text:
Sustainable production levels are the key to long-term growth; smart mine management requires balancing your resource base with mine output.
Producers are often asked by investors about the work being done to increase production — the idea being that the more product is sold the greater the profits. However, the decision to increase production must be measured, with a bigger focus on extending mine life.
Ramping up output can involve mill expansion, equipment and storage capacity upgrades as well as more labor, power and water — all of which cost money. Raising production quickly can place too much pressure on the system, which is also a safety concern.
An enhanced production profile may lead to increased profits in the short term, but to really maximize shareholder value over the long term, smart management looks to sustainable production levels, which are key to a higher stock valuation. You don't want to make the mistake of allowing production to outrun your ability to resupply your mill, or you will significantly reduce mine life.
Sustainable production levels contribute to extending mine life
"There are larger issues around sustaining your mine. From the day your mine opens, you are eating your resource," says John Barry, an economic geologist with decades of experience and the founder of Irus Consulting. "The production rate should be balanced with respect to the size of the reserve/resource inventory to provide at least a medium-term life of mine. If you mine at a faster rate than you replace reserves, then you will simply shorten the life of mine."
Barry gives an example of a mine with a resource base comprised of 200,000 tonnes of ore. If mined at 50,000 tonnes per year, the mine life will equal approximately four years. "This gives you four years of 'runway' for your near-mine exploration and resource building," he explained. "Mining at 100,000 tonnes per year will only give you a two-year life of mine based on the same reserve. Given the time value of money, this clearly is not extracting the best value from your orebody. Yes, it is about profitability, but also about safety, balance and sustainability."
Sustainable production can be achieved through cost-effective resource expansion, resulting in a longer mine life and extended profitability. "You must build the inventory to balance with the rate of depletion, or you will shorten the life of mine and potentially leave good ore in the ground," added Barry.
When should a producer increase production? The optimal time to increase production is when the mineable resource is large enough to support the operation. Usually the guidelines for when to ramp up output are laid out in the company's mine plan — either internally or as part of a NI 43-101 preliminary economic report or feasibility study that has outlined the most optimal production guidelines for enhancing the economic value of the output over the life of the mine.
Sustainable growth through exploration and development
Sustaining current levels and maintaining profits over the long term require growing your resource base. This is achieved through further development of the deposit and ongoing exploration near the deposit.
The life of a mining operation is often partitioned into linear stages, with exploration, development and production being the three major phases. However, to think of each of these activities as separate from and leading into the next does not adequately represent the true nature of a mining operation. Exploration and development do not end once production begins.
Exploration and development activities are essential for growing a mineable resource base and sustaining production to keep the mill running at full capacity, while also extending mine life. Development work allows miners to reach previously inaccessible bodies of ore and convert resources into reserves. "How fast you mine depends on the availability of exposed 'faces' underground — the surfaces where the workings meet the orebody," says Barry. "Increases in production require more faces, and that requires more underground development to access new parts of the orebody."
New advanced exploration technologies and sophisticated analytical techniques are making it possible to refresh the resource base through new discoveries.
"We believe that consistent investment in exploration is essential in maintaining a healthy project pipeline; therefore core to our growth strategy and a key element in extending mine life," states major precious metals producer Fresnillo (LSE:FRES). "We routinely apply advanced geospatial, geochemical and geophysical technologies such as tomographic imaging, high resolution satellite imagery, airborne and core hyperspectral technologies, and hand-held and down-hole instruments as an aid to improving the geologic interpretations that guide exploratory drilling leading to ore discovery."
To build out the resource at a given mine site, producers focus their exploration efforts on three areas: in mine, near mine and regional. In-mine work generally includes development work designed to gain further access to economical orebodies, as well as geological modeling and definition drilling to extend the known mineral resources. Typically only proven and probable reserves, as well as measured and indicated resources, are included in the mine plan, so the mineable resource base can be increased further by upgrading inferred resources to the measured and indicated categories.
In the zones near the mine, a company will focus on drill testing priority targets with the goal of delineating satellite resources to further expand the mine plan — which down the road could lead to increased production and an extended mine life. If the geological evidence warrants it, a company may also decide to conduct more grassroots exploration further afield using geophysical exploration techniques to determine potential drill targets.
Type of deposit can impact resource expansion
Deposit type can become a factor in cost and the ability to grow a resource base and extending mine life. For example, copper porphyry deposits are famous for their large tonnage, high production rates and ease of mining. Within porphyry systems the copper mineralization can extend vertically for several kilometers beyond the main base of the open pit — often translating into a decades-long mine life.
The geological nature of the copper porphyry model also offers up a lot of exploration potential. This type of deposit is associated with alteration halos that are much larger than the deposit itself and can cover tens of square kilometers. The large scale of the mineralized system also lends itself to the formation of other types of deposits within the same area, including high-sulfidation epithermal gold–silver-copper deposits — increasing discovery opportunities and improving the economics of the mine plan.
Conversely, the irregular geology and high grade variability of narrow-vein epithermal gold deposits, which account for a large percentage of global gold production, can pose challenges for extraction and proper mine planning.
"It is typical for some epithermal gold mines to source as little as 65 per cent of their annual production from mining areas identified in long-term plans," according to a research paper by the Australian Institute of Mining & Metallurgy. "The balance is made up of targets of opportunity identified unexpectedly or from mining areas brought forward in the schedule at short notice because planned areas proved to be untenable. Technical teams with the resources to undertake constant and rapid reinterpretation, redesign and rescheduling are required to successfully manage most epithermal deposits."
Carbonate replacement deposits (CRDs), while extremely resource rich, can also pose a challenge. Barry leads the geological team for Pasinex Resources (CSE:PSE,FWB:PNX), which controls 50 percent of the high-grade Pinargozu zinc mine in Turkey. Pinargozu is a CRD located in Turkey's underexplored Adana CRD Belt, with similar geology to skarn-type deposits and characterized mainly by irregular geometry — making exploration a challenge much in the same way as an epithermal gold deposit.
"The geometry of the orebody is complex, and there are sharp cut offs between high grade and waste," says Barry. "Even with high-density drilling from underground, rich pockets of mineralization are easily missed. It's very inefficient to drill from surface because of the rugged terrain of the Taurus Mountains and depth to target zone. Getting the best places to drill underground is really only a by-product of production development, and so we are often drilling from awkward locations underground because of the geometry of the orebodies."
Barry says Pasinex's geological team is addressing this challenge by planning underground drives specifically designed to get into the best positions to drill the deeper parts of the mineralizing system. "This specifically targeted underground development for exploration drilling requires the extra deployment of dedicated equipment and personnel. This is what is needed to increase the resource/reserve base, which gives the flexibility to increase mine production."
On the plus side, CRD deposits can be large in scale, and mineralization can extend for long distances. The world's most recognized CRD belt is Mexico's Chihuahua Trough, which is known for high-grade CRD deposits. The belt is home to Excellon Resources' (TSX:EXN) high-grade Platoso silver-lead-zinc mine, which is comparable to Pinargozu. Production began at Platoso in 2009 with a mine life of two years. In 2017, the mined orebody, which consists of flatter lying zones and chimneys, continues at depth and is expected to produce beyond 2019 — giving it a real mine life of more than 10 years.
The Pinargozu deposit "consists of chimneys and mantos, long arms of zinc mineralization," explains Steve Williams, president and CEO of Pasinex. "We are mining the end of one of those arms, of what we hope for is a long arm of zinc mineralization. We are continuing to follow that arm, those chimneys and mantos with our exploration, as well as doing development to open up more production in the mine. We're also doing development so we can open up more underground drill pads and continue to drill deeper and deeper to open up more production in the mine. Our second priority is to continue to grow the resource as


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Two Karakara, one folded up and one unfolded.
A Karakara is an enemy from Super Mario Land 2: 6 Golden Coins. These one-eyed umbrellas are found near the start and the end of the second level in the Pumpkin Zone. They will unfold and launch into the air, then float downwards while moving back and forth. A Karakara can be defeated by a jump or a fireball. They are based on the Karakasa or Kasa-Obake, a yōkai spirit from Japanese mythology.[1]
Names in other languages[edit]
Language Name Meaning
Japanese カラカラ[citation needed]
Based on the name of Karakasa.
 1. ^ The Mushroom Kingdom (Accessed on 6-1-08)


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I am new to web game development and I am trying to do a web canvas game for a competition.
I have finished most of the codes but I am having problems with the highscore system which is a requirement for the game.
I have access to the server where I can host my game but it does not support SQL.
I am thinking of using only XML and ajax to manage the highscore.
Is this possible? Is that any reference that I can look into?
So far I haven't find a way to modify XML files with ajax directly.
I am aware that php is able to modify XML files, but I am also not sure whether the server will be able to support that.
Do all php servers support handling of XML files the same way?
(I know there is a difference between php 4 and php 5)
Any detailed tutorial on how to modify XML files in JavaScript will be appreciated.
Also, the organizer has provided this document which is supposed to help with the highscore system:
1 Create a text or XML file to store top 10 scores
To be able to store your game high-scores online you will need an Web-server and an online database. Hence, create a empty text file that will act like a database.
Determine what will be the delimiter to identify/separate each score. (Delimiter can be a "," or line break, etc)
2 Recording of High Scores
To be able to establish this highscore list in your text file, you first have to collect the score of player once player had completed his game.
With the collected score, your system will need to access the text file's content.
If the score collected is higher than the 10 scores in the text file, write the collected score inside the text file. Otherwise, discard the collected score.
If collect score had been written inside the text file, the game will re-arrange the standings of all the top 10 scores. And the last score which is previously recorded in the text file will be removed.
Tips to note
To avoid hacking, input parameters should be handled properly
You may wish to add some verification into the send scores, so someone cannot easily manipulate the scores by manually sending one.
share|improve this question
are you sure it doesn't support SQL or SQLite? phpinfo() will provide you information about extensions installed. – Phoenix Jun 21 '12 at 13:27
Its well documented; you can use the PHP DOM functions: nl.php.net/manual/en/book.dom.php – Oritm Jun 21 '12 at 13:42
where is the score calculated? On the client side or the server side? If it's on the client side, people will cheat by submitting high numbers to the script recording the scores. Also, it is not very clear what you are looking for since you ask for PHP and JavaScript. – Gordon Jun 21 '12 at 13:43
_USER_ Well, I think it does not even support PHP...iras20thdev.blob.core.windows.net/games/ACJC/htdocs-Copy21063/… – paradite Jun 21 '12 at 13:44
_USER_,the whole game is on the server, so cheating shouldn't be a problem. Now I would prefer a pure JavaScript solution since the server does not seem to support PHP. – paradite Jun 21 '12 at 13:46
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Sticks drifting on PS4 controllers can be annoying and disrupt your gameplay experience. This occurs when the analog stick registers movement without input. That's why you may end up moving your character or aiming in the wrong direction during the gameplay.
After trying and testing different methods, I can not tell you how to fix stick drift PS4 controller issue in the simplest ways. Here you go.
Table of Contents
- How to Fix Stick Drift PS4 Controller Issue- 5 Effective Fixes
- How to Prevent Stick Drift PS4 Controllers Issues- 5 Best Tips
- Frequently Asked Questions
How to Fix Stick Drift PS4 Controller Issue- 5 Effective Fixes
To fix Stick Drift on your PS4 controller, you can try a soft or hard reset on the analog stick. You can also disassemble the analog sticks to clean them or replace the analog sticks with new ones. If none of these options work, you may need to send your controller to Sony for repair.
Before doing so, you can try the following methods to fix the issue:
1. Soft Reset Your PS4 Controller
A soft reset of your PS4 controller can often resolve minor issues, including stick drifting. Follow these steps to perform a soft reset on your controller:
- Access the Settings menu from your functioning controller.
- Next, go to the Devices option.
- Under Bluetooth Devices, select the inactive controller.
- Press the Options button and choose Forget Device.
- Turn off your PS4 console.
- Plug in the controller with a USB cable.
- Press the PS button on the controller when the console starts up again.
2. Hard Reset Your PS4 Controller
You could try a hard reset if a soft reset didn't fix the stick drift on your PS4 controller. Here's how to hard reset your PS4 controller:
- Turn off your PS4 and disconnect the controllers.
- Take the affected controller and turn it over.
- Find the small Reset button near the L2 shoulder button on its back side.
- Use a small unfolded paper clip or a rest tool to press and hold the button for 3-5 seconds.
- Switch on your PS4 controller, and use a USB cable to connect your controller.
- If the issue is resolved, you can start customizing your controller Settings again.
3. Disassemble Your PS4 Controller
If resetting doesn't eliminate the analog stick drift issue, you may have to disassemble your PS4 controller to deep clean or repair it. Here are the steps involved in disassembling a PS4 controller:
- Get a Phillips head screwdriver, a plastic pry tool, and tweezers. For cleaning supplies, grab a cotton swab, rubbing alcohol, and compressed air.
- Turn off your PS4 console and unplug your controller.
- Using the Phillips head screwdriver, unscrew the back panel.
- Once the screws are removed, gently lift the panel off the controller.
- Locate the battery and carefully lift it out of the controller to disconnect it.
- Use the prying tool to pry the joystick modules off the controller gently.
- Once the joystick modules are removed, use a cotton swab to gently clean the inside of the controller and the joystick modules. Be sure to remove any dust or debris inside that may be causing the controller drift.
- After cleaning the controller and joystick modules, reattach the modules and place the battery. Then, place the back panel and screws. Now, your controller should be ready to use again.
But keep in mind that if you are disassembling the controller, it'll void its warranty. Moreover, there is a chance that you might damage any internal component. So, follow these steps only if you can take risks involved in this method.
4. Replace the Analog Sticks
Sometimes, your PS4 stick drift issue may be an indicator of a more serious underlying problem with your analog sticks. So, to fix this, you'd need to disassemble your controller and add the new analog sticks. Here's how to do it:
- Get a Phillips head screwdriver, a flat-head screwdriver, clean cloth, tweezers, and flush cutters. You should also grab a set of replacement analog sticks.
- Follow the steps from 1st to 5th as explained right above (3. Disassemble Your PS4 Controller).
- After disassembling the controller, use the flat-head screwdriver to carefully pry the old analog sticks off the controller.
- If there's dirt or debris inside, use a clean cloth to gently clean the controller and the areas where the analog sticks were attached.
- Follow the instructions that came with your replacement analog sticks to attach them to the controller.
- Once you've attached the new analog sticks, reattach the modules and place the battery. Then, place the back panel and fit the screws.
- Now, connect your controller to your PS4 console to see if the issue is resolved.
But again, it is important to note that dissembling your controller can null its warranty. Not to mention that there is a risk of damage as well. So, I suggest doing so only if you know your way around these hardware and tools.
5. Send the Controller to Sony for Repairs
If you have tried all the methods and are still experiencing stick drift on your PS4 controller, you may need to send it to Sony for repairs. Sony offers a repair service for their controllers and other hardware issues. To send your PS4 controller to Sony for repairs, follow these steps:
- Go to _URL_ and select PlayStation from the list of products.
- Select Hardware & Repairs from the top menu on the next page.
- Choose PlayStation 4 from the list of products.
- Select How to/troubleshooting on the next page.
- When you select this option, a new menu will appear underneath. Click PlayStation Repairs in the list that appears.
- Select DUALSHOCK®4 from the list of PlayStation products.
- Answer the questions asked on the screen and if it doesn't fix the PS4 controller, tap the I still have the problem button. Then, tap the Request Repair button that appears underneath.
- Enter the Serial Number/Barcode in the blank space. You can find this number at the back of your controller. The Enter Serial Number button will become clickable when you enter the number.
- Click the button and follow the on-screen instructions to complete your repair request. Besides your controller's serial number and other information, you may be asked to pay a repair fee.
If your controller is eligible for repair, Sony will provide instructions on how to send it in for repairs. You will need to package your controller and send it to the repair center using the shipping instructions provided by Sony.
How to Prevent Stick Drift PS4 Controllers Issues- 5 Best Tips
To prevent stick drift PS4 controllers issues, you should keep your PS4 analog stick clean. You can also use pressurized air to remove accumulated dirt and debris. Moreover, you should protect your PS4 controllers from heat and humidity to reduce the risk of stick drifting issues.
Besides these tips, you can try being gentle with your thumbs while playing to avoid buying a new controller every few months. Keep it in a clean and dry place when you're not using it to prevent any damage. Some ways to make your PS4 controller long-lasting are:
1. Keep Your PS4 Controller Clean
Regularly clean your controller to remove dirt and debris that can cause stick drift for your PS4 controller. Use a dry cloth or napkin to gently wipe down the analog sticks and other components. You can also use a cotton swab and rubbing alcohol.
2. Protect Against the Elements
Avoid exposing your PS4 controller to extreme temperatures, moisture, or other harsh conditions. These can damage the controller's components and cause its sticks to drift in the wrong direction.
3. Use Compressed Air
Hold your PS4 controller with the sticks facing upwards and the buttons facing down. Then, use compressed air to clean it. Shake it gently to loosen any debris inside, then carefully spray a small amount of compressed air into the gaps around the sticks. Be careful not to use too much air, as it can damage the controller.
4. Play Gently
Handle your PS4 controller gently and avoid using excessive force. This is because rough handling can damage its internal components, cause stick drift, and interfere with the sensor. Moreover, it may wear out your controller quickly.
5. Store Your PS4 Controller in a Safe Place
Store your controller in a dry, cool place away from direct sunlight and other heat sources. This protects the controller against the risk of damaging its components.
Frequently Asked Questions
Can my controller's stick drift be fixed?
Yes, most times, your controller's stick drift issue can be fixed with a few easy steps. For one, you can try cleaning the analog sticks, resetting the controller, doing a deep cleanse by disassembling the controller, or replacing the analog sticks. But if none of these work, you may need to send it to Sony for repair.
How do I fix my PS4 controller drift without taking it apart?
To fix a PS4 controller drifting issue without taking it apart, clean it thoroughly to get rid of dirt and debris that may have accumulated around the sticks. You can also perform a soft or hard reset if cleaning doesn't work. If this doesn't solve the stick drifting problem of your PS4 controller, you should send it to Sony to repair the controller.
Does stick drifting damage your controller?
No, stick drifting doesn't necessarily damage your controller. However, it is still important to fix this issue as it can disrupt your gaming experience and affect your performance in certain games. For example, it can cause you to miss targets in aim-based games or cause your character to move in the wrong direction.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


text:
The orientation of Dining Hall is considered with the situation that sun rays should fall on that area, because sun rays will kill all the harmful bacteria present in the stored food.
Here are some basic points one must keep in mind while designing Dining Hall.
- The most preferred direction for Dining Hall is the West corner of the house. However, if it not possible to set the Dining Hall in West then one can consider the South direction also.
- Dining hall should be set in adjacent to the Kitchen but never to the Toilet.
- The main door of the house and of the Dining Room should not face each other.
- The door of Puja Room or Toilet should not open in front of Dining Hall.
- The wash basin should be in East or Northwest side of the room.
- The shape of the dining table should be perfect square or rectangle.
- Dining table should not stick to the wall. But if it is unavoidable due to space constraints, then face it towards West of South. In no condition the dining table should stick to the Northeast corner.
- If you want to place a refrigerator in the dining room, it should be in southeast direction.
- While eating the members should face the East or North but never South.


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A WPF bullet graph is a variation of the bar graph, which was developed as a complement for the dashboard gauges and meters. The bullet graph features a single, primary measure (for example, current year-to-date revenue), and compares that measure to one or more other measures to enrich its meaning (for example, compared to a target). It also has the ability to display the measures in the context of a qualitative range of performance such as poor, satisfactory, and good.
WPF Bullet Graph control overview.
The view of a bullet graph can be changed, allowing users to force the application into a particular screen orientation.
WPF Bullet Graph vertical orientation.
Vertical orientation
Change the WPF Bullet Graph control orientation to vertical.
WPF Bullet Graph horizontal orientation.
Horizontal orientation
Change the WPF Bullet Graph control orientation to horizontal.
Bullet Graph's elements are simple and easy to use in various business scenarios. The ticks, labels, and ranges inside the bullet graphs can be customized.
WPF Bullet Graph tick position.
Ticks position
You can change the tick position to above, across, or below.
WPF Bullet Graph tick color customization.
Ticks customization
Define your own style for minor and major ticks using the size, color, and thickness properties.
WPF Bullet Graph label position.
Label position
You can change the label position to above or below.
WPF Bullet Graph label color customization.
Label customization
Customize the look and feel of the default labels using size, format, and color properties
WPF Bullet Graph bar feature.
Bar settings (Performance/feature measure)
Feature and comparative are two types of measures available to compare the data. Customizing the bar stroke and thickness makes it easy to measure the progress or status of the development.
WPF Bullet Graph range settings.
Range settings
Using the range settings, it is easy to integrate the control and better visualize application data.
Caption customization
You can customize the caption color and size of the caption property.
WPF Bullet Graph caption customization.
You can change the scale direction to backward (inversed) or forward.
WPF Bullet Graph direction.
WPF Bullet Graph provides tooltips that displays brief descriptions of the qualitative ranges as well as the values of the quantitative measures.
WPF Bullet Graph tooltip.
Easy to evaluate
Progress and status can easily be evaluated by WPF Bullet Graph features.
Integration with Grid control
Integrating in the grid view allows users to present large amounts of data in a way that is easy to understand.
WPF Bullet Graph can easily integrate with items control.
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Sheep on Romney Marsh
The original Romney Marsh sheep were developed on low lying land in Kent and Sussex, adjoining the English Channel. The area was, and still is, exposed and isolated, so that a hardy breed of sheep was produced requiring the minimum of attention.
The breed expanded over the rest of the South East of England and became known as Kent Sheep. It then spread all over the world and the name Romney came into general use. The vast sheep industries of New Zealand and many other countries had their origin in the Romney sheep. For this reason, it is often referred to as 'the best-known sheep in the world'.
It is said that the first sheep were brought to Britain by the Phoenicians sometime between 800 and 500 BC. Certainly, the Romans brought sheep with them when they invaded Britain in 43AD but it is not clear whether they had them on Romney Marsh, as Winchester was the centre of their wool industry.
Sheep have grazed the marshes for centuries, the quality of its pastures is renowned. By 14th century England's most important commodity for internal trade and export was wool. This continued until in the 16th century when wool prices in England fell forcing traders to export more to the continent.
Romney Marsh Sheep Coin
Falklands Island Stamp Sheep
Romney Marsh Sheep on Falklands Island Coin & Stamp
But in 1660 a bill was passed preventing traders from exporting. With a long sea coast facing France there had always been a history of smuggling on Romney Marsh but the introduction of the Wool Acts of 1660 & 1699 led to an increase, especially on Romney Marshes. Incidents of smuggling continued to escalate in the 18th & 19th centuries until the government made a concerted effort to suppress it.
In l939 there were some 200,000 sheep on the marsh, but during World War II the sheep were sent away to the hill farmers in Yorkshire and the numbers of sheep on the marshes were halved, arable farming increased four-fold to 15,000 acres and this trend continues with the exception of areas that are Sites of Special Scientific Interest (SSSI) or Nature Reserves.
For centuries the raising of sheep for the wool market was the most important part of the trade of Romney Marsh. The Romney (originally called Romney Marsh) is one of the oldest known sheep breeds, with its origins having been traced back more than 700 years to the 13th Century and possibly earlier.
A Romney Sheep
The Romney Sheep
The plague in 1346, the Black Death had a major effect on sheep farming on Romney.
History of the Romney Breed
 - The Romney breed became indigenous ie native to the Romney Marsh in c 13th century.
 - In the middle ages, the English woollen industry was the most important export commodity
 - The Romney was recognised as a pedigree breed in England in 1896.
 - The Romney is known as a "semi long-wool" sheep, an efficient grazier with a good return on meat and wool.
 - Dual purpose breed bred both for wool and meat and exported around the world.
 - In the late years of the 20th century the breed was considered old fashioned, pushed aside by continental breeds.
 - Re-established their place in the 21st century farming.
The Romney sheep has the highest quality of fleece on any native British breed of sheep. The fleeces have long, crimped staples which are easy to spin and soft enough to use in the production of clothing.
Romney Lambs
Romney Lambs
Picture of the Romney Marsh Ram taken from an old cigarette card
The text reads:
'Exceptional hardiness and adaptability to all conditions are
characteristics of this mutton breed which by careful
crossing and selection has been produced
to thrive on thecoastward
pastures of Britain.
The wool is close and good,
and the animal fattens rapidly'.
Romney Marsh Ram
The Romney Breed
Romney sheep are a hardy and adaptable English lowland breed, being a familiar site on their indigenous areas of the Romney Marsh and lowlands of the south east coast of Kent and Sussex, England. They are a dual purpose breed, bred for both their wool and meat.
The geographic and climatic conditions on Romney Marsh led to the development of specific characteristics in the breed. These traits include black hooves resistant to footrot, resistance to internal parasites, excellent fertility and milking/mothering ability, fleeces that withstand high rainfall and a constitution that tolerates harsh, wet conditions.
Romney was developed from the native European white-faced, long-tailed sheep and took its name from the low-lying Romney Marsh area. By 1800 it was recognised as "Romney Marsh" or "Kent" and the breed's quality improved with Leicester blood. It was recognised as a pedigree breed in 1896.
Romney Marsh sheep have white faces and a heavy fleece, and being big framed sheep they are a dual-purpose breed, providing excellent meat as well as wool. While the meat is renowned for its flavour, the fleece uniquely combines several important traits - being lustrous and hanging in separate locks. High yielding and easily spun, the wool clip from the pure-bred Romney flock is sought for many commercial products, ranging from sweaters to carpets. The fleece is also especially attractive to handspinners.
Romney Sheep and Lambs
Romney Sheep and their lambs
Flocks on Romney Marsh were many times larger than those in other parts of Kent and in 1700 there were an estimated 160,000 sheep on the Marsh. Local men were employed to tend these flocks. These men became known as Lookers and are distinguished from shepherds by the fact that Lookers cared for sheep of more than one owner, whereas shepherds were employed by a single owner. The Lookers lived in the villages and had to travel some distance to tend the sheep. This necessitated the construction of sheephouses, known as Lookers' Huts.
Romney Wool
Romney Wool is a natural cream colour, semi-lustrous with a long staple, often used in knitting yarns, etc. The Axminster carpet company in Devon use Romney wool in their wool carpets.
Lanolin is a yellow waxy substance found in the sheep fleece. Lanolin's role in nature is to protect wool and skin against the ravages of climate and the environment. As a natural occurring fat in wool, it keeps the hands of sheep shearers and wool sorters so exceptionally soft. This makes lanolin a simple and natural product for Wool Fat Soap, first produced in the early 1930's. The soap, and related products, has many beneficial attributes, being it is gentle, rich and soothing and helps keep skin hydrated.
What Makes Wool So Special?
Wool is becoming a more popular choice as it is a renewable resource and a natural product. In Jan 2010 the Prince of Wales convened the 'Campaign for Wool' which aims to educate the world about the versatility and sustainability of wool. Wool represents only 5% of the Worlds Fibre production.
Woollen Industry
Romney provided the foundation for the English woollen industry, which was the most important export commodity in the Middle Ages. Their long, dense fleece was highly prized, leading to widespread wool smuggling from the 14th to the early 19th Centuries. Live sheep were exported to other continents, enabling Romney to become the world's second most economically important sheep breed and to be known as a dual purpose breed—bred for wool and meat.
Romney sheep were exported internationally early in the 19th Century when a shipment was sent to New Zealand. Today the breed is distributed throughout England, New Zealand, Australia, Patagonia, Canada, Brazil, Portugal, Falkland Islands and the United States. Hence the claim, "The sun never sets on Romney sheep." Romneys have made an easy transition to New Zealand, where they became quickly established and still remain the predominant breed.
Romney Sheep in New Zealand
The Romney Breed in New Zealand
Local Farmers
Paul and Kristina Boulden are 6th generation family farmers on the Romney Marsh. They run a mixed farm consisting of arable farming and a suckler herd as well as their Romney flock. The sheep graze on clover-rich pasture and this plays an important role in their arable rotation.They have approximately 1000 ewes lambing in March/April.
In 2008 Paul and Kristina decided to diversify and set up Romney Marsh Wools, with the vision 'To Capture the spirit of Romney Marsh by creating an opportunity to take home a part of history, with our quality natural wool and to pass it on from generation to generation.'
Find out more Website Link Monograph: Sheep-keeping and Lookers' Huts on Romney Marsh
Website Icon Romney Sheep Breeders Association
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Skip to definition.
Noun: bunt búnt
 1. (baseball) the act of hitting a baseball lightly without swinging the bat
 2. Disease of wheat characterized by replacement of the grains with greasy masses of smelly smut spores
 - stinking smut
 3. Similar to Tilletia caries
 - stinking smut, Tilletia foetida
 4. Fungus that destroys kernels of wheat by replacing them with greasy masses of smelly spores
 - Tilletia caries
Verb: bunt búnt
 1. (baseball) hit a ball in such a way so as to make it go a short distance
 - drag a bunt
 2. To strike, thrust or shove against
 "He bunted his sister out of the way";
 - butt
Derived forms: bunted, bunting, bunts
Type of: hit, hitting, smut, smut fungus, strike, striking
Part of: genus Tilletia, Tilletia
Encyclopedia: Bunt,caste


In our science page we explain how vLive is unlike other nutritional supplements. Within 10 minutes of consuming v-Oxy+ the skin turns red. Here are the 9 possible healing responses one can expect. It shows vLive works. Note that these physical effects only last at most half an hour.
1. If the ears turn red minutes after taking v-Oxy+ this suggest you are suffering from low energy.
2. If you experience a tingling sensation, which feels like ants crawling on your skin, this suggest you might have a cholesterol issue.
3. Tummy discomfort or slight pain which will go away in minutes. There are certain stomach related issues.
4. If you are nursing injuries in any joint, they might turn red. It is just the healing process beginning.
5. Body turning red and warm. You blood circulation is enhanced.
6. If you experience itchiness, the body needs detoxification.
7. If the body is too acidic, you could experience temporary sleepiness.
8. For people with heart issues, their heart rate will increase slightly.
9. The commonest response is the body's temperature is slightly elevated. It is moving towards an optimal temperature for you.
© 2020 by vLive Australia Pty Ltd.


Helpful Tips For Refrigerating Banana Bread Batter
Despite what you might assume or may have read about refrigerating banana bread batter. We have found that you can still successfully store the batter overnight or longer in a refrigerator. There are just a few things you should know first.
So if you are planning on making the batter ahead of time, here is what you should know first.
It would be fine to store your banana bread batter in the fridge for up to 48 hours. The longer the batter is stored the more it will oxidize and turn a dark brown or grey color. This will not effect the flavor or texture but will turn the finished product a darker color.
Now that we know there isn't much to worry about when it comes to storing banana bread batter in the fridge.
We can go into slightly more detail to help you understand further. Then we will also share how exactly you need to go about storing your banana bread batter.
Can You Refrigerate Banana Bread Batter?
Banana bread belongs in the quick bread category and the batter is usually meant to be baked right after mixing. Meaning you don't have wait for any rising period.
This is also why banana bread recipes use simple batter mixtures instead of yeast based dough's.
When it comes to refrigerating batter vs dough, you don't have to worry as much about over rising. With other breads time plays a big role in how the bread turns out.
Banana bread batter isn't as delicate to time and temperature. So you can leave it sit for longer periods of time and the taste will not be affected.
Still if you do plan on storing your banana bread batter in a refrigerator overnight or longer. There is one thing to know about one of the ingredients used to make banana bread.
Can Banana Bread Batter Be Made Ahead of Time?
As mentioned you can make banana bread batter a day or two ahead before baking. Despite being aware of changes in the color of the final product.
You should as an extra precaution use a specific type of baking powder. Baking powder is a leavening agent used to help the bread rise and become lighter.
Baking powder begins to work as soon as it comes in to contact with liquid. Releasing carbon dioxide and creating bubbles that help leaven the batter.
In the case of banana bread batter, as soon as you combine the two main mixes, one being dry (the flour, salt and baking powder) the other wet (eggs, butter, sugar and bananas) the powder becomes activated.
Most folks are afraid that after the baking powder works. The effects are ruined by storing the batter in the fridge overnight. The situation is the batter returns to its normal condensed state.
Here is where the type of baking powder you use makes a difference. If you didn't already know there are actually 6 types of baking powder. But the most common is single and double-acting baking powder.
The popular brand is Rumford and they make both types of baking powder. You can pick up double-acting baking powder on Amazon here.
So what is the difference?
Single-acting baking powder works by being activated only by liquid. So single meaning one time activation.
Double-acting works by reacting with liquid at first and then another time by heat.
Really double acting is better to use for banana bread anyways, but you should especially use it for when you plan to store your batter in the fridge.
This way you get the first reaction of the baking powder, then you can count on the second activation when you actually begin to bake the bread.
Remember baking powder does expire and will not be as effective after sitting in the shelf for too long.
How Long Can You Store Banana Bread Batter?
Keeping banana bread batter in the fridge should be no longer than 3 days. After that you can expect the quality to degrade. As the ingredients will begin to partially separate.
Also the best bananas to use for banana bread are over-ripe. So there's only a small window before they break down further.
Make sure to store the batter in a sealed container or wrap the baking pan with plastic wrap. Keep it near the back of the refrigerator.
Coat the pan or container with butter or cooking spray to prevent sticking.
Can You Freeze Banana Bread Batter?
Freezing banana bread batter can be done but we don't recommend it. Only because it actually takes longer to thaw the dough after than it does to mix a new batch.
There are a few helpful tips for freezing batter. If you are going to make a couple loafs or more. Do not freeze these batters together, as they will be nearly impossible to break apart.
Instead freeze both of them separately in the baking pan. Then you can bag each one separately.
Also its best to keep them in a even shaped formation, that way they thaw out evenly. Remember to date the package to keep track of how long its been frozen.
You should thaw the batter out in the baking pan you intend to use. This way if the batter rises slightly if will keep its shape.
How Long Can You Freeze Banana Bread Batter?
You don't want to keep frozen batter for longer that three months. As any bread dough the freezing and thawing makes the rising take longer. Which begins to affect how the bread tastes.
Always thaw out your dough or batter in the refrigerator. As you don't want any part to become warm or room temperature first.
Banana bread batter will take about just as long to thaw as bread dough. About 12 hours in the refrigerator should be enough time.
Cheesecake-Filled Banana Bread
In case you haven't tried making cheesecake filled banana bread. Its actually very simple, so check out the quick video to see how.
Eric M Wilkens
Recent Posts


Do Lions Chuff Like Tigers?
In their younger ages, lions can indeed make similar sounds to a meow.
Most older lions will resort to low moans and groans when socially bonding with one another, often trying to drown each other out with their sounds!
It's their equivalent of a purr, or in the case of some other big cats, the equivalent of a "chuff."
What does a lion Chuffing mean?
Prusten is also referred to as chuffing or chuffle (verb and noun). It is described as a short, low intensity, non-threatening vocalization. The vocalization is produced by tigers, jaguars, snow leopards and clouded leopards. Prusten has significance in both the fields of evolution and conservation.
What does it mean when a tiger Chuffs at you?
She also found that to greet one another (or their human keepers), tigers make a special noise called a prusten, or chuff, by keeping their mouths closed while pushing air through their nostrils. "The forests aren't the way people often picture jungles with tigers.
How do you chuff like a tiger?
Suggested clip 119 seconds
How to chuff – YouTube
Start of suggested clip
End of suggested clip
Do cats chuff like tigers?
Domestic cats don't chuff. Tigers chuff. It is a form of communication made at close range and part of the tiger's greeting behaviour. The tiger chuff is sometimes described as a 'prusten'.
Are there tigers in Bali?
Tiger (Panthera tigris)
In the past, Indonesia had three subspecies of tigers: Bali, Java, and Sumatran tigers. The Bali tiger was extinct in the 1930s and Java tiger in 1970s. The last of Indonesia's tigers are holding on for survival against deforestation, poaching, and human-tiger conflicts.
Do lions roar to scare prey?
When lions get old and lose teeth, they are no longer able to hunt and attack, so they become the guards of the pride. Their entire purpose is to roar and scare any approaching prey towards the younger lions, so they can attack. All he can do is roar to scare us.


text:
Bandwidth usage analysis of service location protocol
A resource discovery protocol allows networked embedded processors and handheld devices to discover each other's capabilities. Service Location Protocol (SLP) has been proposed by the IETF for that purpose. The usage of bandwidth, or the amount of traffic, that such a protocol makes is a characteristic that is particularly relevant when devices are mobile and wireless. Protocols that are less chatty are more desirable because wireless bandwidth is a scarce resource as well as mobile device power. The goal of this work is to characterize the usage of bandwidth SLP makes and to contrast it with the usage of bandwidth that JINI makes, which is another resource discovery protocol. We present equations characterizing the usage of bandwidth made by SLP and JINI.
|Conference||International Workshops on Parallel Processing, ICPP 2000|
Barbeau, M. (2000). Bandwidth usage analysis of service location protocol. Presented at the International Workshops on Parallel Processing, ICPP 2000. doi:10.1109/ICPPW.2000.869087


A Tale of Two Views
By Gene McCullagh
August 18, 2010
The Library module is a powerhouse of organization tools. You can view many images, a few, or one. Zoom in for fine details. Add star ratings. Add color labels. Change landscape to portrait and back again! The list goes on and on.
There is one small problem, however. Many new Lightroom users can be confused by Lightroom's reaction to some of their actions. Some seasoned users even get confused on occasion. Here's a typical question I get asked; "I select several images and press 4 to add a 4 star rating. Why does this sometimes add the rating to all the images selected and other times only to my active image?"
The answer lies in the difference between how the Grid view and the Loupe view treat these actions. Although they are both part of the Library module they serve very different purposes. You can think of the grid view like a lawn sprinkler, it gets everything wet. Loupe view is more like a water gun, you aim it at something and only it gets wet. (It's a weak analogy, I know. But hang in there.)
First, let's talk a little about terms. Take a look at this screenshot from the Library module.
This is the grid view. You can see that the border area around the images appears in different shades of gray. Dark gray indicates that the image is unselected. Light gray means the image is selected. When multiple images are selected then the active image is indicated by the lightest gray border. This same scheme is reflected in the filmstrip at the bottom of the window.
You can switch between grid and loupe by clicking on one of the first two icons on the toolbar. You can also use the keyboard shortcuts of G for grid and E for loupe. When you switch to loupe view it is the active image that will appear.
Back to the original question. So why does pressing 4 sometimes add a 4 star rating to all the selected images and at other times only to the active image? The answer lies in how these two views approach organizational tools. Grid works on the entire group while loupe plays favorites with the active image. This behavior applies to nearly everything you do in the Library module. So if I'm in grid view with several images selected and press 5 they ALL get 5 stars.
But in loupe view only the active image gets the rating.
This behavior is consistent with all of the organizational tools; keywords, color labels, flags, virtual copies, metadata, etc.. If you glance over at the metadata panel while in grid view you can see that Lightroom puts a placeholder in some fields that are different across the images selected.
So, for example, if the Rights Usage Terms are not the same for all the selected images you will see in that field. As soon as you switch to loupe view the panel changes to show only the metadata for the active image (no matter how many are in the selection).
Even the left and right arrow keys respond differently. While in loupe view the left and right arrow keys will cycle through the selected group and make each image in turn the active image. In grid view pressing the right arrow key will jump you to the first image AFTER the selected group.
The big exception to all of this is the develop tools found in the Library module. And this too makes sense since these tools aren't organizational by nature and are really part of the Develop module. They're in the Library module as a convenience.
So whether you are in grid or loupe view, increasing exposure will only effect the active image. Likewise, pressing V will only convert the active image to black & white.
Once you get this difference into your head then the confusion will be gone and you can zip through your shoots like an organizational superhero!
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text:
The Impact of Economic Performance on Health in Zimbabwe
"The nexus between economic growth and health outcomes has been extensively studied. However the relationship between the two is not clear. Historically, decline in both infant and child mortality rates, and the fall in both male and female adult mortality rates especially since the turn of the 20th century has been attributed to a multiplicity of factors associated with economic and social advancement. These factors include rising availability of material goods, urbanization, improved infrastructure and housing, rising levels of education, improvement in personal and social hygiene, medical advances, the disappearance of slavery, and other host of significant reductions in discrimination for gender, religious, ethnic groups, etc. This research investigates the relationship between economic performance and health service delivery in Zimbabwe with the investigated causality running from the former to the latter. Thus, the main objective of the study is to investigate the impacts or effects of economic performance on health service delivery in Zimbabwe for the period 1980 to 2009."


text:
Info on the web about Moko Mokai
April 7th, 2000
Aussie Museum To Return Maori Heads
WELLINGTON, New Zealand (AP) - An Australian museum
has agreed to return five tattooed and preserved Maori heads to New
Zealand, a spokesman said Thursday. The return of the heads from the
South Australian Museum in Adelaide later this month marks another
milestone in an ongoing campaign to repatriate all the tattooed heads
of Maori from museums and galleries round the world. Maori, the original
inhabitants of New Zealand, preserved the heads of their dead through
a drying process and often kept the heads of their loved ones around
the home. The South Australian Museum will hand over the heads - known
as ''moko mokai'' -on long-term loan at a ceremony on April 17. The
heads will be held by Te Papa, the Museum of New Zealand, in Wellington,
where dozens of other repatriated heads are stored. The largest collection
outside New Zealand, numbering 35 heads, is at New York's American
Museum of Natural History. Moko Mokai Education Trust spokesman Dalvanius
Prime said final negotiations were under way for the return of the
American Museum of Natural History's collection, and the heads should
be repatriated early next year. Prime also said the tattooed and preserved
head of a white New Zealander was secretly repatriated from Australia
in February and buried on land alongside the Whanganui River 160 miles
north of Wellington. Though Maori often kept the heads of their loved
ones, enemies or slaves were not so revered. Many Maori traded their
tattooed heads for European goods like muskets, meaning many heads
are now in museums around the world.
Preserved Maori heads traded by major-general
The first recorded sale of Maori mokomokai was in 1770,
says a history written by a chief trader and collector, British Army
Major-General Horatio Gordon Robley.
His book, published in 1896, Moko; or Maori Tattooing says Maori head
preservers steamed then carefully dried the body parts. Some heads
received further tattoos after death.
Robley said even dried Maori heads with few lines of moko were valuable,
as were "occasional specimens of dried European heads."
The trade ended "as far as possible" in the 1830s, with
most heads obtained in the last 20 years.
He said: "They are works of art; and it's value is subject to
all the vicissitudes that affect the value of other works of art.
"They are all very scarce and the number in private hands (as
distinct from Museum ownership) is very few."
The Major-General, who dedicated his book: "To those who have
served against the warriors of New Zealand",said among heads
in Museum collections were six at the Paris Museum d'Histoire Naturelle,
including a skin mounted on a plaster cast.
Two more were at the Berlin Konigliches Museum fur Volkekunde, one
fitted with glass eyes. This is pictured mounted on a metal pole with
a feather earring. Another four were in Plymouth, England.
He also mentions heads in Museums at Christchurch, Auckland, Sydney,
Gottingen, Germany and at the Royal College of Surgeons, London.
The Museum of New Zealand said last week it has mokomokai in it's
collection but they were not on display. It refused to supply Sunday
News with photographs of the heads because of the sensitivity of the
The many desperate tribes without the much-needed muskets to defend
themselves soon found a way of obtaining these weapons. The European
traders were more than willing to trade muskets for embalmed tattooed
heads. In war, the Maori custom was to take the heads of their victims,
embalm and preserve them, and then present the heads to the family
of the killed warrior. Because of the lucrative trade in dried heads,
with muskets as the end goal, Maori warriors began leading skirmishes
against other tribes uniquely to gain heads for ammunition. Muskets
were always available, but heads began to run short, and soon the
Maori found himself unable to continue supplying dried heads as previously.
News of the head for musket trade reached Britain, and caused an outcry.
As New Zealand was not yet a colony the British were unable to do
much to stop this trade. They were, however, able to pass a law against
the trading of heads to Australia in 1831, and after this date head
trading dwindled rapidly.Hongi Hika died in 1828, following a bullet
wound incurred during a battle in the Hokianga area.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


text:
Master of Science
Epidemiology and Biostatistics
Dr. Moira Stewart
The experience of fatigue has been a common problem among community populations for decades. The symptom of fatigue is also a frequent health complaint in primary care practices. Fatigue patients have been shown to be significantly high users of health care resources, particularly when compared to non-fatigued patient populations. To date, an understanding of the presence and the impact of the symptom of fatigue within the context of the Canadian health care system has been understudied.
The objective of this research was to determine the number of patients who were suffering from the symptom of fatigue within a primary care setting and to explore the determinants of their health care utilization patterns. Furthermore, these patterns of health care use were compared to a non-fatigue symptom patient population, who were also from a primary care setting. The data were extracted from a longitudinal electronic medical record database, which captures details of primary care encounters throughout Southwestern Ontario.
The fatigue symptom patients were found to experience a large complex of co-occurring morbidity and a markedly high level of referral following their visit with the symptom of fatigue. As well, the fatigue symptom patients were found to have an increased number of subsequent visits to their primary care provider and an increased number of investigations during a one year follow-up period, when compared to the non-fatigue symptom group.
These findings begin to create an understanding of fatigue symptom patients, their complex of morbidity, and their subsequent health care use patterns. This information will help to improve the management of fatigue symptom patients in Canadian primary care practices and in the Canadian health care system more broadly.
Nicholson, Kathryn A., "The Symptom of Fatigue in Primary Care: A Comparative Study of Health Care Utilization Patterns Using Electronic Medical Records" (2012). Electronic Thesis and Dissertation Repository. 627.


Quick Answer: How Do You Fight A Cheque Bounce Case?
How many times a Cheque can be bounced?
Although the Reserve Bank of India states that such action can be taken only if cheques, valued Rs 1 crore or above, have bounced more than four times..
How long does it take to get the court Judgement on a Cheque bounce case in India?
around 2 to 5 yearsHow long does it take to get the court Judgement on a Cheque bounce case in India? If the case goes to court the judgement may take anywhere around 2 to 5 years to take effect. The legal recourse for cheque bounce cases is straightforward in Indian Law [under the negotiable instruments act].
Is bouncing check a criminal case?
While most bounced cheques occur simply because someone makes a mistake there could be legal ramifications. If you are accused of trying to defraud the person you have written a bad cheque to then you could be charged as a criminal.
Which Cheques are not accepted?
1) Insufficient funds: The cheque amount is more than the free balance available in the drawer's bank account. 2) Irregular signature: The signature of the drawer on the cheque does not match the specimen signature available with the bank.
How do you defend a 138 case?
The cheque issued in respect of future liabilities not in existence as on the date of cheque would not attract prosecution Under Section 138 of N.I. Act. So even if security cheque is bounced the prosecution can be initiated and only defence is that there was no legally enforceable debt.
Which courts have jurisdiction to entertain complaints under Section 138 of the Negotiable Instruments Act?
INTRODUCTION. The Supreme Court ("Court") has, in its recent decision in Dashrath Rupsingh Rathod v. State of Maharashtra & Anr.1, held that in cases of dishonour of cheque, only those courts within whose territorial limits the drawee bank is situated would have the jurisdiction to try the case.
What happens after a Cheque bounces?
If a cheque is Dishonored/Bounced: When a cheque is dishonored, the drawee bank immediately issues a 'Cheque Return Memo' to the payee mentioning the reason for non-payment such as insufficient funds, the incorrect date mentioned on the cheque, signature mismatch, mismatch of the amount and figures, etc.
How can Cheque bounce case be overcome?
One can file a suit for recovery of the cheque amount along with the cost & interest under order XXXVII of Code of Civil Procedure,1908,(which governs the suit in summary trial) and can also file a criminal complaint u/s 138 of Negotiable Instrument Act for punishing the signatory of the cheque for having committed an …
How do you get bail in a Cheque bounce case?
Bail in cheque bounce is a matter of right of the accused as it's a bailable offence. So you have to give an bail application through your advocate and have to give security as per the orders of the judicial magistrate.
What is the time limit for Cheque bounce case?
30 daysThe cheque should be returned due to insufficient funds. The notice should be given within 30 days of cheque bounce. The drawer has failed to make the payments within 15 days of Cheque bounce notice, legal action can be taken against him within 30 days.
Can you represent a bounced Cheque?
If you have the cheque and it does not state on the top "do not represent" you can take it back to your bank and ask them to "represent" it i.e. put it through the banking system again (pick the week of the month that you think money is most likely to be in the account).
How can I settle a Cheque bounce case in UAE?
In case the issuer of the bad cheque pays the fine, for cheques lower than or equal to Dh200,000, the complainant can go straight to a civil court to claim his dues.
How do you quash a Cheque in a bounce case?
If an accused wants the process under Sections 138 and 141 to be quashed by filing a petition under Section 482 CrPC, he must make out a case that making him stand the trial would be an abuse of process of court, Gunmala Sales (P) Ltd. v.
Will I go to jail if my check bounced?
If you don't clear things up quickly, you may face civil (you have to pay fines) or criminal (you face potential jail time) penalties. Criminal charges can go on your criminal record, might eventually result in jail time, and are likely to come with higher fines.
When Cheque amount is more than actual debt Offence US 138 of NI Act is not made out?
In fact, the amount covered by the cheque was larger than the amount of debt or liability. The whole amount of debt or liability was lesser than the amount represented by the cheque. So, if the cheque for such an amount was dishonoured, the same will not be an offence under Section 138 of the Act".
Who can send notice under 138?
This Notice is a Notice which shall be given by the unpaid Creditor (Payee) to the defaulting Debtor (Drawer) through an Advocate in case of dishonour of Cheque under section 138 of Negotiable Instrument Act.
How can I file a case for Cheque bounce?
Can you send the Cheque again to the bank if it has bounced once?
Answer: Yes, you can present the cheque again in the bank for payment, even if it was dishonoured on the first occasion. However, it goes without saying that the cheque can be presented again in the bank only during the period of its validity. Normally, the period of validity of the cheque is 3 months.


Skip to definition.
Adjective: terrified 'te-ru,fId
 1. Thrown into a state of intense fear or desperation
 "the terrified horse bolted";
 - panicky, panicked, panic-stricken, panic-struck, frightened
Verb: terrify 'te-ru,fI
 1. Fill with terror; frighten greatly
 "The defendant was convicted of placing dynamite in a certain building with intent to injure, intimidate, and terrify human beings";
 - terrorize, terrorise [Brit]
See also: afraid, 'fraid [non-standard]
Encyclopedia: Terrified


Soroptimist International of Europe
Centenary Award 2021 Guidelines
The Centenary Award 2021 has been created to recognise an outstanding Soroptimist or a group of Soroptimists who through their current or past work made a difference to their club, union or community and whose activity uniquely exemplifies standing up for women or women's rights.
This one-time-only Award will be presented during the SIE Centenary event in Krakow on 2nd July 2021.
The Awardee(s) should cover one of the following fields of activity:
 1. Access to Education
 2. Elimination of Gender-Related Violence and Discrimination
 3. Women's Rights and Justice
 4. Women & Leadership
 5. Economic Empowerment
The Award will consist of:
 1. A certificate signed by the SIE President and the Chair of the Jury
 2. A sculpture designed by Anne-Marie ADAM, a former Soroptimist from Belgium, living in France
 3. € 5.000, - financial reward
The Awardee will be invited to the SIE Centenary event to receive her prize. Her travel expenses and hotel accommodation will be covered by SIE. In the case the Award is presented to a group of women rather than one Soroptimist, the group will designate the individual who will represent them.
Criteria for decision
The following criteria will be taken into consideration, and at least three of them should be fulfilled:
 1. Long-term, sustainable and exemplary work
 2. Sense of responsibility, dedication to a cause
 3. Altruism / Selflessness
 4. Transparency and tolerance
The Centennial Committee will propose a pre-selection of approximately 5 to 10 suitable candidates from all applicants for the '100 years – 100' Soroptimists' to the chair of the Centenary Award Jury.
The Centenary Award Jury, chaired by the SIE Immediate Past President and four SIE Past Presidents, will select the Awardee for the Centenary Award, based on the recommendation of aforesaid Committee.
Financial Reward
The Reward of € 5.000 is for a specific project to be presented by the Awardee to the Centenary Award Jury in accordance with the Mission and Vision of Soroptimist International.


Take the 2-minute tour ×
I know that 2 is a residue of primes of the form $8n+1$ and $8n+7$ and so on. I want to find a purely group theoretic or field theoretic proof of these statements.
For example, for 8n+1, the multiplicative group is of the order of 8 and so there exists an element of order 8, j. Then $(j + 1/j)^2 = 2$. Similarly for $8n+5$, there is an element of order 4, $i$ and if 2 had a residue, we could construct j such that $j^2 = i$ and therefore there is an element of order 8 which is impossible.
What I am not getting stuck on is finding something that differentiates a field of the order $8n+7$ from something of the form $8n+3$. This is how I proved the last 2 cases(there either exists or does not exist something of order 8).
share|improve this question
Is that a homework? – Mark Sapir May 31 '13 at 7:38
Voted to close. – Mark Sapir May 31 '13 at 8:59
The title asks about $-2$, the body doesn't. Anyway, voting to migrate to m.se – Gerry Myerson Jul 19 '13 at 0:26
add comment
migrated from mathoverflow.net Jul 19 '13 at 2:25
This question came from our site for professional mathematicians.
1 Answer
I'm not sure that this is what you want, but I'll try anyway.
If $p$ is an odd prime, then $8\mid p^2-1$, so when $p\not\equiv1\pmod8$ we have the element $j$ in the extension field $\mathbb{F}_{p^2}$. The zeros of the eighth cyclotomic polynomial are $$ \phi_8(x)=x^4+1=(x-j)(x-j^3)(x-j^5)(x-j^7)=(x-j)(x-j^3)(x+j)(x+j^3). $$
We can say something extra about the minimal polynomial of $j$ over the prime field in these cases. This is because by the Galois theory of finite fields the other zero is the Frobenius conjugate $j^p$. So if $p\equiv 3\pmod 8$, then the minimal polynomial of $j$ is $$m(x)=(x-j)(x-j^3)=x^2-ax-j^4=x^2-ax-1.$$ The other factor of $\phi_8(x)$ modulo $p$ is then $m(-x)=x^2+ax+1$. Vanishing of the quadratic term $-2-a^2$ of $m(x)m(-x)$ implies that $a^2=-2$. But here $a=j+j^3=j-1/j$, so in this case you have $(j-1/j)^2=-2$.
On the other hand, if $p\equiv7\pmod8$, then $$m(x)=(x-j)(x-j^p)=(x-j)(x-j^7)=x^2+bx+j^8=x^2+bx+1.$$ Again the other factor is $m(-x)$, and we similarly see that $b^2=2$. This time you get $b=(j+j^7)=(j+1/j)$, and $(j+1/j)^2=2$.
Note that in both cases $j\pm 1/j$ is the trace of $j$, so an element of the prime field.
share|improve this answer
I agree that this might fit Math.SE better. – Jyrki Lahtonen Jul 18 '13 at 13:14
add comment
Your Answer


text:
ON THIS WIKI
Rune of Superior Capacity
|Rune of Superior Capacity|
|Name||Rune of Superior Capacity|
|Source Mod||Blood Magic|
|ID Name|| |
|Affected by Gravity||No|
With fewer than 15 runes dedicated to capacity, it is more efficient to use Runes of Augmented Capacity. The effects of having both runes of augmented capacity and runes of superior capacity stack, but runes of superior capacity do NOT multiply the 2,000 added by each rune of augmented capacity, only the original 10,000.
The capacity of your altar can be calculated with the formula:
1.1^S * 10,000 + 2,000 * A
Where A is equal to the number of Runes of Augmented Capacity and S is equal to the number of Runes of Superior Capacity are in place. Therefore, with 3 Runes of Augmented Capacity, and 5 Runes of Superior Capacity, you end up with a total capacity of 22,105.1, or (1.1^5 * 10,000 + 2,000 * 3).
Rune of Superior Capacity has no known uses in crafting.
- 1.1.0 — Added.


text:
LPL Outline README
- Provides the necessary data for Visual Studio Code to fill in the Outline panel and breadcrumbs bar for *.busclass files
- Navigate the code using the outline tree or the breadcrumbs bar.
- Jump to the definition of actions, classes, relations, parameters, etc.
- See definitions of fields and paramters, etc., when hovering over them
- Get warnings about persistent fields missing from import classes
Tip: The breadcrumbs bar is particularly useful in tracking (displaying) your current location within the file too.
This extension relies on the Infor LPL Language Server extension already being installed because that declares the busclass file type.
deep: (default) Includes all implemented levels of detail
shallow: Excludes detail within individual Actions. This is useful in VS Code version 1.31 because the number of symbols in the tree is limited to 7500, and some large files exceed that.
- Code parsing is imperfect, so jump to definition and hover text is not always accurate or available
- The ability to see a list of all definitions of a parameter or field referenced in the various contexts of a rule block is not implemented (yet).
See change log for complete history.
0.1.8 - 2021-05-19
- Key fields are now reported as missing from import classes if they are not listed and _USER_=Exclude is not specified on the.keyfield line 1.
- Declarations of the form "Field is Alpha up to 20" are now parsed properly.
- Warning messages about missing import fields will exclude entire import business classes with _USER_=Exclude on line 1.
- Associating an Import class to the corresponding main business class will now also look for "include FillInFields" to identify an invoke referring to the main business class.
- Relative keys are now identified as fields and can report warnings if missing from imports and not marked with _USER_=Exclude.
The code for this extension is hosted at GitHub


What Does Stone Hearted Mean?
What stone people means?
Stoning, or lapidation, is a method of capital punishment where a group throws stones at a person until the subject dies from blunt trauma.
It has been attested as a form of punishment for grave misdeeds since ancient times.
Its adoption in some legal systems has caused controversy in recent decades..
What is a stone heart?
Stone heart or ischemic myocardial contracture is a complication of cardiopulmonary bypass characterized by contracture of the myocardium and inability to obtain cardiac output on manual massage. Stone heart has occurred only during aortic valve replacement and/or coronary artery bypass procedures.
Is Heart of Stone a metaphor?
Heart of stone To have a heart of stone means the person does not show any sympathy, conscience or pity. … The heart of stone metaphor used in this song equates to despair and sadness as the person is constantly being ignored by his loved one. You may also see metaphors and similes.
What does it mean to be made of stone?
From Longman Dictionary of Contemporary Englishbe made of stonebe made of stone (also have a heart of stone) to not show any emotions or pity for someone → stoneExamples from the Corpusbe made of stone• Before the steel skeleton, tall buildings were made of stone.
Can a cold hearted person love?
How can you tell if someone is cold hearted?
Cold-hearted, as in "cold fish" or (even worse) an "iceberg" or "ice queen" Lacking in empathy and compassion. Untrusting, wary, guarded; Angry, hostile; critical.
What does stone mean in the Bible?
Do you have a heart of stone?
have a heart of ˈstone be a person who does not show others sympathy or pity: Don't ask her to give any money to the fund — she's got a heart of stone.
What is stone slang for?
The term comes from African American slang, in which "stone" means "very." It has come to have other meanings as well.
What does stone femme mean?
Stone Butch / Femme– A person who may or may not desire sexual penetration and/or contact with the genitals or breasts.
What is the meaning of a heart of gold?
What is a cold hearted person?
Someone who's coldhearted is detached and unfeeling. It would be coldhearted to stand there, not caring, when you see a little kid fall and hurt herself. Most people are sympathetic and warm, but those who don't have much feeling for others are coldhearted.
How do you tell if someone is distancing themselves from you?
What is a metaphor for heart?
have a soft spot in one's heart for (someone or something) heart is in the right place. to have a heart of stone. pour one's heart out to someone.
Is Home is where the heart is a metaphor?
Home, both a place and an idea, is complex and multifaceted. It resonates as a spatial metaphor in everyday conversations—"home is where the heart is" or "there's no place like home"—and is the subject of scholarly debate across many disciplines.
Is my heart stopped a metaphor?
Yes, it is a metaphor. The general literary division is between "literal" and "non-literal" (which can also be called "metaphorical").
What does it mean my heart goes out to you?
Definition of heart goes out to : feel sorrow or sympathy for My heart goes out to the families of the victims.


Associations to the word «Mao»
MAO, noun. The ma'oma'o, Gymnomyza samoensis, a large passerine bird native to Samoa.
MAO, proper noun. A common surname, from Mandarin, usually referring to Mao Zedong.
MAO JACKET, noun. Mao suit
MAO SUIT, noun. A type of jacket popularized in China in the 20th century, with two breast pockets and two waist pockets.
Dictionary definition
MAO, noun. An enzyme that catalyzes the oxidation of many body compounds (e.g., epinephrine and norepinephrine and serotonin).
MAO, noun. Chinese communist leader (_PHONE_).
Wise words


text:
This is because the text variable has a While scope, so it's being kept from iteration to iteration. That means when it is not set with the file text value, because of the Read Text File exception (e.g. 5.txt), then it keeps the previous value (e.g. the 4.txt text).
So when we change the scope to
Process one file, variable
text is a null value after the
append operation? How does it rid itself of the previous value?
I think this might require a technical answer related to
try catch blocks but unsure.
I tried the debugger and watched the value of text which still retains the current value until
Process one file is closed and the While loop boolean condition executes at which point it is delisted from the table of variables so I think this is something unique to try catch blocks in that this happens.


text:
By Joshi-Mysql-Oracle on Feb 25, 2015
System QA took the approach of using Random Query Generator (RQG) to generate different SQL's for multitude of data types available and supported in MySQL.
This approach would help in easily testing the validity of currently
supported data types and changes (if any) to the same.
Following steps explain What and How this was accomplished
- Generate the table
structure and generate insert queries for different data types through RQG and
redirect to a file.
Use gendata.pl which is part of RQG to create Table structure ( for this instance we have used DATE related data type )
$ perl gendata.pl --dsn=dbi:mysql:host=127.0.0.1:port=3306:user=root:database=rqg --spec=ex_dt.zz
- Generate SQL queries
using gensql and redirect the output to a file
For the following grammar we generated insert queries
INSERT INTO _table(_field) VALUES (data);
date | time | datetime | year | timestamp ;
_date |1000-01-01 | 999-01-01| 999-00-00 |9999-12-31|10000-13-32 ;
_time|-838:59:59 | -839:59:59 |-838:61:61 |838:59:59| 838:62:63 ;
_datetime|999-00-00 00:00:-10| 9999-12-31 23:59:59|10000-12-31 23:59:59 ;
_timestamp|1970 _01_01 00:00:01 |1970-00-00 00:00:01 |2038-01-19 03:14:07 |2038-02-19 03:14:07 ;
$ perl gensql.pl --grammar=ex_dt.yy --queries=10 --dsn=dbi:mysql:host=127.0.0.1:port=3306:user=root:database=rqg > generatedsqls.txt
Note: One can tune the –queries and the corresponding grammar to increase or decrease the data set generated
- Execute the queries
through Connector Application and collect the results
Created a sample Connector Application to
- Open up a connection ( with default settings ) to MySQL Server
- Read the SQL's generated from Step 2 (generatedsqls.txt )
- Execute the insert query that is read on to MySQL Server
- Retrieve the data inserted using Select operation
- Capture the output/response for the Select operation
- Perform same operation(s)
as in Step 3 with MySQL Client
- Compare the output captured
from Step 3 and Step 4
If there is any difference in the resultant then the analysis would clearly point to the difference in handling the datatype/data by different connectors.
Currently System QA has tried this with MySQL Connector/Python and MySQL Connector/Java and identified some differences.
For instance with DATE type following difference is noticed
Data inserted: '999-00-00'
Data retrieved from MySQL Client: '0999-00-00'
Data retrieved from MySQL C/Java: '0998-11-30'
We can try and test this with different Connectors ( MySQL Connector/ODBC, MySQL Connector/C, MySQL Connector/C++,
MySQL Connector/Java,MySQL Connector Python )
The same approach can be easily expanded to other data types or operations by using the
features in RQG, if there are any changes to data types in MySQL Server.
Amrutha Rao and Madhusudhan Joshi
System QA Team


The Psychedelic Experience Retreats - Creating a modern ceremony
by · Jun 22, 2018 · 223 views ·
Beyond Psychedelics
Ciara and Stefana are lead facilitators at the Psychedelic Experience Weekends, the pioneering programme offering legal, modern ceremonial retreats in The Netherlands using psilocybin-truffles. For over two years they have been holding space for people going on deep, often life-changing journeys. In their talk, they will share insights into their journey of creating a modern ceremony: Reconnecting to the ancient and disappearing wisdom of their own traditions and heritage, embracing multicultural influences brought about by globalisation; and incorporating insights from psychotherapy and related practices. They will discuss preparation, setting, integration, ethics, and their vision for the future.


text:
- Abstract: We present Optimal Completion Distillation (OCD), a training procedure for optimizing sequence to sequence models based on edit distance. OCD is efficient, has no hyper-parameters of its own, and does not require pre-training or joint optimization with conditional log-likelihood. Given a partial sequence generated by the model, we first identify the set of optimal suffixes that minimize the total edit distance, using an efficient dynamic programming algorithm. Then, for each position of the generated sequence, we use a target distribution which puts equal probability on the first token of all the optimal suffixes. OCD achieves the state-of-the-art performance on end-to-end speech recognition, on both Wall Street Journal and Librispeech datasets, achieving $9.3\%$ WER and $4.5\%$ WER, respectively.
- Keywords: Sequence Learning, Edit Distance, Speech Recognition, Deep Reinforcement Learning
- TL;DR: Optimal Completion Distillation (OCD) is a training procedure for optimizing sequence to sequence models based on edit distance which achieves state-of-the-art on end-to-end Speech Recognition tasks.


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This must be a naive question, but I'm wondering about the definition of the quasi-unipotent monodromy for general (not only 1-parameter families). The problem is that usually in the books of algebraic geometry quasi-unipotent monodromy is only discussed over a disc $\Delta ^{*}$ i.e. for a 1-parameter family. In this case we know that for a fibration $f: X \rightarrow \Delta$, with monodromy representation $\rho : \pi_{1}(\Delta^{*}) \rightarrow Aut(H^{i}(X_{0}))$, the image $\rho (T)$ of a generator $T$ of $\pi_{1}(\Delta^{*})$ is a quasi-unipotent matrix. What is the correct generalization of this to arbitrary families? For example, in multi-parameter case, it could happen that there are several generators $T_{i}$ such that each $\rho(T_{i})$ is a quasi-unipotent matrix but for example $\rho(T_{1})\rho(T_{2})$ is not quasi-unipotent. So is the possible generalization is that all of the matrices in the monodromy group (image of the monodromy representation) should be quasi-unipotent or it suffices only that the image of the generators to be quas-unipotent?
share|improve this question
In higher dimensions, I think quasi-unipotent monodromy only makes sense in the case of normal crossings boundary. In this case the local fundamental group is abelian, hence if each the image of each generator is quasi-unipotent, so is the image of any other element. – ulrich Jul 21 '12 at 12:58
You mean if the discriminant is not NC, the notion of quasi-unipotency is not defined? Is there a reference which discusses the quasi-unupotency in details? anyway thank you very much for your anser. – Jack Jul 21 '12 at 14:32
You should check out the answer to this: mathoverflow.net/questions/1912/… – Igor Rivin Jul 21 '12 at 17:55
1 Answer 1
up vote 8 down vote accepted
Quasi-unipotency is a well defined notion at any point of the discriminant. If we have a proper family $f : X \to S$ of varieties with a smooth total space and a smooth base, and if $p \in D \subset S$ is a point of the discriminant, then we say that the local monodromy of the family near $p$ is quasi-unipotent if we can find a small analytic neighborhood $p \in U \subset S$ of $p$ in $S$, so that if $o \in U - D$ is a base point, then the monodromy representation $mon : \pi_{1}(U-D,o) \to GL(H^{i}(X_{o},\mathbb{C})$ has an image whose Zariski closure $G$ is a quasi-unipotent linear algebraic group (that is, the quotient of $G$ by its unipotent radical is a finite-group).
In general it is rare for the local monodromy to be quasi-unipotent. If $p$ happens to be a very singular point of the discriminant, then the local monodromy tends to be big and is often as big as it can be, and not quasi-unipotent at all. However, if $p$ is at worst a normal crossing singularity of $D$, then the local monodromy is quasi-unipotent.
share|improve this answer
Thank you very much for your beautiful answer. I had never known of this general definition of quasi-unipotency. I have some more questions: First of all what is the best reference which discusses this definition and it's consequences. Secondly, if this is the definition of "quasi-unipotency", then what would be the definition of "unipotency" in general? – Jack Jul 22 '12 at 6:46
Ah, I noticed I missed an adjective in the comment - I was defining what it means for $G$ to be quasi-unipotent. I edited the answer to reflect this correctly. The unipotency of $mon$ is defined in a similar manner - we say that $mon$ is unpotent, when $G$ is a connected unipotent algebraic group, i.e. when when it coincides with its unipotent radical. The references are numerous and the applications are usually Hodge theoretic. The quasi-unipotency of a local systen can is also very useful when we compute cohomology. – Tony Pantev Jul 23 '12 at 3:00
Two classical references are the paper "Periods of integrals on algebraic manifolds III", Publ. Math. IHES 38 (1970) by Griffiths and the paper "Variation of Hodge structure: the singularities of the period mapping" Invent. math. 22 (1973) by Schmid. They in particular explain Borel's proof of the quasi-unipotency theorem that I mentioned above. There are many other modern references. For instance, you may want to take a look at the excellent book "Period mappings and period domains" by Carlson, Mueller-Stach, and Peters. – Tony Pantev Jul 23 '12 at 3:07
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The Fresh Loaf
News & Information for Amateur Bakers and Artisan Bread Enthusiasts
How old can a starter REALLY be?
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ElPanadero's picture
How old can a starter REALLY be?
Couple of other threads are branching off into discussion of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. I thought therefore I would open a new one for better organisation and focus of topic.
I want to ask, just how old can one claim a flour-water "starter" to be?
First a couple of factoids about Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
1. The yeast cells double every 90-100mins or so
2. The mean life span of a cell is 26 generations
100min x 26 = 2600 mins which is 43 hours which is just short of 2 days.
Like our own human bodies, every cell that makes us what we are, dies off in time, but thankfully the cells are replicated before that happens. The replication time for our various cells varies tremendously but it is believed that the cells with the largest replication cycle are 10yrs. The implication of this is philosophically intriguing. It means you are no older than 10yrs no matter how old you believe you are, or at least there is no cell in your body older than 10yrs! A counter philosophical thought is that everything that is "us" is made up of matter, and since matter can neither be created nor destroyed then all the matter that makes up our bodies has been here since the dawn of the universe itself, in which case we are many billions of years old.
What we choose to define as the "human being" defines how old we are. If it's our cells, then we're 10yrs old, if it's the primordial matter, then billions of years old.
And so back to wild yeast starters and our good friend Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
If each yeast cell lives no longer than a couple of days, how in any true and just sense could it be said that there exists a "20 yr old grandmother starter"? In looking for possibilities, I wonder whether this refers to some other elements of the starter that actually ARE 20 yrs old or is the whole notion simply a lot of kidology and hocus pocus?
Consider this. I light a wood fire in the chimenea in my garden and feed it with a constant stream of new fresh fire wood. For 20 years I keep it going and never once let the fire go out. Tell me, is my fire 20yrs old? Is there any part of it that is truly 20yrs old? It has had new fresh wood constantly, and new fresh oxygen constantly, so surely the flames I am seeing are new fresh flames and all the gasses and products of combustion are equally being given off freshly. Nothing in there is 20yrs old unless perhaps the ashes produced linger on for that length of time (but then do the ashes constitute the fire?).
I'm intrigured by this notion of these very old starters given that any starter is a symbiotic balance of yeasts and bacteria that are constantly fed, which replicate for a finite number of generations and then die.
Common sense says there must be "something" in these starters aside from the yeasts and bacteria that does somehow survive through the years or else it's all a bit disingenuous.
Can anyone tell me what that "something" is?
adri's picture
Are you searching for a soul in sourdough starters? ;) This seems to be a more philosophical question and I'm not sure whether I can write something about it because of my English as a third language skills or.... well I'll give it a try.
I'm not sure for yeast, but for other fungii, spores can survive quite a long time. That our yeast forms spores you can see here:
ontopic again:
What do we want from a starter? That it has a good taste, gives good rise,... And we want it to be stable. But what does "stable" mean?
In my opinion: It should give reproducible results. It should be strong against other germs. If neglected for a while it should recover.
You can see this as an ecosystem or society. The typical schoolbook example with insects and birds: If there is a lot of insects, birds have a lot of food. More birds will survive the winter and have more children. They will eat more insects therefore soon there will be less food for the birds. Therefore less birds. Therefore more insects.... An now add birds of prey, and plants eaten by the insects,... and you'll have an ecosystem.
Such an ecosystem has more a moving equilibrium than a steady state. You can influence it from outside e.g. when a winter kills a lot of insects and the migratory birds won't find enough food in spring.
A "stable" ecosystem should be able to recover from that. It needs more to influence it (like Monsanto, Sygenta and Bayer killing all insects.) An unstable ecosystem can easily be disturbed. In such a stable ecosystem, after a few years it won't be the same insects and same birds, but their children, grandchildren, great-grandchildren... and so on. But it is still the same ecosystem.
From an outside view: I'd say, if an ecosystem has been able to recover from a lot of turbulences like hard winters, hot or cold summers... and does not diverge in one direction if the outer parameters stay the same for a while (... and a while more)... you can consider it stable.
Transferred to sourdough starter: If it's been there for many years and always performed well, it is likely to have created a good and stable ecosystem.
Just my thoughts about it.
ElPanadero's picture
Appreciate the thoughts. Not entirely sure you understood the question. Let me try again. In your last statement you said :
My question is, is there any part of that good and stable ecosystem that is actually years old? I'm suggesting that any yeasts in there will no no older than 2 days. Do you agree?
adri's picture
The US American society is no older than 114 years and 252 days as it is the age of Jeralean Talley is the oldest citizen?
MisterTT's picture
point of view I could say that there is still a portion of flour and water that were used to start the starter, and a portion of flour and water of subsequent feedings. This is pretty simple to realize, knowing that the amount of initial flour/water decreases exponentially (assuming a perfectly homogenous starter), but the exponential function is always positive and is only zero "at infinity". This is limited, of course, by the elementary parts (molecules, atoms, whatever you would care to take into account) of initial flour/water, that is, when you get less than half of an atom remaining (by calculation, in practice this isn't actually possible), the original flour/water mixture is extinct.
This is all moot, however. Exponents die down so quickly that an AP starter can get converted to rye in about three feedings, so there is no practical use to these considerations. I'm no biochemist, but I think that when a stable ecosystem of various microorganisms is reached in one starter or another, it stays very much the same if not messed with too much. The notion of "old" starters is much more romance than fact in my opinion.
Joyofgluten's picture
"The notion of "old" starters is much more romance than fact" I'm with you fully on that.
srulybpsyd's picture
This sounds like some deep stuff!
Would a practical appliication of this question be: What is the benefit of maintaining a starter over long periods of time, unless one bakes with it very frequently?
(For instance, if I only bake sourdough bread every once in a while, is it worth expending the effort (and money) maintaining it, or would it be the same if I started from scratch each time?)
MisterTT's picture
by maintaining it rather than starting a new one each time :) That's the best reason to maintain it that I know. However, there are some archaic recipes that just call for flour and water and are done over several days, I've seen a thread about one not too long ago.
DavidEF's picture
As far as I can logically deduce, there is no part of the starter that can be years old. It would have been diluted out in days, if fed every day, or at least in weeks or months. But, the ecosystem is the surviving part. The U.S.A. is hundreds of years old, some of the individual states are older than the U.S.A. and some younger. Cities have an even wider range of ages. But the people, plants and animals are different now than they were then. Only the ecosystem is the same, and not even that is completely so, as the character of the ecosystem is influenced by the current generation living in it.
There is a benefit to an ecosystem getting older, whether it be a human governmental organization or a sourdough starter. That is, the changes that take place in the environment, especially catastrophic changes, tend to strengthen the ecosystem by weeding out the weakest elements and catalyzing adaptation in the survivors. Survival of the fittest, so to speak. But not just survival, thriving.
Look at the ever present problem of sickness and disease. We try to kill