plants as a basic necessity that gives life to humans. As the Malay people say "Joining Rice, The Older The Subdued", which means that humans must imitate the appearance of rice plants, the older people are, the more humble themselves should be.
Materials: Poly-Rayon
Dimensions: 200 cm x 100 cm
Color: Almond-Dark


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Setting up automated tweets may at first sound like a huge task, but it really is simple. This blog post shows you how to set this up within 10 minutes using PHP.
- A web server with PHP support
- A Twitter account to tweet from
- Log into Twitter, then go to _URL_
- Click on Create New App
- You'll see the following screen. Fill in the Name, Description, and Website with anything you want.
- Note: in order to create an application, you must have a mobile phone number entered into your Twitter profile and verified
- Check the Developer Agreement box then click on "Create your Twitter Application"
- Your application will be created and you'll be brought to the application configuration page:
- Click on the "Keys and Access Tokens" tab then at the bottom click on "Create my access token". Keep this page open as we'll be coming back to it in step #11.
- Download tmhOAuth: _URL_ (click on "Clone or download" then "Download ZIP")
- The two files you need are cacert.pem and tmhOAuth.php
- Using your favourite FTP program (or web interface), upload these two files onto your web server – optionally in a new folder (e.g. "catfacts" in this example):
- Time to get our hands dirty! Let's code a very simple PHP script that will tweet via our Twitter account when executed.
- Create a new PHP file (named anything you want; in this example, "catfacts.php"), then open it in your favourite text editor.
- Paste in the following code:
 TWITTER_CONSUMER_KEY, 'consumer_secret' => TWITTER_CONSUMER_SECRET, 'token' => OAUTH_TOKEN, 'user_token' => OAUTH_TOKEN,'secret' => OAUTH_SECRET, 'user_secret' => OAUTH_SECRET )); $code = $tmhOAuth->user_request(array('method' => 'POST', 'url' => $tmhOAuth->url("1.1/statuses/update"), 'params' => array('status' => 'A group of cats is called a clowder.' ) ));?>
- Set the 4 "define" values with values from step #6.
- Save this PHP file and upload it to your webserver in the same folder as you uploaded the cacert.pem and tmhOAuth.php files in step #8.
- In your web browser visit the PHP file (e.g. _URL_
- Go to your Twitter profile and you'll see "A group of cats is called a clowder" has been automatically tweeted.
The above should help you get automated tweets up and running in a very short amount of time.
Some things you can do to take things to another level are:
- Creating a database/array of values and retrieving a random single item to tweet out (e.g. an array/database of cat facts)
- Creating a scheduled cron task to execute the above PHP file at a defined interval (e.g. daily at 12:00pm)
Aside from the example of daily cat facts, a major benefit of this is being able to send out automated tweets when there are changes in your web app.
Another application of this is coding a simple HTML form with a textarea which will tweet out the textarea value on submission. A use case for this is if you travel to a country which blocks access to Twitter.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


Balloon Hangers are a decorating accessory used to simplify making and hanging latex balloon clusters. Balloon Hangers eliminate the need for tape or wire.
There are two types of Balloon Hangers:
 1. Corner Balloon Hangers: Holds three balloons and is used to hang balloons in corners.
 2. Cluster Balloon Hangers: Comes with two pieces and holds eight balloons. This hanger is used for hanging balloons clusters from the ceiling and to create arches and column displays.
How to use Balloon Hangers
 1. Inflate and tie the latex balloons. It's recommended to make one cluster at a time.
 2. Insert the necks of the balloons, below the knot you tied, into the slits of the hanger.
 3. Once the hanger is complete, use a pushpin to hang it from the ceiling. If this is not an option, it is best to try and test different methods before your event.
How to use Balloon Hangers to create an arch
Use the disc piece from a Cluster Balloon Hanger to make a balloon arch.
 1. Inflate eight balloons and tie them.
 2. Insert one balloon into each slot on the hanger below to the knot.
 3. Feed monofilament line through the center of the hanger
 4. Attach a weight to the bottom of the line.
 5. Keep stacking clusters while feeding monofilament line through the hangers, until the desired size is reached.
Other Ideas
To create balloon columns, use the same method as building an arch, but stack clusters to the desired height.
You can also create free-standing columns by threading the discs down a rod and then insert one end into a planter so it stands upright.
Shop for Balloon Hangers


Research & operational forecasting with the NMM: Radiation & fog in complex topography
Matthias Müller
University of Basel
At the University of Basel, numerical weather forecasts for Europe are computed twice daily using the NMM, and are made available on the internet []. A visualization system was developed and
some animations are now used daily by national television. Special focus lies on the Alpine region, which is covered by two nested domains running at resolutions of 4 and 2 km, respectively.
A parameterization for radiation in complex topography was developed and tested. The interactions of
radiation fluxes with the terrain due to sky view restriction, slope and aspect angle as well as shadows are computed based on a digital elevation model that has a higher resolution than the mesoscale model. Runtime computational costs are negligible, and temperature differences as high as 3 K are found in complex topography. Especially at night, the cold bias in valleys is significantly reduced.
Current research efforts focus on fog and low stratus clouds. An assimilation and ensemble system for 1Dmodelling was developed, but a 3D approach seems more promising for the topography in Switzerland. Therefore, detailed microphysics of the 1D fog model PAFOG were implemented into the Non-hydrostatic Mesoscale Model (NMM). This introduces total droplet number concentration as a new prognostic variable and a sophisticated determination of condensation/evaporation as well as size dependent droplet settling. The nature of radiation fog requires a high vertical resolution to model the steady growth from the surface. A thickness of approximately 4 meters in the lowest layers combined with the stable stratification during a fog event can cause problems in the standard turbulent exchange, resulting in a cold bias. In the case of liquid water advection, boundary conditions for the droplet number concentration have to be specified. In general, the new microphysics decrease fog water content to a more realistic value and the complex spatial distribution of simulated fog underlines the importance of the 3D approach.


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Noun: kaki kaa-kee
 1. Small deciduous Asiatic tree bearing large red or orange edible astringent fruit
 - Japanese persimmon, Diospyros kaki
 2. Blackish stilt of New Zealand sometimes considered a colour phase of the white-headed stilt
 - Himantopus novae-zelandiae
Derived forms: kakis
Type of: Himantopus stilt, longlegs, long-legs, persimmon, persimmon tree, stilt, stilt plover, stiltbird
Part of: Diospyros, genus Diospyros, genus Himantopus, Himantopus
Encyclopedia: Kaki, Iran


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Serbia: Value of the transmission capacity available for transactions30. June 2016. / News Serbia Energy
Comparison of methods for calculating the value of available transmission capacity of bilateral and multilateral transactions by applying metaheuristic methods was analysed in the paper by Darko Sosic and Ivan Skoljev, from the Faculty of Electrical Engineering, University of Belgrade. Given that a universal metaheuristic method has not been made so far providing best solutions for each given problem, the authors compared the results obtained by applying the three methods: Genetic Algorithm (GA), Black Hole Algorithm (BH) and the Gray Wolf Optimizer Algorithm (GWO). In their paper Determination of the Transmission Capacity Value Available for Transactions by Applying New Optimization Methods, the authors present the results on a standard test network, IEEE 30 busbar system, mostly used in professional literature to resolve such problems. This paper was presented at the CIGRE Serbia Conference, organised for the 32nd time by the Serbian National Committee of CIGRE on Zlatibor in May 2015.
One of the basic divisions of metaheuristic optimization methods is based on the idea of genetics, evolution, principles of physics and animal behaviour. Sosic and Skokljev describe one method from each group: Genetic Algorithm, Black Hole Algorithm and the Grey Wolf Optimizer Algorithm. After analysing the available transmission capacity, which is a measure of the remaining transmission capacity for further trade besides the already established and reserved capacity, the paper presents the results of research.
Comparison of optimization methods was performed using the results obtained by applying the method of recurring power flows. By using the AC coefficients of sensitivity, the upper limit of the independent variables in the optimization process was determined. When calculating the value of the ATC, individual outages of all transmission system branches were respected. Each of the optimization algorithms incorporates the possibility of automatic correction of the independent variables upper limit.
Although the calculation of individual transactions optimization methods require more time than using the RPF method, this method can be easily upgraded in order to calculate the optimal allocation of generation and consumption of multilateral transactions in order to transfer large quantities of electricity, as well as for troubleshooting transmission network congestions, transmits Serbia-energy.eu
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text: What distinguishes the World Bank from commercial banks and bilateral aid agencies is its wealth of development knowledge gained through economic and social development projects in the world. However, notwithstanding the efforts of the knowledge centers in consolidating information from the staff, much of the available development information is currently scattered across numerous documents and reports. To retrieve a desired piece of information, the current Knowledge Management System provides users with a powerful Web-based full-text search engine that allows them to perform a key-word search. A problem with the key-word search is that the users should be able to articulate exactly what they want. In addition, as the amount of available information increases, the searches would invariably lead to retrieval of more and more documents and one may need to perform many searches. This paper outlines a case-based approach to enhance the current system and raise its operational impact. This approach establishes a unified framework to represent the development knowledge and provides a better search and browsing mechanism to retrieve relevant and useful information.


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Using Resource Manager to View the Inventory Data Video
This is an introduction video on using the Resource Manager. You can use the Resource Manager to view all of the inventory data for a single resource using the Symantec Management Console. The Resource Manager displays basic inventory, more detailed inventory data that the Inventory Solution gathers, status of the inventory data, and custom data of the managed computer.
For more information, please see the article the following location:


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The working temperature of optical transceivers affects all the parameters of optical transceivers. If the ambient temperature of the optical transceiver changes, the operating current of the optical transceiver will vary with temperature. At the same time, the parameters of the optical transceivers change, which affects the normal transmission of optical transceivers. Today, we mainly talk about the causes of too high or too low temperature on optical transceivers and its impact.
What Is the Normal Temperature of Optical transceivers?
Because the type and brand of the optical transceiver are complicated, the temperature of modules corresponding to different optical transceiver temperature levels are different and the temperature specifications defined by the supplier are different, whether the temperature of optical transceivers is abnormal or not needs to be considered according to these factors. Before we use the optical transceiver, it is best to check the vendor's definition of the temperature profile of the optical transceiver so as to reduce the number of problems caused by abnormal optical transceiver temperature.
Optical transceiver temperature mainly includes three levels: commercial grade, extended grade, industrial grade. The following is a detailed description of these three temperatures:
|Temperature Grade||Abbreviation||Temperature Range|
|Commercial temperature range||COM||0 ~ + 70 ℃|
|Extended temperature range||EXT||-20 ~ 85 ℃|
|Industrial temperature range||IND||-40 ~ 85 ℃|
Three Reasons That Affect the Temperature of Optical Transceivers
1. The Poor Quality and Workmanship
If you use the optical transceivers with poor quality and workmanship, then the phenomenon of abnormal temperature of the optical transceivers is more common. Because the function of such optical transceivers is instable, heat dissipation is also relatively poor. In order to reduce the temperature anomaly and unnecessary discard, we advise to use the optical transceivers with better function, quality and workmanship.
2. The Harsh Application Environment
Optical transceiver operating environment is in the data center, computer room or interchanger. If the optical transceivers are used in other environments, the change of the ambient temperature will inevitably change the temperature of the optical transceiver, thereby affecting its optical power and optical sensitivity. If the application environment of optical transceivers is harsh, then we advise to select the optical transceivers with industrial temperature or extended temperature.
3. The Use of Second-hand Optical Transceivers
The temperature of new optical transceivers is usually at 0-70 ° C and many second-hand optical transceivers are inaccessible. And the second-hand optical transceivers cannot operate normally in high-temperature or low-temperature conditions. Therefore, we advocate the use of new optical transceivers.
What Are the Impacts of High or Low Temperature on Optical transceivers?
If the optical transceiver temperature is too high or too low, it will affect the function of the optical transceiver and make the communication data appear faulty. The optical transceivers will alarm if its temperature isn't in the normal range. If the optical transceivers are in a bad situation, interchangers will send data continuously. The optical transceivers will not send / receive data from the beginning until it is recovered to normal operation.
1. The Impact of Too High Temperature on Optical Transceivers:
If the operating temperature of optical transceivers is too high, the optical power of optical transceivers will become larger and the receiving signal will be faulty, and even the optical transceiver will be burned. As a result, the optical transceivers cannot work normally. In this case, DDM function should be added. You can select temperature control system for real-time monitoring and compensation to ensure that the optical transceiver extinction ratio and luminous power stable, to ensure the normal operation of the optical communication system.
2. The Impact of Too Low Temperature on Optical Transceivers:
Generally speaking, as long as optical transceivers are not exposed to the harsh environment below 0℃, the temperature will not be too low. It is better not to use the optical transceiver in the condition of too low temperature, as this may cause the function of the optical transceiver to be unstable.
How about the Temperature of Gigalight's Optical Transceivers?
As one of the most top-rated optical transceiver vendors in China, Gigalight complies with the temperature grade standard that the industry requires, and will meet the customer demand for temperature. In addition, all optical transceivers will undergo a high and low temperature burn-in test prior to shipping to test the temperature to ensure the quality of the products.


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The role of intuition in the
The role of intuition in a world of big data running a business solely on gut feel is not sustainable, but neither is basing all decisions on the. While this may be so, i thought it's useful to keep this in perspective a bit, and reflect on what the role of intuition might be for scientists first. In the cognitive sciences, intuition is described as a way of processing information based on automatic, affective and personal standards, but it is not the. Nevertheless, the role of intuition in creativity should not be neglected as it is often reported to be a core component of the idea generation process, which in.
Recent studies have found that intuition plays a role in learning and decisionmaking tasks involving affect (laborde, dosseville, and scelles 2010: 786. Intuition in the context of decision-making is defined as a "non-sequential often points to the role of heuristics in helping people make "intuitive" decisions. Although ample research has been carried out on the opportunity identification stage, there is still little research available on "why", "when" and "how". In the experimental and theoretical literature on social heuristics, the case has been made for dual-process cooperation empirical evidence is.
Is the intuition for or against during decision makinng descartes, gilles deleuze or punset are some of the thinkers who have sought to. Although intuitive processes are critical for effective strategic decision making, there is little in the way of applied research on the topic apart from many. The role of intuition in ethical decision making by james r guzak presented to the faculty of the graduate school of the university of texas at.
The other rejects intuition in favor of careful data analysis – where there is in looking at some of the technical journal research, intuition plays a key role in. In recent years there has been a growth of interest in the role played by intuition in entrepreneurial cognition and behavior however, the significance of the role. Learning to trust our intuition when we've been educated to rely on data, and intuition plays an essential role for decision-making in rapidly. What role does intuition play i believe staff, faculty, employers and parents must help students focus on finding areas of intuition when it.
Intuition is mainly used by expert nurses, but unlike in benner's model, the research aim is to find out importance of intuition in nursing. Intuition plays a significant role in the choices we make unfortunately, working alone, intuition can be the source of significant errors in the course of making a. Title: the role of intuition in the scientific method distribution: approved for public release, distribution unlimited this paper is part of the following report.
Intuition has an important role in scientific discovery and in the epistemological order to help integrate the debate and clarify the role of intuition in interdis. And you can when you learn to listen and follow your intuition the role of intuition your intuition is guidance that comes directly from your. One could argue, however, that nurture rather than nature plays a role here after all, we talk about female 'intuition' and not female' instinct' in this case intuition. Current theories argue that human decision making is largely based on quick, automatic, and intuitive processes that are occasionally supplemented by slow.
- Last week, we took in some timeless vintage wisdom on the role of serendipity and chance-opportunism in creativity and scientific discovery,.
- This paper explores the concept of intuition as a tractable and empirical has repeatedly shown the importance of recognizing environmental cues in making.
An exploration of the role of intuition in entrepreneurial founding team formation given the emotional nature of entrepreneurship and the importance of. This article argues that intuition is a crucial component of professional competence, and provides empirical the role of intuition in the field of economy. I discuss the role of intuition in my investment process i candidly share how i learned about the importance of intuition in investing my intuition. The problem and the solution intuitions are rapid, affectively charged judgments arrived at without conscious awareness of the reasoning processes involved.Download the role of intuition in the


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Socioeconomic Impacts of Coastal Tourism on Local Communities in Kuakata, Bangladesh
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The socioeconomic impacts of coastal tourism depend on local communities' participation in tourism activities and gathering both positive and negative consequences. However, an understanding of the socioeconomic impacts is essential for making proper strategic efforts for its sustainable existence. We identify the socioeconomic impacts of coastal tourism on local communities in Kuakata, which is one of the natural coastal tourist attractions in Bangladesh. Our study is based on quantitative survey data from 350 local tourism stakeholders obtained through a semi-structured questionnaire. Based on a theoretical framework, factor analysis has been conducted to perceive the latent construct of four dimensions of coastal tourism impacts, namely, livelihood, economic, social, and environmental aspects. Later, cluster analysis has been used to observe the overall socioeconomic impact. Our study revealed that the overall impacts of coastal tourism have significant consequences among the respondents in different age groups, educational levels, and income categories. Tourism activities are important for sustainable livelihood, increasing adaptive capacity, and reducing vulnerability in coastal areas. We also observe that there is poor empowerment of locals, lack of regulations, and limited community participation in coastal tourism activities in Kuakata. Policymakers, industry professionals, and academics need to give careful attention to the overall impacts so that sustainable development can be achieved through coastal tourism development in the study area.
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Includes Expert Content
Does height make any difference???
JeannieY posted:
Hi Rich,
I've always wondered how a person's height may or may not figure into the calories burned/exertion required? For example, I'm only 5'-1" and I normally run at 6.5 to 7mph for 45 minutes to an hour. Would a person who's 5'-6" for example, weighing the same and running at the same speed really burn the same number of calories? It seems over-simplified to calculate calories burned solely based on weight alone. Since my legs are shorter, I would have to work harder (taking more steps) than a taller person, doesn't that make any difference?
Maybe what I'm asking is a stupid question, but I've always wondered.
Rich Weil, MEd, CDE responded:
Hi Jeannie,
It's a good question. Theoretically, if you weigh the same, then the calories burned will be very similar. The basic physics of it is: work equals force x distance. That is, work equals the number of calories burned, force is body weight, and distance is miles (or however you measure your distance). You can see that body weight is the variable that has the effect on calories burned. With that said, there is biomechanical efficiency to consider. The person who is more efficient will burn fewer calories. That is, if your gait is different, which it could be with height differences (or no height difference), then there will be some effect. For instance, running when you are taller might involve more up and down motion of the hips which would be less efficient. More side-to-side motion would cause energy expenditure to be different. Foot strike can have an effect, and so can lateral distance between the feet during the landing (when feet land right in front of each other it's less efficient than wider because balance is easier when the base is wider. There's also the propulsive forces of pushing off to consider, which are affected by what are called the 'lever arms' (long or short levers), which are determined by the length of bones and the attachments of the tendons into the bones (less efficient lever arms, where greater force is necessary to propel the limb, will be a factor). Of course, attachments of the tendons could make up for bone length, and efficiency of the gait could make up for some of this too - the most efficient gait is one where the timing is such that the leg and arm swing are as smooth as a pendulum (a short leg could still be much less efficient than a long one). Stability and posture all have an effect as well. Less stability in the gait, or poorer posture, will cause more calories to be burned. And of course, the more fit you are the less likely you are to fatigue, and fatigue will have a detrimental effect on efficiency. There are even more factors to consider, but you get the idea.
So the answer isn't simple, and unless you could enter all of these factors into the equation, then the only real way to know for sure is to compare the two individuals in a lab where you can measure energy expenditure with the proper equipment and under controlled conditions.
I hope that helps!
JeannieY responded:
Thanks Rich. It's a lot more complicated than I thought.
Rich Weil, MEd, CDE replied to JeannieY's response:
You're welcome. It is complicated, but one simple thing you could do is compare heart rates. The correlation between heart rates and calories burned is fairly good and so you could get at least a ballpark estimate of who is burning more.
Take care,
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Aircraft Design Award
The Aircraft Design Award was established in 1968 and is presented to an individual or team for an original concept or career contributions leading to a significant advancement in aircraft design or design technology.
This annual award is generally presented at the AIAA Aviation and Aeronautics Forum (AVIATION).
Nomination Deadline: 1 October
- Full Name: John K Wimpress
- Category: Technical Excellence
- AIAA Citation: In recognition of the prescience, knowledge and dedication he applied to the design and development of the YC-14 airplane. By perseverance and leadership he succeeded in converting technical concepts into a novel and practical airplane


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A Narrative Inquiry of Women in Administration: Their Voices Heard
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This narrative study examined women's experiences in leadership positions in an educational setting in Southern Ontario. Semi-structured interviews with 4 women (2 principals and 2 vice principals) revealed 4 key themes: (a) considerations prior to entering into leadership and confidence instilled by others to continue on that path; (b) ongoing challenge of maintaining work−life balance; (c) others' perceptions of women in leadership positions; and (d) increasing number of women in leadership positions. The researcher used feminist standpoint theory to analyze data collected during interviews, which gave voice to the study's participants and shed some light on women's gendered experiences in leadership positions. Findings suggest that historical roots significantly influence society to continue with stereotypical gender roles, though some participants have overcome certain stereotypes. The literature review and participants' experiences suggest that women have made some progress throughout history yet society needs to remain vigilant while striving for gender equality.


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Date of Award
Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)
Teaching and Leadership
Principals and science outcomes, Principals and student outcomes, Principals' science beliefs, Principals' science knowledge, Science instructional leadership
The aim of this quantitative study was to investigate elementary principals' beliefs about reformed science teaching and learning, science subject matter knowledge, and how these factors relate to fourth grade students' superior science outcomes. Online survey methodology was used for data collection and included a demographic questionnaire and two survey instruments: the K-4 Physical Science Misconceptions Oriented Science Assessment Resources for Teachers (MOSART) and the Beliefs About Reformed Science Teaching and Learning (BARSTL). Hierarchical multiple regression analysis was used to assess the separate and collective contributions of background variables such as principals' personal and school characteristics, principals' science teaching and learning beliefs, and principals' science knowledge on students' superior science outcomes. Mediation analysis was also used to explore whether principals' science knowledge mediated the relationship between their beliefs about science teaching and learning and students' science outcomes.
Findings indicated that principals' science beliefs and knowledge do not contribute to predicting students' superior science scores. Fifty-two percent of the variance in percentage of students with superior science scores was explained by school characteristics with free or reduced price lunch and school type as the only significant individual predictors. Furthermore, principals' science knowledge did not mediate the relationship between their science beliefs and students' science outcomes. There was no statistically significant variation among the variables. The data failed to support the proposed mediation model of the study. Implications for future research are discussed.
Khan, Uzma Zafar, "Investigating Elementary Principals' Science Beliefs and Knowledge and its Relationship to Students' Science Outcomes" (2012). Teaching and Leadership - Dissertations. 243.


Hadjiyiannis Mexis
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Hadjiyiannis Mexis was a Greek financier and political representative of the Greek War of Independence against the Ottoman Empire (1821 - 1829).
Mexis was born circa 1756 in Spetses, the son of Theodoros Mexis who hailed from Lambovo, Northern Epirus. He amassed a large fortune as a ship owner and a merchant and gained much influence in Spetses. During the War of Independence, he used his fortune to finance the war effort, providing war ships and lending money to the revolutionary government.
He attended the First National Assembly as a representative of Spetses between December 1821 and January 1822. On September 8, 1822, he successfully led the effort to defend the island against an attempted Turkish invasion.
After the war, Mexis served as a senator and a delegate from Spetses. He was honoured for his services to Greece by King Otto with the medal of the Grand Cross of the Order of the Saviour in 1841.
He died on August 23, 1844. His mansion in Spetses serves a museum of the War of Independence.


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Why Is Cheese So Expensive in Canada?
It's a struggle most Canadian dairy lovers are familiar with: Cheese up there is so expensive that a pound of cheddar can end up costing more than a pound of steak. Our neighbors to the north aren't exaggerating when they complain about steep cheese prices—costs are sometimes three times higher than comparable products sold in the States, and it's not because the Canadian air makes cows pump out liquid gold. It's all thanks to a little something called supply management.
Supply management is a blanket term used to describe the policies regulating Canada's dairy (and egg and poultry) markets. The dairy industry works differently in Canada than it does in other cheese-loving parts of the world. Both the European Union and the United States subsidize their dairy farmers—the Canadian government does not. Instead, they use other ways to get farmers the financial support they need.
Minimum price-setting for domestic dairy products keeps cheese prices above a certain mark, while strict quotas and high taxes on imports keep foreign competition under control. International cheeses account for a tiny fraction of the market, so cheese made in France, Italy, and other places abroad is difficult to find outside specialty shops. The result is more profits for Canadian producers taken straight from the consumers' pockets come check-out time.
When supply management was introduced to Canada in the 1960s and '70s, it served a clear purpose. The policies were put in place to protect farmers from unpredictable market fluctuations and keep their livelihoods secure. Since then many of the small family farms that were originally protected under the laws have been replaced with factory farms, and the relevance of supply management is now a topic of hot debate.
The laws aren't terribly popular among citizens (even police officers have been known to help smuggle cheese across the border), and it's not just because of the high grocery bills. Opponents argue that the regulations are bad for innovation, free trade negotiations, and restaurateurs. Canadian farmers still insist the benefits outweigh the costs. On the Dairy Farmers of Canada's web page, they write:
"While farmers around the world face unexpected and inexplicable wild market fluctuations, Canadian farmers sell their milk at constant and stable prices. As a result, Canadian dairy farming is one of the few agricultural sectors that are self-sufficient – providing income security for farmers and requiring no government subsidy. This means Canadian farmers can invest in their farms, communities and Canada."
Because farmers hold significant power in Canadian politics, supply management boasts supporters from every major party. But not all hope is lost for Canadian connoisseurs of affordable cheese. Progress on their front was made last year when a trade deal was signed slightly increasing the quota on foreign dairy imports. Consumers may benefit from the resulting price cuts, while Canadian farmers and processors will receive $4.3 billion from the government over 15 years to make up for the revenue loss. So next time you enjoy a plate of poutine, feel free to be a little less conservative with the cheese curds.


GraphicsJS Fill Settings
Fill settings define how a shape inner area is drawn. All Shapes and closed Paths have the fill() method.
Solid color
The most simple fill is a solid color fill. Color can be set as rgb, rgba, hex, hsl, hsla or web constant, just as you do in CSS Color.
Color opacity can be set in two ways:
 - RGBA, HSLA modificators;
 - Dedicated parameter:
 - Call function with the parameters fill(color, opacity);
 - Single value fill('color opacity') (one string value separated by space).
Linear Gradient
Gradient key
Gradient is a required parameter to set linear gradient, it consists of two or three values: gradient position, color and opacity as an option. If you have only one key the fill will be solid.
Gradient position is set by a number from 0 to 1, where 0 and 1 are gradient borders. If gradient position is not set manually, it will be calculated automatically depending on the number of keys.
Gradient key settings: 'position color opacity' or
 position:,
 color:,
Here is an example of two-step linear gradient:
.fill(['red', 'yellow'])
And here is an example of multiple-key linear gradient:
.fill(['0.1 red', '.3 yellow', '.6 white', '.9 orange'])
Additional values
 - opacity - sets an opacity value for gradient;
 - angle - sets gradient angle, depending on the mode;
 - fill mode - as described below.
Fill modes
ObjectBoundingBox without angle value preservation
In this mode, AnyChart charting framework calculates gradient vector with the preset angle, but the result gradient angle on the rendered page can be changed if the object proportion is not 1:1 in the browser. So visually the result gradient angle may not correspond to the original settings.
ObjectBoundingBox with angle value preservation
In this mode the result angle will visually correspond the original setting, non regarding browser scaling duplication (so, for objects that do not have 1:1 proportion with the original figure, the gradient angle will correspond to the initial value due to internal calculations).
Please see the following illustration of these modes:
// no angle preservation
.fill(['0.4 black', '.6 white'], 45)
// angle preservation
.fill(['0.4 black', '.6 white'], 45, true)
In this mode gradient settings are added by gradient size and borders/coordinates, and rendering is calculated within those borders. After that, the fill is executed on the element figure according to its coordinates.
This can be shown in the following way:
 keys: ['.1 red', '.5 green', '.9 blue'],
 angle: -45,
 mode: anychart.math.rect(150, 70, 100, 50),
 opacity: 1
Gradient settings are set by 'fill settings', and these gradient fills figures 1-3.
If the container size in gradient settings are larger than the filled element size, it will result in the following:
 angle: -45,
 mode: anychart.math.rect(5, 0, 395, 200),
 opacity: 1
Radial Gradient
Radial Gradient basic parameters are:
 1. Gradient keys, just like in linear gradient,
 2. Center location, which is set by a number from 0 to 1 as a percentage ratio from the container dimensions.
Radial gradient fill with center location (0.5, 0.5):
.fill(['black', 'white'],.5,.5)
Additional parameters:
 - opacity - sets an opacity value for gradient;
 - fill area - same as in (UserSpaceOnUse). If fill area is not set, whole container is filled in. If the resulting proportions ratio is not 1:1, the fill will stretch to fill all area (resulting in an ellipse).
 - focal spot location - sets a focal point location as a percentage ratio from container dimensions (0, 1). Focal spot location must not overrun the ellipse borders.
An example of focal spot shape. Focal spot must lay within ellipse borders.
.fill(['black', 'white'],.5,.5, null, 1, 0.23, 0.81)
An example of shape with defined fill area:
.fill(['black', 'white'],.5,.5, anychart.math.rect(0, 0, 400, 400), 1,.5,.7)
Image fill
To fill an element with an image you need to pass the following settings: object with the image source and fill mode. Available fill modes are listed in enum.
 src: '//',
 mode: acgraph.vector.ImageFillMode.TILE


text:
Kairit Kaur (University of Tartu / Tallinn University Library): Totentanz and graveyard poetry: how to grasp the Baltic German reception of English Literature and Culture
Writing my theses "Dichtende Frauen in Est-, Livund Kurland, 1654–1800. Von den ersten Gelegenheitsgedichten bis zu den ersten Gedichtbänden" (Poetry writing women in Estonia, Livonia and Courland, 1654–1800. From the first occasional poems to the first poetry collections), Tartu 2013, I encountered the interesting phenomenon of a Baltic German occasional poem published in Tallinn in 1759 that might have been inspired by the English graveyard poetry that was popular at the time in Western Europe and in Russia. There was, however, no research into the reception of English literature in 18th-century Estonia. When I started work as a specialist in old books at the Tallinn University Academic Library in 2013, I got the chance to catalogue subclass XII (poetry and drama) of the library of the Estonian Literary Society, a Baltic German learned society founded in 1842. In addition to Baltic German poetic and dramatic works it contains many works of mostly Western European literature, primarily German, but also French and English, and – to a lesser extent – Italian, Spanish and Scandinavian. As a researcher, my aim is to investigate how world literature came to Tallinn and Estonia, combining history of books and literary history. When and in what ways did English literature come to Estonia? What was read in original languages and what reached the Baltic German reader via German translation? Who possessed English literature and how did it shape the local literature? Which part of it reached later Estonian national literature and which did not, and why? In my presentation I would like to describe and discuss my first findings, taking subclass XII as the starting point.


text:
A Brief History of Robot Birds
Our recent post on the history of the cuckoo clock inspired some research into other examples of early, non-timekeeping robot birds. For centuries, birds–pigeons and canaries in particular–have been a popular subject for inventors and engineers experimenting with early mechanical systems and robotics. Take, for example, Bubo, the ancient clockwork owl seen in the 1981 film Clash of The Titans. Bubo was forged by Hephaestus to aid Perseus in his quest and Bubo was, of course, purely fictional. There were however, actual avian automatons in actual ancient Greece.
The earliest example dates to 350 B.C.E. when the mathematician Archytas of Tarentum, who some credit with inventing the science of mechanics, is said to have created a mechanical wooden dove capable of flapping its wings and flying up to 200 meters, powered by some sort of compressed air or internal steam engine. Archytas' invention is often cited as the first robot, and, in light of recent technological advancements, perhaps we could even consider it to be the first drone; the very first machine capable of autonomous flight. Very few details are actually known about the ancient mechanical dove, but it seems likely that it was connected to a cable and flew with the help of a pulley and counterweight. This early wind-up bird was chronicled a few hundred years later in the pages of a scientific text by a mathematician, Hero of Alexandria. - Continue reading at Smithsonian.com.
Image: Bubo the robotic owl from the 1981 film Clash of the Titans.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


text:
The Smallest Analog Computer Ever Made?!
By James Grahame
From the early 1960s brochure: "Donner's Model 3500 is a full-fledged analog computer weighing just 28 lbs. Designed for engineers, educators and scientists, it can be used to study almost any physical system that can be described by differential equations. It can be operated on desk tops and benches by anyone who can run a slide rule. The standard 3500 contains 10 amplifiers, stabilized or unstabilized as the user chooses. The computer performs accurately with 1% or 0.1% computing components, and is furnished ready-to-work for $1850, depending upon specific equipment desired."
Fast forward 50 years, and I'd much rather have a Macbook. It's astounding to realize just how far we've come in the past half century; the Donner 3500 used vacuum tubes and was anything but simple to use. These days, you could create a comparable analog function generator using a variety of solid-state op amps and buffers that cost only a few cents each.


Drawing Daisy Wheel Angles
250 x 160 mm / 6 pages / full colour
The compass drawn daisy wheel is a precision geometrical protractor giving six 60 degree sectors that can be geometrically subdivided into 30 degree, 15 degree and smaller subdivisions or combined to give greater angles such as 90 degrees and upwards.
The wheel is also a major source of triangulation. The six petal tips on the wheel's circumference can be connected to generate 30 60 90 degree triangulation but also, perhaps unexpectedly, four and six point rectangles. Dividing the four point rectangle along its diagonal produces two identical 30 60 90 degree triangles that are perfect set squares.


text:
Provision of Personal InformationNotes about the Provision of Personal Information Pertaining
to the AUTOMOTIVE ENGINEERING EXPOSITION 2021
Pre-registered personal information pertaining to the AUTOMOTIVE ENGINEERING EXPOSITION 2021 NAGOYA, and AUTOMOTIVE ENGINEERING EXPOSITION 2021 ONLINE will be handled as follows.
- １） An entry ID for the expositions, presentations, workshops, and other events will be issued that contains identifying information in the form of a barcode, QR code, or the like. The barcode, QR code, or the like provided on the entry ID that is carried by the exposition participants will be checked and read during the duration of the expositions at entrances and reception areas to the exposition hall, within the exposition booths, at presentation venues, and so on. When the entry ID is read in these cases, the pre-registered personal information will be provided to people involved in the relevant events, such as exhibiting companies (exhibitors), lecture presenters, and so on as information about the event participants. This personal information may be used by exhibitors, lecture presenters (or people involved with the presenting company) or the like to contact the participants with various types of information via emails, regular mail, or the like.
- ２）In addition, participant information registered for the purpose of viewing online sites (including the online exposition, online presentations, online workshops, and so on) will be provided to the exhibitors, lecture presenters, workshop presenters (or people involved with the presenting company), and the like within those sites. Similarly, this personal information may be used by exhibitors, lecture presenters, workshop presenters (or people involved with the presenting company), or the like to contact the participants with various types of information via emails, regular mail, or the like.
Personal information obtained while viewing these online sites may be provided to third parties when the corresponding exhibitor pages or presentation viewing pages are accessed.
- ３） If personal information is provided to a third party, the Society of Automotive Engineers of Japan, Inc. requires this personal information to be managed appropriately in the same way as it manages personal information.
- ４）To request deletion of information provided to a third party, please contact the party to whom the information was provided.
- Members, activity participants, employees, and people equivalent to employees of the Society of Automotive Engineers of Japan (JSAE) shall recognize the importance of personal information, observe all laws and regulations (including the regulations of the JSAE) concerning the protection of personal information, and make their best effort to acquire, use, manage personal information properly in accordance with the provisions shown below.
- Acquisition of Personal Information
- The JSAE shall acquire information that can identify a specific person within the scope necessary for providing services that suit the business purposes of the JSAE. When the JSAE acquires such personal information, it shall clearly indicate the purpose of acquisition, and acquire the information through the intentional provision (registration) of that information from the person holding that personal information (hereinafter referred to as the "Person") in principle.
- Use of Personal Information
- The JSAE shall use acquired personal information within the scope necessary for achieving the
purpose of acquisition.
However, the JSAE may use or provide the personal information for a purpose other than the purpose of acquisition in any of the following cases
1. When the purpose is based on the provisions in laws and regulations
2. When consent of the Person is obtained
3. When the JSAE outsources all or part of personal data handling within the scope necessary for achieving the business purposes (e.g. outsourcing of delivery services and member data analysis)
4. When there are justifiable grounds for achieving the business plan approved by a decision-making body of the JSAE (i.e., general meetings and the board of directors) or a decision-making body of each meeting organization
- Personal Information Management
- The JSAE shall make its best efforts to conduct the necessary and proper management of acquired personal information to prevent leakage, loss, destruction, and manipulation. However, personal information disclosed by the Person and personal information that is already open to the public shall not be subject to management by the JSAE.
- Disclosure and Correction, etc., of Personal Information
- The JSAE shall disclose personal information without delay when a Person requests disclosure of personal information related to that Person. Further, when a Person requests correction, etc.
- of personal information, the JSAE shall make corrections, etc., of the personal information without delay and maintain up-to-date information.
- Handling on Website
- Users shall assume responsibility when using a website run by the JSAE. The JSAE shall assume no responsibility whatsoever for any damages caused by using various types of information acquired from the website of the JSAE or other websites linked from the JSAE website.
- Security of Registered Information
- This website uses encryption communication technology called SSL as necessary upon registration of personal information by a user. Further, the registered personal information is managed by a dedicated server protected with a security system firewall to prevent external unauthorized access and leakage of information.
- Outsourcing of Information Processing of Personal Information Possessed by JSAE
- When the JSAE outsources processing of the personal information possessed by the JSAE, the JSAE shall conclude the necessary agreements and conduct proper management and supervising of the outsourcee.
- Supplemental Provision
- This policy shall be effective as of July 15, 2005 (approved by the board of directors on July 15, 2005).


text:
Interdisciplinary Working Groups
With the founding of the first Interdisciplinary Working Group in 1986, the Johannes Gutenberg University created a new funding instrument for interdisciplinary collaboration in individual fields of research. The centres are established by the Senate, with a reservation of appraisal, for a certain period, and provided with €2,500 per year.
Interdisciplinary working groups serve, among other things, as nuclei for the formation of larger structures and for the creation of a critical mass, in order to find an increased echo among external funding sources.
At present Faculty 08 is involved in the following Interdisciplinary Working Groups:


Human Resources
A promotion is the advancement of a staff employee into a position that has significantly more responsibility, requires more advanced skills, and has greater decision-making authority. Generally, a promotion occurs on the date that the employee assumes the new role.
There is no amount that is standard for a salary increase in conjunction with a promotion. The amount of a promotion increase depends on the employee's current salary, as well as the salary of the new position. In rare cases, if an employee is already well-compensated, there may be no promotion increase to salary.
Salary increases that are not due to promotion, merit, or across-the-board rarely occur.


ICBA - Online Education Courses - Online: Introduction to Consumer Lending
Online: Introduction to Consumer Lending
Consumer lending is a cornerstone of the U.S economy. Customers need access to credit to purchase goods such as cars and services such as education. When goods and services are purchased, jobs are created and the economy grows.
This course will provide you with an introduction consumer lending in the United States by discussing the history of consumer credit, different types of consumer loan and credit criteria.
This program containes1 module(s)
1 CPE Credit(s)
Category: Compliance - Bank Specific
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text:
This chart communicates the same insights as a contour plot. What is interesting is the choice of hexagonal buckets (rather than squares) to aggregate data. In fact, any tessellation would work, in particular Voronoi tessellations.
3-D Voronoi tessellation
The reason for using hexagons is that it is still pretty simple, and when you rotate the chart by 60 degrees (or a multiple of 60 degrees) you still get the same visualization. For squares, rotations of 60 degrees don't work, only multiples of 90 degrees work. Is it possible to find a tessellation such that smaller rotations, say 45 or 30 degrees, leave the chart unchanged? The answer is no. Octogonal tessellations don't really exist, so the hexagon is an optimum.
Hexagonal binning plots (source: here)
Implementation in R
The three plots described here (Voronoi diagram, hexagonal binning and contour plots) are available in the ggplot2 package.
Voronoi diagrams can be used for nearest neighbor clustering or density estimation, the density estimate attached to a point being proportional to the inverse of the area of the Voronoi polygon containing it.
Example of contour map (source: here)


Referring to the documents and examples of tzip-16, how would one implement the contract metadata on a Fa1.2 contract on SmartPy? In order to provide balance updates and offchain events.
TZip16 uses a two stage approach:
For the specific case of the FA1.2, we will probably simply add the metadata field.
 - Metadata are now supported in SmartPy. – FFF Dec 3 '20 at 23:12
There is no way, to implement tzip-16 on an already originated smart contract unless the contract was originally designed for this purpose, because:
 1. Tzip-16 requires (big_map %metadata string bytes) field in the contract storage.
 2. You can't change the storage structure of an already originated contract.
Your Answer


text:
Coordination and integration
Early childhood care and education is often the concern of several government sectors and usually these are education, social affairs and health. The multi-faceted nature of early childhood care and education gives rise to the challenge of effectively coordinating provision of policy development and implementation across the different sectors.
Coordination issues include coherent regulation, funding and staffing schemes and a common vision of care and education. Effective coordination must exist among sectors at both national and local level, and also between public and private establishments.
Cross-sectoral coordination is difficult, especially at the national level. It is one of the main challenges facing governments of both developed and developing countries trying to promote a holistic approach to early childhood. Responses vary and some countries have sought to remove the problem by integrating sectoral responsibilities into a single ministry.
Other countries divide sectoral responsibilities according to age range and services. For countries where the responsibility for early childhood is divided, policy and administration coherence are sought through coordination mechanisms (COMs). Generally, COMs are effective when they focus on a particular early childhood programme, target population or specific task but their role is limited in promoting a coherent overall policy and administrative framework across different sectors.


text:
A shelf cloud is similar to lenticularis cloud, but on a much larger scale. A shelf cloud sometimes forms ahead of a severe, long-lasting thunderstorm such as a mesoscale convective system (MCS), multicell or supercell. Cold downdraft air surges out along the surface and lifts the (usually conditionally stable) warm air ahead of the storm up to condensation level. A smooth shelf-like cloud forms, skirting the thunderstorm. The shelf cloud is usually accompanied by a gustfront and sometimes also a roll cloud.
2 photos in gallery
Click images for large photos


text: The 5 movements of the Second Symphony are represented by various objects in the sketch. The "Todtenfeier" is represented by the weeping figure. According to Mahler's narrative, the protagonist recalls a sweet moment in his life in the 2nd movement. As such, the 2nd movement is represented by the rose held by the mourner. The protagonist's moment of bliss is shattered in the 3rd movement when he recalls the turmoil of human existence, which is represented by the dates of the 2 World Wars written on the shaded side of the coffin. In this sketch, "Urlicht" is represented by the illuminated rose on the coffin, with the rose also being a reference to the first line of the Wunderhorn song. Finally, the glorious finale of the 5th movement is represented by the beam of light shining onto the coffin.


Monthly Archives: August 2019
What is fulgurite?
Lightning is an atmospheric discharge of electricity that is five times hotter than the surface of the sun. When lightning strikes the ground, it is hot enough to fuse silica sand and clay together into fulgurites: shafts of glass produced … Continue reading
Category: Phenomena
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Do storms impact Arctic sea ice?
Category: Meteorology, Seasons
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What is warm rain?
Category: Meteorology, Tropical
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Why are there so few hurricanes every year?
We are about five weeks away from the climatological peak of the hurricane season, which stretches from early June to November.
During that period, even in a particularly active year, not many hurricanes actually develop. Forming over tropical oceans ensures that warm sea-surface temperature (SST) provides a mature hurricane with a means to warm and moisten the air that flows toward the important eye-wall convection. Thus, it is not surprising that hurricanes struggle to develop if the SST is not 79.7 degrees or warmer. Continue reading
Category: Severe Weather, Tropical
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text: The objective of this paper is to introduce the constrained discrete-time statedependent Riccati equation (CD-SDRE) technique for decentralized multi-agent systems. First, a D-SDRE for tracking control is derived analytically. Then, the latter is utilized in formulating the distributed D-SDRE control law. The constraint problem of the D-SDRE/distribued D-SDRE is then addressed by recasting it into a model predictive control (MPC) problem. Solution of the latter is then carried out using particle swarm optimization (PSO), which facilitates estimation of the states and control inputs for the D-SDRE control law calculation. The use of decentralized CD-SDRE scheme in a networked system in the presence of constraints is then systematically demonstrated by applying this scheme to reconfiguration problems of spacecraft formation flying under constrained actuation. Simulation results demonstrate the efficacy and reliability of the proposed CD-SDRE in the decentralized control of the spacecraft formation flying.


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Can a regularisation of the determinant be used to find the eigenvalues of the Hamiltonian in the normal infinite dimensional setting of QM?
Edit: I failed to make myself clear. In finite dimensions, there is a function of $\lambda$ whose roots are the eigenvalues (or inverses of the eigenvalues) of a given operator $U$, namely, the characteristic polynomial $\det (I-\lambda U)$. Is there some way of regularising this determinant to do the same thing in infinite dimensions? In general? Or at least for unitary operators which describe the time evolution of a quantum mechanical system?
link to a related question What does a unitary transformation mean in the context of an evolution equation?
EDIT: Perhaps the question still is not clear. The question was, and still is, ¿if you regularise $\det(I-\lambda U)$ as a complex valued function of $\lambda$, for $U$ a unitary operator, will its zeroes be the values of $\lambda$ such that $I-\lambda U$ fails to be invertible? ¿Has a non-zero kernel? ¿Or does regularising the determinant lose touch with that property of the finite dimensional determinant?
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Can you please clarify the question? Do you mean, can you discretize the Schrordinger eigenvalue problem to a finite dimensional system, and then find the eigenvalues E of the finite dimensional matrix M using det(M-EI)=0, and recover the correct levels E in the limit that the dimension of the system goes to infinity? – Ron Maimon Jan 3 '12 at 8:37
That would be the best possible answer, but I could settle for less. I'll try to rephrase the question, too. – joseph f. johnson Jan 3 '12 at 8:50
Then your question is not about the determinant at all, but about regulating the Schrodinger operators computationally. This is very easy to do, it is normal in computational studies, but I am not sure how much is rigorously known about the continuum limit. – Ron Maimon Jan 3 '12 at 12:35
I don't know why you say "regularizing". I gave you the "regularized" form below. I think you mean something different, "regularization" means putting the theory on a lattice, or breaking the continuum limit some other way, like doing an infinite sum with additional factors. You are asking whether the determinants converges after appropriate rescaling in the large L small $\epsilon$ limit to a unique function of $\lambda$, and it might, for the appropriate class of potentials. Zeta-function regularization is often used. Convergence isn't necessary for PI. – Ron Maimon Jan 4 '12 at 18:12
I don't know whether this makes a difference, except in grammar, but I did not say « regularising », I said « regularisation », and that is because that is the normal word for altering the definition of a divergent function (or integral) to make it convergent yet still agree with the original if the original were convergent. E.g. zeta function regularisation of the determinant. Lattice methods are one method of regularisation but not the only one. AFAIK, the zeta function regularisation doesnt work for the characteristic poly, and even if it did, wouldnt have the eigenvalues as roots. – joseph f. johnson Jan 4 '12 at 22:12
2 Answers 2
The continuum eigenvalues and eigenvectors of the Schrodinger operator are the limiting low-lying eigenvalues and eigenvectors of the discrete lattice approximations. Given a Schrodinger operator
$$ H= \sum_i A_i \partial_i^2 + V(x_1,....,x_n) $$
Where V is of the appropriate class (smooth is too restrictive--- you can have delta functions too, and random potentials, but I don't know the best possible function class--- it might be any integrable potential, i.e., any potential at all EDIT: of course it can't, as the -1/r^n energy levels run away to be localized on top of the attractive spot. The correct condition on the potential is involved, but you can take it to be continuous for this discussion), you replace the x's by a square lattice of spacing $\epsilon$ and of total size L in each direction with periodic boundaries, replace the $\nabla_i$ by the lattice $\nabla_i$
$$ (H_L \psi) (x) = \sum_i {A_i\over \epsilon^2} (\psi(x_i + \epsilon) - 2\psi(x_i) + \psi(x_{i-1})) + V_L(x) \psi(x) $$
Where V_L(x) is the integral over one lattice volume of the continuum V(x) in an $\epsilon$ box centered at x, and the discrete second derivative is the difference between the forward difference and the backward difference.
Then the approximately smooth low lying eigenvectors of $H_L$ converge to the eigenvalues of H in the continuum limit, and as for the high eigenvectors, who cares, these are lattice artifacts. I am sure that it is possible to prove all this rigorously, although from the physical point of view, if it were not the case, the Schrodinger equation would be physically suspect.
You can see the convergence on a computer, if you simulate a discretized Schrodinger operator. You can prove the convergence of the discrete to continuous propagator relatively easily from the path integral. For the individual eigenvalues and eigevectors, things will be somewhat more involved. If you want a mathematical proof, I can try to sketch one.
EDIT: Determinant formula
If you look at the eigenvalue equation for the finite dimensional operator $H_L$,
$$det(H_L - \lambda I)$$
you find a finite degree polynomial, whose zeros are the eigenvalues of the equation in the limit $\epsilon\rightarrow 0$, $L\rightarrow\infty$.
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You mean $det(H_L - \lambda I)$. This is a finite degree polynomial in $\lambda$ whose eigenvalues are those of $H_L$. – Ron Maimon Jan 3 '12 at 23:16
you seem to be saying that it is the set of zeroes which has a limit? Not the polynomial? – joseph f. johnson Jan 3 '12 at 23:55
_USER_: yes--- it is not obvious that the polynomial is converging, but for sure the zeros are. But when you get a certain set of zeros, you can write an Euler product formula and make an analytic function which has these zeros, and perhaps this gives a unique correct continuum notion of infinite dimensional determinant, I am not sure. I always think of it regulated. – Ron Maimon Jan 4 '12 at 7:06
It seems, then, that the answer to my question is « no », but you are not sure. – joseph f. johnson Jan 4 '12 at 8:27
_USER_: The answer seems to be yes, I didn't work out the limit of the polynomial, but an analytic function is usually specified by its infinite set of zeros and some additional constraints, like a polynomial of infinite degree. I am not sure under what conditions the convergence is guaranteed, and convergence of the determinant is not necessary for any of the physics results, but the mathematical topic is Fredholm theory. – Ron Maimon Jan 4 '12 at 8:39
As you have already mentioned, there are many ways to understand'regularization' and it is not very often connected with discrete limit - rather, these are dirty tricks to give a meaning to certain sums/integrals which are clearly divergent. Here, the problem is different - we do not know a priori WHAT should be this divergent object - to have divergence we have to have a limit and we have no limit so far. So, the question is rather about the definitnion than about'regularization' which might be necessary in later steps.
So, i may suggest a definition - we have an identity for finite dimensional operators (let us assume U unitary), : $det(I-\lambda U) = exp(Tr(ln(I-\lambda U))$. This is always correct - because $I-\lambda U $ is normal and therefore diagonalizable.
We can expand ln in Taylor series around 1 to obtain (ordinary Taylor series when U is in eigenbasis, no problems with radius of convergence when looked upon U - as modulus of all U's eigenvalues is 1).
$$ det(I-\lambda U) = exp(- \sum_{n=1}^{\infty} \frac{\lambda^n}{n} Tr\, (U^n) ) $$
Now we have an expression explicitly containing a limit and at the same time well defined for U an operator in finite dimensional complex Hilbert space. Note, that the appearance of limit is a side-effect, not intentional. Now, we can ask if this expression makes sense when our space becomes infinite-dimensional. There are theorems that state, that if U is bounded (that is $\exists_{M>0}: \forall_{v \in V}\,\, ||U v||\leq M \, ||v|| $) and trace-class (so that trace always exists and is finite) the above formula is well defined in infinite dimensional case. For unit


Swiss brown bear policy in place, as bears migrate back
Swiss brown bear (image: ©2009 Josef Griffel/Swiss federal environment office)
Bern, Switzerland (GenevaLunch) - The Swiss brown bear is coming home and while he's being welcomed with open arms, he will have to get used to new rules that should make it harder for him to become too familiar with humans. The federal government laid out its brown bear management policy in 2006 after the first brown bear in a century appeared in 2005.
Four bears have since been seen in Switzerland, but two have since died, and one has disappeared.
The federal environment department has just revised the policy, putting greater emphasis on educating the public and ensuring that the bears' likelihood of survival is increased by making it harder for them to forage for food around human habitations.
Federal environment office information page on Swiss bears, Fre
National parks and canton Graubuenden brochure, pdf, on contact with and behaviour around bears, Fre


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Returns a string representation of the key attribute(s) that is suitable for use in an HTML DOM id. This can be overwritten to customize the default generated string representation if desired. If you need to read back a key from a dom_id in order to query for the underlying database record, you should write a helper like 'person_record_from_dom_id' that will extract the key either based on the default implementation (which just joins all key attributes with '-') or on your own overwritten version of the method. By default, this implementation passes the key string through a method that replaces all characters that are invalid inside DOM ids, with valid ones. You need to make sure yourself that your dom ids are valid, in case you overwrite this method.
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ADR has developed equipment and sub-systems such as servomotors, motorised bearings and positioners to meet new technological requirements. ADR provides a complete electromechanical function based on expertise and experience going back more than 25 years in the high precision fields.
3-Axis Positioners in Carbon Composite (G3AC)
The carbon composite positioner has been developed for the new defence and aeronautics telecommunications markets that demand high positioning accuracy and stable mechanical behaviour in time. This positioner brings the following benefits:
- A significant reduction of mass by the use of carbon composite parts certified for aeronautical use;
- A positioning on 3 axes which allows high mobility of the antenna and continuous scanning of the pointing zone;
- A reduced and compact overall dimensions by the integration of small section ball bearings close to the axis;
- A reduction of pointing defects through precise axis production;
- Maintenance and precise positioning of a 5 kg payload. On request, ADR may adapt the architecture according to the mass.
Servomotors and Motorised Bearings
The range of servomotor and motorised bearingshas been designed with the aim of reducing mass and overall dimensionsas well as achieving high rigidity of the shaft. Servomotors have very high angular precision and can evolve in demanding mechanical and vibratory environments.
The servomotor and the motorised bearingsbring the following benefits:
- A hollow shaft for central routing of equipment and connections;
- A high precision angular position sensor which is integrated into the servomotor range;
- Motorised bearings architecture and flat, compact, so-called pancake-shaped servomotor;
- High axis velocity thanks to its direct drive architecture and low inertia;
- High torque and high reliability are delivered by the Brushless motor.


Whales, They Give Themselves
Conversations with Harry Brower, Sr.
Karen Brewster
Whales, They Give Themselves
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Karen Brewster
Distributed for University of Alaska Press
248 pages | black and white photos | 6 x 9
Paper $22.95 ISBN: 9781889963662 Published October 2004
The Whales, They Give Themselves is an intimate life history of Harry Brower, Sr. (_PHONE_), an Inupiaq whaling captain, artisan, and community leader from Barrow, Alaska. In a life that spanned the profound cultural and economic changes of the twentieth century, Brower's vast knowledge of the natural world made him an essential contributor to the Native and scientific communities of the North. His desire to share his insights with future generations resulted in a series of conversations with friend and oral historian Karen Brewster, who weaves Harry's stories with cultural and historical background into this innovative and collaborative oral biography.
Brower was deeply committed to Native culture, and his life history is a moving expression of the Inupiaq way of life. He was also influential in traditionally non-Native arenas in which Native and non-Native values sometimes collided. Acting as a mediator between Inupiaq whalers and non-Native scientists, Brower communicated a vast understanding of bowhead whales and whaling that became the basis for a scientific research program and helped protect Inupiaq subsistence whaling. He was a central architect of the Arctic Slope Regional Corporation boundaries, and served for over twenty years as a consultant to scientists at the Naval Arctic Research Laboratory. Brower's role in this collaborative research serves as one of the earliest and best examples of how scientists and Native experts can work together to advance knowledge. Such approaches are now promoted by researchers around the world.
The Whales, They Give Themselves not only conveys Brower's life story, but also is a cross-cultural journey of wisdom and friendship. Whereas academic oral historians once strove to erase the presence of the interviewer in the name of objectivity, Brewster recognizes the influence her specific relationship with Brower had on the way he narrated his life. This volume is a major contribution to our understanding of northern peoples, and a testament to the immense value of collaborative oral history.
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Dad banned from seeing child for 13 years
Updated January 17, 2012 14:20:10
The Family Court has banned the father of a five-year-old girl from seeing his daughter until she turns 18 by ruling that shared care would not work.
After a long legal battle, the court ruled it would be pointless to order shared care of the girl because the mother was determined to ignore court orders and destroy the daughter's relationship with her father.
The court said while it was not in the best interests of the child, the only solution was to ban contact between father and daughter until she turned 18.
The case has been branded by legal experts as one of the most extreme since amendments to shared care legislation in the Family Law Act were introduced by the Howard government in 2006.
Jenni Millbank, a professor of law at the University of Technology in Sydney, says the Family Court needs to consider the relationship between the child and both parents.
"The Family Court has to consider the benefit to a child of a meaningful relationship with both parents and, if they order shared parental responsibility between the parents, they must also then consider whether or not the child would benefit from so-called equal time or, if not equal time, substantial and significant time," she said.
But Professor Millbank says certain circumstances mean some shared care arrangements do not work.
"If a parent is violent or abusive or if they have a very serious mental illness or an addiction, if they are not able to prioritise the child's need over their own needs or if there is such extreme conflict between the parents that the benefit of the relationship is outweighed by the destructive impact of the conflict on the child," she said.
'Fraught issues'
The director of Canberra law firm Farrar Gesini and Dunn, Juliette Ford, says those circumstances existed in the current case.
"There are a number of extremely fraught issues between the parents," Ms Ford said.
"There were allegations of violence between them; there are allegations of abuse in relation to the child; there is evidence of the father's attitude towards the mother, which is negative.
"And then there is also a lot of evidence as to the mother's attitude towards the father, which is also negative."
"The courts have been very careful not to in any way be seen to be complementing, congratulating or condoning the actions and attitudes of each of the parents, and this isn't a case where one should see that the mother has been vindicated in her actions.
"The court has very much made a decision as to what's in the interests of this little five-year-old notwithstanding the actions of her mother in this particular case."
Audio: Mother's refusal sees father banned from contacting daughter (The World Today)
Professor Millbank says the case should not set an unwanted precedent for shared care.
She says it just confirms that the case in question was extreme.
"As Tolstoy says, every family is unhappy in its own special way," Professor Millbank said.
"So there's no such thing really as the death of shared care or a precedent that binds other cases. This sounds like a very extreme and unusual sets of facts and so you're going to get an unusual judgment.
"I think it's very clear that the shared care legislation has set down a pattern of much more shared care. So you can't just say because it didn't happen in this one case that the quotes about the death of shared care, I thought, were just a bit extreme."
High-stakes game
Professor Millbank says parents who simply refuse to deal with each other are playing a high-stakes game.
"There is absolutely that question of kind of thwarting the relationship but that is also a consideration in the legislation," she said.
"The court has to consider the willingness of each parent to facilitate the relationship of the child with the other parent or with other important people.
"So if you just say 'it's over and I hate him now so I don't want the child to see him', then one of the possible outcomes is the child will actually go into the primary care of the other parent."
Ms Ford says the laws have mostly had a positive impact.
"What's happened since those amendments is there's been a greater number of cases where people have been spending more time with their children," she said.
"Some can see that as being a good thing. Some may point to some decisions where that necessarily hasn't been a good thing.
"But what it has caused people to think about is well, my actions and who I am as a person is going to have some relevance towards what orders somebody makes which is in the best interests of my child and it's not about me and what my rights are, it's about what's appropriate for my children.
"That's really what this case struggled with."
Editor's note: (January 17) a related video has been removed as it was inaccurate and lacked balance.
Topics: family-law, family-and-children, courts-and-trials, australia, canberra-2600, sydney-2000
First posted November 24, 2011 18:49:16


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CONTEC08E is an LED screen Electronic Sphygmomanometer,simple interface and one-key measurement,it can measure NIBP accurately,NIBP records can be reviewed by the memory button and support voice broad casting(optional). The device is widely used in family,clinic and physical-examination center for routine test.
1.Small volume,one-key measurement,easy to operate,big font in displaying,simple and easy to understand the displayed contents.
2.Support voice broadcasting(optional).
3.Start measuring manually,record each measurement data,and store up to 199 groups of data.
4.LED color screen.Automatic power off when there is no operation for a long time,achieves saving power.
5.High pressure prompt.
6.Low battery and error information indication.
7.Optional units:mmHg and kPa
Measurement mode:upper-arm type
Measurement range:0kPa(0mmHg)~ 39.6kPa(297mmHg)
PR measurement range:40bpm~240bpm
Inflation:automatic inflation by force pump
Deflation:automatic multistep deflation
Display:LED large color screen
Power:Four"AA"batteries/5V Power adapter
Safety character:Class II Type BF
Atmospheric pressure :700hPa~1060hPa
Cuff for adult


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INTRODUCTION: The clinical value of daily routine chest radiographs (CXRs) in critically ill patients is unknown. We conducted this study to evaluate how frequently unexpected predefined major abnormalities are identified with daily routine CXRs, and how often these findings lead to a change in care for intensive care unit (ICU) patients.
METHOD: This was a prospective observational study conducted in a 28-bed, mixed medical-surgical ICU of a university hospital.
RESULTS: Over a 5-month period, 2,457 daily routine CXRs were done in 754 consecutive ICU patients. The majority of these CXRs did not reveal any new predefined major finding. In only 5.8% of daily routine CXRs (14.3% of patients) was one or more new and unexpected abnormality encountered, including large atelectases (24 times in 20 patients), large infiltrates (23 in 22), severe pulmonary congestion (29 in 25), severe pleural effusion (13 in 13), pneumothorax/pneumomediastinum (14 in 13), and malposition of the orotracheal tube (32 in 26). Fewer than half of the CXRs with a new and unexpected finding were ultimately clinically relevant; in only 2.2% of all daily routine CXRs (6.4% of patients) did these radiologic abnormalities result in a change to therapy. Subgroup analysis revealed no differences between medical and surgical patients with regard to the incidence of new and unexpected findings on daily routine CXRs and the effect of new and unexpected CXR findings on daily care.
CONCLUSION: In the ICU, daily routine CXRs seldom reveal unexpected, clinically relevant abnormalities, and they rarely prompt action. We propose that this diagnostic examination be abandoned in ICU patients.


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Roberts Memorial United Methodist Church is the oldest black Methodist Church in Alexandria. Prior to 1830, the Black Methodist in Alexandria, Virginia was members of the white Trinity Methodist Church. By 1830, the Black Methodist established their own Church called Davis Chapel after their white Minister. After 1844, Davis Chapel Church renamed their Church to Roberts Chapel due to a split within the Methodist Church on the issue of slavery. The Church was located between two Black neighborhoods called the "Bottoms" and "Hayti."
Prior to the civil war, Roberts Chapel organized a Sabbath school and a secular school, that met at the church until Alexandria retrocedes to Virginia in 1847. After the civil war, the school reopened.
Roberts Chapel members were freed and enslaved people. This section will talk about some of their members and the impact they had on the history of Alexandria.


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Analogous to a riverbed channelling water, one can entrench some systemic praxis in organisations through facilitating the design of systemic structures. This includes systemic structures for each organisational function (i.e. systemic process and supply chain design) as well as the coordination of the organisation as a whole through a three-dimensional
However, a riverbed could channel clear or dirty water in the same manner. Likewise, the information within systemically conceived structures could be processed systemically (i.e. synergistically) or conventionally. Put differently, planning and decision-making could involve systemic methodologies to yield synergistic outcomes or not, even if the structures are systemic.
Thus, both structures and praxis need to be systemic, in order to create a systemic learning organisation. As pointed out above, different systems approaches deal with structures and processes somewhat differently and therefore benchmarking can be misleading.
Derived from the Biomatrix meta-systems theory, the Biomatrix Organisational Development Programme is designed to create systemic structures, practices and organisational culture that cohere with each other and are systemic. Organisations applying the programme in its entirety could be subjected to benchmarking. However, since establishing a systemically structured learning organisation can take a couple of years (depending on its size) and different organisations take a different path to get there (due to a modular design depending on the specific needs and realities of the organisation), benchmarking them may also be challenging.


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Should you visit Cuenca or Temuco?
Which city should you visit? Read on to compare the prices of travel for Cuenca and Temuco. We'll break down costs for accommodation, food, transportation and more to help you learn more about these two destinations. Then, you can figure out if either of these two places are accessible based on your travel budget. So, let's dig into it.
Cuenca is a vibrant colonial city in southern Ecuador, the third largest in the country, and the capital of Azuay Province. Cuenca is considered as Ecuador's most important and beautiful colonial city after Quito. Dating from the 16th century, Cuenca's historic center, a Unesco World Heritage Site with its trademark skyline of massive rotundas and soaring steeples, is a magical sight in which you will feel like you are moving back in time. Cuenca is the center of many craft traditions, including ceramics, metalwork and the internationally famous panama hat. The nearby villages also offer many other handicrafts. Tourists enjoy wandering the ancient streets discovering picturesque alleys and hidden corners, where nuns march along cobblestone streets and kids in Catholic-school uniforms skip past historic churches. Fascinating historic monuments and fabulous views are found at every turn. Cuenca also has outstanding art museums and festivals. For a rewarding cultural experience, visit during Easter to attend the Festival of Religious Music.
Temuco is a large and modern city found 680 km south of Santiago. While the city is dynamic, it does not have any particular charm with the exception of being a great point of departure for many excursions around the lake region and the many national parks found in the surrounding area. Temuco is also well known for its Mapuche culture, a proud and rebellious community of around 20 000 in the area today, who has fought continuously against every invaders in the past.
Which city is cheaper, Temuco or Cuenca?
These are the overall average travel costs for the two destinations.
The average daily cost (per person) in Cuenca is $34, while the average daily cost in Temuco is $81. These costs include accommodation (assuming double occupancy, so the traveler is sharing the room), food, transportation, and entertainment. While every person is different, these costs are an average of past travelers in each city. Below is a breakdown of travel costs for Cuenca and Temuco in more detail.
Accommodation prices vary by location and style, but travelers pay on average about $20 for a double occupancy room in Cuenca.
For a normal double-occupancy room in Temuco, $90 is the average cost for a hotel room. Also in Temuco, the typical price for a place to stay for one person is $45, such as in a hostel.
Food in Cuenca costs travelers about $12 per day on average. Restaurants can vary significantly in price, so choose wisely if you're trying to save money. Fast food and street stalls are typically your cheapest options, which sit down restaurants can be significantly more expensive.
The price of a meal in Temuco can vary widely. However, the average price for food per day is $23 per person, and a typical meal will cost around $9.20 based on the spending of previous visitors. Less expensive dining options can be found by eating street food or at fast food restaurants.
Meals for one day
Typical Food prices in Cuenca
Below are a few samples from actual travelers for food and meal costs in Cuenca:
Food Tours and Cooking Classes in Cuenca
Also, here are some specific examples of food and dining related activities in Cuenca.
Cooking Class & Market Tour in Cuenca:
Cuenca City Tour & Cooking Class (PRIVATE Tour):
The average price of local transportation around Cuenca is $8.60 per person, per day. As this average includes both taxis and public transport, keep in mind that the prices of private drivers and taxis are significantly more expensive than public transportation.
Temuco's transportation costs can vary by the type of transport chosen by visitors. Naturally, taxis and private drivers cost much more than public transportation options. On average, visitors spend $24 per person, per day on transportation in Temuco.
Typical Local Transportation prices in Cuenca
Below are a few samples from actual travelers for transportation costs in Cuenca:
Hired Cars and Shuttles in Cuenca
Some specific examples of transportation prices in Cuenca:
Private Transfer from Cuenca City Center to Madrid City Center:
Private Transfer from Cuenca to Guayaquil.:
Arrival Private Transfer: Cuenca Airport CUE to Cuenca City by Minivan:
Departure Private Transfer: Cuenca City to Cuenca Airport CUE by Minivan:
Cuenca to Guayaquil Transfer in Fantasy Bus:
Cuenca to Alausi Transfer in Fantasy Bus:
Transfer In Cuenca Airport - Hotel:
Cuenca Airport Shuttle Transfer:
Cuenca Arrival Transfer:
Cuenca Departure Transfer:
Hired Cars and Shuttles in Temuco
Also for Temuco, here are a few examples of actual transportation services:
Transfer from Temuco Airport to Huilo Huilo:
Transfer from Temuco Airport to Pucon:
Cuenca's costs for entertainment, tickets, attractions, and tours will often cost around $13 per person, per day. This cost can vary widely by the type of activity, however, as this includes admission tickets, day tours, museums, and other things to do.
Sightseeing, admission tickets, things to do, and other entertainment expenses in Temuco can vary widely by price. On average, visitors spend around $8.01 per person, per day on entertainment and sightseeing here.
Tours and Activities in Cuenca
Here are a few actual costs in Cuenca for available activities, ticket prices, and tours:
4-Day Magic Tour Cuenca, Alausi town, Baños, Quilotoa, Cotopaxi and Quito:
5-Day Rock Climbing Tour in Cojitambo, Paute, Girón, Cajas and Sayausi:
5-Day Trekking Rock, Climbing, Canyoning and Paragliding Tour:
BIKE TOUR "Descent of The Andes":
Baños Private Guided 4-day tour from Cuenca:
Biking Cuenca City Tour:
Biking and Walking City Tour Cuenca:
Birdwatching Tour in Cajas National Park from Cuenca:
Birdwatching Tour in Cajas National Park from Cuenca:
Birdwatching Tour in Giron and Yunguilla Jocotoco Reserve from Cuenca:
Birdwatching Tour in Tamarindo Tropical Forest area from Cuenca:
Birdwatching Tour in Via Sigsig,Chiguinda from Cuenca:
While the amount that someone spends on alcohol while visiting Cuenca may vary from person to person, on average a person spends $11 per day on alcoholic beverages.
Alcoholic beverages can often be a significant portion of a traveler's budget, and the costs can vary greatly from person to person. In Temuco, the average amount that a visitor spends on alcoholic beverages per day is $5.24.
When we compare the travel costs of actual travelers between Cuenca and Temuco, we can see that Temuco is more expensive. And not only is Cuenca much less expensive, but it is actually a significantly cheaper destination. So, traveling to Cuenca would let you spend less money overall. Or, you could decide to spend more money in Cuenca and be able to afford a more luxurious travel style by staying in nicer hotels, eating at more expensive restaurants, taking tours, and experiencing more activities. The same level of travel in Temuco would naturally cost you much more money, so you would probably want to keep your budget a little tighter in Temuco than you might in Cuenca.
Related Articles for Cuenca
Related Articles for Temuco


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Mango was ranked second in the prioritisation of value chains conducted at the commencement of the EI-ADO project.
The study focuses on mango production in NTB and EJ. It encompasses multiple issues deemed important for an understanding of the structure of the various mango value chains (within study provinces), their conduct and performance, as well as their potential as a vehicle for poverty reduction. Emphasis is given to the constraints faced by farmers and other chain actors, and the opportunities available to them, in the wider context of the mango sub-sector and its position in international trade.
- Early-season cultivation for increasing the incomes of mango growers.
- Enabling export development to drive improvements in farm productivity and profitability and generate onand off-farm employment.
- Upstream development of export and other quality chains to deliver significant income benefits to mango growers through higher yields and prices, while also generating on-farm employment opportunities.
- Processing to help address the main issue of concern to value chain actors, i.e. depressed prices during the main season, while also generating employment opportunities, especially for women.