Semicircular potential well
Semicircular potential well
In quantum mechanics, the case of a particle in a one-dimensional ring is similar to the particle in a box. The particle follows the path of a semicircle from 0 to pi where it cannot escape, because the potential from pi to 2 pi is infinite. Instead there is total reflection, meaning the particle bounces back and forth between 0 to pi. The Schrödinger equation for a free particle which is restricted to a semicircle (technically, whose configuration space is the circle S^1) is
-frac{hbar^2}{2m}nabla^2 psi = Epsi quad (1)
Wave function
Using cylindrical coordinates on the 1 dimensional semicircle, the wave function depends only on the angular coordinate, and so
nabla^2 = frac{1}{s^2} frac{partial^2}{partial phi^2} quad (2)
Substituting the Laplacian in cylindrical coordinates, the wave function is therefore expressed as
-frac{hbar^2}{2m s^2} frac{d^2psi}{dphi^2} = Epsi quad (3)
The moment of inertia for a semicircle, best expressed in cylindrical coordinates, is I stackrel{mathrm{def}}{=} iiint_V r^2,rho(r,phi,z),r dr,dphi,dz!. Solving the integral, one finds that the moment of inertia of a semicircle is I=m s^2, exactly the same for a hoop of the same radius. The wave function can now be expressed as -frac{hbar^2}{2I} psi = Epsi, which is easily solvable.
Since the particle cannot escape the region from 0 to pi, the general solution to this differential equation is
psi (phi) = A cos(m phi) + B sin (m phi) quad (4)
Defining m=sqrt {frac{2 I E}{hbar^2}}, we can calculate the energy as E= frac{m^2 hbar ^2}{2I}. We then apply the boundary conditions, where psi and frac{dpsi}{dphi} are continuous and the wave function is normalizable:
int_{0}^{pi} left| psi (phi ) right|^2, dphi = 1 quad (5).
Like the infinite square well, the first boundary condition demands that the wave function equals 0 at both phi = 0 and phi = pi. Basically
psi (0) = psi (pi) = 0 quad (6).
Since the wave function psi(0) = 0, the coefficient A must equal 0 because cos (0) = 1. The wave function also equals 0 at phi= pi so we must apply this boundary condition. Discarding the trivial solution where B=0, the wave function psi (pi) = 0 = B sin (m pi) only when m is an integer since sin (n pi) = 0. This boundary condition quantizes the energy where the energy equals E= frac{m^2 hbar ^2}{2I} where m is any integer. The condition m=0 is ruled out because psi = 0 everywhere, meaning that the particle is not in the potential at all. Negative integers are also ruled out.
We then normalize the wave function, yielding a result where B= sqrt{frac{2}{pi}}. The normalized wave function is
psi (phi) = sqrt{frac{2}{pi}} sin (m phi) quad (7).
The ground state energy of the system is E= frac{hbar ^2}{2I}. Like the particle in a box, there exists nodes in the excited states of the system where both psi (phi) and psi (phi) ^2 are both 0, which means that the probability of finding the particle at these nodes are 0.
Since the wave function is only dependent on the azimuthal angle phi, the measurable quantities of the system are the angular position and angular momentum, expressed with the operators phi and L_z respectively.
Using cylindrical coordinates, the operators phi and L_z are expressed as phi and -i hbar frac{d}{dphi} respectively, where these observables play a role similar to position and momentum for the particle in a box. The commutation and uncertainty relations for angular position and angular momentum are given as follows:
[phi, L_z] = i hbar psi(phi) quad (8)
(Delta phi) (Delta L_z) geq frac{hbar}{2} where Delta_{psi} phi = sqrt{langle {phi}^2rangle_psi - langle {phi}rangle_psi ^2} and Delta_{psi} L_z = sqrt{langle {L_z}^2rangle_psi - langle {L_z}rangle_psi ^2} quad (9)
Boundary conditions
As with all quantum mechanics problems, if the boundary conditions are changed so does the wave function. If a particle is confined to the motion of an entire ring ranging from 0 to 2 pi, the particle is subject only to a periodic boundary condition (see particle in a ring). If a particle is confined to the motion of frac{- pi}{2} to frac{pi}{2}, the issue of even and odd parity becomes important.
The wave equation for such a potential is given as:
psi_o (phi) = sqrt{frac{2}{pi}} cos (m phi) quad (10)
psi_e (phi) = sqrt{frac{2}{pi}} sin (m phi) quad (11)
where psi_o (phi) and psi_e (phi) are for odd and even m respectively.
Similarly, if the semicircular potential well is a finite well, the solution will resemble that of the finite potential well where the angular operators phi and L_z replace the linear operators x and p.
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text:
Species group: Geckos
Scientific name: Lygodactylus angularis
Range/Habitat: The Angulated Dwarf Gecko is a species of gecko native to southern Zaire and Tanzania. The Zairean subspecies is Lygodactylus angularis grzimek, and the Tanzanian subspecies is Lygodactylus angularis heeneni.Lygodactylus is a genus of diurnal geckos with approximately 60 species. They are commonly referred to as "Dwarf Geckos".
Size and Coloration:

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


text:
A stock ledger is a set of records with regards to the stock or inventory of the business. Most businesses have stock which they buy and sell at a profit.
These stocks need to be accounted for to ensure that the company is making profit in order to stay in business. Pilferage and damage must be reduced to as low a level as possible. Hence, the stock ledger is a simple but important recording document.
It is to record the type of stock the business acquires and tracks its flow. The selling and purchase prices of every stock are recorded to compute the profit or loss. The quantity of stock is also recorded to ensure that the company will not lose business due to unavailable stock. This column of information prompts the company to reorder its required stock.
The expiry date of a stock is also registered to ensure that the stock is not sold beyond its expiry date. This information will allow the company to move out stocks nearing their expiry dates quickly while ordering new stock.
A stock ledger helps to identify popular or fast moving stocks and slow moving stocks. This will help the company increase its profits with more fast moving stock.
The stock ledger template may contain:
* Company Name
* Received date / Issue date
* Quantity Order
* Quantity Received
* Quantity Issued
* Batch number
Consider the attached sample template for your convenience.


old snow in a sentence
Example sentences for old snow
The bright sun was blinding as it sparkled off the day-old snow.
Snow boards are laid on top of old snow when there is any possibility of new snow falling.
The weight of the new snowfall also acts to compress the old snow beneath it.
The combined total of new snow, old snow, and ice at observation time is snow depth.
If you measure all the snow on the ground, including old snow, this is not snowfall but rather snow depth.
Copyright © 2014 Dictionary.com, LLC. All rights reserved.


How Many People Use Reddit?
Reddit is a very large website, bringing together people from all over the world in communities discussing all sorts of topics. But just how big is Reddit? How many people use it, and how often is it used for certain functions? This article will take a quick look at some of the numbers on Reddit.
Reddit website visitors and traffic statistics
According to Reddit themselves and SimilarWeb, as of 2015-2016:
 - Reddit has over 234 million unique registered users.
 - Reddit has almost 1.14 billion monthly visitors (both users and non-users) on average.
 - Reddit has almost 90,000 active message forums.
 - Over 8 billion pages on Reddit are viewed worldwide every day on average.
 - About 200,000 new topics are started on Reddit every day on average.
 - Almost 2 million comments are posted on Reddit topics every day on average.
 - On average, Reddit users collectively vote on topics and comments almost 25 million times daily.
 - Visitors to Reddit usually stay on the website for at least 13 minutes on average.
 - Reddit is the 12th most-visited website in the U.S.A., and 26th most-visited website worldwide.
Those are some quick facts about how many people use Reddit, and what they use it for! If you want to become one of Reddit's users, check out our tutorial on how to create a Reddit account.
Next, we'll take a look at how Reddit makes their money.


text:
Part 9, Note 28
Click Here to See All Notes to Part 9
Tenth Census of the United States (1880) Schedule 2, Colorado County, Texas. There were 114 farmers who produced molasses, 132 who grew potatoes, and 163 who grew sweet potatoes. German area farmers were much more likely to grow Irish potatoes than sweet potatoes. Sixty-five of the 649 German area farmers, or 10% of them, grew Irish potatoes; only 67 of the 1027 other farmers, or less than 7%, did. Forty German area farmers grew sweet potatoes, 123 others did.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


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When it comes to tennis equipment, choosing the right racket is crucial. A good racket can help you improve your game, while a bad one can hinder your progress. Among the many factors that determine the quality of this piece of equipment, weight is one of the most important. In this article, we will explore the differences between heavy and light tennis rackets and help you choose the one that is right for your game.
Tennis rackets come in different shapes, sizes, and weights. One of the most important factors to consider when choosing the proper one is its weight.
A heavy unit can provide more power and stability, while a lighter one can offer more speed and maneuverability. In the sections below, we will explore the pros and cons of both types and help you make an informed decision.
Heavy Tennis Racket
Heavy tennis rackets have long been the preferred choice of many professional and advanced players. They are designed to provide maximum power and stability on every shot, allowing players to hit with more pace and depth.
Heavy rackets typically weigh between 11 and 14 ounces and feature larger head sizes that offer a larger sweet spot and more forgiving contact. They also offer better shock absorption, which reduces the risk of injury and fatigue during long matches or training sessions.
One of the key advantages of heavy tennis rackets is their ability to generate power effortlessly. The extra weight of these rackets enables players to hit with more force and momentum, even on shots that require a longer swing or a heavier topspin.
They also offer superior stability and balance, which allows players to maintain their form and technique throughout the match. However, they may require more strength and endurance to wield, especially for players who have a slower swing speed or suffer from arm or shoulder injuries.
When it is all said and done, it is safe to say that heavy tennis rackets are a powerful and reliable choice for players who prioritize power, stability, and consistency on the court.
- More Power: They can generate more power on contact, making it easier to hit winners and put away volleys.
- Stability: Heavy rackets provide more stability and control, making it easier to hit accurate shots and keep the ball in play.
- Larger Sweet Spot: They have larger head sizes, which offer a larger sweet spot, making it easier to hit shots with power and accuracy.
- Reduced Vibration: Heavy rackets offer better shock absorption, reducing the impact on your arm and wrist.
- Less Maneuverability: Heavy rackets can be difficult to maneuver, making it harder to hit shots on the run or react to fast serves.
- More Tiring: These rackets require more effort to swing, which can be tiring over a long match.
- More Difficult to Use: They require a strong swing and good technique, making them more difficult to use for beginners or players with weaker swings.
Light Tennis Racket
Light tennis rackets are generally favored by players who value agility and speed on the court. They are ideal for anyone who prefers a fast-paced game and has a natural swing speed that allows them to generate power without the need for additional weight.
Light rackets are also an excellent option for players who suffer from arm or shoulder injuries and need a more forgiving racket that puts less strain on their joints.
One of the key benefits of light tennis rackets is their maneuverability. Due to their reduced weight, these rackets are easier to swing and adjust during rallies, making them suitable for players who like to mix up their shots and create different angles.
These units also offer more control and precision than heavier models, as they allow players to place the ball with greater accuracy and finesse. However, they may require more effort to generate power and depth, especially on shots that require a longer swing or a heavier topspin.
- More Maneuverability: They are easy to maneuver, making it easier to hit shots on the run or react to fast serves.
- More Speed: Light rackets are easier to swing, which allows you to generate more racket head speed, giving you more power and spin on your shots.
- More Control: These rackets come with smaller head sizes, which offer more control and precision, making it easier to hit accurate shots.
- Less Power: Light rackets generate less power on contact, making it harder to hit winners and put away volleys.
- Less Stability: They offer less stability and control, making it harder to hit accurate shots and keep the ball in play.
Factors to Consider When Choosing between Heavy and Light Tennis Rackets
Ultimately, the choice between a heavy or light tennis racket depends on your playing style, skill level, and physical condition. Here are some factors to consider when making your decision:
1. Playing Style
If you play a baseline game and rely on power shots, a heavy racket may be the better choice. Conversely, if you play a more defensive game and rely on speed and maneuverability, a light racket may be more suitable.
2. Skill Level
If you are a beginner or intermediate player, a lighter racket may be easier to handle and less tiring to use. However, as you progress in skill level and physical condition, you may want to consider transitioning to a heavier racket to gain more power and control.
3. Physical Condition
If you have weak arm or wrist strength or suffer from injuries, a lighter racket may be the safer and more comfortable choice. However, if you have the strength and conditioning to handle a heavier racket, you may benefit from the additional power and stability.
4. Court Surface
The court surface you play on can also affect your choice of racket weight. For example, if you play on a fast court, a heavier racket may help you generate more power and momentum. Conversely, on a slow court, a lighter racket may help you maneuver more easily.
Frequently Asked Questions
1. How do I know if a racket is too heavy for me?
A racket may be too heavy for you if you feel fatigued or lose control during matches or if you experience pain or discomfort in your arm or shoulder. You can try different weights and balance points to find the right racket for your level and style of play.
2. Can a heavy racket improve my serve?
Yes, a heavy racket can help you generate more power and control on your serve, especially if you have a strong arm and use a continental grip. However, you should also work on your technique and footwork to maximize your serve effectiveness.
3. Is it better to use a heavy or light tennis racket?
It depends on your playing style and preferences. Heavy rackets provide more power and stability, but they require more effort to swing. Light rackets are easier to maneuver and can help you generate more spin and speed, but they may lack control and stability.
4. Are light rackets more suitable for beginners?
Light rackets can be more forgiving and easier to handle for beginners who are still developing their strokes and coordination. However, they may also promote bad habits and limit your potential in the long run. It's important to find a racket that balances comfort, control, and performance for your level and goals.
5. Can I use a hybrid of heavy and light rackets?
Yes, you can customize your racket setup by combining different weights, strings, grips, and dampeners to suit your needs and preferences. For example, you can use a heavy racket for your groundstrokes and a light racket for your volleys, or vice versa. Just make sure you experiment and practice with your new setup before using it in matches.
Choosing the right tennis racket is crucial for players of all levels and styles. The decision between a heavy and a light one ultimately comes down to personal preference and individual playing style.
While a light racket offers more maneuverability and control, a heavy one provides more power and stability on every shot. Players should consider factors such as their swing speed, physical condition, and playing goals when selecting a tennis racket that fits their needs.
Furthermore, it is important to remember that a tennis racket is just one of many factors that contribute to a successful game. Consistent practice, proper technique, and mental focus are also essential components of a winning strategy.
Ultimately, whether you choose a heavy or light racket, the key to success is to find the one that complements your playing style and helps you achieve your goals on the court. By making an informed decision and putting in the hard work, any player can improve their game and take their tennis skills to the next level.
We recently published an article about tennis net height that you should check out if you want to find out more about the universal rules of the game.


text:
. Why is deployment to my Configuration Engine-managed PIX device not working?
There are several possibilities:
– The configuration contains invalid commands. You can test this by copying the configuration associated with the PIX device in Configuration Engine and pasting it directly into the device.
– The auto-update server command contains an invalid username and password.
– You did not wait long enough for the configuration to be polled into the PIX device. Use the show auto command to verify when the next polling cycle will occur.
– If you previously used the Configuration Engine server for the same PIX device and did not delete the PIX from the Configuration Engine server before you started the current task, it is possible that the PIX device received the previous configuration from the server before you deployed the new configuration to it.
– If none of the suggestions above solves the problem, turn on Configuration Engine debug mode (see How do I debug Configuration Engine on a PIX device?) on the PIX device and check the log for errors after the next polling cycle.
Q. Why was I able to deploy successfully to a Configuration Engine-managed PIX device the first time, but subsequent deployments were unsuccessful?
This can happen if the configuration pushed during the first deployment contains incorrect CLI commands for the auto-update feature. Check the following:
– Make sure the username and password of the Configuration Engine server is defined correctly in the auto-update command.
– Make sure that you have defined a FlexConfig that contains the necessary name commands. A FlexConfig is necessary because Security Manager does not support this command directly. As a result, even though the command was discovered, it does not appear in the full configuration.
Q. How do I debug Configuration Engine on a PIX device?
Enter the following CLI commands:
logging monitor debug
Tip You can also find relevant information in the PIX log on the Configuration Engine server.
Q. How do I debug Configuration Engine on an IOS device?
Enter the following CLI commands:
debug cns all
debug kron exec-cli
Tip When working in event mode, you can also find relevant information in the event log on the Configuration Engine server. When working in call home mode, check the config server log on the Configuration Engine server.
Q. Why did I fail to discover an IOS device and acquire its configuration through Configuration Engine?
If you see the following errors in debug mode:
*Feb 23 21:42:15.677: CNS exec decode: Unknown hostname cnsServer-lnx.cisco.com... 474F6860: 72726F72 2D6D6573 73616765 3E584D4C error-message>XML 474F6870: 5F504152 53455F45 52524F52 3C2F6572 _PARSE_ERROR


Quick Answer: Is Styrofoam Good For Plants?
Can you put Styrofoam in the bottom of a planter?
Adding a few inches of foam peanuts or chunks in the bottom of the container reduces the amount of soil needed to fill the planter.
Also, the foam keeps soil from washing out of the drainage holes while assisting with drainage by keeping the soil from compacting at the bottom of the pot..
Can styrofoam be toxic?
Toxicity: Styrofoam is considered non-toxic when eaten. Expected symptoms: No symptoms are anticipated when a piece of styrofoam is accidentally ingested, but large pieces can cause choking.
Should I add perlite to my soil?
Adding perlite to potting soil is a good way to ensure the container garden drains well while also creating a light, fluffy soil for your plants. Container plants should be planted in a light, well-draining, nutritious soil mix.
Will Styrofoam kill plants?
Will Styrofoam absorb water?
Also question is, does Styrofoam soak up water? No. However, water can work its way through the foam under pressure or by gravity force. When the foam is placed on water it will float and upon removal it will not contain any water and it does not lose any of its insulating properties.
How do you get water out of Styrofoam?
The waterlogged Styrofoam can be repaired by drying in high sunlight, but it is cheap and more effective to simply replace the Styrofoam.Take the Styrofoam out of the cover, or from the area in which it has been overexposed to water. … Lay the Styrofoam out in a dry and sunny area, and allow it to sit for several days.More items…
Can you seal Styrofoam?
If you need to use a paint that's not Styrofoam friendly, you must first cover/seal the Styrofoam. … A perfect covering is done by applying the cover/seal in a thin layer and letting it dry. Then sand off any rough spots until the surface is perfect again. Then cover with another coat, let dry, and sand again.
Does Styrofoam leach into food?
Studies show that styrene, a likely carcinogen, can leach from StyrofoamTM cups and containers when heated. Never put hot food/drink into StyrofoamTM containers, and never microwave StyrofoamTM (or any other plastic) products!
How do you make homemade perlite?
Mix equal parts of dry cement, sphagnum peat moss and perlite in a bucket or other container. Measure each ingredient by volume instead of by weight, so if you measure with a dry scoop, use an equal number of scoops of each ingredient.
Can I use rice instead of perlite?
PBH rice hulls are proven alternative to perlite. In recent years, as greenhouse growers have embraced sustainability and looked for feasible ways to reduce production costs, the use of parboiled rice hulls in greenhouse growing media has become a popular substitute for perlite.
How do you dispose of Styrofoam packing?
Can you grow plants in Styrofoam?
You can grow garden vegetables in most containers, but polystyrene boxes – like the ones you see at the fruit and veg shop – are ideal. They're light, easy to manage, and the foam helps insulate the roots. Use deep boxes to give your vegies plenty of space to grow their roots.
Can I use Styrofoam instead of perlite?
This is okay for potted plants, but if using in garden soil, it's just adding plastic to the environment and it isn't safe. Styrofoam is NOT a substitute for Perlite. It is NOT a naturally occurring substance and does NOT decompose.
What can you use Styrofoam for?
Ways to Reuse Styrofoam Packing PeanutsReuse as Packing Peanuts. There's no reason why styrofoam peanuts can't be reused as what they were made for before! … Stuffing. … Alternative to Ice. … Plant Pot Fillers. … Tighten Loose Screws. … Christmas Tree Tinsel.
Is it OK to use Styrofoam peanuts in planters?
It is not recommended to use Styrofoam peanuts for potted plants now, because they may break down in water and soil, leaving you with sunken in containers. … If pieces begin to dissolve in the water, do not use them in the bottom of pots.
How long does it take for styrofoam to decompose in water?
Non-Biodegradable Pollutant It is unknown how long it takes for polystyrene to biodegrade. Some experts estimate the decomposition of Styrofoam to 500 years, with limited recycling options.
Is Styrofoam safe for hydroponics?
The short answer is yes; Styrofoam can be used in hydroponics without danger as it relates to the makeup of the styrene product.
What are the little white balls in potting soil?
Perlite used in soil resembles tiny white plastic foam balls, but it's actually a naturally occurring volcanic glass. When processed for use in potting soil, perlite is heated to 1,600 degrees Fahrenheit, so that it puffs like popcorn. When it puffs up, it expands to several times its original volume.


Thursday, April 17, 2008
TotT: Avoiding Flakey Tests
Flaky tests make your life more difficult. You get failure notifications that aren't helpful. You might become numb to failures and miss an actual failure condition. Your changes might get unfairly blamed for causing a flaky test to fail.
Unfortunately, a myriad of factors can make a test flaky. Today, we tackle a simple example: file access from a unit test. Take this function and its test:
def CreateGapLease(self):
 data_file = open('/leases/gap', 'w+')
def testCreateGapLease(self):
What if /leases/gap already exists and contains some data? testCreateGapLease will fail. This is a general problem where preconditions are assumed to be correct. This could just as easily happen by assuming a database contains the proper information (or no information). What if another test that uses that file was running concurrently?
If you really want to test your code using live resources, always check your assumptions. In this case, clearing the file at the start of the test can reduce its brittleness:
def testCreateGapLease(self):
 if os.path.exists(lease_file):
Unfortunately, this doesn't completely eliminate the flakiness of our test. If /leases/gap is an NFS path or can be written to by a different test, our test can still fail unexpectedly. It's better for the test to use a unique resource. This can be accomplished with a small refactoring of CreateGapLease:
def CreateGapLease(self, lease_path=None):
 if lease_path is None:
 lease_path = '/leases/gap'
The callers of CreateGapLease can continue invoking it as usual, but the unit test can pass in a different path:
def testCreateGapLease(self):
 lease_file = os.path.join(FLAGS.test_tmpdir, 'gap')
Of course, to make your test as fast as possible, it would be better to forgo disk access altogether by using a mock file system.
Due to illness availability of the PDF will be slightly delayed
The PDF is now available at the above link
 1. What was wrong with "def CreateGapLease(self, lease_path='/leases/gap'):"? Immutable types like strings aren't a risk in default args. My version probably runs slightly faster and will produce much better automatically-extracted docs.
 The related trap, which you might have been trying to avoid, looks like this:
 def func(x=[]):
 . x.append(5)
 . return x
 (Except without the silly dots to workaround blogger's formatting)
 That program only has one list in it which will keep growing every time you call func(). That's where the "x=None.. if x is None: x = []" idiom is important.
 2. Nice post.
 Do yuo have some example of good file system mocking? :)
 3. I assume FLAGS.test_tmpdir is a randomly-named temporary directory (e.g. created with tempfile.mkdtemp), otherwise you still might have problems if you run the test suite concurrently and both instances try to write to the same file at the same time.


Microsoft is testing underwater data centers
By | 10.12.2018
Microsoft is testing underwater data centers
Microsoft тестирует подводные центры обработки данных
Project Natick is the name of the new project, which is nothing more than an attempt by Microsoft Research to create data centers for cloud computing at the bottom of the ocean.
The idea was born from the desire of companies to reduce energy consumption. As you know, servers in data centers generate a tremendous amount of heat and cooling required to maintain a low temperature consume a lot of energy. The construction of such infrastructure on the ocean floor promises significant cost reduction through the use of «natural» power and cooling (the energy of the waves and ocean water).
The first tests on a small prototype, which in November last year, he was immersed on the bottom of the ocean a kilometer from the Pacific coast of the United States have yielded positive results.
Currently, Microsoft has more than 100 data centers worldwide, the cost of which has exceeded 15 billion dollars. A Project in Natick, the company sees a viable way to reduce the cost of their service.
Detailed information about Project Natick available on the official website.
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text:
The Ghana Shippers Authority has called for a comprehensive revision of the maritime law to effectively regulate activities at the country's ports.
Benonita Bismarck, the Chief Executive of the Maritime Authority, explained the importance of revising the maritime law. According to her, the revision of the maritime law is necessary because it will help address critical setbacks, particularly the escalating issue of piracy attacks.
The Chief Executive of the Authority made this known when speaking at the 14th Maritime Law Seminar for selected justices of the High Court. Bismarck underscored the importance of ensuring security in the maritime domain.
The seminar served as a platform to discuss strategies for enhancing security measures in Ghana's waters. Recent reports indicate that there were 84 recorded piracy attacks on ships in the Gulf of Guinea in 2020, highlighting the severity of the issue.
In light of these challenges, Bismarck stressed the need to revise the Maritime law to effectively address emerging problems and regulate port activities.
Bismarck explained the limitations of using outdated legislation to tackle present-day issues. She noted that lack of modern law is inhibiting the delivery of justice.
"It is difficult to use a law that doesn't contain all the provisions needed to address current issues. At the time, piracy in the Gulf of Guinea was unknown. As an administrator of justice, you need to apply the law, but if it is not there, how can you give what you don't have? We need to revise the law to ensure that it is in consonance with what is happening currently."Benonita Bismarck
The Significance of a Stronger Maritime Law
The Chief Justice of Ghana, Justice Gertrude Torkornoo, on her part, further emphasized the significance of a stronger maritime law as the country anticipates increased port activities due to the Africa Continental Free Trade Agreement (AfCFTA).
According to the Chief Justice, with the expected surge in trade, the need for a robust legal framework becomes crucial to address the associated challenges effectively.
The call for revising the maritime law reflects the commitment of Ghana's authorities to ensure the safety and efficiency of maritime operations. By enacting comprehensive regulations, Ghana aims to foster a secure environment for trade and strengthen its position as a key player in the regional maritime industry.
In broadest terms, the maritime industry includes all enterprises engaged in the business of designing, constructing, manufacturing, acquiring, operating, supplying, repairing and/or maintaining vessels, or component parts thereof. It also includes managing and/or operating shipping lines, stevedoring, customs brokerage services, shipyards, dry docks, marine railways, marine repair shops, shipping and freight forwarding services and similar enterprises.
Politically, the presence of a maritime industry gives nations leverage over other landlocked countries in the region. Therefore, revising the maritime laws to contain new laws is very important in harnessing the maritime industry.


text:
It's been more than 90 years since her breakthrough discovery, but it's not too late to remember Margaret Newton, the first Canadian woman to earn a PhD in agriculture.
Newton was honoured July 17 when an official Government of Canada plaque was unveiled in Portage la Prairie, Man., to commemorate her pioneering research into wheat stem rust.
"Our government is proud to recognize Dr. Margaret Newton, whose discoveries on the nature of wheat rust fungus ended the serious threat of this disease to Canadian farmers and the Canadian economy," said MP Brian Pallister, who attended the ceremony along with Newton's relatives and representatives from grain research centres.
Newton was also inducted into the Manitoba Agricultural Hall of Fame July 17.
The two latest honours add to a long list of accolades for Newton, who died in Victoria in 1971.
For her work on cereal crop rusts, Newton became in 1942 the second woman elected to the Royal Society of Canada. In 1948 she was awarded the Society's Flavelle Medal for contributions to biology.
However, considering her record and the fact that she is also a member of the Canadian Science Hall of Fame, few current scientists know about Newton or her work.
"She worked a long time ago, so there's nobody with working knowledge of her," said Brent McCallum, a plant pathologist at the Cereal Research Centre in Winnipeg.
McCallum wrote a short abstract on Newton for the Canadian Phytopathological Society, which is why he knows that Newton was "one of the founding scientists at the cereal research lab" in Winnipeg.
Newton, who was born in 1887 and grew up on a farm in western Quebec, began her career in wheat rust research in 1917 while working on a degree in agriculture at the University of McGill.
In 1916 a wheat rust epidemic hammered the prairie crop and Newton's mentor at McGill, W.P. Fraser, visited Western Canada in 1917 to study the disease.
Newton was assigned to work in the agriculture lab at McGill, analyzing Fraser's rust samples but only after she convinced the dean of the college to lift restrictions that prevented women from using labs in the evening.
Ralph Estey, professor emeritus of plant science at McGill who knew Newton, said the social politics of her era might explain why Newton is not well known.
"Few present day plant science researchers know about Margaret's work," he said.
"The female writers of her day were inclined to praise her work, whereas some of her male colleagues and writers were somewhat less inclined to praise her accomplishments."
After becoming the first woman to receive a bachelor's degree in agriculture at McGill, Newton took a position in 1920 at a federal government laboratory at the University of Saskatchewan in Saskatoon.
Newton split her time between Saskatoon and the University of Minnesota in Minneapolis, where she continued her wheat rust research. In 1922 she earned her PhD in Minnesota, becoming the first Canadian woman to hold a doctorate in agriculture.
In 1924 the federal government set up the Dominion Rust Research Laboratory in Winnipeg in response to a series of rust outbreaks on the Prairies in 1916, 1919 and 1921.
"She was hired as one of the first scientists (at the lab) and she initiated the rust surveys that are still going on today," said McCallum, who takes part in current rust surveys at the Cereal Research Centre, a facility that evolved out of the Rust Lab.
Newton's breakthrough work at the lab focused on the genetics of wheat rust, which was not well understood at the time.
"She found out the genetics of the fungus, which has been very helpful for future research," McCallum said.
"She (also) worked along with the breeders to develop some of the early rust-resistant cultivars."
Newton worked at the Rust Lab until 1945, when poor health forced the internationally recognized rust expert to retire and relocate to Victoria. However, retirement did not stop Newton from sharing her specialized knowledge with the world.
"She became quite involved in international work," McCallum said.
"She went over to Russia and Africa and assisted rust programs in those places."


the directory where this file already exist. Some of the systems I know just give you a validation error and ask to rename a file. But it is a good user experience? I don't think so.
So what are our options to tackle this issue?
Option 1. Append some random string to the filename e.g 'a-asdsds.jpg'
But is it a solution? How random are those strings? Does this look appealing?
I think it is a solution, but a pretty ugly one.
Option 2. Append a number to the filename that is incremented with every creation
This solutions is definitely not a new one, it is used by some OS, and I think it might be the easiest and most elegant one. E.g 'picture.png' becomes 'picture-1.png' and then 'picture-2.png'.
Any other options you can think of? Please comment and let me know ;)
Meanwhile we will go with Option 2.
Next question is:
Based on what should we increment this number?
Some of the solutions I have seen before is based on counting number of files, and then incrementing count by one. This makes sense, but unfortunately this won't work. ;)
Lets say I have files 'a-1.jpg', 'a-2.jpg',a-3.jpg'. Count is 3 here. Now Imagine I have deleted file 'a-2.jpg', and I want to add a new file. So current Count is 2 (a-1 and a-3), so my next filename based on logic should be a-3 (we increment count by 1 -> 2+1), but it is already taken.
Here is the strategy that I think might work:
Lets say we again have 3 files – 'a-1.jpg', 'a-2.jpg',a-3.jpg'. We will take the numbers of those files (1,2,3) find the largest and increment it by one. So if we apply to it to previous use-case – we will delete 'a-2', but largest number is still 3, so new filename will be 'a-4'.
What do you think?
I know that most of you are code-maniacs and want to dig into code right away, so I will shut up now and show you some code I have built to do exactly this :)
 # Function generates uniq file name from the String passed to it
 # based on extension and basename
 # _USER_ [String] new_file_name desired file_name
 # _USER_ [String] generated file name
 def self.generate_random_filename(filename)
 ext = File.extname(filename)
 name = File.basename(filename, ext)
 related_file_indexes = [] do |file|
 if File.basename(file).include?(name) && File.extname(file) == ext
 related_file_indexes << file.split("-").last.to_i
 return name + '-' + (related_file_indexes.max + 1).to_s + ext
Short Explanation:
1. I take the file lets say 'a.jpg', and divide it into 'a' as a name and '.jpg' as an extension.
2. I have a _USER_ array that is pre-populated with filenames in the directory lets say _USER_ is ['a-1.jpg','a-3.jpg', 'a.jpg','a-1.png'].
3. I check if filename in _USER_ consist of 'a' and with extension '.jpg', thus I get 3 files ['a-1.jpg','a.jpg','a-3.jpg']
4. I have another array 'related_file_indexes', that splits every element of an array by last '-' and returns the number which gives me ['1′,'3']
5. I built filename with name, max of 1 and 3 which is 3+1=4 and append extension so my output will be 'a-4.jpg
Full version of this code with unit tests can be found here.
Once again, all suggestions and recommendation are more than welcome in the comments to this post ;)
Have a wonderful day!
Posted in Ruby, Useful Functions | Tagged,,,,, | 2 Comments
How to mock file upload with RSpec 3.0? [SOLVED]
One more note on RSpec 3.0, this time one useful function that mocks File Upload, saves file/archive content to memory so after it you can do whatever your soul wants with it. Test file/archive should exist in the file system.
def mock_archive_upload(archive_path, type)
 return => + archive_path , :type => type, :filename => File.basename( + archive_path))))
e.g of use:
_TAG_ archive into memory so it can be manipulated in tests
mock_archive_upload("../fixtues/", "application/zip")
Posted in open-source, Programming Languages, Rails, Rspec, Ruby | Tagged,,,,,, | Leave a comment
How to stub in RSpec 3 [RAILS, TDD]?
Recently, I have been doing whole bunch of spec rewriting from RSpec 2 to Rspec 3. As a result I have found that documentation is not that straightforward, and some cases you need to really spend time and figure out yourself. So I'll be posting some cases that I have not been able to find in docs, just as notes for myself, and hopefully it will be useful for someone else.
Use Case:
I have JSON file that I need to read, and I already have tests that this JSON file opens properly. I also have a Validator that looks for certain patterns keys in this JSON file. Validator leaves separately from the main app, and I don't want to replicate File Upload -> File Save to Cloud -> File Open in my Validator Tests, I just want on every to return certain data, and it does not matter to me what exactly is being read, and if path exists or not.
How would I do it in Rspec?
data = {:name => "test", :description => "test"}.to_json
allow(File).to receive(:read).and_return(data)
What does it give you?
It looks for every in the scope of your spec and instead of actually reading file returns 'data' every time.
Cool, huh?
Posted in Programming Languages, Rails, Rspec | Tagged,,,,, | Leave a comment


text:
National Civil Registration and Statistics Improvement Committee
The National Civil Registration and Statistics Improvement Committee (NCR SIC) is a cross-jurisdictional body established to develop and oversee collective strategies to advance and coordinate improvements to Australia's civil registration and vital statistics system.
Civil registration is the system used to record a jurisdiction's vital statistics, which include data about the births, deaths and marriages that happen within the region.
The primary responsibility of NCR SIC is to identify and progress the policies and initiatives required to deliver a more seamless, harmonised and robust national civil registration and vital statistics system that works across Commonwealth, state and territory jurisdictions.
The committee has representatives from:
- Australian registries of births, deaths and marriages (RBDMs)
- Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS)
- New Zealand Births, Deaths and Marriages (invited to participate in an ex-officio capacity).
There are 3 key objectives of the committee:
- improve harmonisation, integration and coordination of the national civil registration and statistical system
- understand requirements of users of civil registration data and related statistics, and facilitate efficient access to appropriate information
- advocate and support NCR SIC as a cohesive body to improve the national civil registration and vital statistics system in Australia.
What we have done
The committee has achieved a number of initiatives, including:
- implementing the Australian Coordinating Registry (ACR) model for coordinating and disseminating national datasets through various inter-governmental agreements
- making 2 national death datasets available through the Queensland RBDM as the ACR
- developing harmonised national data access principles for use across the country's RBDMs and with a registry acting as the ACR
- identifying national minimum requirements to address inconsistences in birth and death datasets across jurisdictions and improve the quality of vital statistics
- sharing vitals data with New Zealand and Pacific region countries to improve data collection and systems that help address policy and cross-border law and order matters.
Use the form below to contact us if you have an enquiry about:
- the work of the committee
- the administration of civil registration nationally
- access to birth, death, marriage and other data.
- NCR SIC meeting - November 2018 (TBC)
- Australian Vital Statistics Interest Group meeting - 21 November 2018 (tentative)
- International CRVS conferences


text:
|Character Sketch for Dickens' A Christmas Carol|
|Fred has asked every person who comes to the party to write a short
essay that can be presented to the group. You'll leave a copy of the
paper for Scrooge to add to a scrapbook that he's creating so that he
can read over this information about his new friends after the party.
Your task is to understand the character you are portraying. Know the character well enough so that you can deliver a convincing performance to your audience.
You'll write a character sketch that Scrooge will add to his scrapbook. Since Scrooge will return to your writing later, it needs to show him who you are. Describe who you are, what you do, what you like, and so on. Everything that Scrooge needs to know to learn more about all the people he meets in his daily life.
You can use the Party Planner to gather ideas; then use the questions and tips below to organize and write your character sketch, which you'll present during the party.


text:
Here's what it looks like:
// Example One function triangle(a,b): function sqroot(x): return Math.pow(x,.5) return sqroot( a*a + b*b )
// Example Two for var i=0; i<5; i++: var el = document.getElementById("el"+i) if count % 2 == 0: el.innerHTML = "Hello" else: el.innerHTML = "World"
// Pyscript function triangle(a,b): if a > 0 && b > 0: function sqroot(x): if x > 0: return Math.pow(x,.5) else: return 0 return sqroot( a*a + b*b ) else: return 0
How Do I Get It?
to your
- Put your pyscript code in a
Pyscript is really just a proof of concept. It has a set of unit tests, and as you can see not all functionality is completed yet. Anonymous inline functions do not work, there is no robust handling of indentation, and a number of features (like switch) do not work. But, the whole thing is open source so you can get involved.


text:
With much of the northeast experiencing scorching temperatures, high humidity and little to no precipitation, Carbon County is among the growing number of counties that have been placed on the Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection's drought list.
Mark Nalesnik, the Carbon County Emergency Management Agency director, released an updated drought map from DEP yesterday.
According to the composite indicator map, dated July 6, numerous counties throughout the eastern portion of the state are in a drought watch or warning. Carbon County is listed in a drought watch.
A drought watch declaration is the first level and least severe of the state's three drought classifications. It calls for a voluntary 5 percent reduction in non-essential water use. The classifications are dependent on four indicators, including precipitation deficits, surface water levels, groundwater levels and soil moisture. Drought watch conditions begin to occur when a deficit of 25 percent of the normal precipitation happens over a three-month period. Drought warning conditions occur when a deficit of 35 percent is recorded and drought emergency conditions begin to happen when a deficit of 45 percent is recorded.
Nalesnik recommends that Carbon County residents try to conserve water, if possible, until the drought situation improves.
He noted that there are three burn bans currently in place in the county.


text:
Translate trial | into French | into German | into Italian | into Spanish
Definition of trial
1a formal examination of evidence before a judge, and typically before a jury, in order to decide guilt in a case of criminal or civil proceedings:the newspaper accounts of the trial the editor was summoned to stand trial for libel 2a test of the performance, qualities, or suitability of someone or something:clinical trials must establish whether the new hip replacements are working an athletic contest to test the ability of players eligible for selection to a team.
) an event in which horses, dogs, or other animals compete or perform:horse trials
3a person, thing, or situation that tests a person's endurance or forbearance:the trials and tribulations of married life
verb (trials, trialing, trialed ; Britishtrials, trialling, trialled)
1 [with object] test (something, especially a new product) to assess its suitability or performance:all seeds are carefully trialed in a variety of growing conditions 2 [no object] (of a horse, dog, or other animal) compete in trials:the pup trialed on Saturday


Liquid Nitrogen Is Beautiful When It's Dancing Across Gasoline
Instead of mixing, it just spins a beautiful trail of gas.
Amber, Visual arts, Painting, Art paint,
Pouring liquid nitrogen on another liquid won't result in an instant block of ice, nor even a slushie. Ultimately, it'll have very little effect on the liquid below but, as YouTuber carsandwater illustrates, it will look very cool while it is busy having no effect.
In this random but mesmerizing video, you'll see a few spoonfuls of liquid nitrogen dance around on the surface of gasoline, rubbing alcohol, and water.
Because the liquid nitrogen is less dense than the water, it just floats on top instead of mixing in. And while it does, it sometimes forms a tiny bit of ice beneath it, which acts as an insulator and keeps the warm liquid somewhat separate from the cold nitrogen. In the meantime, the liquid nitrogen just floats around, spinning and emitting some really cool vapor shapes as it evaporates.
It's not quite as flashy as using liquid nitrogen to fight against a flamethrower, but it's probably a little safer.
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Plant Diversity
Botany Basics
What are homosporous and heterosporous plants?
Certain plants are considered to be homosporous and heterosporous plants. Homo-sporous plants produce only one type of spore; heterosporous plants produce or have two types of spores (microspores and megaspores) that develop into the male gametophyte and female gametophyte respectively. (The gametophyte is the phase that produces the sexual organs of a plant; for more about gametophytes, see above.)


Lauren Winner Addresses the Trinity and Sex in Nyvall Lectures
Author Lauren Winner
CHICAGO, IL (April 30, 2007) – Noted author Lauren Winner admitted her two lectures at North Park Theological Seminary on Thursday were incongruous: the first on the Trinity, and the second on sex.
Still, Winner's humor and breezy style captivated the packed audience at both presentations when she delivered the Nyvall Lectures in the Isaacson Chapel.
Churches often avoid speaking about the Trinity other than as a theological idea because it is so elusive. "Don't you just feel like you're nailing Jell-O to the wall?" she asked. At her Episcopal Church on Trinity, "The rector is always mysteriously out of town," leaving the sermon to a guest speaker, she quipped.
But incorporating a proper understanding of the Trinity into people's lives enriches their faith and communal relationships, she said. She spoke about three characteristics of the Trinity:
--The Trinity always is participating in an ongoing conversation about God's redeeming love.
--The Trinity models distinction without subordination.
--The Trinity means God is defined by relationships.
Understanding that the Trinity already is in conversation should shape how people understand prayer, Winner said. "We are being invited into a conversation that already is happening," Winner said. Therefore, Christians should not think of prayer as something they initiate.
The ongoing conversation also means that prayer includes silent listening. "Silence is probably more urgently needed now than perhaps any time in our Christian history."
The lack of subordination in the Trinity demonstrates an "ontology of peace," Winner said. "We are bid to a politics of peace because the Trinity is a relationship without violence."
She pointed to John 14 in which Jesus tells his disciples, "My peace I give to you." "Calm is not the only kind of peace," Winner said. "My peace," she explained, also means a life of reconciliation. The early church practiced pursuing peacemaking and reconciliation as a fruit of the Holy Spirit, she added.
Winner said it is easier for people to call for peace in Iraq, where they are not involved in an ongoing, intimate fashion, than it is to live peaceably in households and churches.
Those households and relationships are characterized by a commitment to hospitality because God is defined through relationships, Winner said. "The persons of the Trinity don't exist by themselves. They are defined by their relationships with one another."
She added that Christian hospitality means involving people more deeply in one another's lives and "not just inviting people into our homes occasionally."
In her second lecture, Winner drew from her book, Real Sex: The Naked Truth about Chastity. She told the gathering that the church has engaged in four myths about sex that ultimately are damaging to people:
--People will necessarily feel bad about having premarital sex.
--Men have uncontrollable libidos and women have none.
--Sex is necessary for fulfillment.
--Sexual sin is the unforgivable sin.
Telling young people they will feel bad if they have premarital sex ultimately will undercut trust of pastoral authority, Winner said, because not everyone feels regret or guilt. "Scripture is clear that sin works because what is corrosive actually feels fantastic."
Talking about sex cannot be isolated from the larger context of sin in general, Winner said, adding that the church often tells people they will be permanently damaged by having premarital or extramarital sex. As with any sin, people will be affected by their actions and will need to deal with its repercussions, she explained, but, "Saying reformation is a long process is not the same as saying someone is scarred for life."
Winner also told the gathering that the church's discussion of sex also demeans singleness. "The way the church says sex is necessary is to say marriage is necessary," Winner said. That attitude "explicitly or tacitly says that singleness doesn't count." Winner noted that Paul preferred singleness and Jesus remained single.
The church also causes harm when it tells the lie that men have raging libidos and women are not interested in sex. She drew laughter from the audience as she read from a contemporary Christian book on sex that highlighted that view.
Women, she added, are told to be chaste before marrying and then to become an entirely different person overnight. That is an impossible burden.
To say someone is waiting until they get married also is to assume that someone will get married. People must realize that they may never get married. "This is accepting that discipleship is not hard, and that following Jesus will always make you happy."
The church needs to speak better about marital sex, as well. "The church has not answered the question, 'Why is sex in marriage the best kind of sex?'"
The answer, she said, was the power of commitment and stability in a relationship.
The Nyvall Lectures are delivered each spring at North Park Theological Seminary and are named in honor of the school's founder, David Nyvall.


text:
Keywords: [ Kernel Methods ] [ change point analysis ] [ nonparametric ]
We study the change point problem that considers alterations in the conditional distribution of an inferential target on a set of covariates. This paired data scenario is in contrast to the standard setting where a sequentially observed variable is analyzed for potential changes in the marginal distribution. We propose new methodology for solving this problem, by starting from a simpler task that analyzes changes in conditional expectation, and generalizing the tools developed for that task to conditional distributions. Large sample properties of the proposed statistics are derived. In empirical studies, we illustrate the performance of the proposed method against baselines adapted from existing tools. Two real data applications are presented to demonstrate its potential.


text:
Errors and any other interruptions are one of the major sources of frustration to viewers. The correlation between technical streaming issues and viewers abandoning playback has been well studied. In essence, there is a real cost to every error that a viewer experiences on your platform. The below models for AVOD and SVOD let you calculate how costly an error is.
In a research paper Krishnan and Sitaraman calculated that "a viewer who experienced failure is 2.32% less likely to revisit the same site within a week". Based on this research we created the following calculator:
Calculate the percentage the customer lifetime value increases by decreasing a particular technical error


text:
Operando scattering techniques for detecting precipitation reactions in lithium-sulfur batteries
Precipitation behavior is crucial to utilizing sulfur cathodes in lithium-sulfur (Li-S) batteries. In this issue of Chem, Rennie and co-workers apply operando scattering techniques to reveal correlations between precipitation reactions and the electrochemical performance of sulfur cathodes and demonstrate that Li+ supply in carbon mesopores is significant for precipitation reactions and thus sulfur utilization.
Open Access Status
This publication is not available as open access
Australian Research Council


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Olympic National Park Asked to Buy Out Mining Claims
 Olympic National Park continues to remain in the news over land-management issues. Earlier this fall the park made headlines when an Indian tribe closed access to a national park trail and a beach within the park in protest over stalled negotiations to find land that could accommodate the tribe's village, which is in a tsunami zone.
 Now three brothers who own rights to deposits of gold, platinum, oil and natural gas beneath the park's Shi Shi Beach are threatening to sell those rights to mining interests unless the National Park Service agrees to buy them for $30 million. An agent for the family told the Seattle Post-Intelligencer that the mineral deposits and oil and gas are worth a combined $2 billion.
 Park officials, whose total budget for 2004 amounted to just $10 million, say they are trying to determine the value of the claims that the brothers' grandfather bought in 1928.
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National Parks Traveler's Essential Park Guide


text:
The arctic is one of the few areas where humanity could not yet set feet. Arctic Transition is located on Novaya Semlya, an island in the north of Russia above the polar circle. The building should create a transition from the cityscape (HydroCity) to sea and the landscape. The idea is to create a continuous space which establishes the connection between the various conditions. The space should emphasize the feeling of this transistion and create an attractive surrounding for people living in this hostile environment.
Semester project at Studio Hani Rashid


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The Entrance
Free Module 2: Shapes & Form Feng Shui
Chapter 17: The Entrance
The House:-
Avoid the following bad influences on a house:-
1. A 'T' or 'Y' shaped road in front of the house.
2. A house at the dead-end of a road.
3. An inverted 'U' shaped which acts like a knife' slicing the house.
4. A river in front of the house.
5. House must not face or next to a:-
- cemetery.
- funeral parlor.
- any religious prayer sites.
- brothel.
- police station.
- buildings in the shape of a fire element e.g. sharp pointed roofs.
5. A big tree or a single lamb post facing the house.
6. Look out for the corner of a neighbour's roof pointing to the front of the house.
7. A canal or river at the back of the house.
8. House must not face a bridge or an overpass.
9. An expressway 'cutting/slicing' into the house.
10. Avoid a house built on a former cemetery site or an area where massacre happened.
For those living next to a cemetery or places with concentration of YIN, one remedy is to brightly lit that side of the house or paint that side of the wall red or pink to activate the 'YANG' element.
11. Avoid having an opening (open air courtyard) or windows in the centre ceiling of the house.
12. Avoid having the toilet in the center of the house.
13. The house should be higher than the road.
14. Avoid a 'U' shaped house.
15. A house should not be 'sandwiched' between two tall buildings.
16. Do not place the water tank on the roof in the centre of the house.
17. Public sewerage pipes must not pass under the house.
18. Do not have the fire place in the centre of the house.
19. Avoid having a pond in the centre of the house.
1. Avoid having fencing with varying heights.
2. The fence or brick wall should not be too close to the house.
3. Fence or brick wall should not be higher than the house else it acts like a 'prison' environment.
4. For the garage, do not have the master bedroom above the garage.
5. The driveway should not directly face the main house's door.
6. Do not install barbed wires over the top of the main gate. (For goodness sake your house is not an army camp or a gangster's hideout!)
For exterior of the Main Door:-
1. It should not face a tree or a lamp post.
2. It should not face any corner, chimney, or water storage tank.
3. It should not face a neighbour's gate, main door or driveway.
For interior of the Main Door:-
1. It should not face the staircase or a 'sharp' corner pointing towards the door.
2. It should not be immediately blocked by a wall.
3. It should not face the back door.
4. It should not face a wash basin, sink or water pipe.
5. It should not face any bedroom, toilet or kitchen or fireplace.
6. The backdoor must be smaller than the main door.
7. The size of the main door should be proportional to the size of the house.
8. If the main door is made of two panels, both panels must be of equal size.
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text:
|This article does not cite any references or sources. (February 2011)|
The Venus symbol (♀) is a depiction of a circle with a small cross below it. The symbol is historically associated with the Roman goddess Venus or the Greek goddess Aphrodite. It has a Unicode designation of U+2640, and is used in various media to represent things associated in some way with the mythological character, including:
- The female sex
- The planet Venus
- The chemical element copper
- Feminism in philosophy and sociology
- The female connector in a pair of mating connectors or fasteners
It is also believed by some to represent a hand mirror, with the top half of the symbol representing the actual mirror, and the bottom half representing the handle of the mirror.


text:
Firesetting. Illustrated by Agricola in the 1550s, this picture shows the technique of firesetting which has been used from prehistoric times to fairly recently as a way of softening rock. Fires are lit against the rock and the action of heat softens the rock. It is often said that the miners would then throw water over the rock to fracture it but given the risk from smoke and rock fragments, this seems unlikely.
(Left.) Pillar Mine. The entrance section of Pillar Mine is rounded and smooth, classic signs of firesetting. Alderley Edge was covered with scrub and small trees which would have provided good material for fires. There is no proof that firesetting was used here as the site has been heavily disturbed by visitors through the centuries. The blackening of the rock is recent and cannot be taken as an indication of firesetting.
Copyright DCC and Nigel Dibben: 2013
Last updated: 07/05/2010
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text:
Definition of craniometry in English:
The scientific measurement of skulls, especially in relation to craniology.
- The SAP physicians were far more rigorously quantitative in their craniometry.
- Some of the examples he discusses may remind us of the metaphorical appropriation of biology by racist craniometry in the nineteenth century.
- The nineteenth-century interest in craniometry had assumed that intelligence was both biological and inheritable.
- Example sentences
- Thus, this anatomical region is favorable for sex determination due to its craniometric characteristics.
- The results of the present craniometric analysis are compared with other lines of evidence.
- This article examines the potential contribution of archaeological human skeletal material, in particular craniometric data.
Words that rhyme with craniometrygeometry, micrometry, optometry, psychometry, pyrometry, sociometry, trigonometry
Definition of craniometry in:
- British & World English dictionary
What do you find interesting about this word or phrase?
Comments that don't adhere to our Community Guidelines may be moderated or removed.


The 'linebreak' option can be set to wrap at a blank character.
If the window has room after the last line of the buffer, Vim will show '~' in
the first column of the last lines in the window, like this:
 |some line |
 |last line |
 |~ |
 |~ |
Thus the '~' lines indicate that the end of the buffer was reached.
If the last line in a window doesn't fit, Vim will indicate this with a '@' in
 |first line |
 |second line |
 |@ |
 |@ |
Thus the '@' lines indicate that there is a line that doesn't fit in the
When the "lastline" flag is present in the 'display' option, you will not see
'@' characters at the left side of window. If the last line doesn't fit
completely, only the part that fits is shown, and the last three characters of
the last line are replaced with "@@@", like this:
 |first line |
 |second line |
 |a very long line that d|
 |oesn't fit in the wi@@@|
If there is a single line that is too long to fit in the window, this is a
special situation. Vim will show only part of the line, around where the
cursor is. There are no special characters shown, so that you can edit all
parts of this line.
{Vi: gives an "internal error" on lines that do not fit in the window}
The '@' occasion in the 'highlight' option can be used to set special
highlighting for the '@' and '~' characters. This makes it possible to
distinguish them from real characters in the buffer.
The'showbreak' option contains the string to put in front of wrapped lines.
If the 'wrap' option is off, long lines will not wrap. Only the part that
fits on the screen is shown. If the cursor is moved to a part of the line
that is not shown, the screen is scrolled horizontally. The advantage of
this method is that columns are shown as they are and lines that cannot fit
on the screen can be edited. The disadvantage is that you cannot see all the
characters of a line at once. The'sidescroll' option can be set to the
minimal number of columns to scroll. {Vi: has no 'wrap' option}
All normal ASCII characters are displayed directly on the screen. The
is replaced with the number of spaces that it represents. Other non-printing
characters are replaced with "^{char}", where {char} is the non-printing
character with 64 added. Thus character 7 (bell) will be shown as "^G".
Characters between 127 and 160 are replaced with "~{char}", where {char} is
the character with 64 subtracted. These characters occupy more than one
position on the screen. The cursor can only be positioned on the first one.
If you set the 'number' option, all lines will be preceded with their
number. Tip: If you don't like wrapping lines to mix with the line numbers,
set the'showbreak' option to eight spaces:
 ":set showbreak=\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ "
If you set the 'list' option, characters will not be shown as several
spaces, but as "^I". A '$' will be placed at the end of the line, so you can
find trailing blanks.
In Command-line mode only the command-line itself is shown correctly. The
display of the buffer contents is updated as soon as you go back to Command
The last line of the window is used for status and other messages. The
status messages will only be used if an option is on:
status message option default Unix default
current mode 'showmode' on on
command characters 'showcmd' on off
cursor position 'ruler' off off
The current mode is "-- INSERT --" or "-- REPLACE --", see |'showmode'|. The
command characters are those that you typed but were not used yet. {Vi: does
not show the characters you typed or the cursor position}
If you have a slow terminal you can switch off the status messages to speed
up editing:
 :set nosc noru nosm
If there is an error, an error message will be shown for at least one second
(in reverse video). {Vi: error messages may be overwritten with other
messages before you have a chance to read them}
Some commands show how many lines were affected. Above which threshold this
happens can be controlled with the'report' option (default 2).
On the Amiga Vim will run in a CLI window. The name Vim and the full name of
the current file name will be shown in the title bar. When the window is
resized, Vim will automatically redraw the window. You may make the window as
small as you like, but if it gets too small not a single line will fit in it.
Make it at least 40 characters wide to be able to read most messages on the
last line.
On most Unix systems, resizing the window is recognized and handled correctly
by Vim. {Vi: not ok}
8. Definitions *definitions*
 screen The whole area that Vim uses to work in. This can be
 a terminal emulator window. Also called "the Vim
 window A view on a buffer.
A screen contains one or more windows, separated by status lines and with the
command line at the bottom.
screen | window 1 | window 2 |
 | | |
 | | |
 |= status line =|= status line =|
 | window 3 |
 | |
 | |
 |==== status line ==============|
 |command line |
The command line is also used for messages. It scrolls up the screen when
there is not enough room in the command line.
A difference is made between four types of lines:
 buffer lines The lines in the buffer. This is the same as the
 lines as they are read from/written to a file. They
 can be thousands of characters long.
 logical lines The buffer lines with folding applied. Buffer lines
 in a closed fold are changed to a single logical line:
 "+-- 99 lines folded". They can be thousands of
 characters long.
 window lines The lines displayed in a window: A range of logical
 lines with wrapping, line breaks, etc. applied. They
 can only be as long as the width of the window allows,
 longer lines are wrapped or truncated.
 screen lines The lines of the screen that Vim uses. Consists of
 the window lines of all windows, with status lines
 and the command line added. They can only be as long
 as the width of the screen allows. When the command
 line gets longer it wraps and lines are scrolled to
 make room.
buffer lines logical lines window lines screen lines
1. one 1. one 1. +-- folded 1. +-- folded
2. two 2. +-- folded 2. five 2. five
3. three 3. five 3. six 3. six
4. four 4. six 4. seven 4. seven
5. five 5. seven 5. === status line ===
6. six 6. aaa
7. seven 7. bbb
 8. ccc ccc c
1. aaa 1. aaa 1. aaa 9. cc
2. bbb 2. bbb 2. bbb 10. ddd
3. ccc ccc ccc 3. ccc ccc ccc 3. ccc ccc c 11. ~
4. ddd 4. ddd 4. cc 12. === status line ===
 5. ddd 13. (command line)
 6. ~
top - main help file
Help FAQ Both


text:
Legislated FCSS Requirements
FCSS Program Requirements
Below are some of the guidelines for FCSS programs. For a full listing of programs, services and approaches that generally meet the FCSS Act, please refer to the FCSS Program Advice Inventory (pdf).
FCSS funded programs must also do one or more of the following:
- Help people to develop independence, strengthen coping skills and become more resistant to crisis.
- Help people to develop awareness of social needs.
- Help people to develop interpersonal and group skills which enhance constructive relationships among people.
- Help people and communities to assume responsibility for decisions and actions which affect them.
- Provide supports that help sustain people as active participants in the community.
FCSS must not fund services that:
- Provide primarily for the recreational needs or leisure time pursuits of individuals,
- Offer direct assistance, including money, food, clothing or shelter, to sustain an individual or family,
- Are rehabilitative in nature (as that is in conflict with "prevention"), or
- Duplicate services that are ordinarily provided by a government or government agency.
As is the case with all funded programs, Red Deer and District FCSS is required to meet outcomes and financial accountability as set by the Province. On a random basis, the Red Deer & District FCSS program is audited directly by provincial FCSS staff with the last audit being in 2013.


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I followed Mike's solution from my first question:
Roman numeral page numbering
My next question is how to add entries (for the abstract and acknowledgements pages) into the table of contents.
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3 Answers
up vote 5 down vote accepted
Assuming that the abstract and acknowledgement contents is typeset using a \chapter*{...}, you could do the following:
This will add a chapter-level (chapter) entry to the table of contents (toc) without a chapter number (\numberline{}).
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While you can manually add an entry to the TOC by \addtocontents or \addcontentsline, the order of commands can be important, especially
 - if you use hyperref, to get the hyperlink above the heading, not below
 - or if you add a section to the TOC, which is done by a macro but several pages long, such as by \listoffigures, \listoftables or \bibliography. A wrong order would add the last page to the TOC
 - use \addtocontents or \addcontentsline before \chapter* of \listof...
 - ensure the required page break before \addtocontents or \addcontentsline
 - for hyperref, add an anchor for the target
If you need that several times, you could define a macro for it.
Regarding the commands:
 - \cleardoublepage ends the page, prints out remaining floats if necessary, and ensures that the following text starts on a right hand page, as chapters in books commonly do, if in twoside mode. \clearpage, in contrast, would start the new page on a left or a right side.
 - \phantomsection is a command of the hyperref package, which creates an anchor at this location, similar to \hypertarge, which can be referred to - \addcontentsline does it implicitely. Without \phantomsection, \addcontentsline would refer to the previous anchor which could be undesired.
The package tocbibind makes putting commonly added chapters/sections (bibliography, TOC, index) to the TOC easier. It's integrated in the memoir class, while KOMA-Script classes support this purpose by class options such as bibliography=totoc.
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You've used \cleardoublepage, \phantomsection - could you be more specific about those two? – Grzegorz Wierzowiecki Feb 1 '12 at 18:47
_USER_ I updated my answer and explained the commands. – Stefan Kottwitz Feb 1 '12 at 19:04
Thank you, it's educative piece of tex code for learning latex :). – Grzegorz Wierzowiecki Feb 1 '12 at 19:11
add comment
Instead of tinkering with \cleardoublepage, \phantomsection, and \addcontentsline, I suggest to
 - use \chapter (the non-starred version) also for the Abstract and Acknowledgements,
 - set the secnumdepth counter to -2 (i.e., no sectioning level is numbered) before the Abstract,
 - resetsecnumdepth to 2 (default for the report class) before the first proper chapter.
Works also with hyperref.
\setcounter{secnumdepth}{-2}% default for "report" is 2
enter image description here
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Your Answer


text:
In 2007, the Child and Family Research Centre, NUI Galway, was commissioned by the PMC to evaluate Globe: All Ireland Programme for Immigrant Parents. From 2007 - 2009 a number of interim evaluation reports were submitted to the PMC on the development phase of the project and its resources. In 2009, following the extension of the project, the objectives of the evaluation were revised. These objectives, which underpin this final evaluation report, are as follows:
Examine and assess the pilot phase;
Examine and assess the uptake and use of the Information Packs by parents and practitioners;
Examine and assess the partnership working and development on a multi-sectoral and crossborder basis of the PMC, and more generally in meeting the needs of immigrant parents;
Examine and assess the mainstreaming of learning and good practice; and
Examine and assess the training/awareness raising and support of practitioners in delivering the programme.
- A very high number of potential future professionals received the capacity and awareness training day and globe toolkit. The PMC or member organisations should consider initiating contact and work with further/higher education institutions who received the capacity and awareness training and resources. Attempts should be made to track the extensive numbers of students who received the training and resources to examine future use in practice.
- In any potential revisions to the toolkit the possibility of adding signposts to online or hardcopy sources of information should be explored.
- Consider refining the information pack to reflect more local information, or signposting practitioners and parents to sources of local information.
- The provision of an electronic toolkit is a positive, cost-effective development in sustaining the globe. However, it is clear that the resources, in tandem with the capacity and awareness training day, have made the most impact. Any electronic circulation of the toolkit should be done so with consideration for the capacity and awareness training day developed by culturewise.
- In addition to this successful mainstreaming approach, the pmc or member organisations should consider a dissemination plan for the findings of this evaluation and learning from the toolkit more generally.


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Volunteer Education
All volunteers are required to complete volunteer education to ensure that patients and their families are receiving quality care from freshly trained volunteers.
Why do I have to read all of the materials; I already know this information
Completing the modules and quiz assures us you are competent in your volunteer role and serves as a refresher in areas critical to that role, such as patient and fire safety.
Do I need to do this every year?
Yes, this education is required annually.
Why are we completing this online?
Completing the education online helps us streamline annual requirements.
The following education must be reviewed and the education quiz must be printed, completed and returned to the volunteer office by the due date.
 1. Volunteer Education
 2. Volunteer education quiz & answer sheet
Thank you for choosing to volunteer your time at Randolph Health. You are a crucial member of our team, and we are proud of your dedication and commitment to making Randolph Health an excellent choice for healthcare.


Set Gutenberg Block Display Based Upon An iMember360 Conditional
Select a conditional to control Gutenberg block display
Steps to select a conditional to control Gutenberg block display
 1. Within the Gutenberg editor select the block to show the block settings in the settings sidebar. Navigate to the iMember360 tab and expand it if necessary.
 2. From the Control mode drop down ensure Conditional is selected.
 3. From the Display if the conditional evaluates drop down select whether the conditional needs to evaluate as True or False to display the block.
 4. From the Conditional drop down select the required conditional to be evaluated.
 Active conditionals are shown in the drop down with the suffix of (publish).
 5. Once the settings have been completed ensure Publish or Update is clicked to save the configuration.


text:
分类： 物理学 >> 核物理学 提交时间： 2016-09-13
摘要：An overview of neutrino electromagnetic properties, which open a door to the new physics beyond the Standard Model, is given. The effects of neutrino electromagnetic interactions both in terrestrial experiments and in astrophysical environments are discussed. The experimental bounds on neutrino electromagnetic characteristics are summarized. Future astrophysical probes of electromagnetic neutrinos are outlined.


text:
Increasing the rated speed of electric rotating machines can be considered as the current main trend in their development. This can achieve a decrease in dimensions of these machines and material savings. In case of very frequently used electric motors and generators with installed permanent magnets in rotors, it is necessary to deal with the issue concerning protection of individual rotor components against influence of centrifugal forces, i.e., mostly by means of various types of bandages.
The most frequent method of banding is solved by means of a tape from twisted glass fibres. However, this method of banding is only suitable for low and medium levels of stresses due to centrifugal forces. Bandages based on carbon or Kevlar fibres are intended for the highest levels of stresses due to centrifugal forces.
- Banding of rotors using a suitable bandage (Polyglas, Kevlar, carbon)
- Protection of rotors using a protecting sleeve


text:
Definition of Shotgun sequencing
Shotgun sequencing: An approach used to decode a genome by shredding ("shotgunning") it into smaller fragments of DNA which can then be individually sequenced. The sequences of these fragments are then ordered, based on overlaps in the genetic code, and finally reassembled into the complete sequence.
The "whole genome shotgun" method is applied to the entire genome all at once, while the "hierarchical shotgun" method is applied to large, overlapping DNA fragments of known location in the genome.Source: MedTerms™ Medical Dictionary
Last Editorial Review: 6/14/2012
Find out what women really need.


text:
Stability of toroidicity induced drift waves in divertor tokamaks
The stability of toroidicity induced drift waves in a tokamak equilibrium with magnetic separatrix is studied both analytically and numerically. In particular, the task of a proper determination of the complex ballooning parameter Ú(0) is performed by solving the stationarity condition for the eigenvalue. Results show qualitative dependence on the location of the x-point in the meridian plane. Specifically, locating the x-point in the equatorial plane, both on the outside and on the inside of the plasma, causes a deepening of the well structure in the potential for the eigenmode, so enforcing the inhibition of the shear damping and the marginal stability result obtained in the circular magnetic surfaces case. On the other hand, the location of the x-point at the top of the plasma produces a flattening of the well and restores the shear damping, yielding stabilisation of the mode. A new quasi-marginally stable branch, corresponding to modes localised around the x-point, is shown to exist at high values of the separatrix parameter k and x-point location close to the equatorial plane.
Bibliographic Reference: Report: RT/FUS/88/16 EN (1988)
Availability: Available from Servizio Studi e Documentazione, ENEA, Centro Ricerche Energia Frascati, C.P. 65-00044 Frascati, Roma (IT)
Record Number: 198911010 / Last updated on: 1994-12-01
Original language: en
Available languages: en


V2 Vocabulary Building Dictionary
Definition: gloomy or having a generally downcast personality
Synonyms: gloomy, sullen, depressed, melancholy, moody, sulky
Antonyms: cheerful, upbeat
Tips: Morose can refer to a specific gloomy mood, but it more often refers to someone who is unhappy and sullen in general. Morose is related to sullen. When you refuse to speak to or acknowledge someone because you are irritated or in a bad mood, you're being sullen. Morose refers more to being withdrawn, depressed, bitter and gloomy. For a memory trick, note how morose sounds like "more rose" or "no rose." Now, think of providing someone with "more roses" to cheer them up if they are morose. Or consider that someone who is morose may have received "no roses" in his or her life and that is why they are morose.
Usage Examples:
A quiet, morose man, he was never close to anyone. (sullen, depressed)
She could tell by his morose expression that he was unwilling to speak with her. (sulky, moody)
She always seems so sad and morose. (depressed, moody)
His morose attitude toward life did not make him popular with his peers. (sullen, melancholy)
Want to Learn More Words Like morose?
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Vocabulary 10 to 100 Times Faster with
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text:
Objective: The objective of this experiment is to study bending loss.
Whenever the condition for angle of incidence of the incident light is violated the losses are introduced due to refraction of light. This occurs when fiber is subjected to bending. Lower the radius of curvature more is the loss.
- Connect function generator square wave output to LED (emitter).
- Connect optical fiber between LED output and PIN (detector) input. An oscilloscope is connected to PIN (detector) output.
- Select the number of turn by clicking the options given. First click "1 Turn optical fiber" button.
- Click run continuously button to run the experiment.
- The received signal can be seen in the oscilloscope. Measure the amplitude of the received signal and name it V1.
- Then change the number of turns to 2 by clicking the option "2 turn optical fiber".
- Measure the amplitude of the received signal by oscilloscope and name it V2.
- Compare the value obtained previously with the latest one. It can be seen easily that due to bends, loss occurs in the cable.
- Explain through sketch how bending loss occur?
- How are micro bending losses reduced?
- Gerd Keiser, Optical Fiber Communications, Tata McGraw Hill, 2008.


A cylinder of gas used for welding contains helium at 3000 psig and room temperature. The cylinder is knocked over, its valve is broken off, and gas escapes through a converging passage. The minimum flow area is 0.10 in2 at the outlet section where the gas flow is uniform. Find (a) the mass flow rate at which gas leaves the cylinder and (b) the instantaneous acceleration of the cylinder (assume the cylinder axis is horizontal and its mass is 125 lb).
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text:
At some point, all pitchers hit their hip while pitching. It happens when they fail to create enough room alongside their bodies for their arm, hand and ball. So how do pitchers create space?
It depends on the athlete. Great pitchers learn to adjust their body mechanics to create spacing. Yet it's important to note that each player does this in different ways because mechanics vary from player to player. Learn more about creating space from UCLA's Kirk Walker and why he cautions against changing a pitcher's natural "pitching DNA" too much.


Gtk2::Ex::TreeViewBits - various helpers for Gtk2::TreeView
 use Gtk2::Ex::TreeViewBits;
Gtk2::Ex::TreeViewBits::toggle_expand_row ($treeview, $path)
Toggle the row at $path between expanded or collapsed. $path is a Gtk2::TreePath.
This is a simple combination of check row_expanded then either expand_row or collapse_row. It's handy for making a toggle in the style of the Space key (toggle-cursor-row), but say on a button press rather than the cursor row.
See examples/ in the Gtk2-Ex-WidgetBits sources for a complete program using this under a row-activate signal.
Gtk2::Ex::TreeViewBits::remove_selected_rows ($treeview)
Remove the currently selected rows of $treeview from the underlying TreeModel. If nothing is selected then do nothing.
Rows are removed using $model->remove() as per Gtk2::ListStore or Gtk2::TreeStore. The model doesn't have to be a ListStore or TreeStore, only something with a compatible remove() method.
Currently this is implemented by tracking rows to be removed using a Gtk2::TreeRowReference on each and removing them one by one. This isn't fast, but is safe against additional changes to the model or the selection during the removals.
Gtk2::Ex::TreeViewBits::scroll_cursor_to_path ($treeview, $path)
Move the TreeView cursor to $path, expanding and scrolling if necessary to ensure the row is then visible.
This function is a combination of expand_row(), set_cursor() and scroll_to_cell(), except the scroll is skipped if $path is already fully visible. Avoiding a scroll is good because it avoids content jumping around when merely moving to different nearby rows.
When a scroll is done the row is centred in the $treeview window. If the row is bigger than the window then it's positioned at the start of the window.
As of Gtk 2.12.12, if a TreeView is in fixed-height-mode and the last row is unexpanded then a scroll_cursor_to_path() to a sub-row of it doesn't scroll correctly. It expands, moves the cursor, but the scroll goes only to that last parent row, not the intended sub-row. Believe this is a bug in Gtk.
Gtk2::TreeView, Gtk2::Ex::WidgetBits


text:
airwalkrr's Out of the Abyss
Fighters are the most common adventuring class in the World of Greyhawk. Fighters can be found anywhere in the Flanaess, from cities, towns, and castles to rural communities, nomad tribes, and bandit hideouts. It is a straightforward profession, and the training of a fighter is well-suited to the task of survival in a dangerous world which is still mostly wilderness.
Champions are the most common types of fighters. Their skill is reliable and effective. They are often found as elite guards, shock troops and knights.
Battle masters are more unusual among fighters, but their training in martial techniques is invaluable to armies, mercenary companies, and bandits. They have a reputation as specialists in their field who augment the abilities of others, often focusing on combat maneuvers that synergize with their allies.
Eldritch knights are a rare sight. Blending arcane magic and fighting is difficult to accomplish effectively and requires a great deal of training and dedication to both magic and martial skill. Elves are the most common to practice the art, as they live long lives which gives them time to hone this craft.


text:
Firefighter clothing is known to restrict movement and increase the risk of musculoskeletal injury. The aim of this study was to investigate dierences between clothing variations and firefighter mobility. Data were collected from eight firefighters using a randomized counterbalanced, repeated measures, design. Three dierent clothing variants (V1–V3) in addition to current station wear (S) were trialed. Combinations of S and V1 (SV1) and V2 (SV2) were also trialed. Outcome measures included: standing reach height; the Functional Movement Screen [FMS]; vertical jump; a visual analogue scale [VAS] for the FMS, vertical jump, step ups and crawl; and a mannequin sketch to mark
areas of discomfort. V3 was preferred over S in all tasks and performed better both objectively (FMS and vertical jump) and subjectively (VAS scores). While V1 was typically associated with poorer performance, the impacts of V1 and V2 when compared to each other and S varied depending on the tasks performed. This variation was greater when V1 or V2 were worn with S (SV1 and SV2). Areas of discomfort across all variations was the knees, followed by the thighs. Clothing that has the least impact on, or improves, mobility (especially around the lower limbs) may help reduce firefighter injury and limit subjective discomfort.


[Easy Ways] How to Fix a Bricked Phone
Android brick has multiple forms and it can occur to any device at any time. If your phone is behaving abnormally or is simply refusing to turn on, it is likely bricked and needs to be fixed using an appropriate fix method.
The following guide shows how you can find out if your phone is bricked, and if it is, what brick form it is and how to unbrick Android phone of yours. It covers everything you need to know about various bricks of Android based phones and tablets.
Part 1. How is Your Phone Bricked: Soft Brick, Hard Brick or Broken?
Before you find any methods on how to fix a bricked phone, it is important to know what bricked form your phone is in. Whether it is a soft brick, a hard brick, or it is completely broken. Match the symptoms of your device against the ones given below and you should be able to find it out.
1. What is Soft Brick?
A soft brick is the lowest form of an Android brick and these phones can actually easily be recovered. Your phone will show the following symptoms when it is soft bricked.
2. What is Hard Brick?
A hard brick is a more severe form of an Android brick. In this case, your phone will likely become unusable. Your phone will likely not turn on despite you pressing the Power button numerous times. Also, any other methods to revive the phone will also fail.
 - The phone won't turn on in any way or any formp
3. What is a Broken Android Device?
A broken Android device is a device that has one or many of its hardware components literally broken. This means a cable or any other part on your device has been damaged to the extent that it no longer does what it needs to do. As a result, your phone will not function.
Part 2. How to Fix the Soft Bricked Android Phone?
If yours is a soft bricked phone, then you have some really easy ways to fix it.
1. One click to Unbrick Android with Android System Recovery Tool
Tenorshare ReiBoot for Android is a one click unbrick tool for Android that helps you fix your soft bricked Android phones and tablets. It resolves the issues related with the core system that in turn fixes all other issues on your phone. It can be useful when your device shows the following symptoms.
When to Using ReiBoot to Fix Bricked Android?
 - A software error/crash occurred
 - Software problem occurred in the device mainly during OS upgrade or flashing
 - You fail to root the device properly
 - Installing malicious software on your Android phone or get virus attacked
How to Use ReiBoot to Fix Bricked Android?
If you would like to use it, the following shows how to unbrick a phone using the ReiBoot for Android software.
 - Download and launch the software. Click on Repair Android System.
 repair android system
 Image 1. Connect Android Device
 - Click on Repair Now.
 repair now
 Image 2. Repair Now
 - Enter your phone details and hit Next and wait for it to download the firmware.
 provide device details
 Image 3. Download Firmware Package
 - Click on Repair Now and wait for it to repair your phone.
 start repair
 Image 4. Start Repair
Your phone should now be repaired.
2. Wipe Your Data and Cache If Your Phone Keeps Rebooting:
When you are flashing a custom ROM, your Android phone will keep rebooting. This is because you forget to wipe all the data or cache of the previous ROM. The following is how to unbrick Android with this method.
 - Get your phone enters into the recovery mode, This method take ClockworkMod Recovery for example.
 - Use your volume keys to navigate the menus, and your power button to select menu items. Scroll down to Advanced, and choose "Wipe Dalvik Cache".
 - When that's finished, go back to the main screen and choose "Wipe Cache Partition".
 - Go to "Wipe Data/Factory Reset" to delete all your settings and apps, but you should still be using the correct ROM.
 wipe cache
 Pic 1. wipe cache
3. Flash a New ROM If Your Phone Boots Straight Into Recovery
If you boot up your phone straightly into ClockworkMod, then there's likely an issue with the ROM you flashed. In this case, you'll need to reflash new ROM.
 - Download the appropriate ROM (typically contained in a ZIP file) to an SD card.
 - Insert the SD card into your device.
 - Select Install updates from SD card.
 - Select the ZIP file containing the ROM.
 - Select Reboot system now.
 flash new rom
 Pic 2. flash new rom
Part 3. How to Fix the Hard Bricked Android Phone?
If your phone is hard bricked, the following methods on how to fix a hard bricked phone should help you.
1. Revive with a USB Jig
A few phones can be revived with a USB Jig. A USB jig is a small device that you can connect to your phone USB port and puts the phone into Download Mode to reinstall the stock firmware. You can find these for cheap on Amazon or eBay, but only for a very small number of devices.
usb jig
Pic 3. usb ji
2. Take It to A Repair Store
If no matter how hard you try, it won't work at all. Then you need take it back to your carrier's store or the nearest repair store and let them fix it for you.
That is how you fix a hard bricked phone.
Part 4. How to Fix the Broken Android Device?
If your phone is in the most severe condition, which is broken, then you can try the following ways to fix it. These methods do not use any Android unbrick tool.
1. Repair or Replace the Electrical Component
If your Android is broken especially after water damaged, dropped down, contact your manufacturer for the nearest service centre to find out the part of your phone that is damaged and have it replaced with a new one.
2. Buy a New Device
If the phone is damaged beyond repair, your last choice should be to get a new device.
Our guide above shows how to unbrick Android without recovery and with recovery so you can fix your phones regardless of how they are bricked: soft bricked, hard bricked or broken. We hope it really helps you out. If your Android phone stuck on recovery mode, headphone mode, bootloop, etc. ReiBoot for Android is really a professional Android fix software for you.
 Updated on 2020-02-19 / Update for Fix Android
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