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There are dozens of vines that can perfectly adorn the sides of buildings and fences.
Depending where you plant your vines, they will grow through your shrubs and trees, enhancing them as well. Look for vine varieties that offer something interesting during more than one season. For example: beautiful flowers in spring, full foliage in summer, vibrant color in the fall, and attractive bark or twisting branches in winter.
When it comes time to choose your plants, you will want to consider the different types of vines available. There are 4 main types of vines that grow and secure themselves to fences in various ways. You will want to think about the materials they will attach to (chain link fence, vinyl fencing, a split rail fence, a traditional wood fence, etc.) and choose your plants accordingly.
The 4 types of vine are:
- Clinging vines. These vines have specialized growths, like little suction cups. These grow along the stems and will hook onto any surface they touch. That is why clinging vines like ivy will attach to brick walls. These will hold to most surfaces, but be careful, they can sometimes damage the material beneath the vine.
- Sprawling vines. These vines are often vigorous, spreading plants. In order for them to climb, they need to be tied to a trellis or support built onto the fence. A climbing rose is a good example of a sprawling vine that can be beautiful with some upkeep.
- Twining vines (wrapping). Some, like star jasmine, wrap around anything that falls in their way. The plant will send out branches that twine or wrap completely around a chainlink fence or trellis. These have a sturdy hold and can be harder to remove intact
- Twining vines (tendril). Grapes vines are a good example of twining vines with tendrils. They have small, twining tendrils at the base of their leaves. The tendrils grow and stretch until they find something solid within their reach to grab and wrap around.
Once you have decided on the perfect type of vine for your fence, the sky's the limit. Think about what will make your fence the most beautiful. Is it a combination of colors, or a vine that will transform your fence into a beautiful monochromatic statement? At Clarksville Fencing, we love all types of fences and know that each can be beautiful in their own way. For more information and to get a quote on a new fence for your home, garden, or yard: contact us at Clarksville Fencing today!


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It seems like a través de and por medio de can often be used to mean the same thing. What is the difference between them, and in what contexts can you only use one or the other?
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2 Answers 2
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There's little (if any) semantic difference between these two constructs, as they both can express mode:
Hicieron el pago a través de transferencia bancaria.
Hicieron el pago por medio de transferencia bancaria.
and place:
Se hizo paso a través del paseo marítimo.
Se hizo paso por medio del paseo marítimo.
However in the first pair of examples, por medio sounds awkwardly more formal than a través, and in the second one, rather uncultured (if that's the right word in English).
There are cases in which por medio sounds just as acceptable as other options, but as a rule of thumb, always prefer a través de.
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I would translate "a través de" as "through," and "por medio de" as "by means of," or "using." The difference is rather slight.
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+1 I like that. Sometimes you can use through and by means of interchangeably, but you would never say "he drilled a hole by means of the wall" That is more or less when the two terms are different in Spanish as well. – DeStrangis Feb 22 '13 at 12:02
Perhaps you can read "por medio de" almost literally, "through the medium of". – Tony Apr 18 '14 at 22:48
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Introduction: The Mysterious Breed of Hagrid's Dog
Hagrid's loyal and formidable companion, Fang, has been a constant presence throughout the Harry Potter series. With his enormous size and intimidating appearance, many fans have wondered about the breed of this enigmatic dog. Despite being one of the most recognizable characters in the wizarding world, the true origins of Fang's breed remain shrouded in mystery. In this article, we will delve into the fascinating world of Fang and attempt to uncover the secrets behind his breed.
Fang: A Loyal Companion to Hagrid
Fang, a boarhound, has been by Hagrid's side since he was just a puppy. Despite his intimidating size and appearance, Fang is known for his gentle and loyal nature. Throughout the series, he is often seen accompanying Hagrid on various adventures, proving his unwavering loyalty and dedication to his owner. Fang's presence provides both comfort and protection to Hagrid, making him an invaluable companion.
Unveiling the Origins of Fang's Breed
The boarhound, also known as the Great Dane, is the breed that best aligns with Fang's physical characteristics. Great Danes are known for their large size, muscular build, and imposing appearance. While the specific origins of Fang's breed within the wizarding world remain unknown, it is likely that Hagrid acquired him from a magical source, given the extraordinary nature of the creatures in Hagrid's care.
The Physical Characteristics of Fang
Fang's physical appearance is a defining aspect of his character. Known for his massive size, Fang towers over most other dogs, standing at least six feet tall on his hind legs. His body is muscular and well-built, with a broad chest and powerful limbs. His coat is short and bristly, usually black or dark grey in color. Fang's expressive eyes and droopy jowls contribute to his gentle and somewhat comical appearance.
Temperament and Personality Traits of Fang
Despite his intimidating appearance, Fang possesses a gentle and affectionate temperament. He is known for his friendly and patient nature, always eager to please and interact with those around him. Fang's loyalty to Hagrid is unwavering, and he has shown great bravery in protecting his owner and his friends when danger arises. Fang's calm and steady demeanor make him an ideal companion for Hagrid and a beloved character in the series.
Historical Context: Hagrid's Choice of Breed
Given Hagrid's love for magical creatures and his natural affinity for larger and more unconventional animals, Fang's breed choice aligns with Hagrid's character. The boarhound's imposing size and protective instincts make them well-suited for Hagrid's lifestyle and the dangerous situations that often arise in the wizarding world. Hagrid's choice of Fang as his loyal companion reflects his own personality and the need for a trustworthy and formidable companion.
Theories and Speculations Surrounding Fang's Breed
Over the years, numerous theories and speculations have emerged regarding Fang's breed. Some fans believe that Fang may be a crossbreed, while others suggest that he might belong to a rare magical breed. However, without concrete evidence from the books or author J.K. Rowling herself, these theories remain purely speculative, adding to the allure and mystery surrounding Fang's breed.
Expert Opinions: Identifying Fang's Canine Heritage
While there may not be any definitive statements about Fang's breed within the Harry Potter series, dog experts and enthusiasts have offered their insights. Many agree that Fang's physical characteristics align closely with those of a Great Dane. The breed's size, build, and appearance make it the most likely candidate for Fang's breed. However, without official confirmation, these opinions remain educated guesses.
Comparing Fang to Popular Dog Breeds
When comparing Fang to popular dog breeds, the Great Dane stands out as the most obvious resemblance. Other breeds, such as the Neapolitan Mastiff and the Bullmastiff, share some physical similarities with Fang but do not quite capture his distinctive appearance. Fang's size, coupled with his gentle personality, sets him apart from most other breeds, making him a truly unique character in the wizarding world.
The Impact of Fang's Breed on the Harry Potter Series
Fang's breed plays a significant role in the Harry Potter series. His imposing size and intimidating appearance add an element of danger and excitement to the story. Fang's presence also serves as a reminder of Hagrid's love for extraordinary creatures and his ability to form deep and meaningful bonds with animals. The inclusion of Fang's breed helps create a rich and diverse world within the Harry Potter universe.
Fang's Role in Hagrid's Life and the Wizarding World
Fang's role in Hagrid's life and the wizarding world cannot be overstated. As Hagrid's loyal companion, Fang provides both emotional support and physical protection. His presence serves as a symbol of Hagrid's nurturing nature and his deep connection with magical creatures. Fang's unwavering loyalty and bravery make him an integral part of Hagrid's life and a beloved character among fans.
Conclusion: The Enigma of Fang's Breed Unraveled
While the true breed of Fang may remain a mystery within the Harry Potter series, the evidence points towards him being a boarhound or a Great Dane. Fang's physical characteristics, temperament, and his compatibility with Hagrid's lifestyle all align with this breed. However, the absence of official confirmation allows fans to continue speculating and adding to the allure and enigma surrounding Fang's breed, making him one of the most intriguing characters in the wizarding world.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


Monday, April 30, 2012
Mother's Day Badge
Ready to make an easy mother's Day badge with crepe paper?
It only takes about 2 minutes and your kids will have fun making them.
One 42" piece of crepe paper
One 5" piece of crepe paper cut as shown below
One paper circle
Glue Dots®
Marker or pen
Step 1. Start at the end of the 42" crepe paper strip and begin folding small pleats. They should be slightly angled so they fan out as shown below. Make sure to hold the folds tight so they don't come undone. This will form into a circle.
Step 2. While still pinching the pleats in place use your free hand to place a few Glue Dots® (or 1 Large Glue Dot®) in the center of the crepe paper circle.
Step 3. Firmly press your paper circle on the Glue Dots®.
Step 4. Using Glue Dots® attach the 5" crepe paper strip to the back of the badge and attach.
Step 5. Personalize the badge with a marker or pen.
1 comment:
 1. I am going to have my girls make these for their grandmas.
Thank you for commenting! I read each and every comment.


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A chilling image, but can it be right that the column would be 269 miles long?
The dead are marching four abreast so 1,104,890 divided by 4 gives 276,222 rows. There are 5,280 feet in a mile and 1,420,320 feet in 269 miles. If we divide 1,420,320 by the 275,222 rows it gives 5.142 feet for each row. That sounds about right. If marching men are too close together they would be constantly stumbling into each other.
So, the marching war dead of the British Empire [Britain, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, India and other smaller countries] would produce a column 269 miles long.
In the top right hand corner of the image there is a small yellow box. This gives equivalent distances for other Empire countries. For example, the column would stretch from Quebec to Ottawa. It also gives the time needed for the column to march past the Cenotaph war memorial in London. I cannot read the number but it is easy to calculate.
British Army Field Service Regulations gives a infantry marching speed of 294 feet per minute [3.3 miles per hour]. At that speed it would take 18 minutes for one mile of the column to pass the Cenotaph and 18 x 269 = 4,842 minutes [3 days, 8.6 hours] for all the column to pass.
Similar columns for the total military dead [casualty figures from Wikipedia] for other countries.
France 340 miles [127% of the BE figure]
Germany 486 miles [181% of the BE figure]
USA 28 miles [10.4% of the BE figure]
On the 1st July 1916, the first day of the Battle of the Somme, the British Army suffered 57,470 casualties, including 19,240 dead. The dead from that day would form a column 4.68 miles [7.53 kilometres] long.


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The Integrated Sample Survey Scheme was introduced in the state veterinary department of Assam in 1968-69 along with the state veterinary department of the other states of India for ascertain uniform pattern in the estimation of milk, egg and meat and livestock keeping practices in the state. This has been an essential survey to estimate the quantum of livestock products produced by the state annually and most importantly the extent of contribution being made by the livestock sector to the state domestic products and for the preparation of future plans of the department.
Coverage and period of the survey: The Integrated Sample Survey is carried out in the entire state covering 26 numbers of districts both in rural and urban areas. The entire survey is carried out in three seasons of the year to study the fluctuations of livestock products. Each of the seasons consists of four months. The periods of the seasons are as follows:
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Aurora Humanitarian Initiative
The Aurora Humanitarian Initiative was launched on behalf of the survivors of the Armenian Genocide and in gratitude to their saviors. The initiative is rooted in inspiring stories of courage and survival that emerged during the Armenian Genocide, when 1.5 million Armenians perished. Those fortunate few who survived were saved by the courageous and heroic acts of institutions and individuals who intervened, at great risk. A century later, the Aurora Humanitarian Initiative seeks to express gratitude, share remarkable stories of survivors and their saviors, and celebrate the strength of the human spirit.
The Aurora Humanitarian Initiative creates and supports projects designed to raise public awareness and address the world's most pressing humanitarian issues.
The Aurora Humanitarian Initiative spans a number of projects:
- The Aurora Prize for Awakening Humanity: the philanthropic vision of Noubar Afeyan, Vartan Gregorian, and Ruben Vardanyan, the co-founders of the Aurora Humanitarian Initiative. Together, they seek to build a humanitarian movement by drawing attention to the issues faced by the world's most vulnerable and recognizing those individuals and organizations who intervene for good.
- The Aurora Dialogues: a series of thoughtful discussions between leading members of the political, humanitarian, and business communities to raise awareness and address some of the world's most pressing humanitarian issues.
- The Aurora Humanitarian Index: an international survey exploring the causes and trends behind the "compassion gap" that exists between what the general public says they feel about humanitarian issues and how they actually engage with these crises.
- The Aurora Gratitude Scholarships: a series of international projects aimed at shaping a better future for generations to come, with a special focus on education and social development – from the Gratitude Scholarships to partnerships with NGOs that are advancing humanitarian causes.
- 100 LIVES: a global media and content creation project aimed at preserving the memory of the victims and survivors of the Armenian Genocide, as well as those who intervened on their behalf a century ago. It is also a platform to present the stories of the Armenian diaspora and its connections to the Armenian heritage, culture and values.
All projects are designed to honor and support deserving individuals and organizations as an expression of gratitude to the saviors who intervened on behalf of Armenians a century ago.


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From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
The word score can have several meanings. Originally it meant: keeping count of something by making notches in a tally stick. This might be for keeping count of how much money they owed (e.g. how much tax or debt).
- A footballer who kicks the ball into the goal scores a goal.
- A person who helps to count the points during a game is "keeping score".
- a score is the sheet music written for a group of players such as an orchestra.
- A score can mean a "soundtrack" in a movie.
- Score is an old word for the number 20. It is used in the famous expression from the Bible: "three score years and ten" meaning: "seventy years old" (3x20+10) (Psalm 90). This was thought to be a normal life span. And in the beginning of the Gettysburg Address: "Four score and seven years ago..." = (4*20+7)years = 87years.
- a score is an American 20 dollar bill (banknote).
|This disambiguation page lists articles with similar titles.
If a link brought you here, you can go back and fix it so it goes straight to the right page.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


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Banded Coral Shrimp
The Banded Coral Shrimp, Stenopus hispidus is a decapod crustacean, resembling shrimp. It is classified in the infraorder Stenopodidea. More familiar names for this species include Banded Boxer Shrimp, Banded Prawn, Coral Banded Shrimp and Barber-pole Shrimp. This crustacean looks like a shrimp and even shares the common name shrimp, however, it is not truly shrimp.
The shrimp-like crustacean is less than an inch long with red bands wrapping his body, and long, white antennae upon his head. To defend itself from predators, its body is covered with short, sharp spines.
Decapods use their tail to move backwards very quickly to escape danger. Unlike true shrimp that dwell on muddy bottoms to feed, the banded coral shrimp are much cleaner and prefer to dwell in openings in the reef as well as sponges. The crustacean is a popular aquarium pet because of its cleaning reputation. It is capable of removing dead tissue, and algae and parasites from other comrade fish in the tank.
The banded coral shrimp are often found hanging upside down on rocks and shells in anchialine pools and on coral reefs.


DSGMC seeks UN resolution to help Sikhs wear religious symbols
August 01, 2017 10:57 PM
New Delhi, August 1 : The Delhi Sikh Gurudwara Management Committee (DSGMC) General Secretary Mr. Manjinder Singh Sirsa today urged Secretary General of the United Nations (UN) to pass a resolution in General Assembly of the body for giving exemption to Sikhs residing in different countries to wear their religious symbols as per the directive given by the Sikh Guru Sahiban.
 - A Delhi Gurudwara management committee has approached the United Nations (UN) Secretary General seeking his help in passing of a resolution by the world body to help Sikhs wear their religious symbols in different countries across the world
In a detailed letter written to the Secretary General UN, Mr. Sirsa briefed him about the importance of the five religious symbols or articles of faith as prescribed by the Sikh Guru Sahiban. He said that wearing these articles of faith was must for every sikh man and woman.
Mr. Sirsa said that he had observed that problems being faced by the Sikhs in different countries was due to laws implemented in the particular country and courts of these countries upheld the criminal cases against the Sikhs without any wrong doing committed by the sikh community members because courts are bound to follow the law of the land. He said that this problem was result of ignorance about the importance of these religious symbols on the part of the governments of these nations.
Noting that members of the community, though small in number, have contributed largely in process of development and economic growth, risen politically and served selflessly in the times of natural disasters in different nations, he said that on umpteen times it has been proved that they are gem for the society in which they live. He said that as per the teachings of the Guru Sahiban, they are bound to work for the betterment of the society as a whole.
Mr. Sirsa said that apart from wearing these symbols sikh men have to wear turbans on their heads whereas wearing caps or helmets have been banned in the faith by the Guru Sahiban.
Mr Sirsa reminded the Secretary General that as per the resolution for human rights passed at UN, everyone is born free and equal in dignity and rights. Whatever nationality, place of residence, gender, national or ethnic origin, colour, religion, language or any other status, the international community on December 10, 1948 made a commitment to uphold dignity and justice for all of us. He said that thus members of the community have a right to live according to their will and follow their religion.
Urging the UN body to pass a suitable resolution urging all the members nations to amend their laws or enact new one so that Sikhs should be given liberty to wear their five religious symbols as well as turban in different countries. He said that passing of such a resolution will pave way for permanent solution of the problem.
Mr. Sirsa also offered that if the appropriate authority at UN deems it fit to give a chance of hearing on the issue, DSGMC is ready to make detailed presentation before the members which can further help to understand the complex issue and undesired problems being faced by the members of the Sikh Community.
He also declared that he will make personal contacts with the various sikh bodies and sikh representatives in different nations to press the UN body to pass that resolution.
Launching this initiative he had discussion on the matter with the UK Member Parliament Mr. Tanmanjit Singh Dhesi in Delhi today who lauded the effort of Mr. Sirsa and also offered his full support for the initiative.
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Hide, arrange and delete apps on Apple TV 4
Arranging apps on the homescreen
- Hover over or highlight the app you want to move.
- On the Siri Remote, press and hold down on the Touch surface until the app starts to jiggle.
- On the Siri Remote, swipe left, right, up, or down.
- When you're finished, press the Touch surface to save the changes.
- Repeat steps 1 - 4 to move other apps.
On Apple TV 4, you can create folders. To do so, please follow the steps below:
- Highlight an app, hold down the Touch surface until the app starts to jiggle.
- To quickly create a folder, drag the app onto another app.
- To create a New Folder based on the app, or to move the app to a folder that you already created, press the Play/Pause button and choose an option.
- To move the app out of a folder, simply drag it out.
- To rename a folder, select it, then update the title using the keyboard.
Delete or hide apps
On the Apple TV 4, you can delete apps. To do so, please follow the steps below:
- Highlight the app and hold down the Touch surface until the app starts to jiggle.
- Press the Play/Pause button and choose Delete or Hide.
- If you want to add an app back to the Home screen:
- Open the App Store, go to your previous purchases, and download the app again.
- You can also hide your purchases in the App Store, so that you don't see apps on the Purchases page.
If you're still experiencing issues, please don't hesitate to contact our technical support team at _EMAIL_ and we'll do our best to assist further.


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1. venture - noun
· any venturesome undertaking especially one with an uncertain outcome
2. venture - noun
· an investment that is very risky but could yield great profits; "he knew the stock was a speculation when he bought it"
3. venture - noun
· a commercial undertaking that risks a loss but promises a profit
4. venture - verb
· proceed somewhere despite the risk of possible dangers; "We ventured into the world of high-tech and bought a supercomputer"
5. venture - verb
· put forward, of a guess, in spite of possible refutation; "I am guessing that the price of real estate will rise again"; "I cannot pretend to say that you are wrong"
6. venture - verb
· put at risk; "I will stake my good reputation for this"
Enter the letters to get anagrams for the word
Definitions, synonyms, antonyms and related words
Enter the word below with '?' to indicate missing letters
Enter the word to find the rhymes
Enter the letters of the beginning, middle or end of the word.


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Optimise concepts to perfectly meet the needs of a moment
There's often a chasm between a good idea and a successful product: SuperClinic, our concept refinement tool, is designed to help you cross it.
Conducted over two days, SuperClinic uses sequential recycling to explore and optimise concepts by incorporating real-time consumer feedback.
We promise to transform concepts that have shown potential into sharpened concepts that meet consumer needs in key moments of opportunity.
Questions that SuperClinic can answer:
- How can I improve rough concepts?
- How can I improve concepts that have been tested and have some potential but do not yet meet action standards?
- Are my concepts relevant to my target audience?


Top 8 Landlord Legal Responsibilities in Idaho
How to stay out of legal trouble with your tenants in Idaho. Here's how.
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Landlord & Tenant Books and Forms
Successful property managers in Idaho know the importance of staying on top of landlord-tenant law. They choose tenants in a nondiscriminatory way, maintain their rental properties, and follow state rules on the return of security deposits. Less successful landlords too often fail to comply with their legal responsibilities, with the result that many end up spending a great deal of time and money dealing with tenant disputes and lawsuits.
Here are top ways to follow the law and stay out of legal trouble in Idaho.
1. Comply With Anti-Discrimination Laws
2. Follow State Rent Rules
All landlords want their tenants to pay rent on time and without hassle. If you need to raise the rent or evict a tenant who hasn't paid rent, you'll want to be sure you comply with the specific rules and procedures in Idaho. State law regulates several rent-related issues, such as how much time (three days in Idaho) a tenant has to pay rent or move before a landlord can file for eviction. For details, see Idaho Termination for Nonpayment of Rent and Other Rent Rules.
3. Meet State Security Deposit Limits and Return Rules
Security deposits are among the biggest sources of dispute between landlords and tenants. To avoid problems, be sure you know state rules, such as when the deposit must be returned (21 days after the tenant moves out, or up to 30 days if both landlord and tenant agree). Using a landlord-tenant checklist when a tenant moves in (and moves out of) a rental, and sending a written security deposit itemization when the tenant leaves will go a long way in avoiding disputes.
4. Provide Habitable Housing
You are legally required to keep rental premises livable in Idaho, under a legal doctrine called the "implied warranty of habitability." If you don't take care of important repairs, such as a broken heater, tenants in Idaho may have pursue various options, such as moving out.
5. Prepare a Legal Written Lease or Rental Agreement
6. Make Legally Required Lead Paint Disclosures
Landlords must comply with required federal disclosures regarding lead-based paint on the property, or face hefty financial penalties.
7. Follow Exact Procedures for Terminating a Tenancy or Evicting a Tenant
State laws specify when and how a landlord may terminate a tenancy. Failure to follow the legal rules may result in delays (sometimes extensive) in terminating a tenancy. Idaho laws are very specific as to the amount and type of termination notice--for example, depending on the situation, such as the type of lease violation, a landlord must give a tenant three days' notice before the landlord can file for eviction. See State Laws on Unconditional Quit Terminations and State Laws on Termination for Violation of Lease for more information on these types of termination notices in Idaho.
8. Take Advantage of Legal Resources Available to Landlords


Why was clemency trending last week?
shaped charge
noun, Military
a warhead having a concave, hollow end and operating on the Munroe effect. Unabridged
Cite This Source
Examples from the web for shaped charge
 - First, a specially shaped charge of chemical explosives surrounding a plutonium pit goes off.
 - shaped charge jet penetration into nitromethane in support of several experimental series.
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Few English speakers likely know this word
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Wed February 6, 2013
Stone Age Stew? Soup Making May Be Older Than We'd Thought
Originally published on Mon February 11, 2013 2:36 pm
Soup comes in many variations — chicken noodle, creamy tomato, potato and leek, to name a few. But through much of human history, soup was much simpler, requiring nothing more than boiling a haunch of meat or other chunk of food in water to create a warm, nourishing broth.
So who concocted that first bowl of soup?
Most sources state that soup making did not become commonplace until somewhere between 5,000 and 9,000 years ago. The Oxford Encyclopedia of Food and Drink in America says, for example, "boiling was not a commonly used cooking technique until the invention of waterproof and heatproof containers about five thousand years ago."
That's probably wrong — by at least 15,000 years.
It now looks like waterproof and heatproof containers were invented much earlier than previously thought. Harvard University archaeologist Ofer Bar-Yosef and colleagues reported last year in Science on their finding of 20,000-year-old pottery from a cave in China. "When you look at the pots, you can see that they were in a fire," Bar-Yosef says.
Their discovery is possibly the world's oldest-known cookware, but exactly what its users were brewing up isn't certain. Perhaps it was alcohol, or maybe it was soup. Whatever it was, the discovery shows that waterproof, heatproof containers are far older than a mere 5,000 years.
That kind of container, though, isn't even necessary for boiling. An ancient soup maker could have simply dug a pit, lined it with animal skin or gut, filled his "pot" with water and dropped in some hot rocks.
The power of the expanding steam cracks the rocks, a distinct characteristic that first shows up in the archaeological record around 25,000 years ago in Western Europe, says archaeologist John Speth, an emeritus professor of anthropology at the University of Michigan in Ann Arbor.
But Speth says boiling, and soup, could be even older.
He started thinking about ancient boiling after watching an episode of the television show "Survivorman," in which host Les Stroud boils water in a plastic container. "You can boil without using heated stones," Speth realized. All you need is a waterproof container suspended over a fire — the water inside keeps the material from burning.
Long-ago cooks could have fashioned such a container from tree bark or the hide of an animal, Speth says. Finding evidence of such boiling, though, would be incredibly difficult because those types of materials usually don't get preserved in the archaeological record.
Speth has argued that Neanderthals, ancient human relatives that lived from around 200,000 to 28,000 years ago, would have needed boiling technology to render fat from animal bones to supplement their diet of lean meat, so that they could have avoided death by protein poisoning.
The kidneys and liver are limited in how much protein they can process in a day — when more than that amount is consumed, ammonia or urea levels in the blood can increase, leading to headaches, fatigue and even death. So humans must get more than half their calories from fat and carbohydrates.
If Neanderthals were boiling bones to obtain the fat, they could have drunk the resulting broth, Speth says.
Neanderthals were probably cooking in some way, scientists have concluded. A 2011 study from the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences found evidence of cooked starch grains embedded in 46,000-year-old fossil Neanderthal teeth from Iraq.
"This doesn't prove that they were making soups or stews," Speth says — some have suggested the meal would have resembled oatmeal — "but I would say it's quite likely."
Putting a date on the world's first bowl of soup is probably impossible. Anthropologists haven't been able to determine for certain when man was first able to control fire, or when cooking itself was invented (though it was likely more than 300,000 years ago, before Homo sapiens first emerged, Harvard primatologist Richard Wrangham says in his book Catching Fire).
And the story is probably different for people in different parts of the world. It appears that pottery was invented in eastern Asia thousands of years before it emerged in western Asia, Bar-Yosef notes. "Maybe boiling wasn't so important because you had bread" in the West to balance out all that protein, he says.
Other parts of the world never had any tradition of boiling food. "A lot of hunter-gatherers didn't use containers at all," Speth says. In places like Tanzania and the Kalahari, there are tribes that didn't boil water until after Europeans arrived.
Speth says, though, it's very likely that humans were concocting soup at least 25,000 years ago in some places. Whether our ancestors were boiling up broth before that — well, we'll just have to wait and see what the archaeologists dig up.


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Research on Thermal Comfort of Crystal Sandstone Light Ceramics
The thermal properties of the crystal sandstone light ceramic products, nature sandstones, tiles and composite floorboards were analyzed and compared in detail by scanning electron microscope (SEM) and thermal simulation method. The results show that the different thermal properties are the main factors which lead to the different thermal comfort to these materials. It is analyzed in theory that the good thermal comforts of the crystal sandstone light ceramics are come from the low thermal conductivity and low density mainly. And the thermal simulation is a reference method on the thermal comfort research of architectural ceramics.
Dongye Sun, Wen-Pei Sung and Ran Chen
S. L. Zheng et al., "Research on Thermal Comfort of Crystal Sandstone Light Ceramics", Applied Mechanics and Materials, Vols. 71-78, pp. _PHONE_, 2011


Did you know?
everywhere - definition and synonyms
What are red words?
adverb, conjunction, pronoun everywhere pronunciation in American English /ˈevriˌwer/
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Everywhere can be used in the following ways:
as an adverb: We searched everywhere for them.
as a pronoun: Everywhere was very quiet.
as a conjunction (connecting two clauses): Everywhere I looked, there was death and destruction.
 1. 1
 used for talking about a very large area such as a region, a country, or the whole world
 I'd like to thank all my fans everywhere for their support.
 You can use your credit card virtually everywhere in Europe.
 2. 2
 all the places that someone visits or goes to
 Everywhere we go, people seem to recognize us.
 Rosie travels everywhere with me.
 3. 3
 used for talking about all of a small area
 When we got to Newport, we found everywhere was closed (=all the stores, bars, etc.).
 everywhere else:
 My keys must be in the desk, I've searched everywhere else.
sea lion
BuzzWord Article
Open Dictionary
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The echo box performs exactly as its name implies. If you tap out a rhythm on the lid, it will tap the same thing back to you. Except it isn't tapping to make the sound, but vibrating.
The concept is similar to the Knock Block. In that hack, a piezo element detected a rapping on the wooden enclosure and repeated the rhythm by striking the lid with a solenoid. This iteration also uses a piezo element as the sensor. In the image above you can see a segment of PVC pipe in the upper corner. That houses the element, sandwiched between two pieces of wine bottle cork. That cork just touches the lid of the box, transferring the vibrations to the element.
The sound is created by a motor with an offset weight on its spindle. When the motor spins, it causes vibrations. The enclosure is one wood box inside of another, so the vibrating motor cause the inner box to shake against the outer one to make noise. Hear it for yourself in the clip after the break.


Designing Calendars with Print Artist Gold
Print Artist Gold is a useful desktop publishing application which can be used to create lots of different print publications. It can be used to create all sorts of different things including calenders. When creating calenders with Print Artist Gold, you will find it is very simple. You will be able to create professional looking Calenders by using this software. Using Print Artist Gold is very simple, but can be a little confusing at first.
Step 1: Open Print Artist Gold
The first step will be to open the Print Artist gold application on your computer. This involves selecting it from the start menu and then waiting for it to load completely. When the application has loaded, you should then select calender from the options screen.
Step 2: Choose the Type of Calender
Print artist gold makes it possible to create a lot of different types of calenders. These include single page calendars and calendars with a page for each month. Choose the type of calendar that you want to create by clicking on it. There are also a number of calendar templates which have already been designed. These make it easy to design a calendar easily without needing to understand everything right away.
Step 3: Import Images
If you plan on using images on your calendar design, then you will need to import them. This is easy and is done by clicking on the import button. Browse through your computer to select the photos or images that you want to add and then position them on your screen by dragging them. Resizing is also easy and is simply a matter of clicking one of the handles and dragging to re-size it.
Once you have chosen the images, you can then get to work on the text. The month names will already be on the calendar, but it's possible to add extra text to advertise your business.
Step 4: Repeat
If you are creating a calendar with a separate page for each month, then you will need to repeat the process for each separate month.
Step 5: Print the Calendar
When you are happy with the design of your calendar, you can then get to work printing it. The best paper for this is a high quality thick mate or gloss paper. This will ensure that the paper does not get saturated with ink. Load the paper into your printer and then follow the instructions to print the calendar. Select the print button and then click through all of the instructions to print the calendar.
Then, all you need to do is fix all of the pages together by either stapling or gluing them in place. Then the calendar can be hung on a wall or put on a desk so that you can remember all of the important dates and times.


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Using distribution servers
A distribution server publishes content received from another streaming source, such as another Windows Media server. Any computer running Windows Media Services can operate as a distribution server. The origin server is the source of the content being streamed by the distribution server. Clients then connect to the distribution server as if it were the origin server. Distribution servers are located between the origin server and the client in the content stream and are therefore able to perform several different functions, such as:
Load balancing. Distribution servers are an easy way to reduce the client load on your Windows Media server because you can distribute the client content requests to several servers on your network.
Network security policies. A distribution server can be placed inside your network firewall and source from an origin server that is outside your firewall, providing clients inside your firewall with access to the content without opening additional ports. Alternatively, a distribution server can be placed outside the network firewall and source from an origin server that is inside the firewall, providing clients that are outside the firewall with access to your content.
Server rollover. You can use distribution servers when multicasting content to clients that are on multicast-enabled networks. Clients that are not on multicast-enabled networks can be redirected to another distribution server for standard unicast delivery of the content.


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By default, channels are visible to All Users, which means that all members can see the channel under Discover and access the content published to the channel.
When publishing content, you'll need to publish content to at least one channel. Targeted channels will display with a group icon next to the channel name.
Targeting a channel to one or more groups limits which members can see the channel under Discover and controls which users can access content in the targeted channel even if they have a direct link to the content. Targeting a channel is like setting permission for access to all content within that channel.
Examples of how to use targeted channels:
- Drive engagement by surfacing content that is most relevant to employee groups
- Ensure private information remains with required groups
- Streamline your channels & content delivery
Target a Channel
- Open the Channels page by selecting the menu in the top left of Studio and navigate to Publish > Channels.
- To create a new channel, select Create Channel in the top right.
To edit an existing channel, select the three dots to the right of the channel name and choose Edit.
- Under Target Channels to a Group(s), start typing the name of a group or snapshot and select a group from the results list. You can add more than one group.
- Select Save to apply changes.
If all targeted groups are removed, the channel will default to being available to All Registered Users.
If there are multiple targeted groups, members only need to be part of at least one group in order to see the channel and the content in the channel.
Additional details about creating and editing channels is outlined in this article.
Information about creating and editing groups is outlined in these articles.


Aug 25: Spotted Shags
Let's learn about spotted shags…
Written by
Talking points
 - Have you seen a shag (cormorant) before? You might have seen one dive below the water then pop up again suddenly, perhaps you've seen one holding its wings out wide to dry. Did you know that there are several types of shag in New Zealand, in addition to the most commonly known pied shag?
 - What do you find noticeable or surprising about the pārekareka or spotted shag in the photos? Can you see any similarities between the shag's plumage and the guano-covered rocks?
 - Writing in her diary from her Noises Island bach, Marlene Neureuter described spotted shags as being "so elegant—like city gentlemen in their grey suits." Would you describe these birds as elegant? What other describing words or comparisons could fit them? What kind of personality do they look like they would have?
 - The article quotes from a book in which the author describes seeing fishermen sit and shoot at shags until hundreds lay dead in the water. He thinks the fishermen were just amusing themselves, or saw the shags as competition for fish. How does that story make you feel? Why do you think it was allowed to happen? What might have led the fisherman to be so casual about the shags?
 - Anchovies in the Hauraki Gulf are estimated by one fisherman to be down to 2 or 3% of their previous levels. Shags rely on fish like pilchards and anchovies so many shags are literally starving. Do you have any ideas about how we could boost pilchard and anchovy populations?
 - Another major challenge to the shag's food supply is sedimentation clouding up the water after it rains, making it harder for seabirds to catch fish. What are the causes of sedimentation in Auckland's marine environment?
Activity: Make a Damien Hirst—inspired spotted shag picture
Damien Hirst has often explored painting with masses of colourful spots. Check these out by using a search engine to look up "Damien Hirst dot art."
 1. Draw the outline of a spotted shag standing on a rock. Look at the photos in the article for inspiration. Notice any details as you draw, such as the tuft of feathers at the back of the head.
 2. Prepare a palette of bright coloured acrylic paints (or use another medium such as felt tip if you prefer.)
 3. Fill in the outline of the shag with a variety of coloured dots. You can make these even or more random, closely spaced or more spread out.
 4. If you want to, add in details such as the shag's green eye-patch and the splash of white on the back of the head.
 5. To create the look of guano in the background, paint a background of brown rock, then squirt white paint from the tube onto the brown rock. Drag it around with the prongs of a fork.
 6. Send us a picture of your Damien Hirst inspired spotted shag picture!


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The first peripherals
The first printer
The first computer, Difference Engine, developed since 1822 and presented in 1834, was already able to print the results of its calculations on paper.
But the first high-speed printer was developed in 1953 by Remington-Rand (and sold in 1954) for use on the Univac computer (the first mass produced computer). It was capable of printing 600 lines per minute (at 130 characters per line).
Originally, the Univac computer came with the UNIPRINTER, which resembled an overgrown typewriter (it was a modified Remington typewriter) with an attached tape drive and read metal UNIVAC magnetic tape typing the data at 10 characters per second.
References and useful resources:


How to Count Atoms in Chemical Formulas
How to Count Atoms in Chemical Formulas
-•• Emilija Randjelovic/iStock/GettyImages
Chemical formulas describe the type and number of atoms within a compound. The molecular formula lists the symbol of each element within the compound followed by a number (usually in subscript). The letter and number indicate how many of each type of element are in the compound. If there is only one atom of a particular element, then no number is written after the element. Certain groups of elements, such as polyatomic ions, may be enclosed in parenthesis to indicate that these atoms act as a group. The number of these groups is then indicated by a number (again, usually in subscript) after the closed parenthesis.
 Locate the elements in the chemical's molecular formula. These are represented by their symbol. For example, the chemical formula for ammonium phosphate is (NH4)3PO4. The elements in this compound are nitrogen (N), hydrogen (H), phosphorous (P), and Oxygen (O).
 Add a subscript one for any element that does not have a subscript number already. In ammonium phosphate, the nitrogen and oxygen have no numerical values. By convention, no number is added if there is only one atom of the element in the formula. Adding a value of one to these elements will remind you to count them when adding the number of atoms.
 Add the subscript numbers within any parenthesis. Then multiply by the value of the subscript located after the closed parenthesis. In ammonium phosphate, the NH4 is enclosed in parenthesis. The sum of the atoms within the parenthesis is five. The number three after the closed parenthesis indicates a total of three ammonium groups within the compound. Since each group has five atoms multiplying three groups by five atoms produces 15 atoms.
 Add the subscript numbers for all elements located outside any parenthesis. In ammonium phosphate, the PO4 is written outside the parenthesis. The total number of atoms for this group is 5 (1 P + 4 O = 5).
 Add this sum to the product of the parenthesis to determine the total number of atoms in the chemical formula. The total number of atoms in ammonium nitrate is 3(1 N x 4 H) + 1 + 4 = 20.
 Things You'll Need
 - Pencil
 - Paper
 - Molecular formula of a compound
Related Articles
How to Find the Number of Ions in a Compound
How to Count Particles in Chemical Formulas
Understanding Chemical Formulas
Non Neutral Atoms Examples
How to Write a Chemical Compound Formula
How to Find the Mass Number of Bromine With 46 Neutrons
How to Find an Oxidation Number
How to Calculate the pH of Ammonia Water Using KB
Difference Between a Halogen & a Halide
How to Find Out If an Element Is an Ion
How to Figure Out the Chemical Symbol for Ions
How to Calculate Moles from Molecular Weight
What Is a Denary Number?
How Do I Calculate Molarity?
How to Solve Chemistry Isotope Problems
Easy Way to Learn Chemistry Formulas
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How to Calculate Particle Concentration


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Vegetative Meaning and Definition in Dictionary
Definitions from Wordnet 2.0
- composed of vegetation or plants; "regions rich in vegetal products"; "vegetational cover"; "the decaying vegetative layer covering a forest floor"
- (of reproduction) characterized by asexual processes
- used of involuntary bodily functions; "vegetative functions such as digestion or growth or circulation"
- of or relating to an activity that is passive and monotonous; "a dull vegetative lifestyle"
Would you like to add your own explaination to this word 'Vegetative'?
Wikipedia Meaning and Definition on 'Vegetative'
- Vegetative: Vegetative describes vegetation. Vegetative may also refer to: Vegetative reproduction, a type of asexual reproduction for plants Persistent vegetative
- Vegetative reproduction: For vegetative reproduction of animals and fungi, see Budding. Vegetative reproduction (vegetative propagation, vegetative multiplication
- Vegetative Sculpture I: (2012). "Vegetative Sculpture I (sculpture)". Inventory of American Sculpture. Smithsonian Institution. Retrieved 27 December 2012. "Vegetative Sculpture
- Persistent vegetative state: syndrome. After four weeks in a vegetative state (VS), the patient is classified as in a persistent (or 'continuing') vegetative state. This diagnosis is classified
- Vegetative symptoms: be confused with Vegetative state. Vegetative symptoms are disturbances of a person's functions necessary to maintain life (vegetative functions). These
- Permanent vegetative cover: Permanent vegetative cover refers to trees, perennial bunchgrasses and grasslands, legumes, and shrubs with an expected life span of at least 5 years.
- Vegetative treatment system: and a Vegetative Treatment Area (VTA), all these components when used together are considered a Vegetative Treatment System. A Vegetative Treatment
- Vegetative phase change: Vegetative phase change is the juvenile-to-adult transition in plants. This transition is most prolonged and pronounced in woody species. Manipulating


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Additives for construction are a chemical compound that has a small share of cement and concrete but can significantly improve certain properties of concrete.
They only need to be blended in cement and concrete, which can generally reduce the amount of water added; improve the strength and durability of concrete; change the flowability of concrete and increase its operability; and save building materials and reduce engineering costs..
The variety of additives is sensitive and the functions are different. However, there are mainly: water reducing agents, air entraining agents (AE agents, air entraining agents), retarders, accelerators, early strength agents, antifreeze agents, expansion agents, water repellents, anti-cracking agents, and composite additives.
(1) Water reducing agent is a kind of surfactant, which has many branches of molecular structure, short molecular group of hydrophobic group and strong polarity. Divided into common reducer and superplasticizer. The ordinary water reducing agent refers to an admixture having a general water reducing enhancement effect while maintaining the consistency of the concrete. Main ingredients: lignosulfonate, Alkali lignin, sodium sulfonate humate, etc. Superplasticizer refers to an additive that has a significant water-reducing effect under the condition that the consistency of the concrete is constant. The main components are: methylnaphthalenesulfonate, naphthalenesulfonate, polynaphthalenesulfonate, β-naphthalenesulfonic acid formaldehyde condensate sodium salt, Gumalon-indene resin, sulfonated melamine formaldehyde resin, etc.
(2) Air entraining agent refers to an admixture capable of introducing a large amount of finely distributed fine bubbles in concrete to reduce the segregation of concrete, improve workability, and significantly improve the durability against frost. Main ingredients: rosin soap, rosin hot Polymer, sodium alkyl sulfonate, sodium alkylbenzene sulfonate, linear alkyl sulfonate, lauryl sulfate, protein material, higher fatty alcohol derivative, AE minus Aqueous agent, sulfonated alkyl succinate, and the like.
(3) Early strength agent is an additive that can improve the early strength of concrete and has no significant effect on the late strength. Can be applied to projects under a variety of temperature conditions. Main components: chloride, thiosulfate, calcium chloride, ferric chloride, magnesium chloride and Other chlorides, alcohol amines, Potassium Hydroxide, sodium hydroxide, formic acid and methyl salt, carbonate, aluminum cement, Sintered alum and so on.
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Badgeyay project is now divided into two parts i.e front-end of Ember JS and back-end with REST-API programmed in Python. One of the challenging job is that, it should support the uncoupled architecture. Now, we have to integrate Heroku deployed API with Github which should auto deploy every Pull Request made to the Development Branch and help in easing the Pull Request review process.
In this blog, I'll be discussing how I have configured Heroku Pipeline to auto deploy every Pull request made to the Development Branch and help in easing the Pull Request review process in Badgeyay in my Pull Request.
First, Let's understand Heroku Pipeline and its features. Then we will move onto configuring the Pipeline file to run auto deploy PR.. Let's get started and understand it step by step.
What is Heroku Pipeline?
A pipeline is a group of Heroku apps that share the same codebase. Each app in a pipeline represents one of the following steps in a continuous delivery workflow:
A common Heroku continuous delivery workflow has the following steps:
- A developer creates a pull request to make a change to the codebase.
- Heroku automatically creates a review app for the pull request, allowing developers to test the change.
- When the change is ready, it's merged into the codebase Default branch.
- The Default branch is automatically deployed to staging for further testing.
- When it's ready, the staging app is promoted to production, where the change is available to end users of the app.
In badgeyay, I have used Review App and Development App steps for auto deployment of Pull Request.
Pre – requisites:
- You should have admin rights of the Github Repository.
- You should be the owner of the Heroku deployed app.
- For creating a Review App, Below mentioned files are needed to be in the root of the project repository to trigger the Heroku Build.
Now, I have fulfilled all the prerequisites needed for integrating Github repository to Heroku Deployed Badgeyay API. Let's move to Heroku Dashboard of the Badgeyay API and implement auto deployment of every Pull Request.
Step 1 :
Open the heroku Deployed App on the dashboard. Yow will see following tabs in top of the dashboard.
Step 2 :
Click on Deploy and first create a new pipeline by giving a name to it and choose a stage for the pipeline.
Step 3 :
- Choose a Deployment Method. For the badgeyay project, I have integrated Github for auto deployment of PR.
- Select the repository and connect with it.
- You will receive a pop-up which will ensure that repository is connected to Heroku.
Step 4 :
Enable automatic deploys for the Github repository.
Step 5 :
Now after adding the pipeline, present app get nested under the pipeline. Click on the pipeline name on the top and now we have a pipeline dashboard like this :
Now for auto deployment of PR, enable Review Apps by filling the required information like this :
Verify by creating a test PR after following every above mentioned steps.
Now we are all done with setting up auto deployment of every pull request to badgeyay repository.
This is how I have configured Heroku Pipeline to auto deploy every Pull request made to the Development Branch and help in easing the Pull Request review process.
About Author :
I have been contributing in open source organization FOSSASIA, where I'm working on a project called BadgeYaY. It is a badge generator with a simple web UI to add data and generate printable badges in PDF.
- Heroku Pipelines Article – Link


Article ID : 00197941 / Last Modified : 29/06/2018
The camera doesn't turn on or off after a firmware update.
 After updating the firmware, the camera may become unresponsive or not turn on or off. This may be caused by an incomplete installation of the firmware, or may also be due to a low battery. Follow these steps to address the issue:
 1. Make sure the battery is fully charged. If you have the optional AC power adapter, connect it to the camera and a working electrical outlet.
 NOTE: Batteries discharge faster when used in cold weather conditions.
 2. Check if the USB cable is working properly.
 3. Perform a manual reset on the camera.
 1. Remove the battery from the camera.
 2. Set the power switch to ON.
 3. Press and hold the shutter button for 30 seconds.
 4. Set the power switch to OFF.
 5. Insert the battery back to the camera.
 6. Set the power switch to ON to see if the camera will turn on.
 4. If the camera doesn't turn on, run the firmware again.
 5. If necessary, use a different computer.
 6. If the issue is still unresolved, service may be required.


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Learn how to say Igniting correctly in English with this tutorial pronunciation video.
Oxford dictionary definition of the word ignite:
catch fire or cause to catch fire:
furniture can give off lethal fumes when it ignites
he lit a cigarette which ignited the petrol fumes
[with object] arouse or inflame (an emotion or situation):
the words ignited new fury in him
mid 17th century (in the sense 'make intensely hot'): from Latin ignire 'set on fire', from ignis 'fire'


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With the specification of Phases 0 & 1 of Eth2.0 reaching a comfortable level of detail, the research focus is shifting towards Phase 2: State Execution. One of the most important aspect of this phase is the handling of cross-shard communication, which determines the scalability of the sharded blockchain system, capability of execution environments, and the overall user experience. This post aims to provide readers with an overview of the design space for cross-shard communication, and look at the leading proposals among the available choices.
The design of cross-shard communication can be separated into two layers:
- Consensus layer, which handles the delivery of cross-shard messages. Design choices here affect the scalability of the sharded blockchain system.
- Execution layer, which concerns the interface for cross-shard transfers and contract calls. Design choices here affect the capabilities of execution environments.
The consensus layer of cross-shard communication is responsible for delivering cross-shard messages across partitions of our sharded blockchain system. The main challenge is keeping the design scalable while providing strong guarantees about the liveness of cross-shard messages. This layer can be divided into two parts:
- Send/Receive finality
- Data delivery
The source & destination shards have to finalize the send & receive of the cross-shard message respectively. The design choices for this are:
- Asynchronous: The source shard decides on sending the message first, and the destination shard can decide on receiving this message at any time in the future.
- Synchronous: The destination shard finalizes the receive of the message within a bounded period after the source shard finalizes the send. There are various ways to achieve this:
- Shards run some consensus protocol between themselves and decide on sending & receiving at the same time, e.g.: Sharded Byzantine Atomic Commit
- The source shard individually decides on sending first, and the destination shard's fork choice must receive within some period of time, e.g.: CBC Casper cross-shard messaging. This approach requires a shard hierarchy to exist between the source and destination, otherwise deadlocks can arise due to conflicting sends and receives.
- Put cross-shard messages on the beacon chain and force the destination shards to receive them before their next crosslink. (Note: this imposes a scalability limit, see protocol-delivered mechanism in the next section)
The synchronous approach is incompatible with the design of Eth2.0, since it requires the shards to coordinate the finalization of sends and receives in some manner.
The previous mechanism concerns the finality of the send & receive, which is not the same as actually completing the sending or reception of the message. This is the task of the data delivery mechanism. (The difference between these will be highlighted in the "user-delivered" approach in this section)
The design of Eth2.0 enforces that any consensus activity happens only in the beacon chain. This means that all cross-shard messages must "flow" through the beacon chain. This presents us with two choices regarding the delivery of the cross-shard message data:
- Protocol-delivered: The protocol delivers the complete data of the cross-shard message by making it available on the beacon chain. This increases the overhead on the beacon chain and seriously affects the scalability of the system.
- User-delivered: The protocol comes to consensus only on the minimal information about cross-shard messages – merkle roots of cross-shard messages from each shard block. The user is then responsible for delivering the merkle branch associated with the cross-shard message to the destination shard. This approach is more Eth2.0-esque, since it follows the general principle of forming consensus only over merkle roots on the beacon chain.
Proposed Design for the Consensus Layer
In order to prioritize the scalability of the system in the tradeoff spectrum, the solution with asynchronous send/receive finality and user-delivered data is the leading proposal. The workflow for, say, sending ether from
user 1 on
shard A to
user 2 on
shard B is as follows:
user 1creates transaction
shard Athat debits it's balance from
EE1, and states the target to apply the credit as
- When a crosslink from
shard Ais included in the beacon chain, a merkle root that collects all cross-shard transactions since the last crosslink appears on the beacon chain. This is the evidence for the inclusion of
shard Beventually becomes aware of this merkle root on the beacon chain, and
user 2creates transaction
TX2that shows the merkle proof of inclusion of
shard B. This allows a debit of the appropriate amount to
user 2's balance on
The execution layer of cross-shard communication provides an interface for users and contracts to make cross-shard transfers and contract calls. The design space of this layer has not been explored well yet. Recent discussions about this layer include:
- Cross-shard calls in execution environments
- Reliable transfer of value between shards
The basic question that this component answers is: What happens when an EE calls a function of another EE on a different shard? The design space for this is not unique to sharded-blockchain-land. It's the same as any system where the execution of an application is separated across multiple partitions, e.g.:
- single threaded vs. multi-threaded systems
- single computer vs. network application systems
Inspired by the above systems, a simple design for this component would be the following types of calls (Vlad Zamfir pointed this out in Dec 2018):
- Asynchronous call with no return
- Asynchronous call with callback specified
- Synchronous call
Alternative approached include various advanced concurrent programming paradigms such as protolambda's commit capabilities post.


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Bore Repair Systems is an indispensable tool for any drilling contractor or company. They are used worldwide to repair many different types of drilling equipment and machinery. They will perform a wide range of services to make your drilling operation reliable and efficient. There are many benefits associated with using the right equipment to repair the damage caused by drilling. They can reduce your downtime and save you money that would usually be spent on new equipment.
When you find yourself needing a borehole to repair the performance of a drilling tool, there are some things to consider. The first is how damaged the equipment is, and what type of damage is it experiencing? The type of damage and the location of the damaged part are two things that will influence the cost of repair. For example, if the damaged component is underground, this will increase the cost of the repair job. The type of drilling holes that are used will also impact the repair price.
Different types of drilling equipment will need different repair methods. The type of drilling equipment will dictate what methods are used. Some equipment is better suited to repairing sandstone, whereas other equipment is better suited to repairing concrete. It is important to choose the correct method for the task at hand. This will ensure that the job is completed in the shortest period of time, and this is essential in today's world.
There are many different tools used for drilling. These tools include core rigs, which are used to test drilling holes and to determine if the hole has been effectively penetrated and is complete. Core rigs are used mainly in larger holes and will test out if drilling holes is successful and will give an indication of the costs involved in repairing the site. Drilling mud tubes are another type of drilling equipment. These mud tubes are used for testing the diameter of drilled holes and are good for completing some precision holes.
If the casing of a drilling machine has become damaged, it can sometimes be repaired using specialised drilling equipment. It is important to have proper safety procedures in place when operating this machinery, so that you can get the most out of the drilling process. If an operator does not follow safety procedures it could cause serious damage and injury to itself or others, so make sure you have a proper training program to perform this type of repair work.
One type of equipment that can be used for drilling is a mud trencher. These machines are normally used to dig holes for foundations, and can also be used for extracting soil and rock samples. They are also known as a digging trencher and they are operated via hydraulic pressure. Mud trenchers are a bit more complicated than the standard equipment, and it is vital that operators know how to use them properly and safely. When repairing a damaged mud trencher, it is vital that it is repaired in the safest way possible, to avoid further damage to the environment.
Once drilling has begun, the area needs to be sealed off from the outside world in order to protect it from any damage. This can usually be achieved by erecting a fence, either on the surface of the ground or within an underground mine. To protect the fence from being damaged by falling drilling equipment, concrete may need to be poured into the hole. To help maintain the integrity of the fence, steel may also need to be added. Maintainers also need to check that all bolts and screws are tightened, and that the machinery is kept in good working order.
If an operator suspects that a drilling operation may have an impact on the environment, there are some options to minimise this risk. It is important to keep the drilling equipment in good condition and clean it after each use. It is also important to remember to recycle any drill bit that has fallen to the earth. By carefully following these simple safety procedures, it can help to ensure that a bore repair can be carried out with minimal disruption to the local area. If you feel that you are unable to carry out the bore repair yourself, then it may be a wise decision to consult a professional.


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Search: Asian Studies - China, Available: In Print
Rafe de Crespigny
Though denigrated by later generations, Cao Cao was a military and political hero of China, restoring a measure of order from the ruins of Later Han. From historical records and his own writings, this book reinterprets his life and achievements.
Edited by Arthur W. Hummel
Hummel's biographical dictionary remains the single indispensable reference tool for Chinese history since 1644. It was first published in 1943–44. 'The best history of China of the last 300 years' – Hu Shih.
Click a term to refine your current search.
Categories: all » Asian Studies - China
Availability: all » Available: In Print
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text:
In 2018, Mayflower Primary School became the designated school for students with hearing loss. The school adopts a co-teaching model where a mainstream teacher and a specialised teacher jointly plan, coordinate, and deliver instruction to a diverse group of students. The co-teaching model promotes the inclusion of students with hearing loss to access the national curriculum within a regular education classroom.
At Mayflower Primary, Singapore Sign Language is used to support instruction for pupils with hearing loss. This will come via specialised teachers from the Singapore Association for the Deaf, who will co-teach the core subjects of English, Mathematics and Science. An Educational Interpreter will support in the teaching of non-examinable subjects such as physical education, art and music.
For enrolment and registration enquiries, kindly contact the Deaf Education Department under the Singapore Association for the Deaf at _EMAIL_.


Exhibition recognises sugar's Pacific foundation
Updated June 19, 2013 17:21:27
Audio: Queensland Art Gallery curator of Pacific art Ruth McDougall talks about the 'Sugar' exhibition. (ABC Rural)
The earliest days of the sugar industry and its dependence on workers, willing and unwilling, from the Pacific are on show in Brisbane.
Postcards, photographs, music and recorded anecdotes have been pulled together to mark 150 years of Australian South Sea Islander contributions to Queensland.
Ruth McDougall is the Queensland Art Gallery's curator of Pacific art and says some of the postcards in the collection date from the 1870s.
"These were lithographs majorly produced for sending overseas to really promote Queensland as a destination for investors and sugar was a major part of that promotion exercise.
"And you see from those very early images that the South Sea Islanders are right in there, that they are part of the story of sugar from the beginning."
The workers came from islands in Melanesia, including Vanuatu and the Solomons, and from Polynesian and Micronesian islands such as Samoa, Tuvalu and Kiribati.
Ms McDougall says some were contracted to work in Australia but most, including young children, were kidnapped.
"The term that South Sea Islanders use is 'blackbirding'.
"Quite often they were enticed from the beach onto the ships and when they arrived they were adopted and worked as domestics or were taken out to cattle stations to work as well."
Frank Robert Boah, known as Bobby, from Mackay features in one of the recordings which forms part of the exhibition.
He's visited the village where his grandfather was born and heard how he was taken from a reef.
"The ones that were close to shore, they ran away up into the scrub or the forest.
"But me grandfather was too far out and they caught him.
"There's a lot of people don't know, they think we're Aboriginals because of course we're dark.
"But we've got a different history altogether."
Ms McDougall says after Federation in 1901, and the start of the White Australia Policy, all bar 1600 of the South Sea Islanders were deported.
The exhibition called 'Sugar' is running until October 7 in Brisbane.
Topics: sugar, history, immigration, brisbane-4000, pacific
First posted June 19, 2013 10:24:02


How Does Baby Feel?
Karen Katz, Author, Karen Katz, Illustrator
Karen Katz. Little Simon, $6.99 (14p) ISBN 978-1-4424-5204-6
Show other formats
Readers can guess the emotions that six rosy-cheeked babies are feeling in various situations in this characteristically well-executed lift-the-flap book from Katz. "Baby wants milk and crackers," Katz writes in the first scene, as an African-American baby in a floral top and diaper reaches for her bottle and a tray of goodies. "How does baby feel?" The answer appears underneath a large flap that lifts vertically and shows the same baby happily chowing down in her high chair. The formula repeats as Katz's babies demonstrate feeling happy, sad, silly, sleepy, and loved. A tidy and effective introduction to familiar emotions. Ages 1–4. (Jan.)
The Best Books, Emailed Every Week
Tip Sheet!


Guidance for charities and community groups
Do I need to register?
This largely depends on the type and nature of the food being handled, the frequency of operation, and who will be consuming the food.
Food law requires certain charitable and community groups supplying food to be registered with the local authority. However, for a particular food operation to require registration it must have 'a certain continuity of activities' and 'a certain degree of organisation'.
This means that the provision of food less than once a month, for example a community barbecue or school fair, is not considered to have 'a certain continuity of activities' so will generally not require registration.
Similarly small-scale provision of low risk food by community or charity volunteers, such as teas, coffees, biscuits, toast etc, will not generally require registration.
However, if you are cooking and serving higher risk foods on a regular basis for vulnerable groups, such as a pensioner luncheon club serving a hot meal, or catering at an event for large numbers of people, such activities may fall into registration requirements.
If you are at all unsure whether your proposed food activity requires registration, it is best to contact us for advice first.
Guidance and advice
If you are a charity or a community group please go to the Food Standards Agency website for further information.
If you need further help, please contact us using the button below.
You will need to create an account, log in and use the 'Request' option to submit your question.
Make a food hygiene enquiry


1. Join a video meeting.
4. If you present a Chrome tab, it shares that tab's audio by default.
5. To present a different tab, select the tab you want to present, click Share this tab instead.
6. Select Share.
7. If someone is presenting, confirm that you want to present instead.
8. If your camera is turned on, your video is active while you're presenting.


Version 3 (modified by dac, 6 years ago) (diff)
The steps below describe an easy way of creating mosaics from mapped hyperspectral files, making use of the command line GDAL utilities. They can be installed on Windows through OSGeo4W, and are available on Linux through the package manager (e.g., yum, apt-get).
The initial mosaic is a 'virtual raster', which comprises a text file with links to other files containing the data. It is created using the gdalbuildvrt command, available with GDAL and also in QGIS through the Raster, Miscellaneous menu.
gdalbuildvrt -srcnodata 0 f216_mosaic.vrt /path/to/file/f216073b_mapped_osng.bil /path/to/file/f216083b_mapped_osng.bil
The above command creates a virtual raster 'f216_mosaic.vrt' from two bil files, setting the no-data value to 0. The full path to each BIL file is passed in so they are stored in the VRT (useful if the VRT file is moved). You can also create a VRT from all '.bil' files using:
gdalbuildvrt -srcnodata 0 f216_mosaic.vrt /path/to/file/*.bil
The VRT file can be used as any other file in programs which use GDAL (e.g., QGIS, ArcGIS, TuiView). However, for displaying it is often more convenient to create band / spatial subsets using the gdal_translate, also available through QGIS under Raster, Conversion, Translate.
command. For example to create a three band subset using bands 38, 25 and 12 use:
gdal_translate -of GTiff -b 38 -b 25 -b 12 f216_mosaic.vrt f216_mosaic_bandsubset.tif
Note, as all the flightlines use a slightly different grid a nearest neighbour interpolation will be preformed to create a common grid. Standard GeoTiff's aren't compressed so areas outside the flightlines, which have no data, will take up as much space as pixels with data. You can reduce the file size by using compression. You can tell gdal_translate to create a compressed GeoTiff by passing in a creation option flag for example:
gdal_translate -of GTiff -co "COMPRESS=LZW" -b 38 -b 25 -b 12 f216_mosaic.vrt f216_mosaic_bandsubset.tif
Note, not all programs support compressed GeoTiffs.
To make the mosaic faster to display you can create overviews using the gdaladdo command:
gdaladdo f216_mosaic_bandsubset.tif 2 4 8 16


text: Background: The production of triterpenes from plants for pharmacological purposes varies in concentration, due to genetic and environmental factors. In vitro culture enables the control and increase of these bioactive molecules. Objective: To evaluate the effect of plant growth regulators and elicitors in the induction of calli and the production of ursolic acid (UA) and oleanolic acid (OA) in Lepechinia caulescens. Materials and Methods: Leaf explants were exposed for the induction of calli at different concentrations and combinations of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP). Methyl jasmonate (MJ) and salicylic acid were used as elicitors. High-performance liquid chromatography method was used to quantify UA and OA content in each treatment. Results: Treatment with 3.0 mg/L of 2,4-D and 0.1 mg/L of BAP produced the best results for calli induction and production of UA (1.57 mg/g dry weight [DW]) and OA (1.13 mg/g DW). Both elicitors facilitated the accumulation of triterpenes. Conclusion: The combination of auxins and cytokinins showed favorable results for the induction of calli. Variation concerning the accumulation of UA and OA was observed between treatments. MJ increased the production of triterpenes five times after 8 h of exposure, compared to control treatment. There is a greater accumulation of UA (16.58 mg/g DW) and OA (1.94 mg/g DW) in leaves of wild plants.


Selenite Flower Candle Holder
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A Selenite Flower Candle Holder is fantastic for meditating with on a Full Moon as it not only purifies the space it is within, but it also helps to enhance your intuition in life.
Carved from a solid piece of Selenite, a Selenite Flower Candle Holder is a beautifully carved crystalline piece to adorn your home or sacred space as the tealight that burns within such a piece amplifies the purifying properties of Selenite.
Selenite is known for its purifying properties as its energy washes through a space like a gentle wave which clears out any negative and hindering energies with ease. As it also has a connection to the Moon, using a Selenite Flower Candle Holder during a Full Moon with a specific intention can help what you desire bloom like a beautiful and abundant flower. Meditating on the candle flame that burns within can also enhance the properties of Selenite which helps to enhance intuition and insight.
Each Selenite Candle Holder measures approximately 8cm wide and 4.5cm tall, making it perfect for a mantle or altar space. As each piece is carved from natural crystal, every one is unique and the piece with the highest resonance will be chosen at the time of your order.
Selenite is a form of gypsum that has a milky-white appearance in a crystal that looks much like that of a fibre-optic cable. It forms through gypsum crystals having combined with seawater due to salt flats flooding over millions of years.
In the ways of healing the Body, this crystal helps with flexibility throughout the spine and joints of the body, especially the wrists and ankles.
When it comes to healing the Mind, Selenite helps to illuminate the bigger picture of any situation so that it can be examined without fear and judgement.
As for healing the Soul, it works to purify one's energy field while helping one be open to the Angelic Guidance and Higher forms of communication from the divine.
Selenite is connected to the Lunar Chakra, which is located about three feet above the crown, due to its alignment with the energies of the Moon and the feminine aspects within. Its purifying energy clears out any hindering energies that may try to infiltrate the intuition of the individual as it comes down from the Higher Realms to be made manifest on Earth.
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text:
On the Markov chain models for monsoonal rainfall occurrence in different zones of West Bengal
Abstract: The probabilistic distribution of pattern of rainfall during the monsoonal season (June-September) over different regions of West Bengal (India) has been reviewed with the help of Markov chain models of various orders. The analysis is based on relevant data of 25 years (_PHONE_) in the ten meteorological stations spread over the state. The determination of the proper order that best describes the precipitation over the region is carried out using Akaike's Information Criteria. The test clearly indicates that first order Markov chain model is the best /one for rainfall forecasting. It is found that an appropriate period (2-4 days) of occurrence of rainfall phenomenon over the various stations. Moreover, the steady-state probabilities and mean occurrence time of precipitation days and dry days have also been calculated for firstand second-order Markov chain models. The computation reveals that the observed and theoretical values of steady-state probabilities are realistically matched
Markov chain model, Akaike's Information criteria, rainfall probability, Stationary probability, Mean recurrence time, Dry and Wet spell.
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How do I resolve Error 4320?
An attempt to log in without proper administrator rights or User Access Control permissions may result in error 4320 ("Operator or Administrator has refused the request").
Follow these instructions to ensure you have proper User Access Control permissions on the host computer you are attempting to access. This will allow you to access the host computer even if you are unable to be added as an administrator at the operating system level.
 3. Under User Access Control, click Show details....
 Result: The User Access Control window is displayed.
 4. Under Users, select your user name from the list. You may need to browse for additional users.
 Tip: For example, if you sign in using a Computer Access Code, you may need to add the user named LogMeInRemoteUser: Click Browse > List users of selected domain and find LogMeInRemoteUser on the list.
 5. Under Edit Selected User, you must select at least the Login permission to resolve the 4320 error.
 Result: For details on User Access Control permissions, see How to Specify User Access Rights.
 6. Save your changes.
If you need to make changes to multiple hosts in a domain, see Securing Hosts on Your Domain.


Fractional Repeat counts?
From: John Navil Joseph
Date: Fri, 23 Jul 2004 11:58:10 +0530
To: _EMAIL_
Message-ID:
SMIL 2.0 supports fractional repeat counts (ex. repeatCount = "0.75").
Consider the following example.
I suppose that the standard assumes that the intrinsic duration of
is available beforehand for this to work correctly. But on small hand held
devices it may be very expensive to calculate the exact intrinsic duration
of the
streams. (especially for elementary streams as that of MPEG4, AAC).
How does the standard expect the SMIL players to deal with these
situations in which
the intrinsic duration of the media objects is simply "unknown"?
Received on Friday, 23 July 2004 02:37:04 UTC


text:
San Diego '99
- Topic Area:
- Track: Open VMS
- Topic: Performance & Tuning
- Type: Breakout Session
03:00 PM Duration:
- Richard Bishop
- Software Consultant Engineer, Compaq Computer Corporation
- This session will describe recent changes to OpenVMS Alpha's System
Dump Analyzer and related analysis tools. Attendees will learn about new features that improve system dumps; about changes in SDA to support OpenVMS Galaxy, and about several new commands and
enhancements to existing commands.
Attendees will be introduced to SDA extensions(to be covered in
detail in another session) and will also learn about improvements
to the System Code Debugger, about the new System Dump Debugger and about the Watchpoint Utility.
- Use new SDA commands to examine OpenVMS Galaxy data structures.
- Use new SDA commands to examine system parameters.
- Use the System Dump Debugger to examine dumps involving user-written device drivers
- Prerequisites for attendees:
- This session should precede "SDA Extensions - Tutorial"
- Required Skill Level:
Assumes general knowledge of topic, familiarity w/basic terms & procedures
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text:
How The Kumbh Mela Crowds Are Counted
Date 2013/2/7 18:04:40 | Topic: Hindu Press International
ALLAHABAD, INDIA, February 2, 2013 (India Real Time): The Kumbh Mela is frequently billed as the world's largest religious gathering. It is almost certainly true. But how can we know for sure? The two men with the challenge of counting up to an estimated 80 million people are divided on how to do it. They also come up with different numbers. They are Devesh Chaturvedi, the commissioner of Allahabad, and Alok Sharma, the inspector general of police in the city, which is hosting the Hindu festival.
The Commissioner reckons the number of pilgrims passing through the Kumbh Mela site on the banks of the Ganga between Jan. 14 and March 10 will end up somewhere between 60 to 80 million. Both men use different techniques for counting but agree neither method is scientific or water tight. Mr. Sharma is more conservative and estimates the final total will be around 40 to 60 million.
"We use thumb rules," says Mr. Sharma. His team positions counters at the entry points to the Mela area, which leads to the bathing ghats (banks). They calculate the maximum crowd capacity of 100 meters of road based on the assumption that each pilgrim will take up 1.5 square feet of ground. Then they measure the speed of the crowd by timing how long it takes a police officer to move 600 meters with the throng. "The pace of crowd keeps changing depending on the density," the Inspector General adds. Once they know how long it has taken the policeman to walk 600 meters they can work out how big a crowd has covered the same distance and how many people have passed. Vehicles arriving along the entry roads around Allahabad are counted manually and trains with up to 8,000 passengers each are also added to the total.
Mr. Chaturvedi has a different approach to the enormous population count. From a series of watch towers across the 14 sectors of the Mela site head-counters try to keep a tab on the number of pilgrims below. "It's not the most scientific way of doing it," Mr Chaturvedi says. "But that is the only estimate available to us." This year for the first time the Mela is also being tracked using satellite imagery. "Based on the color of the images they are going to tell what is the density of human beings," Mr. Chaturvedi says. Using calculations based on the average stay of pilgrims and photographs taken at different times of day, the Commissioner hopes it will provide a more accurate count.
Mr. Chaturvedi says that the biggest crowd so far, on the first day of the festival, was 8 million while Mr. Sharma puts it at between 1.5 million and 1.8 million.


North east pet owners urged to record cat activity
Cat owners are being asked to record what their pets catch in terms of small animals. Picture: Complimentary
Have your say
PET owners are being urged to record precisely what their cats drag in as part of a pioneering project to record the species of mammals spread across the north east of Scotland.
The bizarre survey has been launched to help in the creation of a Mammal Atlas for Aberdeen, Aberdeenshire, Moray and the Cairngorms National Park.
Cat owners across the area are being asked to record the various animals their beloved felines bring in through the cat flap. And the survey organisers are even planning to host two "Look What the Cat Brought In" events to help moggy owners to identify the various mammals.which have fallen prey to their pets.
A spokeswoman for Aberdeenshire Council explained: "The North East Scotland Biological Records Centre (NESBReC) is compiling the Mammal Atlas for 2015 but is appealing for help from local walkers, pet owners and animal lovers.
"Small mammals are particularly under recorded and taking a note of what the cat catches and takes home is a very useful way of compiling the data."
She added: "A survey by the Mammal Society in 2001 found that the average household cat can catch up to 40 creatures a year. Mice tend to be the most popular mammal prey, followed by voles and shrews. Larger mammals, such as rabbits,weasels, stoats and squirrels were also recorded. Cats can roam up to over half a mile away each night and have a home range of 28 hectares (70 acres).
"Records of the animals that cats have caught could be the only way for NESBReC to get information on mammals in certain areas."
Councillor Isobel Davidson, the chair of Aberdeenshire Council's Education, Learning and Leisure Committee, said:"The Mammal Atlas is an important project for the north-east of Scotland and I am glad to see NESBReC coming up with interesting and engaging ways for people to get involved.
"It might be unpleasant when the cat brings an animal into the house, but now at least it can be a useful indicator of the mammals living in your area."
Glenn Roberts, the NESBReC manager, said: "We really welcome everyone in the North east of Scotland to get involved in the creation of a Mammal Atlas. The most common species are often overlooked, and even if you have never looked at mammals before, it is easy to get involved in recording wildlife and photos are always welcomed."
Pet owners are being asked to record what species their cat dragged in, and where and when they saw it.
The spokeswoman added: "Pictures can be sent to NESBReC even if you are not sure what the mammal is."
NESBReC is a partnership between Aberdeenshire Council, Aberdeen City Council, Scottish Natural Heritage, the University of Aberdeen, the RSPB and Forestry Commission Scotland.
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text:
If you travel enough in Connecticut, you'll soon discover a plethora of brownstone buildings. Most of that brownstone came from quarries in Portland. First dug in the late 17th centuries, the quarries were increasingly used in the 19th century. Stone was shipped as far as Boston and New York - quite a distance for a fragile material. Production reached its peak in the late 1880s with over 1500 people working the property. By the early 1900s, brownstone was losing ground to concrete. The 1938 flood filled the quarries and ended production in Portland.
If you have a Polish or Italian ancestor who lived in the Middletown area, consider learning about the quarries. Many immigrants were recruited because of their stone carving skill and made a respectable living onsite. Their desire for community built many of the institutions in Portland and Middletown. A detailed history of the quarry is available at _URL_ The website wasn't functionally well for me, but the detail made it worth the wait.


text:
Views:1 Author:Site Editor Publish Time: 2020-07-28 Origin:Site
The following tarpaulin manufacturers tell you about the requirements of PE tarpaulins for raw materials!
In the production process of PE tarpaulin, the requirements for raw materials are often very strict, because if the material is unqualified, the quality of the tarpaulin will definitely be affected. The requirements for raw materials of PE tarpaulin are as follows:
During the production of PE tarpaulin, if there are impurities, it will damage the catalyst system and its function, and directly affect the quality of the tarpaulin. Therefore, the quality of the product is high and the corresponding price is high if PE polyethylene material is used. But the service is also good. In the production of PE tarpaulin, some additives are also used, but it should be noted that the purer the additive, the better, because it can effectively reduce the consumption of raw materials and the emission of pollutants, which is very beneficial to environmental protection. Also, the higher the purity of PE polyethylene, the better.
The above is the requirements for raw materials in the production process of PE tarpaulin. It can be seen that the requirements for raw materials are still very strict. Because of this, the quality of the tarpaulin during subsequent use is guaranteed.


text:
Interested in whether your protein uses oxygen to mediate reactions? Wondering if oxygen is keeping your enzyme from its duty? Then what you need as an anaerobic tent!
These tips provide some basic knowledge to help you perform experiments using an anaerobic tent.
What is an anaerobic tent?
Most biologists who work in oxygen-free environments use anaerobic tents. These soft-sided vinyl chambers (and attached gloves) contain an inert mixture of gases and are given shape by a metal frame. They generally have a smaller footprint than glove boxes, and provide a greater range of motion during experiments. In addition, the anaerobic tent's soft sides are more forgiving to changes in internal atmospheric pressure, though they are less sturdy overall.
Items (experimental materials) enter and exit both types of chamber through an attached airlock. Items within the airlock are subjected to multiple 'cycles' of alternating vacuum and repressurization using inert gas to purge as much excess oxygen as possible before they are brought into the main chamber. The interior of the anaerobic tent may or may not be sterile, depending on the needs of its users.
Establishing and maintaining an anaerobic environment is tedious and time-consuming. The misuse of an anaerobic tent, particularly the airlock, can cause both property damage and physical injury. Keeping in mind a few basic safety measures and good etiquette will keep you safe and on the good side of the team who normally uses the anaerobic tent.
Safety with anaerobic tents
1. Know how to cycle items through the airlock
The procedure for bringing items into or out of the anaerobic tent should be posted on or around the pump and gas tanks; regardless, you should still have one of the regular users walk you through the protocol. Save your memory: write down any relevant details that aren't posted.
2. Know where the air monitoring gauges are, and keep an eye on them during your experiment
Ask one of the regular users of the anaerobic system what the expected gas ratios are, and record the appropriate minimum and maximum acceptable numbers. Many systems have alarms to warn users when the oxygen concentration becomes too high. Ask a lab member to demonstrate, but don't depend on the alarm; be aware of oxygen levels during your experiment.
Etiquette for using an anaerobic tent
1. Plan ahead
It takes time for items that have been kept on the shelf in the lab to equilibrate in an anaerobic environment, and it takes time for the anaerobic tent to purge oxygen carried in with each set of fresh items. Plastics usually take a couple of days to 'breathe' off the oxygen adhering to their porous surfaces.
Any equipment (probes, etc.), that you want to use in the tent will also need to be brought in. Make sure that your labmates won't need to use them and there is a power outlet available in the tent. Depending on the equipment's composition, it may also need a day or two to off-gas before you start.
If the anaerobic tent is used as a sterile environment, make sure that it stays that way—prepare your materials appropriately and practice aseptic technique as necessary.
2. Do not leave large bottles of solution open in the tent for an extended period of time
If you won't be using the solution for more than a day or so, stopper the bottle tightly to prevent evaporation. Water vapor can cause mold as well as contribute to oxygen levels.
3. Remove your supplies and experimental waste as soon as possible once you are finished with your experiment
If you are running a multi-day experiment, remove waste materials at least daily to keep the tent clean and minimize the possible contamination sources. Strong acids and bases are not nice to the inside of the anaerobic box, and water evaporates.
4. If you plan to use the tent for more than a few days, offer to help with minor maintenance
Anaerobic boxes require regular upkeep, even when they are not in use. Be sure to ask if there is any light regular maintenance you can perform while using the tent. You may be asked to replace the hygroscopic pellets or palladium catalyst, a task generally performed every few days. You may not need to do anything, but it doesn't hurt to ask.
Pro tips for anaerobic solution prep
If you only need a small amount of solution, check anaerobic solvents already in the tent.
Large-volume solutions (buffers, etc.) created in room atmosphere should have as much excess oxygen removed as possible before they are introduced to the anaerobic tent. Below are details on how to perform this, but don't hesitate to ask a lab member for help with this process!
- Stopper the bottle and run an appropriate inert gas through the solution as it is vigorously stirred. Be sure you provide an avenue for the oxygen to escape!
- Once the bottle has been degassed for an hour or so, seal it (usually with a screw-top lid) and cycle it into the tent.
- Once the system appears stable, let the solution stir in the tent without the stopper for another couple of hours or overnight. Keep an eye on the tent's oxygen levels during this process, and restopper the bottle once you are done.
Performing an experiment under anaerobic conditions introduces many factors into your experiment (including how to handle microcentrifuge tubes while wearing enormous kitchen gloves), but can also provide you with invaluable information about whether your protein requires oxygen or its absence.
These tips should help make sure your experiment is a success!