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Garbage Collection and TRIM in SSDs Explained – An SSD Primer
'Garbage Collection in SSDs' is a contributed article that was submitted by LSI and authored by Kent Smith, Senior Director of Product Marketing, Flash Components Division, LSI Corporation. It's importance cannot be understated for anyone venturing into today's world of SSDs.
Garbage collection (GC) is a fundamental process with all solid state drives (SSDs), but it can be implemented in different ways that can impact the overall SSD performance and endurance. In this article, we'll look at how GC works, how it can be implemented, and how it relates to the TRIM command and over provisioning.
Unlike hard disk drives (HDDs), NAND flash memory cannot overwrite existing data they must first erase old data before writing new data to the same location. With SSDs, GC is the name for the process of relocating existing data to new locations and allowing the surrounding invalid data to be erased. Flash memory is divided into blocks, which is further divided in pages. Data can be written directly into an empty page, but only whole blocks can be erased. Therefore, to reclaim the space taken up by invalid data, all the valid data from one block must be first copied and written into the empty pages of a new block. Only then can the invalid data in the original block be erased, making it ready for new valid data to be written.
The process is illustrated in Figure 1. Column one shows pages A-D are written to block X. Sometime later that data is changed, so pages A-D are written and the original pages A-D are marked invalid (shown in column two). At the same time, additional data is written to pages E-H. Column two shows these changes and now block X is full, but is holding space for now invalid data (A-D) which cannot be reclaimed until the whole block is erased.
To achieve this objective, the valid data in block X must be moved to a new block so that the original block can be erased to start over. Column three shows the data from pages A-D as well as E-H being written to a new block (Y), so the space from block X can be reclaimed by erasing it. The writes from this step are not from the host system and are the source for increased write amplification in an SSD, meaning the flash in the SSD is being written more than what came from the host originally. Since flash memory has a limited number of erase and write cycles this operation should be minimized when possible, but it is still a necessary part of an SSD's operation.
Figure 1: The garbage collection process. Source: Wikipedia
Note that wear leveling typically occurs during GC, as data is written to a variety of new blocks in order to spread wear around over the breadth of the SSD. Since there are a limited number of writes the flash can sustain over its lifetime, if data was always written to the same block, its life of write cycles would be exhausted prematurely compared to all other blocks. This continued early block retirement would eventually reduce the available capacity of the drive and prevent it from performing at its full capability. Ideally, all of the blocks of the SSD need to be worn at the same rate throughout the life of the drive.
OS AWARENESS VS DRIVE AWARENESS
In an HDD system, the Operating System (OS) can simply request that new data be written to the same location where the older, now invalid data, is stored, and the HDD will directly overwrite the old data. In an SSD, however, the page must first be erased before it can be written to locations previously holding data the SSD cannot directly overwrite existing data as stated earlier.
The OS understands the files, their structure, and the logical locations where they are stored, but does not understand the physical storage structure of the storage device. In any storage system, the storage device doesn't know the file structure it simply knows that there are bytes of data written in specific sectors. The storage system, whether SSD or HDD, returns the data from physical locations when the OS asks for data in the corresponding logical locations.
When the OS deletes the file, it simply marks the space used for that data as free in its logical data table. With HDDs, the OS does not need to tell the storage device anything about the deletion because it would simply write something new into that same physical location in the future. In the case of an SSD, it only becomes aware that the data is deleted (or invalid) when the OS tries to write to that location again. At that time the SSD marks the old data as invalid and it writes the new data to a new physical location. It may also perform GC at that same time, but that varies between SSD architectures and other conditions at that moment.


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O-1 Self Petition / Entrepreneur
If an applicant does not have an employer / job offer, they can still apply for an O-1. Instead of self-petitioning, which is not permitted by the USCIS, applicants can create a company that will petition for them in an Employee-Employer Relationship.
The key to "self-petitioning for an O-1", or having a company the beneficiary owns to petition for the beneficiary, is to establish employee-employer relationship.
The Neufeld Memo of 01/08/2010 redefines an employee-employer relationship for U.S. employers. Under this memo, if the beneficiary is "the sole operator, manager, and employee", the beneficiary cannot be fired since he cannot fire himself and has no other entity to do so. If the applicant cannot be fired, then an employee-employer relationship cannot exist.
On the other hand, the beneficiary can still be the "sole stockholder of a corporation" and be employed by the corporation they have majority ownership as long as there are entities that can fire, hire, pay, or otherwise control the beneficiary (i.e. a Board of Directors). To check if such a relationship exists, the beneficiary should consider the following:
- Do you have evidence of other investors (i.e. purchase agreements)?
- Do you have bylaws that list board members' names and responsibilities?
- Do the bylaws specifically state that the board has the right to fire you?
- Do other investors supervise your work on-site?
- Are there performance reviews done for you? What is your level of supervision?
- How is your day-to-day task determined?
Factors that USCIS will consider
When the USCIS receives a "self-petitioning" case, they look at a number of factors to determine if the petitioner (company) has the right to control the beneficiary. None of the following factors are decisive, but will affect the final determination.
- Does the petitioner supervise the beneficiary and is such supervision off-site or on-site?
- If the supervision is off-site, how does the petitioner maintain such supervision, i.e. weekly calls, reporting back to main office routinely, or site visits by the petitioner?
- Does the petitioner have the right to control the work of the beneficiary on a day-to-day basis if such control is required?
- Does the petitioner provide the tools or instrumentalities needed for the beneficiary to perform the duties of employment?
- Does the petitioner hire, pay, and have the ability to fire the beneficiary?
- Does the petitioner evaluate the work-product of the beneficiary, i.e. progress/performance reviews?
- Does the petitioner claim the beneficiary for tax purposes?
- Does the petitioner provide the beneficiary any type of employee benefits?
- Does the beneficiary use proprietary information of the petitioner in order to perform the duties of employment?
- Does the beneficiary produce an end-product that is directly linked to the petitioner's line of business?
- Does the petitioner have the ability to control the manner and means in which the work product of the beneficiary is accomplished?
Establishing Extraordinary Ability as an Entrepreneur
1. Receiving a major, internationally-recognized award (i.e. Nobel Prize)
Funding from outside investors (including venture capital funding and angel investors) qualifies as a major award. The investor must be a reputable source and have a history of selecting quality investments.
2. Fulfilling 3 of the following:
- Memberships that require outstanding achievements as judged by experts: There are many available associations that entrepreneurs can join for this O-1 qualification. Research should be done prior to starting an O-1 so that applicants can fulfill any necessary requirements for membership.
- Receive nationally or internationally recognized prizes/awards: Other sources of funding for the company may be used for this criteria.
- Publications in professional or major media such as newspapers: Any press about the company could qualify as a publication; however, it must be a reputable or professional major media (i.e. Business Today, Fortune).
- Original and major professional contributions: The company's product can be considered an original and major contribution. The impact or significance of this product can be shown through letters and other media.
- Employment in critical role for distinguished organizations: If the applicant founded the company, this criteria is usually easily fulfilled through role description, letters, and other evidence.
- Judged the work of others in field (such as pitch competitions)
- High salary in field (depends on the individual field)
- Author of articles in professional journals or other major media (if applicable)
3. Providing other evidence that shows that applicant is the top in their field
In addition to the regular O-1 process of packaging your entire case file from start to finish and training you for the mock interview, we provide additional services for clients who have not created or is in the process of creating a business for the purpose of an O-1.
We will help you create a business tailored to the factors that the USCIS will examine. This includes creating and/or examining your bylaws, articles of incorporation, minutes of the board of directors, articles of association, business hierarchy charts, and other relevant materials.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


- Entry
 - Reader's guide
 - Entries A-Z
 - Subject index
Son preference refers to a general preference by an individual or a group for male offspring over female offspring. Son preference may be evidenced by female infanticide, sperm sorting, or female fetus abortion, or it may simply exist as a psychological preference. Even a psychological preference may have an impact on the lives of offspring: preferred male offspring may be given more and better food, greater access to health care services, or greater access to education, for example.
Son preference is both a historical and a contemporary phenomenon. Historically, evidence of son preference exists for many civilizations, including ancient Greece, Rome, India, China, Japan, Korea, and Europe. The same is true for Arab and Native American civilizations, Australian aboriginal society, and historical Polynesia. In the twenty-first...
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At the behest of Gerhard Paseman I'll describe the problem that I alluded to in name for a partial order.
Let $M = M(\infty)$ denote the set of all finite subsets of the positive integers $\mathbb{N}$. As I mentioned in my other question, $M$ has a partial order defined as follows: If $S \in M$ and $i \ge 1$ is an integer, denote by $S_i$ the $i$-th largest element of $S$. We say that $S \ge_R T$ if $|S| \ge |T|$ and $S_i \ge T_i$ for $i = 1, \dots, |T|$. For any finite subset $A \subset M$ define the polynomial $$ f_A(t) := \sum_{S \in A} \sum_{T \in A} t^{|S \Delta T|},$$
where $S \Delta T$ denotes the symmetric difference. If $ p \in (0,1)$ say that a finite subset $A \subset M$ is optimal at $p$ if $f_A(p) \ge f_B(p)$ for all subsets $B \subset M$ with $|B| = |A|$. Say that $A$ is optimal, if there is some $p \in (0,1)$ for which $A$ is optimal at $p$. Say that $A$ is isomorphic to $B$ if there is a permutation $\pi \in S_{\infty}$ (permutations of $\mathbb{N}$ which only move a finite set of elements) and a subset $T \in M$ such that $B = \{ \pi(S) \Delta T : S \in A \}$. It's easy to see that if $A$ is isomorphic to $B$ then $f_A(t) = f_B(t)$.
Another way of thinking of $M$ is to consider it to be infinite sequences of 0's and 1's with only a finite number of 1's (i.e. infinite bit-strings). Then cardinality becomes Hamming weight and symmetric difference becomes exclusive or. Isomorphic sets of bit-strings would be obtained from one another by permuting coordinates (every bit string in the set gets permuted in the same way), and then xoring everything with a common bit-string.
In (Gordon, Miller, Ostapenko) we proved that if $A$ is optimal then it is isomorphic to an order ideal for the order $\le_R$. For a fixed value $N$ for $|A|$ we were then able to make a search for all order ideals of size $N$, and then determine the optimal ones (for some $p$) among those. We were able to do this by looking at the subposet of $M$ of elements $S \in M$ such that $|\{ T : T \le_R S \}| \le N$. In particular we were interested in optimal sets whose cardinality is a power of 2. The search for cardinality 64 took about 1/2 hour. Unless we have a new idea the search for $N=128$ is out of the question. For $N=64$ there are _PHONE_ order ideals of cardinality 64, but less than 100 of them are optimal. Thus I was hoping that if there are theorems around about the structure of the order ideals of $M(\infty)$ that that might help us to make a more efficient search. In the previous question, Richard Stanley pointed out that the partial order that I was using had been studied before in one of his papers.
share|improve this question
Thank you for showing this problem. I assume in the definition of A isomorphic to B you want B= instead of A=. Also, I apologize for an earlier error. The partial order I and Libor Polak used involved multisets, not sets, of the positive integers. I shall contemplate upon this problem. Gerhard "Ask Me About System Design" Paseman, 2011.08.11 – Gerhard Paseman Aug 11 '11 at 19:03
Also, it is easy for me to get confused. A in M suggests that A is a set of numbers. A finite set A from M is a finite subset of M. By a finite set A in M I am guessing you mean the latter, but I would expect A subset M instead of what you have, which is A in M. Can I consider it a typo, and mentally substitue the subset symbol for the member of symbol in those places to get your meaning? Gerhard "Ask Me About System Design" Paseman, 2011.08.11 – Gerhard Paseman Aug 11 '11 at 19:11
_USER_: I fixed the typos (I think that I got all of them). One other thing: you can also define a different partial order on subsets of M: Say that $A \ge_D B$ if $f_A(t) \ge f_B(t)$ for all $t \in (0,1)$ (the $D$ is for dominates). It's necessary (but not sufficient) for $A$ to be maximal in this partial order (at least restricted to sets of cardinality $|A|$) in order for it to be optimal. I found empirically that almost all of the maximal sets for $N=64$ were optimal. – Victor Miller Aug 11 '11 at 22:36
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Select the diagnostic action to take if Simulink® software makes a minor adjustment to a sample hit time while running the model.
Simulink software takes no action.
Simulink software displays a warning.
Simulink software might change a sample hit time if that hit time is close to the hit time for another task. If Simulink software considers the difference to be due only to numerical errors (for example, precision issues or roundoff errors), it changes the sample hits of the faster task or tasks to exactly match the time of the slowest task that has that hit.
Over time, these sample hit changes might cause a discrepancy between the numerical simulation results and the actual theoretical results.
When this option is set to
the MATLAB® Command Window displays a warning like the following
when Simulink software detects a change in the sample hit time:
Warning: Timing engine warning: Changing the hit time for...
|Safety precaution||No impact|


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The Plasma Cloud console allows you to manage wireless mesh both manually and automatically.
Generally, the use of WiFi AI is recommended for automated wireless mesh management. It will perform regular networks scans (based on your maintenance window) and dynamically optimize your settings to better suit your topology. For instance, wireless mesh may be disabled to reduce the WiFi overhead and increase performance when not needed. On the other hand, it will be activated on those devices that can't successfully connect to the Internet via cable.
However, should you wish to manually enable and disable wireless mesh, you can do so either on a per-network or per-Access Point basis. First, you need to:
- Log into the Plasma Cloud console;
- Select the Organisation and Network of interest from the top right menu;
Next, to manually manage wireless mesh for your network, you need to:
- Navigate to Settings > Network in the main menu on the left;
- Ensure the WiFi AI toggle is deactivated in the WiFi settings section;
- Enable or disable the Wireless mesh toggle in the WiFi settings section as needed.
Or, to manually manage wireless mesh for a specific Access Point, you need to:
- Navigate to Access Points and select the device of interest from the table;
- Scroll down to the Wireless mesh section and click on the drop-down menu to change the status of wireless mesh for this particular device.


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Skip to Main Content
A report on the world radio conference held in Geneva, Switzerland, during the last four months of 1959 is presented. The Conference was held under auspices of the International Telecommunication Union, the specialized agency of the United Nations which deals with radio and other telecommunication matters at international level. The organization of the conference is described, to show the mechanism by which engineers and telecommunication administrators from many nations work together to produce what amounts to international legislation in a highly technical field. The four principal work areas of the conference were: Radio spectrum allocations; frequency management techniques; definition of technical terms and establishment of technical standards; and operating regulations in the aeronautical and maritime radio services. Major decisions of interest to engineers in the United States are summarized, including new terminology which engineers will be expected to learn gradually in the years ahead.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


Helping Individuals Have Opportunities for Health and Wellness
View the Community Health Initiative Plan View Members of the Health Advisory Council
In order to determine the most important areas in which to focus their community plan to most directly improve overall health and wellness in Chippewa and Eau Claire counties, the Health Advisory Council (HAC) began by reviewing information available from Healthiest Wisconsin 2020 for twelve identified health priority areas in the state. Needs assessments and survey data provided by area hospitals, city and county health departments, United Way, and several other agencies and organizations in the Chippewa Valley were also considered. Presentations were also made by local experts and practitioners in the field.
After in-depth discussions of the key issues during a structured prioritization process, the HAC reached consensus on narrowing its focus to four priority areas: Mental Health, Alcohol & Other Drug Use, Injury & Violence, and Chronic Disease Prevention & Management. Workgroups were established and the members are currently in the process of drafting a plan for each area. Preliminary thoughts from the workgroups are as follows:
Mental Health:
Affordable access to mental health care should be available in the Chippewa Valley so individuals and families can use it when needed. For that to happen, increased collaboration is needed. The entire community would be targeted in terms of awareness, education, and prevention efforts, with special priority for those living below 200% of federal poverty guidelines. This plan strives to improve mental health services in the Chippewa Valley by:
 1. Improving collaboration between mental health providers and the medical community;
 2. Improving access and availability of quality mental health care services;
 3. Increasing community understanding about the prevalence of mental illness in society;
 4. Raising awareness and use of crisis lines and other referral services in the community; and
 5. Increasing use of mental health care services.
Alcohol Use
High rates of alcohol use are prevalent in the Chippewa Valley and should be reduced. The problem affects people of all ages and from many demographic backgrounds, but special focus should target at-risk groups in the group from 12-34 years of age. The concerns of misuse are related to underage drinkers (primarily ages 10-17), excessive users (i.e., binge drinkers and heavy drinkers in the 18-25 age group), women of childbearing years and pregnant women, and individuals who drive vehicles while under the influence of alcohol. This plan's projected outcomes will see alcohol misuse decrease among 12-34 year olds by:
 1. Raising awareness that alcohol can be harmful to a person's health;
 2. Increasing the community's understanding of how the "culture of drinking" affects people's lives in many ways;
 3. Starting to drink alcohol at age 21 or after, if at all;
 4. Learning to drink alcohol in moderation and a low-risk manner; and
 5. Promoting alcohol-free social and recreational activities.
Injury & Violence
All victims of intimate partner violence (also called domestic violence) should have access to comprehensive services. As a result of such efforts, the number of incidences should decrease for those victims and their children. Through this plan, adult victims of intimate partner violence and their children will:
 1. Be better able to plan for their safety;
 2. Learn ways to keep themselves safe;
 3. Know more about the options, choices and resources available to them overall;
 4. Become aware of how crisis and trauma affect their lives;
 5. Learn skills to help them deal more effectively with their concerns; and
 6. Develop strategies to cope and manage their emotions.
Chronic Disease
The working poor, the uninsured, and underinsured people living in the Chippewa Valley should have opportunities for attaining a good quality of life, especially in terms of their health. Obesity is a significant concern in our society because it can lead to other chronic diseases and illnesses. Improvement of individual health behaviors, reduction in modifiable risk factors, and access to clinical care are key factors in addressing chronic disease issues, with first priority given to individuals and families below 200% of federal poverty guidelines. This plan strives for individuals practicing healthy behaviors to prevent and/or delay the onset of obesity by:
 1. Improving their diet through increased consumption of fruits and vegetables;
 2. Increasing their participation in physical activity;
 3. Decreasing consumption of sugar drinks;
 4. Decreasing consumption of high-energy-dense foods that are high in calories;
 5. Increasing their knowledge about risk factors associated with obesity and other chronic diseases; and
 6. Accessing quality health care for regular check-ups and treatment.


Shepherd, MI
Online Offers
Shepherd is a village in Isabella County in the U.S. state of Michigan. The population was 1,536 at the 2000 census. The village is within Coe Township.
As of the census of 2000, there were 1,536 people, 619 households, and 417 families residing in the village. The population density was 1,586.7 per square mile (611.4/km²). There were 641 housing units at an average density of 662.2 per square mile (255.1/km²). The racial makeup of the village was 96.35% White, 0.46% African American, 0.52% Native American, 0.33% Asian, 0.65% from other races, and 1.69% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 2.34% of the population.


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Integrating Visio 2007 with SQL Server Analysis Services
Previously discussed was how to integrate SQL Server Analysis Services (SSAS) with Excel 2007 in the article, Accessing Cubes from Excel 2007. Visio 2007 is another tool available in Office 2007 that can be used to connect to a SSAS database. There are two reasons why Visio is not an automatic choice to connect to SSAS:
- Visio is not a popular tool among business users. Unlike, Excel most business users don't have Vision installed on their computer.
- Another reason that Visio is not used as client tool for SSAS is widespread lack of knowledge about it. This article aims to help resolve this.
To visualise what can be done with SSAS and Visio, the following image shows how information can be presented in Visio based off a SSAS cube:
Configuring SSAS Connection to Visio
Configuring an SSAS connection to an SSAS cube is similar a connection from Excel except for the first screen. After creating a new Visio document, select Insert PivotDiagram from the Data in the Main menu and the screen shown below will be presented:
There is the option to create links to other sources such as Excel, Access and SQL Server. This article will concentrate on SQL Server Analysis Services (SASS).
After this screen, a tool bar and side bar appear as shown in the flowing images:
The next section will examine how these options can be used in detail.
Using SSAS Data
The PivotDiagram has three sections, Category, Total and Actions. Category is mapped to dimensions in SSAS – where all the dimension attributes and hierarchies are found. Total is mapped to the fact table measures. Actions are performed on the Pivot Diagram. In the Actions section, the Other Actions button gives additional options to customise output.
Once the options are understood, an example is used to show how to use them. For example, to analyse the sales amount with the Gender of the Customer.
Select the sales amount from the Add Total section. Next, select Customer:Gendar from the Add category section and the following output will given:
Perform further analysis by adding more categories. For example, to analyse the Female sales amount by occupations; select the F Box under the Gender and select Customer:English Occupation from the Add Category section and the output will be as shown below:
To analyse Gender M with some other category, selecting the other category.
In the Other Action button, the most important option is Edit Data Graphic as the other options are self explanatory.
The data fields can be controlled with the option to add new items, edit existing items, delete existing items and set the default positions.
Note that by default, the amount will have four decimal points and is lacking a comma separator. Reconfigure this by clicking Edit Item.
Configure the Format of the value, Label etc. For example, Value format #,0.00 will display the amount with two decimal points and a thousand separator. There are other parameters like border type and fill type to display, that can be used to format the dispaly.
Rather than adding fields from the side bar, use the New Item option in the dialog. The New item option has four sub-options shown below:
The first, Text, will simply add a column and display it in a text format. The Data bar will display data with some graphical presentation. As shown below, select the graphical representation needed by selecting the Call out option.
Set the minimum and maximum value according to that select indicator represents graphical value. Data can be presented in various formats and the figure below shows the available Data Bar formats.
The Icon Set allows display of values with given icons. For each callout there is five icons set that can define what to display. For each icon, rules can be set using different criterions from the available drop down. That drop down contains options like equals, does not equal, is greater than, is less than, is between and contains etc.
The image below shows available icon sets for selecting an icon set to match the data.
Colour by value gives an opportunity of colouring a Visio diagram. It is possible to set colours for particular values and for ranges of values. The image below shows how to set the colouring method for a range of values:
The issue with these options is that there is no option to set the colouring methods for one level.
Visio is a client tool that can be used to visualize cube data created using SSAS. This provides options for presenting data in an aesthetically pleasing manner.


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Discover The Magic of Fluorescent Minerals
Only about 15% of all minerals on the planet can fluoresce, making them rare and worthy of study. Our Glow Rocks Kit includes six naturally occurring rocks and minerals that will "light up" under the glow of the included UV lamp, displaying a variety of colors.
The UV lamp is portable, allowing you to hunt for glowing rocks in your backyard. Or dim the lights and wave it over coins, plants and more, and discover the fluorescent properties in many everyday objects. 10 experiments are included in the kit's Adventure Guide.
Includes six Glow Rocks, portable UV lamp, and Adventure Guide.
Requires 4 AA batteries (not included).
WARNING: CHOKING HAZARD-Small parts. Not for children under 3 years.


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BeritaBali.com reports that Bali's Environmental Protection Agency (BLH) has recorded salt water intrusion into the ground water supply at distances between 39 and 330 meters from the shore line. The BLH is blaming this development on the high usage of ground water, particularly by the hotel sector.
The worst affected areas are in Sanur, Kuta, Candi Dasa and Nusa Dua. Meanwhile, the use of ground water in Denpasar is now approaching 3 million cubic meters per month.
The head of the technical laboratory division of BLH, Gede Surjana, said he is concerned by the degree of salt water intrusion into Bali's water supply and the level of salinity measured in ground water samples. He further warned that if something is not done soon to limit the over-use of ground water, Bali will face a clean water crisis by 2020.
He estimates the maximum permissible use of ground water for all of Bali stands as 300 million cubic meters per year.
Discovery Tours. Articles may be quoted and reproduced
if attributed to _URL_.


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On behalf of Gov. Mark Schweiker, Department of Environmental Protection (DEP) Secretary David E. Hess announced that this month's episode of the Emmy-award-winning television series GreenWorks for Pennsylvania features stories about people working to protect Pennsylvania's watersheds.
"Raising awareness of the role watersheds play in our environment is one of the cornerstones of Pennsylvania's 'Growing Greener' program," Hess said. "The current episode of GreenWorks features people of all ages learning about, protecting and restoring Pennsylvania's watersheds.
GreenWorks, produced in a video-magazine format, takes viewers across the Commonwealth to spotlight people doing positive things for the environment. GreenWorks is supported by DEP and the Environmental Fund for Pennsylvania (EFP). The current episode runs through October. This month's episode includes these features.
* The Radnor Middle School Watershed Program in Delaware County, which takes students out of the classroom and into the field to learn about watersheds first hand.
* Members of the Delaware RiverKeepers, who worked on mitigating stream bank erosion by clearing, regrading and covering a stream bank with a biodegradable mesh of coconut fibers allowing native plants to regain a healthy foothold.
* The Pottstown Watershed Alliance, which removed an old dam in the Manatawny Creek in Pottstown, Montgomery County, to improve water quality.
* Members of the Swatara Creek Watershed Association and DEP staff, which cleaned up 33 acres of abandoned mine drainage in Schuylkill County.
* The River Sojourn 2001, where people from all walks of life canoed and kayaked on Pennsylvania rivers to connect with and appreciate the beauty and power of the state's natural water resources.
"We all depend on rivers and watersheds for drinking water and more," EFP Executive Director Timothy J. Schlitzer said. "I hope this program will deepen viewers' understanding and respect for what it takes to protect our precious waterways."
EFP funds environmental education and improvement projects from contributions made through employee payroll-deduction programs established by businesses and the Commonwealth and other donations.
The series reaches more than five million households in Pennsylvania through 83 cable television stations as well as the Public Broadcasting Service.
For a listing of stations carrying GreenWorks and information on particular broadcasts, visit the GreenWorks website through the PA PowerPort at _URL_, directly at _URL_, or call EFP at 1-800-PAGREEN ext. 1.


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sleep - suspend execution for an interval
The sleep utility will suspend execution for at least the integral number of seconds specified by the time operand.
The following operands are supported:
- A non-negative decimal integer specifying the number of seconds for which to suspend execution.
The following environment variables affect the execution of sleep:
- Provide a default value for the internationalisation variables that are unset or null. If LANG is unset or null, the corresponding value from the implementation-dependent default locale will be used. If any of the internationalisation variables contains an invalid setting, the utility will behave as if none of the variables had been defined.
- If set to a non-empty string value, override the values of all the other internationalisation variables.
- Determine the locale for the interpretation of sequences of bytes of text data as characters (for example, singleas opposed to multi-byte characters in arguments).
- Determine the locale that should be used to affect the format and contents of diagnostic messages written to standard error.
- Determine the location of message catalogues for the processing of LC_MESSAGES.
If the sleep utility receives a SIGALRM signal, one of the following actions will be taken:
- Terminate normally with a zero exit status.
- Effectively ignore the signal.
- Provide the default behaviour for signals described in the ASYNCHRONOUS EVENTS section of Utility Description Defaults
. This could include terminating with a non-zero exit status.
The sleep utility will take the standard action for all other signals.
Used only for diagnostic messages.
The following exit values are returned:
- The execution was successfully suspended for at least time seconds, or a SIGALRM signal was received (see the ASYNCHRONOUS EVENTS section).
- An error occurred.
The sleep utility can be used to execute a command after a certain amount of time, as in:
(sleep 105; command) &
or to execute a command every so often, as in:
while true do command sleep 37 done
wait, the XSH specification description of alarm(), sleep().


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Virginia Institute of Marine Science
virtualspecies is a freely available package for R designed to generate virtual species distributions, a procedure increasingly used in ecology to improve species distribution models. This package combines the existing methodological approaches with the objective of generating virtual species distributions with increased ecological realism. The package includes 1) generating the probability of occurrence of a virtual species from a spatial set of environmental conditions (i.e. environmental suitability), with two different approaches; 2) converting the environmental suitability into presence-absence with a probabilistic approach; 3) introducing dispersal limitations in the realised virtual species distributions and 4) sampling occurrences with different biases in the sampling procedure. The package was designed to be extremely flexible, to allow users to simulate their own defined species-environment relationships, as well as to provide a fine control over every simulation parameter. The package also includes a function to generate random virtual species distributions. We provide a simple example in this paper showing how increasing ecological realism of the virtual species impacts the predictive performance of species distribution models. We expect that this new package will be valuable to researchers willing to test techniques and protocols of species distribution models as well as various biogeographical hypotheses.
Distribution Models; Performance; Niche; Responses; Predictions; Platform; Impacts; Climate; Spiders; Bias
Leroy, B; Meynard, CN; Bellard, C; and Courchamp, F, "virtualspecies, an R package to generate virtual species distributions" (2016). VIMS Articles. 800.


The Corona Simulator
The Corona Simulator
In this guide we'll walk through the basic functionality of the Corona Simulator.
There are three files that will launch the simulator. Two are meant to be run from the terminal, and the other by itself. The terminal-launched versions will give you access to the debugger as well as display any errors that may occur. These three files are named 'Corona Simulator', 'simulator' and 'debugger'.
To launch the Corona Simulator, simply double click its icon. In the dialog that appears, navigate to your project directory and click "Open".
The project simulator itself has all the similar features across the three versions mentioned earlier:
 - Re-launching: If you modify your code, rather than restarting the simulator, you can relaunch from within the simulator by either going to 'File' and choosing 'Relaunch' or typing 'command-R'. If you've saved the changes to your main.lua file, you will now see the latest version in the simulator.
 - Video Recording: if you want to show off your app or need to demonstrate a functionality or a bug, you can record a video of it at 15fps. To access this, go to the 'File' menu and select 'Record Video' or hit 'control-R'. You will then be prompted for a file name and location to save your video. Once you have done this, your video will start recording. To stop, simply go back to the 'File' menu and select 'Stop Recording' or 'control-S'. The file is saved in quicktime format.
 - Accelerometer Control: You can change the simulated orientation of the device or send a 'shake' command by accessing the 'Hardware' menu, or by pressing 'Command' along with the left, right, or up arrows.
 - Suspend: You can suspend your simulation at any time by accessing the 'Hardware' menu and selecting 'Suspend' or 'Command' and the down arrow. This will pause your project's simulation. To resume, access the 'Hardware' menu again and select 'Resume' or press 'Command' and the down arrow again.
To access the terminal launch versions, simply drag either the 'simulator' or 'debugger' to the terminal and hit 'Return', or double-click them to launch a terminal window automatically. Both will ask you to navigate to your project directory and click "Open". The debugger requires a command in order to begin. Type 'help' at the prompt for a list of those commands.


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The Governance of the International Monetary System
This paper proposes a reformed architecture of the international monetary system based on three pillars. The first is a representative apex organization, which can be understood as a transformation of the G-20 into a representative international institution. The second is the continuous reform of 'voice and participation' of developing countries in the Bretton Woods Institutions and global regulatory bodies. The third is the design of a 'dense', multi-layered architecture, with the active contribution of regional and sub-regional institutions, in a sense copying in this regard the denser architecture in place in the system of multilateral development banks.


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From Bulbapedia, the community-driven Pokémon encyclopedia.
- "Immunity" redirects here. For the type mechanic, see Damage modification → Not effective.
Immunity (Japanese: めんえき Immunity) is an Ability introduced in Generation III. Only three Pokémon can have this Ability.
Immunity prevents poisoning.
Outside of battle
Pokémon with this Ability can't take damage from poison outside of battle.
Pokémon with Immunity
In the manga
In the Pokémon Battle Frontier manga
- If a poisoned Munchlax evolves and gains Immunity, it will remain poisoned as a Snorlax despite its Ability.
- The reason why Zangoose has this Ability may be because of its rivalry with Seviper, a Pokémon known for its Poison-type attacks.
In other languages


Rural property sales and lending set for technology disruption
Rural property sales and lending set for technology disruption
DAS chief executive Anthony Willmott.
DAS chief executive Anthony Willmott.
A new digital platform from CSIRO-backed start-up for farm buyers and investors is the start of a new era in rural real estate.
The slow start of a digital revolution is underway for rural real estate owners, with new technology from CSIRO bringing artificial intelligence to rural property sales, financial lending and public payments for landscape management.
To commercialise its new technology CSIRO has partnered with start-up company DAS to launch the the Rural Intelligence Platform, a subscription service that essentially uses modelling and machine learning to provide insights into a range of land values.
The platform uses satellite imagery to assess and monitor rural land all over the country, with modelling developed by CSIRO to detect changes over time in the images.
The artificial intelligence in the platform provides a risk rating for drought, frost, heat stress for livestock and so on. It can also monitor development of infrastructure on a property.
The platform uses satellite imagery, climate information and Australia's digital soil map to track paddocks and their performance over time. It draws on publicly-available data to assess productivity, water access, yield, land use, crop type, rainfall and drought impact.
It could enable investors to assess property values, or by financial institutions to calculate the risk rating for loans to farmers, or even to monitor the outcomes for schemes where farmers get paid for things like soil carbon capture or revegetation.
CSIRO Agriculture and Food deputy director Dr Michael Robertson said it was unlikely investors, buyers and other users would rely solely on the platform, and traditional know-how, agronomy and other tools would be used as well.
He explained that machine learning is one the platform's key components.
The platform's proprietary model, dubbed the automated valuation model, makes mathematical estimations through machine learning to calculate the sale value of a farm.
"We've used historical sale value of farms and lined that up with the features of a farm, such as location, soil, climate, land use, production performance. Throw those into a computer and we can see which variable predict sale prices," Mr Robertson said.
"We tested the accuracy of the model against actual sale prices and found its 90pc accurate, which is the same as the models for urban real estate, and that's about as accurate as any machine learning can get."
The platform could also be used by government or carbon reduction schemes to calculate payments for ecosystems services like soil carbon capture or re-vegetation.
"We've already had conversations with the market about the potential for this tool to support carbon sequestration or or greenhouse gas reduction schemes," Mr Robertson said.
"We've also spoken to government about using it to target drought assistance, assessing needs down to a property-by property level."
Screenshot from the DAS platform.
Screenshot from the DAS platform.
Australian Farm Institute executive director Richard Heath said while he was advocating for ecosystem services, technology like the Rural Intelligence Platform would be needed to measure land management outcomes.
"There are a lot of policy changes needed in Australia before we see the sorts of ecosystem-farm schemes like there are in Europe," Mr Heath said.
"But if those programs did eventuate in Australia then this is the sort of platform needed to demonstrate outcomes to get payments or funding."
Mr Heath said it was critical platforms such as DAS use good quality data.
"There is caveat over how good the data being collected is. If the platform is using erroneous information, or not truly reflecting the state on the ground, that could lead to negative sustainability outcomes."
Mr Robertson said the platform was targeted at investors and buyers, not farm managers. However, it creates an opportunity to build trust between farmers and financial institutions by creating objective performance-measuring data.
"This platform is not designed for agronomic management, there are other tools for that," Mr Robertson said.
"However, DAS and CSIRO are hoping to identify a business model to provide farmers access to the platform."
Mr Heath said it is critical that technology like the Rural Intelligence Platform is accessible to all users to ensure the insights are not harnessed to favour lenders, buyers or even sellers over other parties.
Farm owners could look at this nervously, if it is used by funders and affects their willingness to lend and/or impose sustainability metrics on farms.
"It can and should be equal access and democratic so everyone gets access to it. Farmers need to make sure they use this data to their advantage, as well as other players," Mr Heath said.
Melbourne-based DAS secured $4.25 million in funding from CSIRO, Ruralco and private investors.
"Digital agriculture is far more than just on-farm technology, it's also about improving off-farm decision making and this platform lays the foundation," said DAS chief executive Anthony Willmott.
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Fish and fishes
People often ask about how the terms 'fish' and 'fishes' should be used. In fact it is often said that there is no such word as 'fishes'. This is not true.
A group of fish of the same species are called 'fish'. Two or more species of fish are called 'fishes'.
For example, a number of Eastern Australian Salmon swimming together can be called a school of fish. But if one Tarwhine starts swimming with the Eastern Australian Salmon they are called fishes.
Books such as the Sea Fishes of Southern Australia and Coastal Fishes of South-Eastern Australia use the term 'fishes', because more than one species of fish are included in the book.
For more information, view the Wikipedia comment on Fish or Fishes?
Mark McGrouther, Collection Manager, Ichthyology


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Setting default and initial field values in SharePoint forms
In today's skybow Advent Calendar, again one of the classics: prepopulating values in SharePoint forms, based on current data, user, and context. It is not possible in out-of-the box SharePoint list forms, but it is a very simple task both with skybow Solution Studio and skybow Rich Forms.
Let's try to imagine just one of the possible scenarios: in a SharePoint list, there is a text field called "Location". When a new form of that list is displayed, the "Office" property should be read from current user's profile, and the field "Location" should be set to that value, locked for editing, so that the user cannot change it.
Those are the steps we are going to follow in order to make this work:
- Open the form where the field that should be initially set is located, and select the field
- Click the Expression Builder icon besides the "Initial" value in the "Behavior" tab
- Select the "Office" user profile property, under the "User" context object, and save the expression
- Set the "Enabled" expression on false, to make the field read only.


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Tuning the Mountain Dulcimer
In tuning the mountain dulcimer, the top two strings are tuned
to the same pitch. There is always an interval of a fourth between the strings:
so if the top two strings are a "G," then the bass string or melody
string is a "C." If there are four strings, then the bottom two strings
are tuned to the same pitch. "DO," or the first note of the scale,
should fall on the third fret of the top string.
Virginia's Appalachian Music and Literature in AppLit


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Pecan, mesquite and Texas red oak are some common trees found in Texas. Texas is home to many regions and growing climates that support their own unique tree varieties.Continue Reading
Pecan trees are a strain of large hickories that grow naturally along Texas stream banks. They can reach up to 100 feet in height and thrive in sunny conditions and rich, well-drained soils.
Found throughout Texas, mesquite trees are common in dry environments. These thorny trees range from small to medium height and produce beans that can negatively impact cattle, horses and goats.
Texas red oak trees normally range from 30 to 50 feet tall but have occasionally been known to reach over 75 feet. With a high heat tolerance and low water requirements, the Texas red oak is often found west of the Pecos River in central and north central Texas.Learn more about Trees & Bushes


Mission and values
Our mission
Go le Grand defiThe Grand défi Pierre Lavoie's mission is to encourage young people to adopt healthy life habits.
To achieve its goal, the Grand défi has partnered with Quebec schools to help kids make healthier choices in their everyday lives, to build habits that will become the norm for future generations. Our three areas of action are physical activity, healthy eating and perseverance at school.
In parallel, we also seek to raise parents' awareness of the importance of a healthy lifestyle for their children's health and, of course, for their own health.
In November 2008, the Grand défi Pierre Lavoie became the largest health-related event to ever be organized in the province.
Official legal name of the Grand défi Pierre Lavoie: Go le Grand défi Inc. Registration number: 848466298RR0001.
Our values
For an organization whose success depends on the commitment and dedication of thousands of people—teachers, volunteers, partners, employees—mutual respect is a core value. At the Grand défi Pierre Lavoie, we believe in the importance of maintaining a collegial atmosphere that values everyone's contributions and sets a positive example for young people.
Going into homes and schools in Quebec and changing people's life habits take courage. You have to be audacious to succeed. From the beginning, we have dared to think outside the box in our activities and communications because we believe that to get young people interested, you have to be original.
To meet the individual and collective challenge of promoting healthy lifestyles, we believe that it is essential to surround ourselves with people driven by a desire to devote themselves completely to the cause, pushing their limits to make change happen. From organizers to participants, everyone shares the same passion.


The value of public and private green spaces under water restrictions
Darla Hatton MacDonald, Neville D. Crossman, Parvin Mahmoudi, Laura O. Taylor, David M. Summers, Peter C. Boxall
Research output: Contribution to journalArticlepeer-review
34 Citations (Scopus)
Numerous studies have been published that consider the relationship between open spaces and property values. In this study, we examine the potential impact of water restrictions on the value of different types of green space. Restrictions on the use of water on outdoor areas are a popular means for governments or utilities to limit water use in urban areas. In this paper, a hedonic pricing model is used to analyse the effects that increasingly severe water restrictions might have on the perceived value of public and private green spaces in Adelaide, South Australia. A hedonic pricing model is estimated that contains housing characteristics, neighbourhood amenities, fixed effects to control for unobserved neighbourhood characteristics and temporal control variables for inflation. The findings suggest that water restrictions are not having a significant impact of the value of outdoor spaces on private properties. There are indications that substitutions may be occurring with the proximity to playgrounds, which are watered more regularly, becoming significant with increasing severity of water restrictions. However, close proximity to large public parks with trails for walking which remain in a natural state throughout the year (brown and dry in summer) is negatively correlated with the selling price regardless of water restrictions. This suggests that households in this market may be using some public green spaces for recreation in lieu of private areas but not all public open spaces are equal. This has implications for urban and landscape planners, especially given the likelihood of ongoing water restriction under climate change.
Original languageEnglish
Pages (from-to)192-200
Number of pages9
JournalLandscape and Urban Planning
Issue number4
Publication statusPublished - Apr 2010
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Definition of Indigo bird
1. Noun. Small deep blue North American bunting.
Generic synonyms: Bunting
Group relationships: Genus Passerina, Passerina
Indigo Bird Pictures
Click the following link to bring up a new window with an automated collection of images related to the term: Indigo Bird Images
Lexicographical Neighbors of Indigo Bird
Literary usage of Indigo bird
Below you will find example usage of this term as found in modern and/or classical literature:
1. Ornithological Biography by John James Audubon (1832)
"The indigo bird arrives in the southern States from the direction of Mexico, along with its relative the Painted Finch, and is caught in trapcages,..."
2. The American Cyclopaedia: A Popular Dictionary of General Knowledge by Charles Anderson Dana (1874)
"Indican has occasionally been found in tho urine when no indigo has been taken. The dose is from 30 to 120 grains. indigo bird..."
3. The New England Farmer by Samuel W. Cole (1854)
"The beautiful and cheerful songster known to our ornithologists as the Purple linen or American Linnet, is now frequently seen with the indigo bird,..."
4. The United States of America: Their History from the Earliest Period; Their by Hugh Murray, James Nicol (1844)
"... Oriole — Rice-birds — Indigo-bird — Nonpareil — Carolina Parrot—Woodpecker—Cuckoo—Passenger Pigeon —Turtle-dove—Turkey—Quail— Ruffed Grouse — Crane—..."
5. The Review of Education (1902)
"... printed the following, size 7x10, suitable for framing. Two cents each; the twelve for 20 cents. 1001 Gold-finch Tanager, indigo bird. 1007 Red Fox...."
Other Resources Relating to: Indigo bird


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It has always been my understanding that the word for England is イギリス. But the wikipedia page for English-American says イングランド系アメリカ人. Even rikaichan has イングランド as England. Is there a difference in usage between these two words? What about 英国?
And as a side question, where does the word イギリス come from?
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1 Answer 1
up vote 17 down vote accepted
イギリス is used to refer to the United Kingdom which consists of four main countries, England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland. It is also sometimes referred to as 英国 which used more for official names (such as the Embassy). It can be seen alongside similar names such as 米国. The character also gets used in newspapers/convenient abbreviations (eg 日英同盟 is the expression often used to refer to the Anglo Japanese Naval Treaty).
イングランド refers to England. it is used as when referring to the country/institutions designated at that level such as the national football team.
The origin of the use of 英 (and ultimately イギリス）dates back to the name given to British people by Chinese. It was pronounced YING and used phonetically to replicate the Portuguese name of Ingles. (This character's meaning of "great" or "superior" and the name "Great Britain" is coincidence. For the record, Great Britain is the term used to refer to the largest island of "the British Isles" which is a geographical name for the islands occupied by the UK and the Republic of Ireland. "Great" is used in the same sense that people refer to "Greater China", to include Hong Kong and Taiwan, or Greater London.) This must date back more than 300 years, before the union of Scotland with England and Wales so the confusing (and for some, annoying) tendancy to refer Britain/the UK and its people as England/English goes back such a long way it would even seem to have been ingrained into Asian languages several hundred years ago.
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My professor marked points off my essay when I used イングランド -_- – Ataraxia Oct 24 '12 at 13:12
I don't think there is anything wrong with イングランド if that is what you meant although most Japanese probably use イギリス to refer to both but say スコットランドif they want to highlight something such as, say, the birthplace of golf. or the location of Edinburgh. – Tim Oct 24 '12 at 13:54
While it may not be "wrong" to use 「イングランド」 to refer to "England", the truth is that among us native speakers, you would sound pretty snobbish to do so unless you are talking about international soccer. I cannot recommend that a Japanese-learner use the word everytime s/he wants to say "England". Believe it or not, many Japanese-speakers actually would not even be familiar with the word 「イングランド」. – l'électeur Jun 10 '14 at 1:10
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Workshop #1
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What is a land acknowledgement and why do we do it?
A land acknowledgement is a statement recognizing the traditional territory of the Indigenous people(s) who called the land home before the arrival of settlers, and in many cases still do call it home. Indigenous peoples have been acknowledging the land at the start of gatherings, ceremonies and events for time immemorial.
Providing a land acknowledgement at the beginning of an event or meeting gives time for reflection and demonstrates recognition of Indigenous lands, treaties and peoples. It involves thinking about what happened in the past and what changes can be made going forward in order to further the reconciliation process. Land acknowledgements mark a small and important step in the process of reconciliation and building a positive relationship with Indigenous peoples. By making a land acknowledgement you are taking part in an act of reconciliation, honouring the land and Indigenous presence which dates back over 10,000 years.
Using and participating in a land acknowledgement is a way to recognize the enduring presence and resilience of Indigenous peoples in this area for time immemorial. They are also a reminder that we are all accountable to these relationships.
History of Toronto Youth Theatre
TYT Theatre was formed in 2019 as a new company that would engage youth and families in interactive, original theatrical experiences. We do not opperate alongside Toronto Youth Theatre, but acknowledge them as our parent organization.
Since 2005 Toronto Youth Theatre has provided a cutting edge theatre program that empowers youth, regardless of their background, gender, or age, to explore and reach their creative potential
Today, with more than 25 productions from traditional musicals plus Toronto Youth Theatre has developed and workshopped original plays/musicals the company has positioned itself as one of Toronto's premiere youth theatre companies.
Rehearsing and performing in the professional theatre company space such as The Lower Ossington theatre, The Annex and Randolph Theatres and participating in events like We Day Toronto Youth Theatre provides a professional experience to young actors in all aspects of production.


EU extends sanctions against Russia
EU extends sanctions against Russia
The European Union (EU) has decided to extend the sanctions against Russia for one year due to the illegal annexation of Crimea and Sevastopol.
The European Council announced that the restrictive measures implemented by the EU due to Russia's illegal annexation of Crimea and Sevastopol have been extended until 23 June 2022.
According to the decision, the activities of EU citizens and companies in the Crimea and Sevastopol regions are limited with the extended sanctions.
Import of products from Crimea and Sevastopol to EU countries is not allowed.
EU citizens or companies cannot invest and provide financial services in Crimea and Sevastopol.
Some products and technologies to be used in the transportation, telecommunications and energy sectors cannot be exported to these regions.
In particular, the provision of technology and technical support for oil, natural gas and mineral exploration, extraction and production is prevented.
Russia illegally annexed the Autonomous Republic of Crimea and the city of Sevastopol in March 2014. After the annexation of Crimea by Russia and the events in eastern Ukraine, the EU, the USA and some countries began to impose sanctions on Russia.
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text: With its five simple yet powerful hand motifs, which symbolize friendship, this Osage woman's wearing blanket is a splendid example of Native American textile art. Large wearing blankets with ribbon-appliqué borders, such as this one, developed in Oklahoma around the turn of the twentieth century, particularly among the Osage and Oto peoples. They reached a peak in production during the height of the oil boom in Oklahoma in the 1920s and 1930s. During this period, Osage families made substantial sums from the oil on their lands, and their lifestyle became increasingly comfortable. Accompanying this prosperity was an elaboration of dress that marks the high point in Osage fashion. Beautifully patterned wearing blankets like the present example became a necessity for all important occasions. Draped across the back and folded across the shoulders, such blankets are still worn today by prominent Osage women.


FoPat – Tackling Food Waste
Student | Anushritha Yernool Sunil
Faculty | Rebecca Welz
School of Design, Graduate Industrial Design
FoPat is a temperature sensitive indicator for food freshness. It takes the form of a flat label or a tie around band on the fruit or vegetable. It helps you store your food at the right temperature, and reduces food waste by indicating when your food actually spoils, unlike the uncertain expiry date labels.
The label is a color indicator for the freshness of food. The label reacts with the gases produced by the fruits and vegetables to change color from fresh orange to past best red. It is a food freshness indicator. This color indicating film gradually disintegrates to reveal a bumpy layer below. The tactile sensation indicates the expiry of food. Therefore, this label is also suitable for the visually impaired users. The other half of the label contains information about the barcode and origin of the produce. It also contains a NFC sensor to enable smartphone readings.
The other half is a peel off label which can be further lifted to reveal an underside information section. The underside provides valuable education about the fruit or vegetable.
This label replaces the existing label that is seen on fruits and vegetables in the retail stores. It does not overpower the surface of the fruit or vegetable. This design is meant to improve the technology and develop an active label that can : – Tackle food waste by providing a better and a direct date label mechanism. – Change consumer behavior by providing a playful underside information fold out and further build our connection with food.


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2019 13th European Conference on Antennas and Propagation (EuCAP)
Publish Year: 2018
Abstract: This paper presents the frequency dependence of the path loss in urban macro-cellular (UMa) scenario under the non-line-of-sight (NLOS) case. The mobility measurements in two different cities are conducted to obtain the path loss at 2.54, 3.5, 4.9, and 5.4 GHz. Some special UMa environments are illustrated. Furthermore, their path loss characteristics and the reason for causing this phenomenon are analyzed. Comparison of the frequency dependence coefficient (FDC) in different environments are performed. The results show the values of FDC remain stable in different UMa environments under the NLOS case while other parameters of fitting results variant. Additionally, this paper investigates the FDC in different distances. It can be found that the FDC shows little dependence on the distance at low frequencies, and the FDC in different distances shows a normal distribution. The results indicate that the FDC is not influenced by environments and distances in the UMa scenario under the NLOS case.


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Answer (Detailed Solution Below)
Detailed SolutionDownload Solution PDF
The correct answer is 'carefully'.
- The word 'carefully' means in a way that deliberately avoids harm or errors (एक तरह से जो जानबूझकर नुकसान या त्रुटियों से बचा जाता है)
- Example - They must be carefully handled and stored.
- In the given sentence, the word 'carefully' is used to show that the report must be read in a way that avoids errors so that the performance can be improved.
- Thus, the correct option to fill in the blank is 'carefully'.
Hence, the correct answer is option (4).
- Mischievously: in a way that causes or intends to cause harm or trouble (एक तरह से जो नुकसान या परेशानी का कारण बनता है या इरादा करता है)
- Example - I believe he has mischievously misled the Committee.
- Sorrowfully: in a very sad way (बहुत ही दुखद तरीके से)
- Example - Soldiers marched in groups and sorrowfully discussed the situation and its causes.
- Awfully: very badly or unpleasantly (बहुत बुरी तरह या अप्रिय ढंग से)
- Example - we played awfully.
Last updated on Dec 29, 2022
The HTET Additional Results released on 29th December 2022 on the official website. Earlier, the results were released on 19th December 2022. The HTET exam was conducted on the 3rd and 4th of December 2022. This exam was an MCQ based on a total of 150 marks for each level with no negative marking. The exam is conducted by the Board of School Education, Haryana to shortlist eligible candidates for PGT and TGT posts in Government schools across Haryana.


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Modius Research Highlight: The Science of Measurement
Modius Solution Supports Data Center Management Best Practice as Highlighted in New Research Paper "The Science of Measurement"
"The Science of Measurement" explains some of the key considerations surrounding performance monitoring and measurements in data centers. The goal of the report is "to help data center managers (both IT and facilities managers) better understand the business value of measuring data center performance characteristics and the considerations that are important to developing a measurement scheme."
You can download a white paper (8 pages) summarizing the major findings of the report by clicking here.
According to the authors, the key lessons for data center managers are:
- Measurement is conducted to inform decisions on actions that can enhance a data center's business value by better accommodating growth, reducing costs, or increasing uptime.
- There are significant opportunities to improve efficiency through a continuous process of incremental changes, as well as through the more traditional "one shot" project-based approach.
- The business or strategic objectives of the measurement effort should drive measurement decisions, and having "the right data" is more important than simply having "more data."
- Data center managers should think carefully before beginning a monitoring program, so that the data collected will be maximally useful for judging operational performance and making decisions.
- After collecting data, managers should take action based on what they have learned. Managers should then continue collecting data to get feedback on the effectiveness of their actions.
- When evaluating potential monitoring systems, managers should examine multiple factors, including:
- Ability to collect data from all desired devices
- Granularity of data collection
- User friendliness and ease of integrating data across devices and time scales
- Scalability for mass deployment and multi-site capability
- Adaptability to new measurement needs
- Trending and analysis of data
- Integration with control systems
- Ability to detect problems and notify data center operators
Learn more in the 8-page white paper.


Home | About Us | Contact Us
Rick Scott, Governor
Florida Department of Corrections, Secretary Julie L. Jones
Florida Department of Corrections
Julie L. Jones, Secretary
Frequently Asked Questions Regarding
the Release of an Inmate
 1. How do I find an inmate's release date?
 1. The release date is a complex calculation affected by type of sentence, gaintime, and county jail credit.
 - Florida statute, court decisions, inmate behavior, and program participation may affect release dates.
 - Release dates are continually recalculated until approximately three weeks before the inmate's sentence ends.
 2. The quickest way to find a release date is to visit our website.
 1. Go to the Inmate Population Search and type in the inmate's name or six-digit Department of Corrections number (DC#) and submit the request.
 2. When the list appears with your search results, click on the number in the first column to open the detailed page with the inmate's picture, release date, and other information.
 3. Please remember this database does not show persons on probation or parole, nor if they are in county jail or federal prison.
 1. The release date showing is the release date as of the moment.
 2. The release date may change based upon gaintime awards or forfeitures and court orders--these changes will appear on the website within 24 hours of the award or forfeiture.
 3. Gaintime input for inmates statewide is completed by the 15th of the month following the month the gaintime is earned.
 3. Why does his/her release date change?
 4. The release date changes because the inmate is either earning or losing gaintime, court orders,or case law decisions.
 5. Can you tell me the exact release date of an inmate?
 1. Due to the influence of gaintime on the release date calculation, giving an exact release date is not possible until about 30 days before the inmate's end of sentence. At that time, the release date calculation is set and an anticipated release date is established (unless the inmate forfeits gaintime previously earned).
 2. The Classification Officer at the institution is the best source of this date (see Question 5).
 3. If the release date is outside of the 30 day window, please refer to Question 2, above.
 6. How do I find detailed information about an inmate's release date?
 1. The best source for this information is the Classification Officer at the inmate's facility.
 2. Each facility has a Classification Unit which can be contacted at the address and phone number listed in our Facility Directory.
If you need more information on Inmate Release Dates, then e-mail us at: _EMAIL_.us
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Non-Contact and Contact Ultrasonic Detection of Fiber Orientation in Orthotropic Composite Laminates
Since layup orientation of the laminates greatly influences its properties, an NDE technique for layup orientation determination would be very beneficial. It is desirable to perform contact-less nondestructive evaluation to assess material properties and defects of composites because of permeation of coupling medium such as water. An ultrasonic technique would be very useful, which could be used to test the part after and before curing laminates and requires less time than the optical test. First of all, conventional ultrasonic experimentations were conducted using water as a transmitting medium. In contrast, air-coupled ultrasound is non-contact and has clear advantages over water-coupled testing. Therefore ultrasonic systems for air-coupled and conventional ultrasound were set out for different measurement modalities for acquiring ultrasonic signals as a function of in-plane azimuthal angle. Firstly, a manual scanner was built for making transmission measurements using a pair of normal-incidence shear wave transducers to find the effect of fiber misorientations of orthotropic composite laminates. With the transmitter and receiver on the same side of a laminates, Lamb waves were generated and used for the amplitude magnitude. As a result, it was confirmed that the influence of fiber direction in the laminates could be detected by the non-contacting or contacting inspection from one-side and the detectability was improved by using shaped tube for reducing the specular reflection on transmitting. Furthermore, a vector decomposition model was utilized for lay-up error of the orthotropic laminates. Finally, aircoupled results well corresponded somewhat to those of contact ultrasonic examination in the orthotropic laminates.
M.H. Aliabadi, Qingfen Li, Li Li and F.-G. Buchholz
I. Y. Yang et al., "Non-Contact and Contact Ultrasonic Detection of Fiber Orientation in Orthotropic Composite Laminates", Key Engineering Materials, Vols. 324-325, pp. 419-422, 2006


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EDI Envelope: Digital Information Package
EDI Envelope serves to deliver electronic transactions to a receiving company's business system. EDI Envelope can include multiple business transaction sets in the same way multiple paper purchase order documents can be physically grouped, stuffed, and mailed together to a receiver. EDI Envelope is the digital package that contains EDI documentation to be sent to trading partners. EDI Envelope is presented in three different types representing different levels of digital packaging. These include transaction set, group, and interchange envelopes, the last of which is the largest envelope comprised of the smaller groups of transaction sets.
Sometimes when we want to imaging the structure of an EDI document we can think about common paper documents that are packed in an envelope. The upper envelope (ISA/IEA Envelope) contains one or more envelopes (GS/GE Envelopes) in which documents are placed. Each document is in a separate EDI Envelope (ST/SE Envelopes).
The addresses of sender and receiver are "written" on ISA/IEA envelopes.
The type of documents "packed" are "depicted" on EDI Envelope GS/GE. This envelope contains only the documents of similar type – Purchase Orders, Invoices etc. Also it can be "written" on an envelope to which company-receiver division these documents refer. The last envelope contains the end-documents, e.g. Purchase Orders 000000123 and 000000124. Below is a sample of an EDI document structure:
ISA <<< «upper» envelope
GS <<< «inner» envelope that contains documents of one type
ST <<< envelope with a document
 <<< document itself
ISA*00* *00* *ZZ*A1STORES *ZZ*LEXINGTON *020115*0900*U*00400*000000005*0*T*>~
There are three different types of EDI envelopes representing different levels of digital packaging. These include transaction set, group, and interchange envelopes, the last of which is the largest envelope comprised of the smaller groups of transaction sets.
In an EDI document, each separate EDI envelope is notated by a pair of segments at the beginning and end of the transaction. Within one EDI document, there can be multiple transactions, and groups of transactions, each defined by their respective EDI envelopes.


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DEA efficiency prediction based on IG–SVM
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The traditional data envelopment analysis (DEA) model is widely used for efficiency evaluation of decision making unit composed of past or current input–output data in production system. We propose a new efficiency prediction model which for the first time combines information granulation (IG) and support vector machine (SVM) with DEA model, to evaluate the future efficiency of decision making unit in this paper. The model first uses fuzzy information granulation to granulate the input–output data over time series and then describe the characteristics of the data within each time window by the minimum, average and maximum values and establish the IG–SVM model based on the fuzzy information granulation and support vector machine. After training by time series data, the optimal model of regression is built. Based on this model, the minimum, average and maximum values of the next window in the future are predicted, and finally the future efficiency of the decision making unit can be calculated by the DEA model. Case studies show the feasibility and applicability of the proposed method.
KeywordsSupport vector machine Information granulation Data envelopment analysis Efficiency prediction
The authors acknowledge the support of the project "the research on supply-side structural reform of manufacture enterprise under Internet + background (16BGL015)" funded by National Social science foundation of China and the project of "Research on Shaanxi Provincial science and technology innovation efficiency, mode and approach (2016D040)" funded by Shaanxi Social science foundation.
Compliance with ethical standards
Conflict of interest
The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.
- 2.Li G, Shen X, Wang Y, Zhuang W (1999) DEA efficiency prediction by neural networks. Prediction 5:64–66Google Scholar
- 10.Yulong LI, Zhongfu LI (2011) Combined DEA and neural network for predicting investment validity of infrastructure on China. Oper Res Manag Sci 20(6):88–98Google Scholar
- 12.Poitier K, Cho S (2011) Estimation of true efficient frontier of organizational performance using data envelopment analysis and support vector machine learning. Int J Inf Decis Sci 3(2):148–172Google Scholar
- 15.Zadeh LA (1979) Fuzzy sets and information granulation. North-Holland Publishing Company, AmsterdamGoogle Scholar
- 16.Peng Y, Chen YQ (2013) Time series regression and prediction based on information granulation and SVM. Comput Syst Appl 22(5):163–206Google Scholar
- 20.Dingcheng W, Tingjiang F, Yi T, Yongjun M (2003) Review of support vector machines regression on theory and control. Pattern Recogn Artif Intell 16(2):192–197Google Scholar
- 22.Gao Chunneng, Zhang Biao, Ji Zhicheng (2015) Study of adaptive dynamic search PSO based SVM parameter optimization. J Syst Simul 27(12):2958–2964Google Scholar
- 23.Zhi Su, Xiaoyuan Fu (2013) Kernel principal component genetic algorithm and improved SVR stock selection model. Stat Res 30(5):54–62Google Scholar
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text:
- Town Departments
- Find information about animal adoptions, rabies vaccinations and more.
- Animal Control
- Find information about building inspections, commercial and residential codes and more.
- Building Inspections
- Find information about Town codes and common violations.
- Code Enforcement
- Find information on parks, recreation activities, recycling and trash services.
- Community Service
- Find court schedules, policies, procedures and payment information.
- Find information on planning and zoning ordinances, new developments, and more.
- Development Services
- Visit the Sunnyvale Economic Development website.
- Economic Development
- Find information about the Town's annual budget and other financial information.
- Find information about fire, emergency and rescue services in Sunnyvale.
- Find current employment opportunities and information about working for the Town of Sunnyvale.
- Human Resources
- Find information about the Sunnyvale's public library.
- Find information from the Dallas Sheriff's Department on public safety in Sunnyvale.
- Public Safety
- Find information on establishing water service, utility billing, payments and more.
- Public Works
- Find information about property taxes and payments.
- Tax Assessor
- Find contact information, mission, goals and objectives of the Town's executive officer.
- Town Manager
- Find official Town documents, such as Council agendas and minutes, elections, and taxes.
- Town Secretary


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Welcome to the website of the Clinimetrics group of the VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam
Clinimetrics is a methodological discipline with a focus on the quality of measurements in medical research and clinical practice. The quality of measurements includes both the quality of the measurement instruments and the quality of the performance of the actual measurements
The clinimetrics group consists of a group of excellent and very active researchers in the field of Clinimetrics. Their activities are embedded in the Knowledgecenter Measurement Instruments of the VU University Medical Center, and in the Section Measurement of the Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, Vu University Medical Center, Amsterdam. The Clinimetrics group was founded in 2002 with the appointment of Henrica C.W. de Vet as Professor in Clinimetrics.
The Clinimetrics group has the following objectives:


Traveling Luck for Ahl Bel Hadri, Algeria (general), Algeria
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The timezone in Ahl Bel Hadri is Africa/Algiers
Sunrise at 06:31 and Sunset at 19:37. It's light
Latitude. 35.4167°, Longitude. -0.8167°
WeatherWeather near Ahl Bel Hadri; Report from Oran / Es Senia, 36.5km away
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Temperature: 26°C / 79°F
Wind: 3.5km/h East/Southeast
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Geographic features & Photographs around Ahl Bel Hadri, in Algeria (general), Algeria
populated place;
a structure or place memorializing a person or religious concept.
a tract of land with associated buildings devoted to agriculture.
administrative division;
a building for public Islamic worship.
a burial place or ground.
a mountain range or a group of mountains or high ridges.
a place where ground water flows naturally out of the ground.
a destroyed or decayed structure which is no longer functional.
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Airports close to Ahl Bel Hadri
Es senia(ORN), Oran, Algeria (36.5km)
Tafaraoui(TAF), Oran, Algeria (36.9km)
Zenata(TLM), Tlemcen, Algeria (91.7km)
Ghriss(MUW), Ghriss, Algeria (114.1km)
Angads(OUD), Oujda, Morocco (154.9km)
Airfields or small airports close to Ahl Bel Hadri
Sidi bel abbes, Sidi bel abbes, Algeria (42.8km)
Bou sfer, Bou sfer, Algeria (44.4km)
Relizane, Relizane, Algeria (170.8km)
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Should You Cover a Dog Crate?
Should You Cover a Dog Crate?
Image Credit: lempelziv/iStock/GettyImages
If you're crate training your dog or puppy using a wire crate, cover it with a lightweight sheet, cloth, towel, blanket or purchased crate cover. Covering a crate can contribute to a cozy and private environment that's similar to dog dens. It can be especially helpful at night when your pooch needs to wind down and go to sleep.
Privacy and Silence
Covering a crate not only can be beneficial for giving a dog privacy and a sense of security, but it can be beneficial for encouraging overall silence and peace. If you cover your pet's crate, it can reduce the sounds of the typical disruptions of your household -- think your television, music playing, people walking around and phone calls, for example. Cover the back sections, sides and tops of your dog's crate to provide him with a quiet and relaxing environment. Cover the crate loosely to allow your pet to look out from it easily, too.
Covering often can be helpful for soothing dogs and puppies who are crying inside their crates.
Material Pulling
It isn't uncommon for dogs and puppies to feel nervous and uneasy inside their crates. These feelings sometimes cause them to tug on the materials covering their crates. If they successfully drag the material into their crates, they can chew on or eat them, which can lead to serious health emergencies that may require surgery. Prevent your dog from being able to do this by folding the sides of the blanket, cloth, towel or sheet underneath the crate.
Crate Covering and Car Trips
Crate covering can come in handy for a reason that's totally unrelated to privacy and rest. If you're taking your dog on a trip in the car, covering his crate can be a great idea. Dogs often become frustrated when they're in vehicles. This frustration is often a combination of all of the things they spot zipping by through the windows and the movement of the car in general. Covering your pet's crate may decrease his stress by calming him and taking the nonstop, overwhelming stimuli out of the equation. Beyond that, crating dogs in cars is important for safety considerations.
Ready-Made Crate Covers
If you don't have an old towel, blanket or sheet available to cover your dog's crate, never fear. Many pet supplies stores sell ready-made crate covers that are designed to give dogs much-needed privacy and relaxation. Since these covers are form-fitting and hug crates snugly, you don't have to worry about restless dogs pulling them off. They're much easier to keep in place.
Crate covering is not suitable in all situations. It isn't always suitable for dogs who have thick and heavy coats, for example, particularly during the warm or hot spring and summer months. You don't want to keep your pet in an environment that's overly hot and therefore uncomfortable. When you cover your dog's crate, it's vital to make certain he has ample airflow, too.


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Introduction: Welcome to the Falcon Law PC blog, where we provide valuable legal insights and guidance on setting up an insurance brokerage in Ontario. Our experienced team of insurance lawyers is dedicated to helping entrepreneurs navigate the complex legal requirements involved in establishing a brokerage. For personalized assistance, feel free to contact Falcon Law PC at _PHONE_ or _EMAIL_.
- Understanding the Regulatory Landscape: Setting up an insurance brokerage in Ontario requires compliance with various regulations. In this blog post, we provide an overview of the regulatory framework, including the Insurance Act, the Financial Services Regulatory Authority of Ontario (FSRA), and the Registered Insurance Brokers of Ontario (RIBO). We discuss the roles of these regulatory bodies and outline the obligations and standards that must be met to operate a brokerage legally.
- Business Structure and Legal Considerations: Choosing the appropriate business structure is a crucial step in setting up an insurance brokerage. We explore different options, such as sole proprietorship, partnership, or incorporation, and discuss their legal implications. Understanding the tax, liability, and operational aspects of each structure is essential for making an informed decision that aligns with your business goals.
- Licensing and Registration: Obtaining the necessary licenses and registrations is a key requirement for operating an insurance brokerage in Ontario. This blog post explains the process of obtaining a brokerage license from FSRA and the registration with RIBO. We outline the qualifications, educational requirements, examinations, and other documentation and fees associated with the application process. Our guidance will help you navigate the licensing and registration requirements effectively.
- Compliance with Advertising and Marketing Regulations: Advertising and marketing play a significant role in the insurance industry. We delve into the legal requirements for advertising and marketing your brokerage's services, including accurate representation, truthfulness, and disclosure of relevant information. Understanding and complying with these regulations will help you develop effective advertising campaigns while adhering to ethical and legal standards.
- Establishing Compliance Policies and Procedures: Running a compliant insurance brokerage involves establishing robust compliance policies and procedures. We discuss the importance of maintaining proper records, implementing effective internal controls, and establishing policies that align with regulatory requirements. This blog post provides guidance on risk management, compliance audits, and staff training to ensure a smooth and legally sound operation.
Conclusion: Setting up an insurance brokerage in Ontario involves navigating various legal requirements and considerations. At Falcon Law PC, our team of insurance lawyers is here to support you throughout the process. By understanding the regulatory landscape, choosing the right business structure, obtaining the necessary licenses, complying with advertising regulations, and establishing strong compliance policies and procedures, you can establish a successful brokerage. For personalized legal assistance or any inquiries, contact Falcon Law PC at _PHONE_ or _EMAIL_. We are dedicated to helping you navigate the legal intricacies and achieve your goals in the insurance industry while ensuring compliance with the law.


text:
Planning algorithm for training cosmonauts in ISS
We consider the problem of trainings planning on ISS. Shown that the problem is a combination of a k Partition Problem and an Assignment Problem. NP-compleeteness is proofed. A heuristic and an exact algorithms are proposed.
We consider the problem of planning the ISS cosmonaut training with different objectives. A pre-defined set of minimum qualification levels should be distributed between the crew members with minimum training time differences, training expenses or a maximum of the training level with a limitation of the budget. First, a description of the cosmonaut training process is given. The model are considered for the volume planning problem. The objective of the model is to minimize the differences between the total time of the preparation of all crew members. Then two models are considered for the timetabling planning problem. For the volume planning problem, two algorithms are presented. The first one is aheuristic with a complexity of O(n) operations. The second one consists of a heuristic and exact parts, and it is based on the npartition problem approach.
The central question that motives this paper is the problem of making up a freight train and the routes on the railway. It is necessary from the set of orders available at the stations to determine time-scheduling and destination routing by railways in order to minimize the total completion time. In this paper it was suggested formulation of this problem by applying integer programming.
We consider the problem of planning the cousmonaut's time in ISS with given set of tasks, time planning horizon and load constraints. Shown that the problem is NP-hard in a strong sense. The heuristic algorithm was proposed. Proved that proposed algorithm is exact for problem with requirement of performing all tasks. Program C++ was written and algorithm's work was qualitatively analyzed.
In this article, the fairdivision problem for two participants in the presence of both divisible and indivisibleitems is considered. Three interrelated modifications of the notion of fairdivision–profitably, uniformly and equitably fairdivisions–were introduced. Computationally efficient algorithm for finding all of them was designed. The algorithm includes repetitive solutions of integer knapsack-type problems as its essential steps. The necessary and sufficient conditions of the existence of proportional and equitable division were found. The statements of the article are illustrated by various examples.
In this paper, we will show that the width of simplices defined by systems of linear inequalities can be computed in polynomial time if some minors of their constraint matrices are bounded. Additionally, we present some quasi-polynomial-time and polynomial-time algorithms to solve the integer linear optimization problem defined on simplices minus all their integer vertices assuming that some minors of the constraint matrices of the simplices are bounded.


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Mechanical Systems for Scientific Lab Research
Phase II of the primary research facility of the School of Pharmacy's National Center for Natural Products Research (NCNPR) at the University of Mississippi required an intricate HVAC and plumbing design. The construction of the four-story, 96,153 square foot building completed the two-building NCNPR complex, allowing researchers to readily translate basic research of natural products into clinical studies and commercial products.
- Extensive lab gas piping systems
- Four large custom air handling units
- 421 VAVs
- 14 Exhaust fans
- 172 Plumbing fixtures
- An elaborate laboratory airflow control system
The project is slated to achieve LEED Silver Certification. Lean construction methodologies were implemented through the pre-fabrication of piping assemblies. Approximately 70% of this mechanical project was prefabricated in order to reduce waste and drive efficiency.


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Essay example - Death by Heidegger
Death by Heidegger Essay example
Pages 6 (1506 words)
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Death by Heidegger Name: Institution: Introduction Death is concept that presents a number of challenge most of which make its explanations unclear. Every living organism eventually dies a fact that increases the human curiosity on the concept. Among the most conspicuous philosophers who tried to understand the concept of death is Martin Heidegger…
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However, death is more complex since it allows no chance for experience. Every other explanation about death to him is therefore mere speculation. Additionally, he observes that everyone is conscious of their inevitable death and always portray fear of the concept but people live their days fully without any psychological disturbance implying that people accommodate the sense of death. Every living organism eventually dies, this is a knowledge that man have but the fact that man cannot always explain the concept of death, people cannot always prepare for it. Scientists in their explanation of death allege death is a state of lifelessness that every organism acquire because of exhaustion of the body tissues. This is a general and a more realistic explanation but its application is relative as different interests groups offer more explanations to the human life well past their deaths. People believe in the existence of God and the life after death, this increases man's curiosity on the topic of death. However, unlike every other human concept, it is impossible to have a practical study of death. The only people with adequate experience of death are the dead themselves who unfortunately do not ever come back to share their experience with the living....
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text: At least one indication in every list box has to be made to show a result for each variable. When you wish to see one or a few variables, mark these only. N.B. To undo a mark, press the button CTRL and click the mouse button on the text. To select all lines in a list box: - Mark the first line in the list box. Then press the buttons SHIFT and END simultaneously. To select/undo a marked line in a list box: - Press the button CTRL and click the left mouse button on the selected line simultaneously. To select more than one line in a list box: - Mark lines in a row by pressing the left mouse button and slip it over the requested lines. Or, mark the first line on your list and then press the button SHIFT at the same time as you press the up or down arrows on the keyboard. - Mark lines, not in a row, by pressing the button CTRL at the same time as you click the left mouse button on the requested lines. To search for a specific value in the list box: - Mark the first line in the list box. Then type the first letter in the line requested. If you fail in getting the right line, try the typing again until you find the right value. Or use the up or down arrows or the mouse button to look further.