Selecting Scales for a DRO - Six Parameters that Matter
Thursday, December 5, 2013
Things were easy when iGaging "Remote DRO" were the only scales Android DRO supported. Now that it can work with most of the common scales things are becoming a bit more confusing, judging from the number of emails I've been getting lately. With other things being equal, the choice of scales will have the biggest impact on you DRO's performance. There is a number of options, ranging from cheap Chinese calipers to glass scales and other quadrature encoders. Although I can't definitively answer the question "which scales should I use for my DRO setup", in this post I'll try to explain which parameters matter most in a DRO application.
Most of the scales used in hobby DROs fall under one of the two major categories: capacitive scales and quadrature encoders. The former category encompasses things like AccuRemote and iGaging DigiMag* scales, digital calipers and the common "Chinese" linear scales that look like large calipers with jaws cut off. The latter consists of glass linear scales and rotary encoders as well as magnetic scales. Generally, capacitive scales are much less expensive but have some shortcomings, thus most of the commercial DRO units use either glass or magnetic scales. If money is not an issue you can stop reading and get a set of brand-name glass scales
*Many retailers have the word "magnetic" in the product name or descriptions. This is a bit misleading, since the scales are not magnetic; the DRO display can be magnetically attached to the machine. These are capacitive scales and should not be confused with magnetic quadrature scales.
Deciding Factors
There are a few factors that will drive your decision. In addition to the technical parameters, such as accuracy, resolution and reliability, there is an issue of cost and availability. I think a good place to start is to clarify what each of those parameters means and how it might influence the end result.
Resolution determines how fine the measurements will be. For example, the micromenter in the picture above has much better resolutions at 0.0001" than either of the rulers. For the purposes of the DRO the value that matters is counts per inch [for linear scales] and counts per revolution for rotary encoders.
Accuracy is often confused with resolution but it's a very different parameter. Accuracy tells you how close the reading from the scale will match the actual dimension. For example, when you measure a 1" standard, an accurate scale will read exactly one inch, while a bad one will show a different value. It's possible to have very high resolution but very poor accuracy. I.e. if I grind off some metal off the micrometer's anvil, it will still have the same resolution but won't be accurate at all.
Side note: Please keep in mind that some manufacturers/retailers often use the term "accuracy" to encompass such important parameters as repeatability, hysteresis and runout.
Repeatability defines how close together a set of successive readings will be to each other. For example, I can affect the readings from a micrometer by applying different amounts of torque, so the readings won't be repeatable (unless I use the clutch properly). In other words, when you move a scale by exactly one inch several times (from the same starting position), a repeatable scale will provide readings that are identical or very close together.
Hysteresis is the amount of travel the reading head can move before the scale starts registering the change in position. The best way to see the hysteresis is to first move the scale one way by exactly one inch in one direction, then by the same amount in the opposite direction, and compare the readout. In essence this can be thought of as scale's backlash.
Runout is another aspect of the overall accuracy that is as important as the repeatability. In a nutshell it describes how uniform the resolution of the scales is. For instance, when you move the scale from one end to the other in exactly one inch increments a good scale will give you a series of identical readings. You can think of runout as deviation in resolution over the scales length. If there is any difference it will lead to an error of measurement that will accumulate over longer distances.
Reliability is a somewhat subjective value and depends to a large degree of the shop environment, usage etc. Every scale will fail under some conditions, so it's up to you to determine what your particular usage envelope will be and if the scales are fit for it. Never the less some scales will be more reliable and last longer as a result of better protection, higher quality materials etc.
Practical Implications
All of the above parameters will influence the overall performance of the DRO. I've noticed that people tend to be most concerned with the resolution. Although its true that [to a point] a higher resolution will let you hold tighter tolerances, it's only one of the key factors you should look at. In practice repeatability is even more important specification, as it determines the overall performance of a DRO. For instance, 0.0001" resolution is pretty much worthless when the scale is only repeatable to 0.005". Moreover, as long as the scale is repeatable, the software can compensate for the offset, as long as it's constant.
Consider the illustration below; the first two cases will work equally well in a DRO, since the application will compensate for the offset. Third case is less precise but will get you in the "ball park". The last case, though, is pretty much worthless for any precision work as the readings will be all over the place.
Accuracy vs. Repeatability
Second most important property is the runout. Similar to the repeatability, runout determines the DRO's accuracy. Imagine that you need to drill a row of holes exactly 1.000" apart. If a scale has high runout, the holes will not be spaced equally.
Runout can be thought of as repeatability over the scales length
Finally, high hysteresis will add some "backlash" to the DRO. Most glass and magnetic scales have very small hysteresis; calipers and other capacitive scales list this parameter, unfortunately.
Effect of scale hysteresis is similar to backlash
Most of the scales you will come across will have resolution of at least 0.0005", which is more than adequate for most metal work.
One value that I haven't mentioned above is the scales refresh rate. I.e. the frequency at which the scale will report the position to the interface. If the refresh rate is too low there will be perceivable lag between the machine's movement and the DRO display. In my experience a refresh rate of 20Hz or above feels pretty much "real-time", while 5Hz and less is noticeably laggy.
 1. Nice and well written analysis. Everything seems much clearer now.
 2. Yuri, I would like to add a controller for (older) Heidenhain glass scales (example: LS803). These have an analog output, two phases. Each phase provides about 25 microamps, peak-to-peak. To help me in repairing a broken scale I build a transimpedance amplifier that converts this to a 5 volt peak-to-peak signal. The typical period of the scales is 40 microns or 20 microns. So to count, I need to track the "phase circle": to get one count every five microns I need to identify either 8 or 4 counts per circle. This is easy enough to code up. Would you suggest I try producing new controller code or modifying the existing code to do this? Bruce
 1. Bruce,
 If I were you, I would use a circuit similar to the "voltage converter" I built for the mixed scale controller to convert your since/cosine waves to a 50% duty cycle square wave. You don't want to be reading analogue values via the micro-controller, unless you're willing to move up to an ARM M3 or M4-based DSP. MSP430 (or Arduino for that matter) don't have enough horsepower to do that.
 Hope this makes sense.


game / 2020
Preview video
_URL_ (game demo)
_URL_ (Chinese version)
_URL_ (Japanese version)
_URL_ (Korean version)
TO CALL A HORSE A DEER is an experimental video game about language, hand-eye coordination, truth-bending and acts of complicity.
The title of the work is an inversion of "to call a deer a horse", a Chinese idiom that is used to describe the deliberate act of confusing truth with untruth. The idiom originates from a story in the Chinese classical text Shiji (The Records of Grand Historians) in which an ambitious Qin politician tried to identify adversaries and silence dissent by colluding others to confuse a deer with a horse.
This ancient tale resonates with our times in which truth-bending became an everyday political reality and tools of governance. The game, available in multiple languages, is both a mirror and a critique, a training simulator of truth-bending and its resistance.
Game rules
The player competes by answering rounds of "true or false" questions, following the instructions as given in the game.
 - The player will score 1 point by giving the CORRECT answer if he or she is instructed to LIE.
 - The player will score 1 point by giving the INCORRECT answer if he or she is instructed to TELL THE TRUTH.
 - An answer that does not conform to the given instruction will result in a deduction of 1 point.
 - The player can choose not to answer the question. In that case, no point will be added or deducted.
keywords: critical game, hand-eye coordination, truth-bending, complicity, binary game for a binary world


text:
Protocol::CassandraCQL::Type - represents a Cassandra CQL data type
Objects in this class represent distinct types that may be found in Cassandra CQL3, either as columns in query result rows, or as bind parameters to prepared statements. It is used by Protocol::CassandraCQL::ColumnMeta.
Returns a new type object initialised by parsing the type information in the given message frame.
Returns a string representation of the type name.
Encodes the given perl data into a bytestring.
Decodes the given bytestring into perl data.
Validates whether the given perl data is valid for this type. If so, returns false. Otherwise, returns an error message explaining why.
Returns the type of the elements in the list or set,
Returns the type of the keys and values in the map,
The following encodings to and from perl data are supported:
To or from a string scalar,
which must contain only US-ASCII codepoints (i.e.
ord <= 127).
To or from a numeric scalar.
To or from an opaque string scalar of bytes.
To or from an instance of Math::BigFloat, or from a regular numeric scalar.
To or from a numeric scalar, representing a UNIX epoch timestamp as a float to the nearest milisecond.
To or from a string containing hex digits and hyphens,
in the form
To or from a string scalar containing Unicode characters.
To or from an instance of Math::BigInt, or from a regular numeric scalar.
To or from an
ARRAY reference containing elements.
To or from a
where the keys used must be of some string type.
This code was paid for by
Paul Evans

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


text:
by Reid Draper
Eventual consistency is everywhere. DNS is the canonical example, but it's becoming more important in mobile applications with sporadic connectivity and databases with high availability requirements. One of the difficulties with these systems is resolving conflicting writes. Some cases allow for last-write-wins, but other domains require a mechanism which doesn't lose data. knockbox is an open source Clojure project that takes data-structure implementations that support automatic conflict resolution, and wraps them up to be used just like any other Clojure seq, set, or map. This talk will explore the motivation behind knockbox, the data-structures themselves, using knockbox with Riak, and issues like garbage collection and synchronization.
16th–17th March 2012


text:
What Is Oregon Grape Used for Today?
| What Is the Scientific Evidence for Oregon Grape?
| Safety Issues
The roots and bark of the shrub
(also called Oregon grape) have traditionally been used both orally and topically to treat skin problems. They were also used for other conditions such as gastritis, fever, hemorrhage, jaundice, gall bladder disease, and cancer. In addition,
was used as a bitter tonic to improve appetite.
According to some experts,
is identical to the plant named
, but others point to small distinctions.
, commonly called
, is a close relative of these herbs, but is not identical.
What Is Oregon Grape Used for Today?
Oregon grape is primarily used today as a topical treatment for
. Growing evidence suggests that it may help reduce symptoms, although it does not seem to be as effective for this purpose as standard medications.
Oregon grape has been proposed as a treatment for other skin diseases, such as fungal infections (such as
However, the evidence is either extremely preliminary or inconclusive. For example, a double-blind, placebo-controlled study of 88 people with eczema tested a cream containing extracts of
The results failed to show benefit overall.
Many studies have been performed on purified berberine, a major chemical constituent of Oregon grape and other herbs such as goldenseal, but it is not clear whether their results apply to the whole herb. In addition, impossibly high dosages of the herb would be required to duplicate the amount of berberine used in many of these studies. (For more information, see the article on
What Is the Scientific Evidence for Oregon Grape?
Evidence from two
studies and one comparative trial suggest that cream made from the herb Oregon grape may help reduce symptoms of psoriasis, although it does not seem to be as effective as standard medications.
In a double-blind study published in 2006, two hundred people were given either a cream containing 10% Oregon grape extract or placebo twice a day for 3 months.
The results indicate that the people using Oregon grape experienced greater benefits than those in the placebo group, and the difference was statistically significant. The treatment was well tolerated, though in a few people it caused rash or burning sensation.
Benefits were also seen in a double-blind, placebo-controlled study of 82 people with psoriasis.
However, the study design had a significant flaw: the treatment salve was darker in color than the placebo, possibly allowing participants to guess which was which.
Another study found that dithranol, a conventional drug used to treat psoriasis symptoms, was more effective than Oregon grape.
Regrettably, the authors fail to state whether this study was double-blind. Forty-nine participants applied one treatment to their left side and the other to their right for 4 weeks. Skin biopsies were then analyzed and compared with samples taken at the beginning of the study. The physicians evaluating changes in skin tissue were unaware which treatments had been used on the samples. Greater improvements were seen in the dithranol group.
in which 443 participants with psoriasis used Oregon grape topically for 12 weeks found the herb to be helpful for 73.7% of the group.
group, it's not possible to know whether Oregon grape was truly responsible for the improvement seen, but the trial does help to establish the herb's safety and tolerability. (See Safety Issues below.)
Laboratory research suggests Oregon grape has some effects at the cellular level that might be helpful in psoriasis, such as slowing the rate of abnormal cell growth and reducing inflammation.
Topical ointments or creams containing 10% Oregon grape extract are generally applied 3 times daily to the affected areas.
Oregon grape appears to be safe when used as directed. In the large open study described above, only 5 of the 443 participants reported side effects of burning, redness, and itching.
However, because Oregon grape contains berberine, which has been reported to cause uterine contractions and to increase levels of bilirubin, oral consumption of Oregon grape should be avoided by pregnant women.
Safety in young children, nursing women, or people with severe liver or kidney disease has not been established.
There is an additional concern regarding the berberine content of Oregon grape. One study found that berberine impairs metabolism of the drug cyclosporine, thereby raising its levels.
This could potentially cause toxicity.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


Is Being A Chemist Dangerous?
Is being a chemist dangerous?
Although chemists are trained in proper precautions, the chemicals they handle can still be hazardous to their health.
"Nature" magazine reported in 2006 that explosions and accidental poisonings in chemistry labs have resulted in serious injuries such as blindness and even in death..
Is being a chemist worth it?
You can make a reasonably good living being a chemist. I found, as do many professionals, that a degree proves to management that you are intelligent enough to train. … If you have the intelligence to get a degree in chemistry, then you have the basis, the foundation, for an interesting career.
What are the advantages and disadvantages of being endothermic?
Being endothermic allows us to live in cooler areas and regulate our body temperatures to fight off infection (think of the fever you get fighting off the flu). The downside, though, is that regulating body temperature is energetically costly, and warm-blooded animals need more food than cold-blooded ones.
What are the top 5 Chemistry careers?
What is chemistry in your own words?
Chemistry is the study of matter, its properties, how and why substances combine or separate to form other substances, and how substances interact with energy. … Chemistry is one of the physical sciences that help us to describe and explain our world.
Do chemists make good money?
What are the disadvantages of chemistry?
List of Disadvantages of Chemical EnergyIt can be harmful to the environment. … It comes with a high cost. … It can produce radioactive waste. … It is non-renewable. … It is not good for human health.
What are the benefits of being a chemist?
Chemists usually receive benefits that include paid holidays and vacations, health insurance, and retirement plans.
Is there a demand for chemists?
Prospects. The number of people working as Chemists (in their main job) fell over 5 years: … Industries: Most work in Manufacturing; Professional, Scientific and Technical Services; and Retail Trade. Full-time: Most work full-time (83%, much higher than the average of 66%).


text:
Simplified Simulation Models for Indoor MANET Evaluation are not Robust
1st IEEE Communications Society Conference on Sensor and Ad Hoc Communications and Networks (SECON), Santa Clara, CA, October 2004
We evaluate the robustness of simplified mobility and radio propagation models for indoor MANET simulations. A robust simplification allows researchers to extrapolate simulation results and reach reliable conclusions about the expected performance of protocols in real life. We show that common simplified mobility and radio propagation models are not robust. Experiments with DSR and DSDV, two representative MANET routing protocols, show that the simplifications affect the two protocols in very different manners. Even for a single protocol, the effects on perceived performance can vary erratically as parameters change. These results cast doubt on the soundness of evaluations of MANET routing protocols based on simplified mobility and radio propagation models, and expose the urgent need for more research on realistic MANET simulation.


text:
This page describes the relationship between Google Cloud projects and Cloud Healthcare API datasets and data stores.
All Cloud Healthcare API usage occurs within the context of a Google Cloud project. A project organizes all your Google Cloud resources. A project consists of a set of users; a set of APIs; and billing, authentication, and monitoring settings for those APIs. So, for example, all of your Cloud Healthcare API data and resources, along with user permissions for accessing them, reside in a project. You can have one project, or you can create multiple projects and use them to organize your Google Cloud resources, including your Cloud Healthcare API data, into logical groups.
Each project that you use to develop Cloud Healthcare API solutions must have the Cloud Healthcare API enabled.
To learn more about Google Cloud projects in general, see Projects in the Google Cloud Overview.
Datasets and data stores
A dataset is a container in your Google Cloud project that holds modality-specific healthcare data. Datasets contain other data stores, such as FHIR stores, DICOM stores, and HL7v2 stores, which in turn hold their own types of healthcare data.
A single dataset can contain one or many data stores, and those stores can all service the same modality or different modalities as application needs dictate. Using multiple stores in the same dataset might be appropriate in various situations, such as:
- If an application processes different types of data, such as a DICOM store used for CT scans and a FHIR store for patient data related to the CT scans.
- To separate data according to its source hospital, clinic, department, and so forth.
An application can access as many datasets or stores as its requirements dictate with no performance penalty. You can design your overall dataset and store architecture to meet your goals for locality, partitioning, access control, and so forth.
The following diagram shows a single Google Cloud project containing two datasets. Each dataset contains multiple data stores, and each data store contains healthcare data:


Main Content
Locate node in graph
k = findnode(G,nodeID) returns the numeric node ID, k, of the node in graph G whose name or index is nodeID. The numeric node ID is zero if the node is not in the graph.
collapse all
Create a graph, and then determine the numeric node index for the nodes named 'AB' and 'BC'.
s = {'AA' 'AA' 'AA' 'AB' 'AC' 'BB'};
t = {'BA' 'BB' 'BC' 'BA' 'AB' 'BC'};
G = graph(s,t)
G =
 graph with properties:
 Edges: [6x1 table]
 Nodes: [6x1 table]
k = findnode(G,{'AB' 'BC'})
k = 2×1
k contains the row index into G.Nodes.Name for each specified node.
Input Arguments
collapse all
Example: G = graph(1,2)
FormSingle NodeMultiple Nodes
Node index
Example: 1
Example: [1 2 3]
Node name
Character vector
Example: 'A'
Cell array of character vectors
String scalar
Example: "A"
String array
Example: k = findnode(G,'Chicago') returns the numeric node ID for the node in graph G with the name 'Chicago'.
Data Types: char | cell | string
Output Arguments
collapse all
Numeric node IDs, returned as a scalar or column vector. The values of k are indices into G.Nodes(k,:).
Introduced in R2015b


text:
Please refer to the guidelines outlined in this article before submitting Lightroom presets to GraphicRiver.
- Lightroom preset packs should contain no more than 50 presets
- Submissions must include presets that work with Lightroom 4. However, you can submit Lightroom 3 versions along with the Lightroom 4 compatible presets.
- All Lightroom presets must be saved as.lrtemplate files.
To meet our minimum requirements for documentation, your file must include:
- A list of all the presets included in the ﬁle with the following information:
- The preset name.
- The ﬁle type the preset was designed to be used with. There can be more than one ﬁle type. A few example ﬁle types are RAW, DNG, JPG, and PNG.
- Some presets will not work well with certain types of pictures (overor underexposed, no background, etc.). You should document these picture types with each preset when applicable.
- The version(s) of Lightroom the preset can be used with.
- Version Notes with the following information:
- Date of version release
- Updates included in the release
- Version history
List the compatible file types as well as known picture types that your preset may not work well with, for example, overexposed, underexposed, or no background.


text:
Child & Youth Support Worker
Posted: March 18, 2021
Job Title: Child & Youth Support Worker
The Child & Youth Support worker is responsible for maintaining a safe, secure environment for children and youth residing at the Shelter and JPH, or when using child care facilities. The position is also responsible for program development, administration and program delivery for children and youth within the Dr. Margaret Savage Crisis Centre.
The Child & Youth Support Worker will be responsible for providing care and support to children and youth who have been exposed to family and domestic violence or other crises. They must ensure the development and safety of these children in accordance with relevant federal and provincial legislation and policies. The Child & Youth Support Worker will be respectful of children, youth and parents, and ensure that equipment and facilities are clean, safe and well maintained.
Duties and Responsibilities
- Plan and provide age-appropriate programming for children residing at the shelter or JPH, as well as those attending shelter programs. Plan and implement activities to meet the physical, emotional, intellectual and social needs of the children/youth in the program.
- Provide scheduled child care activities on a weekly basis. Provide varying levels of care for the children of the center including: educational activities/reading, games, storytelling play and physical activity, arts/crafts/musical activities, etc. Assist school aged children with homework and school work. Ensure that children are NOT preoccupied by television/movies and that they are engaged in activities that will attribute to their learning and development.
- Develop youth programming while ensuring that a variety of counseling/educational activities, sports/recreation activities, cultural and other programming activities are planned according to program policies and requirements and ensure positive implementation. The goal is to develop varying levels of programming that are age appropriate.
- Ensure the communication of programming information is distributed to all involved.
- Establish trusting relationships with children, youth and mothers in the Shelter/JPH and communicate with these children, youth and their families to determine their needs and interests.
- Supervise and lead activities for children and youth and monitor the use of equipment and facilities.
- Create relevant educational/training programs for youth to develop their skills.
- Work with mothers to strengthen their understanding and ability to support their children. Offer appropriate parenting advice and support.
- Coordinate child and youth activities with other community organizations.
- Develop a database of child and youth related organizations and activities/workshops offered.
- Respond to the needs of children and youth by providing them support with compassion and understanding in a non-judgmental manner.
- Act as a role model, exhibiting appropriate parenting skills and provide advice and guidance to mothers.
- Voice concerns regarding children's mental and/or physical health to child's guardian and DMSCC Program Coordinator. Follow Child Welfare and Shelter protocol for reporting.
- Provide client transportation as required.
- Assist in orientation of staff and volunteers as to the special needs of children who have witnessed and are victims of family and domestic violence.
- Be an active team member and promote the team "vision." Be willing to assist/help co-workers when needed and encourage open communication amongst staff.
- Work with staffing by providing suggested strategies to best support participants (children, youth, parents/guardian).
- Perform other related work as assigned by the Program Coordinator and/or designate.
- Early Childhood Development Certificate Level I, II or III; Diploma in Child & Youth Care; degree preferred. Related education and training will be considered.
- 2-3 years at minimum of experience in child care or related area.
- Experience working with children who have been exposed to family and domestic violence, emotional and social challenges. Experience working with children from diverse backgrounds.
- High degree of resourcefulness, flexibility, adaptability, and crisis intervention skills.
- Excellent verbal and written communication skills, and strong computer skills.
- Clear Criminal Record Check and Child Welfare Check.
- Standard First Aid/CPR, ASIST Certification, and Non-Violent Crisis Intervention Training is considered an asset.
- Valid Class 5 driver's license, free from restrictions.


text:
Date of this Version
Published in Environ Toxicol (2007) 22: 1–8. DOI 10.1002/tox.20227
The potential ecological impacts of anaerobic degradation of vegetable oil on freshwater sediments were investigated. Sediment toxicity was evaluated using two regulatory biotests: the Microtox® Solid Phase Test and an amphipod (Hyalella azteca) bioassay. The results of the Microtox test showed that the toxicity of the vegetable-oil-contaminated sediments (about 17–33 g oil/kg dry sediments) increased after 2 weeks incubation and then decreased to near background levels after incubation for 8 weeks under anaerobic conditions. The amphipod toxicity bioassay showed that the toxicity of fresh contaminated sediments decreased over time and returned to background levels within 8 weeks. These results suggest that the impact of vegetable oils on organisms within sediments may be limited. To account for the significance of environmental conditions, additional studies over a wide range of incubation conditions (e.g., temperature, nutrient concentration) and other test organisms at various trophic levels are recommended for both acute and chronic toxicity assessment.


text:
- Imperial Horse Graveyard
Near the retired Horse Stables was their graveyard:
The old horses are allowed to walk about in the meadow during summer. On the other side of the stable is a burial ground where a row of marble slabs mark the resting places of the favorite horses. Here lies "Ami" the horse that was with the Emperor Alexander I in Paris; "Flora", the horse that carried the Emperor Nicholas at Varna; and "Cob" the horse, which the late Tsar Alexander III used to ride, when he reviewed his troops.


Recipe: Delicious Italian kale and bean soup
Hey everyone, welcome to our recipe site, looking for the perfect Italian kale and bean soup recipe? look no further! We provide you only the best Italian kale and bean soup recipe here. We also have wide variety of recipes to try.
Before you jump to Italian kale and bean soup recipe, you may want to read this short interesting healthy tips about Make Healthy Eating A Part of Your Day-To-Day Life.
Healthy eating is now a great deal more popular than it used to be and rightfully so. Poor diet is a leading factor in health problems such as heart disease and hypertension which can put a drain on the economy. No matter where you look, people are encouraging you to live a healthier way of life but but then, you are also being encouraged to rely on convenience foods that can affect your health in a terrible way. In all probability, most people think that it takes a lot of work to eat healthily and that they will have to drastically alter their way of life. In reality, however, merely making a few minor changes can positively affect everyday eating habits.
You can make similar alterations with the oils that you use for cooking. Olive oil contains monounsaturated fat which can help to lower bad cholesterol. Olive oil is also a great source of Vitamin E which has a lot of benefits and is also good for your skin. It might be that you already feel that you eat fruit and veggies but it can be worthwhile considering how fresh these are depending on where you get these. Organic foods are an excellent choice and will reduce any possible exposure to harmful chemicals. Looking for a local supplier of fresh vegetables and fruits will give you the choice of consuming foods that still contain almost all of the nutrients which are often lost when produce has been kept in storage before it is sold.
We hope you got insight from reading it, now let's go back to italian kale and bean soup recipe. To cook italian kale and bean soup you only need 6 ingredients and 3 steps. Here is how you cook it.
The ingredients needed to cook Italian kale and bean soup:
 1. Prepare 1 lb of ground Italian sausage.
 2. Use 1 carton of chicken broth.
 3. Get 2 of types of white beans.
 4. Provide of kale (as desired).
 5. Use 2-3 cloves of garlic.
 6. Take of salt and pepper.
Instructions to make Italian kale and bean soup:
 1. First cook meat till almost done, don't drain..
 2. Add diced garlic and kale with just a cup of broth and cook down..
 3. Add beans and the rest of the broth and cook till hot throughout and add salt and pepper to taste.
If you find this Italian kale and bean soup recipe helpful please share it to your close friends or family, thank you and good luck.


text:
How well is your mainframe outsourcer managing capacity and performance?
Part 5: CPU based pricing models
This is the fifth in a series of blogs about how to follow up on your mainframe outsourcer. Previously I've discuss why it is important to follow up on your outsourcer, understanding MIPS and MSU, and the pitfalls of MIPS. In the last blog I discussed the outsourcer's cost structure. In this article I will dig further into the commercial aspects of CPU capacity. Specifically, we will look at how the monthly invoice for the customer is calculated from the technical measurements.
CPU based pricing from an outsourcer can be usage-based, capacity-based, or a combination of the two.
Usage based pricing
As discussed in the previous blog, IBM software is generally billed based on CPU usage, so it is natural for the outsourcer to ensure some level of back-to-back agreement with its customers by also charging based on CPU usage. Some variations on this theme that we have seen are:
– Monthly peak rolling four-hour average
– Absolute monthly peak
– Peak during working hours during the month
– Monthly percentile peak (e.g. 95th percentile where the highest 5% of the peaks are ignored)
– Total or average usage during the month (e.g. average MIPS or total CPU seconds)
– Bands (penalties for using too much or too little)
The units are generally MIPS or MSU. Note that while the outsourcer may be paying IBM for their peak usage and charging you for your peak usage, those peaks may be at different times.
The advantage of capacity-based pricing is predictability. You pay a fixed monthly fee for a fixed capacity, no matter how much you use. There are typically well-defined mechanisms in the agreement for adjusting that capacity on an ongoing basis. Example of this theme include:
– Reserved capacity, sometimes referred to as guaranteed capacity, based on the LPARS 'weight'
– Maximum capacity based on the LPARs configuration, e.g. number of logical CPU's
– Maximum capacity based on hard or soft capping
These elements can be combined in many ways. Here are some examples:
– CP capacity billed based on peak, but zIIP and IFL capacity billed based on number of logical CPU's
– CP and zIIP capacity based on the combined CP + zIIP peak – or based on the peaks for CP and the peaks for zIIP determined independently
– Peaks based on combining the usage of all LPARS or based on each LPAR independently
– Some software products billed based on usage and other software products based on capacity
We recommend the following best practices when deciding on a billing model:
- Work towards alignment of interests with your outsourcer. Think win-win by looking for ways you both can save money.
- Avoid complexity that doesn't add value.
- Ensure transparency through access to data and reporting.
- Understand your current and projected usage patterns when considering alternate billing models.
- Get independent advice from subject matter experts when evaluating your current situation or considering alternatives.
- Understand the relationship between cost and quality of service.
The relationship between cost and quality of service will be covered in more detail in another blog.
by Steven Thomas, Chief Technology Officer, SMT Data


text:
Definitions for knockdownˈnɒkˌdaʊn
Random House Webster's College Dictionary
capable of knocking something down; overwhelming; irresistible:
a knockdown blow.
constructed of parts that can readily be disassembled and assembled:
Category: Building Trades
offered or acquired for less than the prevailing rate:
Category: Common Vocabulary
(n.)a knockdown object.
an act or instance of knocking down, esp. by a blow.
something that fells or overwhelms.
a reduction or lowering, as in price or number.
Origin of knockdown:
a blow that knocks the opponent off his feet
(furniture) easily assembled and dismantled
"I bought a knockdown chest at the do-it-yourself store"
An act of knocking down or the condition of being knocked down.
An overwhelming blow.
A genetically modified organism that carries one or more genes in its chromosomes that has been made less active or had its expression reduced.
The use of a reagent such as an oligonucleotide with sequence complementary to an active gene or its mRNA transcript, to interfere with the expression of said gene.
The condition of a sailboat being pushed abruptly to horizontal, with the mast parallel to the water surface.
a short pass played downwards, for example from the head onto someone's feet.
powerful enough to overwhelm or knock down
reduced in price
a felling by a knock, as of a combatant, or of an animal
of force sufficient to fell or completely overthrow; as, a knockdown blow; a knockdown argument


Location Sensitive Image Retrieval and Tagging
Raul Gomez, Jaume Gibert, Lluis Gomez, Dimosthenis Karatzas ;
People from different parts of the globe describe objects and concepts in distinct manners. Visual appearance can thus vary across different geographic locations, which makes location a relevant contextual information when analysing visual data. In this work, we address the task of image retrieval related to a given tag conditioned on a certain location on Earth. We present LocSens, a model that learns to rank triplets of images, tags and coordinates by plausibility, and two training strategies to balance the location influence in the final ranking. LocSens learns to fuse textual and location information of multimodal queries to retrieve related images at different levels of location granularity, and successfully utilizes location information to improve image tagging. Code and models will be available to ensure reproducibility."
Related Material


Uniqueness in Interchange
In order to process message flows in a coherent and predictable manner, Interchange enforces the uniqueness of object names.
Unique object names
In order to configure Interchange, you create objects and assign values to attributes of these objects.
As a general rule, each object that you create in the Interchange interface must have a unique name.
Object creation: If you try to create an object with a name that already exists, Interchange displays a message informing you of the naming conflict and instructing you to enter a unique name.
Object importing: If you import an object or set of objects with a name that is already used in a configuration, the importer executes one of the following actions to insure uniqueness:
 - ignore - ignores the imported object and conserves the existing object
 - replace - replaces the existing object with the imported version of the object
 - update - modifies the existing object by adding, deleting or revaluing attributes from the imported object
Upgrades: If you upgrade from a previous version, the upgrade logic never deletes previous data. When the upgrade logic detects or must generate a potentially duplicated object, it automatically renames the duplicates with unique names. In some cases it may also have to disable the renamed object to conserve the functional uniqueness of the configuration.
Related topics
Related Links


text:
Working paper 108
Two parallel tracks of research on economic transformation in developing countries have operated at a distance from each other over the last two decades. A global track – global value chains/global production networks (GVC/GPNs) – has focused on the increasing interconnectedness of global trading networks and has overlooked the role of the state and the explanatory power of domestic political economy. Meanwhile, a domestic track – including literature on developmental states, industrial policy and political settlements – has tended to take a methodologically nationalist perspective to examine economic transformation in developing countries, with limited reflections on external economic and political pressures. This paper contributes to an emerging stream of literature that examines how the domestic and global scales influence how developing country governments and firms tackle the challenge of economic upgrading. By combining insights from the political settlements and GVC/GPNs literature, this paper examines the Rwandan government's attempt at upgrading its coffee production to enter specialty coffee markets. It shows how the existing GVC/GPNs literature makes an important contribution to describing how multipolar governance influences the pathways for economic upgrading in Rwanda's coffee sector, but that even where access is granted, benefits are captive to the demands of international buyers, and gains for some have not translated across the sector. Insights from the political settlements literature showcase how domestic politics influences who benefits from insertion to GVC/GPNs and how the unequal provision of opportunities affects political stability.


Is There a Difference Between Bar Soap and Liquid Hand Wash?
By Claire CameronFeb 19, 2016 6:00 PM
Handwashing Bar Soap - Shutterstock
(Credit: Alliance/Shutterstock)
Sign up for our email newsletter for the latest science news
Q: Is there any difference between washing our hands with bar soap or liquid hand wash? Would it be better if we wash with both soap and hand wash at the same time? — Rowena Kong, Vancouver, Canada
A: The debate over whether bar or liquid is best has been ongoing for decades, but a 2006 study nearly put an end to bar soap's clean credentials. It found that the more consistently wet the bar soaps were and the more they were used, the more potentially harmful microbes they hosted.
Counterintuitively, this is because of how soap works: When it mixes with water, the soap's fats break down and lather, increasing the solubility of what's on your skin, including bacteria. But water alone can't remove all bacteria, and since some water remains on the soap's surface after you've finished washing, some bacteria lingers in that water.
Luckily, soap is water soluble, so just rinsing the bar reduces bacteria on it. And there's nothing wrong with using it at home, where presumably fewer people (and their germs) will touch it. Still, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention recommends people use liquid hand wash to minimize the risk of spreading harmful bacteria. Even though refilling liquid hand wash dispensers can turn them into potential havens for microbes, liquid still trumps bar in the CDC's eyes. That's because people can either dispose of the dispensers or thoroughly clean them before refilling, decreasing the chance they'll harbor bacteria.
As for mixing the two, CDC spokeswoman Brittany Behm says, "We don't think there is any reason to use both bar and liquid soap simultaneously." So stick to the soap you like best.
1 free article left
Already a subscriber?
Register or Log In
1 free articleSubscribe
Magazine Examples
Want more?
Keep reading for as low as $1.99!
Already a subscriber?
Register or Log In
More From Discover
Recommendations From Our Store
Shop Now
Stay Curious
Our List
Sign up for our weekly science updates.
To The Magazine
Copyright © 2021 Kalmbach Media Co.


text:
How does this metaphor contribute to the overall meaning "He came alive to me, delivered suddenly from the womb of his purposeless splendor"
This is from The Great Gatsby Chapter 4 ending
1 Answer | Add Yours
This is a quote by Nick as he regarded the information that Jordan just gave him. She told him that Gatsby bought the house he bought to be near Daisy. She has also told him the story of how Daisy and Jay met and how it came to be that Daisy married Tom rather than Jay. This quote contributes to the overall meaning of the story because Jay Gatsby was born suddenly; that is, the man was born James Gatz and only suddenly became Jay Gatsby when Dan Cody asked him his name years before. Jay recreated himself not just then, but later, in the years following the war and before the start of the story. When Jay and Daisy parted as Jay left for war, Jay was poor. He worked hard to re-invent himself as a wealthy man. It is therefore somewhat ironic that Nick sees this information as a sort of "birth" for his understanding of Jay Gatsby. Furthermore, this quote contributes to the overall meaning because of the words "purposeless splendor". Waste, in many forms, is one of the themes of the story and the word "purposeless" is a word about waste. Of course, "splendor" describes the lifestyles enjoyed by the Buchanans and by Jay Gatsby.
Join to answer this question
Join a community of thousands of dedicated teachers and students.Join eNotes


text:
HomeLight's algorithm uses transaction data to match buyers and sellers with real estate agents.
To maximize your chances of receiving referrals, you will need to ensure that your past 1-3 years of transaction history is uploaded and verified.
There are two ways to add transactions:
- If you have several transactions to add, we recommend using the upload spreadsheet tool.
- If you have a small number of transactions to add, you can add each of your transactions individually through the single transaction tool.
Once signed in, click here to upload your transactions.
Regardless of which method you use, keep in mind the following:
- We ask that you only upload residential sales transactions. You should not add rental, commercial, or land transactions.
- You'll need to provide supporting evidence that our team can use to cross-verify the transaction data you add. Verification examples could include a link to your sold listings on the MLS, your personal website, or a screenshot or PDF of your production report.
Bulk Uploading Transactions to HomeLight
To get started, you will need to gather the required information. Each transaction requires the following details:
- Which side of the transaction you represented (buyer, seller or both)
- Property type
- Full Property Address
- Original Listing Date and Price
- Selling Date and Price
Note: If you are licensed in a nondisclosure state, this information is still required, but will not be displayed publicly.
Once you have gathered the required information, download the template spreadsheet. This is the spreadsheet you will use to compile all of your transactions.
- The template spreadsheet contains a header row. Do not make any changes to this row or any of its contents.
- Next, begin entering your transaction data. Ensure that you don't skip any rows and all fields are formatted correctly.
- Columns A through K are required for each transaction. The remaining columns are optional, but you must leave the header rows intact. You are encouraged to fill out as many of the columns as possible.
- Once you are done, save the file in CSV format.
Use the "Upload spreadsheet" button to upload the file. You'll also be required to upload your verification evidence.
Uploading Single Transactions to HomeLight
To add a single transaction to HomeLight, click the "Single Transaction" button.
Simply fill out the form with the required information, then provide a link to your verification source or upload a verification file.
If there are any problems with the spreadsheet or verification you provided, you will receive an email with further details. Otherwise, you will receive a confirmation email letting you know that your transactions have been successfully verified. Once your transactions are verified, they will immediately be included in our referral matching algorithm.
Questions? Submit a support request here.


Starting a Session (Waterford UPSTART)
The Start Session button allows parents of Waterford UPSTART users to begin a session for their child. To start a session through Waterford Mentor:
 1. Log in to your Waterford Mentor account.
 2. Scroll to the name of the child whose session you are starting.
 3. Click on the Start Session button to the right of their name.
How did we do?
Powered by HelpDocs (opens in a new tab)


Scientists and other people around the world are paying their respects to Trevor Weekes, a world-renowned astrophysicist, who was considered a pioneer and visionary in the field of gamma ray astronomy.
Weekes was born in Ireland, but he moved to Southern Arizona in the 1970s, where he helped to develop VERITAS - Very Energetic Radiation Imaging Telescope Array System - on Mount Hopkins south of Tucson.
Weekes passed away May 26 at the age of 74 after a battle with cancer.
A memorial was held in Tucson on Sunday, and was attended by people from different countries, including John Kildea, who considered Weekes a mentor and friend.
Kildea met Weekes in Arizona when Kildea came to conduct postdoctoral research a few years ago.
Originally from Ireland, Kildea now lives and works in Canada.
"He welcomed students from Ireland, from other countries into his home, he and his wife Ann, and made visiting scientists part of their family," Kildea said.


text:
Guest halt polling¶
The cpuidle_haltpoll driver, with the haltpoll governor, allows the guest vcpus to poll for a specified amount of time before halting.
This provides the following benefits to host side polling:
- The POLL flag is set while polling is performed, which allows a remote vCPU to avoid sending an IPI (and the associated cost of handling the IPI) when performing a wakeup.
- The VM-exit cost can be avoided.
The downside of guest side polling is that polling is performed even with other runnable tasks in the host.
The basic logic as follows: A global value, guest_halt_poll_ns, is configured by the user, indicating the maximum amount of time polling is allowed. This value is fixed.
Each vcpu has an adjustable guest_halt_poll_ns ("per-cpu guest_halt_poll_ns"), which is adjusted by the algorithm in response to events (explained below).
The haltpoll governor has 5 tunable module parameters:
Maximum amount of time, in nanoseconds, that polling is performed before halting.
Division factor used to shrink per-cpu guest_halt_poll_ns when wakeup event occurs after the global guest_halt_poll_ns.
Multiplication factor used to grow per-cpu guest_halt_poll_ns when event occurs after per-cpu guest_halt_poll_ns but before global guest_halt_poll_ns.
The per-cpu guest_halt_poll_ns eventually reaches zero in case of an idle system. This value sets the initial per-cpu guest_halt_poll_ns when growing. This can be increased from 10000, to avoid misses during the initial growth stage:
10k, 20k, 40k, … (example assumes guest_halt_poll_grow=2).
Bool parameter which allows shrinking. Set to N to avoid it (per-cpu guest_halt_poll_ns will remain high once achieves global guest_halt_poll_ns value).
The module parameters can be set from the debugfs files in:
- Care should be taken when setting the guest_halt_poll_ns parameter as a large value has the potential to drive the cpu usage to 100% on a machine which would be almost entirely idle otherwise.


text:
Have you noticed your ferret trying to chew on the buttons on your remote control or maybe on a flip-flop? If so, don't be surprised - chewing is a completely normal behavior for ferrets. However, ferrets can easily get blockages from ingesting materials that they cannot digest, such as soft rubber. Because it is a natural instinct for ferrets to chew, it is important that you provide safe, ferret specific products for your ferret to chew on. But which items are safe and which aren't?
Unsafe Chew Toys
Never allow your ferret to chew on the following items. They can cause blockages or other damage to your ferret's stomach or intestines. Blockages are a life threatening condition, and they are fatal if not caught and treated by a veterinarian in time.
Rubber is incredibly dangerous for ferrets, which is unfortunate because it is one of their favorite items to chew on. Soft rubber, like the kind that remote control buttons are made from, is especially dangerous because your ferret can easily bite small pieces of it off and swallow them. These pieces can get lodged in the stomach or intestines, and the ferret may or may not be able to pass them. If a full blockage forms in the intestines and is not treated immediately, that section of the intestine will start to die, making your ferret very ill.
While ferrets naturally like to chew on things, they do not chew for the same reason that small pets do. Small pets need wood to chew on to control the constant growth of their teeth throughout their lives. Ferrets are carnivores, and their teeth and jaws were made to chew on meat and bones. If you give a ferret wood to chew on, she could ingest wooden splinters that could damage her stomach and intestines. It is acceptable to give ferrets cage accessories that are made from wood if supervised, but if you see any signs at all that your ferret has been chewing on them, remove them from the cage immediately.
Ferrets only take about four hours to completely digest their food from the time they eat it to the time it leaves their body. This isn't enough time for the rawhide to re-hydrate, and the pieces she eats can form severe blockages in her stomach and intestines. If you have dogs and you give them rawhide, be sure to pick up any pieces lying around before you let your ferrets out to play.
If your ferret accidentally swallows one of the items listed above or any other non-edible item, give her a ferret laxative or hairball remedy immediately. Watch her stool for the next few days, and if she does not pass the unsafe object, schedule a veterinary appointment immediately.
Safe Chew Toys for Ferrets
There are a variety of safe chew toys available for ferrets. They will satisfy your ferret's need to chew, but are completely edible and easy for your ferret to digest.
The chew toys and treats listed below are all completely safe for your ferret to chew on and ingest.
Ferret N-Bones Chew Treats
Ferret N-Bones are all-natural ferret chew treats that are high in protein and fat. Completely edible and digestible, these chew treats are a favorite of ferrets everywhere. They have a delicious chicken flavor, and they meet the specific dietary requirements of ferrets.


text:
|Disaster and Development - 2nd edition (Department of Humanitarian Affairs/United Nations Disaster Relief Office - Disaster Management Training Programme - United Nations Development Programme, 1994, 60 p.)|
|PART 3. Assessing the trade-offs in investing in vulnerability reduction|
Two definitions need to be made at this point:
Opportunity cost: the opportunity cost of a resource is the cost of its next best alternative. A person engaged in mopping up a flood would usually be employed in some other job. The opportunity cost of mopping up is the foregone value of the work he or she would otherwise have done. Or seen another way, the funds expected to pay for clean-up should not be spent on something else.
Present value: All things being equal, money available for productive investment now is worth more than money available for productive investment sometime in the future.
An overriding choice facing a government is whether to spend now on preparedness or mitigation or, possibly, spend later on disaster recovery. Usually governments choose a mix of preparedness/mitigation and recovery programs.
The key questions in this choice are:
What are the opportunity costs of investing in preparedness and/or mitigation?
Is the present value of the future loss higher or lower than the cost of investing in preparedness and/or mitigation?
One basic principle affecting the choice is that spending on preparedness and mitigation should be less than the present value of the expected losses which would be averted by the preparedness/mitigation measure.


What is DMP?
The data can be offline data which is uploaded to the DMP or could be from an online source which is imported in real time.
Once user data is stored within the DMP, the data can be used for analysis ie categorize by demographics or interests.
Popular DMPs include;
Adobe Audience Manager
Google Audience Center
Neustar PlatformOne
Nielsen DMP (Exelate)
Oracle (Blue Kai)
Salesforce DMP
Xaxis Turbine


»Home » Products center» Powder Production Equipment
Plasma Atomization and Chemical Composition Methods Manufacturing Composite Powder Material Equipment
Type: Powder Production Equipment
Input Size: powder, wire or melt
Processed Materials: metals or alloys
Applications: Plasma Atomization Equipment's output powders are mainly acting as raw materials of powder metallurgy products and also can be used for catalyst, painting, pigment, etc.
send _EMAIL_
1. The plasma, as a technology under ultimate conditions, is an advanced and new technology in the application for the synthesis and production of powdered material, and currently prevails among studies in many countries.
2. Its working principles refer to several steps.
Firstly, injecting solid particles into inert gas plasma and completely evaporate them under the high temperature of the plasma, existing as steam.
Secondly, cooling them fast with gas quenching cooling technology.
Finally, allowing saturated steam to be rapidly condensed, nucleated, grew and formed into superfine powder.
Owning to its cutting-edge technology, the equipment series are commonly applied to the production of superfine/nano-powdered material with highly chemical purity:
1.Metals: Cu, Fe, Al, Mo, W, Ni, Re, Ta, Ti and their alloys;
2.Oxides: Al2O3, MgO, TiO2, ZrO2, SiO2 and so on;
3.Carbides: WC, TiC, B4C, SiC and so on;
4.Nitrides: AiN, TiN, BN, Si3N4 and so on.
Powder production
Quenching Other:
1000kg/batch Other:


text:
Definition of heliotropism in English:
1The directional growth of a plant in response to sunlight. Compare with phototropism.
- The adaptive significance of solar tracking in snow buttercups is mediated through the impact of flower heliotropism on paternal and maternal floral environments.
- The heliotropism itself is an adaptation for survival, the plant maximizing sunlight.
- All legume plants do this, so be sure to watch your peas and beans for signs of heliotropism.
1.1 Zoology The tendency of an animal to move toward light.
- Example sentences
- Using a similar idea in the moral realm, Augustine says that we naturally seek the good and try to turn towards it, as a heliotropic flower seeks the sun.
- Like a heliotropic plant, she turned towards warmth and light, which unfortunately were the blinding flashes of cameras.
- For fourteen years, off and on, I have spent the spring on the south coast of Cornwall, in the heliotropic village of St Mawes.
Definition of heliotropism in:
- British & World English dictionary
What do you find interesting about this word or phrase?
Comments that don't adhere to our Community Guidelines may be moderated or removed.


text:
Skip to Main Content
The application of the optimization technique known as dynamic programming to the design of "thinned" arrays with unequally-spaced elements is described. Dynamic programming is a systematic procedure for efficiently utilizing the capabilities of modern high-speed digital computing machines to find solutions to problems not computationally feasible by conventional means. In this paper it is applied to the design of linear arrays of 25 elements spaced within a 50 wavelength aperture. The results obtained compare favorably with similar results found by other design techniques. The effect on the sidelobes of varying the angular region of optimization and the spacing-quantization is also explored.
Date of Publication: Jan 1964


HepvO® is the innovative hygienic Self Sealing Waste Valve. It replaces the traditional water-seal trap and prevents the escape of foul sewer air from waste discharge systems. Unlike conventional waste traps, HepvO® does not rely on trapped water to create a seal. Water seals are prone to failure by Evaporation, Siphonage and other Mechanisms. Instead, HepvO® uses a self sealing membrane which performs the same function as a water seal trap but without the risk of depletion or freezing.
HepvO® actively eliminates negative pressure within the waste system by opening and allowing in fresh air until a state of equilibrium with atmosphere is reached. This means that secondary venting of the waste system via the inclusion of air admittance valves in the waste system is no longer necessary.
Enhance Plumbing Design
The HepvO® valve can be installed vertically or horizontally (with an adaptor) and is available and 1.5 and 1.25. This enables valuable space-saving opportunities to be achieved.
Shop Now Watch Video


text:
|The First Televised Orchestra Concert
Philadelphia Orchestra during the First
Televised Orchestra Concert
Photograph by Jules Schick 20 March 1948
At 5:00 p.m. on 20 March 1948, the Philadelphia Orchestra made broadcasting history as the first American orchestra to perform on network television. The hour-long concert, produced by WCAU-TV, the Philadelphia affiliate of the Columbia Broadcasting System (CBS), was broadcast live from the Academy of Music at the corner of Broad and Locust Streets. The broadcast followed close on the heels of an agreement between the American Federation of Musicians, led by James Petrillo, and the networks, which ended a three-year ban on live music performances on television. Once the agreement had been reached, the networks jockeyed for the distinction of being the first to televise an orchestra concert. Soon after the National Broadcasting Company (NBC) had announced plans to telecast an hour-long all-Wagner concert by the NBC Symphony Orchestra under Arturo Toscanini at 6:30 p.m. on 20 March 1948, CBS countered by scheduling a concert by the Philadelphia Orchestra for the same evening, ninety minutes earlier.The Philadelphia orchestra performed two works: the overture to Carl Maria von Weber's opera Der Freischutz and the recently rediscovered Symphony no. 1 by Sergei Rachmaninoff, which had received its United States premiere by the orchestra the previous evening.


Star (Clan)
Map Designation of a Clan Star
A Star is the basic building block of Clan military forces. It consists of five Points working together to provide the most firepower in a unit with the smallest logistical footprint.[1][2] A Star is commanded by a Star Commander.
BattleMech Stars[edit]
This formation consists of five OmniMechs or, in the case of garrison and some second-line units, five standard BattleMechs. At the Star level 'Mechs are organized together based on capabilities; grouping together 'Mechs of wildly varying weights, speeds, and offensive proficiencies is generally seen as an invitation for the enemy to divide them in the field.[3][4] However while Stars are defined by the weight composition of their Points in a way similar to 'Mech ratings - Light, Medium, Heavy and Assault - each type need not contain only 'Mechs of that weight rating. The following table shows shows the various compositions that are typically used. It is unusual for a Star to contain all four 'Mech weight ratings, and so is omitted here.[5]
Star Weight Composition
Light Star Medium Star Heavy Star Assault Star
5 Light 1 Light, 4 Medium 2 Medium, 3 Heavy 1 Medium, 2 Heavy, 2 Assault
4 Light, 1 Medium 5 Medium 1 Medium, 4 Heavy 4 Heavy, 1 Assault
3 Light, 2 Medium 4 Medium, 1 Heavy 5 Heavy 3 Heavy, 2 Assault
2 Light, 2 Medium, 1 Heavy 3 Medium, 2 Heavy 1 Medium, 3 Heavy, 1 Assault 2 Heavy, 3 Assault
AeroSpace Stars[edit]
Clan OmniFighter Stars consist of ten fighters and differ from 'Mech Stars in that mixed designs and weight classes are common. Medium-weight fighters dominate among the Clans' toumans along with lower-end heavyweight designs, although not to the exclusion of other weight types. Clan Naval Stars will contain five or six vessels, either WarShips, JumpShips or DropShips, often with an additional command vessel[3][4]
Armor Stars[edit]
Armor Stars consist of ten vehicles, but due to the Clans' prejudice against conventional armor these formations are commonly found in solahma or, more rarely, garrison units. Light and heavy-weight types are preferred, while medium-weight vehicles are particularly rare.[6][7]
Infantry Stars[edit]
Clan Infantry Stars can consist of either Elementals or conventional infantry. Elemental Stars consist of 25 Elementals and play a far more prominent role in Clan warfare than conventional infantry thanks to their Battle Armor. Conventional infantry Stars consist of 125 soldiers, but are largely solahma or freeborn units and rarely incorporated into the standard Clan order of battle.[6][7]
Mixed Stars[edit]
In general Stars which mix different unit types see their overall combat effectiveness severely weakened. One of the few exceptions to this rule is the strategic command Star, a formation first pioneered by Clan Wolf. It combines four Points of either OmniMechs or Elementals with an AeroSpace Point for reconnaissance and escort duty. The success of this formation has caused other Clans to adopt it, albeit in more limited numbers.[1][2]
 1. 1.0 1.1 Field Manual: Warden Clans, pg. 11-12
 2. 2.0 2.1 Field Manual: Crusader Clans, pg. 9-10
 3. 3.0 3.1 Field Manual: Warden Clans, pg. 10
 4. 4.0 4.1 Field Manual: Crusader Clans, pg. 8
 5. Total Warfare, pg. 265
 6. 6.0 6.1 Field Manual: Warden Clans, pg. 11
 7. 7.0 7.1 Field Manual: Crusader Clans, pg. 9


text:
Franco-Scottish alliance against England one of longest in history
12 Aug 2011
A University of Manchester historian has uncovered evidence which shows how a defensive alliance against England between Scotland and France might never have formally ended – potentially making it the longest in history.
In a paper to be published next year, Dr Siobhan Talbott argues the Franco-Scottish Auld Alliance of 1295 survived centuries of enmity and war between Britain and France – even after the Act of Union was signed in 1707. Trade, she says, is a major reason for its longevity.
The prevailing view of historians that Scotland sided with the English, moving away from her friendship with France after 1560, when the country converted to Protestantism, is also disputed by Dr Talbott.
J. Macpherson, published in Scottish Field in 1967, says Dr Talbott, showed that France refused to accept Westminster's abrogation of the Scottish side of the Auld Alliance in 1906, following the Entente Cordiale between Britain and France. By French law, a Scotsman born before 1907 still possesses the full rights and privileges of Franco-Scottish nationality.
The 716-year-old citizenship and trading privileges enjoyed by Scots in France, she suggests, are possibly intact today.
Dr Talbott said: "It's going to be difficult to prove conclusively that Auld Alliance of 1295 is the longest in history - but there is strong evidence to suggest that this could indeed be the case.
"If we accept 1906 as an 'end date', this would make the Auld Alliance 611 years old, compared to 638 years for what many regard as world's oldest alliance between England and Portugal.
"However, when Charles de Gaulle spoke in Edinburgh in June 1942, he stated that the Auld Alliance was 'the oldest alliance in the world'."
Previously, historians have argued the 1560 Treaty of Edinburgh, along with Scotland's conversion to Protestantism, ended the Auld Alliance between Scotland and France.
But not so according to Dr Talbott: some French troops remained in Scotland and there is no reference to ending the Alliance in the text.
Even during the eighteenth century – after the Act of Union was signed – Scotland and France continued to have an active and close relationship, based on the historic Auld Alliance.
Trade flourished between the two countries, even though France was Catholic and Scotland Protestant.
Scottish merchants paid less or no customs at some French ports, whereas some ports would not trade with the English at all.
The Scots exported a range of goods including coal, wool and animal skins to France.
And French exports included salt, wine, luxury cloth, musical instruments, furniture, beds and spectacles.
Despite some difficulties for Protestant Scots, there were well established communities in Bordeaux, Paris and La Rochelle throughout the seventeenth century.
Dr Talbott said: "It has been previously recognised that trade continued to take place between the two countries in the eighteenth century.
"But by examining merchants' records from the period, I can now say that it was much more extensive than realised, and that it continued despite conflict such as war which many historians have maintained prevented it.
She added: "Scots saw their country as an independent entity throughout the eighteenth century, even after the Union of the Scottish and English monarchies in 1603 and the Union of their parliaments in 1707 - and other European nations regarded them like that too.
"This might explain why Scots seem to have more of a notion of independence than the English, who appear to more readily see themselves as 'British' - and it will be interesting to see if the results of the 2011 Census and the proposed 2014 referendum on Scottish Independence reflects this."
Dr Talbott's research has been awarded the prestigious 2011 Pollard Prize by the Institute of Historical Research, University of London, for the best seminar given by a scholar within one year of completing their PhD.
Notes for editors
The paper by Dr Talbott will be published in the journal Historical Research and is entitled: 'If you were hier you could gaine what you please, for there is many English and severall Scots that you might deall with': British Commercial Interests on the French Atlantic Coast, c. _PHONE_'.
It will be published in the IHR's journal, Historical Research next year.
'Beyond 'the antiseptic realm of theoretical economic models': New Perspectives on Franco-Scottish Commerce and the Auld Alliance in the Long Seventeenth Century' is being published later this year in the Journal of Scottish Historical Research, 31:2 (November 2011). It won the Economic and Social History Society of Scotland's Research Essay Prize for 2009.
The research was carried out in national and regional archives of France, USA and UK.
Dr Talbott is available for interview
For media enquires contact:
Faculty of Humanities
The University of Manchester
0161 _PHONE_


2 Way Match Vs 3 Way Match Vs 4 Way Match In AP
The Differences Between 2 Way Matching, 3 Way Matching, an… Matching In AP
2-way, 3-way, and 4-way matching is a vital part of accounting when it comes to procurement and receiving. As one of the best internal controls to keep your business from paying for things you didn't receive or overpaying for things you did, it is well worth the effort it takes.
The Differences Between 2 Way Matching and 3 Way Matching In AP
If you work in accounting, you're probably already aware of the 2-way match vs 3-way match, but for those that aren't, let's take a closer look at each.
2-Way Matching
In 2-way matching, the purchase order and invoice information are verified to match within your tolerances as shown:
 - The quantity billed must be less than or equal to the quantity ordered
 - The invoice price must be less than or equal to the purchase order price
3-Way Matching
3-way matching, adds an additional criterion is added to verify that the receipt and invoice information match with the quantity tolerances you define.
The quantity billed must be less than or equal to the quantity received.
4-Way Matching
And 4-way matching adds yet another criterion to verify that acceptance documents and invoice match within your quantity tolerances.
The quantity billed must be less than or equal to the quantity accepted.
Setting your tolerance is also critical to determining your matching criteria. Sometimes companies consider quantities inside the tolerance limits as matched.
For instance:
If you order 100 items and have a 5% tolerance, and there is an invoice quantity of 103, this is within the tolerance and the matching system accepts it.
However, if you order 100 items with a 5% tolerance, and there is an invoice quantity of 115, this is outside the tolerance and the matching system will flag it for manual review.
Why PO-Matching Matters to Your Organization
If you're not an accounting professional, this may seem overly complex. In reality, all you're doing is ensuring you're only being billed for the number of items you ordered at the price you were quoted and confirming that you did receive the quantity you ordered.
The allowance for less than or equal to means that a vendor shipping more than the quantity you agreed upon or charging less than you agreed to is acceptable. This setup only flags in situations where a vendor sends less or charges more than the agreed-upon amounts.
This setup places the responsibility of error in favor of the consumer onto the vendor and is found in delivery-based manufacturing more often than many many realize.
"Without matching controls, the company could be purging money and not even realize it. Blindly paying invoices means you could be paying more than the agreed-upon price, paying for more than what you received, or paying for the same product multiple times. The matching process prevents paying fraudulent invoices."
How 2-Way, 3-Way, and 4-Way Matching is Done
In the past, this type of matching was done manually, which was time-consuming and left a lot of room for error. Traditional, the purchase order was filled out on paper and handed over to accounting. The vendor then invoiced the company and shipped out the product.
When the product was received, the receiving clerk would verify the quantity of product received, giving the packing slip to the accounting department. The accounting department would then compare the packing slip to the purchase order, then the purchase order to the invoice, and the invoice to the packing slip to make sure all the numbers lined up.
It was a lot of work for the accounts payable department and the receiving department. It all relied on the fact that a receiving clerk was indeed correctly verifying goods receipt and that the corresponding purchase order was readily available.
Now, thanks to AP automation, the accounts payable processes are streamlined. Two-way matching, three-way matching, and even four-way matching occur automatically once purchase orders, receiving reports, and invoices are all in the system.
If during the invoice matching process something doesn't line up, it is flagged for review, someone can take a look at it and solve the issue before making payment.
If the matching process goes smoothly, the company can take advantage of early payment options during invoice processing. This keeps vendors happy and may even position the company in such a way that they can leverage discounts to save even more money on future orders.
When it comes to 2-way match vs. 3-way match, three-way is the better option because it compares the purchase order to the receipt of the goods to the invoice to make sure you're only paying for goods you ordered and received.
Though accounting automation takes a bit of setup work to get started, it is well worth it in the end. Once in the system, everything will run through you're pre-established routing and rules for approvals, matching, and verification to improve the accuracy and efficiency of the entire procure to pay process.
With PLANERGY, there are notifications to keep the involved parties informed when there is something that must be done or any document requires their attention.
This eliminates misplaced documents and waiting periods, and the back-and-forth conversation that has to occur between departments.
PLANERGY automatically uses 3-way matching to streamline your workflow.
Find Out How
image_pdfDownload PDF
Business is Our Business
Sign up with your email to receive updates from our blog
Schedule A Demo


text:
During the transition to chip, customers are being told to swipe their card as they normally would and follow the prompts. If the terminal is chip-enabled, it will prompt them to insert it instead. If you have chip-enabled terminals and you see that your customer has a chip card, you can tell them to insert their card for a chip transaction. These basic steps will help your customers pay successfully in your store:
- The customer should insert their card with chip toward terminal, facing up. The chip card should not be removed until the customer is prompted.
- The customer will provide their signature or PIN as prompted by the terminal. Some transactions may not require either.
- When the terminal says the transaction is complete, the customer can remove their card.
- If the customer has questions, remind them to follow the prompts on the terminal and leave their card inserted until prompted to remove.


Take the 2-minute tour ×
I'm learning about generators and conservation laws and have derived the equation (1)
$$[Q,A]=-i\hbar f(A)$$
which is satisfied by the observable generator $Q$ for a transformation group with elements of form
The lecture notes I'm reading say that this equation (1) defines $Q$ provided we know $f(A)$ for all observables $A$. Why is this true mathematically? And what does all observables mean?
The example in the notes applies it to transformations along the $k-$axis for a system of $r$ particles, obtaining
$$[Q,\hat{x}_i^r]=-i\hbar\delta_{ik}$$ $$[Q,\hat{p}_i^r]=0$$
It then states that $Q = \hat{P}_k=\sum_r \hat{p}_k^r$. This is obviously a solution, but do I know that it's the only one?
Many thanks in advance.
share|improve this question
add comment
2 Answers
up vote 3 down vote accepted
The statement is not correct, as $Q'=Q+g(A)$ satisfies (for an arbitrary function $g$) the same commutation relation. Thus you need to pay attention to the additional conditions posited in the context of your source.
share|improve this answer
What might be some typical additional conditions? How does it relate to the example perhaps? Many thanks! – Edward Hughes Aug 16 '12 at 8:46
I don't know; each context is different. Maybe the source doesn't make use of the uniqueness but just needs some solution. Then sloppiness in the writeup is a sufficient explanation. – Arnold Neumaier Aug 16 '12 at 8:50
Okay thanks. So we have an infinity of possible conserved quantities then? – Edward Hughes Aug 16 '12 at 9:03
There is always an infinity of conserved quantities since if $A$ and $Q$ are conserved then any function of $A$ and $Q$ is also conserved. One is therefore interested in independent conserved quantities, or in additively conserved quantities. – Arnold Neumaier Aug 16 '12 at 9:23
add comment
If a group has an irreducible representation on some vector space, then Schur's lemma says the only operators on that vector space which commute with every element of the group are the scalar operators. From this, If A and B have the same commutation relations with every element of the group, then $A-B$ commutes with everything, and thus must be a scalar. Therefore, the commutation relations determine everything up to the addition of a scalar (ie. up to central extension).
share|improve this answer
Very many thanks for this. Do you know of any references where I could read up on this irreducible representation stuff, because I haven't come across it before? Obviously I could look at Wikipedia, but a particular reference with QM in mind would be better! – Edward Hughes Aug 15 '12 at 21:30
No problem. For basic representation theory I like Fulton and Harris' "First Course in Representation Theory". For physical applications, the representation theory of finite groups is a bit of a detour though. For stuff focused on Lie gadgets I like Kirillov's book, which also has the advantage of being freely available online. As for stuff with a focus on quantum, I'm not really sure. I know Peter Woit has written some things about quantum mechanics and representation theory, but I think it is more about "geometric quantization" and would probably not be useful to you. – Ryan Thorngren Aug 15 '12 at 21:37
Actually, I think the greatest reference (or reading guide, perhaps) is John Baez's This Weeks Finds. He talks about representation theory, quantum mechanics, and much much more in a very informal (but informa*tive*) style. – Ryan Thorngren Aug 15 '12 at 21:40
add comment
Your Answer


How To Combat A Taller Fighter In Boxing
A taller fighter can pose a whole heap of problems for boxers who are not as blessed in the height department. It is almost certain that a fighter of an average height will come up against a taller fighter at some point, so formulating a plan to tackle a taller fighter will be something you and your coach can work on even before this happens.
What Makes Taller Fighters Tricky?
Quite simply, it generally comes down to their reach. Taller fighters typically have a longer reach, which makes it difficult to get inside and score. The enhanced reach many taller fighters enjoy also makes it easier for them to establish striking range. Many fighters blessed with taller statures and longer arms, therefore, adopt a style based almost exclusively on holding their opponents off with a solid jab and landing straight shots from behind it.
When fighting a taller fighter with a longer reach, it can often feel like battling an opponent who is almost standing on a hill. The main advantage to his reach is that he can land quicker, and cut angles much faster following a successful punch. This, of course, makes things difficult for a shorter fighter. If a taller opponent is in any way aware of the perks he holds in this department – and he more than certainly will be – it could spell for a long and frustrating night. That is unless you use his strongest attributes against them.
Rather than staying on the outside and waiting for your opening, it is almost always a better option to bring the fight to the taller opponent. Simply sitting back and allowing the rangier fighter to pick you off with jabs and straights will rarely end well. The key to beating a fighter who bosses the height department is to get inside and keep the fight there, for as long as possible.
The Basics
It sounds so easy: get inside and bring the fight to them. In reality, things will be a lot trickier. A shorter fighter will invariably have to deal with both the offense and defense of a taller boxer to get within range to attack. Expect to take shots, be pushed back, tied up, hit on the way out and be forced to move in from a reset position to have any chance of being in a position to land a shot.
Employing lateral movement and feints are also important to getting inside and within range to land. Doubling up the jab, mixing in feints, and demonstrating unpredictability and variety in punches thrown, for example, can confuse the taller fighter, who may be waiting to establish a platform to counter off. Shorter steps forward also help.
A shorter fighter will also find it easier to get inside a taller fighter who is trapped in a corner, or against the ropes. This can negate their ability to take advantage of their reach, and land step-back counter punches, too. Their ability to defend against the hooks, uppercuts and close range attacks of fighters who are smaller in stature also decreases from this position of vulnerability.
Getting Inside a Taller Fighter Using Pressure
A shorter fighter will invariably need to close the distance against a taller fighter. Luckily, there are some tried and tested ways of getting close enough to land on a fighter with a height and reach advantage. This is not to say that these are foolproof blueprints by any means, and many of these techniques will need some form of modification to work, depending on the opponent.
Aim to con the taller opponent into throwing a jab, from there you can either move under it or slip to the side and counter. Your aim should be to approach your opponent, either directly or from a narrow-angle, and move under the lead punch and attack the body. Once inside, you have the opportunity to take away your opponent's legs with body shots.
A fighter who was known for his ability to neutralize taller opponents' reach and height advantages was heavyweight legend, Mike Tyson. "Iron Mike" would aggressively pressurize opponents into making errors to get inside and cause damage with hooks and uppercuts. In the example below, watch how the 5' 10" Tyson worked his way inside the 6' 5" Tyrell Biggs, often using this technique, and variations of it.
A key aspect of Tyson's technique was his exceptional head movement and peek-a-boo defense, which allowed him to bob, weave, and slip his opponent's punches to create ways inside.
Combating a Taller but Aggressive Fighter
Another example of how a shorter fighter can overcome the height advantages of his opponent is by a sound understanding the importance of distance. Floyd Mayweather Jr. was a master of creating the illusion of a shorter distance between him and his opponent. In his masterclass against the late Diego Corrales in 2001, Mayweather faced a much taller and more aggressive opponent.
One aspect of how Mayweather baited Corrales forward was by creating the illusion that he was closer than he actually was. Mayweather's technique was to allow his head to sit over his lead leg, which invited his opponent to throw a shot, before pulling back. As the defensive master had effectively conned Corrales into believing he was within range – only for his opponent to find out too late that he had, in fact, overextended – Mayweather could then land a counter punch and move out of range.
For any smaller but faster fighter looking to find a way to deal with a taller opponent who moves forward frequently, this fight is essential viewing.
Things to Remember When Dealing With a Taller Opponent
The ultimate goal is to create the distance from which to land. A fighter's methods will vary depending on the style of the taller fighter. What is generally standard practice is that a smaller fighter with a shorter reach will have to snake his way past the guard of the boxer with the height advantage.
Overhands, hooks, and uppercuts can only be thrown once the distance is right, so the aim is to keep the opponent guessing, off-balance and disrupted as possible until an opening is created.
More in Boxing
Also On Evolve
The Road To The Black Belt
The Road To The Black Belt


text:
St. Ursula Academy invested in its fine and performing arts curriculum by adding a state-of-the-art piano lab, which can be used by students in grades 6-12 for a variety of music-related courses. The piano lab follows last year's addition of a Black Box Theater to also enhance the performing arts curriculum.
The lab is made up of 11 Yamaha Digital Pianos (10 for students, one for a teacher) controlled by an LC4 Lab Controller System. The LC4 system connects all pianos through headsets, which allows students to work individually, in pairs, or in groups. This setup is identical to that offered in university music departments and select high schools around the country. In addition to teaching music and techniques at the piano, the goal of the piano lab is to instill music fundamentals that students may apply to any area of music.
Features of the pianos include 88 weighted keys, with a touch similar to an acoustic piano, as well as the ability to change instrument sounds. For example, students can play 10 different parts of a musical composition, each with a different "instrument." Music faculty member Kristina Perna said, "Often, I'll have students play in ensembles and choose an 'intelligent' instrumentation. For example, we might structure the lesson such that lower sounds might be a cello or trombone, while higher sounds could be a flute or violin."
The Collegiate Block schedule at SUA—where students have four 80-minute classes each semester—allows time for students to learn a subject in more depth. The piano class taught in the lab is a perfect example of a curriculum that needs the extra time for students to learn and practice to master the material.
- Performing Arts


All news
Association Between Serotonin Syndrome and Second-Generation Antipsychotics via Pharmacological Target-Adverse Event Analysis
Case reports suggest an association between second-generation antipsychotics (SGAs) and serotonin syndrome (SS). The US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) Adverse Event Reporting System (FAERS) was analyzed to generate hypotheses about how SGAs may interact with pharmacological targets associated with SS. FAERS was integrated with additional sources to link information about adverse events with drugs and targets. Using Proportional Reporting Ratios, we identified signals that were further investigated with the literature to evaluate mechanistic hypotheses formed from the integrated FAERS data. Analysis revealed common pharmacological targets perturbed in both SGA and SS cases, indicating that SGAs may induce SS. The literature also supported 5-HT2A antagonism and 5-HT1A agonism as common mechanisms that may explain the SGA-SS association. Additionally, integrated FAERS data mining and case studies suggest that interactions between SGAs and other serotonergic agents may increase the risk for SS. Computational analysis can provide additional insights into the mechanisms underlying the relationship between SGAs and SS.


text:
The first known study to explore optimal outpatient exam scheduling given the flexibility of inpatient exams has resulted in shorter wait times for magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) patients at Lahey Hospital & Medical Center in Burlington, Mass. A team of researchers from Dartmouth Engineering and Philips worked to identify sources of delays for MRI procedures at Lahey Hospital in order to optimize scheduling and reduce overall costs for the hospital by 23 percent.
The Dartmouth-led study, "Stochastic programming for outpatient scheduling with flexible inpatient exam accommodation," was sponsored by Philips and recently published by Health Care Management Science in collaboration with Lahey Hospital.
"Excellence in service and positive patient experiences are a primary focus for the hospital. We continuously monitor various aspects of patient experiences and one key indicator is patient wait times," said Christoph Wald, chair of the department of radiology at Lahey Hospital and professor of radiology at Tufts University Medical School. "With a goal of wanting to improve patient wait times, we worked with data science researchers at Philips and Dartmouth to help identify levers for improvement that might be achieved without impeding access."
Prior to working with the researchers, on an average weekday, outpatients at Lahey Hospital waited about 54 minutes from their arrival until the beginning of their exam. Researchers determined that one of the reasons for the routine delays was a complex scheduling system, which must cater to emergency room patients, inpatients, and outpatients; while exams for inpatients are usually flexible and can be delayed if necessary, other appointments cannot.
"Mathematical models and algorithms are crucial to improve the efficiency of healthcare systems, especially in the current crisis we are going through. By analyzing the patient data, we found that delays were prominent because the schedule was not optimal," said first author Yifei Sun, a Dartmouth Engineering Ph.D. candidate. "This research uses optimization and simulation tools to help the MRI centers of Lahey Hospital better plan their schedule to reduce overall cost, which includes patient waiting time."
First, the researchers reviewed data to analyze and identify sources of delays. They then worked on developing a mathematical model to optimize the length of each exam slot and the placement of inpatient exams within the overall schedule. Finally, the researchers developed an algorithm to minimize the wait time and cost associated with exam delays for outpatients, the idle time of equipment, employee overtime, and cancelled inpatient exams.
"This iterative improvement process did result in measurable improvements of patient wait times," said Wald. "The construction and use of a simulation model have been instrumental in educating the Lahey team about the benefits of dissecting workflow components to arrive at an optimized process outcome. We have extended this approach to identify bottlenecks in our interventional radiology workflow and to add additional capacity under the constraints of staffing schedules."
The researchers believe their solutions are broadly applicable, as the issue is common to many mid-sized hospitals throughout the country.
"We also provided suggestions for hospitals that don't have optimization tools or have different priorities, such as patient waiting times or idle machine times," said Sun, who worked on the paper with her advisor Vikrant Vaze, the Stata Family Career Development Associate Professor of Engineering at Dartmouth.


text: During the 2020 COVID-19 pandemic, governments set recommendations and restrictions that have given rise to new situations that require residents to deliberate and respond nonautomatically. For highly impulsive individuals, dealing with these situations may be harder, as they tend to deliberate less about the consequences of their behaviors. In this study, we investigate the relationship between impulsivity and delay discounting on the one hand and compliance with COVID-19 restrictions on the other hand. We distinguish between compliance with social distancing measures and compliance with hygiene measures. Regression analyses of an international sample of 6759 students from seven European countries reveal that the self-reported personality construct of impulsivity is negatively related to both types of compliance behavior. However, and unexpectedly, we also find a weak positive association between the discount rate—as measured by a behavioral task—and compliance. Our study highlights the importance of individual differences in impulsivity in regard to compliance with public health measures during a pandemic.


text:
NIOSHTIC-2 Publications Search
Soviet Coal Through 1980.
Strishkov-VV; Markon-G; Murphy-ZE
Min Cong J 1974 Oct; 60(10):40-52
Soviet industrial expansion depends on coal as a source of power and raw materials for the metallurgical and chemical industries. A knowledge of the coal resources and the outlook for production of the U.S.S.R. Therefore is essential for a critical evaluation of soviet industrial potential. Although there is considerable literature on the soviet coal industry, no single source provides an authoritative study of how the industry functions and how well it performs its job. This article is based on a review of sources published by the U.S.S.R.
Issue of Publication
Min. Cong. J., V. 60, No. 10, October 1974, PP. 40-52


Dirt road
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
 (Redirected from Fieldway)
Jump to: navigation, search
Cattle on a dirt road in Paraguay.
A dirt road is an unpaved road made from the native material of the land surface through which it passes, known to highway engineers as subgrade material. Dirt roads are suitable for vehicles; a narrower path for pedestrians, animals, and possibly small vehicles would be called a dirt track—the distinction is not well-defined. Unpaved roads with a harder surface made by the addition of material such as gravel and aggregate (stones), might be referred to as dirt roads in common usage but are distinguished as improved roads by highway engineers. (Improved unpaved roads include gravel roads, laterite roads, murram roads and macadamized roads.)
Compared to a gravel road, a dirt road is not usually graded regularly to produce an enhanced camber to encourage rainwater to drain off the road, and drainage ditches at the sides may be absent. They are unlikely to have embankments through low-lying areas. This leads to greater waterlogging and erosion, and after heavy rain the road may be impassable even to off-road vehicles. For this reason, in some countries, such as Australia and New Zealand, they are known as dry-weather roads.
Dirt road in Switzerland for agricultural use.
Dirt roads take on different characteristics according to the soils and geology where they pass, and may be sandy, stony, rocky or have a bare earth surface, which could be extremely muddy and slippery when wet, and baked hard when dry. They are likely to become impassable after rain. They are common in rural areas of many countries, often very narrow and infrequently used, and are also found in metropolitan areas of many developing countries, where they may also be used as major highways and have considerable width.
Terms similar to dirt road are dry-weather road, earth road, or the "Class Four Highway" designation used in the People's Republic of China. A track, dirt track, or earth track would normally be similar but less suitable for larger vehicles.
Driving on dirt roads[edit]
Detail of a dry, loamy road.
While most gravel roads are all-weather roads and can be used by ordinary cars, dirt roads may only be passable by trucks or four-wheel drive vehicles, especially in wet weather, or on rocky or very sandy sections. It is as easy to become bogged in sand as it is in mud; a high clearance under the vehicle may be required for rocky sections.
Driving on dirt roads requires great attention to variations in the surface and it is easier to lose control than on a gravel road. In addition to the hazards already mentioned, and potholes, ruts and ridges, problems associated with driving on gravel roads include:
 - sharper and larger stones cutting and puncturing tires, or being thrown up by the wheels and damaging the underside, especially puncturing the fuel tank if not shielded
 - stones skipping up hitting the car body, lights or windshields when two vehicles pass each other
 - dust thrown up from a passing vehicle reducing visibility
 - 'washboard' corrugations cause loss of control or damage to vehicle systems such as suspension and steering
 - Skidding (loss of traction) on mud after rain.
Dirt road in Brazil
A dirt road showing a heavy amount of washboarding damage
This is an 1880's photo of 653 W Wrightwood (now 655 W Wrightwood) in the Lincoln Park Neighborhood of Chicago, Illinois. Note the wooden sidewalk, dirt road and lack of buildings surrounding the edifice.
Laterite and murram roads[edit]
In Africa parts of Asia, and parts of America, laterite soils are used to build dirt roads. However laterite, called murram in East Africa, varies considerably to earth and sand. It ranges from a hard gravel to a softer earth embedded with small stones. Not all laterite and murram roads are therefore strictly gravel roads. Laterite and murram which contains a significant proportion of clay becomes very slippery when wet, and in the rainy season, it may be difficult even for four-wheel drive vehicles to avoid slipping off very cambered roads into the drainage ditches at the side of the road. As it dries out, such laterite can become very hard, like sun-dried bricks.
See also[edit]