Top Vacuum Technology For Space Simulators
Top Vacuum Technology For Space Simulators
January 18, 2021
by Katy Manning
Each year has brought along with it a long list of space-related achievements including new satellites orbiting the planet and different tech products brought to market. This includes specific projects that have been managed by some of the biggest names in the industry such as SPACE-X. The goal of these companies is to maximize new-age tech and bring the world to a new level.
Keeping this in mind, it has become important to analyze vacuum technology for space simulators.
Here is a look at what this tech is all about and how it works.
What is Vacuum Pressure?
In general, space tends to work with air pressure that begins at 100km above sea level. The air pressure that is seen in this space is cited as 0.27 pa. Certain satellites are set at a low earth orbit that can still handle pressure related to gas. Due to this, the satellites tend to lose their height with each passing day.
Vacuum pressure is focused on atmosphere-related pressure that is around an object. In this case, it would have to do with space simulators.
The pressure that is calculated tends to be measured within PSIV.
Since companies don't want to go headfirst into launching random satellites into space, they take the time to test everything on Earth. To do this, they have to mimic the conditions the satellite is going to be dealing with regularly. This is why vacuum technology plays a role in what is being done.
The goal is to make sure everything is tested down to the last detail before launching the satellite.
Space Simulations
The vacuum chamber is set up when it is time to go through a series of space simulations. This means the vacuum range is set up at 10-07 - 10-06. The test tends to be done in this range while fluctuating through different temperature points. The idea behind changing the temperature is to focus on when the sun is going to be closer and when it is not.
There are times when certain vacuum chambers are going to be specifically designed to simulate solar wind too. This is done to handle that kind of pressure without breaking down.
The satellite goes through rigorous testing within this pressure to make sure it continues to work the way it is supposed to. In the end, it is not just about surviving, but also making sure the performance of the satellite doesn't diminish.
Vacuum Testing Requirements
To set up the vacuum chamber, the goal is to take out all of the natural air and begin pumping gases into the chamber with the objects around. This tends to interact with water vapor to create a composition that is tweaked to mimic specific pressure.
This is a key detail to think about when it comes to prepping the entire system.
There are specific blower systems that are used to do this and maintain the pressure. This is the only way to ensure the pressure hits a specific point and then remains there as well. This is key when it comes to managing oil-free vacuum systems that are going to keep the satellite running the way it is supposed to under pressure.
It's important to note, these blower systems can be played around with the handle different pressure points. There are times "toughing" is done with the use of dry screw pumps to create additional pressure.
Thermal Shroud
Let's assume the pressure inside the vacuum chamber is perfect and it is time to start testing the satellites. This is great, but the conditions in space are not always going to be constant. This is why scientists take the time to go through each detail including variable temperatures.
A thermal shroud can assist with this and can make sure heat radiation is controlled down to the last detail.
It is also possible to bring the temperature down with the inclusion of specific cold plates. This can be done with the use of larger chambers and liquid nitrogen.
Space simulators are all about testing objects, so making small tweaks such as this can go a long way. This is also a good way to make sure the leaks don't become uncontrollable.
Dealing with a high-grade vacuum is all about maximizing performance and testing the right way. This is where a thermal shroud can help.
Final Thoughts
Space simulators are a must when it comes to seeing what can and can't be done with specific satellites. Having all of this information not only helps right now but also makes it easier to set up advancements that push the space industry forward without taking on major losses.
This equipment is powerful, easy to set up, and offers long-term value that is a must when testing. The tech continues to get better with time and continues to add value to upcoming space projects.
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Gong Healing In Nepal
Overview of Gong Healing in Nepal
Gong is a musical instrument, which is played for spiritual blessings, meditation, and ceremonies. It is made by hand with love and care. It is also used for healing purposes. Gong healing in Nepal is a process of rinsing the whole body and mind of a person with the help of healing sound from the gong.
Gong healing in Nepal is a debatable topic to discuss around. It is very popular because of its positive effect on human health. Gong healing is a very simple process. Just put the gong into the play and the healing sound produced by gong will help you to experience one of the best chances in the world.
Gong Healing and Training in Nepal
When the gong is played softly, the soothing sound from gong helps to heal the individual and brings the necessary positive change in the body. The reason why gong is played softly is to create a relaxing sound instead of noise.
Actually, Gong healing in Nepal is done by laying down in a comfortable position and resting the whole body, mind, and spirit." Gong healing feels like a psychedelics journey without taking any psychedelics." Says, practitioners.
We provide Gong healing in Nepal to heal your mind and focuses on spirituality and recovery. Curing any disease with the help of gong will be far more beneficial than medical treatment. This is because gong healing not only cures symptoms but also will reduce every way for the disease to get back.
gonghow to play gong
Benefits of Gong Healing
Gong healing in Nepal has been so popular nowadays and the craze of people towards this is increasing. This is because of the benefits of gong healing. The benefits of gong healing are:
 1. Gongs are useful in solving emotional, spiritual, physiological, and physical distance.
 2. Healing of gong stimulates glandular, nervous, and exocrine systems.
 3. It is very helpful because it transforms worse emotional and mental conditions into better ones.
 4. Healing using gong is very useful to clear the negative thoughts from our minds.
There are so many advantages to the human health of gong healing. This is the reason why Gong healing in Nepal is getting hype.
How does gong healing work?
Gong healing is one of man's most powerful and oldest inventions in history. When the metal of gong is excited than the electrons become highly charged electromagnetically and forms a field of Plasmon.
Thus produced plasmon field is created off the gong and the listener hears the soothing sound. When the gong is revved up again, the plasmon field expands. Therefore, in this way when we strike the gong with a mallet, the sound is produced.
The sound produced by gong differs in a way that the mallet is struck into the metal. In general, gong produces three types of sound and they are dark, metallic, and majestic. It makes a resonant echoing sound. The peculiarly sonorous sound from gong is the best thing to heal disorders.
how to play gong
This healing offers not only the mediation process from gong but will also help an individual to grow up strong. The healing changes time and locality.
Gong healing is an ideal tool for stress reduction, stimulation of the glandular system, and to break up emotional blockages. When the gong is skilfully played, it resonates and stimulates all the human cells unblocking happiness hormones.
The gong healing generates powerful multi-dimensional ripples of sound that steams the whole body. The OM sound of gong healing creates total silence within.
Gong healing in Nepal has just got a platform but the graph is increasing rapidly. The craze of people towards this is growing steadily. Gong healing in Nepal should be promoted in the best way


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From a total population of 88,975, Westminster has a median age of 40. The average age of males, in Westminster, is 39.1 while the average age of females is 40.6. When you compare this to median age of California, Westminster is 4.4 years older.
The median income of individuals, in Westminster, is $22,821 while the average household income is $53,660. When comparing the median income of people living in Westminster to the rest of California, the average income in Westminster is $7,085 less.

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I have created an Java web application and deployed it on AWS Elastic Beanstalk. It;s working fine with its database.
Now, in my project users have the option to upload documents, pdfs and images. This is creating problems. In the local system I am using./ as the path for saving uploaded documents but on Amazon I don't know where to store these uploaded documents and how to assign a path.
So far I've done the following, which is all working okay.
 1. Uploaded a project on AWS Elastic Beanstalk.
 2. Created a database using AWS RDS.
 3. Both application and database are communicating with each other.
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Is there a special reason for storing files in RDS?
for storing files I suggest you use S3 instead of RDS. Use the amazon SDK to do it, see,%20java.lang.String,,
Of course, your file-saving code should be pluggable, with at least two implementations. One implementation saving the file to the local disk and another for storing it in S3. your startup code should wire the correct implementation.
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yes once you store it in (AWS) S3 bucket, get the credential details of it and create a credentials file
Much easier! :)
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Tree List
Simple Array: Plain Structure
To bind the TreeList to an array that contains plain-structured data objects, do the following:
 1. Assign the array to the dataSource property.
 2. Specify the data fields that contain node keys in the keyExpr property and parent node keys in the parentIdExpr property.
 3. Specify the root node's key in the rootValue property if it is not 0.
The TreeList builds a tree from plain data objects based on the specified properties.
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Health science refers to a large group of disciplines related to the delivery of health care to humans through the application of science, engineering, mathematics and technology. It is the field in which knowledge is taken from pure science and other related sources and applied to practical and clinical practices to maintain and improve the health of living beings.
This exciting field provides students an opportunity to grow and evolve within a vital industry. Our CTE pathway of health science courses to come include:
- Introduction to Health Science & Careers (Coming January 2022)
- Health Science Technology Exploration (Coming Fall 2022)
- Patient Care & Diagnostics Capstone (Coming 2022-2023 School Year)
- Biotechnology & Lab Science Capstone (Coming 2022-2023 School Year)
- Health Informatics & IT Capstone (Coming 2022-2023 School Year)
Download the Health Science Courses — Pathway Outline to the right to learn more about what these courses will entail. To learn more about our upcoming offerings and how you can bring health science to your students, inquire with your STEM Fuse representative or contact us!


Double A-Frame Monkey Bridge
—> View Video of Bridge Construction
Adjusting knots and lashings after the first test crossing.
The well-known, time-tested, traditional Monkey Bridge is perhaps the most familiar of all Scout pioneering projects. It's frequently featured at Scout Expos, Camporees, Scout Camps, and is often a central attraction at public gatherings where Scouting is represented.
The following instructions and guidelines are provided by Adolph Peschke, taken from the 1993 edition of the Pioneering Merit Badge Pamphlet:
Link to: Older Pamphlet InfoUsing a double A-frame to build a monkey bridge is a departure from the usual X-frame that supports the foot rope and hand ropes. This new method has two distinct advantages over the X- frame version. First, the double A-frame provides a wider base making it less likely to tip over. The second advantage is that the positions of the A-frames can be adjusted so the span between the hand ropes can be narrowed for better balance as you make the crossing.
Building the A-frames. The first step in building the monkey bridge is to build four A-frames using the 8-foot spars for the two legs, and 6-foot spars for the ledger. Lay out the first set of three spars (two legs and one ledger) on the ground in position for lashing. Before lashing, drive three stakes, as follows, to help you make all four A-frames the same size: Drive a stake at the top to mark where the leg spars cross. Then drive stakes to mark the positions of where the bottom ledger crosses the legs. This will also indicate how far the legs are spread apart. Now you can lash the four A-frames together, laying them out one at a time using the stakes. Remember that all three lashings on the A-frames are square lashings, even though the spars cross at less than 90˚ angle.
Schematic of A-frame alignment
Double A-frame. When you have four A-frames, you can lash two of them together to form a double A-frame. (see figure 140). Lay one A-frame on the ground and then put another on top of it so that the bottom ledgers overlap one-half their length (approximately 3 feet). The first step in lashing the A-frames together is to go up where the two legs cross (the X formed by one leg from each A-frame). Then with a good tight square lashing, lash the two legs together.
Note: The point where these two legs are lashed together is where the foot rope will rest. You can adjust the overlap of the two A-frames to adjust how high the foot rope will be off the ground. Also note where the tops of the A-frames are, because this is where the hand ropes will be. To complete the double A-frame, stand it up so the butt ends of all four legs rest solidly on level ground. Lash the two bottom ledgers together where they overlap with three strop lashings. Now repeat the entire process to build the second double A-frame.
Laying out the distance between A-frames and anchors
Site preparation. Before you can erect the double A-frames, you need to prepare the site. Begin by stretching a length of binder twine along the center line of where the monkey bridge is to be built. Working from the center, measure 10 feet toward each end to mark where the A-frames are to be placed. They should be 20 feet apart. Then mark out another 10′ from each A-frame to where the anchors are to be built.
Note: These dimensions are for building a bridge with a 20-foot span. This is the maximum span for a bridge using a 50-foot rope. The extra 30 feet of rope is needed to have 15 feet of rope at each end for the proper distance from the A-frames to the anchors (10 feet) and for the knots at the anchors (5 feet).
Build the anchors. The foot rope will be attached to anchors at both ends. Before erecting the double A-frames, build a 3-2-1 anchor, or a log and stake anchor, 10 feet from where the A-frames will be erected (see figure 141).
Rope grommet. After the anchors are built, attach a rope grommet with a ring or shackle in it. (You can make the rope grommet with a 10-foot length of 1/2-inch diameter polypropylene rope. Tie the ends together using a carrick bend, and permanently secure the ends with some strong twine).
Position the A-frames. Prepare to erect the monkey bridge by moving the A-frames into position no more than 20 feet apart. Lay them down on the binder twine that marks the center line of the bridge.
Hand and foot ropes. Now you can prepare the foot and hand ropes for the monkey bridge. Lay the foot rope in a straight line off to the side of where the A-frames are laying. Then lay the two hand ropes on the ground next to each other so they're parallel to the foot rope and 42 inches away.
Stringer ropes. Now you can add the stringer ropes that will go from the foot rope to the hand ropes. Start by tying the center of an 8-foot long stringer rope (use 1/4-inch manila rope) at the center of the foot rope, using a clove hitch. The stringer rope is tied around the foot rope so that both ends are 4 feet long. Add two more stringer ropes on both sides of the center stringer rope (so there are five stringer ropes in all), tying them about 4 feet apart. Tie one end of each stringer rope to one of the hand ropes, again using a clove hitch. Then do the same with the other ends of the stringer ropes, attaching them to the other hand rope.
Assemble the bridge. You're just about ready to assemble the bridge. First place a piece of heavy canvas (called a "saddle") in the V formed by both double A-frames. This will protect the foot rope and allow it to slide a little in the V without interfering with the lashing rope.
Schematic of foot, hand ropes and anchors
Now get the crew together to erect the bridge. You will need a safety officer to watch for any problems that might occur, and a signal caller to tell the crew members what to do. You will need two Scouts to lift and hold each double A-frame in place, two more Scouts to lift the foot rope into the V of the double A-frames, and two more Scouts to lift the two hand ropes into place at the tops of the A-frames. Lift everything into place. Then, holding the A-frames steady, temporarily tie the hand and foot ropes into the rings of the grommets using a roundturn and two half hitches (see figure 142).
Tighten the foot rope. Now you can put a strain on the foot rope. It's not necessary to use block and tackle since this will put too much strain on the lashings, anchors, and the foot rope itself when there is a load on the bridge.* Whatever strain three or four Scouts can put on the foot rope by pulling it by hand will be enough. As soon as the bridge is used a few times, there will be a sag in the rope. This is fine because it means that you are working with reduced strain on the foot rope as a safety measure.
Tighten the hand ropes. Next, tie the hand ropes to the top ends of the A-frames. First, loosen one end at a time from the anchors. Then, use a clove hitch to tie the hand rope to the top end of the leg of the double A-frame. As you're tying these clove hitches, adjust the strain on the sections of the hand ropes between the double A-frames to match the sag of the foot rope. Also, adjust the length of the stringer ropes so there is even strain between the foot rope and both hand ropes. After the hand ropes are tied to the tops of the A-frames, move down and retie the ends of the hand ropes to the rings in the grommets using a roundturn and two half hitches.
Final testing. With caution, one crew member can get on the bridge as all lashings, anchors, and knots are observed by the safety officer and all other crew members. Make adjustments as required. Then secure the running ends of the hand ropes and foot rope with a piece of cord. Safe operation calls for only one Scout to be on the foot rope of the monkey bridge at a time.
 - eight 4-inch x 8-foot A-frame legs
 - four 3-inch x 6-foot ledgers
 - fourteen 1/4-inch x 15-foot lashing ropes for Square Lashings
 - one 1/2-inch or 3/4-inch x 50-foot rope
 - two 1/2-inch x 50-foot hand ropes
 - five 1/4-inch x 8-foot stringer ropes
 - six 1/4-inch x 10-foot lashing ropes for Strop Lashings
 - six pioneering stakes for each 3-2-1 anchor
 - eight pioneering stakes for each log-and-st


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The increasing popularity of ambient assisted living solutions is claiming adaptive and scalable tools to monitor activities of daily living. Currently, most sensor-based activity recognition techniques rely on supervised learning algorithms. However, the acquisition of comprehensive training sets of activities in smart homes is expensive and violates the individual's privacy. In this work, we address this problem by proposing a novel hybrid approach that couples collaborative active learning with probabilistic and knowledge-based reasoning. The rationale of our approach is that a generic, and possibly incomplete, knowledge-based model of activities can be refined to target specific individuals and environments by collaboratively acquiring feedback from inhabitants. Specifically, we propose a collaborative active learning method exploiting users' feedback to (i) refine correlations among sensor events and activity types that are initially extracted from a high-level ontology, and (ii) mine temporal patterns of sensor events that are frequently generated by the execution of specific activities. A Markov Logic Network is used to recognize activities with probabilistic rules that capture both the ontological knowledge and the information obtained by active learning. We experimented our solution with a real-world dataset of activities carried out by several individuals in an interleaved fashion. Experimental results show that our collaborative and personalized active learning solution significantly improves recognition rates, while triggering a small number of feedback requests. Moreover, the overall recognition rates compare favorably with existing supervised and unsupervised activity recognition methods.
newNECTAR : Collaborative active learning for knowledge-based probabilistic activity recognition / G. Civitarese, C. Bettini, T. Sztyler, D. Riboni, H. Stuckenschmidt. - In: PERVASIVE AND MOBILE COMPUTING. - ISSN _PHONE_. - 56(2019 May), pp. 88-105.
|Titolo:||newNECTAR : Collaborative active learning for knowledge-based probabilistic activity recognition|
CIVITARESE, GABRIELE (Corresponding)
|Parole Chiave:||pervasive computing; activity recognition; active learning; temporal pattern mining|
|Settore Scientifico Disciplinare:||Settore INF/01 - Informatica|
|Data di pubblicazione:||mag-2019|
|Digital Object Identifier (DOI):||_URL_
|Appare nelle tipologie:||01 - Articolo su periodico|


Police in Brazil Killed Record Amount of People in 2020
An average of 17 people a day, totaling at least 6,416 people, were killed by police in Brazil during the year of 2020. These staggering totals set the highest amount ever recorded since tracking police killings in the country of over 211 million people. The 2020 numbers, compiled by the Brazilian Public Security Forum, are a 190% increase from 2013. Black Brazilians were killed at the highest rate, accounting for 79% of the deaths by police while only representing 56% of the population.
Non-profit Brazilian Public Security Forum released the data in their annual Brazilian Yearbook of Public Security which analyzes information provided by state, public security, civil, military, and federal police, among other sources. Over 11,000 people were killed by police during the five-year period of 2009-2013, averaging around 2,240 killings a year by police.
The vast majority of the families of those killed by police never receive justice and the lack of accountability has led to the Human Rights Watch seeking a dedicated prosecutorial body, not directly connected to the police, to handle cases of police abuse.
Large criminal organizations controlling swaths of heavily populated Brazilian cities are deeply connected to security forces controlled by the military and state and draw their roots from the two decades of Brazilian military dictatorship that ended in 1985. Evidence shows police involvement in criminal factions, militias, and death squads, like those linked to President Jair Bolsonaro's family that killed Marielle Franco in 2018, a human rights advocate and politician. These connections have helped to fuel the rise in police killings and allow for little accountability.
Marielle Franco tribute mural in São Paulo, Brazil – photo via Elias Rovielo/Creative Commons
Related: Echoes of George Floyd in Brazil: Man Kneeled On, Killed by Security Guard
In the state of Rio de Janeiro, well known worldwide for its city with the same name, beautiful beaches and its nightlife, police killed 1,245 people in 2020. Based on the population of the state, one in every 12,851 residents are killed by police. Comparatively, police killed 1,126 people in the U.S. in 2020, which is one in every 291,296 residents. According to research collective Mapping Police Violence, of the 1,126 killed by U.S. police last year, 28% were Black, despite the Black population being only 13% of the total country.
Ultimately, the numbers from Brazil are staggering in comparison to the U.S. In the state of Rio de Janeiro, the police are 2,167 times more likely to kill you in than in the U.S.
Police operation in the communities of Cantagalo-Pavão-Pavãozinho, Rio de Janeiro – photo via Fernando Frazão/Agência Brasil/Creative Commons
The state of Rio de Janeiro also recorded seven of the top ten cities with the highest rates of police violence: Japeri, Itaguaí, Angra dos Reis, São Gonçalo, Queimados, Mesquita and Belford Roxo.
Those killings have continued in 2021, despite the Federal Supreme Court (STF) prohibiting police raids in the favelas (ADFP 635) during the COVID-19 pandemic.
In late March 2021, Rio de Janeiro resident, Thainã de Meideiros, told Unicorn Riot that although ordered to stop raids, the police keep "coming up with excuses" to violate the legislative ruling.
Meideiros is part of the Papo Reto Collective, an organization focused on human rights, culture, harm reduction, health, and education in Complexo do Alemão, a large group of favelas in Rio de Janeiro.
Papo Reto was among a coalition of other collectives, including Black movement groups and those ran by mothers and relatives of lost loved ones from the favelas, as the initial groups to conjure up the motions that the STF ruled upon, the ADPF 635, or 'ADPF of the Favelas'. Setting a historical precedent, with ADPF 635 enacted, these collectives are recognized as amici curiae (advisors with the court based on their special expertise).
An ADPF is a Claim of Non-Compliance with a Fundamental Precept, a lawsuit claiming a violation of the Brazilian constitution by a governmental agency. Citing excessive police violence and new security policies allowing further abuses, the lawsuit was filed by the Brazilian Socialist Party (PSB) in 2019.
In August 2020, the STF confirmed the claim of non-compliance and ordered the halting of violent police operations. Yet, police operations continued in certain favelas. In April 2021, Supreme Court Justice Edson Fachin ruled in favor of requests in the motions and in June 2021, the STF issued an emergency restraining order on the police.
In short, it is proposed that the State of Rio de Janeiro prepare and submit to the STF, within a maximum period of 90 (ninety) days, a plan aimed at reducing police lethality and controlling human rights violations by the security forces in Rio de Janeiro, which contains objective measures, specific timetables and forecast of the necessary resources for its implementation. In addition, ADPF 635 addresses the following topics: end of the use of helicopters in police operations, protection of schools, guarantee of the right to participation and social control in public security policies, allowing participation and access to justice, expertise, and evidence to civil society and social movements as one of the main tools in resolving investigations into cases of murder and enforced disappearances.
ADPF 635 – Public Ministry of the State of Rio de Janeiro
Enforcing the 'ADPF of the Favelas' has, however, proven difficult after the STF ruling. Civil and military police made what many deem as reprisal killings in several districts to show they don't answer to the courts. Prosecutors have also been overruling Access to Information laws and making police records inaccessible to the public. For a deeper look into ADPF 635, see RioOnWatch's two part installment: 1, 2.
Meideiros lives in Complexo do Alemão, Rio de Janeiro, which has seen its share of military and police occupations and terror. Three months before STF ordered the suspension of police operations, 13 people were killed by police in one operation in Complexo do Alemão.
Just 15 minutes away from Alemão is Jacarezinho, Rio de Janeiro. On May 6, 2021, authorities committed the deadliest massacre in Brazilian history, killing 28 people during a failed police operation targeting drug traffickers in the favela. One officer died during the operation that lasted nearly seven hours with many of the 28 deaths occurring execution style.
The police denied wrongdoing, saying there were no irregularities or excesses of abuse. The operation had the initial objective of arresting 21 people under investigation, and led to the death of 28, not all of whom had arrest warrants. Three were arrested in total. This initially led to many organizations and even governmental agencies coming out in defense of the dead and the residents before falling silent with the fear of possible retaliation looming.
Over time, the "massacre" of Jacarezinho has fallen into national oblivion. Despite the murderous raid being so recent, there are almost no media discussions or local or national conversation about the operation anymore. This can likely be attributed to the fact that many peripheral Brazilians (those living in the favelas and peripheries of inner cities) have become desensitized to this type of violence. Decades of military occupations and urban pacification by armed authorities in Brazil have caused widespread cognitive dissonance and mental trauma.
"In no country in the world would the 28 deaths in one police intervention have been accepted and forgotten. But, we are in Brazil and here everything ends up in samba and/or pizza.
Anonymous Brazilian
Beyond Rio de Janeiro, there were over 5,000 more people killed by police throughout the country last year, including 814 killed in São Paulo. In lower-income territories, police abusing their authority is common and mistrust occurs between them and the community they serve.
Police occupies the Lins de Vasconcelos favela in northern Rio de Janeiro – photo via Gustavo Oliveira/Creative Commons
Due to continuing police killings, many states are taking steps in attempts to reduce the number of deaths. A total of 18 police battalions in the state of São Paulo now have body cameras. This has resulted in a 53% reduction in the amount of police killings in the state and in June 2021 no one was killed by officers outfitted with cameras. Yet, military police not outfitted with cameras killed 22 that month.
Even with the new measures starting to be enacted to quell police terror throughout the country, already 6,160 people in Brazil have been killed as of September 7, 2021; pacing the country for another record-setting year of police killings.
Cover image by Gustavo Oliveira/Creative Commons. Translation of Portuguese to English by Jules Rey.
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Poster for Jewish Luck (1925) by Natan Altman
Jewish Luck was among the first Soviet Yiddish films to be released in the US during the 1920s. Based on Sholem Aleichem's series of stories featuring the character Menakhem Mendl (played by the famous actor Solomon Mikhoels) the film revolves around the daydreaming entrepreneur Menakhem Mendl who specializes in doomed strike-it-rich schemes. Despite Jewish oppression by Tsarist Russia, Menakhem Mendl continues to pursue his dreams and his continued persistence transforms him from schlemiel to hero as the film uncovers the tragic underpinnings of Sholem Aleichem's comic tales. Notes Village Voice critic Georgia Brown, "The movie's best intertitle translated from Isaac Babel's Russian: 'What can you do when there is nothing to do?'"
A dramatized version of the Menkhem Mendl stories was first staged by the Moscow Yiddish State Theater, under the direction of Alexander Granovsky, who later made this silent film. Jewish Luck features some of the finest artistic talents of Soviet Jewry during this period. It has been speculated that the cinematography done by Eduard Tissé inspired the filming of certain scenes in one of his later projects, Sergei Eisenstein's The Battleship Potemkin (particularly the famous "Odessa steps" scene of that film, the same setting as the Jewish Luck finale). The original Russian intertitles were written by Soviet Jewish writer Isaac Babel, who later became a victim of the Stalinist purges in the late 1930s.

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_USER_{NBERw14349, title = "Real-Time Measurement of Business Conditions", author = "S. Boragan Aruoba and Francis X. Diebold and Chiara Scotti", institution = "National Bureau of Economic Research", type = "Working Paper", series = "Working Paper Series", number = "14349", year = "2008", month = "September", doi = {10.3386/w14349}, URL = "_URL_ abstract = {We construct a framework for measuring economic activity at high frequency, potentially in real time. We use a variety of stock and flow data observed at mixed frequencies (including very high frequencies), and we use a dynamic factor model that permits exact filtering. We illustrate the framework in a prototype empirical example and a simulation study calibrated to the example.}, }


text:
- Enter a word for the dictionary definition.
From The Collaborative International Dictionary of English v.0.48:
Water gall \Wa"ter gall'\ 1. A cavity made in the earth by a torrent of water; a washout. [1913 Webster] 2. A watery appearance in the sky, accompanying the rainbow; a secondary or broken rainbow. [1913 Webster] These water galls, in her dim element, Foretell new storms to those already spent. --Shak. [1913 Webster] False good news are [is] always produced by true good, like the water gall by the rainbow. --Walpole. [1913 Webster]


how does a blender bottle work - best blenders for smoothies
How Does Blender Bottle Work – Working of a Blender
How does a blender work?
Let's have a look at how a relatively simple machine, a blender, and how does blender bottle work? In this complete guide you will get top features of how to use your blender and blender bottle in a way you never have thought before. So let's keep rollin'.
What is a blender?
SpeckAce - Best Reviews Website
What is a Blender – Oster Blender
It is an appliance that is within the range of household appliances. Its function is mixing and liquifying foods that, thanks to the grinding action, they end up merging. The device is used in the kitchen, and there are currently several types of it. The birth of the blender had a significant impact on society. Because, in the past, the work of crushing and blending was slow and complicated.
In the culinary world, the use of implements such as mortar and metate changed to one that was much more sophisticated and faster. The Polish Stephen J. Poplawski invented the blender in 1922. He lived in the United States, and thanks to his obsession with creating functional devices for mixing drinks, he created one that is nowadays essential.
Types of blender:
 1. Centrifugation blender: It is the appliance that is responsible for extracting the juice from vegetables and fruits through the centrifugation process. In Latin America, it as a "juice extractor" and in Spain as an "electric juicer."
 2. Grinding: Contains a motor that rotates blades to crush different types of food. In Spain, it's known as a "glass mixer" and in Latin America as a "blender."
 3. Hand blender: It is a much more modern type of mixer. It is also known as a "mini primer" and is used to mix food directly from the container. Its widely used for making purees, soups, and sauces.
Parts of a blender
 - Electric motor – It is the power source of the appliance, ultimately being what allows the blades to rotate.
 - Housing – It is the frame with which the motor is protected. There are the switches in it.
 - Shaft – It is an element with geometry, which is almost always asymmetric and is used as the support for rotating parts, although it does not transmit any torque. It is the piece with which the blender bottle rotates.
 - Glass – It is a glass or plastic container generally, which will contain food. Inside it the food is crushed.
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How does a blender work?
The operation of the blender depends more than anything on its motor since it is the part in charge of making the blades or blades move and can crush what is inside the glass.
Even though they are convenient, they are elementary devices since they only consist of a container, the leaves, a casing, and inside of it a motor. The motor that they have and which serves to make the blades move and crush everything they find.
Its operation is efficient since the device is elementary. It consists of a glass that adheres to the motor at the time of blending, blades, and a lid. Traditional blenders generally have three speeds (low, medium, and high). All a user must do is put the food to mix in the glass and close it. As soon as the motor starts, it is generally possible for the user to choose between different speeds: slow, medium, and fast so that the rate with which the blades already attached to the mechanism will rotate vary. These different speeds will be useful to prepare different kinds of food, such as if you want to crush ice.
From that moment, the mechanism will start to rotate the blades and, inside the glass, a whirlwind will form thanks to the way they turn. The blending time will depend on the food in question. If they are soft, it will not take long, but if not, they may take more time and liquids to help with the process. On the other hand, due to the way blender works, a kind of eddy will be generated in the container due to the shape and speed of blades. The liquid that is formed will move to the sides and will also return to the middle because its substantial parts will move to the bottom, where the blades are; therefore, everything will undoubtedly get crushed.
Blender works with two energies:
Mechanical energy: which is created or generated when an external energy source feeds the automatic device and makes it rotate, advance, reverse, etc. It manifests itself by pressing the switches that turn the blade and move the jug.
Electric energy: which results from the existence of a potential difference between two points, which allows establishing an electric current between the two. When it is contacted using an electrical conductor and get the work of the blender.
If everything doesn't turn liquid, more power would have to be applied to make the swirl effect more practical.
Delicacies of all kinds can be prepared in the blender, for example, smoothies, creams, soups, sauces, among others. It is also essential for making cocktails in bars and similar places.
In modern times, the principle with which the blender was created, is used in other types of smaller, more powerful, or even more manual devices and without the need to rely on electrical energy. It can be seen, for example, that although there are now models with different sizes or antlers, the shape of these will always create a swirl that will crush and mix whatever is added to it.
How does blender bottle work?
What is a Blender Bottle?
how does a blender bottle work - best blenders for smoothies
A Blender Bottle – How Does a Blender Bottle Work
A blender bottle, as the name suggests, is a plastic or polymer glass cup used for mixing and is an essential part of a blender. It comes with a very tightly sealed and secure lid. The lid contains a round-shaped metallic ball, usually made of steel. Blender bottles are very convenient and low priced and the most important thing is that they are really easy to use.
What can a blender bottle do?
We all associate blenders and blender bottles with juices and smoothies, of course, it is its natural function and to which we are most accustomed. However, it has other services and uses. We will show you some ideas of what can do with a blender.
Today we honor our summer superhero with different fresh and creative ways in how to use your blender bottle.
For those of you who see the blender as just a smoothie machine, you're going to get amazed.
For us who have been using the blender bottle for more than just smoothies since the 20th century, consider this a reminder of all that what a blender (if we know how to use it) can give us.
Smoothies and smoothies
Of course. A blender, regardless of whether it's a lifelong Moulinex Vitae or the professional Clatronic AE 3532, couldn't be complete without a mixed drink. There's nothing like a tremendous frothy smoothie with lots of ice cream or a fruity smoothie with a frozen banana to make you feel like a kid again. Drink your way back to childhood with the shakes!
In our other article we have explained about best blenders for smoothies.
It is time to relax. The list of cocktails that can make in a blender is endless, but margaritas are my favorite with cup aficionados.
Your blender can help you make the sauce smooth, silky and flavorful. Take advantage of those tomatoes that you already have and are very ripe to make a homemade tomato sauce!
A high-quality mixer (especially high-end, professional blenders ) are the secret in making ultra-creamy sauces for the holiday or happy hour. Hummus is a classic to succeed with pita chips, celery, or spread on sandwiches, delicious!
Gazpacho or cold soups
Gazpacho, the classic Spanish tomato soup served cold, is a traditional blender dish. We love cold soups, and they are perfect for summer dinners or hot meals during the day, and they are a super quick and easy way to use fresh produce.
What is the function of a blender bottle?
So let's explain the functions of a blender bottle to get into details of how does blender bottle work. We have explained some detailed recipes that you can make with the help of blenders:
Ice cream
You can make ice creams inside a blender bottle. Ice cream makers are expensive, and making ice cream from scratch takes a long time – but not with your trusted blender! Can you imagine a chocolate and hazelnut ice cream in the mixer? Did you know that a frozen banana is synonymous with banana ice cream?
Mousse or Pudding
Use a food processor to whip the cream, but it's so easy to do it in a blender bottle! It is creamy and delicious. It's very reasonable to make this delightful dairy-free mousse – especially in a blender bottle.
Creams of all kinds, such as mayonnaise
Another of its features is to make creams like mayonnaise. With a blender, you will save time and effort, in addition to achieve different results than when you do it by hand.
Mixes to make omelets
Don't you feel like cooking? Do you contact like you have no energy? Even if you need to make an omelet, you can make use of your blender bottle. Have the mixture ready in a few seconds and enjoy a portion of delicious food.
Baby food
Another of its uses is to create baby food. You can add the ingredient you want to create good food for your baby, healthy as well as nutritious. In addition to saving


History of the Wurlitzer Building
History of the North Tonawanda, NY Wurlitzer BuildingThe Wurlitzer building is an example of the early modernism style of architecture, with construction beginning in 1892 and continuing until 1950. The building's proximity to the Erie Canal may have been part of the draw for Rudolph Wurlitzer; however, the structure itself was likely an attraction as well. It was large enough to accommodate everything he needed: "showrooms, customer and product training areas, public relations reception rooms, employee recreation areas, locker rooms, showers, and cafeterias."
[1] The Wurlitzer family began cultivating its reputation for making and selling fine musical instruments during the 17th century. The father of the original Wurlitzer company, Rudolph Wurlitzer, was born in Schilbach, Saxony in 1829. At age 24 he immigrated to America, and three years later, in 1856, he founded The Rudolph Wurlitzer Company in Cincinnati, Ohio. Initially he imported musical instruments from his family in Germany to sell them on the American market, but soon made his way into manufacturing. In 1880, the first Wurlitzer piano was built in the U.S., followed by the first coin-operated electric piano in 1896. This was just the beginning of what would prove to be a continuing success story as the first Wurlitzer jukebox was just a step away.
The next major musical venture for Wurlitzer came with the introduction of cinema and theatre organs. These instruments, dubbed the "Mighty Wurlitzer", created an instant sensation when they appeared on the market during the silent movie era. The introduction of Wurlitzer-driven musical soundtracks to movies fostered dramatic changes within the motion picture and entertainment industries.
Wurlitzer has historically implemented a philosophy still valid today of channeling flexibility and advanced technology into the development of innovative products. Consequently, Farny Wurlitzer, successor of the founding father, bought a patented jukebox mechanism in 1933 and hired highly skilled professionals for the design and marketing. From their new location in North Tonawanda, New York, these imaginative inventors developed the first Wurlitzer jukebox. Over the next few years Wurlitzer jukeboxes became widely embraced by operators, and by the late 1930's Wurlitzer was producing over 45,000 jukeboxes a year. The jukebox became known as the "small man's concert hall."
The Wurlitzer Building in North Tonawanda, New York wasn't alone in producing world-class musical instruments under the Wurlitzer name. With executive offices in Chicago, the company also had production facilities in Mississippi and Illinois. However, the North Tonawanda facility had the distinction of being the largest musical instrument plant in the world at the time.
Although many products were created in the Wurlitzer Building, the "Mighty Wurlitzer" may be Rudolph Wurlitzer's greatest legacy. They were a magnificent line of organs that could be found all over the world. Places like Rockefeller Center, Lincoln Center, the Hollywood Bowl, St. Patrick's Cathedral, Metropolitan Opera Music Hall, and Kleinhans Music Hall were some of the better known venues to have embraced the concert grade organ.
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Conservation Reserve
Gnangara Water Mound
Whiteman Park was established in order to protect the southern tip of the Gnangara Water Mound, a large underground water source that supplies drinking water for up to 60% of Perth.
The Gnangara Mound is Perth's largest source of groundwater, stretching from Gingin in the north, to the Swan River in the south.
Wetland and groundwater levels on the Gnangara Mound have been under considerable pressure in recent years due to a combination of the drying climate (less rainfall) limiting recharge of the mound, and extraction for irrigation and public water supply purposes.


text: Early research examined the direct effect of perceived connectivity (PC) on intention to adopt information systems. In this study, we extend that research stream by examining the mediating effects of perceived enjoyment (PE) and perceived playfulness (PP) on the relationship between PC and the intention to use social media within the workplace. To test our proposed model, we collected data from 2,556 social media users from Australia, Canada, India, the UK, and the US. We applied the REBUS-PLS algorithm, a response-based method for detecting unit segments in PLS path modelling and assessing the unobserved heterogeneity in the data sample. Based on the strength of effects, the algorithm automatically detected two groups of users sharing the same intentions to use social media. A post hoc analysis of each group was done using contextual and demographic variables including geographic location, country, age, education and gender. Implications for practice and research are discussed.


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Virtaul Hard Disk (VHD) is basically a file format that contains complete structure of a hard disk. It is a virtual machine hard disk that can reside on a native host file system encapsulated within a single file. It is used to store virtual operating systems, their related program files and it acts like a proper hard disk. Now, you won't need any third party tools to create and attach VHD, Windows 7's Disk Management comes with an option to create, attach and detach the Virtual Hard Disks instantly.
To create Virtual Hard Disk in Windows 7 go to Start menu, right click Computer and choose Manage.
Now to create VHD, click Disk Management and choose Action > Create VHD as shown in following screenshot.
A dialogue box will be loaded where you can make necessary settings for creating VHD, specify location, size and virtual hard disk format (it could be dynamically expanding or Fixed size).
Click OK and VHD will be created and it will be displayed in Disk Management along with other disks.
Now the last step is that you will need to attach it in order to make it functional You can do so from Action > Attach VHD, browse and specify the.vhd file which you created in above mentioned step and click OK to attach it to your system.
Thats all, now you can use the virtual disk without any fuss. Enjoy!


3 Basic Folkstyle Wrestling Moves
folkstyle wrestling moves in school
folkstyle wrestling moves in school
What are folkstyle wrestling moves? Folkstyle wrestling moves are also known as collegiate style wretling. They are any wrestling move that is legal or that is not illegal rather within the rules of folkstyle wrestling or collegiate wrestling. Many moves from Greco Roman and Freestyle wrestling are legal and carry over into folkstyle wrestling.
On my blog I recently posted some videos that demonstrate different folkstyle wrestling moves and drills. If you are interested in learning more wrestling skills then I suggest that you go to my blog and watch the videos. However, since this is an article and thus does not use video I will attempt to describe or explain what these moves are, how they are done and when you would use them.
The Granby Roll.
The Granby roll is a classic example of a folkstyle wrestling move. This skill is ONLY used in folkstyle wrestling and not in freestyle or Greco Roman Wrestling. This is a move that the wrestler will do from the bottom position.
You execute the Granby Roll by creating enough space between you and the top wrestler to move your hips out so that you are now at a T to your opponent. You are perpendicular to him rather. Then you want to catch his wrist and roll towards his head. As you roll you through your elbow in between his legs and catch the leg closest to you. When you come through you should, if done correctly, have your opponent on his back. You should be holding him there by locking his arm and leg around your body. Video explains this skill far better than I can with words, but I hope this helps.
Dive and Roll Single Leg Defence.
This move is not a high percentage move but from time to time, when a kid is really athletic or is a lot better than his opponent, this move works. This is a last resort way of getting out when your opponent has shot in and picked up your leg into the air. You are now hopping on one foot hoping not to get taken down. So, in desperation you turn away from the other wrestler, dive and roll. As you roll your leg kicks free. You then turn and face your opponent. Again, this is hard to explain if you have never seen the move. There is video of the move on my blog.
Head Lock.
The head lock is one of the most effective and most ineffective moves there is. It is a great way to score 5 points when you are losing or to get a much needed pin. It is important to do correctly and to know when to hit it otherwise a wrestler can get in trouble. You start by doing what is called a back step. It is a step you take to pop your hips through underneath your opponent so that you can then through him over the lower part of your back and onto his back. A great drill to practice this move is to have one wrestler pop his hips through and throw tehn hold the other person up. Then the other person pops his hips through and throws. You repeat this over and over.
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text: How can one ensure the measured magnetic signal is not coming from impurities in vdW crystals? More specifically magnetic Fe, Co, Ni impurity atoms or their oxides commonly appear in vdW crystals in no care is taken. Our magnetic crystals are grown slowly using top-notch flux zone growth technique for highest quality crystallization. This method does not use any transporting agent and does not contaminate the crystal these impurities. Special care is given to using highest purity precursors that are free of magnetic transition metal series and their oxides. This allows us to synthesize 99.9995% or higher purity magnetic vdW crystals and access their magnetic behavior without any concern over magnetic impurity contribution.


Hamilton Woolen Company Historic District
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Hamilton Woolen Company Historic District
Hamilton Woolen Mill Southbridge.jpg
Hamilton Woolen Company Historic District is located in Massachusetts
Hamilton Woolen Company Historic District
Location Roughly bounded by McKinstry Brook, Quinebaug River, and Mill St., Southbridge, Massachusetts
Coordinates 42°4′56″N 72°2′37″W / 42.08222°N 72.04361°W / 42.08222; -72.04361Coordinates: 42°4′56″N 72°2′37″W / 42.08222°N 72.04361°W / 42.08222; -72.04361
Built 1836
Architectural style Greek Revival, Classical Industrial
Governing body Private
MPS Southbridge MRA
NRHP Reference # 89000594[1]
Added to NRHP June 22, 1989
The Hamilton Woolen Company Historic District encompasses the well preserved "Big Mill" complex of the Hamilton Woolen Company, built in the mid 19th century. Located at the confluence of McKinstry Brook and the Quinebaug River in central Southbridge, Massachusetts, the complex consists of a cluster of mill buildings and a rare collection of 1830s brick mill worker housing units located nearby.[2] The district was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1989.[1]
The site of the Hamilton Company's mill had been used as a mill site since 1750, when the first water privilege was granted to William Plimpton. In 1812 James and Perez Wolcott established a cotton mill on the site, building in 1814 what was at the time the world's largest cotton mill. The Wolcotts continued to expand their business, until a dam they built gave way, irreparably harming their business. Its remains were acquired by Boston investors, who formed the Hamilton Woolen Company in 1831. They rebuilt the dam to a higher level, and in 1836 embarked on a major expansion of the premises.[2]
Among the buildings erected in 1836 are the Big Mill, a five story brick structure that is the dominant feature of the complex. Extensively modified in 1850, the most distinctive feature of this building is an end stairwell which is capped by a tower with a Romanesque belfry. Immediately adjacent to the mill Brick Square was established. This was a cluster of brick housing units arranged around a quadrangle. This area, now bounded by Mill Street, Canal Street, and Brick Row, includes five surviving worker houses. Built in the then-popular Greek Revival style, one of them was later adapted for company offices.[2]
In the second half of the 19th century Hamilton was the dominant employer in Stockbridge, producing primarily woolen products, especially after the American Civil War cut off cotton supplies. It remained a major presence in town, although it had been eclipsed in size by the American Optical Company, until a strike in 1934 closed its doors forever. Its complex underwent expansion in the late 19th century, but many of these buildings have not survived. The company added several buildings to the complex in 1929, most notable the dye building, which features a large segmented arch window, but is not in a prominent position of visibility in the complex.[2]
See also[edit]
 2. ^ a b c d "MACRIS inventory record for Hamilton Woolen Company Historic District". Commonwealth of Massachusetts. Retrieved 2014-01-02.


Loading DNA sample into a gel
This researcher is loading a DNA sample into a gel. The gel will be subjected to an electric current, which will cause the DNA molecules to move through the gel. The distance and speed they move is related to the size of the DNA fragments, which varies from species to species or among populations.
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Year of Project: 2012
Name of Project: Arkansas ReLeaf
Number of Trees to be Planted: 0
Project Name: Arkansas ReLeaf
Number of Trees: 150
American Forests paired with Arkansas Releaf to help the city of Marmaduke, which has been impacted by natural disasters. Marmaduke was hit by a tornado in 2011 — two years after it was devastated by an ice storm — costing the city much of its tree canopy. To restore the lost trees, Arkansas Releaf held a planting event for Arkansas' official Arbor Day. Twenty-nine large trees were planted throughout one of Marmaduke's parks to help provide immediate shade. A hundred smaller trees were distributed to community members, and 500 pine seedlings were presented to a local Boy Scout troop to plant. This project aimed to not only help restore the tree canopy of Marmaduke, but educate community members on different tree species, selection and placement.


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(Or "Multiple Master Font") A font that is a mixture of two or more other fonts.
A Multiple Master font is a single font containing from two to sixteen master designs (the current implementation limit). A weight factor specifies the contribution of each master design for the creation of a multiple master font instance.
A Multiple Master instance is a single interpolation of a multiple master font as created by a user or application.
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Nearby terms: multiple inheritance « Multiple Instruction Multiple Data « Multiple Instruction/Multiple Data « Multiple Master » multiple perspective software development » multiple value » Multiple Virtual Storage


August 23rd individuals fall under the sun sign Virgo. Browse through this article for a list of famous people born on 23rd August and also know more about their personality traits.
The profound influence of the planet Mercury determines the basic probabilities of the nature and characteristic of individuals born on August 23rd. The planet not only rules the zodiacal group, but also governs the particular date. As such, these people display typical personality traits of efficiency, dexterity and observance. They are highly generous, creative, charming and sincere with a yearning for knowledge and information. What is the most unique trait of these people is their innate ability to perceive any situation quickly and then act on it almost immediately. August 23rd individuals love to travel and are adventurous by nature. However, they can turn out to be self-centered, aloof and snappy at times.
Barbara EdenBarbara Eden
Eugene Curran KellyEugene Curran Kelly
02 February 1996
Julian CasablancasJulian Casablancas
New York City
Keith John MoonKeith Moon
07 September 1978
Kobe BryantKobe Bryant
(Basketball player)
Louis XVI of FranceLouis XVI of France
(King of France)
21 January 1793
Palace of Versailles
Luis de MatosLuis de Matos
Natalie CoughlinNatalie Coughlin
Vallejo, California
Akhmad KadyrovAkhmad Kadyrov
09 May 2004
Karaganda, Kazakh SSR, USSR
John Sherman CooperJohn Sherman Cooper
21 February 1991
Nelson DeMilleNelson DeMille
River Jude PhoenixRiver Jude Phoenix
31 October 1993
William Jacob Will CuppyWilliam Jacob Will Cuppy
19 September 1949
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Personality Traits & Characteristic of Famous People Born on August 23
Perfectionists of sorts, individuals born on August 23rd are versatile folks with a penchant for creativity and ingenuity. Ruled by the planet Mercury, the ruler of both the zodiacal group and the actual day, these people have an analytical mind and a rational approach to life. This practicality often overshadows the caring, sensitive and compassionate temperament of these people. The observant nature, charming personality and sophisticated taste of these people make them unique and distinctive. Adding to this is their generous and sincere nature that makes these individuals have a positive and productive outlook towards life and people. August 23rd individuals have great communication skills and are gifted speakers.
Emotional imbalance disrupts the smooth functioning and the healthy being of individuals born on August 23rd. Since these individuals do not express themselves well, the bottled up emotions does more harm than good for their overall health. An emotionally upsetting situation can cause hindrance in the vitality of these people. However, due to their fondness for exercises, individuals with this birthday hardly go out of shape. The only thing that they need to regulate is their intake of sugar in the diet.
What makes August 23rd people distinct from their fellow beings is the fact that they can manage well in any type of financial situation. As such, having a petty income or a wholesome one hardly matters for August 23rd individuals. However, if blessed with an above average income, these people are extremely generous and believe in sharing their fortune with others.
An August 23rd born does not plunge into the job easily. In fact, it takes a whole lot of things to capture the attention of people born on this date. These individuals look for a profession that mentally stimulates them. Changes and challenges should be a vital part of the profile to keep these individuals going. These people are endowed with an eye for detail and are truly efficient and capable. Unlike others, they are happy to work in a team or group rather than alone but are most efficient when placed in the position of a team leader.
Relationships, Marriage & Children
Romantically, August 23rd individuals are enthusiastic about love and romance and are keen on commitment. Though they may appear to be unemotional, rigid and fiercely independent folks on the surface, these people seek for a partner with whom they can share their actual inner self. True love, respect, friendship and equality are qualities they want in their relationship with their partner. A lesser known fact is that August 23rd individuals are great listeners, which come in handy while maintaining a blissful alliance with their partner. They are also immensely thoughtful, kind, loyal and devoted. Parenting comes naturally to those born on this date. If they aren't blessed with their own children, they are likely to enjoy with youngsters by enrolling themselves at humanitarian or charitable organizations.
Lucky Color: Green
Lucky Days (of the month): 5, 14, 15, 25
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Version history >>
What's new in QuickField 6.3
Initial temperature in transient heat transfer problems (2D)
The default initial temperature for the transient heat transfer analysis in previous QuickField versions was always 0. To define other initial temperatures it was necessary to prepare a separate QuickField problem with the resulting temperature distribution then used as an initial condition.
In new version it is simple to specify initial temperature as the problem property defined for the whole model. The initial temperature could be a constant or a function of coordinates.
Surface integrals calculation in 3D problems
Previous QuickField versions allowed integral calculation for 3D models only along the whole body surface.
In new version the list of calculated 3D integral values is extended. It is now possible to select separate body surfaces for integration or use the cross-section plane as an integration surface.
User-defined contour in 3D problems 2D section window
In previous version it was possible to select of the group of connected edges as a contour and look at the field parameters distribution along this contour on XY-plot.
In new version it is possible to build any custom contour in 2D cross-section window and construct both XY-plot and table with the field parameters distribution along the contour.


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1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Bastion
|←Bastinado||1911 Encyclopædia Britannica, Volume 3
|See also Bastion on Wikipedia, and our 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica disclaimer.|
Bastion (through the Fr. from the late Lat. bastire, to build), a work forming part of a line of fortifications. The general trace of a bastion is similar to an irregular pentagon formed by a triangle and a narrow rectangle, the base of the triangle coinciding with the long side of the rectangle. The two sides of the triangle form the "faces" of the bastion, which join at the "salient" angle, the short sides of the rectangle form the "flanks." Bastions were arranged so that the fire from the flanks of each protected not only the front of the curtain but also the faces of the adjacent bastions. A "tower bastion" is a casemated tower built in bastion form; a "demi-bastion" is a work formed by half a bastion (bisected through the salient angle) and by a parapet along the line of bisection; a "flat bastion" is a bastion built on a curtain and having a very obtuse salient angle.


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History of the Dan Beard Council
The Dan Beard Council has a long history of providing life-changing programs to the young men of the Greater Cincinnati and Northern Kentucky area. There have been a lot changes since the foudnding of the Scounting movement way back in 1910, but the character values of the Scout Oath and Law remain the same. One-hundred plus years later, the Scouting movement is the largest organized movement in the world and the largest youth organization in the United States. The Dan Beard Council's story is one of mergers and changes, progress and growth, and outstanding individual that gave of themselves for the cause of instilling good values in youth. We invite you to learn more about the development of the Scouting movement in the Greater Cincinnati and Northern Kentucky area - a history that begins even before the Boy Scouts of America itself was founded.
Daniel Carter Beard
Daniel Carter Beard was born in 1850 in Cincinnati, Ohio. In his youth, his family moved to 322 E. 3rd Street in Covington, Kentucky where Beard loved exploring the banks of the nearby Ohio River and the Banklick Creek region south of Covington. It was during these explorations, that Beard developed his great love for nature and outdoors living. In 1882, Beard wrote The American Boy's Handy Book, a book which gives instructions and advice on animals, outdoors, knots, tents, fishing and more.
In 1905, Beard founded the "Sons of Daniel Boone," an outdoor education and exploration program for young men. Boys were organized into "forts," uniforms were based on the outfits of frontiersmen and in place of ranks or advancement, boys earned notches and top notches for achievements in a variety of interest areas. In 1910, Beard merged his organization (then known as the "Boy Pioneers of America") into the fledgling Boy Scouts of America and became one of the first National Commissioners, serving Scouting for 30 years. The Daniel Carter Beard Bridge spanning the Ohio River and connecting I-471 in northern Kentucky to I-71 in Ohio was named in his honor and dedicated in 1981.
Mergers and Past Councils
The Dan Beard Council as we know it today is actually a merger of four original Councils that underwent many changes in their time.
- The first to form was the Fort Hamilton Council, founded in 1913, just three years after the founding of the Boy Scouts of America. The Fort Hamilton Council was headquartered in Hamilton, Ohio and the territory of the Council was defined as "Butler County Ohio with the exception of Middletown and Lemon Townships."
- The Middletown Council was chartered in February 1917 in Middletown, Ohio. It began as a provisional (second-class) council, but became a first-class council in 1920.
- In 1918, the Covington Council was founded as a "first-class" or non-provisional Council serving the city of Covington, Kentucky exclusively.
- A fourth Council, the Cincinnati Area Council was formed to serve the city of Cincinnati though its inception date is not known.
- In January 1925, the Covington Council was re-organized as the Northern Kentucky Council, headquartered in Covington, Kentucky, and serving the counties of Boone, Campbell, and Kenton.
- Around the same time, 1926, the Fort Hamilton Council was renamed the Butler County Council. In February 1931, the counties of Bracken, Grant, and Pendleton were added to the Covington Council's territory. The following year, 1932, the counties of Mason, Owen, Robertson and Fleming were added to the Covington Council.
- Meanwhile, in August 1928, the following territory was added to the jurisdiction of the Middletown Council: Warren County, Ohio, and Lemon, Liberty, Madison, and Union Townships in Butler County.
- In 1932, Union Township in Butler County was transferred to the Butler County Council's jurisdiction from the Middletown Council. The territory of the Butler County Council was now Butler County, Ohio, with the exception of the city of Middletown and the Townships of Lemon, Liberty, and Madison.
- In 1933, the Middletown Council changed its name to the Mound Builders Area Council. A 1936 charter renewal application showed the Butler County Council's name had reverted back to the Fort Hamilton Council.
- In 1941, the Northern Kentucky Council moved its headquarters to Newport, Kentucky. In May 1944, Gallatin County was added to the territory jurisdiction. In September 1951, the counties of Bracken, Fleming, Mason, and Robertson were transferred to the jurisdiction of Scioto Area Council, #457, Portsmouth, Ohio.
- In 1952, the Northern Kentucky Council moved its headquarters back to Covington and changed to Dan Beard Council.
- In January 1955, Liberty Township in Butler County was added to the Fort Hamilton Council's territory from Mound Builders Council.
- In October 1956, the Dan Beard Council consolidated with the Cincinnati Area Council, Cincinnati, Ohio, to form the Dan Beard Council, #438, Cincinnati, Ohio. The territory of this consolidated council in 1956 was Boone, Campbell, Gallatin, Grant, Kenton, Owen, and Pendleton counties in Kentucky; and Brown, Clermont, and Hamilton counties in Ohio.
- Effective January 1, 1959, Fort Hamilton Council, #448, Hamilton, Ohio, merged into Dan Beard Council, #438, Cincinnati, Ohio.
- Effective July 1, 1985, Mound Builders Area Council, #454, Middletown, Ohio, merged into Dan Beard Council, #438, Cincinnati, Ohio.
The Dan Beard Council Today
Since the final merger of the Mound Builder's Area Council in 1985, the Dan Beard Council's territory has remained the same until this day. The territoy at present inlcudes Boone, Campbell, Gallatin, Grant, Kenton, Owen, and Pendleton counties in Kentucky; and Brown, Butler, Clermont, Hamilton, and Warren counties in Ohio.
In 2009, the council moved it's headquarters from 2331 Victory Parkway in East Walnut Hills to the new Scout Achievement Center in Evendale, Ohio, ushering in a new century of Scouting for the Greater Cincinnati and Northern Kentucky area. Serving over 33,000 youth led by over 10,000 volunteers, the Dan Beard council has certainly grown from the early days of the Scouting movement and become a tradition of fun, achievement, and character development for families to enjoy for many years to come.
Last Updated on Tuesday, 14 August 2012 14:31


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Taking money out of a limited company
There are a number of ways a director can extract money from their limited company.
The money can usually be withdrawn in one or more of the following ways. For most directors, the optimum way to minimise personal tax liabilities will be using a combination of these methods.
 1. Salary, expenses and benefits
 2. Dividends
 3. Director's loan
Salary, expenses and benefits
Directors must ensure they are employed as an employee of their company and their salary is paid via PAYE. Most directors prefer to take a smaller salary and take a larger share of their pay in dividends. This is usually the most tax efficient method, but care needs to be taken based on individual circumstances.
The tax-free dividend allowance is currently £2,000. The tax rate for dividends received in excess of the dividend tax allowance are taxed at: 7.5% for basic rate taxpayers, 32.5% for higher rate taxpayers, and 38.1% for additional rate taxpayers.
To pay a dividend, the company must:
Also, dividends can only be paid if there are sufficient retained profits to cover the payment.
Director's loan
A director's loan account is created when a director (or other close family member) 'borrows' money from their company. Many companies, particularly 'close' private companies, pay for personal expenses of directors using company funds.
Usually, when directors have overdrawn loan accounts, they do not have to pay tax, as long as the sum is repaid to the company within 9 months and one day of the account's reference date.
However, the rules are further complicated if the loan is for more than £10,000 as interest must be charged. There are also further Income Tax costs if the loan is written off or'released' (not repaid) by the company.
Bron: HM Revenue & Customs | 11-05-2021


Ball bearings are made by letting spherical drops of molten metalfall inside a tall tower -- called a shot tower -- andsolidify as they fall.
(a) If a bearing needs 5.0 s to solidify enough for impact, how high must thetower be?
1 m
(b) What is the bearing's impact velocity? (Take up to bepositive.)
2 m/s


Zhangjiajie International Country Music Stage Has been Finished
Country music combines with the original ecological pastoral scenery, and a curved limpid stream goes through the stage. Among the mountains, we can hear the sounds of nature.
According to the introduction, The opening stage covers an area of 500 square meters. It was built between paddy fields and the water wheel live stage, the entire stage composed of rock grinding raw materials.
In the opening stage, quaver background combines with water wheel, which becomes a new scenery line. On the right side of the stage, there is an original "Tujia diaojiao building". It can reflect tujia living characteristics, give an intuitive impression to the audiences, which let the audience feel zhangjiajie culture, experience the country singles.
Zhangjiajie international country music first started in 2009, which aimed to show the world local music, inherit and carry forward the country music art. In ecological square of Huanglong Cave, there exsits grain, melon and fruit. The audience can sit around and listen to music feast.
In this country singles, the opening stage will be preserved as the music source iconic attractions, and it met the visitors for officially on August 25th.
Translated by Sophia


. The type of data you can transfer depends on the transport protocol: when JSON is used, then only strings, numbers and arrays and hashes consisting of those are allowed (no objects). When Storable is used, then anything that Storable can serialise and deserialise is allowed, and for the local node, anything can be passed. Best rely only on the common denominator of these. $local_port = port Create a new local port object and returns its port ID. Initially it has no callbacks set and will throw an error when it receives messages. $local_port = port { my _USER_ = _USER_ } Creates a new local port, and returns its ID. Semantically the same as creating a port and calling "rcv $port, $callback" on it. The block will be called for every message received on the port, with the global variable $SELF set to the port ID. Runtime errors will cause the port to be "kil"ed. The message will be passed as-is, no extra argument (i.e. no port ID) will be passed to the callback. If you want to stop/destroy the port, simply "kil" it: my $port = port { my _USER_ = _USER_;... kil $SELF; }; rcv $local_port, $callback->(_USER_) Replaces the default callback on the specified port. There is no way to remove the default callback: use "sub { }" to disable it, or better "kil" the port when it is no longer needed. The global $SELF (exported by this module) contains $port while executing the callback. Runtime errors during callback execution will result in the port being "kil"ed. The default callback received all messages not matched by a more specific "tag" match. rcv $local_port, tag => $callback->(_USER_),... Register (or replace) callbacks to be called on messages starting with the given tag on the given port (and return the port), or unregister it (when $callback is $undef or missing). There can only be one callback registered for each tag. The original message will be passed to the callback, after the first element (the tag) has been removed. The callback will use the same environment as the default callback (see above). Example: create a port and bind receivers on it in one go. my $port = rcv port, msg1 => sub {... }, msg2 => sub {... }, ; Example: create a port, bind receivers and send it in a message elsewhere in one go: snd $otherport, reply => rcv port, msg1 => sub {... },... ; Example: temporarily register a rcv callback for a tag matching some port (e.g. for an rpc reply) and unregister it after a message was received. rcv $port, $otherport => sub { my _USER_ = _USER_; rcv $SELF, $otherport; }; peval $port, $coderef[, _USER_] Evaluates the given $codref within the contetx of $port, that is, when the code throews an exception the $port will be killed. Any remaining args will be passed to the callback. Any return values will be returned to the caller. This is useful when you temporarily want to execute code in the context of a port. Example: create a port and run some initialisation code in it's context. my $port = port {... }; peval $port, sub { init or die "unable to init"; }; $closure = psub { BLOCK } Remembers $SELF and creates a closure out of the BLOCK. When the closure is executed, sets up the environment in the same way as in "rcv" callbacks, i.e. runtime errors will cause the port to get "kil"ed. The effect is basically as if it returned "sub { peval $SELF, sub { BLOCK }, _USER_ }". This is useful when you register callbacks from "rcv" callbacks: rcv delayed_reply => sub { my ($delay, _USER_) = _USER_; my $timer = AE::timer $delay, 0, psub { snd _USER_, $SELF; }; }; $guard = mon $port, $cb->(_USER_) # call $cb when $port dies $guard = mon $port, $rcvport # kill $rcvport when $port dies $guard = mon $port # kill $SELF when $port dies $guard = mon $port, $rcvport, _USER_ # send a message when $port dies Monitor the given port and do something when the port is killed or messages to it were lost, and optionally return a guard that can be used to stop monitoring again. In the first form (callback), the callback is simply called with any number of _USER_ elements (no _USER_ means that the port was deleted "normally"). Note also that *the callback must never die*, so use "eval" if unsure. In the second form (another port given), the other port ($rcvport) will be "kil"'ed with _USER_, if a _USER_ was specified, i.e. on "normal" kils nothing happens, while under all other conditions, the other port is killed with the same reason. The third form (kill self) is the same as the second form, except that $rvport defaults to $SELF. In the last form (message), a message of the form "_USER_, _USER_" will be "snd". Monitoring-actions are one-shot: once messages are lost (and a monitoring alert was raised), they are removed and will not trigger again. As a rule of thumb, monitoring requests should always monitor a port from a local port (or callback). The reason is that kill messages might get lost, just like any other message. Another less obvious reason is that even monitoring requests can get lost (for example, when the connection to the other node goes down permanently). When monitoring a port locally these problems do not exist. "mon" effectively guarantees that, in the absence of hardware failures, after starting the monitor, either all messages sent to the port will arrive, or the monitoring action will be invoked after possible message loss has been detected. No messages will be lost "in between" (after the first lost message no further messages will be received by the port). After the monitoring action was invoked, further messages might get delivered again. Inter-host-connection timeouts and monitoring depend on the transport used. The only transport currently implemented is TCP, and AnyEvent::MP relies on TCP to detect node-downs (this can take 10-15 minutes on a non-idle connection, and usually around two hours for idle connections). This means that monitoring is good for program errors and cleaning up stuff eventually, but they are no replacement for a timeout when you need to ensure some maximum latency. Example: call a given callback when $port is killed. mon $port, sub { warn "port died because of <_USER_>\n" }; Example: kill ourselves when $port is killed abnormally. mon $port; Example: send us a restart message when another $port is killed. mon $port, $self => "restart"; $guard = mon_guard $port, $ref, $ref... Monitors the given $port and keeps the passed references. When the port is killed, the references will be freed. Optionally returns a guard that will stop the monitoring. This function is useful when you create e.g. timers or other watchers and want to free them when the port gets killed (note the use of "psub"): $port->rcv (start => sub { my $timer; $timer = mon_guard $port, AE::timer 1, 1, psub { undef $timer if 0.9 < rand; }); }); kil $port[, _USER_] Kill the specified port with the given _USER_. If no _USER_ is specified, then the port is killed "normally" - monitor callback will be invoked, but the kil will not cause linked ports ("mon $mport, $lport" form) to get killed. If a _USER_ is specified, then linked ports ("mon $mport, $lport" form) get killed with the same reason. Runtime errors while evaluating "rcv" callbacks or inside "psub" blocks will be reported as reason "die => $@". Transport/communication errors are reported as "transport_error => $message". $port = spawn $node, $initfunc[, _USER_] Creates a port on the node $node (which can also be a port ID, in which case it's the node where that port resides). The port ID of the newly created port is returned immediately, and it is possible to immediately start sending messages or to monitor the port. After the port has been created, the init function is called on the remote node, in the same context as a "rcv" callback. This function must be a fully-qualified function name (e.g. "MyApp::Chat::Server::init"). To specify a function in the main program, use "::name". If the function doesn't exist, then the node tries to "require" the package, then the package above the package and so on (e.g. "MyApp::Chat::Server", "MyApp::Chat", "MyApp") until the function exists or it runs out of package names. The init function is then called with the newly-created port as context object ($SELF) and the _USER_ values as arguments. It *must* call one of the "rcv" functions to set callbacks on $SELF, otherwise the port might not get created. A common idiom is to pass


text:
Under the SCS–007 Certification Standard for Jewelry Sustainability – Sustainability Rated Diamonds, producers are committed to reducing their carbon footprint. They take active measures to improve efficiencies in energy and operations. Reducing these impacts is a vital component of sustainability. The carbon footprint that remains is then balanced out each year through investments in renewable energy or other climate mitigation initiatives.
In addition to reducing its own climate change impacts and those of its supply chain, the producer can further reduce its carbon footprint and make progress toward net zero in two ways:
In some cases, these measures might also result in measurable co-benefits (i.e., reduced adverse impacts) in other diamond life-cycle impact categories, such as improved air quality and better health outcomes for the local population.
Sustainability Rated Diamonds are tracked through a verified origin traceability process that provides 99.9% accuracy of the origin of each diamond through its entire chain of custody, from producer to point of sale.
Each diamond is certified to adhere to twelve core ethical principles aligned to the strictest internationally recognized norms of business integrity.
Sustainability Rated Diamond producers are committed to the principle of doing no harm to humans or environment, and are actively working to avoid, eliminate or offset any impacts that might be associated with the production process.
Sustainability Rated Diamond producers invest in efforts that not only improve their own operations and supply chains, but also in projects that help communities and protect climate and the environment.


text:
When your investigation is complete, it is sent to a Central Adjudications Facility (CAF). An adjudicator at a CAF will review all of the information, both "good" and "bad" (remember, the "whole person") and assess it the information against the Federal Adjudicative Guidelines to decide if you're eligible for a clearance or position of trust.
- If no significant adverse information turns up, you'll be granted a clearance eligibility at the level requested by your agency.
- If significant, adverse material develops, it could mean that your case will be delayed until additional information is gathered and facts are verified. Ultimately, you may be denied a clearance.
Adjudication is the decision whether to grant or deny/revoke either a clearance or the eligibility to perform sensitive duties based upon the investigative evidence.
During the adjudication process, adjudicators use a "whole person" concept in determining whether a clearance or eligibility is to be granted. They carefully weigh the information that has been gathered during investigation, favorable and unfavorable, past and present. The employee's strengths are evaluated to determine whether these strengths outweigh any weaknesses. Each case is judged on its own merit.


History of the Turks and Caicos Islands
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Map of the Turks and Caicos Islands
The history of the Turks and Caicos Islands can be traced back to early European explorations of the Americas. The first recorded sighting of the islands now known as the Turks and Caicos Islands occurred in 1512. In the subsequent centuries, the islands were claimed by several European powers with the British Empire eventually gaining control. After the islands' settlement, the 18th century African slave trade brought many Africans to the Turks and Caicos Islands. Their descendants form a large part of Bahamas' population. The islands were governed by the British indirectly through Bermuda, the Bahamas, and Jamaica. When the Bahamas gained independence in 1973, the islands received their own governor and have remained a separate autonomous British Overseas Territory since.
Prehistory and early European contact[edit]
The first inhabitants of the Turks and Caicos Islands were Amerindians, who migrated from the island of Hispaniola (Dominican Republic and Haiti) around AD 700. After approximately 300 years, pottery styles suggest that these local inhabitants of the islands established a unique culture. The people inhabiting the islands in the Bahamian archipelago up to the period of contact are known as Lucayans.
The first European to sight the islands was Spanish conquistador Juan Ponce de León, who did so in 1512. Spanish slavers frequently raided the islands, enslaving the Caribs of the islands. Only a year after first being discovered, the entire archipelago was completely depopulated.
Colonial history prior to settlement[edit]
During the 16th, 17th and 18th centuries, the islands passed from Spanish, to French, to English (subsequently British) control, but none of the three powers ever established any settlements.
From about 1690 to 1720, pirates hid in the cays of the Turks and Caicos Islands, attacking Spanish treasure galleons en route to Spain from Cuba, Hispaniola, and the Spanish possessions in Central America and Peru.
The islands were not fully colonised until 1681, when salt collectors from Bermuda built the first permanent settlement on Grand Turk Island (thought to be so named due to the presence of cacti with, what appeared to them to be red fez-like structures on their tops, but this not likely to be true, since the fez was unknown to Ottoman Empire before 1826). The salt collectors were drawn by the shallow waters around the islands that made salt mining a much easier process than in Bermuda. They occupied the Turks only seasonally, for six months a year, however, returning to Bermuda when it was no longer viable to rake salt. Their colonization established the British dominance of the archipelago that has lasted into the present day. Huge numbers of trees were felled by the Bermudians to discourage rainfall that would adversely affect the salt mining operation. This deforestation has yet to be repaired. Most of the salt mined in the Turks and Caicos Islands was sold through Bermudian merchant houses on the American seaboard, including in Newfoundland where it was used for preserving cod.
Bermudian century[edit]
Bermuda spent much of the 18th Century in a protracted legal battle with the Bahamas (which had itself been colonised by Bermudian Puritans in 1647) over the Turks Islands. Under British law, no colony could hold colonies of its own. The Turks Islands were not recognised by Britain either as a colony in its own right, or as a part of Bermuda. They were held to be, like rivers in Britain, for the common use. As a result, there was a great deal of political turmoil surrounding the ownership of the Turks (and Caicos).
Spanish and French forces seized the Turks in 1706, but Bermudian forces expelled them four years later in what was probably Bermuda's only independent military operation. The Bermudian privateer, the Rose, under the command of Captain Lewis Middleton, attacked a Spanish and a French privateer holding a captive English vessel. Defeating the two enemy vessels, the Rose then cleared out the thirty-man garrison left by the Spanish and French.[1]
A virtual state-of-war existed between Bermuda and the Bahamas through much of the Eighteenth Century. When the Bermudian sloop Seaflower was seized by the Bahamians in 1701, the response of Bermuda Governor Bennett was to issue letters-of-marque to Bermudians vessels. The legal struggle with the Bahamas began in 1766, when the King's representative in the Bahamas, Andrew Symmer, on his own authority, wrote a constitution which legislated for and taxed the Bermudians on the Turks. The Secretary of State, Lord Hillsborough, for the Crown, issued orders that the Bermudian activities on the Turks should not be obstructed or restrained in any way. As a result of this order, Symmer's constitution was dissolved. The Bermudians on the Turks appointed commissioners to govern themselves, with the assent of the King's local agent. They drew up regulations for good government, but the Bahamian governor Shirley drew up his own regulations for the Turks and ordered that no one might work at salt raking who had not signed assent to his regulations.
Following this, a raker was arrested and the salt pans were seized and divided by force. The Bahamas government attempted to appoint judicial authorities for the Turks in 1768, but these were refused by the Bermudians. In 1773 the Bahamian government passed an act attempting to tax the salt produced in the Turks, but the Bermudians refused to pay it. In 1774, the Bahamians passed another, similar act, and this they submitted for the Crown's assent. The Crown passed this act on to the Bermudian government which objected to it, and which rejected Bahamian jurisdiction over the Turks. The Crown, as a consequence, refused assent of the Act as applied to include the Turks, and, in the form in which it finally passed, the Bahamas, but not the Turks, were included.
The Bermudians on the Turks continued to be governed under their own regulations, with the assent of the royal agent, until 1780, when a more formal version of those regulations was submitted for the assent of the Crown, which was given. Those regulations, issued as a royal order, stated that all British subjects had the right ("free liberty") to rake and gather salt on the Turks, providing that they conformed to the regulations, which expressly rejected Bahamian jurisdiction over the Turks. Despite this refutation by a higher authority of their right to impinge upon Bermudian activities on the Turks, the Bahamian government continued to harass the Bermudians (unsurprisingly, given the lucrativeness of the Turks salt trade).
Although the salt industry on the Turks had largely been a Bermudian preserve, it had been seen throughout the 17th century as the right of all British subjects to rake there, and small numbers of Bahamians had been involved. In 1783, the French landed a force on Grand Turk which a British force of 100 men, under then-Captain Horatio Nelson, was unable to dislodge.
Following this, the Bahamians were slow to return to the Turks, while the Bermudians quickly resumed salt production, sending sixty to seventy-five ships to the Turks each year, during the six months that salt could be raked. Nearly a thousand Bermudians spent part of the year on the Turks engaged in salt production, and the industry became more productive.
The Bahamas, meanwhile, was incurring considerable expense in absorbing loyalist refugees from the now-independent American colonies, and returned to the idea of taxing Turks salt for the needed funds. The Bahamian government ordered that all ships bound for the Turk Islands obtain a license at Nassau first. The Bermudians refused to do this. Following this, Bahamian authorities seized the Bermuda sloops Friendship and Fanny in 1786. Shortly after, three Bermudian vessels were seized at Grand Caicos, with $35,000 worth of goods salvaged from a French ship. French privateers were becoming a menace to Bermudian operations in the area, at the time, but the Bahamians were their primary concern.
The Bahamian government re-introduced a tax on salt from the Turks, annexed them to the Bahamas, and created a seat in the Bahamian parliament to represent them. The Bermudians refused these efforts also, but the continual pressure from the Bahamians had a degrative effect on the salt industry. In 1806, the Bermudian customs authorities went some way toward acknowledging the Bahamian annexation when it ceased to allow free exchange between the Turks and Bermuda (this affected many enslaved Bermudians, who, like the free ones, had occupied the Turks only seasonally, returning to their homes in Bermuda after the year's raking had finished).
That same year, French privateers attacked the Turks, burning ships and absconding with a large sloop. The Bahamians refused to help, and the Admiralty in Jamaica claimed the Turks were beyond his jurisdiction. Two hurricanes, the first in August, 1813, the second in October, 1815, destroyed more than two-hundred buildings, significand salt stores, and sank many vessels. By 1815, the United States, the primary client for Turks salt, had been at war with Britain (and hence Bermuda) for three years, and had established other sources of salt.
With the destruction wrought by