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(by Casual Jay)
"Pielparade" is an Afrikaans colloquial term commonly used by South African military personnel, especially servicemen and veterans of the old South African Defense Force (S.A.D.F.), which has also entered mainstream South African English as slang. The term means 'penis parades' and refers to a range of sexual games or practices in which groups of soldiers participate, supposedly to foster group cohesion. Since pielparade are taboo, and because of the controversial and sensitive nature of the activities of the S.A.D.F. during the final period of the apartheid era, pielparade are rarely written about or openly discussed in public. Pielparade have never been officially sanctioned, and their occurrence largely depended on the predilections of individual section or platoon leaders. Pielparade were also known as 'spanbou speletjies' which translates as 'team building games' or 'geesbou speletjies' ('team spirit-building games'). Apart from promoting group cohesiveness, the games were also meant to be humorous and to entertain the troops.
The most common game is known as 'laërskommel' which literally translates as 'laager milkshake' but means 'circle jerk' which is when a group of men form a circle and masturbate themselves till they ejaculate. During the nineteenth century, the ancestors of the Afrikaners, called Boers, used to create encampments formed by a circle of wagons to protect them from attacks by hostile African tribes or wild animals. These circular encampments were called laagers in Dutch which the Boers spoke at the time but their Dutch eventually evolved into Afrikaans. The Afrikaans word for 'laager' is 'laër'. The 'skommel' or 'milkshake' part of 'laërskommel' refers to male masturbation and semen which may resemble certain milkshakes.
The section or platoon would gather in the section or platoon bungalow or outside and create an area called the 'saadskietbaan'. 'Saad' means 'seed' or 'seeds' but in this context it means 'semen', 'skiet' means 'shoot' and 'baan' means 'shooting range' or 'a range for target practice'. The section or platoon leader would order participants to form a circle or line up in a row behind a line in the 'saadskietbaan'. Soldiers would then place bets on which participants would ejaculate first, last or furthest. Participants were then ordered to strip naked. The 'laërskommel' might be preceded by a 'worswedstryd' (see below) or participants were ordered to perform 'jumping jacks' or 'star jumps' which are a type of physical exercise in which the performer jumps from a standing position with the arms and legs pointing outwards. The purpose of ordering the participants to perform 'jumping jacks' was partly to humiliate them and to humour the onlookers because the participants' penises would inevitably flail up and down or side to side as they jumped. Participants would then proceed to masturbate themselves till they ejaculated. Occasionally, participants would be ordered to stimulate other participants' penises or scrotum. After the last participant had finished ejaculating, the winnings were then distributed.
Other Afrikaans slang words for 'laërskommel' include:
Kraalskommel – a 'kraal' is a traditional African village of huts surrounded by a circular fence or it is a circular enclosure for livestock; 'skommel' means 'milkshake' of which the meaning in this context is explained above.
Kringskommel – a 'kring' is a 'ring' or 'circle'; 'skommel' means 'milkshake' of which the meaning in this context is explained above.
Balskud – a 'bal' is a 'ball' but in this context it means 'testicle' and 'skud' means 'to shake'. The term also occurs in the plural, viz. ballasskud
Saadbomme – 'saad' means 'seed' or 'seeds' but in this context it means 'semen', and 'bomme' means 'bombs'.
Saadkannone – 'saad' means 'seed' or 'seeds' but in this context it means 'semen', and 'kannone' means 'cannons'.
Saadskiet – 'saad' means 'seed' or 'seeds' but in this context it means 'semen', and 'skiet' means 'shoot'.
Saadskietparade – 'saad' means 'seed' or 'seeds' but in this context it means 'semen', 'skiet' means 'shoot' and 'parade' means 'parade'.
Skietpiel – 'skiet' means 'shoot' and 'piel' means 'penis'.
Toltrekparade – 'tol' means 'dick' (i.e. slang for 'penis'), 'trek' means 'pull' and 'parade' means 'parade'
Draadtrekparade – 'draad' means 'wire' but in this context it means 'penis', 'trek' means 'pull' and 'parade' means 'parade'
Tottietrekparade – 'tottie' means 'willy' (i.e. slang for 'penis'), 'trek' means 'pull' and 'parade' means 'parade'.
Other types of pielparade:
This game derives from the Afrikaans words 'wors' which means 'sausage' and 'wedstryd' which means 'match' or 'game'. Participants would take bets to see whose penises were the longest or shortest or thickest, and the money or whatever was being bet would then be distributed to the winners.
This game derives from the Afrikaans words 'hand' which means 'hand' and 'stoot' which means 'push'. Participants would stand naked in a row and thrust their erect penises in their hands till they ejaculated, basically as if they were having sex with their own hands. Bets would be placed on who could ejaculate first, last or the furthest.
This game derives from the Afrikaans words 'olifant' which means 'elephant' and 'loop' which means 'walk'. Participants would be ordered to stand naked in a column. Each soldier would take hold of the penis of the soldier in front of him by putting his hands between the soldier's legs from behind, as well as the penis of the soldier behind him. The participants would then be ordered to walk, to the amusement of the onlookers.
This game derives from the Afrikaans words 'kussing' which means 'cushion' or 'pillow' and 'kannon' which means 'cannon'. Participants would be ordered to strip naked, make their penises erect and then rub them against a pillow or cushion till they ejaculate. As with other pielparade, bets would be placed on which participant would ejaculate first or last or the furthest.
This game derives from the Afrikaans word for 'doll house'. A soldier would bring a woman, usually a prostitute, to the platoon bungalow and have sex with her while other troops watch. Sometimes the woman would be aware and sometimes the woman would be unaware that she was being watched. The troops watching would be ordered to masturbate and ejaculate while watching.
This game derives from the Afrikaans words 'flamink' which means 'flamingo' and 'bomme' which means 'bombs'. Flamingos sleep by balancing on one leg. In this game, participants would be ordered to strip naked and stand on one leg by holding the other leg by the foot behind the back. The participants would then be ordered to masturbate and ejaculate while trying to balance on one leg. The participants had to masturbate with the hand which they did not usually use to masturbate. If the participants failed to maintain their balance, they would be punished with an 'opfok' (literally 'up-fuck', or 'fuck up') which was a series of punishment exercises like push-ups, running, jumping jacks, etc.
This game derives from the Afrikaans words 'swaard' which means 'sword' and 'geweer' which means 'gun' and is also jokingly known as 'penis fencing' or 'sword-fighting'. This game was essentially a form of frottage; direct penis-to-penis contact, in which participants would use their penises as 'swords' in a 'swordfight', which usually involved the competitive element of trying to make the other participant ejaculate first.
This game derives from the Afrikaans words 'jags' which means 'horny' and 'bly' which means 'to remain'. The section or platoon leader would order the soldiers to strip naked and masturbate. The participants would then engage in edging or orgasm control which is a sexual technique that involves a high level of sexual arousal for an extended period of time without reaching orgasm. The competitive aspect of this game would be to see which soldier could continue masturbating the longest without having an orgasm.
Eensame kannon or Lekkende kraan or Kraanspuit
"Eensaam' means 'lonely' and 'kannon' means 'cannon'; 'lekkende' means


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35 years. For every 100 females there are 87.4 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there are 82.9 males.
The median income for a household in the city is $30,078, and the median income for a family is $35,438. Males have a median income of $31,767 versus $26,832 for females. The per capita income for the city is $16,978. 22.9% of the population and 18.8% of families are below the poverty line. Out of the total population, 30.6% of those under the age of 18 and 18.0% of those 65 and older are living below the poverty line.
Colleges and universities
See: List of schools in Maryland
Baltimore is a sister city of these municipalities:
Museums and Attractions
Defunct (or moved) Sports Teams
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Five key factors in positioning a muckheap
horse muckheapThe average horse will produce around 20kg of manure each day, that's around 7.5 tonnes of the stuff annually, not even accounting for any bedding that goes with it. This can all add up to a very big headache for any horse owner or yard manager!
Location is everything as they say; carefully choosing where to position your dung heap and managing it appropriately will help to protect the health of your horses and the land. This will:
 1. Make it easier to use
 2. Help it rot down more quickly
 3. Reduce the chance of reinfection from parasites
 4. Lower pollution risk
 5. Limit areas where insects such as midges can breed
One. Making it easier to use
Site your muckheap for convenience to the yard, but not so close as to cause possible horse health problems or irritation from flies. Bear in mind that large heaps can be a nuisance to neighbours or people using public rights of way. The area should be easily accessible by large vehicles if you need to have it removed regularly. Another alternative is to tip your muck straight into a trailer for easy disposal.
Two. Helping it rot down more quickly
It all comes down to good husbandry – a perfectly manicured muckheap is one of life's goals and there is method in the madness. Sprawling heaps are inefficient and a poor use of space. Try to put your pile against a defined boundary or wall to make it easier to throw the muck on top. Keeping your heap contained and condensed and trampling to reduce the volume will help the decomposition process happen much faster.
Three. Reducing the chance of reinfection from parasites
Muckheaps should never be created in fields accessible to horses. Let's face it, poo picking is hard work and often a temporary muckheap nearer to the source makes the job a lot more palatable! Make sure you're not wasting all that hard work by aiding parasite reinfection. Larvae from hatching redworm eggs can wriggle up to three metres away from dung piles. If you have a muckheap near the field, fence it off so that horses can't graze nearby.
Four. Lowering pollution risk
Effluent – that's the stinky black water that leaches from large manure piles - can cause serious pollution if it is allowed to enter watercourses. For this reason the Environment Agency recommends that "Temporary field heaps should be sited where there is no risk of runoff polluting watercourses. They should be at least 10 metres from a watercourse and 50 metres from a well, spring or borehole that supplies water for human consumption or for use in farm dairies."
Pollution occurs because organisms feed on the watery dung and the nutrient enrichment encourages the growth of aquatic vegetation which has an oxygen reducing effect in the water, lowering water quality. Run off can also detrimentally affect hedgerows because nutrient enrichment encourages the growth of weeds which disadvantages hedge growth. Water contamination is prosecutable under the Environmental Protection Act, 1990, the Groundwater Regulations 1998 and the Water Resources Act 1991.
Five. Limiting areas where insects such as midges can breed
Ideally a muck heap, and the area around it, should be on a solid base, e.g. concrete. This will make it easier to sweep up and keep tidy and for vehicles to get to the heap without churning up the soil. Reducing standing water where insects such as midges can breed helps to lessen irritation and problems such as sweet itch.


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Mainstay 2400 Calorie Emergency Food Bar (Case of 10)
- Ready to Eat: Each package contains 6 pre-measured 400 calorie meals.
- Individualized Portions: Eliminate the messy breaking-up that occurs with other bars.
- Allows for on-land emergency consumption in a high-stress active situation.
- Non-Thirst Provoking
- No Cholesterol: Contains no cholesterol or tropical oils.
- Pleasant lemon flavor which appeals to everyone.
- Emergency Food Rations.
- 5-year Shelf Life
- Withstands Temperatures of -40° F to 300°F (-40°C to 149°C)
Survival and Emergency Kits developed with the assistance of accredited professionals and actual survivalists.
Mainstay Bars by SOS Food Lab

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


White certificates
What are the White Certificates?
The main public support tool for the diffusion of the energy efficiency in our country are the energy efficiency titles (EET), aka, White Certificates.
Basically, they are negotiable titles certifying the accomplishment of energy savings in the final uses of energy: a certification equals to a non-consumption of a tonne of oil equivalent (TOE).
A formula that deeply concerns companies :
The typical case, is a company asking for consultancy to an Energy Service Company as Seaside to realise internal efficiency projects.
Once completed, these projects will be presented to the related body, the GSE, a government company devoted to the promotion of the sustainable development, including energy efficiency.
Once all the requirement are verified, GSE releases the awarded EETs.
These lasts are not only simple documentation, but real certificates with economic value, variable in time, because in Italy there are some efficiency obligations for big energy and gas suppliers, that can be discharged through White Certificates acquisition linked to projects realised by third entities.
As a conclusion, the company who undergoes through efficiency intervention, not only benefits from the diminishments of consumption, but also gets economic contribution linked to the White Certificate value.
A high impact formula: according to the ENEA 2016 energy efficiency report, in the decade 2005-2015, the EET scheme produced savings up to 4.57Mtoe, revealing to be the most effective mechanism for energy efficiency.
Contact us


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In other words, you can control the in-vehicle systems with say turning a knob in the air. A similar system is developed and tested by Visteon, called the Horizon cockpit. Visteon tested the Horizon cockpit in its research clinic. 70% showed a strong interest in a virtual volume knob in their next vehicle, stating that it was easier and more convenient than searching for a traditional volume knob.
The Honda Edge system uses vision analytics with any platform and can be used in low light environments. The core technology which uses integrated vision analytics was developed in secret by the companies.
This system allows drivers to control their car infotainment and climate systems. The system offers secondary command input so that it can differentiates between intended and unintentional commands. This prevents wrong or inaccurate voice commands.
The core technology that uses integrated vision analytics has been developed in secret by the companies.
It uses computational stereo cameras for 3D machine vision and an artificial intelligence platform that runs on a standard system on a chip (SoC).


3 definitions by GrammarNut
Top Definition
An oxymoron. Before one receives a degree, one is an undergraduate (has not graduated). Upon receiving a degree that person becomes a graduate, therefore one can't hold a degree and be an undergraduate. Degrees earned after ones bacelor degree are called graduate degrees, which seems to have led to the mistaken notion that a bachelor degree should be called an "undergraduate degree".
He graduated last year with an undergraduate degree.
by grammarnut December 13, 2010
The belief system that embraces the following tenets:
1. All Republicans are always right about everything.
2. All Democrats are always wrong about everything.
The opposite of thoughtful discourse. See Beckism.
Similar to McCarthyism. Simply substitute "Liberal" for "Communist".
The oversimplification of any opinion is typical of Limbaughism.
by GrammarNut October 18, 2010
The plural of medium. It should never be used as a singular. The sentence "The media is biased" is grammatically similar to "The dogs is barking" or "The children is playing". Radio is a communications medium, a newspaper is a medium, etc. Collectively they are called "The Media".
The media are biased.
DVD and Blu-Ray are my favorite video media.
by GrammarNut October 18, 2010
Free Daily Email


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It's a fact. Men are better than women … at sweating. Yep, we do it more frequently and more effectively. Congrats guys.
Researchers at Osaka International University in Japan measured the perspiration rates of men and women while they biked for an hour under controlled conditions.
The researchers had 37 subjects cycle for an hour at increasing intensities—active subjects had participated in endurance sports for more than six years, while inactive subjects had, for the most part, not performed regular physical activity in the previous three years. The scientists measured the subjects' temperature, sweat rate and activated sweat glands for a number of sites on the body, including the forehead and thigh. The information was used to calculate sweat gland output and measure performance.
The study revealed that physically fit men sweat more than anyone else. In general, men sweat more than women, and that has its advantages. Sweating is how our body cools off. So, by sweating more than women, men are able to exercise for a longer time.
'"It appears that women are at a disadvantage when they need to sweat a lot during exercise," said Yoshimitsu Inoue, the study's coordinator. "Especially in hot conditions."
Previous physical training increased sweating in both men and women, but the increase was greater with men. As the workouts got more intense, the difference in sweating between the sexes increased. Interestingly enough, fit women sweat more than unfit men, but by an insignificant margin.
The researchers believe that testosterone could explain why men sweat better than women.
Prior research has shown a link between the male sex-hormone testosterone, physical training and an increase in sweat rate. Although they did not measure the hormone among their subjects, the researchers suggest the hormone may play a role in their results.
So guys, the next time you enter into a women's marathon, just make sure it's really hot out. You'll sweat more, and you'll be a lock to win.


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Complaints Procedure Policy
We have a robust complaints procedure, which is summarised here. If you wish to make a complaint you can do so verbally to any member of staff, book an appointment to meet with the Practice Manager in her clinic or in writing to the practice manager.
The Practice follows 6 principles when dealing with complaints:
- Getting it right
- Being open and accountable
- Putting things right
- Being customer focused
- Acting fairly & proportionately
- Seeking continuous improvements
There are four parts to the complaints procedure. Our complaints procedure is based on these four parts:
- The Initial Stage
- The Investigation
- The Informal Meeting/Written Explanation
- Follow-up and Conclusion
There is a dedicated member of staff who is the complaints lead and ensures the complaints process is followed in a timely fashion.
The Practice Manager has overall responsibility for the complaints system.
Presuming that the practice complaints procedure is to be used, the complainant needs to be assured that the Practice will:
- Deal with matters promptly – the aim being to complete enquiries within 14 days, with a maximum of four weeks.
- Undertake a detailed investigation.
- Offer a meeting to discuss the outcome of the investigation if appropriate.
- Advise the complainant that they may bring a 'friend' to the meeting.
- Inform the complainant if there appear to be any delays or problems.
Informal Meeting / Written Explanation
If there is an informal meeting, the practice should reassure the complainant that:
- The matter has been taken seriously
- The complaint has been fully investigated
- They will receive a detailed explanation
- They will receive an appropriate apology if necessary, but will always receive a statement of regret that the incident has occurred
The action taken is entered in our complaints log and a record of any relevant meeting/s and/or a copy of the letter sent are kept in the complaints file in case further action results.
Learning from Complaints and Patient Feedback
Complaints and patient feedback logs are regularly reviewed in the Multi disciplinary meetings to:
- Determine whether any audits are required as a result
- Determine whether and process needs to be reviewed
- Determine how to measure the effectiveness of any changes already implemented
Sharing of Learning and Actions from Complaints
The information from the annual complaints audit and the anonymised summary of learning & action points from complaints is shared with staff in both the MDT and administrative team meetings.
If the complainant is not satisfied, they should be alerted to their right (under the practice complaints procedure) to take the matter to the Parliamentary and Health Service Ombudsman which is an independent body established to promote improvements in healthcare through the assessment of the performance of those who provide services.
You can contact the Parliamentary and Health Service Ombudsman on 0345 _PHONE_ or write to them at:
Parliamentary and Health Service Ombudsman
A conciliation service, Independent Complaints Advocacy Service (ICAS)
Telephone: 01823 275037
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Docker data volume data volume container details
 - 2020-05-27 07:44:05
 - OfStack
Docker data volume, data volume container details
Sometimes, when our service runs, it is necessary to generate some logs, or we need to backup the data in the container, or even share the data among multiple containers, which inevitably involves the data management operation of the container.
There are two main ways to manage data in a container:
Data volume
Data volume container
The data volume is a special directory that can be used by the container. It bypasses the file system and provides many useful features:
- data volumes can be Shared and reused between containers
- changes to the data volume will take effect immediately
- updates to data volumes will not affect mirroring
- volume 1 will persist until no container is used
#(similar to mount under linux (mount))
Creating a data volume
When using the Docker run command, use the -v parameter tag to create a single data volume in the container, and use the -v tag multiple times to create multiple data volumes
docker run -dp --name web -v /webapp ubuntu:14.04
We don't have a port after -p. If we don't have a port relationship between the container and the host,Docker will map at will
Mount a host directory as the data volume
The -v tag can also be used to specify that a local existing directory be mounted into the container as a data volume
docker run -dp --name web -v /src/webapp:/opt/webapp ubuntu:1404
The command above loads the host /src/webapp directory into the container's /opt/webapp directory:
This feature is convenient for testing, for example, users can put some programs or data into a local directory, and then run and use it in a container. In addition, the
The path to the directory must be an absolute path, and if the directory does not exist, Docker will automatically create it.
The default permission of Docker mounting data volume is read and write. Users can also specify read only by ro:
docker run -dp --name web -v /src/webapp:/opt/webapp:ro ubuntu:14.04
After adding: ro, the data of the data volume mounted in the container cannot be modified.
Mount native files as data volumes
The -v tag can also mount a single file from the host into the container as a data volume:
Docker run --rm -it -v ~/.bash_history:/.bash_history ubuntu:14.04
This allows you to record the history of commands entered in the container (different versions of shell vary)
Data volume container
If a user needs to share continuously updated data between containers, the easiest way is to use a data volume container, which is a common container that provides data volumes for other containers to mount.
First, create one data volume container, dbdata, and mount one data volume to /dbdata:
docker run -ti -v /dbdata --name dbdata ubuntu:14.04
We can then mount the data volumes in the dbdata container with the use of the volumes-form in other containers, such as creating the db1 and db2 containers and mounting the data volumes from the dbdata container:
docker run -ti --volumes-from dbdata --name db1 ubuntu:14.04
docker run -ti --volumes-from dbdata --name db2 ubuntu:14.04
At this point the containers db1 and db2 both mount the same data volume to the same /dbdata directory. 3 containers any 1 side of the write in this directory, the other containers can see.
For example, create an test file in the dbdata container:
root@df392e32f0p6:/# touch test1
Let's look at it in the db1 container:
root@92597e32f0p6:/# ls dbdata/
We can mount multiple data volumes from multiple containers multiple times using the WSD/WSD/WSD/WSD/WSD/WSD/WSD/WSD/WSD/WSD/WSD/WSD/WSD/WSD/WSD/WSD. You can also mount data volumes from other containers that have already mounted container volumes:
docker run -d --name db3 --volumes-from db1 ubuntu:14.04
Note: the container of the data volume mounted using the -- volumes-from parameter does not itself need to be in a running state
If the mounted container is deleted (including dbdata, db1, and db2), the data volume is not automatically deleted. If you want to delete a data volume, you must explicitly use the Docker rm-v command to specify that the associated container is deleted at the same time when you delete the last container that still has it mounted.
Using data volume containers allows users to freely upgrade and move data volumes between containers.
Migrate data using data volume containers
The data volume container can be used to backup and restore the data volume in order to realize the data migration.
The backup
docker run --volumes-from dbdata -v $(pwd):/backup --name worker ubuntu:14.04 tar cvf /backup/backup.tar /dbdata
This command is a little bit more complicated, so let's see what it does
1. First, a container worker was created using the ubuntu image.
2. Mount the data volume of the dbdata container (dbdata data volume) using the volumes-from dbdata parameter for the worker container;
3. Use the -v $(pwd):/backup parameter to mount the local current directory to the worker container's /backup directory
After the worker container is started, the tar cvf /backup/ backup.tar /dbdata command is used to backup the contents under /dbdata to the backup/ backup.tar in the container, backup.tar in the host's current directory.
If you want to restore data to a container, you can do the following to create a container dbdata2 with a data volume:
docker run -v /dbdata --name dbdata2 ubuntu:14.04
Then create another new container, mount the dbdata2 container, and unzip the backup file into the mounted container volume using ubtar:
docker run --volumes-from dbdata2 -v $(pwd):/backup busybox tar xvf /backup/backup.tar
Thank you for reading, I hope to help you, thank you for your support of this site!
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New York Seasonal Jobs
Job Information
Berkshire Nursery & Supply Corp Nursery and Greenhouse Worker in Pattesron, New York
10 full time, temporary, seasonal jobs available 4/26/2021 - 12/31/2021 Nursery and Greenhouse Workers will work at a nursery that has both outdoor and indoor/greenhouse facilities. They can one one or any combination of the following tasks: Harvest plants, and transplant or pot and label them; Operate tractors, tractor-drawn machinery, and self-propelled machinery to plow, harrow and fertilize soil, or to plant, cultivate, spray and harvest crops; Set up and operate irrigation equipment; Harvest fruits and vegetables by hand; Clean work areas, and maintain grounds and landscaping; Sell and deliver plants and flowers to customers; plant plugs of grass; Identify plants, pests, and weeds to determine the selection and application of fertilizers; Regulate greenhouse conditions, and indoor and outdoor irrigation systems; Cut, roll, and stack sod; Feel plants' leaves and note their coloring to detect the presence of insects or disease; Provide information and advice to the public regarding the selection, purchase, and care of products; Maintain and repair irrigation and climate control systems; Dig, cut, and transplant seedlings, cuttings, trees, and shrubs; Maintain inventory, ordering materials as required; Record information about plants and plant growth; Dig, rake, and screen soil, filling cold frames and hot beds in preparation for planting; Inspect plants and bud ties to assess quality; Move containerized shrubs, plants, and trees, using wheelbarrows or tractors; Tie and bunch flowers, plants, shrubs, and trees, wrap their roots, and pack them into boxes to fill orders; Load agricultural products into trucks, and drive trucks to market or storage facilities; Haul and spread topsoil, fertilizer, peat moss, and other materials to condition soil, using wheelbarrows or carts and shovels; and Plant, spray, weed, fertilize, water, and prune plants, shrubs, and trees, using gardening tools. Requirements: *Lifting 80 pounds *Frequent stooping or bending The full terms and conditions of the job (form ETA790a) should be reviewed and provided to qualified applicants from this website: For qualified applicants requiring a Spanish translation of this job order, please email or call _PHONE_. Please include the applicant name and job order number in your request.


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History Clipping in Event-driven Distributed Systems
The problem of managing event histories is at the core of distributed computing algorithms used for distributed run-time monitoring and distributed data replication using logs. As a distributed program executes, individual histories of process execution are diffused through the systems by a technique known as gossiping. In this way, each process has a view of the actions of other processes in the system and can monitor their behavior for correctness or security. Unfortunately, the size of the histories grows without bound. Bernstein originally proposed clipping the history of gossip messages when the history becomes known to every process in the system. However, when used in distributed monitoring, even though every process may know about an event history, it is not a sufficient condition to clip that part of event history, as it might still be useful to monitor future event occurrences. What is needed is a way to clip the histories only when they have both been disseminated through the system and the monitoring process no longer needs them. In this paper, we propose the concept of clipping histories in event-driven systems for the purposes of monitoring. The core of this work is the observation that event-driven systems transition through many semi-stable states, then periodically return to stable, recurrent states as each action is completed. We propose an algorithm to clip histories only when the system has returned to a stable, recurrent state and the monitor no longer has use for the collected histories. The effectiveness of the algorithm is demonstrated by the reduction of history size in monitoring an event-driven maneuver drawn from an automated highway system.
M. Chittajallu and B. M. McMillin, "History Clipping in Event-driven Distributed Systems," ISCA 13th International Conference on Parallel and Distributed Computing Systems, ISCA, Aug 2000.
Keywords and Phrases
Distributed; Events; History Maintenance; Monitoring
Article - Conference proceedings
© 2000 ISCA, All rights reserved.
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Becoming an Authority in Your Niche
Becoming an Authority in Your Niche
Issue 9 // 4th Quarter // 2014 Category:Leadership By: Alan Robertson
Good, better, or best? We live in a society of self-proclaimed "experts" in every field, but what truly makes an expert an authority? At Duck Commander, we believe that the difference between being an expert and an authority is foundationally dependent upon the consistent production of a quality product. Our duck calls are not the best in the waterfowl industry because we say so—Duck Commander is an authority, because other people recognize consistent quality.
I've often pondered the example of Paul. As recounted in Philippians, he was a Hebrew of the Hebrews—the cream of the crop. If anyone were to be known as an expert on the law, it was Paul. Possessing all the confidence of Pharisaical decree, Paul persecuted heretical believers and stood blameless under the lawful decree of a self-righteous religious system. He was the ultimate expert on righteousness under the law.
But Galatians 1:15-17 holds a hidden key to what made Paul cross over from expert to authority: "But when he who had set me apart before I was born, and who called me by his grace, was pleased to reveal his Son to me, in order that I might preach him among the Gentiles, I did not immediately consult with anyone; nor did I go up to Jerusalem to those who were apostles before me, but I went away into Arabia…"
What made Paul an authority? Not his family, not his titles, but the time he spent in training, set apart with God. The Pauline epistles are silent on the length of time, but it is commonly believed that he spent three years in Arabia, learning and training under direct revelation of God. Interestingly enough, if this is true, it is the same amount of time that Jesus spent with His disciples during His earthly ministry. Paul's time in Arabia was his way of earning his place alongside the other apostles as the thirteenth warrior.
When Dad started this business so many years ago, he never dreamed that the waterfowl industry would know his name.
A simple country boy from Louisiana, Dad wasn't anyone special, but he had a God-given ability for duck hunting. From the very first time he went duck hunting at ten years old, Dad had an innate ability. He was set apart. His passion continued to grow for the rest of his life and turned into this amazing dynasty.
Over the years, Dad has refined the duck call into a specific instrument. All of us boys know exactly how a call is supposed to sound. Of course, there are varying degrees of natural ability in my family, but like a musical talent, it takes specific training to learn the proper sound. Duck Commander is an authority on what a call is supposed to sound like because of Dad's God-given ability.
Stand Up and Be Counted
Another difference between an expert and an authority is the willingness to answer the call. In Paul's case, he had all the pedigree necessary to be the expert on the Law, but the moment came when he was given a decision: follow Christ into a deeper ministry or remain caught up in legalism. When the rubber met the road, he was willing to follow. Ultimately, the call on the road to Damascus led him to become the penultimate authority on Christianity in the first century.
To become an authority, you have to be willing to step up when your time comes. Sometimes it's a moment that's recognizable, sometimes it's not. In our case, the penultimate moment came through a family fracture that drove Dad to his knees and brought about a full surrender to God's plan for his life and business. Duck Commander exists because of a single moment of complete submission.
Over the course of our journey to becoming an authority in the waterfowl segment of the sporting goods industry, we have seen many roadblocks and pitfalls, but by faithfully following biblical principles, peace and clarity have prevailed. In every trial, God has given us the courage to stand upon our principles, the wisdom to make the right decisions, and the grace to maintain our testimony.
It Won't Happen Overnight
Dad always said, "Don't tell other people how great you are; let people tell you if they think you're great." The difference between an expert and an authority is the consistent recognition of integrity that comes only through years of experience. One of the best ways to become an authority is credibility: to work through years of doing what you do best. In our case, it took twenty years of proving year in and year out that we were the best at what we did.
People think that we are marketing geniuses. You'd be surprised how many people think that Dad has a doctorate in marketing (he actually has a Master's degree in Education)! When Duck Dynasty became a megahit on A&E, people thought that our beards and bandanas were a marketing ploy. They're not part of our TV characters; they're our way of life. We are who we say we are. We have years of a consistent testimony of excellence within the hunting industry. We have proven our ability, established our excellence, and continued the quality of craftsmanship since the beginning of Duck Commander.
Ultimately, whether you start a business, make a lot of money, or impact society in a positive way, people remember what you do and the contributions you make. When you have Christ at the center of your life and ministry, when your moment comes to do something for Him, whatever it is, whether sharing the gospel with one indidividual or on a national platform, you have to step up and do it.
Long before God called us to be national ambassadors of the waterfowl industry and the leading authority on duck calls, we decided that we would stand up for what we believed, both in our professional and personal lives. It wasn't always easy, but we always had the peace and clarity that comes from putting God in control. We put Jesus first.
In the end, Paul's authority led to his house arrest and death, but here we are, 2,000 years later writing an article about it. It's the power of longevity. Stand up and be counted. Authorities are made, not born.
Editor's Note:
TwoTen Magazine's publisher Richard W. Hayes and writer Jessica Burchfield caught up with Alan Robertson in New York's LaGuardia Airport while on a publicity tour for Phil Robertson's new book, UnPHILtered (Howard Books). Interesting timing: Al recounted how his Dad had just finished an interview with Sean Hannity on Fox News Channel, in which he was given a chance to stand up and be counted. "Dad was thrown an 80 mph fast ball right down the middle," said Al. "After a very controversial question regarding international terrorism, he quoted Scripture, then opened his well-worn Bible and preached. It was the perfect lead in to a succinct Gospel presentation on national television. Dad's really a preacher; duck calls just made him an authority."
Alan Robertson
By: Alan Robertson
Read More Articles by Alan Robertson
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Potatoes from the same furrow
I discovered an interesting Welsh expression today – maen nhw'n datws o'r un rhych ('they're potatoes from the same furrow'), which is one equivalent of saying that they are as thick as thieves, i.e. they are close friends. Other Welsh equivalents of this expression include maen nhw'n gryn lawiau ('they're pretty (?) hands'); maen nhw'n yng nghegau ei gilydd ('they're in mouths together'); and maen nhw'n drwyn wrth drwyn ('they're nose to nose').
In French the equivalent of this phrase is comme larrons en foire ('like thieves in (a) fair') – the word larron is a old word for thief – the usual word is voleur.
What about in other languages?
9 Responses to Potatoes from the same furrow
 1. Charlie says:
 Two German expressions I can think of are sie stecken unter einer Decke 'they lie under the same blanket' and sie halten zusammen wie Pech und Schwefel 'they stick together like pitch and brimstone' — I think … wie Feuer und Schwefel '… like fire and brimstone' can be used instead, but I'm not sure.
 2. D.Jay says:
 I was thinking two peas in a pod, but that is something different – meaning two people who are alike, not necessarily always together. We would also say joined at the hip.
 3. Charlie says:
 The Dutch say onder één hoedje spelen 'play under one hat' (hoedje is diminutive, so literally it's 'small hat').
 4. old_nomad says:
 Common Russian phrase for "joined at the hip" is не разлей-вода "cannot be separated by pouring water (on them)", most probably alluding to pouring water on quarreling animals to separate them. And for being alike without necessarily being close there is одного поля ягоды "berries from the same field", usually in negative sense.
 5. TJ says:
 Well… in colloquial Arabic dialects I can remember one similar phrase which is understood commonly between people of different background from west and east – however, it is a bit vulgar so I'm going to write the translation here only, which comes like: they are like two @$$es in one pant/underwear.
 Well, as for the standard Arabic, I can't remember something significant, but probably I've heard the expressions Two heads from the same shirt or Two bodies in the same shirt before.
 6. Rauli says:
 In Finnish, "kuin paita ja peppu" (like a shirt and the butt).
 7. Remd says:
 A common neutral phrase in Spanish is "son uña y carne", which means "they are like nail and meat". But there's a popular (or rather vulgar) phrase which is used, as far as I've read, especially in Catalonia and I don't know if the original version is Spanish or Catalan. It's "son culo y mierda" which means, if you'll pardon the translation, "they are like ass and shit".
 8. Leonardo A. C. says:
 In Portuguese it's said "Farinha do mesmo saco" (Flour from the same sack) or "Unha e carne" (Nail and flesh).
 9. James says:
 I think that when you learn a language is really funny to look at the expressions and saying used, which sometimes can be really different from our mother tongue. If you require a Welsh translation make sure you address to professionals, to have the best results.
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How to Edit or Delete Documents
Learn how to edit and delete your documents, files, and official records stored in the Kendra Align application.
- Go to the 'Search' section of the documents module to search for and view the documents that you need to edit or delete.
- Type the name of the file in the search box and press search to view your file.
- Select the file that you want to edit or delete. You'll get a screen like below:
- To edit the document tags and details, press the 'Edit' button that you can see at the top of your screen.
- You can then edit the tags and details and click the 'Save' button to save your changes.
- To delete the document, click on the red 'Delete' button.
- You will get a confirmation message before deleting the document.
- Click 'Yes' to confirm that you want to delete it.


Ways Parents, Students Can Research Campus Safety
Prospective students should explore campus safety and crime statistics as they consider colleges….
Georgia (Jun 16, 2014)By
Link To Article
Prospective students should explore campus safety and crime statistics as they consider colleges.
Sexual assaults, school shootings and other forms of on-campus violence are a major part of the national discussion of campus safety. The threat of a stolen laptop isn't as frightening, but there are many types of crime that can affect college students.
As prospective college students and their families try to choose the right school, researching campus safety can seem daunting, uncomfortable or even impossible.
To thoroughly evaluate a school's safety, prospective students need to research crime statistics, ask current students and campus staff the right questions and explore the programs universities have to protect and assist students, experts say.
[Learn how to stay safe on a college campus.]
Under the law, schools must submit an annual security report, maintain a crime log, share statistics for a variety of crimes that happen on campus and in some off-campus facilities, issue timely campus alerts, maintain a fire log and create policies to handle reports of missing students.
Families should first check the annual security report, which schools must submit by Oct. 1 each year, says Abigail Boyer, assistant executive director of programs at the Clery Center for Security On Campus.
The Department of Education has a site that allows users to research statistics by institution. Families should also be able to find the information through a university's website.
The Clery Act provides basic rules, but colleges have flexibility in how they implement certain sections, including how they handle campus alerts about safety issues such as a shooter.
For example, the length of time it takes for a student to receive a notification from the campus in an emergency is important but varies by school, says Robert Lang, who heads up security efforts at Kennesaw State University. Lang says that families should also ask about the variety of alerts a school uses beyond text messages and emails. Kennesaw's alert system includes computer pop-ups that can override classroom lectures, messages that display on digital signs around campus and a siren system.
Lang encourages families to ask schools who handles campus safety measures and how those measures are divided up. Some schools may have departments and programs dedicated to campus security and safety or have university police, while others may work with local police.
Families should also think about where students will spend time when they're not on campus.
"You need to do some homework too, about not just the campus itself, but the city surrounding it," Lang says.Under a federal law known as the Jeanne Clery Act, brick-and-mortar schools that receive federal student aid are required to share information about crime on and around their campuses. …


Which is mathematically synonymous with:
(silence)(frog splash!) = old pond
old pond/frog splash! = silence
What we have done is to integrate the break of silence with the frog splash to define the old pond. Or the (the break of) silence is defined as the old pond divided by frog splash Furthermore we could also read it as the old pond divided by frog splash! Defines (the break of) silence.
I realize that I have added my own interpretation to El Konde's intention of 'silence' in his poem by redefining'silence' as 'the break of silence' but I think it is arguable that Basho was talking about the break in silence as opposed to silence itself. I believe my addition makes El Konde's version much more clear.
Now let's look at Bobs change to El Konde's Poem and its mathematical synonyms:
silence / frog splash! = old pond
silence / old pond = frog splash!
(frog splash!) (old pond) = silence
So what Bob expresses by his change is that the break of silence is defined by the integration of frog splash! and old pond or that the old pond is defined by the break of silence per frog splash and last but not least … frog splash is defined by the break of silence per old pond
Now that we have broke it down, you the reader can make your own decision on what version makes the most sense to you.
Note: (Bob's intention may have been to think of'silence' standing as itself, not as 'break in silence', but I doubt it especially since he has ignored it altogether in his new poem)
In conclusion lets look at Bob's Mathemaku for Basho:
(pond)(frog) = (((((((haiku)))))))
So it shows that Bob is consistent with multiplying pond and frog but he has 'defined haiku' as opposed to defining 'the break in silence'.
By putting parenthesis around the word haiku he has incorporated a vispo technique in his mathematical poem to imply splashing water waves.
So much for evolution,
R Mutt
Visit the National Gallery of Writing


Next Step: Foot Care In Connecticut
Posts for tag: personality and shoes
Researchers at the University of Kansas say that people can accurately judge 90% of a stranger's personality by simply looking at their shoes.
"Shoes convey a thin but useful slice of information about their wearers," the authors wrote in the new study published in the Journal of Research in Personality. "Shoes serve a practical purpose, and also serve as nonverbal cues with symbolic messages. People tend to pay attention to the shoes they and others wear."
Medical Daily reports that the number of detailed personality traits detected in the study include a person's age, their gender, income, political affiliation, and other personality traits, including someone's emotional stability.
Lead researcher Omri Gillath said the judgments were based on style, cost, color, and condition of someone's shoes. In the study, 63 University of Kansas students looked at pictures showing 208 different pairs of shoes worn by the study's participants. Volunteers in the study were photographed in their most commonly worn shoes, and then filled out a personality questionnaire.
So, what do your shoes say about your personality?
People with higher incomes wore expensive shoes, and flashier footwear was typically worn by extroverts. However, some of the more specific results are intriguing. For example, practical and functional shoes were generally worn by more "agreeable" people, while ankle boots were more closely aligned with "aggressive" personalities. The strangest of all may be that those who wore uncomfortable looking shoes tend to have "calm" personalities. There was also the political calculation that liberals wear shabbier and less expensive shoes.
"Shoes have a wide variety of styles, brands, looks, and functions. Because of this variety, shoes can carry individual difference information, but do they? We suggest the answer is yes," the study authors wrote.
And if you have several new pair of shoes or take exceptionally good care of them, you may suffer from "attachment anxiety", spending an inordinate amount of time worrying about what others think about your appearance.
The researchers noted that some people will chose shoe styles to mask their actual personality traits, but researchers noted that volunteers were also likely to be unaware that their footwear choices were revealing deep insights about their personalities.
If you have a foot problem, call one of our six locations to make an appointment.
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Modelling Behavioural Requirements and Alignment with Verification in the Embedded Industry
Paper i proceeding, 2017
Formalising requirements has the potential to solve problems arising from deficiencies in natural language descriptions. While behavioural requirements are rarely described formally in industry, increasing complexity and new safety standards have renewed the interest in formal specifications. The goal of this paper is to explore how behavioural requirements for embedded systems can be formalised and aligned with verification tasks. Over the course of a 2.5-year project with industry, we modelled existing requirements from a safety-critical automotive software function in several iterations. Taking practical limitations and stakeholder preferences into account, we explored the use of models on different abstraction levels. The final model was used to generate test cases and was evaluated in three interviews with relevant industry practitioners. We conclude that models on a high level of abstraction are most suitable for industrial requirements engineering, especially when they need to be interpreted by other stakeholders.
Test Case Generation
Empirical Software Engineering


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Films > Empowerment
12 Cameras: Haitian Women Share their LivesAlessandra Villaamil
Filmmaker's website: _URL_
Film DescriptionThere are an estimated 80,000 Haitian migrants, mostly women and mostly undocumented, living and working in the Dominican Republic. These women are easy targets for trafficking and exploitation. They face the constant fear of arbitrary deportation. Their Dominican-born children are denied citizenship, legal identity, valid passports and are largely denigrated by Dominican society. The Haitian migrant women featured in the documentary were taught by industry professionals to use digital cameras and audio recorders to become efficient storytellers in their communities. The women produced 12 stories of hope and struggle, discrimination and poverty as they claim their children's rights to civil existence.
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$ -base +pretty
Above, except that if the last line of the first argument stops at least one position before the first line of the second begins, these two lines are overlapped. For example:
> text "hi" $$ nest 5 (text "there")
lays out as
> hi there
$$ is associative, with identity empty, and also satisfies
* (x $$ y) <> z = x $$ (y <> z), if y non-empty.
Above, with no overlapping. $+$ is associative, with identity empty.


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Challenges of Personal Health Data Protection in the Era of Cloud Computing: A Comparative Legal Analysis
Author：Chih-hsing Ho Assistant Research Fellow
Origin of Topic
The Taiwanese government has recently promoted the adoption of cloud services in its government agencies since the Executive Yuan approved its "Cloud Computing Industrial Development Plan" in 2010. Among the twelve government's proposed cloud service schemes, the "Health Cloud Project", which has been initiated and funded by the Ministry of Health and Welfare since 2015, aims at applying cloud computing techniques to the National Health Insurance Database to help improve health care delivery. By analyzing the Taipei High Administrative Court's judgments, this paper argues that whether the National Health Insurance Bureau is entitled to release its national health insurance data to third parties for the purpose of secondary use is not without controversy. It further pinpoints that in addition to recognizing information autonomy, which has been proposed by the Grand Justices' constitutional interpretation, as well as considering the legislative purpose of the revision of the Personal Data Protection Act in Taiwan, there is a need to re-evaluate the challenges that cloud computing techniques could have brought to the implementation of the Personal Data Protection Act. This paper adopts a comparative legal perspective to analyze different rules and governance frameworks implemented by the EU, the UK, and the US in their various definitions of personal data and the regulation of risks associated with applying cloud computing techniques to personal data. It plans to reflect an adequate way to address the balance of individual privacy and public interest, especially the protection of personal and information autonomy that the government in Taiwan shall take into consideration for its cloud computing application.


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A de novo heterozygous inactivating mutation of calcium-sensing receptor (CASR) gene typically causes neonatal hyperparathyroidism (NHPT) with moderate hypercalcemia and hyperparathyroid bone disease. We present a case of asymptomatic hypocalciuric hypercalcemia with a de novo heterozygous mutation in CASR, S591C, which is primarily reported to be responsible for NHPT. A 54-year-old female was referred for investigation of asymptomatic hypercalcemia that was initially found in the 1980s but without a history of bone disease during the perinatal period. She had moderate hypercalcemia (12.4 mg/dl) and relative hypocalciuria (fractional extraction of calcium 1.07%) but normal intact parathyroid hormone and serum 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3. Pedigree analysis revealed that she carried a de novo heterozygous mutation of S591C, which she transmitted to an affected child with moderate hypercalcemia but not to other children, who had normal serum calcium levels. A de novo heterozygous CASR mutation that is responsible for NHPT may also present in individuals with asymptomatic hypocalciuric hypercalcemia. Caution is required when predicting course and outcome in a pedigree with CASR mutation, as well as incidental hypercalcemia, because of its variable phenotypes.
The phenotype and severity of CASR mutations are thought to be dependent on genotypes.
We report an asymptomatic case of the de novo heterozygous S591C mutation in CASR, which has previously been reported as a responsible mutation of NHPT with bone diseases.
Variable phenotypes of CASR raise a cautionary note about predicting outcome by genotyping in a pedigree with CASR mutation.


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NameChum Pro 2.5.0
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NameChum Pro is an application for changing the name of files, folders and disks. It is useful for normal desktop usage, but becomes cool when works, fine, fast and in background, with thousands of files.
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- up to four file type to rename, ignoring the other ones.
Internet Config has a great Database containing extension: NameChum Pro allows you to use it, when you should insert a new suffix. You may easily modify this Database...
By using hot keys you may skip the "request" dialog and changing, on the fly, by using the default action. Moreover there's a key for setting the preferences before work.
After all you may use the enclosed Contextual Menu Extension for asking NameChum Pro to rename your selection.
NameChum Pro is Internet Config, Drag Manager and Navigation Manager aware, moreover it's Appearance savvy. It requires at least System 7 to run.
What's new in 2.5.0 version
Hardware and software requirements
- Rename option.
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- Contextal Menu extension.
- Extensions Database.
- NameChum Pro ignore, now, invisible files.
- Better Appearance dialogs.
- New About Box.
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- Recompiled with Interfaces-Libraries 3.3.2
- Internet Menu changed.
- Linked with MoreFiles 1.5.
- Linked with Appearance SDK 1.04.
- Linked with Internet Config 2.0.2.
- Recompiled by using the newest compiler.
- Addresses update.
- Minor bug, saving window position, fixed.
- A bug in Navigation routines fixed.
- Pro version.
NameChum Pro should work on any Macintosh with a minimum of System 7. It's accelerated for PowerPC. If you have the Appearance Manager and/or same the Navigation Manager and/or same the Drag Manager, they will be taken advantage of. Some menu items may be disabled or some feature may be inactive if you don't have Internet Config 2.0 installed (only on PowerMac).
Visitors of this Site:
The ZDNet's NameCum page
The NameChum page on FileDudes.


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Honeycomb Amber Pendant
Honeycomb Amber Pendant
 - £6490
A lovely elongated cognac Amber gemstone, decorated with a honeycomb pattern in silver on one side and on the bale. It comes complete with an 18 inch silver chain.
Amber is the fossilised resin of ancient pine trees. Our Amber comes from the Baltic region and was formed during the Eocene geological period, about 44 million years ago, when the Baltic region was experiencing a semi -tropical climate. As the resin seeped from the trees it began to solidify on the tree bark or fell to the forest floor, often being carried to the sea by streams. This is why originally much Amber was found washed up on the beaches.
A birthstone for Aries and Leo, it is said to promote courage, vitality and personal growth.
Weight excluding chain: 5.7 grams Stone size : 3cm x 1.4cm
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Home / Commentary / Closing Arguments: Is Wisconsin's collateral-source rule worth preserving?
Closing Arguments: Is Wisconsin's collateral-source rule worth preserving?
BACKGROUND: Wisconsin lawmakers this year are once again giving serious consideration to eliminating the state's collateral-source rule, a doctrine that has been around in Wisconsin for nearly a century and whose roots extend into common law.
The rule plays a particularly important role in personal-injury cases. Many times, health insurers will negotiate reductions in the amount billed on behalf of their insurees, creating a situation in which the amount paid by the insurer on behalf of an injured party is less than the amount billed by the provider.
The current collateral-source rules bars evidence of such reductions from being admitted in court. Lawyers are instead allowed only to introduce medical bills listing the amounts that were charged before being lowered through negotiations.
Opponents of the rule argue that it allows plaintiffs to recover "phantom damages." In other words, when defense lawyers are barred from showing that health insurers were able to secure cost reductions, plaintiffs are able to win more than they actually should.
Proponents, in contrast, argue that eliminating the collateral-source rule would do nothing more than benefit a perhaps underserving party: namely, a defendant who has been lucky enough to have injured someone who happens to have good health insurance.
Collateral-source rule outdated, unfair, should not be preserved
Paul Curtis
Wisconsin's collateral source rule is not worth preserving in its current form. In my opinion, the rule is outdated and flawed because it promotes deceit and injustice.
Jurors are charged with the serious and solemn task of deciding the fates of plaintiffs and defendants in a court of law. Our legal system demands that jurors seriously and thoughtfully consider all of the evidence and then render a fair and truthful verdict. "Let your verdict speak the truth, whatever that truth may be." Wis JI-Civil 190.
In a personal injury case, the jurors are charged with determining fault and money damages. However, under the current collateral-source rule, jurors are not entrusted with truthful, accurate information relating to medical expenses.
For nearly a century, Wisconsin jurors have been told to assume that the "truth" is that a plaintiff's reasonable medical expenses are reflected in the amount of services billed; i.e., the "sticker price." Of course, the truth is that the plaintiff's actual medical expenses are typically a fraction of the amount billed.
So why does Wisconsin law follow the collateral-source rule? The purported equitable policy is that the tortfeasor should not be relieved of his or her obligation to the victim simply because the injured party had the foresight to purchase insurance, and enjoy the benefits thereof.
However, the policy fails to account for the fact that automobile-liability insurance is now mandatory in Wisconsin. Even in non-auto accident cases, insurance companies often pay the verdict or settlement amounts. Tortfeasors are rarely held personally liable for the injured party's expenses.
Another policy set forth in the case law is that the collateral-source rule deters negligent conduct. I respectfully disagree. I am semi-confident that not a single human being has ever contemplated the effects of the collateral-source rule before committing a negligent act.
The policies, and the rule, are flawed and outdated. Other states that have done away with the collateral-source rule have found that it is unfair. Those foreign courts have reasoned that the defendant or tortfeasor should not be held liable for medical expenses that were never paid or actually incurred by the plaintiff. To impose liability on the defendant for those unpaid medical expenses is simply unfair and unjustified.
Wisconsin's collateral-source rule should be modified to permit jurors to consider both the amount billed and the amount paid when determining a plaintiff's reasonable medical expenses. A jury verdict cannot reasonably "speak the truth" if it based on inaccurate and incomplete facts.
The common goal is to reach a fair verdict such that an injured party is justly compensated and made whole — to the extent that money can achieve that goal. Defense lawyers and insurance companies are often unfairly portrayed as the enemy.
We are not the enemy. We have no interest in seeing a party, who is legitimately injured through no fault of their own, go uncompensated.
We too want justice to be served but we want it served on a level playing field. The collateral-source rule should be modified so as to be transparent with the jury regarding the actual medical expenses charged and paid.
We should trust the jury to weigh and consider all of the evidence and to reach a fair and truthful verdict.
Paul Curtis is a partner and liability-defense lawyer at Axley Brynelson.
Collateral-source 'cure' worse than supposed disease
Robert Jaskulski
Robert Jaskulski
Those calling for changes to Wisconsin's long-held "collateral-source rule" suggest that it is "unfair" to allow injured parties to collect more than their out-of-pocket losses by allowing for recovery of the value of medical services provided.
In reality, legislation eliminating the collateral-source rule would lead to a sea change in the manner in which recoverable damages are determined by juries. The result would be unfair treatment for injured consumers, their health insurers and Wisconsin taxpayers.
Lawmakers' currently proposed bill would allow into evidence much more than just amounts paid by health insurers. As drafted, it in fact allows for the introduction of evidence of "any compensation for bodily injury received from a source other than the defendant to compensate the claimant for the injury. …"
Consequently, the collateral-source rule will no longer be an impediment to the introduction of disability-insurance recoveries or life-insurance recoveries, which might be submitted in an attempt to reduce a defendant's financial responsibility.
How is it remotely "fair" for negligent parties to reduce their legal responsibility to fairly compensate the one they injured or killed by allowing into evidence the fact that the plaintiff was responsible enough to carry decent medical, disability or life insurance?
The unfairness of the proposed change is best illustrated by language in the bill that prohibits the introduction of "amounts paid or incurred by the claimant in recovering payment from a source other than the defendant." One cannot logically or fairly argue on the one hand that the jury is entitled to know the "true" economic loss suffered by an injured party, and on the other hand argue it is appropriate to preclude the introduction of the costs incurred by the injured party in procuring adequate medical, disability or life-insurance benefits.
The bill will inevitably result in reduced recovery by health insurers and, in cases involving Medicaid payouts, the state of Wisconsin. Anyone handling personal-injury litigation understands that subrogation liens are negotiated according to factors that include the total amount of money recovered in settlement by the plaintiff.
When that pool of money is reduced, which will inevitably occur when the plaintiff is not allowed to recover the full value of past medical expenses, all interested parties, including subrogated insurers and the state, will recover less from the wrongdoer. Pursuant to the ratio approach established by the U.S. Supreme Court in Albhorn, 547 U.S. 268 (2006), Medicaid subrogation recoveries will be significantly affected.
Shifting responsibility for the harm caused by negligent parties from property and casualty insurers to health insurers and taxpayers is bad public policy.
Finally, changing the law in the manner suggested will significantly increase costs to health care providers, who will now be called upon at trial to justify their billings and their contractually reduced insurance recoveries. In addition, health insurers will be forced to testify about the reasons for their reduced payments.
Increasing the cost and complexity of litigation in this manner makes no sense in an age when health care and health insurance costs are ever on the rise.
Robert Jaskulski is a shareholder and personal-injury lawyer at Habush, Habush & Rottier.
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To many Newfoundlanders and Labradorians, Government House is an imposing grey-stone building in downtown St. John's, and the home of Their Honours the Honourable John C. Crosbie, Lieutenant Governor of Newfoundland and Labrador and Her Honour Jane Furneaux Crosbie.
Many people may not know about the vegetable gardens behind the residence, and what happens to the food that's grown there.
The Government House Garden in 2012. Pictures will be added as the gardening season unfolds.
The Government House Vegetable Garden Project
by Jackson McLean
Initiated in 2010 by a collective of dedicated volunteers, including Her Honour Jane Furneaux Crosbie, the Government House Vegetable Garden Project is a unique opportunity for high school and junior high youth to learn the basics of food production. A 50 foot by 60 foot plot of 42-raised beds has been cut on the beautiful Government House grounds to accommodate weekly volunteer sessions that run from May to October and include soil preparation, planting, weeding, harvesting, and everything in between.
An additional plot was cut in 2011 and the new soil was used to grow an abundance of potatoes, turnip, corn, and squash.
As the vegetables grow, so does the young person's understanding of the delicate relationship between humans and nature, and the crucial steps that precede supermarket freshness. Issues of food preservation and security are addressed in workshops with guest facilitators from local organizations such as Food Education and Action St. John's (FEASt). Most of the produce is donated to the local food sharing organization: Bridges to Hope.
The success of the program has allowed it to expand and flourish, thereby providing more opportunities for young people to engage in a meaningful volunteer experience that will forever change the way they think about food. Current partners of this project involve Gonzaga High School, Macdonald Drive, and the Duke of Edinburgh Program. If you would like to learn more, please contact _EMAIL_.
Government House Garden 2010
Government House Garden 2011


can guinea pigs eat butter
Can Guinea Pigs Eat Butter?
Butter is a dairy product which contains up to 80% butterfat which is solid when chilled and at room temperature in some regions and liquid when warmed.
It is frequently made from cows milk, and can also be manufactured from the milk of other mammals, such as goats or sheep. (source)
Can guinea pigs eat butter?
Unfortunately, dairy products are not good for guinea pigs at all. They cannot handle the content in particularly the fat.
It will make them sick if they eat it and so is worth avoiding as a food for them.
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An exploratory study of Nantou Ancient Village revitalisation focusing on visual, cognitive and structural aspects
MetadataShow full item record
In the absence of spatial diversity, there is a need for additional elements that will enable the recognition of the space in which we are. These elements are landmarks. In order for a certain thing to be considered a landmark, it must be unique and recognisable either by its properties (size, shape, colour, materialisation, etc.) or by the location where it is located in space. Landmarks and zones with a strong character provide a strong identification of the space with its peculiarity. This paper analyses the identity of the urban settlement of Nantou Old Town as a historical cluster located in the attractive location in the Nanshan District of Shenzhen City, with over 800 residential and commercial units. The study was conducted experimentally on a number of respondents who are regular or occasional consumers in Nantou settlement, through a closed questionnaire, from which we got answers to the initial questions: how successful is the revitalisation of this cultural-historical settlement, what are the landmarks, how simple is orientation through the settlement and what method is most common in wayfinding (landmark or navigation app), does a consumer's choice in wayfinding device and landmark physical characteristics (colour, texture and form) depend on personal dimensions (gender, age, educational level and familiarity with environment).


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Wallace & Gromit teach kids about invention and intellectual property
17 May 2012
Wallace and Gromit, the world-famous characters developed by British studio Aardman Animation, are the stars of an interactive exhibition on innovation and intellectual property (IP) which opened at Scienceworks in Melbourne on 19 May.
Wallace & Gromit's World of Invention showcases innovation and creativity in everyday life, highlighting the important link between invention and IP protection.
Visitors walk through different rooms in Wallace and Gromit's "house", where they can view both real and imaginary innovations, learn about important Australian inventors and discover how IP rights work in practice. Visitors are also encouraged to get creative themselves with activities such as devising a smoothie recipe and logo, inventing household tools and singing their hearts out in the Karaoke Disco Shower.
We are the principal sponsor of the exhibition in Australia and have worked with Scienceworks to ensure that the exhibition contains strong and accurate IP messages that are relevant to an Australian audience.
We hope that the exhibition inspires a new generation of Australian inventors who understand IP rights and how to use them to protect their inventions.
The exhibition will be in Melbourne until 11 November 2012 and then move to the Powerhouse Museum in Sydney from 12 December 2012 until 26 May 2013. Tickets are $19 for adults, $7.50 for concession holders and $6 for children.
We will be organising a number of events, competitions and activities associated with the exhibition so keep an eye on out for details. You can visit the ScienceWorks' website for more information.
Last Updated: 29/11/2012


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Definition of 'figure on'
Example sentences containing 'figure on'
A NASTY DOSE OF DEATH
Susie's hysterical cry was followed by a wild sob as she saw the figure on the grass begin crawling towards them.MIDNIGHT IS A LONELY PLACE
There was no doubt in his mind that the naked figure on the screen had been that of his wife, Louise.CODE BREAKER
Anything to draw her attention away from the tantalizing figure on the driving range.LADY BE GOOD (1999)
Trends of 'figure on'
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Definition of figure on from the Collins English Dictionary


text:
Spellman's Syllabary is a guide to symbols used to represent syllables.
One of the many books Hermione consulted as she worked on her Ancient Runes homework in the common room (OP26, HBP24). She took it along on the quest to find Horcruxes in case she would need to translate runes (DH6). It came in handy (DH16).
"Spellman" is humorous because "spell" can refer to magic or to spelling out a word.
A syllabary is a set of symbols where each one represents a specific syllable. The title of this books suggests that the words used to cast spells are sometimes represented by sets of symbols other than our usual alphabet. However, since English and Latin are not well suited at all for a syllabary, this book might actually be designed for use with another language or perhaps a separate spellcasting language which is built with sound chunks which have discrete magical meanings. - SVA


How to Effectively Clean a Rubber Gym Floor?
A rubber gym floor must get regular cleaning and maintenance to keep it clean and free from disease-causing germs. Cleaning should be easy but there are dos and don'ts when doing this.
So, the question is how do you clean a rubber floor? it's easy when you know-how.
Firstly it's essential to have the right cleaning materials for rubber tiles and mats. Simply a brush, mop or sponge is perfect.
Its also important to use the best cleaning products such as our homemade vinegar solution, which has all the ingredients below.
how do you clean a rubber gym floor
How Do You Clean a Rubber Gym Floor?
The goal is to remove dirt and stubborn stains on the rubber floor to create an inviting atmosphere for whole-body workouts and simple exercises. Of course, cleaning also means discouraging bacteria growth.
The fitness experts over at Simple Fitness Hub recommend fitness professionals to teach their clients how to prevent the spread of germs and bacteria on gym equipment.
That being said, use the following steps and materials you can use when cleaning a rubber floor.
cleaning a gym floor
Image Source –
Cleaning Materials for Rubber Tiles and Mats
Often, it only takes simple sweeping and mopping to remove stains on the rubber. However, it is best to set at least a weekly schedule for deep cleaning. You will only need some or all of the following supplies depending on how dirty the rubber mats are.
 - broom or vacuum
 - sponge or nylon mop
 - rag
 - bucket
 - soft-bristled brush
 - vinegar
 - floor cleaning solution with neutral pH or dish soap
Note: Use only cleaning agents that do not contain turpentine or acetone. These chemicals can leave permanent damage on your rubber flooring. Use vinegar in small amounts because it is acidic which can damage the rubber.
Cleaning Dirt and Stains on Rubber Gym Flooring
For larger areas, using a commercial scrubbing machine may be used. But regardless of the size of the rubber flooring, you can still do manual cleaning with the following steps.
 1. Sweep the flooring to remove loose dirt, hair, and other particles. Make sure to use a vacuum with soft rollers for cleaning, such as those used in carpets.
 2. Use a wooden or plastic scraper to get rid of buildup on the floor, such as mud and bubble gum. Do this gently to avoid damaging the rubber.
 3. You can use a ¼ cup floor cleaner or mild dish soap to every bucket of water as a cleaning solution.
 4. Mop the rubber floor to remove dirt. You may need to repeat the mopping or scrub with a soft-bristled brush or sponge when cleaning high-traffic areas as these usually are the dirtiest.
 5. Replace murky water solution every time. Washing with dirty water will do more harm than good. This will increase the possibility of dirt buildup.
 6. Remove excess water.
 7. Allow the rubber floor tile to dry completely before using it again.
Using Vinegar to Clean a Rubber Gym Floor
Vinegar is a natural cleaning ingredient that you can use on rubber floor tiles. The vinegar naturally contains acid which melts down stains. There are different kinds of vinegar but for cleaning, you can only use distilled white or apple cider. Here's how to make a vinegar cleaning solution.
Things You'll Need
 - apple cider or distilled white vinegar
 - water
 - essential oils
Instructions for Making Vinegar Cleaning Solution
 1. Combine 1 part vinegar to 10 parts water. Do not use too much vinegar as this can also take a toll on the integrity of the rubber floor.
 2. Add essential oil into the solution to reduce the vinegar smell. Use tea tree, lavender, or thyme when using the white vinegar, or melaleuca, or eucalyptus for apple cider.
 3. Transfer the liquid into a spray bottle, or damp cloth with the vinegar-water solution.
 4. Spray or wipe the solution directly on the dirty rubber gym floor.
 5. Allow the floor to dry.
Benefits of Using Vinegar-Water Solution for Cleaning Rubber
Using the vinegar and water solution to clean rubber mats and tiles is cheaper than store-bought floor cleaners. Also, vinegar is all-natural and contains acetic acid which is very effective in breaking down mineral deposits, grime, dirt, and grease. What's more is that it kills bacteria, too.
Frequently Asked Questions on Cleaning a Rubber Floor Gym
There is a lot of confusion when it comes to rubber gym floor cleaning. Rubber can be sensitive when it comes to pressure and chemicals.
Can You Use Bleach On Rubber Flooring?
Unfortunately, you can't use bleach when cleaning rubber flooring. Bleach is too strong that it can wear out rubber at a faster rate. When used often, bleach will make the rubber material brittle.
How Do I Get The Rubber Smell Out Of My Gym Floor?
You can use a floor cleaner with a neutral pH or take the rubber mats outside for sunning to get the rubber smell out of your gym floor. Some brands really do have a stronger rubber smell than the others, so remember to consider that. Make sure the room with rubber mats gets good ventilation.
How Often Should Gym Floors Be Refinished?
There is no specific time when to refinish rubber gym floors. How often should gym floors be refinished would usually depend on how often they're used. Chipping and cracking usually signal it is time to resurface a rubber gym floor.
Can You Burnish A Gym Floor?
Unfortunately, you can't burnish a rubber gym floor using high-speed burnishers. Burnishing a gym floor with these will cause surface damage, especially when you don't use soft floor polishing brushes. Only use a machine that can operate less than 350 revolutions per minute.
Can You Steam Rubber Floor Tiles?
Yes, you can use steam on rubber floor tiles. In fact, steam cleaning does not just clean, it sanitizes the rubber gym floor, too. It is also better than regular mopping because it dries more quickly reducing water spot damage.
You should schedule light cleaning on a daily basis but periodic deep cleaning is also important. Remove dirt, stains, and buildup on the rubber gym floor with basic home supplies as dish soap, water, vinegar, and mop. Burnishing and steam cleaning are also helpful in maintaining clean rubber flooring.
Last Updated on March 19, 2021 by Gemma Tyler Protection Status


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|Let's Celebrate Pet Birds!|
T.J. Lafeber D.V.M.
Emotion-The Key to Birds Being Companion Animals
How much friendship, companionship or affection can be expected from pet birds?
What we're really interested in is determining birds' emotional capacity.
Birds demonstrate happiness, fear, aggression, jealousy, appeasement, defensiveness, nervousness and loneliness.
Most importantly birds can love people. Radiating from this affection comes the desire to perform, entertain and relate to their owners. Thus they sing, talk, mimic, dance, play, do tricks and display.
The next time you approach a frightened, nervous, hostile bird-possibly angry-remember that the pendulum of emotions swings in both directions. They have feelings just as strong in the opposite direction. A bird that shows anger can have just as an intense love. Unpleasant characteristics can be surpassed by pleasant ones.
All of these emotions can be observed in birds:


How to Make Sugardine Antiseptic
How to Make Sugardine Antiseptic
sugardineSugardine antiseptic is well known to many who deal with horses, however, it is rarely discussed for use in people. Now, read my disclaimer and realize I am not a doctor, so do your own research.
Basically sugardine is an antiseptic that uses the antibacterial properties of both pure sugar and iodine to prevent and kill infections. It is primarily used to treat abscesses and thrush on the hooves of horses, but it can be used in many other ways. As a side benefit to the prepper, it is cheap and easy to make as well as being effective if used properly.
While it is true that a dilute sugar solution will feed bacteria and mold – its how we get all sorts of good alcoholic drinks, when sugar is highly concentrated it sucks the moisture right out of bacteria so that it cannot live. Have you ever had white table sugar grow any bacteria or fungus while it's just sitting out on your counter?
When you add the iodine to make a paste, the iodine provides not only a second line of defense, but holds the sugar together so you can pack it around the wound. Otherwise, just sprinkling sugar on the wound would not hold enough sugar to keep the blood and other fluids from diluting enough so that it would feed the infection instead of killing it.
Basically, if you have a soft tissue would like a cut, abscess, or burn, you would put the sugardine on the wound and cover with a bandage. If the wound is leaking, you want to replace the sugar on a regular basis as if you let it get waterlogged; it will do more harm than good.
When making the sugardine, its best to start with the an amount of sugar close to the amount of finished product you want and slowly add the betadine or Povidone until you get the thick peanut butter texture. Otherwise, you will most likely use too much liquid and have to add sugar repeatedly until you end up with way more sugardine that you intended.
 - Table Sugar
 - 10% povidone iodine (or the more expensive but easier to find betadine)
 1. mix one part 10% povidone iodine to two parts white sugar.
 Add more or less sugar to reach desired consistency.
 It should be like thick honey or peanut butter when all mixed together.
 2. Put the sugardine in a container with a lid.
The mixture will need stirring now and then but it will never go bad.
For more information and as a means to find more resources, please look at the attached article from the American Farriers Journal.
 1. sugardine (0 B)


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We are thrilled to announce our partnership with AdvancedMD, a leading EHR solution for mental health practices across the country.
As of July 2022, Blueprint's leading measurement-based care software is fully integrated into AdvancedMD to unlock a more seamless care experience for clinicians and patients alike. With this integration enabled:
- Patients can be automatically enrolled on Blueprint, which helps inspire connection and confidence between appointments while reducing cancellations by 25% and gathering valuable assessment and worksheet data between sessions
- Clinicians can review a patient's Blueprint from within that patient's chart on AdvancedMD, helping them do their best work through a measurement-based care approach
- Practices can gather outcomes data to better run and position their businesses with minimal training requirements and little operational burden. It just works!
Since day one, we at Blueprint have been focused on making it easier for mental health clinicians to deliver high-quality evidence-based care. To do this effectively at scale, we believe it is critical to embed measurement and data-driven insights into the tools that clinicians are already using whenever possible.
We are excited about what this integration means for the mental health ecosystem, practices, clinicians, and patients. Research shows that when patients receive measurement-based care, they're more likely to reach a positive outcome faster. Making measurement-based care easy and accessible to more clinicians is critical to our mission of unlocking high-quality evidence-based mental health care for all.


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Uploaded: December 21, 2011
Artist: Dragoman12
Difficulty: Intermediate Intermediate Skill Level
Steps: 6
Updated: December 22, 2011
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how to draw a chinese sky dragon
How to Draw a Chinese Sky Dragon
how to draw a chinese sky dragon step 1
So first draw a circle which will be the head. Then make a big "S" shape which will soon be the body. Afterwards, draw 4 smaller circles, 2 close to the head and 2 close to the rear of the body. These will be the shoulders of the dragon. Finally draw lines from the shoulder circles that outline the position of the legs.
how to draw a chinese sky dragon step 2
Now, draw the basic shape of the head and the eye. Draw the body around the big "S" shape you did in step 1. Then draw the shape of the legs around the lines coming off the shoulder circles that you also drew in step 1. Then finally draw rectangles for the fingers.
how to draw a chinese sky dragon step 3
Now, draw the shape of the nose and don't forget the whiskers coming off it. Outline the mouth with some sort of lips and make the snout wrinkly. Then add the teeth in the mouth and have the tongue coming out of it. Afterwards draw the horns on the back of the head and then put claws on the end of the fingers and toes.
how to draw a chinese sky dragon step 4
First draw the underbelly of the dragon which resembles some kind of armored plates overlapping each other. Then add the sharp row of spines going down the back all the way to the tail. Then move back up to the head and draw the hair on the back of the head, then on the knees and elbows. Finally finish up with the hair on the tail.
how to draw a chinese sky dragon step 5
Now, draw theses swirly things on the elbows and knees. I don't know what they are besides a decorative thing that really isn't necessarily, but looks awesome. Then, draw the scales. Don't draw every single scale, but draw groups of scales and it will generate the effect that you actually had drawn all the scales. Also, make the scales smaller on the face than on the body.
how to draw a chinese sky dragon step 6
Finally, draw all the clouds in. I did this by hand which took almost as long as the scales did. But if there are other ways of putting clouds there, feel free to do whatever you want! I'm not here to judge. Then have fun coloring the dragon any way you like!


text:
The Tuscobia Trail is a symbol for the development of Northern Wisconsin and is owned by the Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources. Conceived as a railroad line in 1899, construction lasted for 15 years, concluding in 1914 when the rail-line reached Park Falls. For nearly 70 years, the rail, known as the "Omaha Line", served as the lifeblood for the area through logging and farming opportunities, as well as the service industries that developed along the route.
By the 1940s, the decline of the railroad was apparent with logging no longer viable. In 1967, the dismantling of the old wooden bridges began. Citizens surrounding the old railway were interested in turning the grade into a functioning trail system that would serve as a representation of the area's history and provide an opportunity for people to learn about the area and experience the beauty that is available along the route.
Development of the 74-mile Tuscobia Trail to its present use began in
~ Welcome ~ Maps
and Communities ~ History ~
~ Rice Lake ~ Birchwood ~ Couderay/Radisson ~
~ Ojibwa ~ Winter ~ Loretta/Draper ~ Park Falls ~
Barron, Washburn, Sawyer and Price Counties
ATV riding, Snowmobiling, Hiking, Canoeing, Bird watching, Horesback Riding
eMail the Trail
Website and Marketing Powered by Pilch & Barnet


text: This study investigates the relationship between gender and participation in mathematics and engineering undergraduate degree programmes in Iran. The number of female students enrolling in Iranian Higher Education (HE) is relatively high and this remains the case in mathematics and most engineering programmes. However, the number of female graduates gaining employment in engineering and STEM-[science, technology, engineering and mathematics] related jobs in Iran remains relatively low, with gender discrimination in recruitment practices identified as a key barrier. This presents a contradiction which makes Iran a particularly interesting context to study gender in mathematics and engineering in HE. This study adopts a narrative inquiry approach to investigate how Iranian female students studying mathematics and engineering describe their choice of subject, experience of studying at university, and their future aspirations. It seeks to investigate how the social, cultural and historical structures of Iranian society shape the way these students narrate their identity as a mathematics or engineering student. In-depth analysis highlights how they position their degree as offering more or less âcapitalâ (Bourdieu) which resources their future identities of becoming successful career women in STEM-related professions. In doing so, these women feel able to navigate barriers to success by using their capital to improvise and exert agency over their future trajectories. In sum, I suggest the predominance of âmoving abroadâ as a theme across the interviews is a consequence of the aforementioned contradiction between their desire to become successful career women whilst facing gendered discrimination in the labour market.


I used simple knife for cutting colocasia roots, while cutting them scab starts on my hands. I can used coconut oil on my hands before start cutting them but it was not effective tell me some methods to avoid this
 - 2
 Is it caused by an irritant substance or by the roughness of the surface? Either way disposable gloves would help, but in the latter case they would have to be more robust than the typical ones for food use, so it makes a difference – Chris H Dec 3 '18 at 16:37
 - Do you mean blisters start forming on your hands? If so, is it from the friction of working the knife on those roots? – UnhandledExcepSean Dec 3 '18 at 18:57
The colocasia root (also known as the taro root) has calcium oxalate near the surface under its skin. This makes it toxic to eat uncooked and can irritate the skin.
Common methods to avoid skin irritation are oiling the hands (which isn't working for you), peeling them under running water, which rinses off the irritants quicker, and lastly is wearing gloves.
I would recommend getting a box of food grade latex gloves, that should keep your skin from coming into contact with the irritants. Doing it under running water also wouldn't hurt.
Your Answer


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Is it true that 26" rim actual diameter is 25.625"? How does tire size affect wheel diameter? Is there any special formula to calculate wheel diameter?
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3 Answers 3
up vote 5 down vote accepted
You could calculate the effective diameter by measuring rollout and dividing that number by pi. To measure the rollout start with your valve stem in the lowest possible position and make a mark on the floor next to the valve stem. Ride the bike one revolution until the valve stem is at the bottom of it's rotation again and make another mark on the floor. Measure the distance between the two marks to find the effective circumference.
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Way to provide the physical/math answer and satisfy my math jones (see bicycles.stackexchange.com/questions/1549/…) – Gary.Ray May 3 '11 at 19:50
This is actually the only accurate way to know. There are too many variables to allow you to read numbers off the tyre and get an accurate answer. _USER_ Baranczak's link to Sheldon Brown is a good discussion of the issue. – Мסž May 4 '11 at 2:11
_USER_.Ray, that link goes to a question about calculating power output and doesn't reference tyre diameter at all. – Мסž May 4 '11 at 2:13
_USER_ - my link is to another "math" problem related to cycling - I upvoted Russ for providing both the precise method, and the proper formumla. – Gary.Ray May 4 '11 at 14:46
I wanted a pure mathematical way to calculate a wheel diameter, but it seems an appropriate way to do this. Thanks. – zetdotpi May 4 '11 at 23:20
Your wheel diameter can vary depending on:
 - tire model you are using
 - tire wear
 - air pressure
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I wouldn't trust any formula, since the actual outside diameter can be affected by so many things, and since the advertised tire width isn't always accurate. If you want the diameter, do like Russ said and measure it yourself. You might also be interested in what Sheldon Brown had to say on this subject.
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Summary: In theory 26" was the diameter of the wheel with tyre installed and correctly inflated. That used to be how the sizing worked. So a 26" x 1" tyre needed a different rim size than a 26" x 1 1/2" tyre. The larger tyre needs a smaller rim to get the same outside diameter. Obviously this makes it hard to find tyres, so now we use ISO "beat seat diameter", so any 559 tyre will fit any 559 rim (that size is commonly called 26" today), even though it may not fit into your frame and the outside diameter will change with tyre size. – Мסž May 4 '11 at 2:18
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Skip to definition.
Noun: Don Juan 'dón,waan
 1. A legendary Spanish nobleman and philanderer who became the hero of many poems and plays and operas
 2. Any successful womanizer (after the legendary profligate Spanish nobleman)
Derived forms: Don Juans
Type of: ladies' man, lady's man, Lord, noble, nobleman, philanderer, womaniser [Brit], womanizer
Encyclopedia: Don Juan, Dominican Republic