Oracle8i SQL Reference
Release 3 (8.1.7)
Part Number A85397-01
SQL Statements:
Use the INSERT statement to add rows to a table, a view's base table, a partition of a partitioned table or a subpartition of a composite-partitioned table, or an object table or an object view's base table.
Additional Topics
For you to insert rows into a table, the table must be in your own schema or you must have INSERT privilege on the table.
For you to insert rows into the base table of a view, the owner of the schema containing the view must have INSERT privilege on the base table. Also, if the view is in a schema other than your own, you must have INSERT privilege on the view.
If you have the INSERT ANY TABLE system privilege, you can also insert rows into any table or any view's base table.
subquery: see SELECT and subquery.
Keywords and Parameters
See Also: "Hints" and Oracle8i Performance Guide and Reference for the syntax and description of hints
Specify the schema containing the table or view. If you omit schema, Oracle assumes the table or view is in your own schema.
table | view | subquery
Specify the name of the table or object table, or view or object view, or the column or columns returned by a subquery, into which rows are to be inserted. If you specify a view or object view, Oracle inserts rows into the view's base table.
If any value to be inserted is a REF to an object table, and if the object table has a primary key object identifier, then the column into which you insert the REF must be a REF column with a referential integrity or SCOPE constraint to the object table.
If table (or the base table of view) contains one or more domain index columns, this statement executes the appropriate indextype insert routine.
Issuing an INSERT statement against a table fires any INSERT triggers defined on the table.
See Also: Oracle8i Data Cartridge Developer's Guide for more information on these routines
PARTITION (partition_name) | SUBPARTITION (subpartition_name)
Specify the name of the partition or subpartition within table (or the base table of view) targeted for inserts.
If a row to be inserted does not map into a specified partition or subpartition, Oracle returns an error.
Restriction: This clause is not valid for object tables or object views.
Specify a complete or partial name of a database link to a remote database where the table or view is located. You can insert rows into a remote table or view only if you are using Oracle's distributed functionality.
If you omit dblink, Oracle assumes that the table or view is on the local database.
See Also: "Syntax for Schema Objects and Parts in SQL Statements"for information on referring to database links
Restrictions on the DML_table_expression_clause:
Use the with_clause to restrict the subquery in one of the following ways:
Use the table_collection_expression to inform Oracle that the collection value expression should be treated as a table.
See Also: "Table Collection Examples"
Specify a subquery that selects a nested table column from table or view
Note: In earlier releases of Oracle, table_collection_expression was expressed as "THE subquery". That usage is now deprecated.
Specify a column of the table or view. In the inserted row, each column in this list is assigned a value from the values_clause or the subquery.
If you omit one of the table's columns from this list, the column's value for the inserted row is the column's default value as specified when the table was created. If any of these columns has a NOT NULL constraint, then Oracle returns an error indicating that the constraint has been violated and rolls back the INSERT statement.
If you omit the column list altogether, the values_clause or query must specify values for all columns in the table.
See Also: CREATE TABLE for more information on default column values
Specify a row of values to be inserted into the table or view. You must specify a value in the values_clause for each column in the column list. If you omit the column list, then the values_clause must provide values for every column in the table.
The returning clause retrieves the rows affected by a DML (INSERT, UPDATE, or DELETE) statement. You can specify this clause for tables and snapshots, and for views with a single base table.
Specify a subquery that returns rows that are inserted into the table. If the subquery selects no rows, Oracle inserts no rows into the table.
The subquery can refer to any table, view, or snapshot, including the target table of the INSERT statement. The select list of this subquery must have the same number of columns as the column list of the INSERT statement. If you omit the column list, then the subquery must provide values for every column in the table.
You can use subquery in combination with the TO_LOB function to convert the values in a LONG column to LOB values in another column in the same or another table. To migrate LONGs to LOBs in a view, you must perform the migration on the base table, and then add the LOB to the view.
See Also:
 - If subquery returns (in part or totally) the equivalent of an existing materialized view, Oracle may use the materialized view (for query rewrite) in place of one or more tables specified in subquery.
 See Also: Oracle8i Data Warehousing Guide for more information on materialized views and query rewrite.
 - If this subquery refers to remote objects, the INSERT operation can run in parallel as long as the reference does not loop back to an object on the local database. However, if the subquery in the DML_query_expression_clause refers to any remote objects, the INSERT operation will run serially without notification.
 See Also: parallel_clause in CREATE TABLE
Inserting Values Examples
The following statement inserts a row into the dept table:
The following statement inserts a row with six columns into the emp table. One of these columns is assigned NULL and another is assigned a number in scientific notation:
 VALUES (7890, 'JINKS', 'CLERK', 1.2E3, NULL, 40);
The following statement has the same effect as the preceding example, but uses a subquery in the DML_query_expression_clause:
INSERT INTO (SELECT empno, ename, job, sal, comm, deptno FROM emp)
Inserting Values with a Subquery Example
The following statement copies managers and presidents or employees whose commission exceeds 25% of their salary into the bonus table:
 SELECT ename, job, sal, comm
 FROM emp
 WHERE comm > 0.25 * sal
Inserting into a Remote Database Example
The following statement inserts a row into the accounts table owned by the user scott on the database accessible by the database link sales:
INSERT INTO scott.accounts@sales (acc_no, acc_name)
 VALUES (5001, 'BOWER');
Assuming that the accounts table has a balance column, the newly inserted row is assigned the default value for this column (if one has been defined), because this INSERT statement does not specify a balance value.
Inserting Sequence Values Example
The following statement inserts a new row containing the next value of the employee sequence into the emp table:
 VALUES (empseq.nextval, 'LEWIS', 'CLERK',
 7902, SYSDATE, 1200, NULL, 20);
Inserting into a Partition Example
The following example adds rows from latest_data into partition oct98 of the sales table:
 SELECT * FROM latest_data;
Inserting Using Bind Variables Example
The following example returns the values of the inserted rows into output bind variables :bnd1 and :bnd2:
INSERT INTO emp VALUES (empseq.nextval, 'LEWIS', 'CLARK',
 7902, SYSDATE, 1200, NULL, 20)
 RETURNING sal*12, job INTO :bnd1, :bnd2;
Returning Values into a Bind Array Example
The following example returns the reference value for the inserted row into bind array :1:
INSERT INTO employee
 VALUES ('Kitty Mine', 'Peaches Fuzz', 'Meena Katz')
 RETURNING REF(employee) INTO :1;
Inserting with TO_LOB Example
The following example copies LONG data to a LOB column in the following existing table:
CREATE TABLE long_tab (long_pics LONG RAW);
First you must create a table with a LOB.
CREATE TABLE lob_tab (lob_pics BLOB);
Next, use an INSERT... SELECT statement to copy the data in all rows for the LONG column into the newly created LOB column:
INSERT INTO lob_tab (lob_pics)
 SELECT TO_LOB(long_pics) FROM long_tab;
Once you are confident that the migration has been successful, you can drop the long_pics table. Alternatively, if the table contains other columns, you can simply drop the LONG column from the table as follows:
ALTER TABLE long_tab DROP COLUMN long_pics;
Inserting into a BFILE Example
When you INSERT or UPDATE a BFILE, you must initialize it to null or to a directory alias and filename, as shown in the next example. Assume that the emp table has a number column followed by a BFILE column:
 VALUES (1, BFILENAME ('a_dir_alias', 'a_filename'));
Copyright © _PHONE_, Oracle Corporation.
All Rights Reserved.


Policy and Procedure Statement on the Authorised Use of the Meal Entertainment Card
The purpose of this statement is to provide guidelines on the authorized use of the Meal Entertainment Card (MEC) and to communicate to employees the audit procedure and sanctions that will apply if the MEC is used by an employee to pay for unauthorized expenses.
Employees should note that on application for an MEC they are declaring that the MEC will only be used for meal entertainment expenses.
Strict adherence to this policy and procedure statement is a condition of use of the MEC and is required to ensure that the MEC complies with ATO rules.
The MEC is provided to employees as part of the salary packaging arrangements at your Employer. The MEC can only be used to pay for qualifying meal entertainment expenses as explained in the following.
1. What expenses can an employee pay with the MEC?
Meal entertainment expenses are expenses representing provision of:
(a) entertainment by way of food and drink; or
(b) accommodation or travel in connection with, or for the purpose of facilitating entertainment by way of food and drink.
While this definition taken from the legislation is a little vague, what is clear is that the provision of food or drink in all circumstances is not meal entertainment. In order for food or drink to qualify as meal entertainment, there must be some element of entertainment present.
Entertainment in this sense does not refer to a performance or the like, but more generally to some gathering of people to carry out some activity with a view to enjoying themselves.
In cases of doubt an employee needs to consider:
(a) Why is the food or drink being provided? For example, food or drink provided for the purpose of refreshment would not generally be meal entertainment, whereas food or drink provided at a social function for enjoyment would be meal entertainment.
(b) What food or drink is being provided? Light meals such as morning tea are less likely to be meal entertainment as opposed to more elaborate meals.
(c) When is the food or drink provided? Food or drink during working hours is less likely to be meal entertainment than food or drink provided after hours.
(d) Where is the food or drink being provided? Food provided in a social setting, e.g. hotel, restaurant, café, coffee shop, etc. is more likely to be meal entertainment.
2. Examples of expenses that are likely to be meal entertainment
- Breakfast/lunch/dinner with friends or family at a restaurant/café.
- Drinks/food at a bar or nightclub.
- Purchases of food or drink for a party, BBQ, etc.
- Drinks/food while on holidays at a resort/hotel, etc.
- Taxi travel to a club/restaurant, etc. for the purposes of obtaining food/drink.
3. Examples of expenses that are not likely to be meal entertainment
- Purchase of general household food and drink.
- Purchase of alcohol to be consumed generally at home.
- Tickets to movies, sporting or cultural events.
- Travel/accommodation costs for local or overseas holidays for recreation purposes.
- Foreign currency transaction charges when the MEC is used to pay for expenses overseas
4. What an employee should do if they are not sure if an expense is meal entertainment
If an employee is not sure that an expense is a meal entertainment expense, the employee should not pay for it with the Meal Entertainment Card. An employee can of course pay for such expenses with their Employee Benefits Card, if they have one.
5. What an Employee can't pay for with the MEC?
Employees should also not that the following transactions are not permitted with the MEC:
- Periodical payments or direct debits cannot be set up on the card.
- The card cannot be used to withdraw cash; e.g. from ATMs, or when making EFTPOS transactions.
6. How are overseas transaction charges on the card treated?
The MEC may be used to pay for qualifying meal entertainment expenses incurred overseas. However if used overseas, all transactions will incur a foreign currency transaction fees which will be separately identified on the MEC monthly statement.
Audit Procedure
The following outlines the audit procure and sanctions that will apply for unuathorised use of the MEC.
1. Simplygreen will randomly audit employee card statements provided by Westpac.
2. Employees will need to provide hand written annotations on any items appearing on the statement that are not obviously meal entertainment from the entry appearing on the statement (eg items purchased from a supermarket.)
3. The annotation needs to clearly explain the entertainment connection of the food or drink purchased (eg for birthday party on such and such date)
4. Items that are not food or drink do not qualify in any circumstances unless the items are travel or accommodation for the purpose of facilitating entertainment by way of food or drink. In these circumstances the annotation needs to identify the particular meal entertainment event connected with the travel and/or accommodation expenses charged to the MEC. (eg taxi travel for meal at such and such restaurant on such and such date).
5. Simplygreen may request further information from the employee where the information provided together with the statement is not adequate.
6. Employees need to write at the end of the statement the following:
"I declare that the hand written annotations on this statement are true and correct"
Employees should then sign their name and enter the date signed.
Sanctions for Unauthorised Use of the MEC
Employees are hereby put on notice that in the event of the use of the MEC to pay for unauthorized expenses, your Employer may cancel the employee's card without further notice and disqualify the employee from applying for another MEC for a period of time determined at the discretion


Using Java Compiler Tree API to Extract Generics Types
I was looking for some way to extract information about types of elements in Java collections/maps using generics (List, Map) so that the users of the Static JSF Expression Validator wouldn't need to declare the type of the elements manually. One possible way to get this information is to process the source codes with the Sun Compiler Tree API, available since JDK 6.
It might be best to go and check the resulting 263 lines of now. The code is little ugly, largely due to the API being ugly.
 1. JavaCompiler (Compiler API) is used to compile the source codes that should be searched for generics
 2. A custom annotation provider (Java Annotation API) is used during the compilation to process the sources
 3. The processor only delegates to a custom TreePathScanner (Sun Compiler Tree API) whose visitMethod extracts all the information from the MethodTree, using some dark magic to get fully qualified type names of the class and return type
 1. The Compiler must be able to resolve all dependencies (imports) to be able to process the files
 2. It only works with Sun JDK and its tools.jar must be on the class path (the Compiler and Annotation APIs are a part of Java specification but the Compiler Tree API is not and is thus vendor-specific)
 3. The code currently doesn't handle getters inside nested/inner classes (it would need to check that it is such a class and replace the last. with $ in the name)
You'd better check the complete (short) code at GitHub but if it's too far for you :-), here is the crucial piece:
public Object visitMethod(MethodTree methodTree, Trees trees) {
 String typeNameQualified = getEnclosingClassNameIfAvailable(trees);
 // Skip or bad stuff happens (case: inside anonymous inner class)
 if (typeNameQualified == null) {
 return super.visitMethod(methodTree, trees);
 Tree returnType = methodTree.getReturnType(); // null for void method
 if (getter(methodTree) && returnType instanceof ParameterizedTypeTree) {
 assert Tree.Kind.PARAMETERIZED_TYPE == returnType.getKind();
 ParameterizedTypeTree parametrizedReturnType = (ParameterizedTypeTree) returnType;
 TypeCategory category = detectTypeCategory(parametrizedReturnType);
 if (category.isCollectionOrMap()) {
 Tree valueTypeArgument = parametrizedReturnType.getTypeArguments().get(category.getValueTypeArgumentIdx());
 final String qualifiedGenericTypeName = getQualifiedType(valueTypeArgument);
 String methodJsfName = getMethodJsfName(methodTree);
 System.out.println("FOUND " + typeNameQualified + "." + methodJsfName + ".*=" + qualifiedGenericTypeName);
 // Unqualified name: ((IdentifierTree) valueTypeArgument).getName().toString();
 return super.visitMethod(methodTree, trees);
Most of the code has been copied from the article Source Code Analysis Using Java 6 APIs by Seema Richard (4/2008).
It's possible to use the Java Compiler Tree API to get the desired information but it is not exactly easy because the API os overly complex and undocumented. It would likely be better to use some decent open-source Java parser.
Published by Jakub Holý


Will they Buy or just Browse? Predicting Purchase Intentions of Online Shoppers with Python
Many online shops welcome countless visitors each day. However, only a fraction of these visitors will actually make a purchase. The rest just browses through the websites and does not make a transaction. This blog post is dedicated to the use of machine learning to predict whether or not visitors of an online shop will actually make a purchase. Predicting purchase intentions is a relevant use case in the area of online marketing and sales. Knowing which of the many customers who visit a shop actually buy something is very relevant for online shops. This is because the differences and similarities between groups can reveal patterns in customer buying behavior and thus contribute to a better understanding of the buying decision. Online shops can use this knowledge to optimize marketing activities and the customer experience in order to achieve higher conversion rates.
Predicting Purchase Intentions
A classification mode that predicts the buying intention of online shoppers
Predicting purchase intentions
This blog post guides you through the process of building a classification model using Python and Scikit-Learn that can predict the purchase intentions of online shoppers. We will assume a two-class prediction problem where the point is to predict the labels "buys" and "does not buy" for a group of visitors. Such two-class problems can be approached with different machine learning algorithms. In this blog post, we will use Logistic Regression. Because it is a best practice, the categories "buys" and "does not buy" will be converted into boolean values. Consequently, each customer is labelled with either True or False in the training data.
The example covers the following steps:
 - 1) Download the data
 - 2) Load the data into Python
 - 3) Explore the data
 - 4) Train a logistic regression model that classifies online shoppers buying intentions
 - 5) Evaluating model performance
Python Environment
This tutorial assumes that you have setup your python environment. I recommend using the Anaconda environment. If you have not yet set the environment up, you can follow this tutorial.
It is also assumed that you have the following packages installed: keras (2.0 or higher) with Tensorflow backend, numpy, pandas, matplot, sklearn. The packages can be installed using the console command:
pip install
1) Download the data
The first step is to download the data. In this tutorial we will work with a public dataset from kaggle. You can download the data via the link below:
Copy the csv file into the following path, starting from the folder with your python notebook: data/classification-online-shopping/
2) Load the data into Python
The dataset consists of feature vectors belonging to 12333 sessions from a public online shop. Each session of the dataset belongs to a different user in a 1-year period. In this way, it is ensured that there is no tendency in the data, for example to a specific period, user or day to avoid. The dataset consists of 10 numerical and 8 categorical attributes. The 'Revenue' attribute will be used as the class label, also called "prediction label".
In addition, the dataset contains the following features (information taken from the dataset site on kaggle.com):
 - "Administrative", "Administrative Duration", "Informational", "Informational Duration", "Product Related" and "Product Related Duration" represent the number of different types of pages visited by the visitor in that session and total time spent in each of these page categories.
 - The "Bounce Rate", "Exit Rate" and "Page Value" features represent the metrics measured by "Google Analytics" for each page in the e-commerce site.
 - The "Special Day" feature indicates the closeness of the site visiting time to a specific special day (e.g. Mother's Day, Valentine's Day)
 - The dataset also includes operating system, browser, region, traffic type, visitor type as returning or new visitor, a Boolean value indicating whether the date of the visit is weekend, and month of the year.
Run the following code to load the csv file into a dataframe named "dfshopping".
# Setting up packages for data manipulation and machine learning
import calendar
import math
import numpy as np
import pandas as pd
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
from matplotlib import cm, pyplot
import sklearn as sk
from sklearn import tree
from sklearn.model_selection import train_test_split as train_test_split
from sklearn.tree import DecisionTreeClassifier
from sklearn.datasets import make_classification
from sklearn.linear_model import LogisticRegression
from sklearn.preprocessing import MinMaxScaler
from sklearn.metrics import confusion_matrix, roc_curve, auc, roc_auc_score
import seaborn as sns
# Load train data
# label: Revenue
filepath = "data/classification-online-shopping/online_shoppers_intention.csv"
dfshopping = pd.read_csv(filepath)
3) Exploring the data
Next, we'll explore the dataset and familiarize ourselves with the features. Usually not all features help in the development of classification models. It is often helpful to make a preselection. The distribution of the values in the individual features can give an indication of which features correlate with each other. Furthermore, outliers can influence the training process. Getting familiar with the features is therefore an important step to optimize machine learning models.
# Exploring the data
# Checking the balance of labels
As we can see, there are much more cases in the data with a prediction "false". This is plausible because as mentioned, there are more visitors who won't actually buy something. Such imbalanced data can lead to a possible misinterpretation of the performance of the classification model that we are about to build. But now that we are aware of the fact that we are working with imbalanced data, we can later choose appropriate evaluation metrics.
We proceed by making some value and type conversions.
# Replacing visitor_type to int
dfshopping = dfshopping.replace({'VisitorType' : { 'New_Visitor' : 0, 'Returning_Visitor' : 1, 'Other' : 2 }})
# Coverting month column to numeric numeric values
df = dfshopping.copy()
monthlist = dfshopping['Month'].replace('June', 'Jun')
mlist = []
m = np.array(monthlist)
for mi in m:
 a = list(calendar.month_abbr).index(mi)
df['Month'] = mlist
In an additional step, we will remove all records with 'na' values.
# Delete records with NAs
Running the following code will create whisker plots for all features in the dataset.
# Whiskerplots
c = 'black'
df.drop('Revenue', axis=1).plot(kind='box', subplots=True, layout=(4,4), sharex=False, sharey=False, figsize=(14,14),
 title='Whister plot for input variables')
Feature boxplots
Next, we take a look at the histograms. Histograms are a way to visualize the distribution of numerical or categorical variables of a dataset. They are useful in the process to familiarize oneself with the data as they give a rough sense of the density of a distribution. To create the histograms, run the code below.
# Histograms
df.drop(['Revenue', 'Weekend'], axis=1).hist(bins=30, figsize=(14, 14), color='blue')
plt.suptitle("Histogram for each numeric input variable", fontsize=10)
Feature histograms
4) Training a logistic regression model that classifies online shoppers buying intentions
Now that we are familiar with the dataset, we can begin to prepare the data and train a classification model. First, we need to split the data into different train and test data sets. The train dataset (x_train) will use 70% of the data. The test dataset (y_test) will use the remaining 30% of the data. The datasets y_train and y_test contain the respective prediction labels.
After splitting the data, we will use the MinMaxScaler to scale the numeric features to a range between 0 and 1. This is a best practice in machine learning.
# Separate labels from training data
features = ['Administrative', 'Administrative_Duration', 'Informational',
 'Informational_Duration', 'ProductRelated', 'ProductRelated',
 'ProductRelated_Duration', 'BounceRates', 'ExitRates', 'PageValues',
 'Month', 'Region', 'TrafficType', 'VisitorType']
X = df[features] _TAG_ data
y = df['Revenue'] _TAG_ label
# Split the data into x_train and y_train data sets
X_train, X_test, y_train, y_test = train_test_split(X, y, train_size=0.7, random_state=0)
scaler = MinMaxScaler()
X_train = scaler.fit_transform(X_train)
X_test = scaler.transform(X_test)
Now, that we have prepared the data, we can train the logistic regression model. This can be done with the "fit" function of the logistic regression model.
# Training a classification model using logistic regression
logreg = LogisticRegression(solver='lbfgs')
score = logreg.fit(X_train, y_train).decision_function(X_test)
The trained model returns a training score that tells us how good the model has performed on the test dataset.
5) Evaluating model performance
The evaluation of model performance is an essential step in model development. The metrics tell us how good our model is at predicting the purchase intentions of online shoppers. As we will see, the distribution of classes in the data plays a major role in the evaluation of our model. In particular, the question is whether


Take the 2-minute tour ×
Is there some form of a lock that I could use?
Maybe something using doors and watersource...
share|improve this question
possible duplicate of How do you create a waterfall elevator? – badp Dec 15 '10 at 17:11
I don't think this qualifies as a duplicate question. The answer is the same, yes, but that closing it for that reason is like closing "what is 2 + 2?" as a duplicate of "What is 1 + 3?". – Raven Dreamer Dec 15 '10 at 18:02
If you don't mind modding, the finite liquid mod might allow you to construct a real water lock with pistons (or doors?) – Zommuter Aug 24 '13 at 7:15
2 Answers 2
up vote 24 down vote accepted
Current as of Retail 1.1
Okay so the key mechanic that broke the traditional waterfall elevator was that boats no longer travel upward in a waterfall. However, boats will move rapidly upward in source blocks.
So what is a source block? A source block (also known as "still water") is water that is created during map creation or placed with a bucket. Water that "flows" from this block is informally known as moving water. So in order to create a modern boat elevator, we need to create a shaft of only source blocks.
Here is my construction.
1: I created a canal with a glass wall and an "entranceway" fitted with signs. These signs prevent water from flowing past them but still allow boats through.
enter image description here
2: I build up a second layer of glass walls around my new shaft. Then I flood this layer with water. Note that I have to fill each of the four blocks in this layer of the shaft with water from the bucket - these are now all source blocks. Notice how none of them are moving. If the water is moving, you need to add more hits from your bucket.
enter image description here
3: I keep adding glass layers and each time I do, I add a layer of source water.
enter image description here
4: Here I've added a spillway at the top where the boat can float after it has risen up the shaft.
enter image description here
You can download this world here:
share|improve this answer
There is much win in this post. – Kenneth Posey Feb 1 '12 at 1:18
This applies to versions before Beta 1.6.4
share|improve this answer
Water won't pass through doors, open or closed. So your lock system would end up being more of a dam. – ElfSlice May 4 '11 at 0:27
_USER_ - "water cannot pass through doors". How does that disagree with your comment? – Raven Dreamer May 4 '11 at 0:36
_USER_ > I'm just not sure how you were planning to rig up a lock system using doors. :P – ElfSlice May 4 '11 at 1:13
_USER_ - you can easily get your boat's momentum high enough that you can travel through the air block without stopping. Same idea where you can put a switch (or other non-minecart track block) in the path of your minecart and still have it complete its circuit. – Raven Dreamer May 4 '11 at 2:28
_USER_ - honestly, I was only speaking from a "getting out" perspective. I haven't tried re-docking, as it were. – Raven Dreamer May 4 '11 at 4:39
Your Answer


text:
E. Cobham Brewer _PHONE_. Dictionary of Phrase and Fable. 1898.
Sublime Porte (The).
The Ottoman empire. It is the French for Porta Sublma, the lofty gate. Constantinople has twelve gates, and near one of these gates is a building with a lofty gateway called Bab-i-humajun. In this building resides the vizier, in the same are the offices of all the chief ministers of state, and thence all the imperial edicts are issued. The French phrase has been adopted, because at one time French was the language of European diplomacy.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


text:
This compares audience composition of the site to the entire Internet population. The higher the index number, the more concentrated a site is in a particular demographic.
As an example, if a site indexes 100 for age 18-24, that means a given visitor to it is as likely to be 18-24 as any internet user chosen at random. An index of 200 means the visitor is twice as likely to be 18-24, 50 means half as likely, and so on.
2. Segments are represented with icons. Segments include gender, age, household income, and education.
3. Very High Indexes (over 200) are denoted with a plus symbol.
4. Internet Average is represented by the dotted vertical line.


text:
Thanks for the graphic illustration
Sometimes I just can't resist my brain dumps, sorry
a parser doesn't know yet where it's output will go,
Yep, exactly my motivation for this issue: Since a parser can't and shouldn't know the various sinks, he must at least know the contract of their common interface that every sink obeys. If you can't setup such a common denominator among the sinks, it's all lost with interchangable output formats.
some feature that might be acceptable for one Sink may lead to errors in others
Of course the output formats created by sinks will have different requirements/restrictions, but every sink should
a) either fully support an event that is defined as part of the Sink API
b) or at least gracefully ignore an event it can't handle
such that users get a (best-effort) output regardless of the selected sink. It is the responsibility of the sink implementor to shield parsers from the details of its realized output format. IMHO, a sink should never ever fail with an exception if the input event is valid according to the Sink API.
Only a Sink knows what output is legal for its format, a Parser should therefore never insert anything that was not explicitly there in the original input format.
Anchor events are part of the Sink API, so a parser has to my understanding always the right to push this event into a sink, regardless whether the event is driven by explicit user input or by implicit convention. It is the sink's responsibility to handle this defined event, whether it support anchors or not.
Regarding the issue of unique anchor names: This is merely another aspect that needs to be added to the javadoc of the Sink API. If you define that anchor names must be unique within a document then
- a conforming parser is responsible for providing this uniqueness
- a sink has all right to fail if a non-conforming parser outputs two anchor events with the same name
I consider it a fundamental design flaw if an input format defines implicit anchors for section titles.
I am fine with your arguments against implicit anchors. However, then I still don't understand why sinks are allowed to output implicit anchors for sections. If we consider such anchors as problematic, nobody should be allowed to create them. An implicit anchor is an implicit anchor, regardless whether the parser of the sink created it, isn't it?
For example, if we consider the SiteRenderingSite to be one of those specialized sinks that may output implicit anchors to the XHTML pages, people could start using these auto-links to cross-reference to those sections from external documents (of the same site). Now this a dangerous because as soon as the users wants to output his nicely linked HTML website into a PDF book, he will find all the auto-links not working anymore because the PdfSink doesn't create implicit anchors like the SiteRenderingSink.
We have modified the original apt format
From SVN logs I see this was created after the last deployment of the doxia site (2007-11-06). If it doesn't cause any harm to the overall site, it would be cool to have this doc online. For example, the APT Reference still reads "Section titles are implicitly defined anchors." which does not apply to the version of Doxia used by the Site Plugin, IIRC.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


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From: Francisco Gutierrez To: Teacher2Teacher Public Discussion Date: _PHONE_:09:59 Subject: Re: Importance of Orthocenter Has it ever occurred to you why we need to learn the orthocenter? Do you even know what an orthocenter is? Well in this paragraph I am going to answer your question. An orthocenter is the point where the three altitudes meet of a triangle, according to dictionary.com. This point can be either inside, outside, or even on the triangle itself. After doing some research online, I can tell you that the orthocenter is one of the more important points on a triangle of the four major centers. Euler was a mathematician who stated that the circumcenter, the orthocenter, centroid, and the center of the nine point circle are co-linear, unless the triangle is equilateral, according to Scieceray. The orthocenter will be outside the triangle if one of the angles is over 90 degrees.
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Does Vinegar Kill Weeds to the Root?
Does Vinegar Kill Weeds to the Root?
Unfortunately, vinegar does not kill weeds to the root. While vinegar will degrade the biological material that weeds are made up of, this will typically only end up killing the leaves of older plants. That being said, there are some weeds that can be killed down to the root by vinegar.
In most cases, you'd be better off trying to kill younger weeds with vinegar, as seedlings tend to be less resilient than their fully-grown counterparts.
When you decide to start gardening, most people don't tell you about the many headaches that you can expect to experience while tending to your garden.
Pests are just the start of your issues, and it seems like once you finally manage to find a solution to them, you'll have to contend with an entirely different source of difficulties.
Weeds are the bane of any gardener or lawn-keeper. They make your garden or lawn look worse and they siphon crucial nutrients and water away from the plants that you actually want to see thriving.
Unfortunately, weeds are some hardy plants, and it can be tough to find a non-toxic way to deal with them.
In today's guide, we're going to take a look at one of these non-toxic methods, specifically, we're going to explore whether you can kill weeds to the root with vinegar.
We'll explore using different kinds of vinegar to kill weeds to the root and even take a look at some alternatives that you have available.
Does Vinegar Kill Weeds Permanently?
Theoretically, vinegar should be able to permanently kill weeds because it is a desiccant.
This means that it dries out the things that it touches, especially if it comes into contact with biological material like the cells that make up a plant.
The acetic acid in vinegar will gradually dry out each cell that it comes into contact with until the organism dies.
Most vinegars made for human consumption contain between 5% and 7% acetic acid, making them both safe to handle and environmentally friendly.
In theory, this means that you should be able to effectively kill any weeds in your yard or garden with a liberal application of your choice of vinegar.
Unfortunately, it doesn't ever quite work out this way because of how long vinegar lasts in soil. Since the acetic acid in vinegar will quickly wear away in soil, it won't be able to last long enough to do any lasting harm to the roots.
The very fact that acetic acid gets neutralized by soil is one of the main reasons why it's one of the most environmentally friendly weed killers.
The acid won't end up lingering long enough to do any lasting damage to any of the ecosystem, including other plants, pollinators like bees, and more.
To sum it up, the only kind of weed that you can expect tabletop vinegar to kill permanently is a seedling, as it won't have grown enough to be able to resist the vinegar enough to survive.
Also read -> Bleach vs Vinegar for Weeds – Whats better to kill weeds
How Long Does it Take for Vinegar to Kill Weeds?
After preparing a spray bottle full of white vinegar to get some weeds out of your garden, you may be wondering exactly how much time you'll spend on the task.
The actual time you spend spraying the vinegar will be variable, as that will depend on the size of the yard that you're working on.
You'll start to see the leaves on the weeds drying out and dying away within the first few hours after you spray your solution on them. Hardier weeds may last a little longer before you start noticing the signs of them drying away.
In these cases, you may have to wait for up to 24 hours before you start seeing an effect.
Keep in mind that the yellowing and drying of the leaves doesn't necessarily mean that the weed is dead in the first place.
If you neglect to keep reapplying vinegar to the plant, then you'll notice that the plant will start getting healthier by the day until the leaves that were supposedly gone start growing back.
To keep the plant dead, come back to it every day and keep spraying it with vinegar on the days that you see the plant trying to sprout a new set of leaves.
Keep in mind that there's no guarantee that this method will kill the plant permanently, as you'll need to take out the roots to be truly effective.
What About 20% Vinegar?
So far, we've only discussed using tabletop vinegar to attack the root systems that are sustaining the weeds in your garden.
However, there is also horticultural vinegar, which is about four times more acidic than the kind of vinegar that we would normally consume. While using horticultural vinegar is safer than using commercial weed killers, it is still dangerous.
The vinegar that we put in our food is already highly acidic, but when the concentration of acetic acid in the vinegar reaches about 20%, it becomes nearly too dangerous to handle.
You certainly want to avoid using 20% vinegar if you don't have protective gear like goggles, gloves, and a long-sleeved shirt.
This is because 20% vinegar can cause chemical burns on contact with your skin. It being more powerful also makes it more effective at killing weeds down to the root.
Unfortunately, 20% vinegar won't work anywhere near as effectively as commercial weed killers because of how easily it disperses.
Even large amounts of 20% vinegar in your soil will likely not get to the root of the weeds that are plaguing you, so this is not as reliable of a method as you may expect it to be.
Also, be wary of getting 20% vinegar on any of your tools, as it can corrode metal, wood, and even concrete.
Does Apple Cider Vinegar Kill Weeds?
If 20% vinegar doesn't do the trick, maybe apple cider vinegar will. Apple cider vinegar has been touted in recent years for its healthy properties, but can it also be a versatile enough tool to see use in your garden?
Considering apple cider vinegar tends to contain between 5% and 6% acetic acid, it's a little on the weak side.
Compared to other kinds of vinegar that you may have available in the pantry, apple cider vinegar isn't much more or less effective because of its similar acetic acid levels.
Much like other kinds of vinegar, the most you can expect from apple cider vinegar is to kill the plant's leaves.
You can expect to wait for about a day for apple cider vinegar to kill the leaves on a plant, but you may see new leaves sprouting out within the next few days after that.
As with any other weed-killing method, you have to either kill or remove the root to make your efforts permanent.
Does Vinegar, Epsom Salt, and Dawn Dish Soap Really Kill Weeds?
Epsom salt is one of the most effective ways to kill any type of plant because of how it sucks the moisture out of the surrounding soil.
However, there's a reason that "salt the earth" has become a relatively common saying since it's very unlikely that anything will grow on salted soil for a long time to come.
Mixing salt into vinegar and dawn dish soap will make for an effective weed killer, but it will also kill anything else that you try to plant in that bit of land.
Salt is so insidious in soil because it doesn't take effect instantly, so you may not know the extent of the damage you caused until it's too late.
By the time ten days have gone by, the salt will have made its way into the earth, making it impossible for anything else to grow there, though it will also have killed any existing weeds.
Unlike vinegar, salt also won't be neutralized over time, making that plot of land a dead zone for years to come.
What Kills Grass and Weeds Permanently?
If you're looking to get rid of the weeds in your yard or garden permanently, then you may not be satisfied with the performance of vinegar, despite its safety and eco-friendliness.
Unfortunately, if vinegar was such a convenient way to kill weeds, everyone would be doing it by now.
Instead, due to the relative ineffectiveness of vinegar, gardeners tend to resort to chemical weed killers which can penetrate deep into the root system and destroy the weeds from within.
The downside to this approach is that you may end up damaging other plants in the area and even potentially rendering them toxic, based on the weed killer formula that you're using.
If you don't like the idea of potentially poisoning all of your other plants while trying to kill some weeds, then you can start killing weeds the old-fashioned way: by uprooting them.
While pulling weeds out by their roots may be a bit more challenging than just pouring something on them, it's a much safer alternative to using chemical weed killers.
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Dark Skies Matter: Sign the pledge
"Dark Skies Matter started as a Surrey project with the support of CPRE Surrey, Surrey Hills AONB, Surrey Wildlife Trust and Guildford RSPB. It was formed to combat light pollution in Surrey and to protect the county's remaining dark landscapes.
As waste light recognises no boundaries, Dark Skies Matter now reaches beyond its county origins to make an impact wherever polluting light occurs and its harmful effects are felt."
– John Evans, Founder & Coordinator of Dark Skies Matter
This Declaration aims to protect the fragile oases of natural darkness still to be found in this country, and to seek a reduction in the prevalence and harmful effects of unnecessary, artificial light.
The loss of dark sky – and the harm caused by light pollution across the country – affects us all and should matter to everyone. Light pollution is the soiling of the natural twilight and night-time environment by artificial light.
Why does it matter?
- It destroys a precious heritage of natural beauty that for millennia has inspired us and expanded our understanding
- It is wasteful, consuming resources unnecessarily and contributing to climate change
- It is associated with risks to human health and well-being
- It disrupts wildlife and impacts the wider ecology and biodiversity
- It travels far from its source, escaping to pollute the countryside
- Our roads and neighbourhoods can still be safe with informed lighting design and practice
Support the Declaration and help by:
- Speaking out against light pollution
- Adopting and advocating good lighting practice
- Championing dark sky oases within the county and beyond
Sign the Declaration today
If you share our aims and would like to Declare your support, please email: _EMAIL_ or contact John Evans, Coordinator of Dark Skies Matter on 07496 333301


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Let $G= SL(2, F)$, given a torus $T$, the Weyl group with respect to $T$ is defined to be $W=N(T)/Z(T)$, the quotient of the normalizer $N(T)$ of the torus by the centralizer $Z(T)$ of the torus.
My question might be basic and elementary for some of you, but I would like to be in a complete understanding.
Why Weyl group of $SL(2, F)$ is the group $\mathbb{Z}/2\mathbb{Z}$?
share|improve this question
It's not made explicit here what field $F$ is given, though the tag p-adic-groups is suggestive. Usually "the" Weyl group is defined for an algebraic group over an arbitrary algebraically closed field, relative to any given maximal torus (all such tori being conjugate). It would help to know what kind of textbook source you are starting with, since the question is certainly "basic and elementary" once the context is clear. But more precision is needed if you start to look at fields of definition which are not algebraically closed. – Jim Humphreys May 6 '12 at 13:53
The field $F$ is non-Arch. local field and the tag for p-adic group because am dealing with $SL(2,F)$. – Dragon May 6 '12 at 15:52
3 Answers 3
up vote 7 down vote accepted
Two people (so far) have tried to provide some sensible information, but I think the question itself is too loosely formulated to have a real answer. What you are looking at is the group of rational points of an algebraic group of rank 1 over a certain type of infinite field, which could be of characteristic 0 or not. This group itself is just an abstract group, which doesn't immediately have a definite "Weyl group" attached. It makes more sense to start with the algebraic group $G=\mathrm{SL}_2$, which is defined and split over any prime field. (The language of group schemes is appropriate here.) Over any field $F$, the group of rational points is just the usual group of $2 \times 2$ matrices of determinant 1 over $F$. It makes no difference for your question what $F$ is.
In $G$ there is a single well-defined (up to isomorphism) Weyl group $N_G(T)/T$ which just has order 2, as described concretely by Mrc Plm in the split case. All maximal tori of $G$ are conjugate as well as self-centralizing, so the choice doesn't matter.
However, if $F$ fails to be algebraically closed, the resulting abstract group $\mathrm{SL}_2(F)$ is more challenging because $G$ typically has more than one class of maximal tori defined over $F$. In your rank 1 case it's not so bad because there are just two possibilities, the "split" and "anisotropic" (or "compact") types of maximal tori. The structure of the normalizer modulo centralizer of each type has to be looked at case-by-case in terms of the "absolute" Weyl group. In higher ranks the situation gets more complicated. Anyway you have to take account of the variation of structure in the points of $G$ over an arbitrary field.
Again I'd emphasize that the basic theory coming from study of algebraic groups doesn't depend on which field of definition $F$ (even finite) you are ultimately interested in, though of course the end results about rational points depend heavily on that field. There are somewhat different expositions of all this in standard textbooks, but the idea is always the same in your limited situation.
share|improve this answer
Let $T$ be a split torus over a field $F$.
The Weyl group is by definition a subgroup of the group of outer morphisms (defined over $F$).
There are only two automorphism (the inverse and the identity) of $T$ (defined over F), so the group of outer automorphism is isomorphic to $\mathbb{Z}/2$.
Both can realized by the conugation via the non-trivial element $\begin{pmatrix} 0 & -1 \newline 1 & 0 \end{pmatrix}$ and by the identity elment respectively.
So the Weyl group has at least two elements, hence exactly two elements.
Similiar you can argue for the maximal split torus in $SL(n)$ or $GL(n)$.
For non-split tori, the question is more difficult to answer. I know only the $GL(n)$-situation. In $GL(2)$, the tori is isomorphic to a multiplicative group of a quadratic field extensions, and the outer automorphisms of the tori are isomorphic to the Galois group. Now these can be realized by conjugation of elements $GL(2)$, but they can not be realized by elements of determinant $1$.
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For your last sentence, note that $O_2(\mathbb{R})$ does not embed in $SL_2(\mathbb{R})$. – S. Carnahan May 18 '12 at 8:19
Yes. I guess it is clear that every thing should be defined uniquely up to conjugation, and surely the determinant will be preserved, so I win my bet;) – Marc Palm May 18 '12 at 11:20
One can approach this from different point of views:
On a matrix level, the subgroup consisting of the diagonal matrices is an example of a torus $T$. Its centralizer is $T$ itself, and its normalizer $N(T)$ the group of monomial matrices in $G$. One then verifies that $N(T) / Z(T)$ is the cyclic group on two elements.
One can also use the projective line $\mathbb{P}^1(F)$. Then the centralizer is the subgroup fixing the 'apartment', which in this case is a pair of points of the projective line, pointwise. The normalizer is the subgroup of $G$ stabilizing this apartment. The Weyl group (the quotient) is then the group of faithful automorphisms of the apartment. So the Weyl group here consists of the identity and an involution switching the two points of the apartment.
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Your Answer


Overview for Multivariate EWMA Chart
Use Multivariate EWMA Chart to simultaneously monitor two or more related process characteristics in an exponentially weighted control chart. In the multivariate EWMA chart, each plotted point includes weighting from all previous data, which helps you to detect small process shifts quicker than you can with other multivariate control charts. The Multivariate EWMA chart is the multivariate counterpart to the EWMA chart.
For example, use a multivariate EWMA chart to monitor temperature and pressure in a plastic injection-molding process. Because temperature and pressure both affect the plastic strength, the engineer wants to monitor these variables at the same time.
No points are above the upper control limit, so the variability can be considered stable. However, the points that are higher than the rest that could be investigated.
Where to find this control chart
To create a multivariate EWMA chart, choose Stat > Control Charts > Multivariate Charts > Multivariate EWMA.
When to use an alternate control chart
If variables are not correlated, use EWMA Chart.


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More than one in two Australians who have a long-term health condition or disability experiences social exclusion.
Poor health and disability are strongly linked to social exclusion in Australia. In measuring social exclusion from the latest data (2010) we found that 52% of Australians who have a long-term health condition or disability experience some level of exclusion. One in eight (13%) experience deep social exclusion.
Over the 2001–10 period we measured, the frequency of social exclusion among people with a long-term health condition or disability dropped from 61% to 52%. The frequency of deep social exclusion also fell, from 21% to 13%.
In the graph below, the 'all social exclusion' line shows the total of marginal social exclusion and deep social exclusion.
To copy this graph for your own use, right-click on the image (or control-click on a Mac) and paste the graph into your document. Please credit 'The Brotherhood of St Laurence and the Melbourne Institute 2012'.
See data table for this graph and note on updated indicators.
The social exclusion monitor is the work of the Brotherhood of St Laurence and the Melbourne Institute of Applied Economic and Social Research (MIAESR). This page was updated using analysis of Wave 10 of the HILDA Survey in November 2012.


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Turning on the Enable Short Links for Processes feature allows administrators to share a direct short link to the initial form in a process. When this setting is enabled, follow the steps below to copy the short link for a process:
From the Edit Process Summary dropdown in the process, click the link icon next to the name of the process.
Make sure the toggle switch is green, indicating the link is active. Click the copy icon to copy the link to your clipboard. This can now be pasted into an email or other communication with applicants.
- If a user who has not already created a profile within the site uses this link, they will first be brought to the registration page.
- For a process with Restricted visibility, the applicant will not need to enter an Access Code if they use this short link.
The short link will lead to an "Inactive Link" message in the following instances:
- Process is turned off
- Not within the process start and end date range
- The process is set to Internal visibility
- Link has been deactivated in the process by an administrator


Cleveland's Black History: Wings Over Jordan Choir had crossover, international appeal in 1930s, 40s
CLEVELAND - They were one of the best African American choirs during the late 1930's and early 1940's.
Cleveland's Wings Over Jordan Choir made broadcast history with the first independently produced national and international radio programs created by African-Americans.
The choir was founded in 1935 by the Rev. Glenn T. Settle, who was the the pastor of Gethsemane Baptist Church on E. 30th and Scovill Ave. in Cleveland.
Pastor Settle believed in using Negro spirituals to spread Christianity. In 1937, the choir performed weekly on the "Negro Hour" on WGAR radio. It quickly became a success.
In 1938 the group adopted the name Wings Over Jordan Choir. At the height of the choir's career they performed before sold out, non-segregated audiences in over 40 states, five European countries, Canada and Mexico.
During World War II, the group toured Army camps in Europe.
WOJC was so popular they published a songbook, recorded an album, got a movie contract and an invitation to the White House.
The choir received numerous honors including a Peabody Award. Wings Over Jordan Choir became the voice of American Negroes.
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Strange and wonderful Irish proverbs such as "For every mile of road there's two miles of ditches" Photo by: WorldIrish
Irish proverbs to live by, 26 nuggets of wisdom (PHOTOS)
1. For every mile of road there are two miles of ditches
Meaning: There are two sides to every story. (This comes from some parts of Ireland, where 'ditches' means hedges.)
2. There's no use boiling your cabbage twice
Meaning: Stop going over and over worries in your head because it solves nothing.
3. The older the fiddle the sweeter the tune
Meaning: Things and people improve over time.
4. A woman planted feathers in the dunkel and thought she'd grow hens
Meaning: Just because you 'thought' something would work doesn't mean you were right.
5. It's often that a man's mouth broke his nose
Meaning: Watch what you say because it could get you in trouble.
6. As the old cock crows the young cock learns
Meaning: Children learn by example.
7. If there was work in the bed he'd sleep on the floor
Meaning: Used to describe people who are very lazy.
8. No need to fear the ill wind when your haystacks are tied down
Meaning: Once you've prepared properly then there's no need to worry the outcome.
9. The longest road out is the shortest road home
Meaning: If you invest time and effort into something then it will pay off in the latter end.
10. You'll arrive back with one arm as long as the other
Meaning: You heading out on a thankless quest. You'll arrive back with nothing to show for it.
11. You'll never plough a field by turning it over in your mind
Meaning: Merely thinking about something won't get it done.
12. He didn't lick it off a stone
Meaning: People's actions are influenced by those around them.
13. I wouldn't call the Queen my aunt
Meaning: Being in such a contented mood that even becoming royalty couldn't improve upon it.
14. What I'm afraid to hear I had better say first myself
Meaning: One must be honest and wary of their own shortcomings.
15. Now you know you're home
Meaning: You're in a happy state.
16. It's a long road there's no turn in
Meaning: No matter how bad the situation is things always change.
17. Telephone, telegraph, tell a woman
Meaning: The three best ways to spread news. Back before the days of the internet.
18. An empty sack does not stand
Meaning: Bluffers and ignorance will always be found out.
19. Even black hens lay white eggs
Meaning: You should never judge a book by its cover.
20. The road to Heaven is well signposted, but it's badly lit at night
Meaning: Life has many challenges but the reward is good.
21. It's as easy to catch a cold in a King's castle as in a shepherd's hut
Meaning: Wealth doesn't protect you from the trials of life.
22. It's better to pay the butcher than the doctor
Meaning: Don't skimp on healthy food as it will cost you your health in the long run.
23. A lamb's bleat is often more telling than a dog's bark
Meaning: Subtlety and a quiet approach can be more beneficial than brute force and loudness.
24. A broken man is better than no man
Meaning: Having any man is better than being alone
25. No matter how many rooms you have in your house you can only sleep in the one bed
Meaning: Possessions are not what they're made out to be.
26. It's a lonely washing that has no man's shirt in it
Meaning:..... Ermm... I haven't a clue??


_USER_ {1696, title = {Modeling the uncertainties in renewable generation and smart grid loads for the study of the grid vulnerability}, booktitle = {2016 IEEE Power \& Energy Society Innovative Smart Grid Technologies Conference (ISGT)}, year = {2016}, month = {09/2016}, pages = {1 - 5}, publisher = {IEEE}, organization = {IEEE}, address = {Minneapolis, MN, USA}, abstract = {
The uncertainties of power systems are becoming more and more important due to power systems restructuring and ever increasing renewable generation integration into the grid. In the literature several uncertainty modeling approaches have been proposed to facilitate decision making process for efficient operation of power systems. These approaches mainly focus on deriving a statistical representation for different sources of uncertainty such as load, generation, and line capacities. However, there is a need for an uncertainty model which can capture the frequency components of uncertainty signals for applications such as voltage control, frequency control/ stability, and grid vulnerability analysis. In this paper we proposed an uncertainty modeling approach that captures the high dynamics of renewable generation uncertainty and smart grid loads and reveals their frequency domain characteristics. We tested the proposed model on IEEE 300 bus system to evaluate the impact of uncertainty on line flows.
}, keywords = {RM14-003}, doi = {10.1109/ISGT.2016._PHONE_}, author = {Mir Hadi Athari and Zhifang Wang} }


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Much comparative research into education-related beliefs has exploited questionnaires developed in one culture for use in another. This has been particularly the case in mathematics education, the focus of this paper. In so doing, researchers have tended to assume that translation alone is sufficient to warrant a reliable and valid instrument for cross-cultural research, prompting concerns that a number of necessary equivalences are unlikely to have been addressed. In this paper, we consider the nature of these equivalences before examining the literature of a different field, healthcare research, to synthesise an approach to instrument adaptation that is pragmatic but rigorous. Finally, we demonstrate how this pragmatic approach, incorporating extensive cognitive interviews, enabled us to adapt and refine a mathematics-related beliefs questionnaire, developed in Flanders, for use with students aged 14?15 in England and Spain. Analyses indicate that the instrument so developed is multidimensional, reliable and cross-culturally valid. Some implications are discussed.
Otras publicaciones de la misma revista o congreso con autores/as de la Universidad de Cantabria


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A non-Newtonian Fluid is one for which stress is not linearly related to strain-rate. All non-Newtonian fluids are elasticoviscous, that is they combine elastic and viscous properties. When the time-scale of a flow tf is much less than the relaxation time tr of an elasticoviscous material, elastic effects dominate. When on the other hand tf is much greater than tr, elastic effects relax sufficiently for viscous effects to dominate. The ratio tr/tf is a dimensionless number of particular significance in the study of flow of non-Newtonian fluids: depending on the circumstances, this number is called the Weissenberg Number or the Deborah Number. The Weissenberg number Ws is named after Karl Weissenberg, an early worker in the field of non-Newtonian fluids. The definition of Ws depends on that of tf which is given by:
where tr() denotes trace and e denotes strain-rate given in terms of velocity u by:
For a simple shear flow with shear-rate γ:
while for a simple extensional flow with extension rate ε:
Thus for flow at mean velocity U through a pipe of diameter D and length L, and so. By contrast the Deborah number. Thus Ws is larger than De by the ratio L/D.


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Note: if you cannot remember the formulas for the surface area and volume of common shapes, revise notes for 1.1 Surface Area of Common Shapes and 1.2 Volume of Common Shapes.
Guide to Finding the Surface Area of a Composite Shape
Read More »1.3 Surface Area and Volume of Composite Shapes
- Composite shapes are shapes that are created by merging multiple simple shapes.
- Due to the large amount of combinations possible, it is not possible to derive formulas for each.
- To find the surface area of a composite shape, you need to first identify the simple shapes it is made up of. The surface area of the composite shape is equal to the sum of each shape, minus the surface area which has been removed to merge it into the shape:


Your question: Which is the biggest and smallest county in Kenya?
We base our ranking on the square kilometers coverage as per the National records as stipulated in the 2010 constitution that led to the establishment of Kenyan counties. Mombasa County is the smallest county in Kenya spanning 212.5 square kilometres.
Which is the largest county in Kenya?
Which is the smallest county in Kenya?
Map of Mombasa County. The smallest county in Kenya, covering an area of 229.7sq km. It borders Kilifi County to the North, Kwale County to the South West and the Indian Ocean to the East.
Which is the smallest county?
If we go by the historic counties list, Rutland is indeed the smallest with a total area of 382 sq km (147.4 sq miles), according to the Office for National Statistics (ONS).
READ What turtle has the shortest lifespan?
Which is the third largest county in Kenya?
In 3rd is Wajir situated in the North-Eastern part of Kenya. The county is bordered by Garissa to the South, Mandera to the North, Ethiopia to the North East, Marsabit to the West, and Somalia to the East. Wajir has an estimated surface area of 56, 685.8 square kilometers.
Which is the second biggest county in Kenya?
With its capital in Lodwar, the County Government of Turkana is a government for the people of Turkana and whose interests and aspirations are those for the people of Turkana. At 77,000 sq. km, Turkana County is the second largest county, covering more than 13% of Kenya's surface.
Which is the second smallest county in Kenya?
Vihiga County
The western county of Vihiga is the second smallest county in Kenya. It covers 513.3 square kilometres. Vihiga Town is the county headquarters. Approximately 554,622 people reside in this second smallest town.
Which is the most educated tribe in Kenya?
Which is the oldest town in Kenya?
Lamu Town on Lamu Island is Kenya's oldest continually inhabited town, and was one of the original Swahili settlements along coastal East Africa. It is believed to have been established in 1370.
Which tribe is good in bed in Kenya?
Maasai men are ranked the best in regards to bedroom energy. Their strength, energy and masculinity makes them perform exemplary, beating all other men in the country.
READ You asked: How do you print the second largest element in an array?
What are the 3 largest counties in England?
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Rank County Area
1 Yorkshire 3,669,510 acres (14,850.0 km2)
2 Lincolnshire 1,663,850 acres (6,733.4 km2)
3 Devon 1,636,450 acres (6,622.5 km2)
4 Norfolk 1,292,300 acres (5,230 km2)
Is a city bigger than a county?
A county is larger in population than any one city that is within the county. … Cities lie within a county, within a state. A county is geographically created for political purposes within a state.
Which county is the largest in size?
List of largest counties
Rank County State
1 San Bernardino County California
2 Coconino County Arizona
3 Nye County Nevada
4 Elko County Nevada
Which is the cleanest city in Kenya?
Real-time Kenya Cleanest city ranking
# city US AQI
1 Ngong, Kajiado 58
2 Nairobi, Nairobi 61
3 Mombasa, Mombasa 159
Which is the largest city in Kenya?
Nairobi is the capital and the largest city of Kenya.
Which is the fastest growing town in Kenya?
Located to the south of the Cherangani Hills in western Kenya, Eldoret is the fifth largest urban center in the country. It is one of the fastest-growing towns in Kenya, and it boasts some of the largest universities and hospitals in the country.
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Trinidad's Pitch Lake
Updated: Sep 1, 2020
By: Attorney Melissa D. Goolsarran Ramnauth
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Trinidad's Pitch Lake is a world wonder. It is the largest and richest source of natural asphalt. The lake contains approximately 10 million tons of asphalt, spans 100 acres, and is approximately 250 feet deep. For reference, that is about 2 times bigger than Grand Central Station and deeper than the height of Cinderella's castle at Disney World.
Legend says that a local tribe was celebrating a victory against a rival tribe. However, in the midst of their celebrations, they began to cook and eat the sacred hummingbird. God allegedly punished the group by opening the Earth and creating the Pitch Lake to swallow their souls. God left the Pitch Lake as a reminder to others of the tribe's terrible sin. Local villages believe this legend because Amerindian artifacts and bones were found preserved (due to the asphalt) near the lake. The Amerindian word for asphalt was "piche."
The Europeans first learned of the Pitch Lake when Sir Walter Raleigh visited the island in 1595, around the time he was looking for El Dorado. The natives took Raleigh to the lake and he used the asphalt to caulk his ship. The asphalt was "most excellent," in his opinion, because it did not melt in the sun like the Norway asphalt.
In 1887, an American businessman secured a 42-year monopoly on the lake. As a result, many of the first asphalt roads in New York City, Washington D.C., and other eastern U.S. cities were paved using the asphalt from Trinidad's Pitch Lake. In conjunction, much of the Pitch Lake's profits went abroad to a foreign investor and not to the local Trinidadian population.
Scientifically speaking, Pitch Lake is located at the intersection of two faults. The oil at the intersection rises, the sun evaporates the lighter elements in the oil, and this process leaves behind the heavier elements creating the asphalt. Kerosene and oil also have been harvested from the Pitch Lake.
The Pitch Lake is not Trinidad's only treasure. Its people and their culture are equally as valuable to the rest of the world.
Melissa D. Goolsarran Ramnauth, Esq. is an American foreclosure, civil litigation, and bankruptcy attorney of Trinidadian and Guyanese descent. She graduated magna cum laude from the University of Miami with a Bachelor of Arts degree in Political Science, a minor degree in History, a minor degree in Criminology, and a Juris Doctor degree.
MDGR LAW specializes in foreclosure defense. If you are facing foreclosure, schedule a consultation for an analysis of your options and legal defenses.
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double-edged sword for groups, it is a panacea for the individuals who accumulate it (until their group collapses because of their despotism). Amassing power is a proven way to increase reproductive success (Betzig, 1986). So it is no wonder that humans have an urge to seek power. If a behavior leads to reproductive success, organisms will develop an urge to do it.
I am going to discuss three "pathways to power"5. These are ways that individuals can increase their social influence within a group.
Pathway to Power 1: Make your subordinates more submissive
One way to increase your power is to make your existing subordinates more submissive. By doing so, you make your power more absolute.
While potent, coercion is an expensive way to increase your power. The more you coerce someone, the more they will dream of killing you. This is the fear of every despot – that their subordinates will turn on them. So while coercion can exact obedience, it requires constant vigilance. Ignore your coerced subordinates for a moment and you may find a dagger in your back.
A less expensive way to make your subordinates more submissive is to turn to the power of ideas. Convince your subordinates that you have the legitimate right to command them and you immediately increase your power.
What matters is its virulence. To work, your ideology must infect the minds of your subordinates. It must convince them that your power is legitimate.
Whether you use coercion or ideology (or both), making your subordinates more submissive can increase your power. That being said, this approach is not an effective way to accumulate power. Why? Because having absolute power over a few subordinates hardly makes you Napoleon. To achieve great power, you need to become the master of many.
Pathway to Power 2: Accumulate direct subordinates
With Napoleon as your inspiration, you set out to accumulate subordinates. How do you do it? One way is to accumulate direct subordinates. A direct subordinate is someone who is directly under your control. They listen to you and no one else.
While simple, there are obvious limits to this pathway to power. Even the most charismatic person will find it hard to maintain direct power relations with hundreds of people. Yet to be powerful like Napoleon, you need hundreds of thousands of subordinates.
Pathway to Power 3: Accumulate indirect subordinates
If you are not satisfied with the number of subordinates you can control directly, the next step is to encourage your subordinates to find their own subordinates. By doing so, you accumulate indirect subordinates.
We assume here that power is "transitive". So if Bob controls Charlotte and Alice controls Bob, then Alice also controls Charlotte. When power is transitive, it forms a chain of command.
The advantage of accumulating indirect subordinates is that you don't need to manage relations with many people.
The disadvantage of having indirect subordinates, however, is that power is not perfectly transitive. Power gets diluted as it is passed down the chain of command.
You have to maintain the chain of command so that power flows smoothly.
The road to hierarchy
The best way to accumulate power is to use all three pathways: make your subordinates extremely submissive, accumulate direct subordinates, and encourage your subordinates to accumulate subordinates. When you pursue all three pathways to power, what do you get? In a word, hierarchy.
A hierarchy is a network in which every relation is a power relation. To maintain the hierarchy, you must make sure your subordinates are submissive (pathway 1). Next, you encourage all of your subordinates to command multiple subordinates of their own. This combines pathways 2 and 3, and leads to the quintessential feature of a hierarchy – the branching chain of command.
Think about the structure of hierarchy. As each new layer of hierarchy is added, the number of subordinates you command grows exponentially.
Now you have power that rivals Napoleon's. And our evolutionary theory predicts that you will use it to your advantage. You will use your immense power to take an exceptional share of the resource pie.
With a bit of evolutionary reasoning, it becomes clear that our relations must be what drives the distribution of income inside groups. Moreover, when groups organize using power relations, we have a clear prediction for how income should be distributed. I have called this prediction the power ethos: to each according to their social influence. Hierarchies, I have argued, are the quintessential tool for concentrating power. In them, the power ethos should dominate. In other words, in a hierarchy it's not what you know that shapes your income. It's who you control.
Part III: Evidence for the Power Ethos
Having proposed that the power ethos should prevail within hierarchies, I now put this idea to the test. I look for evidence of the power ethos inside modern firms.
To test for the power ethos, we need to quantify power.
But because power is difficult to quantify, this idea has rarely been tested.
As a consequence, a promising theory of resource distribution has languished.
To measure power, I propose that we break it down into two dimensions. We will distinguish between the number of people one influences and the strength of this influence. The purpose of doing so is to distinguish between qualitative and quantitative aspects of power. The strength of one's influence over others is a qualitative aspect of power. It is determined by the obedience of one's followers, which is difficult to quantify.
Slaves are far more obedient than Twitter followers. So these two forms of social influence are qualitatively different.
In contrast, the number of people one influences is easy to quantify. We just count people!
Here is where our two dimensions of power are useful. While we may not be able to (easily) quantify the obedience of followers, we can probably agree on a rough ranking. We can agree that social media followers are less obedient than employees in a corporate hierarchy.
Once we rank obedience, I argue that we can reduce power to a single dimension.
Let's first go through this obedience ranking. Then we will discuss why it is relevant for measuring power.
Figure 7 The Two Dimensions of Power. The y-axis ranks different forms of power in terms of the obedience of followers. The x-axis shows the number of followers of the given individual.
In this paper, I am going to stay inside the bureaucratic hierarchy zone of obedience, visualized in Figure 8. Inside the bureaucratic hierarchy zone, obedience is institutionalized. This means that obedience does not depend on personal characteristics. Instead, it depends on institutional position.
The bureaucratic hierarchy zone is where the institutions of capitalism live. Bureaucratic hierarchy is how firms and governments are organized. More broadly, I would guess that it is how all large institutions in human history are organized.
Power is proportional to the number of subordinates one controls.
Figure 10 shows this equivalence between firm size and the hierarchical power of the CEO.
We will use this equivalence to see if the relative income of CEOs grows with hierarchical power.
Figure 11 shows how the CEO pay ratio grows with hierarchical power among US CEOs. Among these CEOs, it seems that the power ethos prevails. Relative income grows with hierarchical power.
Next, I will look at the income of all employees within firms.
In these firms, it seems that the power ethos prevails. Average income within hierarchical ranks is strongly proportional to hierarchical power.
The evidence above does not convince mainstream economists to abandon their theory. It is impossible to disprove that an unmeasured skill causes the returns to hierarchical power. The best we can do is show that measured skill does not explain these returns. In Fix (2018b), I show that common measures of skill (like education and firm experience) cannot explain the returns to hierarchical rank.
Time is important because there is a mismatch between how we learn skills and how we acquire hierarchical power. We learn skills gradually. But we acquire hierarchical power in lumps.
Skills are an individual trait.
To learn a new skill, you must forge new pathways in your brain. This takes time. Like all animals, our ability to learn has physiological limits. But accumulating hierarchical power has no such limits. That is because hierarchical power is a social trait.
The more hierarchical power someone gains during a promotion, the more their income increases. For demotions, the reverse is true.
I have shown you evidence that the power ethos prevails in a sample of modern firms. But how general is this relation? Does income always grow with hierarchical power inside hierarchies? I predict that it does.
Whenever we find institutional hierarchy, I predict we will find the power ethos. It doesn't matter if we are studying a feudal fiefdom, an archaic kingdom, a totalitarian regime, a democratic state, or a modern corporation. If there is hierarchy, I predict that access to resources will grow with hierarchical power.
Income is a social phenomenon. To understand it, we need to understand social relations. And there is no better place to start than to study the power relations that dominate our working lives.


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A chocolate is such a thing that everyone loves to eat whether young or old. Many of us eat ferrero rocher chocolates as they are very yummy and filled with the crunchiness of hazelnuts. But it is a good idea to know how many calories are present in it before one puts this wonderful piece of tasty food into ones mouth.
The total calories present in 3 pieces of ferrero rocher chocolates of serving size of 41 grams is about 220 calories. A closer look at the segregation of the calories that it is filled with can be obtained as follows:-
- The three pieces of ferrero rocher chocolates have about 144 grams of fat.
- The total fat content is about 16 grams which is 25% of the daily assigned value of calories that an average person consumes on a daily basis.
- These chocolates even have saturated fat and cholesterol of about 5.0 grams and 3.0 mg respectively which accounts for 25% and 1% in the total calories assigned per day.
- Besides these the ferrero rocher chocolates also have sodium of 20 mg, carbohydrates of 16.0 grams and dietary fiber of 1.0 grams accounting for 1%, 5% and 4% respectively in the calories.
- One can also get protein of about 3.0 grams and sugars of about 15.0 grams from these chocolates. Apart from these one can also get additives of calcium and iron wherein both are present to the extent of 4% in these chocolates.
The best part of consumption of these hazelnut chocolates is that it has least content of cholesterol and is also low in sodium content which is a blessing for people suffering from heart and blood pressure problems. But there are also certain minus points in it for people suffering from diabetes as it has high content of saturated fat and sugar present in it.


Question: What is the intrinsic stock price per share before the IPO?
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a)What is the intrinsic stock price per share before the IPO? b) Given the target net proceeds, what amount of gross proceeds are required?c. What is projected total value of LC immediately after the IPO? Based on the total amount paid by the shareholders purchasing new shares in the IPO, what percentage of the total post-IPO value do you think the new shareholders require to justify their stock purchases?d. How many new shares must be sold in the IPO to provide the percentage of ownership required by the new shareholders? How many total shares will be outstanding after the IPO?
a) Intrinsic value per share is true and real value of the company
Forecasted stock price is equal to Earnings Per Share after the nth year X Average PE Ratio
EPS after nth year is Current EPS X Rate of EPS Increase= E * ( 1+ r/100) ^ n
(r is rate and n is no of years)
Forecasted dividends is Total dividends in n years * Average dividend payout
add forecasted stock price and forecasted dividend, gives Future value of stock
Npv of future value of stock will be Intrinsic Value
will be equal to Future value / ( (1+r/100) ^ n)
B) Gross Proceeds of IPO would be
Net Proceeds plus underwriting discounts and commission plus other offering exps of the IPO
D) Suppose there are N shares. before IPO.M is new shares issued. ownership in the company gets reduced to the factor N / (N + M).. so this formula determines the new shares issued that is M. Total no. of shares outstanding would by N + M after the IPO
example there are 100 shares before IPO. 50 new shares are issued. ownership falls to 100 / 150 that is 66 percent post IPO.
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Home » pets » Can Diabetic Cats Eat Kale
Can Diabetic Cats Eat Kale
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Kale can only be eaten by dogs—if the dog actually eats the leaf. Adult cats should be fed 1 can of tiki cat per 10 pounds of body weight every day.
6,153 Likes, 93 Comments Liv B (itslivb) on Instagram
Can diabetic cats eat kale. If you're a fan of kale, you're in luck: Learn how fruit affects your blood sugar and what types of fruits are best for you. Tuna, mackerel or crab broth (depending on flavor), sunflower seed oil, vitamin e, b12, b3, d3 and a supplements and folic acid.
But it's best to keep it small and infrequent. But, can dogs eat quinoa? Getting the blood glucose under control can resolve "glucose toxicity".
According to veterinarian lorraine a. If your cat is overweight, adding some veggies to her diet can help keep her weight down. Try one or more of these serving suggestions for kale:
Can cats eat mustard greens, collard greens, and kale? The answer is yes, cats can eat quinoa in moderation. You can eat lots of it without worrying too much about how it will impact your waistline.
However, kale isn't without benefits and can actually be good in small portions! Vegetables like broccoli, celery, kale, asparagus can be included in a diabetic dog diet. They can also eat tomatoes, carrots, squash, sprouts and broccoli.
Also recommended if your cat is diabetic or suffers from any other chronic health condition. Lycopenes also slow the progression of vision loss with age: Pierson also notes that cats are obligate carnivores.
In fact, lettuce ranks alongside broccoli, cabbage, spinach, and kale among the top vegetables that cats can eat. They are not safe for cats. Beets, collard, parsley, spinach and swiss chard are high in oxalic acid.
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And, so this can cause heinz body anemia. Yes, diabetic cats and cats suffering from various kidney complications can benefit from the high potassium content in the. Quinoa is an extremely healthy food for humans.
So, there are no immediate health concerns to worry about. Foods can also protect you from problems caused by diabetes, like heart disease, obesity, and high blood pressure. Though it definitely should not make up the majority of your cat's caloric intake, it does have some nutrition.
An occasional taste of cooked boneless beef or brown rice can be an ok treat. Spinach is safe for cats. Oxalic acid can lead to kidney stones and a depletion of calcium in the body.
Spinach is considered to be so healthy for us humans that it's sometimes referred to as "superfood", for cats, though, spinach wouldn't make a healthy treat. They also eat grass to assist in digestion (there is a misconception that cats eat grass to help them vomit). Let's take a closer look at kale for rabbits.
Steam or boil kale and serve with a sprinkle of red wine vinegar Can cats with kidney disease eat lettuce? Thank you for your question.
Find out more about how fruits can be part of a healthy meal plan when you have diabetes. Cats don't have a high thirst drive and those on dry food tend to consume less than half the moisture of those on canned food. Pets who suffer from or are at risk for kidney.
Vegetables and fruits (like pumpkin) do provide vitamins, antioxidant support and fiber for cats. Kale is safe for dogs when shared in small portions and occasionally. Corriveau of purdue university teaching hospital, sugar gliders in zoos eat apples, bananas, grapes, kiwi fruit, oranges, pears, melons, pawpaws and papayas.
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Onions (toxic to dogs and cats) chives (toxic to dogs and cats) garlic (toxic to dogs and cats) tomatoes; You should not let your cat eat kale. Glucose toxicity is the negative impact an elevated blood glucose has on the.
Benefits that can come from kale. Carrots and sweet potatoes are also good for your dog's digestion, but only in moderation since they. Buchoff says to be sure to make it mushy if not tiny, or else your cat will not eat it and they won't receive any of the benefits of the food.
Kale will act as an oxidizing agent in the cat. While getting your dog to eat the leafy super food can be a problem, the actual leaf itself is incredibly easy to cook, prepare, and make use of. These plants also may (or may not) trigger heinz body anemia.
Kale is a great source of vitamins a, b, c and k, which help to boost the immune system, help blood clotting and are important for vision and eye health. Diabetic cats everywhere owe dr. Mild hyperglycemia (high glucose) is always better than hypoglycemia (low glucose), so it's extremely important for your diabetic dog to eat.
When you have type 2 diabetes, what you eat can help keep the disease in check. Cats, as they get older, their lens can get cloudy, and lycopenes can help with that. when preparing human food for your cat, dr. They are not recommended because some experts believe they have the potential.
Vegetables sugar gliders eat in zoos include sweet potatoes, lettuce and corn. In the wild, cats consume the predigested veggies from the stomachs of their prey (usually birds and rodents). Talking with your vet about the cat food you provide and following the directions on the label will help ensure your cat's diet is balanced and your cat stays healthy.
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Too much of either/all of the above can be dangerous. There is no poisoning risk associated with eating this grain, so there is no need to panic if you catch your cat eating it off the floor. If you like kale, you'll be happy to know that you can eat lots of it without blowing your diet.
"yes, hamsters can have kale, but only a little at a time, and not all that often." read on for our complete guide to kale for hamsters. The answer is generally yes.the edible seed is actually an. Cats are built to tolerate a certain amount of roughage in their diets.
Cats are carnivores and need meat. It's packed with protein, calcium, and other nutrients. While there's no need to panic if your cat had a little spinach, it's best not to make it a regular part of your cat's diet.
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From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
H2S may refer to:
- Dynali H2S, a Belgian helicopter design
- Hydrogen sulfide (H2S), a chemical compound
- H2S radar, the first airborne ground-mapping radar used during World War II
|This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the same title formed as a letter-number combination.
If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article.


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Spring foraging activities:
Foraging is a great way to get children interested in their natural environments and engaging with different types of plants in new ways. Below are four basic and easy to find foraging plants that you can find on walks around the countryside and in hedgerows to make delicious drinks and meals with:
A really simple thing to do is pick the fresh leaves and chop with butter, toasted on some bread makes a yummy garlic bread. For more wild garlic recipes and how to find it click the link below:
To most, dandelions are just weeds, however the whole of the plant is edible and can be used to make natural dyes, salads and even a natural coffee! See below for how:
(You can skip the dehydrator stage if you don't have one)
This versatile weed can be made into a yummy crisp snack or used in more filling meals such as nettle soup:
(See images below for an alternative to this recipe).
Goose grass/sticky weed spring tonic
Not just a funny trick to throw on your friends back, sticky weed is packed full of goodness:
What natural food and drink creations can you find and make?


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When set to hair mode, particle system creates only static particles, which may be used for hair, fur, grass and the like.
The first step is to create the hair, specifying the amount of hair strands and their lengths.
The complete path of the particles is calculated in advance. So everything a particle does a hair may do also. A hair is as long as the particle path would be for a particle with a lifetime of 100 frames. Instead of rendering every frame of the particle animation point by point there are calculated control points with an interpolation, the segments.
The next step is to style the hair. You can change the look of base hairs by changing the Physics Settings.
A more advanced way of changing the hair appearance is to use Children. This adds child hairs to the original ones, and has settings for giving them different types of shapes.
You can also interactively style hairs in Particle Mode. In this mode, the particle settings become disabled, and you can comb, trim, lengthen, etc. the hair curves.
Hair can now be made dynamic using the cloth solver. This is covered in the Hair Dynamics page.
Blender can render hairs in several different ways. Materials have a Strand section, which is covered in the materials section in the Strands Page.
Hair can also be used as a basis for the Particle Instance modifier, which allows you to have a mesh be deformed along the curves, which is useful for thicker strands, or things like grass, or feathers, which may have a more specific look.
- Regrow Hair for each frame.
- Enables advanced settings which reflect the same ones as working in Emitter mode.
- Set the amount of hair strands. Use as little particles as possible, especially if you plan to use softbody animation later. But you need enough particles to have good control. For a "normal" haircut I found some thousand (very roughly 2000) particles to give enough control. You may need a lot more particles if you plan to cover a body with fur. Volume will be produced later with Children.
Settings for adding movement to hair see Hair Dynamics.
- Draw hair as curves.
- Draw just the end points if the hairs.
- The number of segments (control points minus 1) of the hair strand. In between the control points the segments are interpolated. The number of control points is important:
- for the softbody animation, because the control points are animated like vertices, so more control points mean longer calculation times.
- for the interactive editing, because you can only move the control points (but you may recalculate the number of control points in Particle Mode).
- 10 Segments should be sufficient even for very long hair, 5 Segments are enough for shorter hair, and 2 or 3 segments should be enough for short fur.
Hair can be rendered as a Path, Object, or Group. See Particle Visualization for descriptions.
- Fur Tutorial, which produced (Image 4b). It deals especially with short hair.
- Blender Hair Basics, a thorough overview of all of the hair particle settings.


BMPA hits back at union description of conditions in meat plants
03 July 2020
The BMPA is criticising claims made by Unite the Union about working conditions in the UK's meat processing plants. The BMPA believes that Unite the Union's depictions are misleading and are muddying the waters in the fight to understand and combat the coronavirus crisis.
The British Meat Processors Association (BMPA) has strongly rejected the claims and their Chief Executive Nick Allen commented that "Meat processing is a skillful but physically demanding job and, contrary to Unite's claims, conditions at BMPA members' plants are far from 'dire'."
Mr Allen went on to describe the tightly regulated working conditions in plants: "Our member companies work to strict hygiene and safety controls imposed by the Food Standards Authority, Public Health England and the Health and Safety Executive. While working temperatures are necessarily cold in parts of the factory, workers are given the protective clothing and equipment they need to keep them and the food they produce safe.
Coronavirus safety measures
Since March BMPA's members have spent millions of pounds following Government guidance on how to make working conditions as safe as possible to allow food production to continue. Measures such as Perspex screens, staggered shifts, one-way systems, temperature testing and extra PPE have become standard.
What more can be done?
Beyond implementing exiting guidelines, BMPA has been working closely with Government to set up a special food industry task force that will allow industry to collaborate with local authorities, standards agencies, health officials and Government to tackle a broad range of issues including covid-19, labour shortages and supply chain resilience. The group will also work on ways to mitigate ongoing risk and keep production operating smoothly and safely.
Ultimately the food security of the UK depends on it.
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The rtc skippatch command excludes load objects, object files and functions from being instrumented by runtime checking. The effect of the command is permanent to each dbx session unless the load object is unloaded explicitly.
Since dbx does not track memory access in load objects, object files, and functions affected by this command, incorrect rui errors might be reported for functions that were not skipped. dbx cannot determine whether an rui error was introduced by this command, so such an error was not suppressed automatically.
Exclude the specified load objects from being instrumented.
Exclude the specified object files and functions in the specified load object from being instrumented.
load_object is the name of a load object or the path to the name of a load object.
object_file is the name of an object file.
function is the name of a function.


Thousands of British gardeners are at risk of becoming unwitting criminals due to a lack of knowledge of basic gardening laws, experts have claimed.
Now experts from have published the top seven little known gardening laws to help Britons understand what they should and shouldn't do in their gardens.
Gardeners could be forgiven for finding the laws confusing, as they can be counter-intuitive and complex.
For example, a person may cut back tree branches that overhang into their garden, as long as they do not go past the boundary line and there is no Tree Preservation Order in place.
But they cannot keep the trimmings nor any fruit or flowers on them – nor can they simply throw the branches back into the tree owner's garden without permission.
Disputes over boundaries may require a hard look at the house deeds, and even then, there may be issues if the boundaries have changed over time.
There can also be confusion over whether it is legal to allow a tree to block sunlight to a window.
A spokesman for said: "Most of us want to be good, law abiding neighbours, but that can be difficult if we don't actually know what the law is.
"There may be times when it would be within your legal rights to do something, but it could cause tensions with your neighbour.
Seven little-known gardening laws
1. Trimming overhanging branches
2. Fruit and flowers
Although you can cut branches that hang into your garden up to the property line, they still belong to the neighbour – as do any flowers or fruit on them. Your neighbour is legally entitled to demand them back.
3. Windfalls
4.Fallen leaves
Tree owners are not responsible for sweeping up fallen leaves.
5.Trees blocking light
Under the Rights of Light Act, if a window has received natural light for 20 years or more, neighbours can't block it with a new tree.
5. Fences and boundaries
These can be tricky to resolve. The house deeds should indicate who owns fences and is responsible for boundaries (although there is no legal responsibility to keep boundaries well maintained, unless the deeds state otherwise). But boundaries can move over time and cause disputes later. You may need to contact HM Land Registry for help with boundary disputes.
6. Hedges