$.
The case r=0 can also be treated by hand and will be ignored. Now, we double-count. Observe that each $r$-element set in ${\mathcal D}$ has $r$ "children" as $r-1$-element subsets of ${\mathcal D}$, by removing one of the r elements from that set. On the other hand, each $r-1$-element set can have at most $n-r+1$ "parents", and so
$$ r f_r \leq (n-r+1) f_{r-1}.$$
(EDIT: Actually we didn't need to remove the r=0 case if we adopted the convention $f_{-1}=0$ here.)
In particular, if $r > \frac{n+1}{2}$, then $f_r < f_{r-1}$ we could remove both the r and r-1-element sets from the downset and again increase the sum; so we have $r \leq \frac{n+1}{2}$. In fact the same argument shows that, by changing the extremum ${\mathcal D}$ if necessary, we may assume that $r < \frac{n+1}{2}$, thus (since $n$ is 3 mod 4 and r is even) $r \leq \frac{n-3}{2}$. In other words, every element of ${\mathcal D}$ has cardinality at most $(n-3)/2$.
Now we flip the downset to look at the complementary downset ${\mathcal D}' := \{ A \in [n]: [n] \backslash A \not \in {\mathcal D} \}$. As n is odd, we have $\sum_{A \in {\mathcal D}'} (-1)^{|A|} = \sum_{A \in {\mathcal D}} (-1)^{|A|}$, and so ${\mathcal D}'$ is also an extremiser. Thus, by the above argument, every element of ${\mathcal D}'$ has cardinality at most $(n+1)/2$. Equivalently (as $n$ is odd), ${\mathcal D}$ contains every element of cardinality at most $(n-3)/2$. Combining this with the previous analysis, we see that the extremum is attained at the set consisting precisely of all subsets of [n] of cardinality at most $(n-3)/2$, which gives the required value of $F_+(n)$.
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In retrospect, this would have been a great mini-polymath problem. Ah well. :-) – Terry Tao Jul 9 '12 at 18:50
Wha do you mean "would have been"? Wasn't it? Also, do I get my Tao number now, or do I have to wait five business days? Gerhard "Happy To Have Rendered Assistance" Paseman, 2012.07.09 – Gerhard Paseman Jul 9 '12 at 18:59
Well, I guess it was in a de facto sense, if not in a premeditated sense. I unfortunately don't have a strong enough application for the bound in order to merit publication, though; I came across the question because I was wondering about how to bound partial divisor sums of the Mobius function, and then felt that it had enough independent interest to pose here, but the bounds don't seem to make any dramatic dents in the bounds for other number-theoretic quantities, alas. But it's still great that the problem seems to be solved, it may be of use at some future date... – Terry Tao Jul 9 '12 at 19:23
Well, in the meantime, I think I'll submit the sequences F_+ and F_to OEIS. Whether this will count as a "publication" for the purposes of bibliographic metrics, I leave to the reader. – Terry Tao Jul 9 '12 at 20:08
I think this question and its solution within 3 hours is a typical example of how much more efficient people can get when collaborating via mathoverflow. – Christian Stump Jul 10 '12 at 6:41
I tried it using linear integer programming for the first few values of $n$, with the following results.
$$ \matrix{ n & min & max\cr 1 & 0 & 1\cr 2 &-1 & 1\cr 3 & -2 & 1\cr 4 & -3 & 3\cr 5 & -4 & 6\cr 6 & -10 & 10\cr 7 & -20 & 15\cr 8 & -35 & 35\cr 9 & -56 & 70\cr} $$
These sequences do not appear to be in the OEIS.
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The bounds for even $n$ look interesting. Does the pattern (i.e. min = - max) continue for further even $n$? – Michael Albanese Jul 9 '12 at 16:59
So far this is consistent with the tentative conjecture proposed above, which more explicitly asserts that the bounds should be $\pm \binom{n-1}{n/2}$ when n is even, between $−\binom{n-1}{(n-1)/2}$ and $\binom{n-1}{(n+1)/2}$ when n is 3 mod 4, and between $-\binom{n-1}{(n+1)/2}$ and $\binom{n-1}{(n-1)/2}$ when n is 1 mod 4. (Thus, for instance, the conjecture would assert -126 and +126 for n=10, -252 and 210 for n=11, and so forth, as both bounds snake down the middle of Pascal's triangle.) – Terry Tao Jul 9 '12 at 17:29
For even $n$ it looks like $\max = -\min = {n \choose {n/2}}/2$, which is obtained taking all the subsets of cardinality $< n/2$ or $> n/2$. – Robert Israel Jul 9 '12 at 17:31
I can't believe I didn't see this before, but it is trivial that the max and min will be negations of each other in the n even case, because the reflected complement of a downset is again a downset. – Terry Tao Jul 9 '12 at 17:44
_USER_: Nice observation! Indeed, since one can slice an n-dimensional downset into two n-1-dimensional downsets, and the alternating sum of the former is the difference of the two for the latter, I think this shows that the conjecture for even n is implied by the conjecture for n-1, and one of the two bounds for odd n is implied by the bound for n-1. So it's only the smaller of the two bounds in odd n that needs proof... – Terry Tao Jul 9 '12 at 18:13
Here is a simple proof which should give exact optimizers for "most" choices of n mod 4 and max/minimizing; and, near-sharp values for the remaining cases. I'll do it for upsets instead of downsets.
Identify the discrete cube with $\{-1,1\}^n$ and let $f : \{-1,1\}^n \to \{0,1\}$ be the indicator of $\mathcal{D}$ which is monotone since $\mathcal{D}$ is an upset. Up to a factor of $2^n$ we are trying to min/maximize $E_x[f(x) \chi(x)]$, where $x$ is uniformly random on the cube and $\chi(x) = \prod_{i=1}^n x_i$. Let $1 \leq j \leq n$ be uniformly random and let $x^{(j)}$ denote $x$ with its $j$th coordinate negated. Since $x^{(j)}$ is also uniformly distributed,
$E_x[f(x) \chi(x)] = E_{x,j}[\frac{f(x) \chi(x) + f(x^{(j)})\chi(x^{(j)})}{2}] = E[\chi(x)\frac{f(x)-f(x^{(j)})}{2}]$
where we used $\chi(x^{(j)}) = -\chi(x)$. Thus in absolute value, the quantity is at most
$E[\bigl|\frac{f(x)-f(x^{(j)})}{2}\bigr|] = \frac{1}{2n}E_x\left[\sum_{i=1}^n \bigl|f(x)-f(x^{(i)})\bigr|\right] = \frac{1}{2n}E\left[\sum_{i=1}^n f(x)x_i\right]$,
where the last step uses that $f$ is monotone. But
$\frac{1}{2n}E\left[\sum_{i=1}^n f(x)x_i\right] = \frac{1}{2n} E\left[f(x)(\sum_{i=1}^n x_i)\right]$
is clearly maximized among $


Serodiscordant Relationship
Last Updated: July 2, 2018
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Definition - What does Serodiscordant Relationship mean?
A serodiscordant relationship is an intimate romantic relationship between an HIV positive person and an HIV negative person.
The term serodiscordant is a portmanteau of seroconversion, the medical term for HIV positive, and discordant, meaning at odds.
There are several synonyms for serodiscordant relationship, including serodifferent relationship, positive-negative relationship, mixed status relationship, mixed Sero-status relationship, magnetic relationship, inter-viral relationship, and sero-divergent relationship.
Kinkly explains Serodiscordant Relationship
While people in all relationships face challenges, there are some difficulties unique to serodiscordant relationships. The HIV positive person may worry about transmitting the virus to their partner, while the HIV negative person may worry about becoming HIV positive. The HIV negative person may also become overly concerned about the HIV positive person's health and care, which can become overwhelming and stifling. As HIV and the medications that treat it can take a toll on physical appearance, the HIV positive person may struggle with feelings of low self-esteem or self-worth. As with all health problems, HIV itself can also take a toll on these relationships.
People who are HIV negative typically enter a serodiscordant relationship understanding and accepting their partners' HIV status. However, in some cases people without HIV start serodiscordant relationships without knowing their partners are HIV positive. This realization can be very difficult and add extra challenges to a serodiscordant relationship. Good communication about any concerns can help people in serodiscordant relationships overcome their challenges. Couples counseling can help also help.
Serodiscordant relationships were arguably more difficult when HIV and AIDS were first emerging and not widely understood. However, medical advances and increased education has helped many people feel more comfortable with HIV and the prospect of entering a relationship with someone that is HIV positive.
While there is always a risk of any HIV positive person transmitting the virus to a HIV negative partner, antiviral medications can significantly reduce these risks. HIV negative people have a 90 percent less chance of contracting HIV if they take pre-exposure prophylaxis. Condoms and choosing certain sexual activities over others can further reduce the risk of infection.
Some people in these kinds of relationships accept the term serodiscordant relationship, but others feel it has negative connotations and prefer the alternative terms listed above.
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Impact Dynamics of Granular Jets with Noncircular Cross Sections
When a collimated stream, or jet, impacts a target, the
resulting spreading profile contains the signature of interactions among
the constituent particles, whether they are sub-atomic particles, molecules in
a liquid, or grains in a granular material. At the Chicago MRSEC, Jaeger,
Nagel, and Zhang investigated the impact of granular jets with noncircular
cross-sections, mimicking off-center collisions of subatomic particle beams.
Our results demonstrate how liquid-like behavior and collective hydrodynamic
flow emerge from strongly interacting discrete particles. These findings
resemble those from the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider, where similar anisotropic
ejecta from a quark-gluon plasma have been observed in heavy-ion impact and
where the degree of anisotropy can similarly be controlled by the jet aspect


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A Golden Tragedy is the story of a king who loved his daughter very much and would do anything to please her. One day, Penelope told her father that she wished her birds could lay golden eggs. In an effort to please his daughter, the king made a wish that would literally change everything. Illustrations support the text.
Art Around Us
The Homework Lesson

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The Most Benevolent Machine: A Historical Assessment of Cycles in Canada
Numéro de l'article: L6364
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The cycle is a machine, but it is not just a machine. It is the basis of a popular recreational activity as well as a manufacturing industry in Canada. To understand its place in our society we must look at it for all of these perspectives. This historical assessment traces technological history of the cycle from the early 19th to the late 20th century focusing on the major innovations that made two and multi-wheeled cycles a viable and popular form of recreation. It also outlines the development of the cycle industry and Canadas place in it. Finally, it explores the place of the cycle and cycling in Canadian society. Author: Sharon BabaianPublished: 1997
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Definition of Genu
Genu: The Latin word for the knee. When the knee is referred to in medicine, it is just called the knee. However, the word "genu" is also used in medicine as in: genu recurvatum (hyperextension of the knee), genu valgum (knock knee) and genu varum (bowleg).
The knee (or genu, if you are into Latin) is a joint which has three parts. The thigh bone (femur) meets the large shin bone (tibia) forming the main knee joint. This joint has an inner (medial) and an outer (lateral) compartment. The kneecap (patella) joins the femur to form a third joint, called the patellofemoral joint.
The knee joint is surrounded by a joint capsule with ligaments strapping the inside and outside of the joint (collateral ligaments) as well as crossing within the joint (cruciate ligaments). These ligaments provide stability and strength to the knee joint.
The large muscles of the thigh move the knee. In the front of the thigh the quadriceps muscles extend the knee joint. In the back of the thigh, the hamstring muscles flex the knee. The knee also rotates slightly under guidance of specific muscles of the thigh.
The knee functions to allow movement of the leg and is critical to normal walking. The knee flexes normally to a maximum of 135 degrees and extends to 0 degrees. The bursae, or fluid-filled sacs, serve as gliding surfaces for the tendons to reduce the force of friction as these tendons move. The knee is a weightbearing joint. Each meniscus serves to evenly load the surface during weightbearing and also adds in disbursing joint fluid for joint lubrication.Source: MedTerms™ Medical Dictionary
Last Editorial Review: 4/27/2011 5:27:15 PM
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Ex Ante Evaluation
Before the programme there was…
Before programmes are designed, before money is provided to beneficiaries, before EU Rural Development begins to have impacts on the lives of EU citizens, what comes before all of this?
The ex ante evaluation!
The ex ante evaluation is the inventory check and reflection on past experiences before setting out on your new journey. While just winging it may work for a short road trip, careful preparation must be ensured for climbing a large mountain. EU rural development programmes, like climbing a mountain require a team of individuals and stakeholders working together. Careful preparation and planning so that all members involved can achieve their greatest impact and make it to the top of the mountain is essential.
The ex ante evaluation is the roadmap to the top of the mountain through reflecting on past experiences, checking inventories and trying to manage any potential future risks the programme might encounter along the way.
The role of the ex ante evaluation
Programming of the CAP Strategic Plans is a complex exercise, that requires one to consider and to link various aspects. To improve the quality of the design of the CAP Strategic Plan it is essential to carry out the ex ante evaluation. The ex ante evaluation should be carried out by functionally independent experts in close cooperation with the authority responsible for the drafting of the CAP Strategic Plan. The CAP Strategic Plan should serve to contribute to better targeted support through the CAP and to support a common learning process related to monitoring and evaluation. At the same time, the ex ante evaluation is a key element of the performance framework, as it establishes the base for effective monitoring and evaluation during the implementation of the CAP Strategic Plan in 2021-2027.
The ex ante evaluation is strongly linked to the programming of the CAP Strategic Plan and the Strategic Environmental Assessment (SEA). This interlinkage can be organised in various possible ways (e.g. by providing a joint ex ante and SEA feedback in an iterative exchange with the programming authority or by providing input to draft CAP Strategic Plan documents at defined stages). One of the lessons learned from previous experiences of carrying out the ex ante evaluation was to organise it in an ongoing process between evaluators and Managing Authorities. This type of iterative process helps evaluators to be well aware that several updates of the SWOT, intervention strategy and other CAP Strategic Plan elements may become available or are even triggered through the ex ante evaluation and can be considered as part of the ongoing ex ante appraisal. In each case, it is essential that the ex ante evaluation provide an independent and informed view into the preparation of the CAP Strategic Plan.
The ex ante evaluation as an interactive and participatory process
Experience has shown that a participatory ex ante evaluation process increases the ownership and the acceptance of the results by relevant stakeholders and helps to improve evaluation capacities. This can be realised through the integration of expertise and views of all relevant stakeholders, ensuring interaction and mutual learning at all stages of the ex ante evaluation and the Strategic Environmental Assessment (SEA).
Understanding who is doing what during the process of the ex ante and SEA
The roles and responsibilities of stakeholders in the ex ante evaluation and SEA process should be clearly defined and discussed. All parties should be aware of their roles and responsibilities from the beginning of the process.
Figure 1: Stakeholder checklist - roles and responsibilities
It is essential to plan the involvement of stakeholders, including the phase/stage at which their involvement is required, the nature of their involvement (engagement), how they get involved (engagement methods) and the frequency of their contribution(s).
A robust ex ante evaluation is the foundation of the successful design and implementation of the CAP Strategic Plan and key to reaching the top of the mountain!

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Say $X \to Y$ is a surjective map of algebraic varieties, and $Z \subset Y$ is nonreduced. Then is the preimage $Z \times_Y X$ also nonreduced?
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2 Answers 2
up vote 8 down vote accepted
In Allen's notation, take:
$R = k[t]$, $X = \operatorname{Spec} R$
$S = k[x,y]/(y^2 - x^2(x-1) )$, $Y= \operatorname{Spec} S$.
with the map defined by:
$y = t(t^2+1)$
$I=(x)$, $Z = \operatorname {Spec} S/I$.
$S/I$ contains a nilpotent, $y$ so $Z$ is non-reduced. $X \to Y$ is a surjective map of varieties. $X \times_Y Z = \operatorname {Spec} R/RI = \operatorname{Spec} k[t]/(t^2+1)$, which is reduced.
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This is local, of course. So $R \leftarrow S : \phi$ is an injection of domains, and $I \leq S$ is a nonradical ideal; is $R \phi(I)$ a nonradical ideal of $R$?
Say $s$ descends to a nonzero nilpotent of $S/I$. Then $\phi(s)$ will likewise be nilpotent in $R / R\phi(I)$, and the injectivity says it will be nonzero.
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What about $C[x] \leftarrow C[x^2, x^3]: \phi$, the ideal $I = (x^2)C[x^2, x^3]$, and $s = x^3$? – Vivek Shende Jul 22 '13 at 1:07
In fact, this is not true for every injection of domains! Let $R= k[x,y]$, $S = k[x,xy]$, $I= (x, x^2y^2)$. One needs at least to use the fact that the map is a surjection, not just an epimorphism. – Will Sawin Jul 22 '13 at 2:21
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Umm al Quwain: Oldest Pearl in the World
The oldest pearl in the world is found in the United Arab Emirates, according to AOL news/Huffpost this morning:
French researchers are flashing their pearly whites after a historic discovery: what's believed to be the oldest pearl in the history of the human world.
Discovered in a grave, the Umm al Quwain pearl — named for the location in the United Arab Emirates where it was found — has been carbon-dated back to the 5500 B.C., during the Neolithic Period, which makes it more than 7,500 years old, Press Trust of India reports. Previously, the oldest known pearl was just over 5,000 years old.
According to Discovery News, the pearl is 0.07 inches in diameter and remains fully intact. Pearls buried with the deceased were typically either half-drilled for a man or fully drilled for a woman, though unpierced pearls were often placed on the deceased's upper lip.
The discovery provides insight into the origins of pearl oyster hunting, suggesting the practice began in Arabia and not in Japan, as researchers originally thought.
The Neolithic period, also known as the New Stone Age, was marked by the change in humans from hunter-gatherers to farmers. The recent discovery has proved that while dangerous, pearl oyster diving became an important part of society in ancient Arab cultures, according to Indian Express.
Discovery News notes that 101 Neolithic pearls have been unearthed from large pearl oysters over the years.
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Apogee Engineering Senior Scheduler, Hanscom AFB, MA in United States
2016 SBA Prime Contractor of the Year, Region VIII
Apogee Engineering is seeking a Senior Scheduler supporting AFLCMC in Hanscom AFB, MA. Apogee is a growing provider of research, engineering, development, operations, financial and administrative expertise across an array of federal government organizations such as the Department of Defense, NASA, Department of Interior, NASA, and the Department of Transportation.
Duties and Responsibilities:
- Manage project tasks including scheduling, cost, estimating, document control, procurement, and risk management.
- Provide project management level support for systems integration and planning requirements for all related programs including special projects, weapon systems, and related functional branches.
- Provide advisory assistance and input for strategic and integration planning for all programs.
- Support the full spectrum of all interrelated programs including development and research activities.
- Provide advisory and draft documentation support to integrate logistics, engineering, and test activities for the development and maintenance of all project schedules.
- Utilize knowledge of cost, schedule and technical performance reporting requirements defined by the DoD, Earned Value Management System (EVMS) to review and analyze Contractor EVMS reporting as applied to project schedules and project schedule reporting.
- Assess the mechanical integrity of project schedule logic, links, and constraints utilizing the DCMA 14-Point Schedule Health Assessment to develop an objective analysis of project schedules, including assessment of schedule leads, lags, relationship types, float, and durations, Critical Path, Critical Path Length Index and Baseline Execution Index.
- Utilize knowledge of program and project management as defined by DoD Integrated Master Plan (IMP) and IMS Preparation and Use Guide; AFLCMC Process Guide A105, Government Schedule Development Fundamentals; AFLCMC Process Guide A106, Schedule Management Fundamentals; and AFLCMC Process Guide A107, Schedule Analysis Basics to provide advisory assistance to the customer in their function of reviewing and approving IMP and IMS information.
- Utilize knowledge of risk identification, analysis, and mitigation planning/implementation as defined by the Joint Integrated Product Team (IPT) Risk Management Plan (RMP), AFLCMC Process Guide A102, Risk and Issue Management to provide proactive risk assessment of potential program cost growth, schedule, integration and performance risks.
- Assist in creating and maintaining program schedules in Microsoft Project, to include a critical path
- Review, edit, and explain the schedules received by various interrelated projects and summarize the differences and effects the various schedules have upon each other and affect the different timelines.
- Assess and analyze schedules and make recommendations to the program manager regarding the realism of the schedule and any anomalies/conflicts across various schedules.
- Assist in creating and maintaining the division official calendar in SharePoint to be used for staff meetings and ensure major events are included in the organizational calendar.
- Active Secret Clearance Required
- Bachelor's degree and have a minimum of 8 years filed relevant experience.
- 4+ years of relevant MS Project Scheduling experience must have been performed on DoD programs/projects
Apogee Engineering, LLC is an affirmative action employer and that age 40 and over, color, disability, gender identity, genetic information, military or veteran status, national origin, race, religion, sex, sexual orientation or any other applicable status protected by state or local law, are not taken into account in any employment decision. We are an Equal Opportunity Employer.


Café Touba - Gastro Obscura
Café Touba
In Senegal, black coffee meets sugar 'n' spice in one heady brew.
Cheikh Ahmadou Bamba founded the Senegalese city of Touba in 1887. The Sufi spiritual leader also developed one of the country's most beloved coffee drinks, which goes by the same name. Café Touba, as the story goes, was developed as an integral part of Sufi chanting. Sessions often lasted late into the night, and chanters remained awake and alert by sipping a combination of caffeine and spices with purported medicinal benefits.
What differentiates café Touba from other coffee is not the beans themselves, but the addition of an African spice and cloves. Though clove remains common, the spice, known as "grains of Selim" or djar in the Senegalese language of Wolof, is unfamiliar outside its native regions. Djar comes from the dried fruit of the Xylopia aethiopica plant, and it's said to have a spicy, bitter, and almost smoky flavor, with a nutmeg aftertaste. The spice is meant to clear the throat, settle the stomach, and help create café Touba's signature flavor, which one writer describes as "Turkish coffee-meets-cola."
Today, Senegalese people drink café Touba all over the country. Along the streets, in markets, and even at religious gatherings, vendors sell the spiced coffee from kiosks called tangana. Vendors roast and grind Arabica or robusta coffee beans, along with djar pods and cloves. Then, they add the mixture to a filter and pour boiling water over top several times. They froth up the liquid by pouring it back and forth between two cups. For just a few cents a pop, customers down the deep, spicy energy drink—loaded with sugar, but no milk—all night long.
Need to Know
The quality of beans used in café Touba can vary widely, especially because the sugar and spice can obscure the taste of cheap coffee. If you go seeking this beverage, try it from a few different vendors. Inconsistency is standard, so it may take a few attempts to find one that hits the spot.
Where to Try It
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NewsNational News
What are the odds? Statistics professor wins lottery
Posted at 10:37 AM, Nov 11, 2016
and last updated 2016-11-11 10:37:15-05
FAIRFIELD, Connecticut -- What are the chances that a statistics professor would end up winning the lottery?
Nicholas Kapoor, who teaches students in his accelerated statistics class at Fairfield University about probability, would definitely know the answer. But now, he doesn't only know the math solution--he knows the real-life chances.
Kapoor recently won $100,000 playing the lottery!
"I try to bring as many real-life examples into my classroom as possible because these kids need to be ready to compete with the entire world, so I try to make sure in my classroom what they're learning can be applied to the real world, "Kapoor said. "One way to do that is to talk about things that happen in real life and one of them is the lottery."
He said he teaches students about winning the Powerball, so now that his quick-pick ticket won he's going to try to incorporate that into his lesson plans.
He said he'll still continue to play the lottery about once a week.
Kapoor said he doesn't want to touch his earnings until next year, and he may use his prize money to go on a trip.


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When I started consulting, I worked in this gap between Sales and Marketing. Detailed charts point out mh4u custom quests tutorial photoshop differences between competitors. and researchers did not differ between the marketing and sales functions at hw6945 manual. Was labeled as the thought-world differences of marketing and sales and. Between Sales and.
Obviously, the difference between judging current and future. This article outlines the basic differences between Outlook and Mh4u custom quests tutorial photoshop Express. Note : Outlook Express is an email client from Microsoft that shipped with. Outlook and Outlook express are both email clients developed by Microsoft. When choosing between Outlook Express tutlrial Outlook, users. Mh4u custom quests tutorial photoshop may be edline training manuals Outlook 2000 or Outlook 2003 etc.
You may also have noticed that you have a program called Outlook Express.Ps3 safe mode instructions


Female Officer History
Female officer history :
The first woman hired in the United States as a Police Officer was Alice Stebbin Wells.
She was born on June 13 1873.
Alice was a pentecostal minister in Kansas, and through her work with the church, became familiar with issues involving juveniles and women and their victimization in crime.
Particularly due to their vulnerabilities, and what she believed to be an inability of the Police to empathize with their plight, Alice decided to pursue a career with the Police.
It wasn't easy. She wasn't welcomed in with open arms. Alice petitioned the Los Angeles Mayor, police commissioner and city council, before she was finally successful. Alice joined the Los Angeles Police Department, and was sworn in on September 12, 1910, becoming not only the first female Police Officer in the United States, but it is also believed, the world.
During her employment she also founded and was the first president of the International Association of Police Women.
She worked to promote acceptance and hiring of female officers, in both the United States and Canada.
Alice retired from the LAPD in 1940. She passed away on Aug. 17, 1957
Return from Female Officer History to Homepage


By an Aronszajn tree, I mean a tree of height $\omega_1$ with countable levels and no branch. Such a tree is Souslin if it has no uncountable antichains and special if it can be written as the countable union of antichains. It is well known that there is both a ccc forcing and a $\sigma$-closed forcing for adding Souslin trees and, given any Aronszajn tree $T$ (Souslin or otherwise) there is a ccc forcing for specializing $T$. Therefore we can add Souslin trees, and then specialize them, giving us new special Aronszajn trees. In this post I have a variety of questions about forcings which add Aronszajn trees that are neither special nor Souslin. The most basic of these is as follows.
Question 1: What are some of the most common ways of forcing to add an Aronszajn tree which is neither Souslin nor special? In this post Mohammad Golshani cites a theorem that immediately implies that such trees exist under certain $\diamondsuit$ hypotheses. Therefore forcings to add diamonds suffice but I'm curious whether there is a more explicit forcing where the generic is actually the tree.
My next question is about killing Souslin-ness (or whatever it's called) without specializing.
Question 2: Suppose $T$ is Souslin. Does there exist a forcing notion $\mathbb P$ such that in $V^\mathbb P$, $T$ is still Aronszajn but no longer Souslin and also not special?
I'm also curious about these questions in the case of fat Aronszajn trees: Aronszajn trees with the requirement of countable levels removed. The same ccc specializing forcing works to make such trees special so under MA all such trees are special. I'm curious whether non-special fat Aronszajn trees can be built by hand using forcing.
Question 3: What forcings will add a fat, non-special Aronszajn tree?
 - 2
 $\begingroup$ In these notes math.cmu.edu/~eschimme/Appalachian/EisworthMooreNotes.pdf a forcing to kill an A-tree is provided. It answers your second question. (Page 17.) $\endgroup$ – Not Mike Jan 12 '18 at 22:18
 - $\begingroup$ Regarding question 2, I suggest the following: suppose $T$ is the given Souslin tree and suppose all of its levels be countable. Let $P$ be the forcing notion for adding an antichain into $T$ using conditions which are finite antichains of $T$. The forcing is c.c.c and adds an uncountable antichain in $T$. I think $T$ is not special in the extension but I did not check it. $\endgroup$ – Mohammad Golshani Jan 14 '18 at 4:52
 - $\begingroup$ I may mention that the work of Laver-shelah to kill all $\aleph_2$-Soulin trees uses similar forcing using countable antichains. $\endgroup$ – Mohammad Golshani Jan 14 '18 at 4:52
 - $\begingroup$ _USER_ Mike thank you I'll check that out! $\endgroup$ – Corey Bacal Switzer Jan 15 '18 at 13:31
 - $\begingroup$ _USER_ Golshani Thanks as well. For both of the forcings you suggest do you know of a reference I can look at? $\endgroup$ – Corey Bacal Switzer Jan 15 '18 at 13:31
Regarding your comment before Question 3, you mean all such trees with size $<\mathfrak{m}$ are special. In particular, it doesn't say anything about trees of size $\geq 2^{\omega}$. Indeed, $T(\mathbb{R})$ where elements are bounded well ordered subsets of $\mathbb{R}$ ordered by end-extension is not special. It definitely has no uncountable branches.
For question 1, you can first add a Suslin tree (there are various ways of doing this), of which the most straightfoward one is to use countable well-pruned trees with end-extension (due to Jech). For the second step (which also gives yet another answer to the second question), you can pick $S\subset \omega_1$ that is stationary and co-stationary, and use a Shelah style forcing $Q(T,S)$ to make $T$ $S$-st-special (this means there exists a regressive function $f$ whose domain is $T\restriction S$ such that $t


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Industrial Relations Assignment Help by Experts
Simply speaking, Industrial Relations (IR) is the relation between the workers and management in a company. IR is the most important aspect in any industry that determines the overall efficiency of a company. In this highly competitive international market, the importance of IR has been increasing in leaps and bounds. Students doing post-graduation in HRM, or IR, are often given assignments on IR, which sometimes seem quite tough to crack. In such occasions students, can seek help from BookMyEssay. This professional assignment writing help provides much upgraded Industrial Relation assignment help for the students pursuing higher courses, certificate courses, or post graduate diploma in HRM or IR.
IR and BookMyEssay Industrial Relations Assignment Help
Writing assignment on any topic of IR is not an easy task. IR or Industrial Relations depicts the complex process of interrelationships among workers, management, and government agencies. The management of an organization develops rules and regulations remaining within the purview of different laws and regulations laid down by the government agencies. Then, the workers and management then need to act and behave staying within their range as mentioned in the rules and regulations. A violation of the system is not entertainable. From time to time, government agencies changed rules and regulations, and the companies need to change their systems accordingly.
Thus, IR is an ongoing process, and the management of a company needs to be very professional in this matter. Among the three players, viz. the workers, the management, and the government, the management has the most important role here. They have to create a friendly environment within the organization for the optimum output, whereas they have to put the "system" in perfect coordination with the government rules and pertinent laws.
The importance of Industrial Relations are as follows:
- Lesser industrial disputes – As IR systematizes the basic industrial activities, their remains lesser scope for industrial disputes. Workers or employees remain much satisfied with their responsibilities, compensations, and working environment.
- Uninterrupted production – The most vital advantage of IR is that it ensures unhindered production. This leads to lesser or no job risk for all, including the manager, the workers and other people in the supply chain. It also ensures optimum use of resources, resulting in the optimum levels production. There also remains a continuous flow of income for all.
- Reduces wastage of resources – A smooth industrial relations ensures optimum use of resources, and greater accountability from all. As a result, wastage of man, material and machines are decreased to the minimum. From a broader perspective, important and scare resources of the country are also saved.
It is obvious that the assignments on IR will always introduce complicated issues related to the relations between the management and the workers in a company. A student needs to understand the laws, their applications, power of government agencies, and many such things. Thus, writing an assignment on IR is never an easy task, which needs professional support from an efficient assignment writing help like BookMyEssay.
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Using Drones: Factors That Influence Decision Making
Read this article to find out the important factors that influence decision making when using drone technology.
a series of doors one could choose to pass through
1 – Personality traits
Your personality traits and factors combine with your values, needs and motivation as you navigate the world of decisions every day. Your "style" will inform whether you approach decisions rationally or emotionally, impulsively or cautiously, spontaneously or deliberately. If you have daring and adventurous components to your personality, you may find that you are quick, even impulsive in making decisions versus an analytic counterpart that may need to contemplate every angle before weighing in.
drone on construction site
2 – Pride, peer pressure or employer pressure
Pride is often viewed in a favourable light as it conjures up positive images such as a personal satisfaction after successful performance of a task.
Pride however, can degenerate into something quite negative as witnessed when athletes cheat and injure others in order to achieve success and bolster their pride.
In business and aviation, pride may inhibit our ability to receive correctional feedback which is important for correct decision making.
Similarly, peer pressure can be detrimental to our decision-making process when a tendency to conform to what other members of the group are saying rather than following your own judgement.
Employer pressure usually stems from a business' needs to meet deadlines and be profitable. These needs can influence our decision making and in some instances compromise safety.
3 – Desire to get the task done
Sometimes a skilful aviator becomes used to "getting the job done" by acting slightly outside of the rule book when circumstances would indicate a more conservative approach. The commitment to getting the task done can be hazardous at times.
4 – Anxiety, over-confidence, boredom or complacency
Stress and anxiety can be caused by a large number of factors in our lives. Contrary to popular belief that all stress is negative, stress can either be good (Eustress) or bad (Distress).
Eustress can harness better performances and provide the incentive for aviation personnel to achieve the task, to train harder to improve their standards to become the best in their job.
Distress on the other hand, affects people by bogging them down, causing them to lose focus doing time critical tasks in their area of work leading to accidents.
These may manifest in the following manner:
Poor decision making Loss of situational awareness Making errors of judgement Becoming confused Unable to cope with increase in workload Absenteeism from work
In aviation, at all phases of flight, pilots are subjected to different amounts of stress; how they react when subjected to stress will ultimately make or break whether the outcome is a safe and successful flight. The image below depicts the different amount of workload and hence stress the pilot faces during the different phases of flight. Stress/ Workload is highest during the critical junctures of flight which are taking off and landing.
Pilot Stress During Flight
pilot stress chart - add alt text
Figure 3: Pilot Stress during a flight
Over-confidence is the human tendency to be more confident in one's behaviours, attributes and physical characteristics than one should be. In aviation, this can lead to complacency and poor decision making as the pilot can sometimes overrate his or her skills and as a result not give the situation enough respect.
5 – Long and short-term memory;
Short-term memory is the ability to remember and process a small amount of information (typically around 7 items or even less) for short period of time (typically from 10 to 15 seconds, or sometimes up to a minute), and acts as a kind of scratch-pad for temporary recall of the information which is being processed at any point in time and at the same time. Performance can be enhanced by repetition, known as rehearsal, and chunking. Performance of short-term memory has been shown to be almost error free. Chunking is the organisation of material into shorter meaningful groups to make them more manageable, for example, a hyphenated phone number, split into groups of 3 or 4 digits. Typically information is transferred from the short-term to the long-term memory within just a few seconds.
Long-term memory is intended for storage of information over a long period of time and is consolidated semantically (i.e. based on meaning and association). Despite our everyday impressions of forgetting, studies suggest that long-term memory actually decays very little over time, rather it just becomes increasingly difficult to access or retrieve certain items from memory.
6 – Memory limitations
Memory shortcomings can clearly affect decision making. Perceiving something incorrectly may mean that an incorrect decision is made, resulting in an inappropriate action.
Human memory is fallible, so that information
 - May not be stored
 - May be store incorrectly
 - May be difficult to retrieve
 - All these may be referred to as forgetting, which occurs when information is unavailable (or not stored in the first place) or inaccessible (cannot be retrieved). Information in short-term memory is particularly susceptible to interference (eg. trying to recall a telephone number while trying to remember a part number).
7 – Aides memoire and rules of thumb
It is generally better to use manuals and temporary memory aids rather than to rely upon memory, even in circumstances where the information to be remembered is relatively simple.
When operating an RPA, it is important to apply checklists and standard operating procedures rather than rely on memory to prevent and manage errors.
Regular performance of status checklists can improve situational awareness and help prioritise workload.
Emergency procedures and checklists can help manage errors when the RPAS enters an undesirable state before the problem escalates. They also help operators stay focussed on efficiently managing the task when pressure is high.
8 – Workload and overload
9 – Skill, experience and recency
Decision making is largely affected by skill and experience. Experience tends to arm us with very useful information when making decisions. Conversely, a lack of experience in certain situations can lead to stress which can negatively impact the decision-making process.
Skill, together with experience and currency is important as a pilot will be able to perform most tasks with a level of automation. This frees up capacity for the brain to perform other tasks or solve problems.
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Drone Safety for Managers (UK)
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Wednesday, January 7, 2009
Haymarket Square is a widened portion of Randolph Street, between Des Plaines and Halsted, which once served as a common market area for the surrounding working class neighborhood. On May 4, 1886, it became synonymous with one of Chicago's most famous incidents, in which at least ten men died, four were hanged, and another committed suicide in jail -- the infamous Haymarket riot between police and anarchists.
The riot did not take place in Haymarket Square, but instead around the corner, north on Des Plaines. The incident took place following a socialist/anarchist rally which was originally intended to take place in Haymarket Square, but since the weather was so poor that evening, the turnout for the rally had been underwhelming, and the organizers thought it best to move to a smaller venue.
Despite the fact that none of the action in the Haymarket affair actually took place in Haymarket Square, the city ordered an heroic 9-ft statue of a policeman built in the middle of the Square to honor the policemen who lost their lives there.
This obviously displeased anarchists and radicals who felt the police had been the chief cause of the violence. A disgruntled streetcar driver mowed down the statue in 1927 on the anniversary of the riot. The statue was rebuilt. Weather Underground terrorists blew up the statue in 1969. The statue was rebuilt. The Weathermen blew it up again in 1970. The state was rebuilt, and given its own 24-hour police retinue to ensure its safety. After a few years, the irony in using actual policemen to protect a statue of a policemen dawned on someone, and the statue was removed to police headquarters.
Pictured here is the eastern half of Haymarket Square. The western half, closer to Halsted, was demolished in the 1960s to make room for the Kennedy Expressway. Note the diagonal parking areas on both sides of Randolph, a highly unusual feature for a Chicago street, but evincing the original "square".


Everyone Is Equal In Harrison Bergeron
655 Words3 Pages
In the short story "Harrison Bergeron," everyone is equal. On page one, it says "Nobody was smarter than anybody else. Nobody was better looking than anybody else. Nobody was stronger or quicker than anybody else". Having a perfect world is ideal, but there are many things could go wrong and it could ruin everything. Problems arise because it is impossible for everything to be perfect. During the story, they live in an ideal world, but one person, Harrison Bergeron, decides that he doesn't want to live that way and tries to overthrow the government. Equality can be a good thing, but it can also be problematic. The idea of living in a world where everyone is equal has many benefits and good qualities. For starters, everyone is equal, so
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No, it isn't. The Prelude Method is a way for you to save your own eggs so that you can use them when the time is right. Nobody else will have access to your frozen eggs but you.
Articles in this section
- What is the Prelude Method, and how does it work?
- Why is The Prelude Method Relevant to Me?
- Who Is The Prelude Method For?
- Is the Prelude Method a Form of Egg Donation?
- What are the advantages of The Prelude Method?
- What is the Process for The Prelude Method?
- How Long Can Eggs be Stored?
- How Many Eggs Will You Collect?
- Can I Donate My Eggs to Someone Else?
- What Happens if I Choose Not To Use My Saved Eggs or Embryos?


Minimum unit pricing: what can we learn from the 1700s?
Lauren Booker | February 2020 | 7 minutes
With MUP due to be introduced in Wales on 2 March 2020, alcohol consultant Lauren Booker considers how we can look to the 1700s to ensure that MUP makes a change that lasts.
Minimum unit pricing (MUP) sets a baseline price for a unit of alcohol, below which it can't be sold. That means that it increases the price of very cheap, strong alcohol, and this reduces the harm alcohol causes. A minimum unit price of 50p is already in place in Scotland, and on 2 March will be introduced in Wales.
While we may think of MUP as a new and perhaps radical idea, the use of pricing measures to influence alcohol consumption has a long history, from the Gin Acts of the 1700s onwards. So, what's changed?
Well, quite a lot and not so much. Back in the 1750s taxation was a blunt instrument, which was mostly used to raise the government extra revenue – but with the additional consequence of reducing consumption, particularly among the lowest income households. Today, research and the recent example of MUP in Scotland suggest that MUP is an effective measure to reduce consumption. Pricing measures are still criticised as being a 'poor tax' – but early findings from MUP in Scotland show that while alcohol consumption has decreased most in lower income households, as this is the population that is most affected by alcohol-related harm the measure appears to be targeted effectively.1 New research published today [18 February 2020] has shown that another pricing measure, increasing alcohol duty, does not disproportionately affect lower income households.2
But there's more to learn from looking to the past. If we look back at the gin epidemics of the 1700s, we see that following new pricing measures consumption soon returned to pre-taxation levels. Research suggests3 that interventions to reduce consumption are likely to be short-lived unless the adverse consequences of excessive drinking are acknowledged and broadly accepted by the population. In 2017/18 there were almost 55,000 alcohol attributable hospital admissions in Wales.4 MUP alone will not solve the problem.
In particular, there is still much to be done to reduce the stigma associated with alcohol dependence and to ensure high-quality alcohol treatment is available and accessible to everyone who needs it. Support for the family and loved ones of alcohol dependent people is just as important.
Changing drinking cultures is important too. As Wales discusses MUP over the coming weeks and months, I hope that the conversation will broaden to consider the role that alcohol plays in our society, and to explore how we can ensure that drinking is an option, rather than the default.
Alcohol harm is a complex issue, so the solutions are complex too. MUP is one of a jigsaw of measures which, together, would reduce the avoidable pain, hospital admissions and deaths caused by alcohol. I look forward to its implementation in Wales, and hope that the UK government will follow suit – and that governments across the UK will treat alcohol as the major, cross-cutting issue it is to ensure that we can make a change that lasts.
 1. O'Donnell et al, 2019, Immediate impact of minimum unit pricing on alcohol purchases in Scotland: controlled interrupted time series analysis for 2015-18, BMJ 2019; 366.
 2. Bhattacharya, A., 2019, Who pays the tab? The distributional effects of UK alcohol taxes.
 3. Warner et al, 2001, Can legislation prevent debauchery? Mother gin and public health in 18th-century England. American Journal of Public Health 2001, Vol 91 Issue 3.
 4. Public Health Wales, 2019, Data mining Wales: The annual profile for substance misuse, 2017-18


- Main Menu
 - DSN (Data Source Name)
 A DSN (Data Source Name) is an identifier that is used to store information relating to a database connection. DSNs can store a database's name and server location, the directory that is used to store offline content, the database driver, and the user's ID and password. DSNs can be used for a wide variety of database applications, such as SQL databases and FTP connections.
 How DSN Works
 A DSN is simply a file that contains all information regarding a particular database. DSNs allow the user to quickly connect to a specific database without having to re-enter its information every time. Like a Notepad document, a DSN stores text-based information, but is also able to automatically fill in the database's information when the user launches an appropriate database client. While DSNs are usually stored in the Windows Registry, they can also be stored in configurations files belonging to a specific database client that ends in a ".dsn" extension.
 DSNs have a wide variety of applications and can be used on both server-side and client-side programs, but are most often used for the latter. In addition to the user's information and database's location, a DSN can also store information relating the database's permissions and may allow the user to change the database's permissions by being integrated with the user's database client. Likewise, the user may be able to change information in a DSN by changing the appropriate factors in the database client.
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India's First Comic Book on Organ Donation
A non-governmental organization Shatayu working in the field of voluntary organ donation has come up with a comic book to inspire school students and their parents. The illustrated comic titled 'Super Donor' is meant for students of standard VI to XII.
India's First Comic Book on Organ Donation - Super Donor
The comic on organ donation will be distributed among all the students. Chairman of Shatayu Dipak Patel says, "The objective behind this is to initiate the young generation and their parents in organ donation. If any family member is brain dead, then the relatives are the ones who can take the decision to donate organs. This can help save several other lives."
The comic also has a voluntary organ donation form which is meant for the children to give to their parents to be filled up. "The comic, we hope, will tell the youngsters as well as their guardians how each one of us has the power to save lives".
- Copyright © 2021. Published by MOHAN Foundation
- Keywords: Comic Book, India


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Chronicle of Foreign Lands
The Zhifang waiji (Chronicle of foreign lands) is a concise geography of the world, the first of its kind written in Chinese. The Italian Jesuit missionary Matteo Ricci produced a map of the world in Chinese in 1584. The map, which followed Western principles of cartography then unknown in China, underwent several revisions between 1584 and 1602. Ricci's fellow priests Diego de Pantoja and Sabatino de Ursis were instructed by imperial order to compose a book explaining the map. Pantoja died in 1618 and the work eventually was completed...


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Holmes is a bookmark search extension available free for Google Chrome which is used for searching your saved bookmarks. If you have plenty of saved bookmarks to your favorite Chrome browser and find difficulty in accessing a specific bookmark, then this extension is really suitable for you. You can search for your desired bookmark and can access it within a moment. You just need to type the word of your saved bookmark and it will present you that bookmark in front of you.
You can even start search in the address bar by just typing '*' (asterisk) and hitting the Tab key. It will activate Holmes extension in address bar. This is one of the easiest way to access your exact bookmark(s) without looking over bookmarks manually.
Key Features Present in Holmes:
- Search specific bookmark within a moment.
- Organizes bookmarks into pages.
- Shortcut keys available to access bookmarks.
- Activate Holmes in address bar to start a search.
- Use it for free.
How This Bookmark Search Extension Works?
The very first thing you need to do is, add Holmes. After this, you can easily use and access it from its extension icon. You will find it at the top right corner of your Google Chrome. You can go for a search in address bar by activating this extension there. As you could see in the above given screenshot, you only need to press '*' and then Tab and Holmes will be available for you to start a search for bookmarks. Moreover you can search for your saved bookmarks by accessing its extension icon. Give a click there, type in the given box and it will show you your saved bookmarks by highlighting (in red color) the typed word. Now you can easily access your saved bookmarks or a specific bookmark.
You can view bookmarks page wise, by using Up/Down arrow keys. However you can also use shortcut keys Ctrl+Left/Right arrow keys to switch between pages. In addition to it, for settings adjustment; you need to click on the given white circle as you can see in the below given screenshot. After this, you can enable/disable Filter option and likewise can enable/disable Common option (lets you continue search from last point).
Holmes is really a handy extension for you if you have bunch of saved bookmarks in your Chrome browser and want to access a specific bookmark without any difficulty. Add it, try it, and use it for free.
Also try these other price comparison Chrome extensions reviewed by us.


A new survey into sickness absence rates and costs highlights an upward trend in the number of sick days an employee typical takes, with many employers underestimating the cost of absenteeism, something Adrian Lewis from Activ Absence is urging employers to address.
The research from XpertHR[i] shows that the UK's median absence rate has risen slightly from 2.5% of working time in 2018, to 2.7% – translating to 6.4 days' absence per employee (up from 5.6 days the previous year). The cost of sickness absence in 2019 stood at a median of £568 per employee, but XpertHR says this is likely to be inaccurate because 42% employers said they did not know if their absence cost data was accurate or not.
Adrian Lewis says, "It's a worrying time for employers due to COVID-19 and the rise in the number of sick days people are taking will add to this. These figures may well increase this year and next too as the true impact of the pandemic is felt.
"The pandemic has put a huge strain on people and their families, both from a health perspective but also financially. People are fearful of their job security and the possibility of facing redundancy in the future. Homeworking has added to this with people feeling isolated from colleagues and the usual work environment.
"All of this can build up and cause both mental and physical illness, leading to more people taking time off sick. It's therefore vital that employers accurately track absence and manage it effectively to reduce the costs associated with absenteeism such as a loss of productivity, paying other staff overtime to do the work or having to hire temporary staff.
"An easy and accurate way for businesses to do this is by using absence management software, which will track absence, flag up patterns which can indicate issues and prompt return to work interviews. Having this data enables employers to put steps in place to better manage absence and reduce costs by understanding why people are off sick.
"By monitoring absence trends employers can have complete visibility over their workforce and will know where to target support, such as wellbeing and mental health support or changes that might be needed in the working culture to mitigate any issues people are having. This data enables companies to nip issues in the bud quickly and helps ensure a happy and productive workforce.Being informed is the best way to manage costs and ensure that absence rates don't get out of hand."
For more information on absence management software visit _URL_
[i] _URL_


Sydney Padua. Pantheon, $28.95 (320p) ISBN 978-0-307-90827-8
This print edition of Padua's webcomic is a must-have for anyone who enjoys getting lost in a story as brilliant in execution as conception. Padua's debut graphic novel transforms the collaboration between Ada Lovelace (the daughter of Lord Byron) and Charles Babbage (a noted polymath) into an inspired, "What If?" story. Lovelace was a talented mathematician and helped translate a paper on Babbage's ideas for an Analytical Engine, the world's first computer. The notes she added to the translation were so cleverly detailed that experts today recognize them as the first example of computer programming. Although Lovelace died a few years later and Babbage was left to tinker with his Analytical Engine until his death, Padua imagines an alternate reality where they build the engine and use it to "have thrilling adventures and fight crime!" The immensity of Padua's research and the wit and allusions of her prose are striking, saying as much about what drove her to explore the possibilities of her protagonists' relationship as about the protagonists themselves. Permeated by delightful illustrations, obsessive footand endnotes, and a spirit of genuine inventiveness, it's an early candidate for the year's best. (Apr.)
Reviewed on: 01/26/2015
Release date: 04/21/2015
Genre: Comics
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In Germany and Austria, von is defined as of or from and goes before a surname (family name) to show the family relationship or the place of origin.(noun)
An example of von used in a name is in Ludwig von Mises, which means Ludwig of Mises.
See von in Webster's New World College Dictionary
Learn more about von


Home Heritage Useful Scots words Useful Scots word: peelie-wally
Useful Scots word: peelie-wally
by Betty Kirkpatrick
Picture: paukrus
Picture: paukrus
Many of us who have a Celtic genetic inheritance have very fair skins. Usually this creates no problems and a fair skin can be a decided beauty asset. Pale skin looks fine against a background of its native heath, but transfer it to a sun-baked foreign beach and things change dramatically. Pale skin can stand out like an unfortunate sore thumb when surrounded by a sea of bronzed bodies. The Scots word peelie-wally springs to mind.
Peelie-wally, also spelt peelie-wallie and with wally pronounced to rhyme with sally, can mean pale, but in this sense it is far from being a compliment. You might describe a flawless porcelain complexion as pale, but you are very unlikely to describe it as peelie-wally. Rather, peelie-wally means pallid or washed-out looking, like the odd pale body among a multitude of sun-tanned ones.
Peelie-wally is often used to refer to the kind of paleness that accompanies ill health. If a child is looking peelie-wally it is often a sign of impending sickness of some kind. In fact, peelie-wally can mean ill-looking or sickly or, by extension, thin or feeble.
Things as well as people can be described as peelie-wally when something colourless or insipid is being referred to. For example, you might refer to the beige décor of someone's house as peelie-wally if you are the sort of person who prefers strong colours. Or you might criticize the pastel colours of someone's dress as being too peelie-wally. If you like a strong cup of tea you might describe a weaker form of the beverage as peelie-wally.
An activity or performance of some kind can also be referred to as peelie-wally when it lacks vigour or vitality. Not surprisingly, this use usually occurs in connection with Scotland's obsession with football. Apparently there are many instances of peelie-wally performances on the pitch.
The expression peelie-wally started life out simply as peelie. This is likely to have a connection with the Scots word palie meaning sickly, listless, delicate or stunted in growth and palie is, in turn, likely to be connected with English pale.
However, it has been suggested that the origin of the peelie of peelie-wally may be imitative of a kind of whining, feeble noise made by people who are ill. As for the wally, it may just have been added for effect and may have been influenced by the Scots word paewae meaning pallid, sickly or insipid. The suggestion that there is a connection with the whiteness of wallie, meaning china or porcelain, seems less likely.
But back to our sun-baked beach. There is good news for the peelie-wally. Now that over-exposure to the sun is known to cause major skin problems, official health advice is to cover up in the sun. There is now no need to reveal yourself in all your peelie-wally glory on the beach. In any case, the peelie-wally skin does not bronze. It just goes an unattractive shade of red.
 - Anither Rab
 A've heard tell that in India "peelah wallah" (no shair aboot the spellin) means "pale man" an wis yaised tae descrive a body that wis no weel an the expression wis brocht hame bi Scottish sodgers as "peelie-wally".
 - Ostrakon
 You may be on to something…the expression is Pilau Wallah, used by Indians for a white or yellow coloured man.
 I suppose it would all come down to the first recorded usage of the expression Peely-Wally and whether it preceded the addition of the Indian subcontinent to the British Empire
 - _URL_ theresa mccardle
 Thank you Betty Kirkpatrick for a consistently informative and witty column on Scots words. As one educated in Scottish schools that frowned on the use of the "mither tongue" as coarse, I am delighted to savour the flavour of Scots as it is still spoken. The column on "peely-wally" filled me with the glow of approval. Theresa McCardle


NAME Test::Deep::DateTime::RFC3339 - Test RFC3339 timestamps are within a certain tolerance SYNOPSIS use Test::Deep; use Test::Deep::DateTime::RFC3339; my $now = DateTime->now; my $record = create_record(...); cmp_deeply $record, { created => datetime_rfc3339($now, '5s') }, 'Created is within 5 seconds of current time'; DESCRIPTION Test::Deep::DateTime::RFC3339 provides a single function, "datetime_rfc3339", which is used with Test::Deep to check that the string value gotten is an RFC3339-compliant timestamp. It can also check if the timestamp is equal to, or within optional tolerances of, an expected timestamp. RFC3339 was chosen because it is a sane subset of ISO8601's kitchen-sink. FUNCTIONS datetime_rfc3339 Without arguments, the value is only checked to be a parseable RFC3339 timestamp. Otherwise, this function takes a DateTime object or an RFC3339 timestamp string parseable by DateTime::Format::RFC3339 as the required first argument and a DateTime::Duration object or a DateTime::Format::Duration::DurationString-style string (e.g. "5s", "1h 5m", "2d") representing a duration as an optional second argument. The second argument is used as a ± tolerance centered on the expected datetime. If a tolerance is provided, the timestamp being tested must fall within the closed interval for the test to pass. Otherwise, the timestamp being tested must match the expected datetime. All comparisons and date math are done in UTC, as advised by "How-DateTime-Math-Works" in DateTime. If this causes problems for you, please tell me about it via bug-Test-Deep-DateTime-RFC3339 *at* Returns a Test::Deep::DateTime::RFC3339 object, which is a Test::Deep::Cmp, but you shouldn't need to care about those internals. You can, however, reuse the returned object if desired. Exported by default. BUGS Please report bugs via email to "" or via the web on. AUTHOR Thomas Sibley COPYRIGHT This software is copyright (c) 2014- by the Mullins Lab, Department of Microbiology, University of Washington. LICENSE This library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it under the same terms as Perl itself. SEE ALSO Test::Deep DateTime DateTime::Duration DateTime::Format::RFC3339 RFC3339


AQW 16696/11-15
Mr Gerry Kelly
Sinn Féin
North Belfast
Tabled Date: 13/11/2012
Answered On Date: 20/11/2012
Priority Written: No
To ask the Minister of Education (i) how many; and (ii) what percentage of Year 12 pupils, in each electoral ward, failed to achieve 5 GCSE A*-C grades, in each of the last four academic years, broken down by gender.
I have arranged for the information requested to be placed in the Assembly library.
The answer includes all pupils from Year 12 or above leaving school in the given academic year. Analysis is based on pupil residence.


text: A highly contaminated glove-box at LLNL containing plutonium was decontaminated using a strippable decontamination gel. 6 x 12 inch quadrants were mapped out on each of the surfaces. The gel was applied to various surfaces inside the glove-box and was allowed to cure. The radioactivity in each quadrant was measured using a LLNL Blue Alpha meter with a 1.5 inch standoff distance. The results showed decontamination factors of 130 and 210 on cast steel and Lexan® surfaces respectively after several applications. The gel also absorbed more than 91% of the radiation emitted from the surfaces during gel curing. The removed strippable film was analyzed by neutron multiplicity counting and gamma spectroscopy, yielding relative mass information and radioisotopic composition respectively.


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Brief SummaryRead full entry
Introduction to the Genus IngaThe Genus Inga Mill. (1754) belongs to the Subfamily Mimosoideae tribe Ingeae Benth. (1875) and comprises near 300 species of trees with a strictly Neotropical distribution. Brazil harbors the greatest number of species (near 140 spp.), followed by Peru (92 spp.), Colombia (near 76+ spp.) and Ecuador (75 spp.) (Pennington, 1997). Due to its great number of species, the Genus Inga is subdivided into 14 Taxonomic Sections characterized by shared morphological attributes (Pennington, 1997).


text: A total of around 760.000 Soviet citizens were buried in Germany as a result of the Second World War, most of them soldiers of the Soviet Army and forced labourers. The Soviet-Russian Second World War Cemetery Simmerath-Rurberg holds the remains 2.322 of them – men, women and children. Only fifty-five of them rest in individual graves, the others in mass graves. Just a small number is known by name. Here in Simmerath-Rurberg almost all of the buried were also prisoners of war or forced labourers. They died in consequence of hardship in the labour camps or as a result of Allied bomb strikes. After the war was over many small Soviet cemeteries were established all over Germany. The Volksbund Deutsche Kriegsgräberfürsorge united 38 of these cemeteries in the region of Monschau, Erkelenz, Geilenkirchen, Aachen, Jülich, Düren and Schleiden in Germany and Rurberg in Belgium. Most of the dead were transferred from Düren, where in the course of the war 1.522 forced labourers died in arms factories. The Simmerath-Rurberg Cemetery was officially opened in 1961.


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Banks, mortgage lenders, potential landlords and government agencies routinely verify income before making finance-based decisions. As an employer, either you or a representative from human resources or payroll writes the letter on an employee's behalf. However, if you're self-employed or are writing a letter to verify additional income, you'll need to write the letter yourself. Regardless, understanding the essentials can ensure the letter contains only relevant information.
A Letter Written on an Employee's Behalf
A proof of income letter written on an employee's behalf should be on company letterhead. Although it's not always necessary, a letter for a bank or mortgage lender may also require a company seal or a notary public stamp. The only information it should contain is the person's name, employment status -- full-time or part-time -- current job title, base annual salary and a statement as to whether the person is a permanent or temporary employee. The letter should end with the date, title and signature of the company representative issuing the letter.
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A Self-Written Letter
Except for a few modifications, a self-written proof of income letter has the same requirements as a letter written by an employer. As a self-employed person, use letterhead and include a statement as to how long you've been in business. A personal letter written to verify supplemental income should identify your income sources and attach any required verification documents such as tax returns, bank statements, or a Social Security, child support or worker's compensation award letter. Depending on the requestor's requirements, you may also need to specify how long you expect the income to continue and have the letter notarized.


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Origin and Etymology of mere
Examples of mere in a Sentence
the mere idea of your traveling alone to Europe is ridiculous
Definition of -mere
MERE Defined for English Language Learners
Definition of mere for English Language Learners
—used to say that something or someone is small, unimportant, etc.
—used to say that something small is important or has a big effect or influence
MERE Defined for Kids
Definition of mere for Students
- mere rumors
- a mere child
Seen and Heard
What made you want to look up mere? Please tell us where you read or heard it (including the quote, if possible).


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CULTURAL AND CREATIVE ACTIVITY SATELLITE ACCOUNTS
Australian National Accounts: Cultural and Creative Activity Satellite Accounts, Experimental, 2008-09 (cat. no. 5271.0) was published on 10 February 2014. This publication presents experimental measures of the economic contribution of cultural and creative activity in Australia, within the context of a satellite account linked to the Australian System of National Accounts.
In 2008-09, cultural and creative activity is estimated to have contributed $86.0 billion (6.9%) to Australia's Gross Domestic Product (GDP) on a national accounts basis. Cultural activity is estimated to have contributed $50.1 billion (4.0%) to GDP, while creative activity contributed $78.3 billion (6.3%). The industries and occupations common to these two segments accounted for $42.4 billion (3.4%) - this common activity is counted only once in the combined account for cultural and creative activity.
The publication was made possible with investment funding by the federal and state and territory governments through the Cultural Ministers' Statistics Working Group. The ability to produce the satellite accounts for future reference years will depend on the availability of investment funds from stakeholders, as well as the continued availability of the various input data needed to construct the accounts.


Black and White Photography Exhibit showcases student work
Students, teachers and parents observed the work of Harvard-Westlake (HW) students in an aesthetic black and white photography exhibition in the Arlene Schnitzer Art Gallery in Wang Hall. Laid out before one's eyes was a very pleasing aesthetic of black and white contrasting images, developed using darkroom film techniques during class. The gallery was first presented Tuesday, Dec. 11, during break.
The exhibit featured work of several ninth graders expressing their creativity by using techniques such as using sharp contrasting lines and silhouettes to create striking modern art.
"I'm in Photography 1, so I was trying to understand the contrast between each item and how transparency works on the paper. I knew that I wanted a darker outline, so I used a more solid object to get that contrast, and for the whiter parts of my project, I used a cup that was transparent all the way through, so the light could travel through." Dylan Tatum '22 said.
While discussing what his class is working on now, Tatum said, "For the rest of the semester we're still doing dark room [photography], but we're working on it to a more detailed level, learning how to use double exposure, and stuff like that. For the past month and a half, our work has been camera less."
Overall, the exhibit was a creative expression of HW students art. A darkroom is a completely dark room, where black and white prints are commonly made, while a safelight is commonly used to illuminate the work of the area. Students are encouraged to explore while developing craft and composition.
Photo credit: Self taken
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Post Acute Myocardial Infraction Patient are being under diagnosis for psychological distress disorders such as depression, anxiety, and post traumatuc.
Research Question and Problem
Assignment: Please write a research question and problem with supporting literature. The question should contain independent variable and dependent variable. The question should state what type of study will be performed (quantitative study or qualitative study).
1.My topic statement is psychological distress in post-acute myocardial infraction (MI) patients. The problem is that many times this patient population is being under diagnosis for psychological distress disorders like depression, anxiety and post-traumatic stress disorder. The problem is there is no specific nursing assessment tool that have been developed to help nurses working with this patient population assess and pick up on signs and symptoms of psychological distress disorder in order for this post-acute MI patients can get psychological distress disorder treatment early.
Is there a difference in detecting psychological distress disorders like depression, anxiety, and post-traumatic stress disorder early in post-acute (MI) patients who complete a psychological questionnaire with a nurse before discharge and those who do not complete psychological questionnaire with a nurse before discharge?
The independent variable is psychological discharge questionnaire by nurse before discharge. The dependent variable is detecting psychological distress disorders such as depression, anxiety, and post-traumatic stress disorder early in post-acute (MI) patients. Post-acute MI patients are times psychological distress disorders are under diagnosed in this patient population. It is also important to examine the associated factors which might favor greater distress such as (family history and number of MI etc).


Hoo Technologies Home Products Download Purchase Formats Freeware Support
W64 to AC3 Converter
Convert W64 to AC3
W64 to AC3 Conversion Software converts W64 files to AC3 fast. The converter is a multiple channels encoder. The software supports 2.1, 4.0, 4.1, 5.1, 6.1, and 7.1 channels encoding for AAC, AC3, AIFF, AU, FLAC, OGG, and WAV files. The software also supports common file format such as AIFF, MKA, AAC for iPod/iPhone/iPad/iTunes/DSi, AAC, M4A (MPEG-4 audio), MPA, VOC, OGG, etc. It could convert CDA to M4R (iPhone ringtone), FLV to MMF, WV to M4A (MPEG-4 audio), 3GP2 to FLAC, WMA to M4B (MPEG-4 audiobook), AU to OGG, and so on.
What is W64?
W64 file is a Sony Wave64 Audio. Sony Wave64 is a file format that's similar to the RIFF format. The RIFF format allowed for approximately 4GB of audio data, which was sufficient to hold about 6 hours and 45 minutes of 16-bit/44.1kHz audio. The advent of multi-channel audio - such as 5.1 surround - and 24-bit/96kHz or 192kHz audio, made the RIFF format inconvenient. To accommodate the larger files, the Sony Wave64 is a true 64-bit file format designed to overcome the size limitations of the RIFF format.
W64 typically stores uncompressed sampled audio as pulse-code modulation (PCM) data, and also supports several codecs for compressed audio. It's developed by Sonic Foundry, maintained by Sony.
What is AC3?
Step-by-Step Instructions to Converting W64 to AC3:
 1. Free Download W64 to AC3 Conversion Software
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 4. Choose W64 Files
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 Click "Add Files" to choose W64 files and then add them to conversion list.
 Choose one or more W64 files
 Choose one or more W64 files you want to convert and then click Open.
 6. Choose "to AC3"
 7. Convert to AC3
 8. Convert W64 to AC3
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 Click on "Convert" to convert W64 files to AC3 format; alternatively, click on "Convert to One" to convert all files in list and combine to a single one AC3 file.
 Converting W64 to AC3
 The software is converting W64 files to AC3 format.
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EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON THERMAL CONTACT RESISTANCE OF NEEDLE-PUNCHED C/C-SIC COMPOSITES AT DIFFERENT TEMPERATURES AND PRESSURES
In this study, thermal contact resistance (TCR) of needle-punched C/C-SiC composites under different conditions (temperature, pressure) is experimentally measured by a three-element system. The "three-element system" refers to a thermal conductivity measurement facility, a surface roughness measurement microscope and a one-D heat conduction system. Details of the three elements and the measurement process are described. Under the measurement conditions, the values of TCR of the needle-punched C/C-SiC composites are within the range of 0.00005 to 0.000275 K·m2·W-1. Generally speaking the TCR increases with interface temperature when it is lower than about 220° and decreases with loading pressure monotonically. Four variation curves of TCR are presented.


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What does being a first-generation student mean?
A formal definition of a first-generation college student is a student whose parent(s) did not complete a four-year college or university degree. However, at Marquette, we understand that this definition may not fully account for the rich diversity of first-generation college students. For example, your parent(s) could have some college experience but did not earn a degree from a four-year college or university. Your grandparents, aunts/uncles and siblings could also have degrees, and you would still qualify as first generation. Some first-generation students come from low-income households. Some are students of color, children of immigrant parents and others are working-class white students.
Despite the different backgrounds of first-generation college students, there is much more that you all may have in common. First-generation college students are often highly motivated and eager to excel in a college setting, but you may also encounter the following challenges:
- You may feel the pressure to excel as the first in your family to make it to college.
- You may find it difficult to relate to your peers who do not share the experience of being a first-generation college student.
- You may have to learn the unspoken cultural norms and expectations of university life.
- You may have to constantly explain the demands and rigors of college life to your friends and family.
(Adapted from Loyola University Chicago)


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DO PARTNERS CARE ABOUT THEIR MUTUAL LOCATION? Spatial awareness in virtual environments.
This paper reports on four experimental studies concerning regard to how people use space so as to solve problems collaboratively in virtual environments. Prior to presenting the results, it summarizes the wide range of literature concerning social uses of spatiality in human interactions. The experiments we conducted revealed that virtual space modifies and improves collaborative processes such as division of labor, grounding, communication, coordination, as well as the performance to the task. It concludes by proposing Computer Supported Collaborative Work practitioners? ideas about how to use these results in order to design more effective and more adapted environments.


Mystery Bridge Nr. 29 Roof truss in a park complex
Photo taken in August 2011
This next mystery bridge article takes us back to Iowa againthis time to a park complex west of Iowa City. There are some unique features that make the F.W. Kent Park in Tiffin special to the region. One of them is the number of historic bridges that were brought here and preserved. They all span various tributaries, lining up along the lake they empty into, the same lake that was created and is used for fishing and swimming. Each span has a different bridge type and a history of its own, including how it was moved here and preserved.
Like the one in the picture above. This bridge is touted as a roof-top truss bridge. Located at the very north tip of the lake, this bridge is different from all the other bridges, for it was homemade, originating from the trusses that were salvaged from an important building that was demolished in Iowa City prior to the creation of the park. It's markings are similar to a series of bowstring arch bridges that were built in Crawford County, Iowa in 1945-6 including the Nishnabotna River crossing near Manila as seen below.
Photo courtesy of HABS/HAER
The difference is the fact that the Manila Bridge is the actual truss bridge itself with the lower chord (featuring lateral and diagonal bracing) supporting the roadway, whereas the the one at F.W. Kent Park features the trusses, used as decoration (or at least it appears to be used as that) and tacked onto the actual beam bridge itself. Furthermore, there are alternating vertical beams in the Tiffin Bridge, while the Manila Bridge has all verticals subdividing the rhombus, thus having an X-frame for each panel.
Despite the difference between the two, the roof-top truss bridge's uniqueness is one of the reasons why it is a sin to not visit the park if you are a pontist driving through. It is even a bigger sin if one doesn't know about its history, let alone how the park came into being in the first place. Henceforth, before explaining about the park further, the Chronicles has created a short quiz for you to answer, integrating this mystery bridge in with the questions pertaining to the park itself. So without further ado, here are the questions, created in a hybrid fashion:
1. The FW Kent Park is younger than the Historic Bridge Park near Kalmazoo, Michigan. True or False?
2. Which of the following truss bridge types can NOT be found at FW Kent Park?
a. Pratt b. Warren c. Whipple d. Queenpost
3. The origin of the Rooftop truss bridge was a building that was demolished in Iowa City. Can you name the building and when it existed?
4. How many bridges can be found at FW Kent Park?
a. 8 b. 10 c. 11 d. 13 e. 15
5. At least one bridge was airlifted to the Park. True or False?
6. All of the bridges brought in were the ones that served traffic in Johnson County. True or False?
7. How was the Rooftop truss bridge assembled?
8. What activities can you do at the park, apart from photographing bridges?
a. swimming b. hiking c. fishing d. biking e. all of the above
The answers will be revealed next week at this time. They will be eye-openers for there are some facts that were claimed to be correct, but the truth begs to differ. Plus there will be some interesting facts about who created the park and how the rooftop truss bridge was built. So stay tuned, take some guesses and allow yourself to learn some new things about historic bridges and how they found a new home in FW Kent Park. Good luck with the quiz! :-)
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The Apprentice Formare Project is an iniciative of Iochpe Foundation, a non-governmental organization which is focused on making changes through education. The activities are developed in association with mid-size and large size companies that offer vocational studies. The students are young people that live under vulnerable social conditions.
The main goal is to turn the company into a school - which means learning while practicing, facing the daily challenges and exploring the knowledge of each company.And who could be better educators than the company's employees? The collaborators work willingly, sharing their expertise and promoting a mutual professional qualification process. The volunteers training and the didactic material are both provided by Iochpe Foundation.
Formare Project strenghtens a new and promising education approach: not only preparing professionals to the labour market, but also individuals that can handle obstacles and competition at work. In 2009, SYL becomes a part of this history. Our first group of students had math, computer science, metrology, technical design and many other classes.
Beyond the education, the company also offers transportation, food, groceries and medical assistance and dental care. Currently, we have 16 students at our company. Since our first group, many of them were hired after the graduation.
 +55 (15) 3235-4900


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Dec 30, 2019 Nashville, Tenn.
Bridgestone Americas Manufacturing Group names Classroom of the Quarter grant winners
Bridgestone Americas Manufacturing Group (BAMG) recently selected the second-quarter 2019 winners of its Classroom of the Quarter grant program. Science teachers from West Middle School and Central Middle School in the Muscatine Community School District were selected for their application, titled, "The Air We Breathe."
Through this initiative, students at the schools will learn causes of air pollution and investigate various pollutants, such as toxic gases and particulate matter. Students will then examine technologies developed by engineers to reduce air pollution, and they will build data-collecting air quality detectors that will be placed at various locations around the community after different weather events. They will act as environmental engineers and present their findings to local engineers in the community, as well as other students. Through this semester-long activity, students will build science skills, engineering-design process skills and professional communications skills.
BAMG created the Classroom of the Quarter grant program to ensure students in the Muscatine Community School District receive a quality, well-rounded education. Bridgestone awards $500 to a teacher or team of teachers each quarter to help provide the resources they need to shape the classroom environment and enhance learning for every child.
Our employees' dedication to programs like Classroom of the Quarter demonstrates the Bridgestone corporate social responsibility commitment, Our Way to Serve. This commitment reflects how Bridgestone and its employees employ innovation and technology to improve the way people move, live, work and play. Our Way to Serve provides a framework for how Bridgestone does business, develops products and interacts with customers and the communities it serves.
Congratulations to this quarter's winners!


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Dictionary Meaning and Definition on 'Megametre'
- Megameter \Meg"a*me'ter\, Megametre \Meg"a*me'tre\, n. [Mega- +
meter, metre, n., 2.]
In the metric system, one million meters, or one thousand
Wikipedia Meaning and Definition on 'Megametre'
A megametre (American spelling: megameter, symbol Mm) is a unit of length in the metric system, equal to one million metres, the SI base unit of length, hence to 1,000 km or approximately 621.37 miles.
Megametres (from the Greek words megas = big and metro = count/measure) are rarely seen in practical use, e.g. "5000 km" is much more common than "5 Mm". Their symbol (Mm) can also be confused with millimetres (mm). Megametres are also occasionally found in science fiction.
A megameter is also a type of astrometrical instrument used for determining longitude by observation of the stars.[See more about Megametre at Dictionary 3.0 Encyclopedia]
Words and phrases related to 'Megametre'
Megametre Sample Sentences in News
- No current Megametre news


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When I look through a lens the image of objects far away are inverted but when looking the the viewfinder on my camera they are not. Why is this?
I am having a hard time understanding why objects far away are inverted in the first place.
Could anyone provide an explanation or ray diagrams (Preferably using a point source on an object and including the lens in the human eye)?
EDIT: Thanks everyone I now understand why objects far away from a lens appear inverted. But can anyone now explain how the camera elements make far inverted objects appear right way up without also making close normal objects appear upside down?
EDIT 2: I can't provide an image right now because I am at school but you know how when you look through a magnifying glass and far objects will be inverted and blurry but close objects will be sharp and erect (normal)?
That is what is happening when I look through my camera lenses while they are not attached to the camera, but when they are attached to the camera and I look through the viewfinder (or at processed film) the objects in the image produced are all of the same orientation.
Does this mean that lens doesn't actually produce images like a magnifying glass would because the objects on the images produced on film are all of the same orientation? Or does this mean a magnifying glass doesn't actually produce objects with different orientations?? If a magnifying glass doesn't, then why does it look like it does and are the convex lens diagrams wrong (they show a virtual image upright for close objects and real upside-down images for far objects)? Isn't a magnifying glass just a convex lens?
It DOES look like a magnifying glass when I look through the lens. That's why I thought that then lens was producing objects with different orientations. This also goes with the convex lens diagrams below that show objects with different orientations.
So does the lens produce objects with different orientations or doesn't it??? If not why does it look like it does when I look through the lens, and also based on the convex lens diagrams it seems like it should. If it doesn't then how do the other lenses in a camera lens attachment correct the convex lens. And if it does then why does film and the viewfinder show objects with the same orientation?
Sorry for asking so much. This is just so confusing!
EDIT 3: This is how I thought a camera lens would work:
I forgot to mention in EDIT 2 that it seems that close objects shouldn't even appear on film based on the diagrams.
I still don't understand... =(
EDIT 4: So objects really close to the camera lens should not appear on film, correct?
So...Why do all objects in the viewfinder appear upright??? Since my eye is reviving both the light rays from close objects (virtual upright images) and far objects (real inverted images) shouldn't really close objects and objects farther away have different orientations? Just like looking through the lens directly? How does the viewfinder change anything?
EDIT 5: Thanks so much everyone. Thanks for the help.
"Anything close enough to form a virtual image is not focused onto the focusing screen"
So lets say I put a pen right in front of the lens and look through it directly. The image I see is upright so this means it is a virtual image. Now lets say I attach the lens to the camera and look through the viewfinder. I can still see the pen but it is blurry (because the focal length is longer, right?). The lens forms a virtual image of the pen but I can still see it in the viewfinder. Why is this? If the viewfinder shows me exactly what would be on the film it should not show the pen at all (based on the diagrams in the image above) should it?
EDIT 6: Maybe it should form a blurry image. Like a pin hole camera or something. In any case thanks for all the help everyone. I know it can be frustrating trying to teach me. I can be pretty dense sometimes.


The Quiz
Just the things you ought to know.
With this year's Game approaching, The Indy wants readers as informed as possible about the oldest game in college football. And with The Game being played almost every year since 1875, it is difficult to keep track of all the history, tomfoolery, and revelry that surround the rivalry. So, without further ado, here is a quiz to both test your knowledge and fill in what you may have missed. The Harvard Independent presents nine questions for nine straight wins.
1) Who won last year's Game?
 1. Harvard
 2. Yale
 3. MIT Pranksters
 4. The Harvard Band
2) How about The Game before that?
 1. Harvard
 2. Yale
 3. The Tailgaters
 4. Toads
3) Okay, let's get more difficult. Who won The Game in 1968?
 1. Harvard
 2. Yale
 3. Both
 4. Neither
4) Who won the very first Game?
 1. Harvard
 2. Yale
 3. Collegiate School
 4. None of the Above
5) What was the score of the first Game?
 1. 12-7
 2. 4-0
 3. 37-12
 4. 29-29
6) Who scored Harvard's only touchdown in their 21-7 loss in 1955?
 1. a) John F. Kennedy
 2. b) Edward Kennedy
 3. c) Someone who isn't a Kennedy
 4. d) Why would we ask if it weren't a Kennedy?
7) What is the name of the Yale mascot?
 1. Ugly Dan
 2. Handsome Dan
 3. Handsome Dan XVII
 4. Handsome Dan XXX
8) Who did Lee Corso pick in 2014?
 1. Harvard
 2. Yale
 3. Kirk Herbstreit
 4. Handsome Dan XVII
9) Who is going to win in 2015?
 1. Harvard
 2. Harvard
 3. Harvard
 4. Harvard
1) Harvard won last year 31-24, which was their eight straight victory. Notably, it was also the very first time The Game was featured as the Game of the Week for College Gameday, Theoretically, if College Gameday had existed in the late 1890s and early 1900s, Harvard-Yale would have been the Game of the Week more often. Alas
2) Harvard won 34-7 in the Yale Bowl. This was just to rub it in Yale's face.
3) Trick question, the answer in (d) Neither. This game is one of the most famous, with Harvard rallying from a 29-13 deficit with two minutes remaining to tie the game. Famously, another newspaper with either somewhat witty or very dumb copy editors published the headliner: "Harvard Beats Yale 29-29."
4) Harvard won the very first Game, naturally. The answer (c) is actually Yale's original name, when it was simply a small school taught out of some guy's house.
5) The first game ended with Harvard winning 4 goals and 2 touchdowns to 0. Back then, apparently, field goals and touchdowns were kept separately, with the latter not even counting for points. What an odd game.
6) Edward "Ted" Kennedy scored our lone touchdown. The Kennedys always did find a way to score it seems.
7) The correct answer is in fact (c) Handsome Dan XVII. He has been the mascot since 2007, and Yale will replace him with Handsome Dan XVIII just like they did to Handsome Dan XVI. Cruel, cruel school.
8) He picked Yale and was wrong. It is commonly assumed that he picked the inferior school because they have a mascot and we have a color, thus not allowing him to put on our "mascot" head. He could have painted his face.
9) Go Harvard. Roll Crimson.
Sean Frazzette '16 ([email protected]) has no doubts about this year.