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Suppose $p = 2^n - 1$ is prime. Show that $n \: | \: 2^n - 2$, or equivalently $n \: | \: p - 1$.
With hint: The order of any element in this field divides $p-1$.
Example: $n=7, \; p=127 \:\Rightarrow\: 7 \: | \: 126$.
I don't have any progress that seems to lead to a proof, but here are some of my ideas:
 - Because $p$ is a Mersenne prime, $n$ must be prime
 - Use Fermat's little theorem
 - Show that $2^n - 2 \equiv 0 \mod n$
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3 Answers 3
You have mentioned ingredients that lead to a proof. As you point out, the number $n$ must be prime, so we can use Fermat's Theorem.
There are a couple of different versions of Fermat's Theorem. Each version is not difficult to derive from the other.
Version 1: If $n$ is prime, then for any integer $a$, we have $a^n \equiv a \pmod n$. This says directly that $n$ divides $a^n-a$, which is exactly what you want to show, in the special case $a=2$.
Version 2: If $n$ is prime, and $n$ does not divide $a$, then $a^{n-1} \equiv 1 \pmod n$.
In your case, $n$ is odd, so if $a=2$, then $n$ does not divide $a$. It follows that $n$ divides $2^{n-1}-1$, and therefore $n$ divides twice this number, which is $2^n-2$.
However, you were given a hint which enables us to bypass Fermat's Theorem. So probably you were expected to argue as follows.
Since $p=2^n-1$, certainly $p$ divides $2^n-1$, so $2^n \equiv 1 \pmod p$. That implies that the order of $2$ in the field $\mathbb{Z}_p$ is a divisor of $n$. But the order of $2$ is exactly $n$, since $n$ is prime, and therefore the only divisors of $n$ are $1$ and $n$.
The order of any element of the field $\mathbb{Z}_p$ divides $p-1$. Since the order of $2$ in this field is $n$, we conclude that $n$ divides $p-1$, that is, $n$ divides $2^n-2$.
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You said "$p$ divides $2^n-1$, so $2^n \equiv 1 \pmod p$". How does this step work? – Nayuki Minase Feb 27 '12 at 6:31
_USER_ Minase: We say that $x\equiv y \pmod m$ if $m$ divides $x-y$. Take $x=2^n$, $y=1$, $m=p$. Since definitely $p$ divides $2^n-1$ (in fact is exactly equal to $2^n-1$), we have $2^n\equiv 1 \pmod p$. – André Nicolas Feb 27 '12 at 6:38
Ohh right, I understand now. I guess I'm not comfortable enough with modular arithmetic that such an elementary fact slipped past me, heh. – Nayuki Minase Feb 27 '12 at 6:40
Alternate explanation: $p$ divides $2^n-1$, so $2^n-1$ divided by $p$ leaves no remainder, thus $2^n-1 \equiv 0 \mod p$. – Nayuki Minase Feb 27 '12 at 6:42
_USER_ Minase: I can see why it is puzzling, in a sense it is *too simple. One expects to have to work a bit to show that a congruence holds. In this case, there was no real work involved. – André Nicolas Feb 27 '12 at 6:44
up vote 0 down vote accepted
Simpler answer:
Let $n \in \mathbb{N}^+$ be arbitrary. Let $p = 2^n-1$.
Clearly, $2^n \equiv 1 \mod {2^n-1}$. Moveover, $n$ is the smallest power where $2^n \equiv 1$. Thus the order of 2 in $\mathbb{Z}_{p}$ is $n$.
Now if $p$ is prime, then Fermat's little theorem guarantees that for any $a$ (except 0), $a^{p-1} \equiv 1 \mod p$. Furthermore, the order of $a$ divides $p-1$.
$a=2$ has order $n$, therefore $n$ divides $p-1 = 2^n - 2$, as wanted.
Complicated answer:
Fact: $x^{ab} - 1 = (x^a - 1)(x^{(b-1)a} + \ldots + x^{3a} + x^{2a} + x^a + 1)$. So for the special case of $2^n-1$, if $n$ is composite then $2^n-1$ can be factored. By contrapositive, if $2^n-1$ is prime then $n$ is prime.
Fermat's little theorem: If $q$ is prime, then $\forall a \in \mathbb{Z}, \; a^q \equiv a \mod q$.
Now, $n \: | \: 2^n - 2$ is equivalent to saying that $2^n-2$ is a multiple of $n$, or $2^n-2 \equiv 0 \mod n$.
We established that $n$ must be prime. By applying FLT with $a=2$, we get $2^n \equiv 2 \mod n$, which is easily equivalent to $2^n - 2 \equiv 0 \mod n$.
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Hint $\rm\: prime\: P,\: A^P\!\! = 1 = A^K\!\Rightarrow A^{(P,\:K)}\!\!=1,$ so $\rm\: P| K\ $ [if $\rm (P,K) = P$]$\:$ or $\rm\: A\! =\! 1\:$ [if $\rm (P,K) = 1$]
For further detail see this question: If the order divides a prime P then the order is P (or 1).
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Why are all your variables in uppercase? – Nayuki Minase Mar 2 '12 at 5:05
_USER_ It makes expressions in exponents easier to read. – Bill Dubuque Mar 2 '12 at 5:25
Other than that, I'm sorry but I don't understand your argument at all. – Nayuki Minase Mar 2 '12 at 6:34
_USER_ Do you not understand the proof in the hint, or do you not understand how it applies to your case? – Bill Dubuque Mar 3 '12 at 1:08
I didn't understand how your answer fits with my question. Please see the other answers as examples of proofs that I did understand. – Nayuki Minase Mar 3 '12 at 23:33
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What is it? The DQ Tubric 2.0 helps you practice writing Driving Questions by framing initial words, person or entity, action or challenge, and audience/purpose.
Why do we like it? The Tubric is a fun, hands-on way to practice the often-challenging task of writing a Driving Question for a project.
How can you use it? Use the Tubric in professional development or collaborative planning time to help you and your colleagues design effective projects.

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BEGIN:VCALENDAR VERSION:2.0 PRODID:GVSU Events Calendar BEGIN:VEVENT DTSTART:20130604T000000 DTEND:20130604T000000 LOCATION:Eberhard Center DESCRIPTION:The third annual Advancing the STEM Agenda Conference\, co-sponsored by the ASQ Education Division and Grand Valley State University's Seymour and Esther Padnos College of Engineering and Computing. The purpose is to work for advancement and improvement of STEM (science\, technology\, engineering and math) education. The conference will further the STEM agenda by addressing industry partnerships and the transition to STEM careers\; college-ready and transition to college STEM courses\; the STEM gap and representation and access to STEM education\; and higher education STEM-improved learning through teaching and communities. SUMMARY:Advancing The STEM Agenda Conference PRIORITY:3 END:VEVENT END:VCALENDAR


iard balls, it will bounce back. Okay, I don't have a design.
1shminux9yIt sure will, after imparting some momentum to the wall. My point is that I do not know how to construct a gate out of components interacting only through repulsive forces. I am not saying that it is impossible, I just do not see how it can be done.
0DanielVarga9yHow much momentum will it lose before it bounces back? If a large enough wall can make this arbitrarily small, then I think the Fredkin and Toffoli billiard gates [] can be built out of a thick wall of billiard balls. Lucky thing, in this model there is no friction, so gates can be arbitrarily large. Sure, the system might start to misbehave after the walls move by epsilon, but this doesn't seem like a serious problem. In the worst case, we can use throw-away gates that are abandoned after one use. That model is still as strong as Boolean circuits.
3Dreaded_Anomaly9yThe difference I see between photons and your example with billiard balls is that billiard balls have a rest frame. In other words, you can set them up so that they have no preexisting motion relative to you, and any change in their positions is due to your inputs. You can't do this with photons in a vacuum; they are massless, and must always move at c. Photon-photon scattering is also a rare process in quantum electrodynamics. If you look at the Feynman diagram: It has four vertices. Each vertex gives the cross-section of the process another factor of the fine structure constant α, which is a small number, about 1/137. A process like electron-electron or electron-positron scattering, on the other hand, has diagrams with only two vertices, so only two factors of α. (Of course, cross-sections also depend on mass, momentum, and so forth, but this gives a very simple heuristic for comparing processes.) The additional factor of α² ~ 0.00005 makes the cross section tiny compared to common QED processes. If you want to use photons for computing, photonic crystals are your best bet, although the technology is still in early stages of development.
1DanielVarga9yI don't know much about photon-photon scattering, but I do know that the cross section is very small. I see this as something that does not make a difference from a strictly theoretical point of view, but that might be because I don't understand the issues. Photonic crystals are not really relevant for my thought experiments, because you definitely can't build computers out of them that expand with the asymptotic speed of light. Maybe if you can turn regular material into photonic crystal by bombarding it with photons.
1Dreaded_Anomaly9yIf two billiard balls come to occupy an overlapping volume in space at the same time, they will collide with probability (1 - ε) for ε about as small as we can imagine. However, photons will only scatter off each other rarely. Photons are bosons, so the vast majority of the time, they will just pass right through each other. That doesn't give you a dependable logic gate.
1DanielVarga9yMaybe you are right, but it is not immediately obvious to me that small cross-section is a deadly problem. You shouldn't look at one isolated photon-photon encounter as a logic gate. Even an ordinary electronic transistor would not work without error correction. Using error correction, you can build complex systems that seem like magic when you attempt to understand them at the level of individual electrons.
When I read about quantum mechanics they always talk about "observation" as if it meant something concrete. Can you give me an experimental condition in which a waveform does collapse and another where it does not collapse, and explain the difference in the conditions? E.g. in the two slit experiment, when exactly does the alleged "observation" happen?
'Observation' is a shorthand (for historical reasons) for 'interaction with a different system', for example a detector or a human; but a rock will do as well. I would actually suggest you read the Quantum Mechanics Sequence on this point, Eliezer's explanation is quite good.
1Ezekiel9yEliezer's explanation hinges on the MWI being correct, which I understand is currently the minority opinion. Are we to understand that you're with the minority on this one?
Well, yes. But if you don't like MWI, you can postulate that the collapse occurs when the mass of the superposed system grows large enough; in other words, that the explanation is somewhere in the as-yet-unknown unification of QM and GR. Of course, every time someone succeeds in maintaining a superposition of a larger system, you should reduce your probability for this explanation. I think we are now up to objects that are actually visible with the naked eye.
1witzvo9yWhen I hear the phrase "many worlds interpretation," I cringe. This is not because I know something about the science (I know nothing about the science), it's because of confusing things I've heard in science popularizations. This reaction has kept me from reading Eliezer's sequence thus far, but I pledge to give it a fair shot soon. Above you gave me a substitute phrase to use when I hear "observation." Is there a similar substitute phrase to use for MWI? Should I, for example, think "probability distribution over a Hilbert space" when I hear "many worlds", or is it something else? Edit: Generally, can anyone suggest a lexicon that translates QM terminology into probability terminology?
I'm not sure I'm addressing your question, but I advocate in place of "many worlds interpretation" the phrase "no collapse interpretation."
2witzvo9yThat's very helpful. It will help me read the sequence without being prejudiced by other things I've heard. If all we're talking about here is the wavefunction evolving according to Schr\:odinger's equation, I've got no problems, and I would call the "many worlds" terminology extremely distracting. (e.g. to me it implies a probability distribution over some kind of "multiverse", whatever that is).
-1shminux9yPersonally, I advocate "no interpretation", in a sense "no ontology should be assigned to a mere interpretation".
1Viliam_Bur9yI am curious how exactly would this aproach work outside of quantum physics, specifically in areas more simple or more close to our intuition. I think we should be use the same basic cognitive algorithms for thinking about all knowledge, not make quantum physics a "separate magisterium". So if the "no interpretation" approach is correct, seems to me that it should be correct everywhere. I would like to see it applied to a simple physics or even mathematics (perhaps even such as 2+2=4, but I don't want to construct a strawman example here).
2shminux9yI was describing instrumentalism in my comment, and so far it has been working well for me in other areas as well. In mathematics, I would avoid arguing whether a theorem that is unprovable in a certain framework is true or false. In condensed matter physics, I would avoid arguing whether pseudo-particles, such as holes and phonons, are "real". In general, when people talk about a "description of reality" they implicitly assume the map-territory model, without admitting that it is only a (convenient and useful) model. It is possible to talk about observable phenomena without using this model. Specifically, one can describe research in natural science as building a hierarchy of models, each more powerful than the one before, without mentioning the world "reality" even once. In this approach all models of the same power (known in QM as interpretations) are equivalent.
1witzvo9yCan you elaborate on this? (I'm not voting it down, yet anyway; but it has -3 right now) I'm guessing that your point is that seeing and thinking about experimental results for Themselves is more important than telling stories about them, yes?
6Grognor9yYou could go with what Everett wanted to call it in the first place, the relative state interpretation. To answer your "Edit" question, no, the relative state interpretation does not include probabilities as fundamental.
2witzvo9yThanks! Getting back to original sources has always been good for me. Is that "Relative state" formulation of quantum mechanics []?
5RolfAndreassen9yI think it is necessary to exercise some care in demanding probabilities from QM. Note that the fundamental thing is the wave function, and the development of the wave function is perfectly deterministic. Probabilities, although they are the thing that everyone takes away from QM, only appear after decoherence, or after collapse if you prefer that terminology; and we Do Not Know how the particular Born probabilities arise. This is one of the genuine mysteries of modern physics.
3witzvo9yI was reflecting on this, and considering how statistics might look to a pure mathematician: "Probability distribution, I know. Real number, I know. But what is this 'rolling a die'/'sampling' that you are speaking about?" Honest answer: Everybody knows what it means (come on man, it's a die!), but nobody knows what it means mathematically. It has to do with how we interpret/model the data that we see that comes to us from experiments, and the most philosophically defensible way to give these models meaning involves subjective probability. "Ah so you belong to that minority


text:
This is a list of words about family in Somali. You can name people such as your relatives as well as extended family this way.
|Child (m): Wiil yar (ilmo yar oo lab ah)|
|Child (f): Gabar yar (ilmo yar oo dhedig ah)|
|Husband: Seey (xaas)|
|Wife: Marwo (Naag)|
|Cousin (m): Ina adeerka (ina-abti, ina eedo, ina habreed)--
|Cousin (f): Ina habreedeey, ina abtiday, ina eedaday, ina adeertay.|
|Aunt: Eedo, Habaryar |
|Uncle: Adeer, Abti|
|Nephew: Wiila aad habaryarta u tahay, ama eedada, ama abtiga ama adeerka|
|Niece: Gabadha aa habryarta u tahay, ama eedada ama abtiga ama adeerka.|
|Woman: Haweeney (Naag)|
These examples show how family words are used in a Somali sentence. Very useful when socializing with other people. This can also show you how to ask questions.
|What's your brother called?: Waa maxay magaca walaalkaa, ama maxaa walaalkaa loogu yeeraa|
|How old is your sister?: Imisa sano ayay walaashaa jirtaa
|Where does your father work?: Aabahaa xagee buu ka shaqeeyaa |
|Your daughter is very cute: Gabadhaadu way qurux badan tahay
|I love my husband: Waan jeclahay ninkayga (waan jeclahay odaygayga)|
|This is my wife: Tani waa xaaskayga|
With the above list you will be able to discuss how many siblings you have or ask others about their family. Now let's go to the next topic by clicking the "Next" button. Or simply choose your own topic from the menu above.
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Webhooks and Eventhandling
In order to keep your shop up-to-date with any changes concerning your payments you can register a webhook to several different events as described here.
Single Webhook actions
Register a Webhook event
$heidelpay = new \heidelpayPHP\Heidelpay('s-priv-xxxxxxxxxx');
$webhook = $heidelpay->createWebhook(
Fetch and update a Webhook
The URL of a webhook can be updated as shown in the following example.
// fetch
$webhook = $heidelpay->fetchWebhook('s-whk-1533');
// update
It is not possible to update the event a webhook is registered for at the moment.
Delete an existing Webhook
You can delete a webhook either by passing its id or the corresponding webhook object to the heidelpay::deleteWebhook method.
// delete a webhook by id
// delete a webhook by object
Multiple webhooks actions
Register multiple webhooks at once
In order to register multiple webhooks at once you can pass an array containing all desired events.
It will return an array containing all created webhooks as \heidelpayPHP\Resources\Webhook instances.
// register several webhooks at once
$registeredWebhooks = $heidelpay->registerMultipleWebhooks(
Fetch all registered Webhooks at once
$registeredWebhooks = $heidelpay->fetchAllWebhooks();
Delete all Webhooks at once
Handle incoming events
Whenever an event is triggered the corresponding URL is called. The POST request contains the json-information about the event which you can use to fetch the corresponding resource which in turn can be used to update the state of the order/payment in your shop.
Just add the following code to the controller of the URL you registered, fetch the json from the event payload and inject it to the method heidelpay::fetchResourceFromEvent.
The method will fetch the corresponding resource object and return it.
$resource = $heidelpay->fetchResourceFromEvent($jsonRequest);
After that you can determine the type of the resource and handle it accordingly.
Please refer to the latest integration examples for a working example implementation of webhooks and the event handling.
Acknowledging an event
In order to releave our webhook servers and message queues from your events, we need you to acknowledge them by returning the HTTP success code (200). This will tell the server that you have successfully received the event and there is no need to send it again.
We recommend you to use one of the following ways to handle and acknowledge incoming events.
 1. Store the event, acknowledge it and handle it later (e. g. via cron job) …
 2. … or handle the event right away and return a HTTP error code (>= 400) if something goes wrong. The Webhook server will place the event in its queue taking care of resending it again later.
What ever way you choose please do not place the event handling into a loop to try again after an error. This can create a great amount of traffic when our servers suffer a high load and add even more. In addition this can lead to a timeout where the webhook server stops the request and retries sending the event later on while your event handler retries fetching the resource from us.
Security Considerations
To make sure nobody can meddle with your payments or find out your private key please make sure to remember the following rules concerning the event handling.
don't...
…use the event name as indicator for the state of a resource
Since there is no guarantee an event has actually been sent by our API you should always fetch the resource using the SDK. This way you make sure a hacker can not inject a false payment state into your shop. In Addition there is no guarantee the events arrive in the same order they have been sent in. Fetching the resource to an event always gives you the latest state.
don't...
…use the events retrieveUrl to fetch the event resource without making sure the domain is legit.
A hacker could send an event with a retrieveUrl which contains his own domain to spy out your private key or to return fake data to make you believe a payment has been completed when it actually has not. Please use the method fetchResourceFromEvent(...) of the Unzer facade to retrieve the resource from an event to make sure nobody can feed you false data. This method omits the possibly manipulated domain and just uses the path to the corresponding resource, making sure you are calling a save Unzer domain.


text:
Charcoal and Pig Iron Production in Brazil: An Example of Our Efforts to Address Human Rights Abuses in Our Supply Chain
Ford's efforts to address human rights abuses in the production of charcoal and pig iron in Brazil illustrate our proactive approach to addressing human rights issues deep in our raw materials supply chain. In 2006, Ford discovered that charcoal produced in Brazil with the use of slave labor had found its way into our supply chain. Pig iron is a key ingredient in steel production, and in Brazil, charcoal is often used as fuel in the production of pig iron (see the Pig Iron Producers graphic below). The charcoal is made from wood harvested in remote areas of Brazil where instances of forced labor have been found to occur. At the time this issue was brought to our attention in 2006, pig iron was purchased directly by Ford and used at our Cleveland Casting Plant.
When we learned of the situation, we immediately stopped sourcing from the site that was identified in the investigation, but we continued dialogue with the supplier and helped them to develop management systems until such time as the supplier could ensure it was not supporting forced labor in the supply chain for pig iron. We then identified all potential points of entry for pig iron in the Ford value chain and engaged with all relevant suppliers, seeking assurances from them that forced labor was not employed anywhere in their value chain. This included an intensive mapping of five to six tiers of suppliers (including importers, exporters and trading companies). We also requested additional detail regarding our Tier 1 suppliers' systems for safeguarding human rights throughout their operations, including procurement.
The Cleveland Casting Plant was closed in 2010, and Ford no longer directly purchases pig iron. Regardless, we have continued, through integrated supplier development programs, to convey our prohibition of forced labor and validate, where possible, supplier compliance. Validation continues to be challenging given the number of supply chain actors between Ford and the charcoal camps in Brazil. For this reason, in 2011 we renewed our inquiry into the potential points of entry for Brazilian pig iron to our supply chain and are evaluating specific supplier progress on management systems to ensure responsible procurement of this material. We also are working with the U.S. State Department, the International Labour Organization and the governing committee of the Brazilian National Pact to Eradicate Forced Labor to seek multilateral solutions that will help to validate information and improve transparency. Ultimately, we hope to enable responsible purchasing decisions throughout the supply chain.
Pig Iron Producers

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


PA News Feeds
Disabled flyers 'are humiliated'
Disabled people risk "hurt and humiliation" when they travel by air, according to a report.
The group is due to meet airlines, MPs and the Civil Aviation Authority to discuss the treatment of disabled air travellers.
A survey of young disabled air passengers showed that 90% of wheelchair users are unable to use airline toilets and therefore have to avoid drinking before or during flights.
Some 60% of disabled passengers say their wheelchairs have been damaged when travelling with an airline and 60% said they felt unsafe when they transfer from a wheelchair to an airline seat;
Another 50% have problems related to disability when booking airline tickets.


text: The Super Serpentine Reactor employs a length of tubing that is weaved onto a plastic platen using a cross stitch pattern. The pattern employed ensures the maximum number of changes in direction in 3-D space possible. By forcing the flowing fluid to make rapid changes in direction it is possible to significantly improve the mixing patterns achievable in a flowing stream. This phenomenon has been employed in knotted reactors and the Super Serpentine Reactor provides a measure of rigidity and predictability to the reactor. Use of the Super Serpentine Reactor will increase radial dispersion while minimizing axial dispersion. In fact, it is possible to actually reduce axial dispersion compared to a straight length of tubing by using the Super Serpentine Reactor.


There have been numerous videos that show a missile hitting WTC 2. The UFO or whatever it is is also seen in many of them.
UPDATE: Flight 175, according to pilotsfor911 truth, was a Boeing 767-222. The length was 159 ft. 2″. The object in this video was much shorter as can be seen by comparing it to the building face, approx. 208 ft.
Types of precision-guided ammunition 1 Radio-controlled weapons 2 Infrared-guided weapons 3 Laser-guided weapons 4 Radar, infrared, IR imaging and electro-optical guided weapons 5 Millimeter-wave radar 6 Satellite-guided weapons 7 Advanced guidance concepts 8 Cannon Launched Guided Projectiles 9 Guided small arms


text:
Why Choose to Cycle in a Middle-Income Country?
Research on the adoption of the bicycle as a means of transport has been booming in high-income countries. However, little is known about bicycle adoption in lower-income countries where air pollution is high and cycling infrastructure is poor. Understanding the drivers of cycling adoption in developing economies can increase the efficiency of transport policies while reducing local air pollution, improving health, and cutting greenhouse gas emissions. The objective of this study is to identify the factors affecting cycling uptake in a low-income country using the city of Bishkek in Kyrgyzstan as a case study. The analysis is based on the Theory of Planned Behavior, a questionnaire-based survey of 900 respondents, factor analysis, and a logit model. In contrast to studies carried out in developed countries, this study finds that students are less likely to adopt cycling than other population groups. Other findings suggest that support for public transport, a desire for regular exercise and perceptions of the environmental benefits of cycling increase the probability of the use of cycling as a mode of transport in a low-income country. The paper also identifies positive and negative perceptions of cycling among cyclists and non-cyclists.


text:
Could you help us to review the character of the Parish?
The historic environment makes an important contribution to the character of the Parish as a distinctive, interesting and special place. The buildings, spaces, associations and history that combine to create places mean different things to different people. Using the Character Assessment toolkit should help you to analyse the character of areas, spaces and buildings in a structured way. This should help to identify, define and understand the significance and value of different features of the environment that contribute to its character and distinctiveness.
While there is an accepted need for some change to occur within the Parish, proposals for change should be measured against their existing significance to ensure that their present values are not eroded. This should help to ensure that change enhances and sustains the value of the historic and rural environment of the Parish for ourselves and future generations. The evidence and understanding provided by the process will enable management of change in an effective and positive manner.


text:
"Stands there" implies that the angry word is present after it has been spoken on account of its severity. It leaves a strong impression on those who have heard it.
As such, I would offer the word "looms" as a synonym that can replace the phrase "stands there" in your passage. Looms has the sense of being ominous and weighty like the impact of the angry word.
looms: To rise before the vision with an appearance of great or portentous size.
"Vision" seems to imply that for a thing to loom it must be visible, but a google search returns examples of "loom" being used to describe an idea or thought.
- "If no vast and terrifying power of evil loomed in our minds..." [The Prince of Darkness: Radical Evil and the Power of Good In History]
- "Loss of prestige also loomed..." ["Evil People": A Comparative Study of Witch Hunts in Swabian Austria"]
The sentence with the synonym would read:
It is much harder to deny having said an angry word. It looms, easily repeated back, hard to disavow totally.


text:
TeachMeFinance.com - explain intelligence-related activities
intelligence-related activities 'intelligence-related activities' is an military term meaning '(DOD) Those activities outside the consolidated defense intelligence program that: respond to operational commanders' tasking for time-sensitive information on foreign entities; respond to national intelligence community tasking of systems whose primary mission is support to operating forces; train personnel for intelligence duties; provide an intelligence reserve; or are devoted to research and development of intelligence or related capabilities. (Specifically excluded are programs that are so closely integrated with a weapon system that their primary function is to provide immediate-use targeting data.)'.
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I'm wondering if any one knows a javascript formula which calculates the max number of tiles that would appear on the user's screen at any given time based on their screen size...
For example: If we say the screen size is 1200pixels by 600pixels and the tiles are 64 pixels by 32 pixels.
In a birds eye view this is easy to calculate but isometric kinda makes it all a bit more confusing for me to understand how to implement such a calculation in my code.
Does any one have any insight how to calculate it?
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What are the details of the plane? E.g. the distance and angle from the screen? – Phil H Apr 5 '12 at 14:09
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2 Answers
up vote 0 down vote accepted
Assuming you are counting only tiles that fit fully (without getting cut-off):
 var verticalCount = Math.floor(windowHeight / tileHeight);
 var horizontalCount = Math.floor(windowWidth / tileWidth);
 var totalCount = verticalCount * horizontalCount;
If you want to count also tiles that fit partially (getting cut off by the window), just change both instances of Math.floor to Math.ceil above.
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This only works for birds eye view, in isometric you end up with empty spaces in all 4 corners. The maths is different because the tiles are essentially at an angle. I already tried you're approach :P – Dave Mar 9 '12 at 1:26
If this answer is not sufficient, I suggest you un-accept it. – Phil H Apr 5 '12 at 14:08
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If you are wanting to fill the screen with isometric tiles, not a board, and not counting the half tiles that could be displayed, then the formula would be
var cols = Math.floor(windowWidth/tileWidth)
var rows = Math.floor(windowHeight/tileHeight)
var totalCount = (rows * cols) + ((rows-1)*cols)
this will give you the number of complete isometric tiles that can fit in that space.
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text:
North America vs. Europe Billion
Date: July 2007
We are having a discussion about how many zeros are in a billion.
We have Googled this topic, and we are getting different information.
My Hispanic employees are stating that there are 12 zeros in a billion.
When we Googled a billion in Spanish, they are correct. When we Google a
billion in English I am correct in stating that there are 9 zeros.
In the US there are one thousand millions in a billion....
ten to the 9. The European billion is a million millions....
ten to the 12. One of the many ways that the world is not one...
are you familiar with the US gallon and the Imperial (British) gallon?
They, too, are different. Again, the US measure is smaller.
There are 9 zeros in 1 billion: 1,000,000,000. 12 zeros is 1 trillion.
A billion is 1,000,000,000 which has 9 zeros. A thousand has 3 zeros, a
million has 6 zeros, and a trillion has 12.
In Spanish the word for trillion is billon (with an accent over the o,
billion is mil millones) so maybe you can split lunch?
Stanford Department of Chemistry
I had not heard of this, but a quick Googling seems to confirm the tale.
Different places have different names for numbers, depending on which scale
you choose to adopt.
There are lots of references on-line that go into great detail, here is what I
This one explains the long scale and short scale:
Answers.com gives the same info:
And an article on a site called Eyeful Tower gives the same info:
NIST SI prefixes: _URL_
I hope this answers your question,
Unfortunately, you will have to go "Dutch".
What Americans call billions are, in Europe "a thousand millions".
Their billions are out trillions. Go figure, but then they use periods
for commas and a comma for the decimal point in numbers.
You both are correct.
Oklahoma State University - Okmulgee
Not much to say here. A "billion" means different things in the U.S.
and the rest of the world. Sort of like the U.S. being alone in the world
in not using the metric system for measurements.
Department of Physics and Astronomy
University of Wyoming
NOTE: The ^ in the following text means 'to the power of'.
The word 'billion' literally means million to the power of two (bi),
hence the proper billion is 1 million-million (10^12).
Likewise 'trillion' literally means million to the power of three
hence the proper trillion is 1 million-million-million (10^18).
This allows you to multiply by adding prefixes, eg. billion x trillion
= quintillion (2+3=5).
The American system does NOT allow you to do this.
The American billion x the American billion = American quintillion
(10^9 x 10^9 = 10^18), 2+2 does NOT equal 5.
The American billion x the American trillion is 10^9 x 10^12 = 10^21
(= American sextillion), 2+3 does NOT equal 6.
The American billion (10^9) should be called the sesquillion
(literally'million to the power of 1.5'). In fact, this is where the
slang word'squillion', meaning a large amount, comes from. Most
people who are 'in the know', call this amount a thousand-million.
Sorry America, but the European billion, trillion... centillion
system is actually both grammatically and mathematically correct!
... and Rey, you will have to buy your Hispanic employees lunch.
Well Rey, the original meaning for Billion was Bi-Million, and thus,
one muillion million. This is the typical European understanding of the term.
However, the typical American understanding of Billion is the next set of
decimal places after Millions. Thus, What a European would consider as a
Billion, we would typically call a Trillion.
I suppose for any authoritative answer as to which one is correct, we should
probably refer to the only people likely to use such numbers from day to day,
Mathematicians and Scientists. Both of those groups generally accept the
American version, 10^9.
Probably not a real helpful answer, but it is the most correct way I know to explain it.
I think you are all correct. There are a few instances of numbers not having
the same names in different languages. This is one of them. When scientists
communicate, they will often put numbers in both word and numeric form to
make it very clear, or you must already know how the other language uses it
when you are reading an article.
You are all winners!
You are both right; everybody wins! So everyone can pitch in and buy lunch for
everybody else. I did not know there were two definitions of billion until I
looked in Webster's Unabridged New Twentieth Century dictionary.
According to Webster's, 1. In the United States and France, a thousand millions
2. In Great Britain and Germany, a million millions (1,000,000,000,000)
So there is more than one definition. (So I guess numbers are not as "black and
white" as we would presume them to be.)
Have a great lunch with everyone!
Unfortunately, there is an ambiguous definition of the term "billion". The
increasingly accepted definition of the term "billion" is 10^9 -- i.e. "1"
followed by "9" zeros. Historically, the same term "billion" was used by some
10^12 -- i.e. "1" followed by "12" zeros. That definition has been "officially"
discarded, but may crop up in some older literature. See:
or Wikipedia discussions. the 10^9 bunch is going to get a free lunch, Enjoy.
Click here to return to the General Topics Archives
Update: June 2012


Nineteen fourth-graders at Pineloch Elementary School can't drive, but they do have a set of new wheels.
A Gift for Teaching, a local charity, and David's World Cycle donated brand new bikes at the end of an assembly on bike safety.
The winning class' teacher was invited to enter a raffle after she came to A Gift for Teaching to seek out supplies and extras to enhance her students' classroom experience. The organization says Sophia Rodriguez-Phillips showed a commitment to her students and they wanted to reward them both.
Most of the students at Pineloch are on free or reduced lunch and many have never had a bike or know how to ride. Their expressions when the curtain was lifted and their teacher told them the bikes were theirs was priceless.
"It's the best day of my life," said Samuel Zimero.
"It makes them feel unique and special to know that just out of the blue there are people that really care," said Rodriguez-Phillips.
The bikes were complete with helmets and locks, and the total contribution was more than $6,000.


text:
Many common tech support issues in VMware products can be solved using what we call Resolution Paths. Resolution Paths are collections of modular steps that can be used to solve tech support issues.
Being modular, they can be re-used in other resolution paths. A good example is using the ping command to test network connectivity. This step is used in all kinds of troubleshooting procedures. Put a number of these steps together, and you have a method.
Down the very first left hand column of each resolution path are common issues that customers encounter. To the right of each these are VMware's recommended steps to resolving these issues. Each and every one is hyper-linked directly to our Knowledge base article on that topic.
These can be very handy and can save you having to make that call into Tech Support. Click the links below. There's one for each potential problem area.


text:
Advantages disadvantages and form of area economic integration to a large economic union between european union and nafta are that they both. Economic integration european union euro documents similar to disadvantages of eu enlargement advantages and disadvantages of eu. I will give a prospect of advantages and disadvantages for european states, through european integration union is changing its direction from economic. The advantages of being a member of the european monetary european monetary union, trade, advantages, euro, integration economic integration between the eu.
Gains in trade trade gains are one of the major advantages of regional integration for individual member states besides the european union, other trade-related. The european union, also known as just the eu, is a union of 28 countries that work together in political and economic matters the majority of the union member. Assess the advantages and disadvantages of the this has been a criticism levied against the european union economic integration can cause the concentration of. A trade bloc is a type of intergovernmental agreement a northern european economic alliance between the 12th and 17th advantages and disadvantages. European integration - a comparative perspective between romania and the integration, the economic in the european union, advantages and disadvantages.
Euro – advantages and disadvantages effort to unify the countries of the european union has allowed a widespread integration of economic activities. The european union is a political and economic union the eu has expanded in terms of size and integration european harmony - european union countries are no. Belarus in the ces: advantages and disadvantages is even stricter than the benchmark for european union member states advantages of economic integration. The european union, the euro, and equity market integration discount rates as well as economic integration through their impact on capitalized growth.
Advantages and disadvantages of european advantages of european integration for see and european union is changing its direction from economic community. Considering accession to the eurasian economic union: for azerbaijan, disadvantages outweigh advantages wwwcesdaz with the soviet union thus in order to influence. Free essay: spain is a member of the european union the european union is an economic and political union of 27 member nations which are located in europe. The paper discusses the advantages (associated benefits) cost and benefits of integration in the european union and in the economic monetary union.
Advantages and disadvantages of the european union eu or european union it is a political and economic partnership advantages and disadvantages of. Monetary union economic and process of economic integration the main features of european economic and the disadvantages of the euro loss of economic.
The benefits and challenges of economic detail the benefits and challenges of economic & monetary union but in the european union 1st. Advantages and disadvantages of economic integration in european union influential integration in the world it is not only an economic integration, but also a. 9 foremost advantages and disadvantages of the european union the european union is a political and economic union made up of 28 member states that are primarily. Advantages and disadvantages of joining a currency union many advantages it has few disadvantages in the case of european union all the 12. The european union, most commonly referred to as the eu, is a union of 28 different countries in europe that have established political and economic policies.


text:
Use of Hierarchical Stepwise Optimization for the Segmentation of Cloud Features
COMPUTER SCIENCES CORP MONTEREY CA
Pagination or Media Count:
The Hierarchical Stepwise Optimization algorithm of Beaulieu and Goldberg 1989 is applied to the segmentation of satellite images into meaningful, large scale cloud features. GOES-W visible imagery is used. Several different forms of the cost function are explored in an attempt to improve the segmentation of Nov. 15, 1983 case. A new cost function is shown to result in a superior segmentation. Both HSWO versions are tested on six additional cases. A modification to the HSWO approach is suggested for further research.


text:
What's vibration detector (shock sensor) how it works?
The sensor for vibration detection is a vibration detector (or shock sensor), the detector must have a mechanical displacement to generate the alarm signal; vibration detection equipment is not only best suitable for file cabinets, vaults, strongrooms, safes and Automated Teller Machines (ATM), confidential protection special objects, but also suitable for other systems in combination, to prevent intruders break in from wall. How to use the vibration detector in correct application is very important. It is often used to provide protection in a special object where protected area that with staff's activities.
There are two major detection methods for vibration detector; the one is mechanical detection, it works as a ON/OFF switch using the mechanical movement of metal contact, the other is acoustic sound detection. Compare to acoustic sound detection, adopts mechanical detection vibration detector only detect the true physic vibration with low false alarm. The vibration detector that is based on acoustic sound detection (with microphone), it may trigger false alarm by high noise from car, thunder in summer.
1. There are different types of vibration detectors according to the application or protection objects.
a. Building Vibration Intrusion Detector
The detector can detect the mechanical vibration (shock) from the wall, and send alarm signal to alarm system.
b. Geosound vibration intrusion Detector
The detector can detect the vibration caused by pedestrains or vehicles on the ground.
c. Safe Vibration Intrusion Detector
The detector detects the vibation cased by the hit or abnormal open of the safes.
2. Typically most of vibration detectors with NC (Normal Close) output for alarm connection. The connection for vibration detector to alarm system is simple, you may need to connect the EOL resistor in series between detectors and zones (alarm system).
3. Tips on installation the vibration detector
- Vibration detectors is used for detection of intrusion for vaults, strongrooms and Automated Teller Machines (ATM's).
- When install the vibration detector on the wall of room, then the installation height should be 2-2.4 meter from ground, The device need to install in dry environment.
- When place the vibration detector underground, the depth should be 10cm.
- Installation should avoid the places where there is vibration souces ( motors, transformer, fan, air-conditioner).
- Do not install the device where with RF interference.
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text:
St. John's Anglican Church National Historic Site of Canada
St. John's Anglican Church
Église anglicane St. John
Links and documents
1754/01/01 to 1763/01/01
Listed on the Canadian Register:
Statement of Significance
Description of Historic Place
St. John's Anglican Church National Historic Site of Canada is a large, white wooden Carpenter Gothic style church in the heart of Lunenburg, Nova Scotia. Regarded as an important symbol of the town, it has continually evolved over a period of some two hundred and fifty years and, most recently, was rehabilitated after a disastrous fire in 2001. Official recognition refers to the church on its legal lot.
St. John's Anglican Church was designated a national historic site of Canada in 1994 because of:
- its contribution to the establishment of British authority and the Church of England in 18th-century Nova Scotia, through the continuity of its role within the Anglican church and through the evolutionary nature of its building;
- it is a noteworthy illustration of the Carpenter Gothic style which makes it a distinctive example of the Gothic Revival style in Canadian church architecture;
- the building is an important anchor, symbolically and physically, in the town plan of Lunenburg.
The heritage value of this site resides in its associations with the history of Nova Scotia and the town of Lunenburg, and in its architecture. These values are expressed in the setting and location of the church and those elements of its design, as well as the physical elements that survived the fire of 2001. St. John's Anglican Church was originally constructed _PHONE_, enlarged in 1840 and through the 1870s, and again in 1889. After a disastrous fire in 2001, the structure was rebuilt from the surviving ruins.
Sources: Historic Sites and Monuments Board of Canada, Minute, June 1994; Assessment of Surviving Values, June 2001.
Key elements contributing to the heritage character of this site include:
- its location on one of the four town blocks set aside for public use;
- the open landscaping with lawns, paths, benches and a memorial to the first outdoor religious service held on site;
- the church as the visual anchor in its immediate setting, ensured by the restrained scale of surrounding buildings;
- use of Carpenter Gothic style design elements, such as basilica plan with side aisles and chancel under a steep gable roof, entry façade with a rose window and twin towers, Gothic Revival detailing including pinnacles, turrets, false buttresses, pointed arches, drip mouldings, and wood shingle cladding;
- the foundations and ground floor traces of various construction phases;
- surviving pre-2001 wooden structural elements, including portions of walls and support elements;
- remains of the pre-2001 façade and central tower, moulded and carved wooden decorative elements, and interior columns;
- remains of pre-2001 decorative treatments including wall and ceiling paintings, wall stencilling, marbleizing on columns, and stained glass windows;
- surviving pre-2001 exterior decorative elements and cladding;
- surviving pre-2001 church furnishings including the altar, pulpit, pews on the ground floor and balcony, and brassware;
- surviving memorial elements such as the stained glass, stone, brass and wooden plaques.
Government of Canada
Historic Sites and Monuments Act
National Historic Site of Canada
1840/01/01 to 1840/01/01
1870/01/01 to 1872/01/01
1875/01/01 to 1877/01/01
1889/01/01 to 1892/01/01
2002/01/01 to 2004/01/01
1754/01/01 to 1892/01/01
Theme - Category and Type
- Building Social and Community Life
- Religious Institutions
- Expressing Intellectual and Cultural Life
- Architecture and Design
Function - Category and Type
- Religion, Ritual and Funeral
- Religious Facility or Place of Worship
Architect / Designer
Stirling and Dewar
Location of Supporting Documentation
National Historic Sites Directorate, Documentation Centre, 5th Floor, Room 89, 25 Eddy Street, Gatineau, Quebec.
Cross-Reference to Collection


text:
The 1919-D Walking Liberty Half Dollar (Buy on eBay) does not have a particularly low mintage, however gem graded examples represent a great rarity for the series.
There were a total of 1,165,000 half dollars struck at the Denver Mint in 1919. The coins subsequently saw heavy circulation, narrowing the survival rate for pristine examples. Furthermore, consistently weak strikes and subsequent melting have contributed to the low availability of uncirculated examples.
On a combined basis, the coin grading firms PCGS and NGC show fewer than 400 pieces graded MS60 or higher. The number of coins graded MS65 or higher drops to only 15 examples. There is only a single MS-66 graded example known. This coin has sold for more than $250,000 on two separate occasions.
- Designer: Adolph A. Weinman
- Composition: 90% Silver, 10% Copper
- Weight: 12.50 grams
- Diameter: 30.6 mm
- Edge: Reeded


Type Checking Modular Multiple Dispatch with Parametric Polymorphism and Multiple Inheritance
The Formalization in COQ might also be of interest to some.
Comment viewing options
Most specific instance selection
Thanks for the post, Sandro. This fits in well with our recent discussions on overloading.
I wonder if someone can justify this mechanism on semantic grounds. Why is it a good idea to even be asking the question of which is the most specific instance? When we are defining a function by pattern matching, we don't list a bunch of patterns in random order and let the compiler tease out which pattern is most specific. It seems to me that there are two cases with overloads:
1. At least one of the overloads is aware of the other and there is a particular order in which overloads should be tried (using the first that applies). This is the case with typical pattern matching of closed algebraic datatypes.
2. The overloads are mutually unaware of each other. In this case, I would argue that no ambiguity should be tolerated. Even if one is more "specific" than another, that may be accidental and shouldn't be used to resolve the overload.
It seems likely to me that the idea of "most specific dispatch" arose out of an attempt to handle both of these cases with a single mechanism. I'd question whether that is a good idea.
Your second case is handled
Your second case is handled in Fortress using the meet rule, where the definitions of each overloaded function must form a meet semilattice, ie. in the paper's words, "The Meet Rule requires every pair of declarations to have a disambiguating declaration, which is more specific than both and applicable whenever both are applicable. (If one of the pair is more specific than the other, then it is the disambiguating declaration.)".
If I understand you correctly, you're positing a scenario where some function foo has definitions on types (t1, t2) and (t0, t3) but dispatched on (t1, t3), where t1 <: t0 and t3 <: t2. In this case, the second definition isn't aware of the first, nor the first aware of the second. The meet rule would require a disambiguating overload to resolve this case.
Edit: as to whether it's a good idea, I'm not sure. I think most of the difficulties arise from the pervasive subtyping of Fortress. I can imagine a simpler language with more controlled subtyping, like an algebraic constructor being its own type that's a subtype of the algebraic type, to be much more straightforward.
Not that case, exactly
For example if one module defines f(Nat) and another f(Number), I'm saying it is a mistake to not report the ambiguity just because Nat is more specific. It's possible the person writing the call only had in mind the Number definition.
Perhaps a more specific
Perhaps a more specific example where this would be undesirable might demonstrate why this would be a bad idea. I'm not seeing how your example differs from overriding a method f by inheriting from Number. The code calling f on Number would know that it's calling a method that could be overridden by any subtypes.
I read this as "most OO languages don't have sensible semantics anyway, so how is this any different?" Fair enough, but I think you can often interpret object encodings in a somewhat sensible way, with methods contributing both an interface and a default implementation. A subclass can be seen as overriding the default implementations while building a record of methods. There is no "most specific type" based dispatch going on in this view, even if that would produce the same result. When we switch to multi-methods, there is no longer a corresponding (somewhat) sensible semantics.
When we switch to
Isn't there? What's the meaning of "sensible"? The Fortress semantics seem quite sensible to me, which is why I asked for a specific example where you think it, or even a single inheritance overriding, isn't sensible and so I can understand precisely what that means.
Edit: consider the example I brought up earlier, of limited subtyping where sum constructors are types that subtype the sum type itself. "Most specific" is then simply pattern matching, and moreover enables a form of extensible sums and cases. There doesn't seem to be anything nonsensical about the principle of "most specific" itself, so what I'm trying to say is that I think your problem with Fortress or multimethods probably lies elsewhere, like with the pervasive subtyping.
"Most specific" is then
But one that suffers from the problem of more specific patterns silently overriding more general patterns. In a modular setting, this looks like a misfeature to me. The "more specific than" relation looks like a proxy for "is intended to specialize". That seems dangerous when these patterns are spread among modules and the authors might not even be aware of each other.
Dangerous and Useful
Usually these specialisations are different algorithms that do the same thing. For example sorting is a family of algorithms. Current languages only impose syntactic and type constraints on the specialised algorithms in a family, but ideally there should be semantic constraints in the form of axioms.
However there will always be things that are difficult to enforce, for example how do you prove that vector addition is actually the same thing as integer or floating point addition.
Rust actually places constraints on where implementations can be declared, which is more restrictive than the axiomatic approach but much simpler to implement. Rusts rules are something like you can only implement a trait declared in another module for a type declared in the same module as the implementation. This leads to the common pattern of declaring a wrapper type in your module to allow you to implement library traits on generic type parameters (which might be instantiated with types declared elsewhere, so you need to wrap in a local type). This means you cannot redefine addition in integers, but you can define a wrapper and redefine addition on wrapped integers. Its overly restrictive because you cannot redefine addition on types that implement the integer-trait, because some of those types might already have addition defined elsewhere, but you can redefine addition on types that implement the integer-trait, and are wrapped in your local type wrapper.
Obviously these features have uses that would be affected if you just removed them and didn't replace them with anything else, but that's usually true for bad features as well as good ones. The question is whether the proposed mechanism is better than alternatives.
I'm generally skeptical of the approach to language design that starts with a mechanism and tries to tweak it until it has nice properties. I'd prefer to start by finding semantics that faithfully model the aspects of the problem we are interested in and then build a language around that semantics. "Most specific" dispatch still seems to me to be a fairly ad hoc mechanism.
Programming as Abstract Algebra
We want to model abstract algebra, so we start with implementing algorithms over common algebraic concepts (Elements of Programming, chapters 1 - 5). Then we understand the patterns of abstract algebra, we can look at algorithms over core computer science concepts like containers. It turns out the algebraic structure of containers can be modelled by a family of iterators, and so we explore the algorithms that can be implemented in terms of different iterators (Elements of Programming, chapters 6 - 9). Then we take what we have and look at how we can do something useful like rearrangements and rotations (which are very useful generic algorithms that turn out to have all sorts of uses, Elements of Programming, chapters 10 - 11). This includes algorithm selection which is where you want trait (or type-class) based dispatch, and specialisation, as you want to select the optimal rotation algorithm depending on the type of iterator supported by the container. This relies on the earlier decision that containers should only implement iterators that are efficient for that container (which follows the general principles of abstract algebra).
So this is all part of a disciplined mathematical model, and not ad-hoc in any way. Reading Elements of Programming should make this clear. Watching this video is a good place to start: _URL_
a use of lazy eval or something more sophisticated
I like the idea of specifying algorithms in the simplest forword form, and yet being able to pull data through layers of them as needed.
But lazy eval at least as implemented in haskell has the idea that if you can access an old calculation, it has to be persistent for the life of the program - it has no optimization that says it's sometimes better to stop caching and recalculate later.
I once tried to do this sort of thing with layers of ring buffers and optimized loops using templates in c++ (I was doing sound processing).
I never figured out why pulling data through many layers of these was slow - I thought I calculated the size and use of the buffers to not have to recalculate on normal use.
But I like this idea best:
YOu specify the algorithm in its simplist form, maybe with some small hint about needed overlap and expected block size, and another program optimizes the buffers and partial generators behind your back.
In other words I want a new model of computing based on metaprogramming!
Lazy evaluation is a misfeature
The problem with lazy evaluation is that the performance is very unpredictable and difficult for people to understand. Having spent some time writing large programs in Haskell, I now think default lazy evaluation was a misfeature. I prefer Rust's eager approach, as performance is much more predictable and understandable. I don't think you actually need lazyness, as you can just use an object and an iterator. If you always access collections through an iterator interface (which I think is the right way to do


Etsy Launch: How To Open An Etsy Shop Like A Professional Seller | Tiffany Emery | Skillshare
Tiffany Emery, 7-Figure Etsy Seller & Etsy BusinesCoach
Tiffany Emery, 7-Figure Etsy Seller & Etsy BusinesCoach
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15 Lessons (1h 59m)
 - 1. Intro
 - 2. Welcome
 - 3. The Extraordinary Etsy Marketplace
 - 4. What Is The Etsy Algorithm?
 - 5. Why Launch?
 - 6. The 6 Rules of Etsy Engagement
 - 7. Rule 1: Create A Standout Marketable Product
 - 8. Rule 2: Create A Trustworthy Brand Image
 - 9. Rule 3: Take Scroll-Stopping Photography
 - 10. Rule 4: Write Descriptions That Eliminate Questions
 - 11. Rule 5: Set Competitive Pricing & Shipping Structures
 - 12. Rule 6: Understand Search & Research Your SEO
 - 13. LAUNCH! Part 1
 - 14. LAUNCH! Part 2
 - 15. Conclusion + Bonus Lesson Offer
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About This Class
Avoid the #1 mistake new sellers make and don't just OPEN your Etsy Shop, LAUNCH it!
Join 7-figure Etsy seller, Tiffany Emery, to learn step-by-step how to launch your creative business on Etsy. From creating a marketable product to branding and competitive pricing, Tiffany walks you through the ins & outs of how to find success on the Etsy platform.
This class provides a deep dive into the following topics:
 - Etsy Algorithm - The 2-step process that leads shoppers to your listing
 - Benefits of Launching - Why gradually opening can actually limit your success
 - The Rules of Etsy Engagement - How to create the most engaging, fully optimized listing for your shoppers
 - How to Set up Your Shop - Watch over Tiffany's shoulder as she walks you through a full tutorial of how to set up your first listing.
Follow along in your Pre-Launch Workbook, where you'll learn exactly where to focus for your best chance at Etsy success! After you complete this class, you'll be well on your way to building a successful online business on Etsy with an actionable punch list to get it done.
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Tiffany Emery
7-Figure Etsy Seller & Etsy BusinesCoach
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1. Intro: Hi, I'm Tiffany. I'm a small business owner, creative entrepreneur, and seven figure Etsy seller. In this class, I'll help you to bypass the number one mistake I see most new shop owners make. Not just open your shop, but instead launch your Etsy shop in each of your Etsy listings to their fullest potential. Etsy as a marketplace provides an incredible opportunity to launch a business. When I started my business, I was a new mom working my day job full-time and working on my Etsy shop in the market creating digital nursery artwork. I had no idea the power of this platform, but it has completely changed my life. There are so many items you can sell on Etsy, everything from handmade ceramics, jewelry, personalized items, vintage items, praecipes, even digital downloads, and so much more. I know that right now is non-pristine time so many people who need to pivot into a new career or extended online arm for their business. Or maybe they have this amazing skill, but they just didn't know how to leverage it into a business and have no idea where to start. Whether you're a maker, an artist, designer, or illustrator, there's plenty of room for you on Etsy. Etsy can be the perfect launching ground for a new business. As a seasoned seller, I'm going to teach you exactly where I would focus today in opening a shop or publishing a new listing. I'll break down what matters most when it comes to getting sales on Etsy, and that is engagement. What is it and how do we get it? I'll share my six rules of Etsy engagement and teach you how to engage with the human shoppers who are trying to find you and me, Etsy machine that will bring them right to your virtual front door. Then come look over my shoulders as I actually opened a shop and follow along with my punch list of items to get it done in your pre-launch workbook. It's your dream to work for yourself, make your own hours and spend more time with your family. While creating what you love, Etsy offers you an enormous opportunity to launch the career of your dreams as a creative entrepreneur. If not now, then when? I believe in you and I'm here to show you how to put your best foot forward into the extraordinary empty marketplace. Come along with me, let me take you by the hand and let's launch an Etsy shop. 2. Welcome: Welcome to the class. My name is Tiffany Emery, and I'm a full-time Etsy seller, and have been selling on Etsy for the last six years through my shop, Adorn Studio. I am so thrilled that you're here. You've made a really important decision, getting educated about Etsy, and that's going to pay off for you in the long run. But before we get started, I did want to be sure to draw your attention to the projects and resources tab where you'll find your pre-launch workbook. This workbook is going to be your class project, that you'll be working through as you prepare to launch your Etsy shop. Now, we do have some work ahead of us, but don't let that sway you from digging in and getting started. I want to share with you the number one mistake that most new shop owners make, to encourage you as you prepare for your launch. What most of new shop owners do, is they basically have no idea how to launch a shop. The path that they usually take, is to gradually open their shop. They figure out their shop name and, then they open their shop. They wait a little while, and then decide to start working on a listing. Then they come up against listing items that they aren't familiar with, or maybe they just don't understand the importance of them. They half fill out a listing. Maybe they have some good photos, or maybe not, but they figured they can upload what they have, and then come back and keep working on their photos later. They usually have no idea what SEO is, which we'll cover in this course. That's completely left out, and then they publish their listing. Then after some time passes, they realize that their shop isn't doing so well. They'll do some research and figure out that they needed to work on their photography. To do that for a little bit, or they needed to optimize [inaudible] for the Etsy search engine so they work on that for a little bit, and little by little, by little, they gradually open the full door to their Etsy shop. Friends, this is a huge mistake. There are a number of reasons why you shouldn't gradually open your shop, and instead launch your shop strong and fully optimized. I'm going to explain them to you throughout this course. But just note that your pre-launch workbook will take you some time, and that's okay. In fact, it's a good thing. It's going to give you an edge over what most sellers do incorrectly. Just remember, it's not a race, it's a strategic launch. You need to prepare to fully throw the doors of your shop open, and launch for the highest probability of success on Etsy. Your pre-launch book is designed to walk you step-by-step through how to prepare for your launch. You'll be ready to launch your shop, and your first listing when you've completed all six sections of the workbook for at least one listing. You'll work through your workbook for each listing that you launch. The workbook includes the following sections: Section 1, Market Research; Section 2, Branding Basics; Section 3, Photography; Section 4, Descriptions; Section 5, Pricing and Shipping Structures; and Section 6, SEO Basics. Once you've completed all the items in your workbook, you're ready to launch your shop. In the last two lessons of this class, I'll walk you through exactly how to do that. So take your time and get it right for the highest payoff possible for all of your hard work. Now let's get started. 3. The Extraordinary Etsy Marketplace: In this lesson, I want to talk about what sets Etsy apart as a marketplace, because it's truly an extraordinary place to sell. Etsy touts itself as a global marketplace and community of sellers empowered to make a living doing what they love, while allowing buyers to find the unique items that


of playing Urza's Saga?
The biggest drawback of the card is the space it takes in your list. It is good in multiples and good early, so playing just one is ok but probably not optimal. So then you have to think about how many colorless lands you can really play, and what you'll have to cut. Different answers have been given to that question – see the decklist section for more discussion.
The other drawbacks are that (1) it sends itself to the graveyard; (2) it is an enchantment; and (3) it is somewhat mana intensive. Sending itself to the graveyard means that it puts you down a land when it dies. You can often find Mox Diamond with it so that you don't lose mana, but that's not always an option and you don't always have Loam to get it back. As an enchantment, it is a prime target for opposing Force of Vigors, which can be a bit back-breaking when they tag your Mox and your Saga. It also enables your opponents to turn things like Disenchant into land destruction (though does anyone play Disenchant anymore?).
The card is also quite mana-hungry. To get the full two constructs, you need to spend effectively 6 mana over two turns. Six mana over two turns for a pair of constructs and a 1 mana artifact isn't a bad deal, but it can be clunky when you want to cast other spells and have to choose between constructs or Sylvan Library, for example. In the early turns when you want to drop lock pieces or be porting your opponent, your mana can be somewhat strained.
These drawbacks are far from making the card unplayable, but they're things to keep in mind.
How does Urza's Saga interact with Thespian's Stage?
When Saga was spoiled, I was blowing up my judge friend's phone with questions. Every interaction was more confusing than the last, but to answer the main question – yes, you can end up with a land that can create constructs forever and will not die to being a saga.
To explain how this works, imagine Thespian's Stage as a troupe of actors, and the play they're learning is the story of Urza's Saga.
When Stage first copies Saga, the actors have just started learning and can't actually do anything except be actors. In real magic terms, this means that you will have an Urza's Saga with 0 chapters and thus with no abilities (except the Thespian's Stage ability). At this point, the actors can't even figure out how to tap for mana. Note that this is true no matter how many chapters are on the Saga you're copying. Stage copies only the text printed on the card, not any abilities the card may have gained. Thus it will always be a blank saga to start out with – your actors don't have any clifnotes.
Then, when you hit the first main phase of your turn, the actors learn the first chapter of the Saga. At this point, your land will gain a lore counter and, in the process, gain the ability to tap for mana. Good job, actors!
In the next first main phase, your actors are really getting into it and now they can build constructs just like Urza used to! Like the original Saga, the Stage-Saga will gain another lore counter at the start of the main phase and thus gain the ability to make constructs just like a normal Saga could.
But now here comes the tricky part. When your Stage-Saga hits your first main phase for the third time, your actors are so engrossed in the Saga that they are willing to die to stay true to the story. In the game, this means that if you don't copy a new land, the Stage-Saga will get its third counter and go the graveyard just like a normal Saga would.
But you don't have to do this. Instead, while the third chapter trigger is on the stack (or at any point before it resolves), you can use Stage's copy ability to copy another land that is not a saga. If you do this, you will now have a land that has (1) all the abilities of the land you copy; (2) the usual Stage ability to copy other lands; and (3) the abilities Stage gained while it was a Saga. Because of how layers work, Stage will have 'gained' abilities, not just copied them, and thus it will keep those abilities as it turns into other lands. Your actors are now a traveling troupe, playing Urza's Saga at different locations. If you choose to copy a fresh land with the third chapter trigger on the stack, you will even get to search up an artifact for your troubles, all without sacrificing your Stage (since it will not be a saga when the third chapter ability resolves). The result is that you could well have a basic forest that can make constructs. Kinda neat!
Does Urza's Saga replace Field of the Dead?
Urza's Saga could replace Field of the Dead if you want it to. Because of the interaction with Stage, Saga can be used to create a creature every turn and thus provide the same kind of threatening inevitability that Field does, all while being available a lot earlier and asking much less in the way of setup. Plus Saga's creatures are just bigger – 4/4s and 5/5s vs 2/2s. For more arguments in favor of cutting Field for Saga, watch Jarvis Yu's stream.
That said, I'm not personally 100% sold on the idea of cutting Field. Unlike Saga, Field can create multiple creatures in a single turn, which can often be the difference in bailing you out of a bad board position. Field also has the potential to make zombies the turn you draw it, requires no mana investment, and does not ask you to have a free Stage for it to be effective. Copying Saga with Stage and then copying a fresh land means taking several turns and a minimum of 6 mana to get a permanent source of constructs; that's a lot of mana in the early game and a lot of time in the late game where every top-deck can matter. So while I would probably play 3 Sagas before the first Field, I think the potential upside of one Field is worth not playing the 4th Saga.
How does Urza's Saga interact with Blood Moon?
Urza's Saga has an odd interaction with Blood Moon, Spreading Seas, and other effects that turn a land into a completely different land. When these effects hit Saga, it turns into an Enchantment Land – Saga Mountain (or Island, or what have you). But it also loses all its other relevant saga abilities. This means that its max chapter is no longer determined by the text of the card, but instead defaults to zero. Then, since its number of lore counters is greater than or equal to the max chapter number, it goes to the graveyard as a state-based effect.
The details may be a bit tricky, but the bottom line is – Blood Moon destroys Urza's Saga upon resolution.
What does a list with Urza's Saga look like?
Ok, so maybe you're sold on the card, maybe you're not, but at the very least you've heard enough to need some actual lists. The crucial question for these lists is: what do we cut for Saga? To this there are more or less 2 different answers. You can cut Rishadan Port, since it is another colorless land. Or you can cut nonland threats like Sylvan Library/Valakut Exploration since Urza's Saga increases your threat density and thus makes those kinds of threats less necessary. Below are a series of decklists to give you a sense of what people are trying (apologies for the differing formats, but people like to post their lists in different places). If necessary, open the images in a new tab to make them bigger.
Here are some examples of the first school of thought, where we shave a few Valakut Exploration but ultimately still play a decent suite of value enchantments alongside Sagas:
from the 5-0 deck dump, vod here
thanks to Neoshinji for this list
thanks to alli for this list
The common theme in these lists is that you don't really get to play Port. Some are playing a single extra Ghost Quarter instead, which is an interesting alternative.
Next we also have the Library-less lists like the semi-experimental one Jarvis Yu played on his stream:
thanks to Jarvis Yu for this decklist
And this other option from Monroe on the Lands discord:
thanks to heymonroe of Turn Zero Games for this decklist
These lists are going harder on Saga (playing the full set) and leaning on it together with the traditional Lands package to carry them. They don't have value enchantment engines, but the thinking is that with Saga, you don't need them.
I'd be remiss if I didn't also mention another super cool piece of technology due to alli – BUG Saga Lands, a list that leans heavily on artifact synergies and Academy Ruins along with Urza's Saga!
thanks to alli for this list
The interaction between Academy Ruins and Baleful Strix is pretty great, and Saga can find Nihil Spellbomb here for what is likely the best 1cmc graveyard-hate artifact there is.
Wrapping up – where does Urza's Saga fit?
Of course, none of these lists are definitive or set in stone. What is clear is that Urza's Saga is a powerful effect and one that Lands is uniquely suited to take advantage of. That said, I've played maybe 30 or so matches with the card, so I can hardly claim to


text:
Hurricanes Can Impact Water Quality
September 28, 2012 by UPI - United Press International, Inc.
NEW HAVEN, Conn. (UPI) — The water quality of U.S. lakes and coastal systems could be degraded if hurricanes intensify in a warming world, researchers at Yale University say.
During last summer's Hurricane Irene, the worst storm to hit the New York area in 200 years, record amounts of dissolved organic matter were found in Catskill waters and in the Ashokan Reservoir that supplies New York City with drinking water, they said.
The Catskill Mountains watershed is a primary source of drinking water for New York City, and over a two-day period in late August Irene dropped over 11 inches of rain, 17 percent of the average annual rainfall, on one of the creeks that feeds the Ashokan.
"This is the biggest rain event ever sampled for the region," Yale doctoral student Bryan Yoon said, noting the volume of water discharged by Esopus Creek increased 330-fold, sending an unprecedented amount of dissolved organic matter to the Ashokan.
Excessive amounts of dissolved organic matter could lead to numerous environmental problems, Yoon said.
Dissolved organic matter binds with metal pollutants and transports them, interferes with ultraviolet processes that reduce pathogens in water, affects aquatic metabolism and leads to the formation of carcinogenic disinfection byproducts, he said.
"All of those problems become more serious as larger quantities of dissolved organic matter are transported to lakes and coastal systems," Yoon said. "Hurricane Irene was a prime example that there is no limit to the amount of dissolved organic matter that can be exported by extreme rain events."


Semi-transparent particles
Particles can be made semi-transparent by setting their Transparency particle property. A Transparency value of 0.0 lets a particle appear fully opaque, while any value in the range 0.0-1.0 renders the particle translucent.
The easiest way to set the Transparency property is the Compute property modifier. Simply enter the desired transparency value into the expression field and the Compute property modifier will assign that value to all particles.
Sometimes you want to make only a subset of the particles semi-transparent. For this, first select the particles, then apply the Compute property modifier. Activate its Compute only for selected particles option to restrict the assignment of the Transparency value to the currently selected particles only. Unselected particles will keep their transparency values (0 by default).
For demonstration purposes, in the example shown on the right, the Compute property modifier was used to set the Transparency property according to a simple math formula: ReducedPosition.X. Thus, instead of assigning a uniform transparency value to all particles, each particle's value is computed individually from its X position divided by the simulation cell size, which varies between 0 to 1 from one side of the simulation box to the other.


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Is Toilet Water Safe For Dogs?
The question of the day, "is toilet water safe for dogs to drink?"
The quick answer is yes, it is safe for our loyal pals to drink the water from the toilet.
The long answer generally remains yes, however, it depends what is in the water.
In fact, with an average flush rate of five flushes per day, the water that comes from the toilet tanks after a refreshing flush, is flowing, and highly oxygenated. This is much more "thirst quenching" for dogs versus what could be the still, stale water of their water bowls.
Dogs are highly sensible animals, and they use their instincts to make choices when it comes to intake. They can smell, and taste, and feel the differences between the two sources of water. With most pipes lying underground, temperature wise, this is a cooler source. During summer days, or where climate is predominantly hot, it is common for dogs to prefer the cooler toilet water.
Dogs also have very different stomach compositions than humans. So while we immediately think about the bacteria and other potentially harmful germs that arise with drinking toilet water, it doesn't phase dogs. This is because dogs have a much stronger level of hydrochloric acid in their stomachs which kills off any potentially harmful bacteria.
What are the dangers and concerns that our animal friends might face when drinking from the toilet?
The products we use to sanitize our toilets should be analyzed. Whether we use bleach, soap, or any other cleaner that mixes itself with the toilet water, these are full of harmful chemicals. If ingested, these chemicals are potentially life-threatening for dogs.
Toilet water generally comes from the same source as our tap water. Depending on your region, tap water might not be safe to drink. If there is a high frequency of rodents in your region, and it is advised to not drink tap water, it also should be advised for your dogs to not drink from the toilet. Bacteria such as leptospirosis might be present. This is one strain of bacteria that is very harmful to dogs and even fatal if left untreated.
Symptoms of leptospirosis in dogs are:
Sudden fever and illness
Sore muscles, reluctance to move
Shivering or weakness
Lack of appetite
Increased thirst and urination, may be indicative of chronic renal (kidney) failure, progressing to inability to urinate.
Apart from harmful bacteria, there is a real risk of falling into the toilet if your dog is of a smaller breed. If unable to escape, this could result in severe fatigue, and even death.


text:
My workflow is sometimes the following:
- Delete many images from the media library at once (named for example,
- Re-upload a series of images with the same file names (
The media library retains and display shows the old images as thumbnails and previews, even though they are deleted.
Obviously this problem is avoidable by adding images with distinct file names, but I wondered if there were some better way that works regardless of naming convention. Or something else that I'm completely missing?


text:
On Linux I have some generated C++ code from a static library that defines a global variable. A single instance of this global variable is shared between two shared libraries that refer to its symbol.
When the process shuts down and the static termination phase is run, I see that the destructor on this shared instance is run twice! Presumably once per library as each unloads.
This question is closely related to another I saw recently here: related question. This sounds like the same behavior, but there is no discussion about why it is happening.
Does anybody know the theoretical explanation behind this behavior?


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DV Summit: Kickstarter – Fear & Love
The Design Ventura summit "Design: the problem and the solution" was held on 29 March 2017. Its purpose was to bring together educators, designers, cultural providers and policy makers to discuss how they can ensure that young people are developing creativity, design thinking and employability skills to prepare them for future success.
The following extract is by Anjeli Placzek, from the Concept Lounge, on her take on the issues discussed.
The Concept Lounge hosted sessions for the Design Ventura Summit focusing on the theme of "Design: The Problem and the Solution" in context.
Inspired by the principle of 'skills fusion' and the benefits of creativity across all industries we invited delegates to journey through the Design Museum's immersive Fear & Love exhibition. Participants reflected upon encounters during the show to consider how seemingly invisible yet vital aspects of design support daily experience and contribute towards a sense of self and habitat. Together participants considered how innovative thinking and the role of design affect our understanding and navigation of a complex world.
Delegates delved deeper into the notion of humans as story telling animals and design as a tool that guides and reflects our collective narrative. The benefits of creative thinking and practice were highlighted along with the importance of casting challenges through a fresh lens to achieve unexpected, effective future solutions.
The value of harnessing innovative thinking and problem solving from a young age is something that resonated with all participants. The workshop feed back concluded that ideally along with an integrated 'skills fusion' approach across subject matters at school, support outside the curriculum is invaluable to offer young people an opportunity to experience the potential of their own creativity and to contextualize this skill in the outside world.


Ψάξε όποια λέξη θες, όπως b4nny:
Sprattah (Noun): A small desert island off the coast of Scotland. No one understands why it is a desert and has a temperature of 200 degrees C when Scotland rarely has a temperature of anything higher than 2 degrees C.
Sprattah is a real island I tell you!
από Protome 25 Μάρτιος 2008
Words related to Sprattah
200c island protome scotland


When food costs at the York County Prison spiked by more than 50 percent last month, county officials suspected something wasn't kosher.
It turns out, they say, the problem was too much kosher -- food, that is.
Kosher food is food that meets the strict standards of Jewish dietary law. The law prohibits adherents from eating certain types of animals, directs how some animals are slaughtered and prescribes how some foods should be prepared and consumed.
Is kosher food better-tasting?
Some York County Prison inmates apparently think so -- at least they find it more appealing than the non-kosher menu on certain days.
Prison officials say they're suspicious of an increase in the number of inmates requesting kosher meals, especially because some of those prisoners specified a different religious affiliation when they entered the prison.
The big tip-off, they say, are the "flip-floppers." Those are the "converts" who suddenly aren't so Jewish on days when the regular meals are more to their liking.
Certified kosher meals, which are pre-packaged and delivered to the prison, are nearly four times the cost of meals made in house, and prison officials say they can't afford anyone gaming the system.
From now on, prisoners who are being served kosher meals and ask to return to non-kosher will be permitted, but those who later ask to return to kosher meals will be denied.
It's a logical reaction, but in practice it will likely be dicey determining who's scamming a meal and who, perhaps, is simply not as devout as others of the Jewish faith.
After all, everyone is entitled to their religious beliefs and the prison is obliged to accommodate them. Who are prison officials to judge what's in an inmate's heart and whether he or she is entitled to accommodations?
Prisoners denied kosher meals can file a complaint and request a hearing, at which time they'll be asked to provide proof of their religious affiliation, such as a statement from a rabbi.
But suppose one of them can't. That doesn't mean they aren't Jewish and don't try to follow kosher rules. It just means they can't prove it to the satisfaction of prison officials.
And will inmates of other faiths have to prove their affiliation before they receive any accommodations?
County officials are wading into very murky waters with this one.
They might be better off trying to find ways to bring down the costs of kosher meals, such as preparing them in house, and make sure they're on par with the non-kosher offerings.
That's better than unjustly denying anyone the right to practice his or her religion.


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Gabuiel BANU
Kala Lagaw Ya people
Boigu (Island) Torres Strait, Australia 1940 – 2003
Gainau [Pigeon] headdress [Torres Strait headdress: Pigeon] 1996 Description: headress - green exterior, with yellow interior, With white/yellow pigeon, string from wing tips to front of headress, joining with wooden bead, wings with hinges for movement.
Place made: Waiben (Thursday Island), Torres Strait, Queensland, Australia
Materials & Technique: sculptures, headdresses, mixed media
Dimensions: 42.0 h x 36.0 w x 33.0 d cm
Acknowledgement: Purchased 1996
Accession No: NGA 96.1098
 - This is a Pigeon headdress from the Torres Strait Islands. The fabrication of headdresses is an important part of the continuation of Torres Strait Islander cultural practices. The tradition of making headdresses and dance masks for ceremonies in the Torres Strait goes back 1000s of years. While in the past only natural materials such as wood, turtle shell, fibre and natural pigment were used, nowadays plywood, nylon fishing line, chicken feathers and enamel paints are regularly used. This is the Torres Strait Pigeon, a migratory bird that travels between the Torres Strait and northern Australia. The headdress is operated by pulling the string to flap both wings, imitating the movements of a pigeon in flight.
 Gabuiel Banu was born on Boigu Island in the Torres Strait Islands and spent his childhood fishing, gardening and learning about his family and culture. He was taught to make headdresses by his father and in turn he has passed on this skill to his family. His work observes the Torres Strait Islander tradition of making headdresses and serves as a role model for younger people to keep alive this important cultural practice.
 Text © National Gallery of Australia, Canberra


text:
Map of Comoros Islands
You can easily create a map of Comoros islands using Mapline. The islands of Comoros are volcanic islands located off the south-east coast of Africa. Their neighboring countries are Mozambique and Madagascar. These islands cover a total area of 2,361 km².
Using Mapline, you can easily create a map of Comoros islands. The islands consist of Grande Comore, which is the largest and the main island; Anjouan and Mohéli, which are part of the Union of the Comoros;
Grande-Terre, which is part of Mayotte French overseas department; Petite-Terre, which is the 2nd largest island in Mayotte; and The Glorioso Islands, which comprises the Grande Glorieuse, Île du Lys and 8 other small rock islets.
Steps to Create a Map of Comoros Islands
- Create a Mapline account and login.
- Click the orange "New" button.
- Select "New Map" on the drop down arrow.
- Give your map a name and click "OK."
- Click the "Add" button from the left sidebar.
- Select the "Boundaries" option.
- From the "Boundary Type," select "Comoros Islands."
- Select how you want your boundaries to be colored in "Fill Color" (Random Colors, Uniform Colors, Heatmap on pins inside boundaries, or Paste colors from a spreadsheet).
- Click "OK."
That's how easy it is to create a map of Comoros islands! Once you have your map, you can create a map of Excel spreadsheet locations to overlay on top. Mapline also makes it simple to see summary information about the locations inside each department just by clicking on them! Sign up now to create a map of Comoros islands.


text:
Lord William Montagu Douglas Scott
|This article does not cite any references or sources. (February 2008)|
Lieutenant-Colonel Lord William Walter Montagu Douglas Scott MC (17 January 1896 – 30 January 1958) was a Scottish aristocrat and politician.
The 2nd son of John Montagu Douglas Scott, 7th Duke of Buccleuch, he was educated at Eton College and at the Royal Military College, Sandhurst. He was commissioned into the 10th Hussars. Promoted Lieutenant in 1915, he won the Military Cross in 1918 and was shortly afterwards promoted Captain. From 1925 to 1926 he was ADC to the Governor-General of Canada. He retired in 1927. He rejoined the Army in the Second World War, serving in Italy and reaching the rank of Lieutenant-Colonel.
In 1937 he married Lady Rachel Douglas Home (10 April 1910 – 4 Apr 1996), younger daughter of Charles Douglas-Home, 13th Earl of Home. The couple had one son and four daughters, and lived at Eildon Hall, St Boswells, Roxburghshire.
- Hansard 1803–2005: contributions in Parliament by Lord William Montagu Douglas Scott
|Parliament of the United Kingdom|
Earl of Dalkeith
|Member of Parliament for Roxburgh and Selkirk
Archibald James Florence Macdonald
|This article about a Conservative Member of the Parliament of the United Kingdom born in the 1890s is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.|


Changing the rules
From SCA Lochac
Revision as of 21:14, 5 January 2021 by Angele (talk | contribs)
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 1. These rules have precedence as set out in section I.A of the Corpora of the Society for Creative Anachronism Inc.
 2. At all times, mundane law has precedence over any and all rules of the SCA.
Changes to the rules
 1. In accordance with section II of the Laws of the Kingdom of Lochac, which can be found at, temporary restrictions on activities normally allowed by these rules may be made by proclamation of the Crown, but they will expire after 30 days unless renewed by proclamation, or permanently incorporated into the rules.
 2. Permanent changes to the rules can only be made using the following procedures, and shall only come into effect after all of these steps are complete:
 1. The change is approved by:
 1. the Crown; and
 2. the Kingdom Seneschal; and
 3. the Board of SCA Ltd, and
 4. the Committee of SCA NZ Inc.
 2. The change is proclaimed by the Crown at an official event.
 3. Notification of the change is distributed to all Group Fencing Marshals.
 4. The Fencing Combat Handbook (this document) is updated.
 5. Notification of the change is published in Pegasus.
 3. The only exception to this procedure is in the case of mundane law changes that contradict these rules. In the event of a change to mundane law, that law will become effective immediately and these rules will be updated as soon as possible.
 4. Typographical corrections and minor changes to clarify wording, that do not change the substance or intent of a rule, can be made by the Kingdom Fencing Marshal without going through this procedure.
Requesting rule changes
 1. The procedure for requesting a change to these rules is as follows:
 1. Discuss the proposed change with the Group Fencing Marshal.
 2. The Group Fencing Marshal forwards the proposed change to the Kingdom Fencing Marshal.
 3. The Kingdom Fencing Marshal conducts appropriate consultation with the fencing community, including discussion with the Kingdom Earl Marshal.
 4. The Kingdom Fencing Marshal formally submits the proposed change to the Kingdom Earl Marshal, and to the Society Fencing Marshal if required.
Experimenting with the rules
 1. Members of the fencing community can propose a substantial change to these rules, such as the addition of a new category of weapons, a new technique, or a reduction in protective equipment requirements.
 2. These changes can only be considered following an approved experiment where training and combat is conducted according to the proposed new rules.
 3. The Kingdom Fencing Marshal can approve an experimental program, subject to the agreement of the Kingdom Earl Marshal and the Society Marshal.
 4. To obtain approval, the people proposing the change must submit an experimental program plan including:
 - a description of the proposed new weapon, technique or equipment change
 - a description of how the experiment will be conducted in training or combat
 - a minimum time frame for the experiment to be conducted
 - a reporting schedule (at least quarterly)
 - anticipated risks
 - contact information for the person who will conduct the experiment and report to the Kingdom Fencing Marshal.
 5. The Kingdom Fencing Marshal will report at least quarterly to the Kingdom Earl Marshal and the Society Fencing Marshal on the progress of the experiment, including any injuries and any concerns from fencers or marshals involved in the experiment.
 6. The Society Fencing Marshal will decide if the rule change should be recommended to the Society Marshal.
 7. The Society Marshal will decide whether to recommend that the SCA Board of Directors approve changes to the Society Fencing Marshals Handbook.
 8. More information about Society experiments is in Appendix 6 of the Society Fencing Marshals Handbook.


30 November 2020
Pinned: Never Change Streams in the Middle of a Horse
Did I ever tell you about the little red corpuscle who was swimming in the bloodstream of a horse?
This little corpuscle was always in a hurry. One day, he decided to play hooky from the school of red corpuscles, so he told his teacher he had a headache.
Well, this was a mistake. As he swam down the main artery, using the Australian crawl, he came to a fork in the stream - it was high tide.
The little red corpuscle took the fork on the starboard side. He proceeded to swim lazily down the new stream when disaster suddenly struck!
The little red corpuscle was swallowed by a huge virus.
The virus' name was Cyrus.
Thus, our moral: Never change streams in the middle of a horse!