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Cats come in a variety of sizes ranging from long and lean to short and chunky, but how do you know how skinny is too skinny? When do you start worrying about their weight and asking yourself, "Is my cat too skinny?"
We want you to be able to tell if your cat is at a good weight or not, and this is why we're going to give you ways to measure your cat that can do at home. We're also going to tell you what could cause your cat to be too skinny, different body styles, and more.
Two Different Cat Body Types
Although cats arguably come in many different shapes and sizes, you can put them in two broad categories based on how they look. Mixed-breed domestic shorthairs usually fall between the two body types, and the two different body types include:
- Cobby Build – The cobby build is for cats that have short bodies, a shorter and stouter tail, and heavy bones. This body type typically ranges between 7 to 12 pounds, and the Persian would be a good example of this build.
- Oriental Build – The oriental build is for cats that have long and slender limbs, svelte bodies with fine bones, and long slender tails. Their weight usually falls between 5 to 10 pounds, and the Siamese or Domestic Shorthair are good examples of this build.
It's important that you know which build your cat falls under because the weight range varies. It's easier to tell if a cat with an Oriental build is underweight than it is to tell if a cat with a Cobby build is underweight because they're more solid overall.
How to Check if Your Cat is Too Skinny
Fortunately, it's relatively easy to check and see if your cat is starting to hit the underweight mark just by using your hands. This will be slightly more difficult if your cat has a longer coat, but it's possible with a little patience.
You start by having your cat stand or sit in front of you before you take your hands and perform a gentle rubbing motion along your cat's ribs, spine, pelvic bones, and shoulder blades. You want to feel a light layer of fat that pads these areas from your fingers, and their bones should be sticking out or angular.
If you can feel these bony areas under your fingers and they're sharp or poking out, your cat is most likely under their target weight. Easily distinguishable rib and hip bones, a narrow waist, and visible shoulder blades are all common symptoms of an underweight cat.
Signs That Your Cat is Too Skinny
Most of these signs that indicate your cat may be too skinny relate to your cat's physical appearance, and it's much easier to tell in you have a cat with a shorter coat. However, they include:
- Your cat's waist looks very narrow compared to other cats
- You can see your cat's spine and ribs, and you can feel the bones
- The shoulder blades protrude, and the rib cage is visible
- Your cat's stomach is more tucked in
- There is a lack of fat along your cat's ribs and back.
- There aren't a lot of folds on your cat's body
- Your cat's body deviates from the traditional hourglass shape
- There is a thinning around your cat's neck area
9 Reasons Why Your Cat Is Too Skinny
There are several reasons why your cat is getting too skinny, and it's always best to check with your veterinarian if you have real concerns. Maybe it's something as simple as your cat not getting enough nutrients from their food, and your veterinarian will be able to rule out medical conditions.
Lacking Nutrients from Food
Take a look at your cat food's nutritional label, and pay close attention to the protein and nutrient levels. If your cat isn't getting enough of these nutrients, they could start to lose weight as a result and continue losing weight as their body tries to extract nutrients from your cat's body fat.
Maybe you just have a very active cat combined with a very fast metabolism that lets them burn through calories far faster than they're able to eat. If this is the case, you can give your cat a food that has a higher calorie and nutrient content to help them put on weight and keep it on.
Dental problems plague cats of all ages, and it's widely estimated that roughly half of all cats over the age of three have dental problems or dental disease. Things like absences, missing teeth, broken, teeth, or plaque can make it difficult for your cat to eat.
Scheduling routine cleaning is one way for your veterinarian to take care of any problem areas and address their dental problems. You can also practice brushing your cat's teeth or giving them dental chews to help reduce plaque buildup.
Not Enough Food
If you have other pets or even a multiple cat household, there could be competition over the food dish during mealtimes. If only one cat is getting skinny, maybe they're not able to compete with your other cats or animals for food.
You can try feeding the skinny cat in a room by themselves and see if it helps them gain weight. You should also set meal times at the same time every day to get your cat in a routine that ensures they eat when they're supposed to without letting them free feed.
Cats can develop a variety of gastrointestinal issues from sensitivities or allergies to ingredients in their foods. These issues can cause bloating, pain, gas, a loss of appetite, and trouble extracting nutrients from their food when they do eat.
If you think it's allergies or sensitives at work, you can try switching your cat to a limited ingredient food. Once you do, you want to monitor them to see if their digestive issues start to go away. If they do, you can keep them on the limited ingredient diet.
Many middle-aged or older cats develop hyperthyroidism that causes issues like vomiting, weight loss, increased urination, and increased appetite. The thyroid gland starts to produce too much thyroid hormone, and this throws off your cat's systems and causes weight loss.
Only your veterinarian can diagnose a case of hyperthyroidism by performing an exam and blood tests. If hyperthyroidism is causing your cat's weight loss, the weight loss should go away when you start your cat's treatment through medications, surgery, or diet therapy.
Another common health problem for cats is diabetes, and diabetes causes your cat to have a huge appetite while not being able to keep weight on. It directly impacts your cat's ability to extract and retain the nutrients from the food they eat, and this is why they want to eat more.
You want to take note on whether or not your cat has excessive thirst, excessive urination, or appetite changes and tell your veterinarian. They can do a blood test and discuss the best treatment routine based on the type of diabetes your cat gets diagnosed with.
Liver or Kidney Issues
Liver and kidney issues are common in cats, and they're more common in cats who are old and overweight because it puts stress on your cat's organs. As these organs continue to deteriorate, your cat can start to lose weight at a steady pace.
Again, blood tests will confirm or rule out problems with your cat's liver or kidney issues, and your veterinarian will set up a treatment plan based on their findings. This can include things like medications and changing your cat's diet to a renal one.
Parasites like ringworm or tapeworms are a treatable infection, but they can cause weight loss because they'll start to pull the nutrients from your cat's body when they're trying to digest their food. The worse the infection gets, the skinner your cat will get.
Deworming medications are the common course of treatment for a parasitic infection, and your veterinarian will require a stool sample to confirm the presence of these parasites. The parasites usually go away after a round or two of the medication, and your cat should start gaining weight.
Is my cat too skinny? Now you know how to find out which body style your cat falls in, how to check if they're skinny by looking at them and running your hands over them, and nine common causes of weight loss. You can help treat them to get your cat back to a healthy weight and happy.


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Mains plug and sockets are an essential part of connecting electrical equipment to a different power source in different countries. Both plugs and sockets are suitable for most types of homes, offices, commercial buildings used around the world. RS ensure there is a comprehensive range to suit your requirement. There is a vast range of plug and sockets, with some (Type G - UK) having three pins for live, neutral and earth, whereas plugs and sockets with two pins (Type E - French) with an earth pin centred within the plug case. You can learn more in our complete guide to mains sockets and plugs.
Changing the plug or socket is a common action in most industries if changes of circumstances occur or if they've been in constant use without any maintenance and have become damaged. Not addressing any damage can result in power failures, electrical fire and expensive remedial work.
The extensive range of plugs and sockets are capable of use in a number of countries, these include:

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


A Summary of Using the JSVGCanvas Class to Display a SVG Document
First of all it's important to note the class inheritance hierarchy being used here since several methods called from the JSVGCanvas class are actually implemented by some of the classes it inherits from.
JSVGCanvas : JSVGComponent : JGVTComponent : JComponent
After creating a JSVGCanvas instance the setURI() method is called with a URI of the SVG document to load. If the URI is valid the loadSVGDocument() method of the JSVGComponent class is called with the URI.
In the loadSVGDocument() method all document processing for the current document is stopped, and then a DocumentLoader and SVGDocumentLoader are created. The SVGDocumentLoader handles the firing of document loading events and the DocumentLoader uses a SAXSVGDocumentFactory to create a SVGDocument instance. The SAXSVGDocumentFactory in turn relies on a SAXDocumentFactory to parse the SVG data referenced by the given URI.
The JSVGCanvas relies on the SVGDocumentLoaderListener, GVTTreeBuilderListener, and SVGLoadEventDispatcherListener listeners that are added in the JSVGComponent constructor in order to know what is going on with the loading, building, and rendering of the SVGDocument. The listeners are implemented in the JGVTComponent.Listener and JSVGComponent.SVGListener classes.
When the document has finished being loaded and parsed the setSVGDocument() method of the JSVGComponent class is called, which then calls the installSVGDocument() method in the same class.
The installSVGDocument() method:
1. Gets rid of any resources from the previous document (if any)
2. Create a new BridgeContext to associate the SVG DOM and the GVT tree
3. Configures the component and BridgeContext instance based on the document state (ALWAYS_STATIC, ALWAYS_DYNAMIC, ALWAYS_INTERACTIVE, AUTODETECT)
4. Creates a GVTTreeBuilder with the SVGDocument and BridgeContext
5. Initializes event handling for mouse and keyboard events
When the GVTTreeBuilder is done building the GVT tree the JSVGComponent performs some additional configuration so that dynamic documents work correctly, and then calls the scheduleGVTRendering() method of the JGVTComponent class.
The scheduleGVTRendering() method calls the renderGVTTree() method of the same class and:
1. Sets the size of the visible rect to be the size of the component
2. Creates either a static or dynamic image rendered based on the document state (StaticRenderer or DynamicRenderer)
3. Finds the inverse of the rendering transform, which is set to the identity matrix
4. Creates a shape by transforming the rectangle found in step 1 with the matrix from step 3
5. Creates a GVTTreeRenderer and starts the rendering thread
The GVTTreeRenderer fires GVT tree rendering events and calls the repaint() method of the renderer. Once repainting is complete, the JGVTComponent is notified of the fact by a GVT tree rendering event, and in response repaints the component using the updated image that was rendered offscreen by the renderer.
BatikRenderingSummary (last edited 2009-09-20 23:47:36 by localhost)


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What you eat directly impacts your body and brain. So be very specific about the food you eat before or in the flight. Experts also say that what you eat before or during the flight impacts how you feel during and after the flight. So avoid these food disasters while boarding in a flight to India
Fried or Fast Food
Health experts always advise you to avoid fried fast food. Above 35000 feet above the ground, digestion is tough. And eating saturated fats can restrict blood flow inside your body that causes blood clotting. It leads to DVT (Deep Vein Thrombosis).
Alcohol! But it's not a food technically. Yes, you are right but it is something that will impact your body. This is the reason you are advised to avoid to drink in access, it can lead to dehydration. It is not that you are prohibited to have any alcoholic drink on the airplane but you should take care of your body yourself in the flight.
Stay away from cauliflower, broccoli and cruciferous vegetables when you are travelling in the air. You might know that the airplane cabin is pressurized but it is not same on the ground. When you take off the air pressure decreases and air expands by 30 per cent in the cabin. This causes swelling in the stomach. This leads to an expansion in the small intestine and produces a blot feeling within your body.
Carbonated beverages are also a contributor in blotting. So avoid beverages like soda, coke and beer. Just imagine that air bubbles in your stomach! They will expand in your stomach with pressure changes. This is surely not a comfortable feeling. Keep this thing in your mind and rather than buying a carbonated beverage go for simple water.
Sugar-Free Gum and Candy
Sugar-free gum and candies are like a boon for diabetes patients. But eating them before you fly is a bad idea. Because it contains artificial sweetener and our body is not designed to digest these kinds of things. It can cause blotting, gas and other laxative effects on your body.
The food contains garlic is delicious but you should avoid it. It will linger on your breath. The reason is that it includes a sulfuric component and whenever you inhale oxygen it will be there even after brushing your teeth. Besides that, you will not smell good and it may also bother your seatmates. So avoid everything which contains garlic inside it.
Airplane provided water
It is advised to carry your water bottle along with you rather than using airplane provided water. It is the report of a test done by EPA (Environmental Protection Agency) one out of every 7 airplanes one does not meet federal standards. And there are chances that the bottle you will get from an airplane is refilled by that tank water. So keep your bottle, keep yourself hydrated and make your journey easy and healthy. Furthermore, it is only not the water but coffee and tea also that could be made of that water. So pass them also.
Avoid having beans and Legumes before you fly or in your journey. These are not easy to digest and are considered as major gas culprits. Many other types of legumes and beans contain indigestible complex sugar. So eating legumes can cause on-board blotting.
These are some food items that you should avoid to have before flying. Otherwise, you will have problems with your digestion and your long journey can be quite uncomfortable.


and demand in week 1. We use this formula to calculate revenue for each value of demand in week 1: =UnitPrice*MIN(C29,InitInv) Calculating Mean Revenue - Week 1 -- continued: Calculating Mean Revenue - Week 1 -- continued Given these values we can calculate the mean revenue in week 1 by entering the formula =SUMPRODUCT(Revenues1,Probs1). Calculating Mean Revenue - Week 2: Calculating Mean Revenue - Week 2 The revenue in week 2 is the unit price multiplied by the number of units sold in week 2, and this latter quantity is the smaller of the beginning inventory in week 2 and the demand in week 2. The complex portion is that the inventory in week 2 depends on the demand in week1, because this demand determines how much (if any) is left at the end of week 1 and whether an order was placed. The analysis breaks down into three cases in which I0, D1 and RP denote beginning inventory in week 1, the demand in week 1, and the reorder point. Calculating Mean Revenue - Week 2 -- continued: Calculating Mean Revenue - Week 2 -- continued One of following occurs: If I0 -D1 < 0, the ending inventory in week 1 is 0, and an order is placed. This brings the beginning inventory in week 2 up to the 400 units (the order quantity). If 0< I0 -D1 < = RP, then positive inventory is on hand at the end of week 1, but demand in week 1 is large enough to trigger an order. Therefore, beginning inventory in week 2 is I0 -D1 plus the order quantity. If I0 -D1 > RP, no order is triggered, so the beginning inventory in week 2 equals the ending inventory in week 1, I0 -D1. Calculating Mean Revenue - Week 2 -- continued: Calculating Mean Revenue - Week 2 -- continued Putting all this together we can calculate the revenue in week 2 for each combination of week 1 and week 2 demands. The following formula should be copied into the range C37:G41 =UnitPrice*MIN($B37,IF(InitInv-C$36<=0,OrderQuan, IF(IntiInv-C$36<=ReorderPt,InitInv-C$36+OrderQuan,InitInv-C$36))) This formula is complex but it simply implements the logic on the previous slide with nested IF functions. Calculating Mean Revenue - Week 2 -- continued: Calculating Mean Revenue - Week 2 -- continued Next, we calculate the mean revenue in week 2 in the usual way, as a sum of products of possible revenues and their probabilities with the formula: =SUMPRODUCT(Revenues2,JtProbs) The one advantage to doing all this work is that now we can change any of the inputs in the shaded cells and the mean revenues will be recalculated automatically. Slide81: Weighted Sums of Random Variables INVEST.XLS: INVEST.XLS An investor has $100,000 to invest, and she would like to invest it in a portfolio of eight stocks. She has gathered historical data on the returns of these stocks and has used the data to estimate means, standard deviations and correlations for the stock returns. This file contains summary measures obtained from historical data. She believes they are also relevant for future returns. INVEST.XLS -- continued: INVEST.XLS -- continued The investor would like to analyze a portfolio of these stocks using certain investment amounts. What is the mean annual return from this portfolio? What are its variance and standard deviation? Input Data: Input Data Solution: Solution This is a typical weighted sum model. The random variables, the X's are the annual returns from the stocks; the weights, the a's are the dollar amounts invested in the stocks; and the summary measures of the X's are given in rows 12,13 and 17-24 of the input data. We can obtain the mean return from the portfolio in cell B49 by using the formula =SUMPRODUCT(Weights, Means) Solution -- continued: Solution -- continued We are not quite ready to calculate the variance of the portfolio return. The reason why is because we do not currently know the Var(Y). But these are related to standard deviations and correlation by Var(Xi) = (Stdev(Xi))2 Cov(Xi, Xj) = StDev(Xi) X Stdev(Xj) X Corr(Xi,Xj) Solution -- continued: Solution -- continued To calculate these in Excel, it is useful to create a column of standard deviations in Column L by using Excel's TRANSPOSE function. To do this highlight the range L12:L19 and type the formula =TRANSPOSE(Stedevs) and press Ctrl-Shift-Enter. Next we form a table of variances and covariances of the X's i the range B28:I35, using the formula =$L12*B$13*B17 in cell B28 and copying it to the range. Solution -- continued: Solution -- continued Finally, we need to calculate the portfolio variance in cell B50. To do this we form a table of terms needed and then sum these terms as in the following steps. Row of weights Enter the weights in row 38 by highlighting the range B38:I18 and typing the formula =Weights and pressing Ctrl-Enter. Column of weights Enter these same weights as a column in the range A39:A46 by highlighting the range, typing the formula =TRANSPOSE(Weights) and pressing Ctrl-Shift-Enter. Solution -- continued: Solution -- continued Table of terms Now use these weights and the covariances to fill in the table of terms required for the portfolio variance. To do so, enter the formula =$A39*B28*B$38 in cell B39 and copy it to the range B39:I46. Portfolio variance and standard deviation Calculate the portfolio variance in cell B50 with the formula =SUM(PortVarTerms). Then calculate the standard deviation of the portfolio return in cell B51 as the square root of the varince. The results are shown in the calculation on the next slide. Solution -- continued: Solution -- continued The standard deviation of approximately $11,200 is sizable. The standard deviation is th a measure of the portfolio's risk. Investors always want a large mean return, but they also want low risk. They realize though that often time the only way to obtain high men returns is to assume more risk.
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Pfc -- a package for
forward chaining in Prolog
Tim Finin
Prolog, like most logic programming languages, offers backward chaining as the only reasoning scheme. It is well known that sound and complete reasoning systems can be built using either exclusive backward chaining or exclusive forward chaining. Thus, this is not a theoretical problem. It is also well understood how to ''implement'' forward reasoning using an exclusively backward chaining system and vice versa. Thus, this need not be a practical problem. In fact, many of the logic-based languages developed for AI applications allow one to build systems with both forward and backward chaining rules.
There are, however, some interesting and important issues which need to be addresses in order to provide the Prolog programmer with a practical, efficient, and well integrated facility for forward chaining. This notet describes such a facility, Pfc, which we have implemented in standard Prolog.
A somewhat more complete users manual is available, as is some information on how to get the software and how to use it at UMBC. If you want to cite it, you can use
Finin, Tim, Rich Fritzson and Dave Matuszek, ''Adding Forward Chaining and Truth Maintenance to Prolog'', IEEE Conference on Artificial Intelligence Applications, (pp. 123 - 130), Miami, March 1989.
The basic idea
The Pfc system is a package that provides a forward reasoning capability to be used together with conventional Prolog programs. The Pfc inference rules are Prolog terms which are asserted as facts into the regular Prolog database. For example, here is a file of Pfc rules and facts which are appropriate for the ubiquitous kinship domain.
spouse(X,Y) <=> spouse(Y,X).
spouse(X,Y),gender(X,G1), {otherGender(G1,G2)}
 => gender(Y,G2).
gender(P,male) <=> male(P).
gender(P,female) <=> female(P).
parent(X,Y),female(X) <=> mother(X,Y).
parent(X,Y),parent(Y,Z) => grandparent(X,Z).
grandparent(X,Y),male(X) <=> grandfather(X,Y).
grandparent(X,Y),female(X) <=> grandmother(X,Y).
parent(X,Y),male(X) <=> father(X,Y).
The Pfc package allows one to define forward chaining rules and to add ordinary Prolog assertions into the database in such a way as to trigger any of the Pfc rules that are satisfied. An example of a simple Pfc rule is:
gender(P,male) => male(P)
This rule states that whenever the fact unifying with gender(P,male) is added to the database, then the fact male(P) is true. If this fact is not already in the database, it will be added. In any case, a record will be made that the validity of the fact male(P) depends, in part, on the validity of this forward chaining rule and the fact which triggered it. To make the example concrete, if we add gender(john,male), then the fact male(john) will be added to the database unless it was already there.
In order to make this work, it is necessary to use the predicate add/1 rather than assert/1 in order to assert Pfc rules and any facts which might appear in the lhs of a Pfc rule.
Backward-Chaining Pfc Rules
Pfc includes a special kind of backward chaining rule which is used to generate all possible solutions to a goal that is sought in the process of forward chaining. Suppose we wished to define the ancestor relationship as a Pfc rule. This could be done as:
parent(P1,P2) => ancestor(P1,P2).
parent(P1,P2), ancestor(P2,P3) => ancestor(P1,P3).
However, adding these rules will generate a large number of assertions, most of which will never be needed. An alternative is to define the ancestor relationship by way of backward chaining rules which are invoked whenever a particular ancestor relationship is needed. In Pfc, this need arises whenever facts matching the relationship are sought while trying a forward chaining rule.
ancestor(P1,P2) <= {\+var(P1)}, parent(P1,X), ancestor(X,P2).
ancestor(P1,P2) <= {var(P1),\+var(P2)}, parent(X,P2), ancestor(P2,X).
We sometimes want to draw an inference from the absence of some knowledge. For example, we might wish to encode the default rule that a person is assumed to be male unless we have evidence to the contrary:
person(P), ~female(P) => male(P).
A lhs term preceded by a \sim is satisfied only if no fact in the database unifies with it. Again, the Pfc system records a justification for the conclusion which, in this case, states that it depends on the absence of the contradictory evidence. The behavior of this rule is demonstrated in the following dialogue:
?- add(person(P), ~female(P) => male(P)).
?- add(person(alex)).
?- male(alex).
?- add(female(alex)).
?- male(alex)
Procedural Interpretation
Note that the procedural interpretation of a Pfc rule is that the conditions in the lhs are checked from left to right. One advantage to this is that the programmer can chose an order to the conditions in a rule to minimize the number of partial instantiations.
Another advantage is that it allows us to write rules like the following:
 => {remove(at(Obj,Loc1))}.
Although the declarative reading of this rule can be questioned, its procedural interpretation is clear and useful:
If an object is known to be at location Loc1 and an assertion is added that it is at some location Loc2, distinct from Loc1, then the assertion that it is at Loc1 should be removed.
The Right Hand Side
The examples seen so far have shown a rules rhs as a single proposition to be ''added'' to the database. The rhs of a Pfc rule has some richness as well. The rhs of a rule is a conjunction of facts to be ''added'' to the database and terms enclosed in brackets which represent conditions/actions which are executed. As a simple example, consider the conclusions we might draw upon learning that one person is the mother of another:
mother(X,Y) =>
As another example, consider a rule which detects bigamists and sends an appropriate warning to the proper authorities:
spouse(X,Y), spouse(X,Z), {Y\==Z} =>
 {format("~N~w is a bigamist, married
 to both ~w and ~w~n",[X,Y,Z])}.
Each element in the rhs of a rule is processed from left to right --- assertions being added to the database with appropriate support and conditions being satisfied. If a condition can not be satisfied, the rest of the rhs is not processed. We would like to allow rules to be expressed as bi-conditional in so far a possible. Thus, an element in the lhs of a rule should have an appropriate meaning on the rhs as well. What meaning should be assigned to the conditional fact construction (e.g. P/Q ) which can occur in a rules lhs? Such a term in the rhs of a rule is interpreted as a conditioned assertion. Thus the assertion P/Q will match a condition P\prime in the lhs of a rule only if P and P\prime unify and the condition Q is satisfiable. For example, consider the rules that says that an object being located at one place is reason to believe that it is not at any other place:
at(X,L1) => not(at(X,L2))/L2\==L1
Note that a conditioned assertion is essentially a Horn clause. We would express this fact in Prolog as the backward chaining rule:
not(at(X,L2)) :- at(X,L1),L1\==L2.
The difference is, of course, that the addition of such a conditioned assertion will trigger forward chaining whereas the assertion of a new backward chaining rule will not.
The Truth Maintenance System
As discussed in the previous section, a forward reasoning system has special needs for some kind of truth maintenance system. The Pfc system has a rather straightforward TMS system which records justifications for each fact deduced by a Pfc rule. Whenever a fact is removed from the database, any justifications in which it plays a part are also removed. The facts that are justified by a removed justification are checked to see if they are still supported by some other justifications. If they are not, then those facts are also removed. Such a TMS system can be relatively expensive to use and is not needed for many applications. Consequently, its use and nature are optional in Pfc and are controlled by the predicate pfcTmsMode/1. The possible cases are three: A fact is considered to be supported by God if it is found in the database with no visible means of support. That is, if Pfc discovers an assertion in the database that can take part in a forward reasoning step, and that assertion is not supported by either the user or a forward deduction, then a note is added that the assertion is supported by God. This adds additional flexibility in interfacing systems employing Pfc to other Prolog applications.
For some applications, it is useful to be able to justify actions performed in the rhs of a rule. To allow this, Pfc supports the idea of declaring certain actions to be undoable and provides the user with a way of specifying methods to undo those actions. Whenever an action is executed in the rhs of a rule and that action is undoable, then a record is made of the justification for that action. If that justification is later invalidated (e.g. through the retraction of one of its justificees) then the support is checked for the


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Creating wait for approval tasks#
A Wait for approval task pauses a deployment until a designated user provides approval. Email notifications are sent to users when the task starts.
Before using email tasks in your deployments, setup an email server.
To create a wait for approval task, complete the following steps:
 1. On the Deployment plan detail page, click Create Task.
 If you want to insert a task at a specific position in the plan, select a task before using the Create Task. The new task is inserted above the selected task.
 2. On the Create Task dialog box, in the Type list, select Wait for approval.
 3. In the Name field, enter a name for the task.
 4. In the Approval prompt field, enter the text that you want to include in the email message.
 The text is displayed in the Task Details section of the email.
 5. In the Approvers list, select the users or groups designated to approve the task.
 Team members and groups are available to choose.
 6. In the Required approverarea, specify whether all the approvers must approve the task, or a single approver is sufficient.
 7. Click Save.
 The task is inserted into the deployment plan.
When the task runs, email notifications are sent to the selected approvers. The deployment plan cannot progress until the task is approved or skipped. Approval is granted by completing the task in the deployment plan.
Parent topic: Tasks


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Description of the Chicago City Council Proceedings Files Inventory
This database is an inventory of the Chicago City Council's proceedings files from the city's first incorporation as a town in 1833 through the year of the Great Fire of 1871. These files were maintained by the city clerk and served as the council's working papers, the primary documents written by or presented to the council. Its formal minutes were written from them and abstracts from the proceedings were published in politically-designated newspapers. These files thus form the most complete surviving record of the considerations and actions of Chicago's government for the period; no other source offers comparable details of the day-to-day public business of a town which grew into a city and then a metropolis of over 300,000 inhabitants in a little more than thirty-eight years.
There are 35,650 of these files, comprising 157 cubic feet of material. A file can consist of a single scrap of paper or several hundred pages. Each entry in the database represents one file. The following is a sample file title.
The file title can consist of up to 220 characters. The files' titles describe the principal documents in them, but additional papers relating to those documents are often found with them. In the above example, a remonstrance of H. Stevens, et al., against the assessment and a report of the Committee on Local Assessments on that remonstrance were also included in the file.
Care was taken in editing the file titles to preserve their original wording. Exceptions were made for the purposes of clarity and accuracy. Personal names found in the titles were often difficult to decipher; in those cases contemporary city directories were consulted for the assistance they could offer. Abbreviations were used extensively. Uncommon ones used include:
Each file has its own unique control number which is composed of three elements assigned by the nineteenth century clerks who first arranged this record series:
 1. Filing calendar or fiscal year,
 2. Sequential file number, and
 3. Filing month and day.
Level two is subordinate to level one and level three is subordinate to level two. This sample control number explains each of its parts.
The first level is chronological by calendar year for the period August 1833–March 1851; thereafter it is chronological by filing year. To conform to constraints of the database design, calendar filing years repeat the last two digits of the calendar year (ex. 1838/38). Filing fiscal years indicate the beginning and ending calendar years which they comprise (ex. 1861/62). Fiscal years are twelve months periods in which financial accounts are settled. For the period March 1851–December 1871 months comprising fiscal years vary as dictated by the clerks who first arranged this series.
The control number's second level is the sequential file number assigned it. For the period August 1833–March 1851 one sequential file numbering system was used. When Archives staff arranged and described these records it was discovered that clerks improperly assigned numbers to files 6759–6988. Rough chronological order was restored by returning folders to the years for which they were filed. Original file numbers were maintained in these instances and consequently the file number sequence was disrupted for the years 1846–1851. Bold entries in the File Arrangement table indicate disrupted file number sequence. Beginning in March 1851 each fiscal year has its own file number sequence.
Archivists added an alphabetical character to each file number to allow for irregularities in the filing system. This variable character was used for three types of errors. Occasionally at the end of a fiscal year clerks bundled piles of documents which had not been filed or acted upon, labeled them as miscellaneous papers, and assigned those packets file numbers. In these instances artificial files were created by Archives staff using the alphabetical character of the file number. The alphabetical character was also used by archivists when more than one file was assigned the same number within a file number sequence.
Originally files 1–144 were found at the beginning of this series. These files had been numbered arbitrarily because those with dates had no corresponding chronological arrangement and there was no relationship among files. Sixty-eight of these files could be dated and they were interpolated into the chronological listing, again using the alphabetical character of the file number. The remaining seventy-five files could not be dated and they were left at the beginning of the file structure.
The third level of the control number, filing month and day, is chronologically ordered. For control numbers with fiscal year filing dates as the first level, the calendar year of the filing month and day is not always apparent. In these cases the File Arrangement table should be consulted. For example, for the control number 1863/64 0539 A 12/07, December 7 can be linked to the calendar year 1863 by locating the fiscal year in the left-hand column under Filing Calendar or Fiscal Year and then following the entry across to the right-hand column under Filing Period to determine the calendar months comprising the fiscal year.
When filing dates are significantly different from the actual dates of documents in files, file titles add actual document dates as in the following example.
Although the filing structure of these records appears complex, it is clarified by the File Arrangement table.


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Comparing levels of homoplasy in the primate skeleton.
Hard-tissue morphological characters (bones and teeth) are a primary source of information about the evolutionary history of primates. These tissues are commonly found as isolated elements in the fossil record and studied as three separate partitions: the dentition, the cranium, and the postcranium. The relative phylogenetic utility of characters from each partition is often called into question with respect to varying amounts of homoplasy. In this paper, the consistency index (CI) was used to measure levels of homoplasy in each data partition for a sample of fossil and living primates. Sources of bias in the collection and treatment of data and in the internal structure of the data set are addressed. These biases include number of taxa, number of characters, ordering of characters, amounts of polymorphically scored or missing data, and character-state distribution. The results of this study suggest that the levels of homoplasy are very similar, though the postcranial data may be slightly less homoplastic than either the dental or cranial data.
Volume / Issue
Start / End Page
Pubmed Central ID
Electronic International Standard Serial Number (EISSN)
International Standard Serial Number (ISSN)
Digital Object Identifier (DOI)


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|N E W S F E E D S >>>|
|Past Present Future Index|
Dounreay - Past Present Future
As you come up to land from the foreshore you can see the Dounreay Castle. Excavations were completed a few years ago in what is believed to be one of the most innovative archaeological projects undertaken in the UK. During the 1950's areas of the castle grounds became contaminated when sea discharge experiments were carried out there. As part of its programme to clean up contaminated areas of the site, UKAEA embarked on a project to remove all this material in Autumn 1997. However, given the archaeological significance of the site, it was impossible to simply clear the area in the normal way and archaeologists were called in to advise on the best way to carry out the work without damaging the structure of the castle.
A number of historians and organisations have visited the Castle over the last year and continue to do so on a regular basis.
In total some 200 tonnes of soil and rubble were excavated and data collected is being put together in large scale plans and photographic records. The excavation was carried out layer by layer and the sequence of occupation has been revealed.
Oliver Cromwell's army is known to have camped here in the 17th century.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


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Completeness of Birth Registration in the United States in 1940
The article describes in details the steps taken to assess the completeness of birth registration in the US in 1940, by comparing infant cards (cards with information about the children born in four months before the 1940 US population census) with registration records in each State. The assessment shows that most of the US States were able to maintain 90% and above level of registration, while some are below 90% coverage.
The article was prepared by Robert F. Lenhart in 1943 and published on American Journal of Public Health, Vol. 33, June 1943, Pages 685-690.
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Pataka Museum is about to open another exciting show on 13 November 2011. The exhibition, called Germany and Samoa – Old Ties and New Relationships, investigates the impact and legacy of the profoundly significant historical relationship between Germany and Samoa from 1900 – 1914. The exhibition will feature photos, artefacts, and information collected and curated by Professor Hermann Hiery, a leading expert on the colonial era in the Pacific. It is co-curated by Helen Kedgley at Pataka, and this is the first ever exhibition of its kind in the world. The exhibition will run alongside a showcase of paintings and sculptures by renowned Pacific artist Michael Tuffery.
Part of Germany and Samoa – Old Ties and New Relationships, will be several significant objects from Te Papa.
This sextant (navigational instrument), for example, was made in 1917 by German merchant marine cadet, Walter von Zatorski. At the time, he was interned as a prisoner of war on Motuihe Island in the Hauraki Gulf, about 11 kilometres northeast of Auckland. He had been captured when New Zealand forces took the Pacific Island of German Samoa (now the Independent State of Samoa) during World War I (1914 – 1918).
The sextant and its case are totally improvised. They were made using the fuel tank from a Primus stove and the brass hinges from a rudder that had washed ashore. The adjusting screw came from the handle of a safety razor. Von Zatorski ordered tools and solder through the camp canteen to assemble the instrument.
In December 1917, von Zatorski's sextant was put to use when a party of prisoners, lead by Count Felix von Luckner ('Sea Wolf'), escaped from Motuihe and captured the scow Moa. Using von Zatorski's handmade instrument and a map copied from a school atlas, the men navigated an accurate course to the Kermadec Islands – around 1000 kilometres northeast of New Zealand – before they were recaptured.
You will be able to visit the exhibition at Pataka Museum until 19 February 2012.


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Dreamz Master Mind Academy provides ESP Brain Training and Mid-Brain Activation skill.
- Two days workshop,Let Kids powerful whole brain ability
- A proven technique of optimizing the function of the middle,Left and Right Brain
Our Training centre is a specialist in mid brain activation programme to help the children of aged 5 to 15 years old to activate the mid brain in two day long training. Once a child mid brain is activated,they were able to do things blindfolded, that mean your child is able to unleash their full potential for a lifetime. If your child is academically inclined you will see your child improve in their studies. If your child is creative, they would be more creative. With the mid brain activated, your child may have outstanding learning condition which genius has. This improves their concentration, memory and creativity.
Benefits of ESP Brain Training and Midbrain Activation skill:
- Memory Enhancement
- Concentration Enhancement
- Confidence Boosting
- Creativity Enhancement
- Emotion Management
- Enter the Genius Mind learning state
In Dreams Master Mind Academy our trainers has completed their Midbrain activation training programme and awarded by Mind Power Training Centre in Malaysia.


Decoding the sign – by Seth Godin
* Decoding the sign [ ]
A "Deer Xing" sign isn't there to tell the deer where to cross the road.
It's there to let drivers know that this is the spot where deer often choose to cross the road.
Because deer can't read signs, and even if they could, they probably wouldn't bother to obey them. People, on the other hand, are far more likely to be killed by hitting a deer than they are by a shark bite.
A good signmaker is aware of "who's it for" and "what's it for." In this case, the hope is that drivers will be more careful.
Too often, signs of all kinds (metaphorical signs, not just physical ones), are simply ALL CAPS YELLING about how the signmaker is frustrated about something they can't control. If you can't influence something, why are you yelling about it?


Why Are my Matters Not Assigned Sequential Client Numbers?
 - Why are Client Numbers being skipped?
 - Clio Manage
Additional Information:
Can I Change the Client Number That's Used in Matter Numbering?
The Client Number component in Matter Numbering pulls from a number that is assigned to each Contact when they are added to Clio. If a Contact does not have a Matter, their number will be skipped.
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GeoKraft India Map with States, Capitals and Union Territory Eva Foam Jigsaw Puzzle – Educational Learning Toy for Boys and Girls
GeoKraft States of India is a creative, fun and educational toy that ensures hours of fun learning while enhancing geographical knowledge. This puzzle comes with India Map outline frame alongwith Tags and Stickers. Start putting the state pieces in the correct location to complete the map using the User Guide. The pieces, are cut in the respective shape of the states, which fit snugly to each and create a perfect scaled model of the India's political map. Using this puzzle, your child can not only learn the name and location of states, but also the relative size of states. Apart from improving geographical knowledge, the puzzle also helps in improving problem solving skills and motor skills. Unlike regular jigsaw puzzles, where fixing of pieces becomes monotonous and repetitive, this map puzzle, with different shapes and sizes of each piece, keeps your child playfully engaged for a much longer duration. The puzzle is also very popular as a return gift for birthday for kids in the range of 4- 6 years. Geography has never been so much fun before!
·SOLVE TO LEARN LOCATION: This learning & education toy consists of 1 EVA foam frame puzzle, with precisely cut 25 State & Union Territories shaped puzzle pieces that will help the child learn the locations of the States of India.
·STURDY & SAFE: All the pieces are made of 8 mm EVA foam and snugly fit to form the India map.
CONTENTS: 1 Foam Puzzle Frame, 25 Puzzle Pieces, User Guide and Colouring Sheet


Mark a Member as a Duplicate
While Membership automatically identifies possible duplicate members based on matching the first name, surname and date of birth of two records, it is possible for some duplicates to'slip through the cracks'. For example, this could occur if any of the three 'duplicate identification fields' (first name, surname, DOB) are not exactly the same, e.g. an incorrect date of birth, or variation or error in the spelling of a name. In such cases, the member can be manually flagged as a duplicate, which can then be resolved by the association.
Both associations and clubs are able to mark a member as a possible duplicate. Firstly, ensure that both records do belong to the same person, then complete the following:
2. Locate the new member (not the original) record. You may find the search box or 'Advanced Search' options useful for quickly locating a member record.
3. Click on the View Record button next to the name of the member you want to mark as a duplicate.
4. The member's record will open. Click on Mark Member as Duplicate on the right hand side.
5. A message will appear, reminding you to only mark the new record (not the original) as a duplicate. Click on Mark as Duplicate.
6. A message will appear confirming that the member has been marked as a duplicate. The member has now been added to the list of possible duplicates to be resolved by the association. If you are logged into Membership at the association level, you can click on Resolve Duplicates to go directly to the Duplicate Resolution screen.


Passion Fruit Scrambled Eggs
Typically when making fried eggs you would use butter, however when making scrambled eggs it is more effective to use oil because of the more stable it is when heated. Follow this recipe for some of the best scrambled eggs with a flavour like no other.
- 1 tablespoon of Puro Pura Passion Fruit Oil or Açaí Oil
- 4 eggs (cracked and scrambled)
- 1/2 cup of milk (or almond milk)
- Salt and Pepper
1. Place a saucepan on the burner and turn to medium heat.
2. While waiting for the saucepan to heat up scramble all the eggs, add the milk and continue to scramble. Add pinch of salt and pepper
3. Once pan is heated, pour oil into pan and wait for it to heat up. Look for tiny bubbles/steam, then pour egg mixture into pan.
4. Use spatula to scramble eggs as they cook in the pan, until desired consistency


Parlophone Records
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Parlophone Records is a record label, which began in Germany in 1896. It is best known as one of the record labels who put out music by The Beatles in the 1960s. Parlophone's L-shaped logo began as the logo of the German Lindstrom label, which became part of Parlophone.
The company became part of EMI in 1931, and was known at the time especially for jazz and comedy records. They also issued records of "regional music", including works by Scottish and Latin recording artists. George Martin, staff producer, sometimes travelled to Scotland to record popular artists there.
The Beatles were signed to Parlophone in 1962, and released most of their records on the label.
Parlophone continues today with artists like Lily Allen and Radiohead.
In 2012, Universal Music Group bought EMI (the owner of Parlophone), but Universal chose to sell Parlophone to Warner Music Group.


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Use this warm water pipe marker to quickly identify a pipe's contents. This marker features a green background with a green outward directional chevron arrow on each side. It also features white centered text WARM WATER.
Different base colours have been selected to assist in identifying the application category of each pipe marker. This has been designed for operations and maintenance workers and crews responding to maintenance works or emergency calls and situations.
- This warm water pipe marker is manufactured from UV-stabilised self-adhesive vinyl which allows them to be used in indoor or outdoor environments.
- The green colour-coding of this pipe marker indicates that a water-related substance flows within the pipe.
Our standard range of pipe markers are manufactured to meet the requirements of Australian Standard AS1345-1995 Identification of the contents of pipes, conduits and ducts.
A large variety of pipe markers are available for various substances and applications. See below to view the full range:
- Electrical pipe markers, colour coded orangeclick here:
- Steam pipe markers, colour coded silver/greyclick here:
- Other liquids pipe markers, colour coded brownclick here:
- Gases pipe markers, colour coded yellow (ochre) – click here:
- Fire services pipe markers, colour coded violet – click here:
- Oil pipe markers, colour coded blue – click here:
- Acids and alkalis pipe markers, colour coded violetclick here:
- Air power pipe markers, colour coded orange – click here:


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Blueprint for Survival is a half day workshop for people who have been laid off or expect to be laid off, and people who prefer entrepreneurship to the chance of being laid off. We will teach bootstrapping skills as well as provide information and instruction on how to use a wide range of free web tools and other resources for running a business.
The content of the workshop includes:
- Backing Into Entrepreneurship: Forming a Business
- Health Insurance
- Tax Implications of Owning a Business
- Free Software to Run Your Business
- Community Resources
- Online marketing tips
- Co-working Opportunities
- "Opportunities" to Avoid
- Financing Strategies
Almost every resource presented at this workshop will be FREE to attendees.
Francine Hardaway, co-founder of Stealthmode Partners and OTEF Executive Director, has been an entrepreneur for almost 30 years, is a survivor of several downturns, and doesn't sugar coat it. Attendees receive immediately useful information about how to start new business ventures and collaborate with others to support their entrepreneurial success.
Benefits To Community::
- A viable alternative to 'job training'.
- Redeployment of key human resources
- Job and income creation
Benefit To Attendees:
- Real world examples and training
- Access and linkage to community resources
- Opportunity to brainstorm with experienced entrepreneurs
- Connections to potential partners
- Introduction to funding organizations
- 1/2 day
- Held at locations across Maricopa County
- Small class size (20 max. per class)
- Highly collaborative and led by experienced entrepreneurs, with guest speakers from the business community and municipal, county, state or federal agencies.


Tesla detects crash before it happens
Tesla detects crash before it happens
Tesla produces a system that detects a crash before it happens
Not long ago, the images on a Tesla's board were shared around the world. Happening on a Dutch highway, the imminent impact alarm was immediately triggered and the automatic pilot managed to stop the car on time.
Immediately after you hear that beep you can see an accident just a few yards ahead. Even if many are skeptical about the safety of these cars, the clip below can not be disputed.
In late September, Tesla introduced a new software that comes with an extra trafficking system that can detect the danger when images are not enough.
The automatic pilot can predict an accident due to the radar signal, which tells him the position and speed of the front car.
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Coupled cells with internal symmetry.1. Wreath products
UNSPECIFIED. (1996) Coupled cells with internal symmetry.1. Wreath products. NONLINEARITY, 9 (2). pp. 559-574. ISSN 0951-7715Full text not available from this repository.
In this paper and its sequel we study arrays of coupled identical cells that possess a 'global' symmetry group g, and in which the cells possess their own 'internal' symmetry group L. We focus on general existence conditions for symmetry-breaking steady-state and Hopf bifurcations. The global and internal symmetries can combine in two quite different ways, depending on how the internal symmetries affect the coupling. Algebraically, the symmetries either combine to give the wreath product L (sic) g of the two groups or the direct product L x g. Here we develop a theory for the wreath product: we analyse the direct product case in the accompanying paper (henceforth referred to as II).
The wreath product case occurs when the coupling is invariant under internal symmetries. The main objective of the paper is to relate the patterns of steady-state and Hopf bifurcation that occur in systems with the combined symmetry group L (sic) g to the corresponding bifurcations in systems with symmetry L or g. This organizes the problem by reducing it to simpler questions whose answers can often be read off from known results.
The basic existence theorem for steady-state bifurcation is the equivariant branching lemma, which states that under appropriate conditions there will be a symmetry-breaking branch of steady states for any isotropy subgroup with a one-dimensional fixed-point subspace, We call such an isotropy subgroup axial. The analogous result for equivariant Hopf bifurcation involves isotropy subgroups with a two-dimensional fixed-point subspace, which we call C-axial because of an analogy involving a natural complex structure. Our main results are classification theorems for axial and C-axial subgroups in wreath products.
We study some typical examples, rings of cells in which the internal symmetry group is O(2) and the global symmetry group is dihedral. As these examples illustrate, one striking consequence of our general results is that systems with wreath product coupling often have states in which some cells are performing nontrivial dynamics, while others remain quiescent. We also discuss the common occurrence of heteroclinic cycles in wreath product systems.
|Item Type:||Journal Article|
|Subjects:||Q Science > QA Mathematics
Q Science > QC Physics
|Journal or Publication Title:||NONLINEARITY|
|Publisher:||IOP PUBLISHING LTD|
|Official Date:||March 1996|
|Number of Pages:||16|
|Page Range:||pp. 559-574|
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The Soul of a New Hand Tool
Hand levels are one of the standard tools in the kits of house builders, plumbers, and many other tradespeople. Until 1990, all levels were bubble-type spirit levels. But in that year, a California carpenter, Andy Butler, and some Silicon Valley engineers patented a new level that depended on high-tech electronics to show digitally the precise angle of the surface being checked.
The "SmartLevel," as the new tool was named, found a market among users of traditional levels who needed precise degree measurements. Butler and his colleagues, more interested in developing a new idea than amassing a fortune, sold the SmartLevel line and moved onto new projects.
In 1995, the Lemelson Center supported oral history interviews with Andy Butler and other key individuals involved with the development, manufacture, and marketing of this new generation of digital hand tool. Additional interviews with SmartLevel principles outside California are forthcoming. At the conclusion of the project, the interviews, an archive of original documents, drawings, photographs, and other records, several generations of SmartLevels, hardware store display elements, and sales training videotapes will be preserved in the Archives Center of the National Museum of American History.
For more information on this collection, email the Archives Center.
Originally published in Fall 1995.


Skip to definition.
Noun: whirlpool 'wurl,pool
 1. A powerful circular current of water (usually the result of conflicting tides)
 - vortex, maelstrom
Verb: whirlpool 'wurl,pool
 1. Flow in a circular current, of liquids
 - eddy, purl, swirl, whirl
Derived forms: whirlpooled, whirlpooling, whirlpools
Type of: course, current, feed, flow, run, stream
Encyclopedia: Whirlpool


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January 19th, 2013
Where do mushrooms come from and what are they doing in the garden? Ashley McKenzie from the Texas Wild Mushrooming Group notes their beneficial relationship with plants and how to keep it going. On tour, even winter is bountiful in Lynne and Jim Weber's native habitat garden. Daphne Richards explains why to prune trees in winter. Her pick of the week is evergreen mountain pea, a lush groundcover for shade and sun. Trisha Shirey shows how to cage tomatoes and build trellises for vining vegetables and fruits.
Tips of the Week
Drink coffee? Check out the Ground to Ground initiative that connects area coffee shops with gardeners who want coffee grounds and food waste and are willing to make a commitment to regular pick-ups. For more info on this great partnership, visit the Compost Coalition.
Start a compost pile!
Prune woody shrubs that are dormant. Avoid pruning evergreen shrubs like cenizo for a few more weeks.
Plant trees, shrubs, and roses.
Clean up old leaves around fruit trees and vegetable gardens.
Plant bare root fruit trees, berries, grapes and roses.
Plant asparagus crowns. Prune back growth if it hasn't frozen back.
Get seedling potatoes
- More Tips
Question of the Week
Why do we prune trees in Winter?
The Weber Native Habitat Garden


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Industry Info
Troubleshooting method for daily operation of dryer
Dryer is an important machine in organic fertilizer production line and NPK fertilizer production line. In the process of operation, it is inevitable that there will be some problems of this kind. Do not be alarmed when you encounter these problems. As long as you master the know-how, you can solve it yourself.
First, the dried material does not meet the specified moisture requirements: the simple way to solve this situation is to first control the production capacity of the dryer equipment, and then increase or decrease the supplied heat;
Second, the rolling ring swings to the cylinder: This phenomenon occurs because the side of the concave joint of the rolling ring is not tightened. The solution is to tighten it slightly, but it should not be too tight. Too tight may cause accidents..
Third, the gap between the big gear and the small gear of the dryer is damaged. There are generally three reasons for this:
1. The idler is worn out;
2. The blocking wheel is worn out;
3. The pinion is worn out.
The solution to this situation is to first analyze whether the wear is serious, and replace it if it is serious. If it is not serious, just turn it and install it on the reverse side. If you are afraid of its instability, you can replace new ones it in pairs.
Fourth, the dryer equipment cylinder vibration when in fertilizer manufacturing process: there are generally two reasons for this situation:
1. The place where the supporting device of the equipment is connected to the base is damaged. If this is the case, just correct it and strengthen it;
2. The side of the rolling ring is worn;
The solution to this glitch is based on its wear and tear. If it is not serious, it only needs to be turned. If it is serious, it must be replaced.


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It looks like you're new here. If you want to get involved, click one of these buttons!
It seems that if an instance is scaled via its properties dialog, the scaling factor does not get correctly accounted for in the area calculation tool(s). A simple example is creating a 10x10 box and making it into a cell, 'test', the computed layer area function returns 100. If the cell 'test' is then scaled by 2 in the properties dialog, when the layer area is checked, it still comes back as 100. This is also true if one descends into the scaled cell 'test', selects the box and computes the area of the selected shapes, it will still come back as 100. It only correctly calculates it if the cell is flattened. Is this the only way to correctly calculate the area of instances which are scaled?


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The two fundamental discrepancies between actual consolidation behavior of soils and that predicted by the Terzaghi consolidation theory were explained. Many implications of secondary compression phenomenon, including secondary settlement were explained and predicted by the law of compressibility. The proper role of compressibility with time was empirically established.
ASJC Scopus subject areas
- Civil and Structural Engineering
- Building and Construction
- Geotechnical Engineering and Engineering Geology


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Swiss TPH specialists have a comprehensive understanding of health. Human and animal health is closely intertwined and related to environmental and social realities. Deploying a systemic approach, Swiss TPH scrutinises health from the single molecule to the humans in their social and natural environments. They conduct health impact assessments of large infrastructure projects such as mines or effective strategies against infectious and non-communicable diseases within health systems in Switzerland and all over the world.
Health and Disease in Different Cultural Contexts
Economic situation, personal values or social status: they all influence human health. That is why Swiss TPH experts analyse health and disease in different cultural contexts. Experts acknowledge the importance of different life periods for health and disease and the pivotal role played by gender inequalities.


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Products made from sea-grass mat production waste
This collection was developed for Viet Trang, a sea-grass SME in Vietnam. The project was carried out under the umbrella of two institutions - SPIN and UNIDO.
The project looked at using the waste generated by mainstream sea-grass mat processing for a new products. We bundled the waste together and connected them to form a surface. The resulting surface had the benefits of the sea-grass texture and in addition a springiness that the original mat lacked.
Another strategy applied was to use the traditional technique of stencilling on sea grass mats to create contemporary motifs that would align the mats with alternate lifestyle markets. Yoga mats were developed using bold, black stencils of asanas, using resized loom woven sea-grass mats


With a little bit of work, one can show that $\mathbb{CP}^n$ and $\mathbb{RP}^n\times\mathbb{RP}^n$ have the same Stiefel-Whitney numbers, so by a theorem of Thom, they are (unorientedly) cobordant.
Is there an explicit description of a cobordism between them?
I know the answer for $n = 1$: it reduces to finding a cobordism between $S^2$ and $S^1\times S^1$ (take a solid ball and remove a solid torus from the interior, or take a solid torus and remove a solid ball from the interior).
An explicit cobordism is given by Stong:
R. E. Stong, A Cobordism, Proceedings of the American Mathematical Society Vol. 35, No. 2 (Oct. 1972), pp. 584-586
I do like the short title "A Cobordism".
The construction is as follows:
Write $\mathbb{CP}^n$ with homogeneous coordinates $[z_0,z_1,\dots,z_n]$ and consider the space $$W=(\mathbb{CP}^n\times [0,1])/\sim,$$ where $([z_0,z_1,\dots,z_n],1)\sim([\bar{z_0},\bar{z_1},\dots,\bar{z_n}],1)$ if $|z_0^2+z_1^2\dots +z_n^2|\leq\frac{3}{5}$. Then Stong takes a page to prove that $W$ is the desired cobordism.
But one should also read the note: enter image description here enter image description here
Your Answer


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Addition Definition: If A and B are any two matrices of the same size, then the sum A+B is the matrix obtained by adding together the corresponding entries in the two matrices. Matrices of different sizes cannot be added.
Product Definition I: If A is any matrix and c is any scalar, then the product cA is the matrix obtained by multiplying each entry of A by c.
Product Definition II: If A is an m x r matrix and B is an r x n matrix, then the product AB is the m x n matrix whose entries are determined as follows. To find the entry in row i and column j of AB, single out row i from the matrix A and column j from the matrix B. Multiply the corresponding entries from the row and column together and then add up the resulting products.


text: Online induction machine faults diagnosis is a concern to guarantee the overall production process efficiency. Nowadays, the industry demands the integration of smart wireless sensors networks (WSN) to improve the fault detection in order to reduce cost, maintenance and power consumption. Induction motors can develop one or more faults at the same time that can produce sever damages. The origin of most recurrent faults in rotary machines is in the components: stator, rotor, bearing and others. This work presents a novel methodology for the online faults diagnosis in induction motors. This technique uses the smart WSN to obtain the machine condition based on the motor stator current analysis. The implementation of the proposed smart sensor methodology allows the system to perform online fault detection in a fully automated way. Simulation results presented show the efficiency of the proposed method to detect simple and multiple faults in induction machine. It provides detailed analysis to address challenges in designing and deploying WSNs in industrial environments, and its reliability. 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.


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Provided by: logtools_0.13e+nmu2_amd64
clfsplit - split Common-Log Format web logs based on IP address
clfsplit [--help] [-i input] -d defaultfile -f file -s spec [-f file -s spec]
The clfsplit will split up large CLF format web logs based on IP address. This is for creating separate log analysis passes for internal and external users of web pages.
The defaultfile parameter specifies where data goes if it doesn't match any of the IP ranges. This could be /dev/null depending on your aims. The -i input parameter gives the file to take input from (default standard input). The -f file parameter must be given before the list of IP addresses. The spec parameter is the IP addresses that go to the file in question. It is of the form start[-end][:start[-end]] where start and end specify the start and ends of ranges of IPs. Also the CIDR notation can be used or a single IP address. If there is a large number of IP ranges then a file name can be given which contains a set of IP ranges, one range per line.
0 No errors 1 Bad parameters 2 Can't open input 3 Can't open/write to output file 4 Can't open and read from spec file
This program, its manual page, and the Debian package were written by Russell Coker .


A. No. When the Failover Clustering feature is enabled, a MAC from the machine is used for the fault tolerant (NetFT) network. If you used Sysprep to create an image of a machine after the Failover Cluster feature is enabled, all nodes created from this image would have the same MAC for the NetFT virtual adapter. This would break communications, and cluster validation would fail when this duplicate MAC for NetFT was detected—clustering won't work.
The solution is to use Sysprep before you enable the Failover Cluster feature, and enable the Failover Cluster feature after cloning through an unattended script.
As a best practice, you should have a minimal number of OS images and then customize them using unattended scripts and processes such as System Center Configuration Manager's task sequences. This is another reason you should have a Windows Server image and then automate the node joining a cluster through scripting, rather than having a specific "cluster node" image.
Related Reading:


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Why is argon used in titanium extraction?
Traces of oxygen or nitrogen in the titanium tend to make the metal brittle. The reduction has to be carried out in an inert argon atmosphere rather than in air. Titanium is made by a batch process. The titanium is then separated from the waste products, and an entirely new reaction is set up in the same reactor.
Why can Titanium be extracted using carbon?
Titanium cannot be extracted by reducing the ore using carbon as a cheap reducing agent, like with iron. The problem is that titanium forms a carbide, TiC, if it is heated with carbon, so you don't get the pure metal that you need. The presence of the carbide makes the metal very brittle.
How does Titanium react with oxygen?
Titanium readily reacts with oxygen at 1,200 °C (2,190 °F) in air, and at 610 °C (1,130 °F) in pure oxygen, forming titanium dioxide. It is, however, slow to react with water and air at ambient temperatures because it forms a passive oxide coating that protects the bulk metal from further oxidation.
How do you make titanium from titanium dioxide?
To extract titanium from it's ore, you need to convert the ore (titanium dioxide) to the tetrachloride (TiCl4). This is done by heating the ore, with a mixture of chlorine gas and carbon to produce a liquid with a melting point of -24C.
What is the correct chemical name for titanium dioxide?
Can titanium dioxide kill you?
Scientists can't prove titanium dioxide is dangerous and they can't prove it's safe — but this common food whitener is almost impossible to avoid, and manufacturers aren't required to list it as an ingredient.
What is wrong with titanium dioxide?
The Health Concern When inhaled, titanium dioxide is considered possibly carcinogenic to humans. This means that in products that contain powdered titanium dioxide like loose powders, pressed powders, eyeshadows, and blushes in which the makeup is in powder form, titanium dioxide can be inhaled.
Is there another name for titanium dioxide?
Titanium dioxide, also known as titanium(IV) oxide or titania, is the naturally occurring oxide of titanium. It is used as a pigment under the names titanium white, Pigment White 6 (PW6), or CI 77891. It is typically extracted from ilmenite, rutile and anatase.
Is titanium dioxide cancerous?
The World Health Organisation's International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) has determined that titanium dioxide is a "possible carcinogen for humans". In 2017 the French Government's scientific assessment found that titanium dioxide is a carcinogen when it is inhaled.
Is titanium dioxide safe in vitamins?
Dangerous Ingredient #5: Titanium Dioxide Titanium dioxide is yet another one of the nasty and dangerous ingredients in your vitamins or supplements; it is used as a colorant (it's also used in many cosmetics).
Is titanium dioxide considered natural?
Titanium dioxide (TiO2) is a naturally occurring mineral that is mined from the earth, processed and refined, and added to a variety of foods, as well as other consumer products. White in color, it is used to enhance the color and sheen of certain foods and is also key for food safety applications.
Is there titanium dioxide in milk?
with the Dairy Research Institute, "Titanium dioxide is not added to whole fluid milk period." Sam Jones-Ellard, public affairs specialist at USDA (United States Department of Agriculture) confirms, "Titanium dioxide is definitely not allowed in organic production."
Is titanium dioxide safe to use on skin?
What about topical application? Titanium Dioxide is considered safe once it's on our skin. Even Titanium Dioxide nano-particles aren't able to penetrate deep into the skin, when they're coated with materials like Silica, Alumina, and Dimethicone³.
What products have titanium in them?
Titanium dioxide is used as a white pigment in a variety of foodstuffs including candy, coffee creamer, baking and cake decorations, and white sauces. It is added in the form of food additive E171.
What does titanium dioxide do for your skin?
Titanium dioxide works as a UV filtering ingredient in sunscreen – it helps protect a person's skin by blocking absorption of the sun's ultraviolet light that can cause sunburn and is also linked to skin cancer. Learn more about titanium dioxide and sunscreen.
Which is better titanium dioxide or zinc oxide?
Compared to zinc oxide, titanium dioxide is as effective at blocking UVB rays, but it's somewhat less effective for short UVA rays (UVA II), and almost completely ineffective against long UVA rays (UVA I). In short, titanium dioxide is inferior to zinc oxide for broad-spectrum coverage.
Is Titanium good for the body?
Safe in the body Titanium is considered the most biocompatible metal – not harmful or toxic to living tissue – due to its resistance to corrosion from bodily fluids. This ability to withstand the harsh bodily environment is a result of the protective oxide film that forms naturally in the presence of oxygen.
Is it safe to eat titanium dioxide?
To date, titanium dioxide is considered safe for consumption. Most research concludes that the amount consumed from food is so low that it poses no risk to human health ( 1, 3, 6, 14).
Is titanium dioxide banned in Europe?
European Parliament calls on European Commission to remove titanium dioxide from the EU list of permitted food additives. France banned sales of food products containing titanium dioxide on January 1, 2020.
Is titanium dioxide safe in lipstick?
Natural lipsticks are safer The most common minerals found in natural lipsticks are titanium dioxide and zinc oxide (for color and SPF protection), and iron oxide, mica, and silica (for color, shine, and texture). They are not considered dangerous so long as they have not been micronized.
What is titanium dioxide made out of?
Titanium dioxide – also known as titanium (IV) oxide or titania – is the naturally occurring compound created when titanium reacts with the oxygen in the air. As an oxide, titanium is found in minerals in the earth's crust. It also found with other elements, including calcium and iron.
How titanium dioxide works as a photocatalyst?
Titanium dioxide, in thin film and nanoparticle form has potential for use in energy production: as a photocatalyst, it can break water into hydrogen and oxygen. With the hydrogen collected, it could be used as a fuel. The efficiency of this process can be greatly improved by doping the oxide with carbon.
How do you extract titanium dioxide?
TiO2 is produced from either ilmenite, rutile or titanium slag. Titanium pigment is extracted by using either sulphuric acid (sulphate process) or chlorine (chloride route). The sulphate process employs simpler technology than the chloride route and can use lower grade, cheaper ores.
Does Titanium get rusty?
In vacuum-like environments, where oxygen is limited, titanium will corrode and rust quickly. Pure titanium that is completely rust and corrosive resistant, however, is rare and hard to find and produce.
How long will Titanium last?
What is the current price of titanium?
Can the body reject titanium?
These metals ions bind to proteins in the body. For those who react, the body's immune system will attack this new protein/metal structure. This may start an immune reaction. The MELISA test a scientifically-proven test which can objectively test for the presence of titanium hypersensitivity and measure its severity.
Is Titanium more valuable than gold?
Titanium is usually cheaper than white gold. However, because of its hardness, titanium is not as easy to work with. In such cases, the additional labor costs may make the price of a titanium ring comparable to that of a white gold one (or even higher).
How much is a kg of titanium?
1 Kg Titanium Price
|Titanium Grade 1 Price (per kg)||Origin||Price in USD (per kg)|
|UK / Europe||Japanese||$28|


text: David Lehman is an Associate Professor of Commerce and Verizon Professor of Commerce at the McIntire School of Commerce at the University of Virginia. He studies basic questions related to organizational theory. One stream of his research focuses on organizational learning from performance feedback, with an emphasis on understanding the roles of risk taking, routines, rules, and time in organizational decision making. The other stream focuses on organizational identity, with an emphasis on understanding how audiences perceive and value authenticity in organizational products and services. He has conducted his research in a variety of domains, including professional sports, food and dining, and healthcare.


9 HDD JBOD enclosure – computer to see them all as separate drives
This is what I want and can't find: A JBOD enclosure to house all my orphaned, upgraded HDDs. I am not really looking for a RAID, just a box to power them all and provide a single connector and cable to my iMac. But I want the computer to see them all as separate drives, not an aggregated whole.
Is there such an animal?
9 HDD FROM 500GB – 6TB = 31.5TB
Yes, you can. We tested Qnap Thunderbolt Expansion unit on a MAC and all drives were appearing nicely. Also, any Synology NAS will allow you to create a single drive volume. I have prepared a quick manual on how to achieve it.
Select one disk at the time.
Create a basic pool of one drive.
Then go to the Volume tab and choose from the dropdown disk. Repeat this with every drive.
How to connect network drives?
Map with Windows Explorer
 1. Open a Windows Explorer window and go to Computer.
 1. Click Map network drive. This action makes the Map Network Drive window appear.
 1. On the Map Network Drive window, choose a drive letter from the Drive drop-down menu.
 1. In the Folder field, enter the server name of your Synology NAS and shared folder name preceded and separated by backslashes. For example, if the server name of your Synology NAS is "DiskStation," and the name of your shared folder is "Share1," then you should enter "\\DiskStation\Share1." Click Finish when ready.
 1. Enter your DSM username and password.
Can't Access the Shared Folder? The user account you enter here must have access privileges for the shared folder you wish to access.
 1. Finally, a Windows Explorer window appears. Your shared folder will now be mapped and accessible under Computer.
Find regulary updated NAS offers here
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Meet Tribe With Most Beautiful Women in Africa, They Don't Bath Because Of What Will Happen to Them
There is a tribe from Angola which have the most beautiful village women in Africa according to tourists. The Himba tribe are the indigenous people of Namibia and Kunen, they live on the northern side of the country, and on the other side of the Kunene in southern Angola too. They have approximately 50,000 people in the village.
In this tribe, there are some other groups still residing in the village who are regarded as OvaTwa groups, they are called hunter-gatherers as well as OvaHimba.
The Himba Community speaks in Otjihimba language known as the Bantu dialect of Herero. Although English is the official language of Namibia but the Himba rarely speak in English, only small amount of English is used in their Omuhongan schools.
Both men and women from this tribe love wearing their traditional dresses. Men usually wear clothes and footwear sandals, they also wear with foot soles often found in old car tyres, because men and boys tend to lead cattles in the bushes all day long. However, the woman roam about the village with skirts made from goat skin.
They are most famous for their wives' natural beauty, attracting numerous tourists and journalists who have praised their amazing beauty.
Despite the fact that they don't bath with water it hasn't stop them from maintaining their natural beauty. One of the reasons why the people of Himba do not bath with water is because they live in one of the most extreme surroundings on earth.
The harsh weather condition and the desert climate, coupled with the lack of clean water prevents them from a 'normal' water bath.
Meanwhile, their refusal to take a bath did not affect their personal hygiene. Members of the tribe use red ochers on the skin and take part in a daily smoke bath to maintain their beauty and good hygiene.
What's your opinion about this beautiful tribe? let's hear your opinion
Content created and supplied by: Hajia_Maryam (via Opera News )
Africa Angola Himba Himba Community Kunen
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text:
Studying Hamilton's harbour invaders
A team of students in Sigal Balshine's Aquatic Behavioural Ecology Lab is working to better understand the invasive round goby fish found in Hamilton Harbour.
The students, both undergraduate and graduate, catch gobies at several locations around the bay and in Cootes Paradise. They then record the area in which the fish were caught, vital statistics such as their sex and size and water quality information.
The Aquatic Behavioural Ecology Lab researches the evolution of cooperation, parental care and breeding, sperm competition, species introductions and extinctions and the effects of contaminant exposure.
Pauline Capelle, in her third year studying biology and psychology, blogs about the lab's work as part of the School of Graduate Studies' new blog series.


text:
seems is a valid word in this word list. For a definition, see the external dictionary links below.
The word "seems" uses 5 letters: E E M S S.
Direct anagrams of seems:
Words formed by adding one letter before or after seems (in bold), or to eemss in any order:
a - sesame d - messed e - emeses h - meshes i - emesis k - smeeks n - menses mesnes semens s - messes t - tmeses
List shorter words within seems, sorted by length
All words formed from seems by changing one letter
Browse words starting with seems by next letter


How to Sort by Date in Google Sheets (using Formula)
Google Sheets has really easy tools to use when it comes to sorting data.
And these same tools can also be used when you need to sort by date in Google Sheets.
Since a date is nothing but a number in the backend, when you sort by date, you're essentially sorting a numerical dataset. However, since Date format can take many different formats, sometimes it becomes a pain to sort by date.
In this tutorial, I will show you different ways to sort by date in Google Sheets, some common issues that you may face when working with a date dataset, and a way to convert any text value to a date value.
So let's get started!
Sort by Date Using the SORT Function
The easiest way to sort the data in Google Sheets is by using the SORT function.
It takes the original dataset and gives you sorted date data as the output. You can have a single or multiple columns sorting where you can specify the date column to be the one to use for sorting.
The best part about using the SORT function is that your result is dynamic. In case something changes in your original dataset, the resulting sorted data will automatically adjust to reflect the changes.
Now let me show you a couple of examples using sorting by date using the SOR function.
Suppose you have a dataset as shown below and you want to sort this column based on the dates.
Dataset for sorting dates in Google Sheets
Below is the formula that will give you the resulting data that has been sorted by date:
SORT formula to sort by date in Google Sheets
The above SORT function takes three arguments:
 1. A2:A9 – This is the range that needs to be sorted
 2. 1 – This tells the SORT function to sort based on the first column in the given range. Since there is only one column in our example, this value can only be 1
 3. TRUE – This makes the sorting order ascending
In case you have a dataset with multiple columns (with dates in one column), you can also sort this dataset based in the date using the SORT function.
Suppose you have a dataset as shown below:
Sort Multiple Columns by date in Google Sheets
The below formula will sort this dataset based on the date column.
SORT formula when you have multiple columns
When using the SORT function make sure the cells where the output of SORT function will be placed are empty. If there is something in any of the cells, the result would be an error (but Google Sheets is kind enough to tell you why it's giving an error).
Also, since this is an array formula, you can't change one element of the array. For example, after using the SORT formula, you can delete or change any of those cells. If you do that, it will remove all the results and show you an error. In case you want to change these cells, convert these cells to values and then make the changes.
Also read: How to Sort by Color in Google Sheets
Sort by Date Using the SORT Range Functionality
In case you don't need the resulting data to be dynamic and only need to sort by date once, you can also use the inbuilt sorting functionality in Google Sheets.
Suppose you have a dataset as shown below and you want to sort this data based on the date.
Sort Multiple Columns by date in Google Sheets
Below are the steps to sort by date:
 1. Select the data to be sorted
 2. Click the Data option in the menuClick on the Data tab in the Menu
 3. Click on 'Sort range' optionClick on Sort Range
 4. In the 'Sort range' dialog box:
 - Select the option Data has header row (in case your data doesn't have a header row, leave this unchecked)
 - Select the column you want to sort by (Date in this example)
 - Click on A-Z option (which is ascending order)Sort Range dialog box
 5. Click on the Sort buttonClick the SOrt Button
The above steps would sort the data instantly.
Note: In case you may need the original dataset, it's best to create a backup copy of the dataset and then perform the sorting.
Common Issue When Sorting by Date in Google Sheets
The most common issue people face when working with dates in Google Sheets is that the date is not in the proper format.
In Google Sheets, all dates are nothing but numbers in the backend. For example, the date January 01, 2020 is actually a number 43831 in Google Sheets. While you may see it as a date, Google Sheets sees it as a number. All it has done it is format it in a way that it looks like a date.
Since these are numbers being formatted as dates, only if Google Sheets recognizes a format that it can convert into a number, it will consider it a proper date. Everything else is considered a text value.
And if you have such formats that are not valid date formats, you will not be able to sort the data using the SORT formula or the in-built sort functionality.
For example, in the below dataset, all the date formats in column A are valid and Google Sheets will be able to convert this into dates (i.e., the number associated with the date).
But in some cases, you may get a date that is in a format that Google Sheets doesn't understand.
Below is some example where Google Sheets won't be able to convert the given date into a date number it recognizes and would consider these as a text value.
If you have such dates in your dataset, the sorting would be incorrect.
To make sure your data is correct, you need to make sure the dates are in the right format.
Below are two ways to find out whether the date is in the right format or not:
Check the Alignment of the Date
By default, all dates are aligned to the right in a cell in Google Sheets, and all text is aligned to the left.
In case you notice that dates are aligned to the left, it's likely an incorrect format.
Dates in text format are aligned to the left
Check using DATEVALUE function
If you have a cell that contains a date and you use the DATEVALUE function (with that date cell as the argument), it will give you the numeric value of the date.
For example, in the below case, the DATEVALUE function returns 43831 – which is the numeric value for the date January 01, 2020. But in case there is a format that Google Sheets doesn't recognize as a date (such as 01.01.2020), the DATEVALUE function gives an error.
Date format with DateValue function result
So to check the dates in a dataset, quickly use the DATEVALUE function in the adjacent column and check if there is an error. If there is an error, it means the cell has a date in the wrong format.
You may also like the following Google Sheets tutorials:
Google Sheets and Microsoft Excel Expert.
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text:
Taiwan culture in ghosts?
You may not believe it like they do, or as much as they do.
But know this, visitors to Taiwan: The Taiwanese believe in life after dead – deep in their culture.
Like most Chinese communities, your Taiwanese hosts hold a strong respect for their dead, the afterlife – and the spirits.
Do not be perturbed. As a tourist in Taiwan, are you aware of these key beliefs?
Culture shock quiz: Taiwan ghosts!?
Which of these ideas are true, as far as the Taiwanese believes?
1. Things related to dying or death are taboo, to be avoided among Taiwan folks.
2. Writing someone's name in red ink is auspicious.
3. The 7th month or Hungry Ghost festival is widely (and loudly!) celebrated among the many colourful festivals in the island.
4. Fengshui (ancient Chinese geomancy) is still practised in modern Taipei!
5. In cosmopolitan cities of Taipei and Kaohsiung (Gaoxiong), such beliefs and superstitions are hardly seen, felt or practised.
Smart traveler answers
Ideas 1, 3 and 4 are true. 2 and 5 are false!
These are the answers to the Tourist Poll in the sidebar on your right!
Smart tourist must-know
The Taiwanese has a strong belief in things spiritual and the afterlife!
Believing in the spiritual realm, respecting their dead, taking precautions to draw in good luck while warding off the bad – and even, celebrating a month-long festival relating to the spirits!
As visitors to the island, what are some aspects of these beliefs you will encounter?
Note: This may not be about your beliefs or whether you are being superstitious.
It is much about being aware of Taiwan culture you are touring; not to unwittingly encroach on beliefs and customs so different!
More smart traveler humor (for laughing only!)
Do not write a Taiwanese friend's name in red ink!
Writing Chinese names in red is a big no-no! Red ink is used for the death and the deceased.
Watch out: What other taboo stuff relating to this culture in the spirits do you avoid?
Taipei or other cities are equally thick in their beliefs!
You may see and meet more elaborate expressions of the Taiwanese beliefs in the rural, less modern areas.
Yet throughout the island – in cities or countryside – the locals and their culture in the supernatural are visible and extensive.
Dear Taiwan travelers,
Do you fear the unknown, tourists?
Now you see, a belief in the unseen is so much a part of Taiwan's religious and cultural backgrounds.
What will be other parts of this 'ghost' culture that might shock you in your touring among Taiwanese and their lifestyles?
Smarter Tourists In Taiwan our first E-Book will show you the taboos and how to tread in touring Taiwan – without apprehension!
Back to intro page for more Smart Tourists Taiwan fun mini posts!


text:
Slough, pronounced like slew, refers to a marshy place or mire. As a verb, it can mean to plod through mud or for a slough to engulf something. The word's origins are appropriately murky. It derives from Middle English sloughe or slo, which comes from Old English sloh, meaning muddy ground. After that the origins are uncertain. It could derive from Middle High German slouche, meaning ditch, or from Proto-Germanic *slokhaz.
Figuratively, slough describes a state of moral degradation. John Bunyan made use of this meaning in The Pilgrim's Progress with the "Slough of Despond," a deep bog into which Christian sinks under the weight of sin and guilt.
Then I stepped to him [Help] that pluckt him [Christian] out, and said, Sir, wherefore, since over this place is the way from the City of Destruction to yonder Gate, is it that this plat is not mended, that poor travellers might go thither with more security? And he said unto me, This miry Slough is such a place as cannot be mended; it is the descent whither the scum and filth that attends conviction for sin doth continually run, and therefore it is called the Slough of Dispond; for still as the sinner is awakened about his lost condition, there ariseth in his soul many fears and doubts, and discouraging apprehensions, which all of them get together, and settle in this place: And this is the reason of the badness of this ground (The Pilgrim's Progress, The First Part, paragraph 53).
|Diamond Python sloughing.|
I think it's fascinating that words with such different meanings would converge on the same spelling but retain different pronunciations. Here's a fun exercise. Use the word slough in a sentence multiple times touching on its different meanings. Then read the sentence aloud, matching the pronunciation with the meaning.
For example: The snake was sloughed while sloughing in a slough. [Read as: The snake was slewed while sluffing in a slew.]
Photo Credit: Peter Ellis. Image used in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 License.