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Loads In Buildings:
In the design of any RCC structure, calculation of the upcoming load is the first and foremost step. The design load is considered for its design life. In this post, I will illustrate the basics of the design loads considered while designing of structures & the basic mathematics involved in their calculation.
Types of building loads:
The following given loads are present In a typical residential building as discussed below-
- Dead Load– All the load of the dead or non-moving/stationary/fixed elements of the building fall in this category. Some examples of dead load are the weight of walls, the weight of roof/floor finishes etc. Self-weight of structural members such as beams, columns, Footings & RCC slabs etc are also taken as dead-load. The calculation of live loads has to be done by taking properties of the material & the dimensions of the element considered.
- Live Load– ll the moving loads due to human use or furniture or any other mechanical equipment. For all general categories live loads are defined in Indian Code IS 875 Part-3. Rest if any shall be calculated as per the requirement.
- Dynamic Load – Apart from dead & live loads a building structure is also subjected to the application of dynamic load. Dynamic loads are the loads in which the value & nature of the application of force is not constant throughout & is subjected to changes as per the conditions governing the forces. Forces due to wind, earthquake, traffic or heavy machinery (such as blowers or pumps) fall under this category.
(Also Read: Different Types of Failure of Foundation)
- Self-weight– It is the weight of the frame or the individual weight of the structural elements such as Beams, Columns & Slabs. In computer programs such as STAAD Pro inbuilt capability is there which allows the program to calculate the self-weight of the elements automatically in accordance with the shape, size & member dimensions.
Example: Below given are the examples for manual calculation of self-weight of the structural elements.
- Beam: Let it be of any shape Rectangular/square/tee/trapezoid anything, for calculation of weight, use the given formulaWeight of member = cross-section area of member x length of member x RCC density
For a 0.3 m wide 0.45 m deep beam section of 5 m clear length & material density = 25 kN/m3 (for RCC), the weight will beWeight of beam = (0.3 x 0.45) x 5 x 25 = 16.875 kN
The above calculated weight of 16.875 kN is the total weight which can be further converted into Uniformly Distributed Load (UDL) by dividing the total weight by member length.
U.D.L in the beam = 16.875/5 = 3.375 kN/m
- Column: Same as explained above the self-weight of a column can be calculated only the terminology of member length will be changed to member height & the weight of column will be calculated as point load only its conversion in UDL is not required.
- Slab: RCC slabs, the weight of roof slabs is applied as uniform pressure in kN/m2. For analysis purpose, it is we consider a 1 m x 1 m square section & calculate the volume of the RCC & then the same is multiplied with the density for the derivation of pressure in kN/m2.
Weight of slab = (1 x 1 x slab thickness) x RCC density
In the above formula as (1 x 1) doesn't affect the calculation thus, it can be further simplified asWeight of slab = slab thickness x RCC density
For 0.15 m thick slab the calculation will be as followsWeight of slab = 0.15 x 25 = 3.75 kN/m2
In the above calculation of RCC slab weight, further additional load due to floor finishes are included generally for stone/cement floorings 0.75 kN/m2 to 1.5 kN/m2 is considered.
Distribution of slab load on supporting beams:
Depending upon the arrangement of beams (square or rectangular) triangular or trapezoidal shape distribution is carried out. For example (refer fig below) in case of a rectangular slab of 6 m x 4 m, the longer side beams spanning between A-B & D-C will carry a load of the corresponding trapezoidal portion. Whereas the shorter span beams spanning between A-D & B-C will support the weight of roof slab coming from the corresponding triangular region.
Load on 6 m span = area of trapezoid x thickness of slab x density
Load on 6 m span = 8 x 0.15 x 25 = 30 kN.
Thus, U.D.L = 30 / member length = 30/6 = 5 kN/m.
Load on 4 m span = area of triangle x thickness of slab x density
Load on 4 m span = 4 x 0.15 x 25 = 15 kN = 15 / member length = 15/4 = 3.75 kN/m
Above discussed was the case of a rectangular slab. In the case of the square slab, the slab plan is divided into 4 number of equal triangles. Then the load for the same is transferred to the corresponding beam members.
- Walls: Generally in building construction brick walls of single brick (0.115 m thick) & double brick (0.230 m thick) is used, a load of brick walls is calculated as followsWeight of wall (In kN/m) = Height of wall x thickness of wall x density of brick/stone masonry
For 0.23 m thick wall of 3.2 m clear height, the load will beWeight of wall (In kN/m) = 3.2 x 0.230 x 22 = 16.192 kN/m
The load of 16.192 kN/m is applicable in the form of UDL on the beam supporting the brick wall. In the above calculation, brick wall density considered is 22 kN/m3.
Live loads or imposed loads as per building type & occupancy classification shall be provided as per Indian Code IS 875 Part-2 in table-1.
Mainly, the following dynamic forces are subjected to RCC buildings-
- Wind Force: Wind load is calculated in line with the provisions of IS : 875 (Part-3).
- Seismic/Earthquake Force: Seismic load is calculated in line with the provisions of IS 1893: 2016.
Methodology for calculation of wind forces & earthquake forces will be discussed in a separate post, keep following.
Hope above given explanation helps in understanding the fundamentals for determination of dead & live loads as per Indian Code.
I hope this article will help you. You may also want to see my other post from my Blog. If I have missed anything here, please let me know about that in the comment below this post.
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My name is Dibyandu Pal— the guy behind this blog.
A Civil Engineer and a young part-time blogger.
I started my website in Last of January 2018. In my 7 years of Student Life & carrier, I have gone through a lot of books. I learned a lot during this time, so I decided to start a new blog and share what I've learned so far.
This blog has been designed in order to provide its readers with some of the most valuable information in the field of civil engineering.
I hope you will enjoy here


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DescriptionThe creativity of the past: Tradition as a standard and resource in folk art This papers explores the role of tradition in creative production taking folk art as a case study. It is argued that traditions are formed by a system of representations and practices trasmitted from generation to generaton but also constituted for artisans and lay audiences by a social representation of what is 'traditional'. Creativity in the context of craft is shaped both by representations from the past and representations of the past since its meaning is related most often to the idea of mastery, of using tradition in ways that both continue and 'take it forward'. Examples of creative production in the artistic craft of Easter egg decoration in Romanian communities will be offered to illustrate the use of tradition in creative work both as a standard against which new creations are evaluated and a resource, a pool of representations artisans draw from in an effort to advance their craft. In the end an image of Easter egg decoration emerges as a 'neo-tradition', continuously reconstructed in action and representation.
|Period||27 Jun 2012|

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


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Tissue Paper Square Frame
Project Sheet: cd1886
- Square Cream Frame
- Tissue Paper
- Mod Podge-Matte
- Painter's Tape
- Craft Knife/Razor Blade
- Glossy Accents
1. Using painter's tape, tape off the glass of
2. Using a paint brush, brush on a layer of Mod Podge to the front surface of the frame.
3. Lay a piece of tissue paper on top of the frame, gently pressing into the grooves of the
frame. Let dry for 30 minutes.
4. Gently brush on a layer of Mod Podge to the top of the layer of tissue paper. Lay
another layer of tissue paper on top of the other. Pressing gently into the grooves of
the frame. Let dry completely.
5. Gently brush on a layer of Mod Podge over the top surface of the frame/tissue paper.
6. Use a craft knife to cut along the inside edge of the frame, to cut away any excess
tissue paper. Make sure that it is dry before you do this, or it will tear the tissue
7. Using the Glossy Accents, adhere the sequins to the center of each indented circle on
the frame. Let dry.
8. Place photo inside of frame.


Deeded versus assigned: Is parking created equal?
May 12, 2002|By Mark Pearlstein. Special to the Tribune.
Q. What is the significance of a deeded parking space versus an assigned parking space? Why is one better than the other?
In our condominium, we have assigned spaces. Some of the owners who do not drive would like to sell their parking spaces to others who would like to buy them. Because they are assigned, however, these owners cannot sell their spaces.
The board is wondering if there is any sense, value or detriment to going through the trouble to amend the declaration to make the spaces deeded.
A. A deeded parking space is preferable to the individual unit owner, but assigned spaces maximize the chances for all owners to obtain parking.
The term "deeded parking spaces" has two forms: The space is classified as an individual unit with a separate percentage of ownership, or the space is assigned to a particular unit as a limited common element. Developers can maximize their return for the space by selling it separately or including the limited common element space in the unit price.
An assigned parking space generally means that the parking area is part of the common elements, and spaces are assigned by the board through some form of waiting list.
If parking spaces are assigned, residents do not own their space, nor do they have any exclusive right to those areas with their unit. Thus, users of assigned spaces cannot transfer this portion of the property. An amendment to the declaration that will convert the parking area from common elements to limited common element spaces will require approval by a super majority of the owners. Given the fact that only some owners may benefit from an assigned space, this amendment may be difficult to pass.
Q. I recently moved into a condominium unit. Because it is my first experience with this form of ownership, I am a little confused. After reading our declaration and by-laws and rules before buying, it appears that the board doesn't adhere to these documents in some respects.
Non-emergency decisions are being made over the phone, e-mail and later in an open meeting by putting these decisions into the minutes. Shouldn't the final decision be voted by the board at an open meeting when owners are present?
A unit owner sustained damage to his unit caused by a water leak arising from the shut-off valve of his residence. In this case, however, the board used association money to repair his unit damage. Wasn't this the responsibility of the owner?
Recently, we received a budget for the current fiscal year. If our documents state that the budget should consist of estimated common expenses, shouldn't it have listed estimated income from interest, clubhouse rental, late payments, etc.? Under expenses in the budget, there is a line item called "contingencies." Shouldn't this money be placed in certain particular categories such as administrative, operations or maintenance?
A. Generally, all decisions of the board must be made at an open meeting when owners are present. Under the Illinois General Not-For-Profit Corporation Act, condominium boards can also make decisions by unanimous written consent.
Telephone polls are not authorized by the corporate statute or the Illinois Condominium Property Act. While the board members may discuss an issue by telephone, formal written consent of all the directors is required to validate action not taken at a meeting. E-mail is a popular means of communication by boards, but under current law, is not a substitute for decisions at an open meeting.
Owners are generally responsible for all damage to furnishings within their unit. Most declarations provide that units are also responsible for repair and maintenance to any pipes or appliances located solely within and affecting only a particular unit.
Income from sources other than assessments, including interest, clubhouse rental and other miscellaneous items, should be referenced in the budget. The board may create a contingency line item, which generally covers any expense classification that may exceed budget levels.
Q. Help. My condominium association recently changed our cable subscriber. I am not satisfied with the level of programs from the new cable provider and want to return my service to the original company.
However, my association president advised me that all association members must subscribe to the new provider.
This requirement does not seem fair or constitutional. Do I have any recourse?
A. The board of directors has a right to obtain cable television service from a single subscriber as a common expense. Section 18.4(o) of the Illinois Condominium Property Act specifically authorizes a condo board to obtain cable television service for all units and assess owners for this cost.
Board members have the authority to administer the property and determine the services and contractors that will serve the best interests of the association.


Thursday, March 16, 2017
CCP Its Time - Structure Changes for the Overview
I really really like a lot of things about the new structures (i.e. Citadels and Engineering Complexes).
Look at the image above. Prior to Citadels, there were two dockable celestials on my overview. Upwell structures appear on the overview if you have permission to dock at them OR you are on the same space grid with them. But in both cases they look on the same on the overview so you can get into the situation where two structures are on the overview and one you can dock at and one you can't and you need to look at the name and know which is which or you need to warp to each one and see what happens.
On top of that, even if every structure on the overview are ones you have access to, there is no easy way to distinguish at a glace or with a tab preset any of them of the same size in any manner except reading the names. For example, look again at the image above and find the Astrahus owned by my corporation Aideron Robotics. While its easy to distinguish the Azbel and Fortizar from the Raitaru and Astrahuses, one needs to scan every one of the former and know the name to find the Kirith's Grand Emproium Astrahus. And to complicate matters every structure automatically gets the system name pre-pended so you can't even scan the column's first letter/word easily. There has to be a better way.
I have several proposals.
1. Apply corporate standings tags to structures just like we do to pilots in the overview. This would quickly distinguish corporate structures from alliance structure from friendly structures from neutral and hostile ones. Yes, this does not mean you have access to docking at that structure but it would simply looking at a glance on the overview. And besides, someone blue on the overview doesn't mean that they won't shoot you either.
2. Indicate accessibility in a new column. Either a new overlay icon on the regular icon (like a tiny green check mark) or a new column (with check mark). This would be an optional column and could be placed anywhere is the column order.
3. Grey out structures not accessible when on grid with them. Yes, you can see them and everything, but some sort of indication that they are not accessible would simplify life immensely.
4. Provide option to see ALL structures in overview. Right now you jump into a system there is a second you see all structures before the ones you don't have access too and are not on grid get greyed out and removed from overview. It would be nice for scouting purposes (and home defense) to be able to bring them up.
CCP its time - make the overview great again!
1 comment:
 1. Let me get in with the default response question that comes to mind: was the overview ever great in the first place?
 But good suggestions. So presumably with the patch after the next one some of these suggestiosn will be implemented by a dev with 5 minutes of spare time.
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text: Perhaps the most obvious feature of the temple is its relative size and emptiness. Most citizens of Seacourt worship at private shrines or pray to foreign gods. The gods and goddesses of the ocean are much more important to the citizens of Seacourt than the Twelve Lords who, according to local legend, hold most of their power on land. Furthermore, the hill upon which the Abbarathian sits is surrounded by the wealthy elite and the offices of municipal power. It isn't particularly inviting to the commoners, sailors, or foreigners who make up the majority of Seacourt's population from day-to-day.


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"native" po angielsku z przykładami - Słownik kolokacji angielskich
- One may be sure of that by the native name they have given him.
- "For the first time, we could call each other by our native Jewish names."
- Not once would you refer to those places by their native names.
- I replied, playing on his native name, and proceeded to set out the whole case to him.
- The priest knew little about the terrain so he asked a native the name of the place.
- Some codes are chosen based on the native names of the countries.
- He named off a string of native names, then added, 'Fine time.
- The native name for the ball court and game was batey.
- They learn that the native name for the island is Caspak.
- A Spanish soldier was said to have asked a native the name of the place, indicating the area.
Kliknij na wybrany nagłówek, aby rozwinąć grupy kolokacji, kolokacje oraz przykładowe zdania.


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UPCOMING EVENTSView full calendar
4-H Mentoring - Utah County
What is 4-H Mentoring?
4-H Mentoring of Utah County is a program which began in 2001 and is designed for youth, ages 9-15, and their families. Youth are matched with young adult mentors, who establish caring relationships with identified youth. All mentors are screened before being matched (interview, reference and background check). This program allows youth to develop their interpersonal and academic skills by participating in structured recreation, community service, and community youth groups.
We are committed to providing an environment which fosters belonging, independence, generosity and mastery (BIG M) among mentors, youth, and families. The four essential elements of positive youth development.
Mentors are a major part of their mentee's life. They provide stability and a caring relationship for their mentees. They provide their kids with something to be excited about and someone who is always looking out for their well being.
- Meet four times each month with their mentor (one meeting each month is sponsored by 4-H)
- Attend weekly 4-H Afterschool Mentoring club
- Attend monthly Family Night Out programs together with their family*
To enroll a youth, sign up here:
Additional information about enrollment for youth and families:
- Be a mentor to a child in Utah County
- Be a guide, advocate, friend and role model
- Help your mentee feel a sense of belonging, develop independence, understand the importance of generosity, and master new skills
- Introduce your mentee to new and different environments
- Meet and socialize monthly with the other mentors at the monthly provided activity for you and your mentee
- Give an hour of time each week for one full year
- Make a year commitment to mentor a youth
- Meet 4 times per month (usually once each week) with the youth you mentor
What youth need most is a caring adult who peacefully resolves conflicts and communicates in a healthy way. They need someone to trust and who trusts them.
Find mentoring resources, here:
For any questions, please contact:
*4-H Mentoring families are expected to attend 50% (6 per year) of the Family Night Out activities. These are typically held on Monday
evening or on Saturday.
**To become a mentor, you need to be at least 18 years of age and have a vehicle. You will need to be formally interviewed at a time which
fits your schedule. You will be required to complete a background check (simply for the safety of the youth) and attend some training prior to
being matched with a child. Once the required paperwork has been completed, the process of matching you with a child will begin.


Rugby Drill Demonstration
Tell the players the following.......
 1. Lay flat on the ground.
 2. In a moment but not yet, I want you to get to your feet, but you cannot use your knees.
 3. You will get up like a surfer, pushing up with your hands and jumping to your feet.
 4. It's a race, lets see who can get up first?
 5. On your call the place get to their feet and then back down again.
 6. When they have got the idea, have some fun with it e.g. last one up sings two lines from their favorite song. But whatever you do has to be fun and not humiliating.
Coaching points
 - Speed to your feet is vital.
 - Knees should not be used when getting to your feet.
 - Players push up quickly, using strength to push their entire body into the air.
 - Feet hitting the ground should be wide, knees must be bent.
 - Upright body position should be low, with hands down and ready to compete for the ball.
The Drill is often used with
Surfs UpSevensRugby Drills Coaching


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Why is My Light Switch Hot?
If one or more of the light switches in your home are warm or hot to the touch, it's usually a sign there's too much electrical power running through it. There are several reasons why this happens.
When a Light Switch Feels Warm
One of the most common electrical questions we get asked is if it's normal for a light switch to feel warm.
It's perfectly normal for light switches, particularly dimmers, to feel a little warm when the lights are on. The warmth you feel comes from an electrical component called the triac (triode for alternating current) which varies the amount of electricity that passes through to the light fixture. If the dimmer switch is dedicated to a single bulb, or a load of 100 watts or so, you might feel a little heat. Once the load gets above 300 watts, though, it's not unusual for the heat to be more noticeable.
When a Light Switch is Hot
If a light switch is too hot to touch, it's likely a more serious problem. The top three reasons this happens are:
 - The switch is overloaded. Just like wall outlets, light switches are limited in how much power they can handle. Different switches are rated for different power levels and if the switch is overloaded there's a serious risk of fire. The switch should be replaced with one that's designed to handle the amps a fixture requires.
 - The switch is failing. Light switches wear out and when this happens small sparks on the electrical contacts are emitted when the light is turned on or off. Over time, the contacts don't meet properly and electricity flows more freely, creating heat. This, too, is a fire hazard.
 - Faulty or improper wire installation. Even if the wiring was professionally installed, it can become loose or broken due to age. These bad connections can then cause the wiring to spark and generate heat. They can also bottleneck the current flow, which also gives off heat. Faulty wiring should always be replaced by an experienced, licensed electrician.
When to Call For Help
There are electrical problems you can usually fix yourself but, as electrical work can be dangerous, it's almost always recommended to call in a professional. Along with a hot light switch, it's a good idea to call in the pros if:
 - The lights dim when using a major appliance or when the HVAC unit goes on.
 - One socket of an electrical outlet's not working.
 - A light switch doesn't solidly connect in the on or off position.
 - You have an old "fuse" system in your home.
A qualified electrician will also check to make sure your home's electrical panel is able to safely handle powering everything in your home.
Hot light switches in your Jacksonville home can usually be easily and quickly fixed, but you should never ignore the problem as it could indicate a bigger electrical issue. To learn more or to schedule a home electrical inspection, contact one of the qualified and skilled electricians at David Gray Electrical Services today. You can also call us at _PHONE_.
SCHEDULE SERVICE With Our Professionals
Serving Florida's First Coast!


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A Qualitative Assessment of African Americans' Knowledge, Attitudes and Beliefs about Hospice Care
In 2010, 1.58 million patients received services from hospice in the United States; of these patients only 8.9% were African American (African Americans make up 12.6% of the US population), compared to 77.3% Caucasians. The purpose of this study was to assess African Americans' knowledge, attitudes and beliefs about hospice care. Three 3 focus groups were conducted with a total of 27 people participating (12 males and 15 females).All focus groups were audio taped and transcribed. Transcripts were coded using an apriori coding scheme and entered into an Excel file. Consensus and triangulation methods were used to help investigators assess themes based on strength within and across focus groups. Five major themes emerged: 1) knowledge of hospice 2) attitudes and beliefs 3) decision making process 4) barriers to hospice use and 5) raising awareness about hospice in the African American community. This study supports findings from previous literature that examines the key factors that contribute to the underuse of hospice services by members of the African American community. A new barrier to hospice use, "family discord" also emerged in the focus group discussions In order to overcome hospice barriers the unanimous recommendation is to increase knowledge, awareness and access to culturally appropriate educational materials. Based on the thematic analysis findings, the next step is to develop a culturally tailored hospice photonovel to raise awareness about hospice care among African Americans. An initial meeting has already been conducted with an advisory committee that was formed from participants from the three focus groups. The 1st draft of the phot novel script has been written based on the advisory committee's decisions. Work will continue with the advisory group and funding to be sought for creation and printing of the photonovel.
Presentation: 29 minutes
Recommended CitationReed, Stephanie, "A Qualitative Assessment of African Americans' Knowledge, Attitudes and Beliefs about Hospice Care" (2012). Master of Public Health Thesis and Capstone Presentations. Presentaion 63.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


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National Library of Medicine: Native Voices
LocationNational Library of Medicine, NIH Campus, Bethesda, MD
Located on the same campus as the National Institutes of Health, where scientists conduct cutting-edge medical research, this gallery takes a different path to promote the same mission. The Native Voices gallery celebrates the story of Native Peoples' concepts of health and healing with a chorus of voices, coming from Native Americans, Native Alaskans, and Native Hawaiians, sharing perspectives on traditional beliefs and practices. As visitors journey through the exhibit, they will encounter interactive kiosks with content-rich timelines, dynamic visualizations with a montage of archival images, and touchscreen towers packed with oral history videos. Nature, community, and spirit are interconnected with Native ideas of health—this exhibit borrows from such traditional motifs to share the enduring wisdom of Native medicine.© 2013 Second Story, Inc.


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Volunteers are central to RUMFS research, education, and outreach activities. The Jacques Cousteau National Estuarine Research Reserve (JCNERR) provides the mechanism for these activities.
Volunteers can participate in a wide range of field, laboratory, and outreach activities. In the field, they may assist with sampling on boats or from the shore by trawling, seining, and trapping fishes and invertebrates. In the laboratory, they might perform faunal identification, dissection, or related analysis. Other activities include data entry, and library and office assistance. Others have provided logistical support for field activities and sample delivery.
If you are interested in volunteering with JCNERR and RUMFS, fill out a volunteer application today!
You can also visit the JCNERR Volunteer page for more information on past, present, and future volunteer opportunities.


Support A School (Year)
Sponsor a School (Year)
$0 of $6,000 raised
Personal Info
Billing Details
 1. Write a check payable to "Seed Pakistan"
 2. On the memo line of the check, indicate that the donation is for "Seed Pakistan"
 3. Mail your check to:
 Seed Pakistan
 111 Not A Real St.
 Anytown, CA 12345
Your tax-deductible donation is greatly appreciated!
Donation Total: $100
Our Vission
To establish public-private & Public community partnerships for the improvement of government schools.
Our Mission:
Sindh Education Foundation has been a pioneer in effectively engaging the private sector and communities in government school revival through the Adopt-A-School-Program (AASP). The program facilitates the private sector and civil society to adopt public or government-run schools and undertake educational improvements for children. Adopters represent a varied mélange of individuals, organizations, and groups including educationists, concerned citizens, local CBOs, NGOs, and members of the armed forces. SEF plays a facilitating role between the school and the adopter, providing technical assistance and monitoring for school improvement.


Is My Pet Rat Blind? All You Need To Know (+ Rat Blindness Tests)
Is My Pet Rat Blind? A question often asked by pet rat owners. But if so, how can you determine that? The good news is that there are two reliable ways of finding out if your rat is blind or not, and we will discuss them in a moment, including caring for your rat if they are going blind.
Is my pet rat blind? To determine if your rat is blind, you can conduct a finger test. You can carry out the test when they're focused on something else or in front of their cage. Keep reading to learn about how both tests can be conducted safely. However, the most reliable way to know if your rat is blind is by consulting a vet.
Before we dive into the tests, we must understand how the eyesight of a rat works and what may lead to blindness in rats, then we'll take a look at measures you can adopt if your pet rat is going blind.
Rats do not have good eyesight
Unlike most animals, rats do not have the brightest vision. They lack what is known as 20/20 vision. Therefore, their vision of the world is blurred and hazy.
Since their vision is not optimized to see beyond a few feet, they may not recognize your presence by sight if you're at extreme ends of a big room. However, this is not an indication that their blind but a limitation of their vision.
With that said, you may wonder why they're able to detect your presence when you open the door or make a loud sound. The reason is that they have a heightened sense of hearing, not that they suddenly recovered their vision.
A commonly underlooked fact is that rats are nocturnal animals. Even at close range, they still do not have the best vision. Therefore, before you fret about your pet rat going blind, you must remember that rats do not depend entirely on their vision.
Rats are color blind
Rats do not experience the full range of light frequency, but they can detect ultraviolet light invisible to the human eye.
A rat's vision is black and white mostly, typically with a touch of other colors and most prominently grey. Therefore, a color-based test will fall short of determining a rat's blindness, regardless of how perfect their vision seems to be
Can Rats Go Blind?
Yes, rats can go blind. Compared to other animals, rats may have a higher propensity to go blind since they are not born with excellent vision. There are myths linked to blindness in rats, with an impeccable degree of truth to them. However, the primary cause of rat blindness is poor vision.
Does The Color of a Rat's Eye Matter?
Yes, the color of a rat's eyes matters when it comes to blindness. Rats that do not have red or pink eyes are known to have better vision than those that do. Also, those with red eyes tend to respond quickly to any form of light than their peers do.
Rats with pink and red eyes are said to have a shallow depth of field. Depth of field is a term used in photography to describe the area in view which is in focus.
If you have ever paid close attention to red-eyed rats, you may notice how frequently they shift their heads. The reason for this behavior is so that they can gain focus on objects not present in their limited depth of field. Many believe that the limited vision is the secret behind the red-eyed rat's enhanced nocturnal capabilities.
Sadly, that's far from the truth. It is impossible to see without light, and the red-eyed rats are no exception, especially in low-light areas.
Albino Rats And Blindness
Albino rats have poor vision in low light conditions due to their pink eyes. So we can say their vision is a lot worse than their peers.
According to science, rats with red or pink eyes cannot develop the same number of rod-shaped receptors compared to their peers due to the absence of melanin in their eyes. The cells that develop into the rod-shaped receptors require melanin for development
Since melanin is absent, about 1/3 of their rod cells are malformed, leaving the albino rat with poor vision.
It is sad that albino rats become disabled a few weeks after birth and may not even make it to maturity without going blind or almost blind.
Pink + Red-Eyed Rats Can Suffer From Light Exposure
Determining a pet rat's sensitivity to light may be a cruel experiment. However, we can safely infer that rodents with light-colored eyes will have a hard time exposed to bright light or sunlight because it could damage their fragile eyes.
You can help them by :
 - Placing their cage as far away from bright light as you possibly can.
 - Close the curtains to limit light rays from the sun unless it is a rainy day.
 - A window panel with a darkening effect would be perfect since you can move them around if your rats are constantly changing spaces.
What Else Can Make A Rat Go Blind?
Rats are like humans, so they can go blind for so many reasons. Some of the reasons include:
 - Poor Diet
 - Sickness
 - Congenital Blindness
 - Genetics
Eye infections can also lead to blindness in pet rats. If you notice any changes in their eyes, such as bulging, swelling, or inflammation of surrounding tissue, seek help immediately. Failure to do so may lead to blindness.
Rats can also lose their sight due to play fights. Because of their sharp claws, they may injure one another in the eye, leading to blindness.
 Though you may not be able to protect your pet rat from all the dangers that can lead to blindness, you certainly can ensure that their diet is in check. You may also adopt the use of vitamins made for rats.
Will My Pet Rat See Better At Night?
Rats are nocturnal creatures, but these little rodents are more optimized for smell and hearing than they are seeing. Not that these creatures do not see at night, they just are not visually inclined.
In the wild, they're more likely to flee predators by the sounds they make as they draw closer. Because fewer predators move around at night, it makes sense for them to hunt in the dark.
How To Tell If Your Rat Is Going Blind?
To know if your pet rat is blind, you can try one of these tests. However, nothing beats the services provided by a trained vet because there is no home kit designed to serve this purpose.
Let's get to the tests:
 1. The finger test. To perform the finger test, make sure you wash your hands thoroughly. If you do not wash your hands thoroughly, they may likely respond to the smell of food instead of the sight of your finger. After washing, hold your fingers 3 inches away from the edge of their cage while moving back and forth, staying within their field of vision. The goal here is to see if they can keep track of your moving fingers. If they fail to do so, repeat the test a few more times to rule out blindness. In some cases, rats are just not willing to participate in the tests.
 2. The sneaky finger test. If your rat continues to shake its head in a manner depicting focus, raise your fingers to their side but without making noise. If your pet rat doesn't detect it immediately – chances are, your rat may be going blind.
What To Do If Your Rat Is Blind?
Unlike humans, rats capable of living happily with blindness, but you have a role to play. Ensure not to change their space too often or move things around their cage, as doing this can lead to confusion and distress, which may take them longer to do things their sighted peers would easier.
Final Thoughts
Is my pet rat blind? You got the answer: In summary, there are two ways to know if your pet rat is going blind, you can try the finger test or the sneaky finger test. All of which can or may not be effective in some cases. However, it is refreshing to know that a blind rat can live a long and happy life so long as you are there to support them. If you are still worried your pet rat may be going blind, talk to a vet right away.


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The current guidelines adopted at the general meeting of the MVUB can be summarized as follows:
- The main concern of the MVUB is to support intermediate staff at the University of Bern. The MVUB promotes this concern emphatically at all levels of the university. It develops innovative support tools.
- The MVUB promotes personnel structures that establish optimum framework conditions and specific prospects for intermediate staff.
- The MVUB creates proposals for intermediate staff to support and fund careers within and outside the university.
- The MVUB aims to have a broad membership base to support its activities.
- The MVUB looks after the interests of the intermediate staff of the University of Bern in the national context.


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In a previous JS Link / CSR post we covered how to handle what is displayed in a web part when there are no items to show. SharePoint's default message is an ambiguous:
"There are no items to show in this view of the [listname] list"
Not an awesome user experience. Something a little more contextually relevant might be more helpful to users – either in a simple list view, or in a more complicated solution.
A PowerApps Gallery control isn't any better – merely showing a blank record. The Data Table control, on the other hand, has a handy 'NoDataText' property that can be configured to display a message when the control is empty.
So, what do we do when using Gallery controls – until a 'NoDataText' property is added and/or the Data Table control allows for more configuration options? As is the answer with many things in PowerApps: We use a formula.
Using an appropriate text field control within a Gallery control, we can replace the Text property with a formula like the following:
If(CountRows([_List Name_])=0,"[_Put your message here_]", ThisItem.Title)
For a SharePoint list named: DefaultList you get the following:
If(CountRows(DefaultList)=0,"Nothing to see here", ThisItem.Title)
The 'CountRows' function as you might guess returns the number of rows in the list.
The 'If' function tells the control to set the displayed value of the control to "Nothing to see here" if the condition (there are 0 rows) evaluates to 'true'. If not, the value of the control is ThisItem.Title – the normal field value we would expect in the control. The text is only displayed when there are no items in the list.
- Get started with formulas – PowerApps
- CountRows reference in PowerApps
- If function in PowerApps
- Data table control in PowerApps
- Gallery control in PowerApps
- JS Link – No items to show blog post
We met at the SP Conference 2017 in Chicago. I have only attended the last 2 conferences, and always feel like I have learned something from your presentation! Thank you. However, I am still new to SharePoint Online, starting to build our Intranet. I used SP Designer before with SP10, but now it is built into SP Online and it's not quite the same. I do not know how to get to the ASP code, how to download the pages to modify them. Is there another software we could use to do more of the development and programming to customize pages? I have not been lucky at finding what I need and how to set up a development environment to customize the web code. Could you please steer me in the right direction? Thanks!


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The economics of Burn care
By: Paul Trueman
Hospital Episode Statistics for England and Wales demonstrate the scale of burn injuries and associated costs, with the paediatric and elderly population being the most at risk. In the year 2009/2010 there were:
- Over 11,000 admissions
- Accounting for over 47,000 bed days
- Involving over 3400 critical care admissions
Health and economic impacts of burn care can be divided into direct (healthcare) costs, indirect (non-healthcare) costs and intangible costs (Table 1; Figure 1).
Table 1. Costs associated with burn care.
Reconstruction: specialist care, surgery (ICU, burns unit)
Rehabilitation: Multi-disciplinary inpatient or outpatient care
Reintegration: outpatient and community care
Patient and carer costs
Pain, suffering, quality of life
Figure 1. Distribution of costs in burn care (From Sanchez et al, 2008).
Approaches to burn care
Clinical and economic evidence is required to identify the most efficient approaches to burn care and in this respect economic stakeholders need to recognise the challenges that are inherent in conducting research in this indication. Burn care is not immune from the economic realities facing health services and when addressing the costs associated with treatment options the difficulties inherent in conducting randomised controlled trials (RCTs) in burns patients needs to be appreciated.
Regrettably there is limited evidence on the cost effectiveness of individual dressings/treatments, although early evidence suggests that dressing costs make up a very small fraction of the total cost of care. In assessing overall costs rationale for dressing selection should consider impacts on other total costs, such as reducing pain on dressing change, which may facilitate out-patient management and/or return to work which reduce the financial burden to the hospital system and the patient/economy respectively. With respect to the latter, societal costs of burns typically exceed the healthcare costs in the form of:
- Productivity losses
- Caregiver time
- Home care costs
- Permanent disability in severe cases
Quality of life (QOL) considerations are also important with burn care making an impact on the commonly reported domains of quality of life, either in the acute phase or during rehabilitation (Figure 2). However, there is a lack of robust quantifiable evidence on the impact of burns on QOL, with the available evidence tending to use disease-specific scales such as the Burn Specific Health Scale.
Figure 2. Burns and QOL.
Cost-effective burn care
In defining cost effective burn care it should be emphasised that cost-effective care does not necessarily equate to the least costly care. The true aim is to achieve the best possible outcomes for any given expenditure which can be influenced by:
- Burn severity
- Diagnosis – accuracy and speed
- Intervention, and Treatment pathways.
Regarding burn severity our interests lie primarily in the costs and outcomes of treating non-complex burns.
Looking at both complex and non-complex burns, cost is positively associated with the severity of the burn in question. Griffiths et al (2006) report the mean cost of treating an uncomplicated paediatric minor scald in a UK burns centre to be £1850, whereas costs soar for complex burns as shown by Pellat et al (2010) who reported the mean cost of treating a paediatric burn covering 30-40% of total body surface area (TBSA) to be £63,157. In this respect Klein et al (2008) reported that for each additional TBSA % that was grafted with autologous skin grafts, hospital costs increased by US$2,639.
Cost is also associated with patient age; children account for 40-50% of all severe burn injuries whereas the elderly account for between 10% and 16% of all severe burn injuries. With respect to mean levels of hospital stay, which also drives the cost of treatment and increases with burn severity, Brusselaers et al (2010) report this to be 15-16 days in the paediatric population and 18-26 days in the elderly population. Hospital episode statistics from England and Wales demonstrate the impact that burn severity has on costs in relation to average length of stay (ALOS), with length of stay and associated costs increasing with severity (Table 2)
[Insert table 2]
Table 2. Burn severity and ALOS
In a prospective, cross-sectional study in a Spanish burn centre, Sanchez et al (2008) collected information on healthcare and non-healthcare costs for 898 patient admissions categorised according to DRG code. Mean annual healthcare costs ranged from US$5,000 – US$41,000 (Figure 3).
[Insert Fig 3]
Figure 3. Healthcare and non-healthcare costs relating to burn care (From Sanchez et al, 2008).
Burns have far reaching health and economic impact. However, the commoner non-complex burns are relatively inexpensive. High cost severe burns are relatively rare, but when looking at individuals with severe burns the high associated expense leads to a general perception that burn care is expensive to treat across the board. Non-healthcare costs are associated with a high proportion of the cost relating to burn patients
Brusselaers et al. Critical Care 2010, 14:R188. _URL_
Griffiths et al. Burns journal of the International Society for Burn Injuries (2006) Volume: 32, Issue: 3, Pages: 372-374
Klein et al. (2008)
Pellat et al. Burns journal of the International Society for Burn Injuries (2010) Volume: 36, Issue: 8, Pages: _PHONE_
Sanchez et al. Burns Volume 34, Issue 7, November 2008, Pages 975-981


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Since a particle in one dimension can only move in a straight line. Is it possible to have potential energy? And how would the kinetic energy and potential energy differ in higher dimensions?
Sure, a particle can have potential energy in one dimension. Just look at Hooke's Law or the gravitational force. Both of those are conservative forces in one dimension ($x$ and $r$, respectively) that have a corresponding potential energy.
In higher dimensions, nothing has to change, but it is possible to have potential energies which depend on the value of more than one of the dimensions (for instance, take $U(x,y)=x^2y^2$).
If your question is about how particular forces would change if the world we lived in were of lower dimension, well, that's more complicated. Suffice it to say that, mathematically, one can write whatever one wants, but physically, it is generally taken to be the case that lower dimensional forms of gravity and the electrostatic force would not be inverse-square laws. In one dimension, it is possible that the inverse-square laws that we all know and love might be constant forces (to maintain a lower dimensional form of Gauss's Law). Constant forces correspond to linear potentials (i.e. $U(x)=kx$); examples of this would be the electric field between a set of parallel plate capacitors or the gravitational potential near the surface of the Earth ($mgh$).
Kinetic Energy is much simpler. In most situations kinetic energy is taken (to a good approximation) to be a quadratic degree of freedom (read: proportional to $v^2$) for all dimensionality.
Yes, a particle can have potential energy in one dimension as potential energy depends upon the configuration of the body. We can have configuration in one dimension as in hook's law and hence potential energy.


Address Number Methodology
If you need a physical address for a new structure, call the 9-1-1 Administrative Office at _PHONE_. A "physical address" is also known as an "official 9-1-1 address." When you call the 9-1-1 Administrative Office, make sure you have a physical address for a nearby structure to help us locate your site on the 9-1-1 Map. We do not assign addresses to open land … your structure must at least be staked out so we can identify the approximate location of the center of the structure.
The addressing methodology used in Franklin County was adopted to enable our "first responders" to reach citizens requiring emergency services in the shortest time possible with the least amount of confusion. For public safety reasons, we strive for consistency in our addressing of structures throughout Franklin County. However, there is not complete consistency across the County. For the most part, the cities, towns and villages in the County took responsibility for addressing the structures in their communities and the methodologies used are not the same in many cases.
Road Address Determination
Generally, primary structures in the County are addressed to the road they face unless there is no immediately identifiable access to the structure. Consideration is given to the means of "access" to the structure if access is a substantial distance from the road it faces. The optimal situation is when a structure faces the same road from which the driveway to the structure extends. In the event that a structure is a substantial distance from the road it faces and there is no driveway from that road but there is a driveway from another road, the structure will be addressed to the road with the access.
Address Number Determination
On East/West Roads, odd numbers are on the north side and even numbers are on the south side
On North/South Roads, odd numbers are on the west side and even numbers are on the east side
Address numbers increase as you travel north and as you travel east.
Address numbers decrease as you travel south and as you travel west.
How You Can Help "First Responders"
Make sure your Address Number is displayed so that it can be seen from the road. If your structure is a significant distance from the road, display your Address Number on your mail box or on a sign post at the end of your driveway.


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19th century or earlier
27.0 (h) x 5.0 (w) x 1.5 (d) cm
National Museum of Ethnology, Leiden
This type of Javanese dagger [keris] is named after Majapahit, the last great Javanese Hindu kingdom that declined in the late 15th century with the arrival of Islam. The prototype for this type of weapon, with hilt and blade created from one piece of tempered metal, is said to have developed in the Majapahit period. The crouching figure that forms the hilt, however, can be traced to a much earlier era. The keris Majapahit is not used as a weapon, rather it is its talismanic properties that protect its owner.


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May 19, 2018 08:00:00 SGT
Announcing new theorem
The Lin Hsin Hsin Graph Theorem
Unified Theory of Graph (UTG)
In mathematics, a Unified Theory of Graph (UTG) is a type of graph theory that allows all that is thought of as fundamental entities and primary properties of graph to be written in terms of nodes and edges both in the physical and digital world.
The postulation of the UTG has led to structure Spacegraph Protocol (SGP) and the construct of Graph Virtual Machine -- a State Virtual Machine (SVM) or Graph Virtual Machine (GVM) that powers SGP and its deployment to all Dapps in Blockchain 3.0
Copyright © 2018. Lin Hsin Hsin. All Rights Reserved. Mobile~tainment®, Frog®, SpaceGraph™


New Study Examines Whether Oregon's Investment in Accelerated Learning Is Paying Off
December 6, 2018
Graphic featuring a paper airplane
In the 2015–16 school year, one in three Oregon public high school students participated in some form of accelerated learning—dual credit, direct enrollment, Advanced Placement (AP), and/or International Baccalaureate (IB).
This is one of several findings in a new study by Regional Educational Laboratory Northwest that offers a first glimpse at how a statewide initiative in Oregon has impacted students' participation in these programs.
Research has shown that accelerated learning can improve students' postsecondary outcomes by preparing them for college through increased academic rigor and expectations in high school, shortening the time to complete a postsecondary degree and reducing college costs through the accumulation of college credits. Based on this evidence, Oregon is one of several states that has made a significant effort to increase access to these programs.
This REL Northwest study explores Oregon students' participation in accelerated learning in the 2013–14 to 2015–16 school years, as well as the schooland student-level characteristics that predict participation in an accelerated learning program. The study also looks at high school-to-college outcomes and how many students were able to transfer the credits they earned.
"This study found several positive outcomes," said Michelle Hodara, a coauthor of the study. "Many public high school students in Oregon are earning college credits in various ways, and this high school experience is linked to much higher high school graduation, college enrollment and college persistence."
In the class of 2015, for example, accelerated learning participants were 30 percentage points more likely to graduate from high school, 25 percentage points more likely to enroll in college, and 22 percentage points more likely to persist in college than their peers who did not take accelerated learning in high school—and these findings were consistent for students of color.
Equity gaps in participation remain, however, particularly for students who were eligible for free or reduced-price lunch and students who attended schools with a higher percentage of economically disadvantaged students. "There is still work to be done to ensure that low-income students have equitable access to accelerated learning and that low-income schools are able to offer AP and IB at the same rates as higher income schools," Hodara said.
While college persistence rates were high for students who took accelerated learning courses, 15 percent of students in the class of 2015 transferred less than half the credits they earned in high school to the Oregon public university they subsequently attended. Meanwhile, nearly 25 percent of students who earned credit from dual-credit math in high schools and 9 percent who earned credit from dual-credit English in high school took the same course or a lower level course at their university or community college.
"This study was not designed to identify why students' college credits are not accepted at the colleges and universities they attend after high school," said Hodara, "but we found that low-income students have fewer college credits accepted, suggesting the need for more advising around credit transfer for high school students who may be first-generation or low-income. Additionally, high schools and colleges should examine their math pathways, since about a quarter of students who passed a dual credit math course took the same or a lower course in college."
Oregon has invested extensively in expanding access to accelerated learning, and education leaders from state agencies and secondary and postsecondary institutions are committed to ensuring that these programs are sustainable, equitable, and effective. The data presented in this study will be used to inform policy and legislative discussions to improve the accelerated learning programs in the state.
Check out a REL Northwest infographic that breaks down the study's key points and findings and download the full report.


Can You Fly A Drone Without WIFI?
Can You Fly A Drone Without WIFI?
We rely on wireless internet connections so much these days, but when it comes to our new favorite hobby of flying drones, is it really necessary to have Wi-Fi to make them work?
Drones use many different types of technology to operate and with thousands of different manufacturers and thousands of models out there, no two are the same.
So, can you fly a drone without Wi-Fi or is it an absolute necessity to be connected?
The short answer is yes, you can absolutely fly a drone without Wi-Fi, but it does offer some benefits that might make it a more attractive option. Drones and their controllers communicate using radio waves, so a wireless connection doesn't need to be present, but some drones transmit these waves using Wi-Fi.
How you connect the controller to the drone will be especially important in the grand scheme of things, so it's essential to know the options and what's actually required to get them off the ground.
Your controller will help you take off, land, and guide your copter through the air, so this communication is key to a successful flight.
Does Drone Work Without Wifi?
Drone Flying
Modern drones come in all shapes and sizes with different specifications and capabilities, so you have plenty of options when shopping around.
There are many drones that operate without Wi-Fi, so it's not always necessary to have a connection present, but it does offer some other benefits.
Most drones will come with a dedicated app that lets you set them up and sometimes offers a way to view the camera or alternative to using the controller.
When you purchase a drone, it will tell you exactly what's required to get it flying, and you may need an internet connection just for the initial setup stage.
However, when it comes to flying the drone out in the field, this is done with radio waves and therefore no internet connection is needed.
Smartphone apps that are used with drones don't connect to the drone themselves during a flight, but instead to the controller.
If you have a camera connected to the drone and are using your phone as the FPV viewer, you might need a wireless connection to make this happen.
Otherwise, you can be completely offline and away from the internet to fly a drone, so it's not required.
Do Drones Need An Internet Connection To Fly?
Drone Connected With Smartphone
Drones don't need an internet connection to fly but they must be able to send a signal from the controller to the copter in order to operate.
These signals are sent wireless using radio waves and the capacity to do so will be built into the system controller that comes with your drone, as well as the drone itself.
The transmitter or controller must be able to send messages to the drone, and this allows you to control steering, altitude, and all other features that the copter is capable of.
Radio waves can't be seen but are sent through an electromagnetic spectrum. These waves are measured in hertz (Hz) and you'll probably notice when you purchase a drone what frequency it works on.
The two most common frequency is 2.4 GHz or 5.8 GHz, and the transmitter and drone both need to be tuned to the same frequency.
To prevent your drone being controlled by someone else, these copters usually come with their own identification code that is unique to just that device and what transmission they'll receive.
This means you'll only ever be in control of your drone and the signals from two drones that are flying close to each other won't be mixed up.
Working on lower frequencies usually gives you a further range and they work better in dense areas where they might be trees or other obstacles.
For this reason, most drones operate on a lower frequency when being operated by radio waves. When looking at Wi-Fi controlled devices, they tend to work better on higher frequencies, but the range will be limited when compared to the radio.
Can You Fly A Drone Without A Smartphone?
Using Drone With Bluetooth Game Controller
When you open up your brand new drone and take a look at all the gear that comes with it, you might notice one thing missing.
A smartphone can be a valuable tool when it comes to piloting a drone and acting as a display center, but it can absolutely be done without it.
Your smartphone should only be seen as an additional accessory to use with a drone, and it's by no means a necessity.
You'll get everything you need to fly with the drone but could be given the option to download an app to your tablet or smartphone that can make the experience a lot more enjoyable.
A smartphone is usually used as a viewing platform for the drone which means if there's a camera attached to your copter, you'll get a first-person view by looking at the dedicated smartphone app that it was synced with.
Some drones also allow for remote control through the app itself, so there's no need to use the controller if you don't wish.
Do All Drones Work Have GPS?
Flying a drone isn't always as predictable as we'd like, and things can occur that send your copter off course.
GPS was introduced as a feature on some modern drones as a way to keep a track of your craft in the air, and to help you locate it if it flies off course, crashes, or needs to be remotely controlled without your assistance.
Cheaper models won't usually have GPS but will rely on the pilot to keep a visual check on the drone and navigate using that method.
The more expensive models that have GPS receivers included come with additional features that some people might find worth spending the extra money on.
 - Return to Home: With the push of a button, your drone can return back to the home base where you're standing and does so automatically without your help.
 - Position Hold: This button will cause your drone to stop and hover in its exact position, maintaining location and altitude.
 - Autonomous Flight: Just like autopilot, a drone with this feature will be able to go to a specific location set on a map without you having to direct it.
Related Questions
Drone Remote Controller With Cellphone
The technical aspects of drones can make them seem overwhelming, but getting a basic understanding of how they're controlled and how messages are sent and received will make you a better pilot.
Here are some frequently asked questions about drones and how they operate, to give you some basic knowledge of their design:
Can Drones Be Hacked?
Some models of drone have been found to have issues where control can be taken over by a third party or hacker, usually in the case of a Wi-Fi controlled device.
This isn't a security concern that most hobby pilots have to be concerned about though, but it is something that manufacturers are working to prevent in the future.
How Do I Attach A Camera To My Drone?
If you want to see what the drone is seeing, you can either purchase a drone with a camera attached or the capabilities to attach one.
These can be view with FPV (first person view) goggles made specifically for drones, or with the help of a smartphone app.
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Number of shapes does not match number of table records。
The following error occurs when adding a theme to a view:
"Number of shapes does not match number of table records."
The error happens when the number of features in the shapefile does not match the number of attributes in the DBF file. These are some common causes that produce the error.
- adding or deleting records to the DBF file corresponding to the existing shapefile
- a system failure occurs during the edit process and the shapefile is saved in a corrupted state
- multiple users editing the same shapefile
- adding features to a theme and the user double-clicks the mouse. A record with zero area is added to the table, but the feature may not bevisible in the view.
Solution or Workaround:
The shapefile may be recovered with one of the following methods. It is highly recommended that a backup copy is made of the shapefile before attempting to use any of these methods.
Use Andrew Williamson's ShapeFile Repairer Utility. Click the link to this ArcScript in Related Information.
Edit the DBF file:
- Open the DBF file.
- Delete the last record.
- Close and save the DBF file.
- Load the shapefile into your View.
Use the ArcInfo Workstation SHAPEARC command:
- Run the SHAPEARC command on the shapefile.
- Run DESCRIBE on the output coverage.
- Make note of the number of shapes.
- Open the DBF corresponding to the shapefile.
- Compare the number of records of the DBF to the number shapes resulting from the DESCRIBE command.
- If the number of DBF records is more than the number of shapes, delete records until the number of shapes matches the number of records.
- If the number of DBF records is less than the number of shapes, add records until the number of shapes matches the number of records.
The shapefile should open in ArcView, but there is no guarantee that attribute information for the shapefile will be correct. To test if the attribute data is assigned to the correct feature, do the following:
- Load the shapefile into a new view.
- Open the attribute table for the shapefile.
- Tile the view and the table.
- Select a record.
- Compare the selected record with the selected feature in the view.
- If the feature does not correspond with the attribute, determine whether and where to add or delete records. The DBF needs to be edited appropriately, keeping in mind that the number of records must equal the number of shapes.
Repeat the comparison steps until the features and attributes are synchronized.


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The long-awaited online training program Smart Driver for Forestry Trucks is finally live, and you can watch it from the convenience of your home.
Reducing fuel consumption and operating costs are two constant challenges for forest truck drivers. For years, drivers working in forestry operations have been asking for guidelines and efficient driving techniques that save fuel and ensure safety and environmental sustainability.
This is exactly why the Office of Energy Efficiency of Natural Resources Canada and FPInnovations designed this interactive training program. The program provides the needed guidelines and techniques and presents all the economic, environmental and safety benefits of professional driving.
The training program includes videos and quizzes, and includes these five modules:
- Smart driver in the forest industry
- Principles of defensive driving
- Effective driving
- Choice of truck components
- Basic maintenance knowledge
Who is this training intend for?
- Professional drivers
- Fleet owners
To register, go to, _URL_ and enter this key name: drive-smarter.


Why Is Independence Important?
By Staff WriterLast Updated Apr 8, 2020 7:24:06 PM ET
Tim Hall/Cultura/Getty Images
Independent people are able to handle things on their own, and this increases their confidence. On the other hand, lack of independence means relying on others to get things done. Being independent implies having the ability to make decisions. For instance, financial independence brings a sense of freedom by allowing a person to make their own monetary decisions. Emotional independence reduces stress, enhances happiness and helps people handle challenging situations in their lives and make personal decisions.


twice as less
Definition from Wiktionary, the free dictionary
Jump to: navigation, search
twice + as + less.
twice as less (not comparable)
 1. (nonstandard, proscribed) Half as much.
 - 1987, Eleanor Wilson Orr, Twice as Less[1], W. W. Norton & Co.:
 - 2015 July 27, Yaroslav Vlasov, "Electioneering games in Siberia", Open Democracy:
 The governing party receives twice as less votes here than it does on average across Russia.
 - 2002, Claude R. Phipps, editor, High-power Laser Ablation III, SPIE, page 415:
 But this[sic] two oncoming waves move with velocity approximately twice as less as previous component: [].
 - 2011, Cai Jinfa, Eric J. Knuth, editors, Early Algebraization: A Global Dialogue from Multiple Perspectives, Springer, page 83:
 The children also are able to construct a table to assist them in determining how many runs must be made by a truck and a trailer in order to transport 1080 tons of coal, if the truck can haul 30 tons per load and the trailer can carry twice as less coal per load.
Usage notes[edit]
In order for the term to make proper sense, the subject should have a quantity that is multiplicative (or at least additive). It is preferable, however, to use a positive expression for the quantity, such as in half as much or half as many.
It may be seen used colloquially when the quantity is not multiplicative, as a form of emphatic. For example: He is twice as less intelligent than his father. The 'positive' expression (in this case, half as) is still preferred.


Quick Answer: How To Dig Up A Tree Stump With A Tractor?
Can you remove stumps with a tractor?
Both John Deere utility tractors and compact utility tractors have powerful backhoe attachments that you can add-on to remove large tree stumps. Once you have the stump and roots exposed, free the roots by loosening up the soil around them with the shovel.
Can a bulldozer remove stumps?
A bulldozer can remove stumps if it has a strong enough motor. Dig a trench that's three feet wide and eight feet deep on all sides of it. Use the bulldozer to push the stump until the roots pull out of the ground. Lift and push the loose stump and grind it down or chop it up to dispose of it.
What machine removes stumps?
Keep reading!
 - What Are Tree Root Removal Machines? Generally, a tree root removal machine is a heavy-duty tool that has a powerful engine, as well as cutting, digging, or pulling mechanism, which is used to remove tree roots.
 - Tractors.
 - Backhoe.
 - Stump Grinder.
 - Shovel & Saws.
 - Shovel.
 - Garden Shears.
 - Backhoe.
Can a skid steer remove stumps?
As a reliable piece of equipment, a skid steer can in fact remove a stump from your job site – it just takes a little more work to get the job done.
You might be interested: Question: How To Bleed A Diesel Tractor?
How do you pull a stump out of the ground?
How do you dig up a large tree stump?
Dig out the soil around the stump. Expose as much of the roots as possible, by removing the surrounding soil using a shovel or spade. Work in a circle around the stump, removing the dirt. You may need to dig fairly deep on each side of the larger roots to really expose them so that you can cut or chop them up.
What size tractor do I need to push over a tree?
How long does Epsom salt take to kill a stump?
Following the directions outlined above, it takes 8 to 10 weeks for the stump to die using the Epsom salt method.
Will bleach kill a tree stump?
If bleaching a tree stump can kill it, then killing tree roots with bleach will work as well. Using a drill is also a good option; just drill holes right into the roots you wish to be rid of. With a paintbrush, paint bleach onto the roots where you have cut into them or fill the holes.
You might be interested: How To Input Fs19 Tractor Models Into Blender?
Do it yourself stump removal?
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Quick Answer: Can You Leave A Cat Alone For 6 Days?
Does my cat Miss Me When away?
Research has shown that cats don't show signs of separation anxiety when their owner is away.
Some cat owners know this: you return from a holiday but your cat acts pretty indifferently.
Other cats even behave like they are "offended" and pretend not to see you at all..
Do cats miss their owners?
Do cats like music or silence?
Do cats recognize faces?
Is it cruel to leave a cat alone all day?
Your cat should not be left alone for long periods of time. It's important to note that kittens and adult cats are different. Kittens need more regular care and contact, especially in the beginning and when they're adjusting to their new home. Adult cats are much more self-sufficient during the day.
Do cats forget you after one week?
Your cat will remember you after 2 weeks or even after 1 year. They use scent to recognize you, not exactly their memory. If we are close to our feline pets, it can be worrisome to think they'll forget us if we are away for a few months, or even years.
Will cats hold their poop?
There is no definite way to say how long cats can hold their poop since many factors are at play. Richard Goldstein of the Cornell University of Veterinary Medicine states, "Cats typically move their bowels one to three times a day… depending to some extent on the type of food they eat.
Do cats prefer quiet?
Cats prefer quiet because it enables them to relax/sleep. Prolonged exposure to noise above 95 decibels can cause hearing damage. A short, sharp noise of 120 decibels can put your cat at risk hearing damage. Exposure to constant noise must be controlled.
Do cats like music left on?
If you choose to leave on your music player or TV while you're out of the house, stick with calming music. Cats of all ages will appreciate soothing sounds, whether classical music, nature sounds or music created specifically for them.
How long does a cat remember a person?
16 hoursCats average 16 hours of short-term memory. If you meet a cat for the first time and have only one interaction, the cat will remember you 16 hours later. There is no indicated time regarding their long-term memory, meaning they are capable of remembering people they are familiar with for years.
How long is it OK to leave a cat alone?
24 hoursIn general, vets say it's okay to leave your cat alone for up to 24 hours at a time. As long as they have a clean litterbox, access to fresh water, and a full meal before you go, they should be fine for a day. Any longer than that, though, is pushing it.
Should I leave the TV on for my cat?
Do cats get sad when you leave?
Regardless of their reputation, cats do get lonely when they are left unattended for long periods of time. They are social beings that form strong bonds with their owners. When their needs for companionship are not met, cats can become depressed. They can also get separation anxiety.
How long does it take a cat to forget you?
Is it OK to leave a cat alone for 5 days?
As we know, most adult cats will be fine if left alone whilst you're at work, as long as you take the proper precautions. But, if you can work from home a few days a week, this can be a great way to keep your cat company and avoid leaving them alone too much.


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ABSTRACT: The American Academy of Pediatrics called for action for improved screening of mental health issues in the emergency department (ED). We developed the rapid screening tool home, education, activities/peers, drugs/alcohol, suicidality, emotions/behavior, discharge resources (HEADS-ED), which is a modification of "HEADS," a mnemonic widely used to obtain a psychosocial history in adolescents. The reliability and validity of the tool and its potential for use as a screening measure are presented.
ED patients presenting with mental health concerns from March 1 to May 30, 2011 were included. Crisis intervention workers completed the HEADS-ED and the Child and Adolescent Needs and Strengths-Mental Health tool (CANS MH) and patients completed the Children's Depression Inventory (CDI). Interrater reliability was assessed by using a second HEADS-ED rater for 20% of the sample.
A total of 313 patients were included, mean age was 14.3 (SD 2.63), and there were 182 females (58.1%). Interrater reliability was 0.785 (P <.001). Correlations were computed for each HEADS-ED category and items from the CANS MH and the CDI. Correlations ranged from r = 0.17, P <.05 to r = 0.89, P <.000. The HEADS-ED also predicted psychiatric consult and admission to inpatient psychiatry (sensitivity of 82% and a specificity of 87%; area under the receiver operator characteristic curve of 0.82, P <.01).
The results provide evidence to support the psychometric properties of the HEADS-ED. The study shows promising results for use in ED decision-making for pediatric patients with mental health concerns.
PEDIATRICS 07/2012; 130(2):e321-7. · 4.47 Impact Factor


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An experimental study of the detailed flame transport in a SI engine using simultaneous dual-plane OH-LIF and stereoscopic PIV
Understanding the detailed flame transport in IC engines is important to predict ignition, rate of heat release and assess engine performance. This is particularly important for RANS and LES engine simulations, which often struggle to accurately predict flame propagation and heat release without first adjusting model parameters. Detailed measurements of flame transport are required to guide model development. This work introduces an experimental dataset designed to study the detailed flame transport and flame/flow dynamics for SI engines. Simultaneous dual-plane OH-LIF and stereoscopic PIV is used to acquire 3D measurements of unburnt gas velocity, flame displacement speed and overall flame velocity during the early flame development. Experiments are performed in an optical engine operating at 800 and 1500 RPM with premixed C8H18-air mixtures. Analysis reveals several distinctive flame/flow configurations that yield a positive or negative flame displacement for which the flame progresses towards the reactants or products, respectively. For the operating conditions utilized, Sd exhibits and inverse relationship with flame curvature; a strong correlation between negative Sd and convex flame contours is observed. Trends are consistent with thermo-diffusive flames, but have not been quantified in IC engines. Flame wrinkling is more severe at the higher RPM, which broadens Sd distribution towards higher positive and negative velocities. Spatially-resolved distributions of Ugas and Sd describe in-cylinder locations where convection or thermal diffusion is the dominating mechanism contributing to flame transport. Findings are discussed in relation to common engine flow features, including flame transport near solid surfaces. Findings are designed to support engine simulation validations.


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Aeromedical Causes of Accident Errors among Pilots and Aircraft Engineers in Nigeria
rrors in the aviation industry are considered among experts as major factors that cause accidents and incidents. This paper examines the aeromedical factors that account for incident or accident errors among pilots and aircraft engineers in Nigeria. The paper made use of data collected by administering questionnaires to randomly sampled respondents. A total of 300 questionnaires were administered to both pilots and aircraft engineers. Data were analysed using a combination of factor and multiple regression analyses. The extracted variables after factor rotation show that general health (78.20%) is the most significant cause of errors among air craft engineers. As regards pilots, disorientation (79.20%) was found as the most critical aeromedical cause of errors. The results of the multiple regression analysis show R = 0.651 for aircraft engineers and R = 0.607 for pilots. These findings reveal that aviation accidents and incidents arising from errors could be traceable to these aeromedical factors. The paper recommends that stringent enforcement of aeromedical conditions should be added to the licensing and recertification guidelines for aviation professionals so that accidents and incidents traceable to errors can be reduced to the barest minimum in the Nigeria aviation industry.


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Graduate STEM Fellow Profile
Timothy R. Morris
Thesis: Forbidden Subgraphs That Imply Certain Hamiltonian Properties
College/University: University of Colorado Denver
Research Advisor: Michael Ferrara
Degree Sought: Ph.D. Applied Discrete Mathematics
Department: Department of Mathematical and Statistical Sciences
Research Focus: Structures within graphs and what conditions will guarantee that those structures exist.
Description of Research
Given a family of graphs F, a graph G is said to be F-free if G does not contain any graph from F as an induced subgraph. G is hamiltonian if G has a cycle of length the order of G. G is pancyclic if G contains cycles of all lengths from 3 to the order of G. Thus the concept of pancyclicity is an extension of the concept of hamiltonicity. The concept of hamiltonicity has been extensively studied in terms of degree conditions, the relationship between connectivity and independence, and forbidden subgraphs. My research extends the forbidden subgraph condition to determine similar conditions that guarantee pancyclicity. For example, I have shown that graphs which are 4-connected, claw-free, and P10-free are pancyclic.
Example of how my research is integrated into my GK-12 experience
One example integrating my research into the classroom was a discussion of graph decompositions. I was able to define for the students a few types of graphs and discussed how to determine the minimum number of graphs of a particular type necessary to decompose another type of graph. This concept was then tied into molecular models and we discussed how this type of information could be used to determine physical properties of such molecules. This discussion showed students that mathematical modeling is useful for scientific understanding.


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We investigate microscopic structures of octupole correlations at high spin in superdeformed open-shell nuclei in the Gd-Dy region, using the random-phase approximation (RPA) based on the cranked shell model. The result of our calculation indicates that constructive interplay between rotation-aligned particle-hole (or two-quasiparticle) excitations and octupole vibra-tions is very important in determining octupole softness of superdeformed bands.
All Science Journal Classification (ASJC) codes
- Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics
- Mathematical Physics
- Condensed Matter Physics


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Global Data Synchronization
As trading partners recognize the importance of working more closely together to improve operational efficiency and service levels, the way information is managed and shared is becoming a critical issue. Organizations must ensure that the information they share with trading partners about the products they make, buy or sell is 100 percent accurate and up-to-date. Global Data Synchronization (GDS) is the perfect solution for ensuring that this happens.
How Global Data Synchronization Works
The Global Data Synchronization Network (GDSN), an Internet-based, interconnected network of interoperable data pools and a global registry known as the GS1 Global Registry. It enables organizations around the globe to exchange standardized and synchronized supply chain data with their trading partners.
- Supplier loads its product information into the Source Data Pool using RedTail GDS.
- Source Data pool sends a description to GS1 Global Registry automatically.
- Buyer, through the Recipient Data Pool, subscribes to supplier's information.
- Supplier fulfills the buyer's subscription by publishing the requested data.
- Buyer sends confirmation to supplier that product information subscription is complete.
RedTail GDS Datasheet (pdf)
Product Data Management – the Evolution of Data Synchronization (pdf – Registration Required)
This four page whitepaper by 1WorldSync explains the benefits of Global Data Synchronization for supply chain, merchandise planning, visibility, and alignment to a broadened value chain. Learn how customer collaboration and consumer interactivity with manufacturers, distributors, retailers, and product information providers is enhanced with enriched item information. RedTail Solutions is a 1WorldSync Solution Partner.
Supported Global Data Synchronization Product Data
Product identification and classification gives suppliers and buyers a common language for distinguishing product data that is uniform across the entire supply chain. All keys to the unique identification of product data are supported by RedTail GDS:
Global Location Number (GLN) — A unique, 13-digit number that distinguishes physical, functional and legal entities (e.g., companies, warehouses, stores, etc.).
Global Trade Item Number (GTIN) — The 14-digit data structure used to uniquely identify trade items (products and services) within the evolved EAN.UCC system.
Global Product Classification (GPC) — Standard groupings of products and services with like attributes established by GS-1.
RedTail GDS Service Specifications:
- Hosted Item Publication and Maintenance
- Certified by 1Sync
- Supports Multiple Organizations (GLN's)
- Supports Multiple Target Markets
- Simplifies GDCN XSD's
- Secure SSL-based GDSN Communication Including Sending and Receiving
- Configurable Work List Retrieval and Reporting
- Queues for Guaranteed Delivery
- Processes, Expands, and Retains Item-specific Publication Authorization Information
- Stores Message Data and Reports Success or Failure
- Ties Success, Errors and Warnings to Specific Items
- Assures Message & Item Audit Trail


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New AudioCue by Barco Improves Training Simulations with Precise Sound Cues
Barco has introduced a new audio system to enhance training simulations with precise audio cues that allow trainees to hear cues before they are in their field of vision, allowing them to react faster in training situations where every second counts. By providing very realistic sound, the system will thereby increase awareness during training and enhance the effectiveness of the session. This will provide needed improvements to simulations in industries such as security, military, rescue and healthcare.
The patented IOSONO CORE processing system renders real-time sound to produce very realistic results during training. The system generates sound from the exact location of the object in relation to the trainee's position—as it happens. Conventional channel-based systems don't offer this precision, making the training programs rigid and much less realistic.
The AudioCue offers a scalable solution supporting speaker arrangements from 8 to 128 audio channels that can be customized to fit any space. This allows the sound rendering to be based on the exact location of the speakers rather than on a pre-defined layout and eliminates the auditory 'sweet spot' in the system, thereby removing the risk of negative training. The system includes hardware and software processing capabilities that seamlessly integrate into any existing content or IG setup.
ABOUT THE AUTHOR
DIRECTOR OF MARKETING & SPECIAL PROJECTS
Adrienne is responsible for all inbound and outbound marketing efforts, website design and development, special events, and tradeshows.


Five tips for reducing Exchange Server support costs
A few simple steps can make a big difference in what you spend to support your Exchange Server organization. Brien Posey shares several practical suggestions.
The current economic climate continues to drive organizations to look for ways to reduce IT costs. Here are five things you can do to cut costs on Exchange Server support.
1: Take advantage of Role Based Access Control
One of the best ways to reduce Exchange Server support costs (while reducing your own workload in the process) is to take advantage of Exchange 2010's Role Based Access Control (RBAC) feature. RBAC allows you to delegate degrees of administrative permissions to non-Exchange administrators so that they can perform specific tasks.
For example, there is a management role group named Help Desk, to which you can assign help desk staff. Members of this role group can perform basic administrative tasks, such as modifying user information (address, phone number, etc.). It is worth noting that in Exchange Server 2010, end users can be allowed to modify their own information through Outlook Web App. As strange as it may sound, members of the Help Desk group are allowed to modify only information that users are allowed to modify themselves. Therefore, if you prevent users from modifying their own information, you will block the Help Desk from doing so as well.
The Help Desk Group is only one of the RBAC groups. You can use RBAC to provide truly granular Exchange Server permissions. For instance, you could potentially lighten the administrative burden by designating another staff member to act as a recipient manager (which would allow that person to create and maintain user mailboxes).
2: Proactively monitor the server's health
Another major step you can take to reduce Exchange Server support costs is to be proactive in your server maintenance. A number of tools are on the market for monitoring Exchange Server's health, and I highly recommend investing in such a tool. Although you'll have to spend some money up front, the tool will likely reduce your costs in the long run. Exchange Server monitoring tools are designed to spot small problems so that you can correct them before they turn into big problems. This not only helps reduce down time, but it also reduces costs by doing the troubleshooting for you.
3: Use dedicated Exchange servers
Whenever possible, you should run Exchange on dedicated servers (physical or virtual) rather than attempting to host additional roles, services, or applications on an Exchange server. Using dedicated servers eliminates the possibility of an unrelated service or application interfering with Exchange.
Using dedicated servers also helps improve security because a dedicated server has a smaller attack surface than a server that's performing multiple duties. Furthermore, if anything does go wrong with the Exchange server, the problem is often easier to troubleshoot if Exchange is the only thing running on the server.
4: Build redundancy into your Exchange Server organization
Few things drive up support costs the way an unanticipated failure does. Several types of costs are incurred when a server fails. First, there is the cost of paying the IT staff to fix the problem. There may also be costs associated with replacement parts or support calls to Microsoft. Although such costs can be significant, they are minor in comparison to the costs that occur because of how the failure affects the end users.
If users are affected by a failure, they can't properly do their job. At best, this means they're being paid to wait around for the server to come back up. At worst, an Exchange Server failure translates directly to lost revenue because customers are unable to communicate with employees.
While you may not always be able to completely prevent failures from occurring, you can prevent users from being affected by those failures by building redundancy into your Exchange Server organization. Microsoft supports failover clustering only for mailbox servers, but you can achieve redundancy for other Exchange Server roles through load balancing.
5: Periodically run the Exchange Server Best Practices Analyzer
Finally, I recommend that you periodically run the Exchange Server Best Practices Analyzer (ExBPA). In case you're not familiar with the ExBPA, it's a free tool that analyzes your Exchange Server organization to make sure your configuration adheres to Microsoft's recommended best practices. The Best Practices Analyzer started life as a downloadable tool, but it's now included in the Exchange Management Console Toolbox section in Exchange 2007 and Exchange 2010.
I recommend periodically running the tool because Microsoft is known to change its recommendations from time to time. As Microsoft's recommended best practices evolve, those changes are reflected in the ExBPA. As a general rule, I suggest running the ExBPA once a month or any time you make a configuration change.
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How is cinnamon made?
Harvest cinnamon
how is cinnamon made? For high cinnamon forest: After planting 15-20 years, then start harvesting. There are two seasons for peeling cinnamon: spring cinnamon is peeled in March 2-3, good quality and cinnamon is harvested in late July and early August. Before harvesting, cut a piece of bark near the base to make water. and nutrition does not go up, so that cinnamon bark flakes off the trunk, the peeling process will be easy. If the trunk is too large, allow another two weeks for the bark to peel off the stem.
How is cinnamon made 1
How is cinnamon made 1
How to peel :
Take a special knife to peel cinnamon bark, cut a bark round the trunk at a position 50-60cm above the ground. Then again cut one round above 40cm below the ring, between the two circles cut a straight vertical line. From the top down, use a small knife to peel off the shell. Continue cutting the shell ring up to the end.
After harvesting cinnamon bark (peeled) for the first time, it is necessary to strengthen care for the stems to sprout again and grow strongly. After 10 years can be harvested a second time.
For low cinnamon forest:
– How is cinnamon made?
After planting 3-5 years, it can be harvested. Choose the biggest trees to cut, accounting for about 3/3 of the total number of trees per harvest. Cut the original tree to take the bark, cut the tree twice a year, then cut the tree again for the next 3 years. Each harvest can harvest 1.2-1.5 tons of fresh bark per hectare. Later on, every year of harvesting this way, the average yield can reach 1 – 1.2 tons of fresh pods / ha. 16-20 year old stumps can reach 20-25cm in diameter, the number of shoots into stems is about 8-14 stems, which is the beginning of the period of strongest growth. Cinnamon harvested to 70-80 years, until poor growth, then remove the old old roots, grow new cinnamon forest.
Processing cinnamon
How is cinnamon made 2
How is cinnamon made 2
Processing dried cinnamon bark:
How is cinnamon made:
Freshly collected bark, spread to the yard to dry and then dried into bundles of 20-25kg for drying. The kilns are designed to be small or large depending on the size of production per household, usually enough to dry 5-10 quintals of fresh shells. According to experience drying cinnamon spread a layer of rice bran to the bottom of the oven, spray tea water on the two ends of the shell, arrange bundles tightly, tightly press together, top cover a layer of bran and cover the top with a layer of rice. Allow cinnamon to evaporate while drying. Just incubation like that during drying, after 21 days, unloaded cinnamon from the oven. Dry at 70-75 degrees Celsius.
Storing essential oils:
Parts of cinnamon tree can store essential oils, but cinnamon bark is a higher value product, so rarely used for storage but mainly used as medicine. Cinnamon leaves picked, dried, bundled into bundles of about 10kg, stored in storage, 1 month after taking away essential oils.
Do not pick the leaves in the spring and before peeling them.
In addition to taking leaves to store essential oils, in the fall when plants stop growing, pruning small branches can also be used to distill fine oils.
How is cinnamon made 3
How is cinnamon made 3
How to store cinnamon essential oil as well as some aromatic oils in general, but need to pay attention to the separation and making of essential oils. Cinnamon essential oil is heavier than water, after distillation, a mixture of water and cinnamon essential oil is obtained. The heavier essential oil sinks to the bottom. But it takes a while to let the oil settle completely. If left in a low temperature, the sedimentation process will be faster and more thorough. Split the water above to recover the cinnamon essential oil below. Part of the filtered water still has a small amount of cinnamon essential oil. When drinking, it smells sweet, slightly spicy and very warm, weighs collected for sale to the purchasing establishments as medicine."- How is cinnamon made"
Preserving cinnamon products
How is cinnamon made.
After drying, put cinnamon bark neatly in cartons or bundle in plastic bags. Do not let broken cinnamon bark will reduce the quality of cinnamon. Cinnamon essential oil has the ability to corrode metal. The oil obtained after distillation should be put into enameled barrels or food plastic containers. Containers of essential oils should be sealed tightly. You can put a thin layer of water on top to limit evaporation of essential oils, while preventing exposure to air oxygen. Both dry cinnamon bark and cinnamon essential oil should be stored in a cool, dry place and avoid direct sunlight.
Now you know how to make cinnamon?
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Administrative Code
Virginia Administrative Code
Title 18. Professional And Occupational Licensing
Chapter 40. Home Inspector Licensing Regulations
18VAC15-40-230. Approval of new residential structures training modules and new residential structures continuing professional education.
A training provider seeking approval of an NRS training module or NRS CPE course shall submit an application for NRS training module or NRS CPE course approval on a form provided by the board. NRS training modules and NRS CPE can be provided in a classroom environment, online, or through distance learning. In addition to the appropriate fee provided in 18VAC15-40-50, the application shall include:
1. The name of the provider;
2. Provider contact person, address, and telephone number;
3. Module or CPE course contact hours;
4. Schedule of training module or CPE course if established, including dates, times, and locations;
5. Method of delivery;
6. Instructor information, including name, license number, if applicable, and a list of trade-appropriate designations, as well as a professional resume with a summary of teaching experience and subject matter knowledge and qualifications acceptable to the board;
7. Materials to be provided to students;
8. Fees for NRS training module or NRS CPE course and materials; and
9. Training module syllabus.
Statutory Authority
Historical Notes