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What's the best method to use a temperature controller during fermentation? If you're using a freezer (or warming apparatus) connected to the controller, how do you compensate for the fact that the wort's interior temperature can be several degrees higher than the air temperature around the fermentor?
In answering a recent question about temperature control inside a freezer, mdma stated:
Finally, if you want to be really sure what your fermentation temperature is, it's best to add a thermowell and a separate thermometer. Don't be tempted to use the controller thermometer to both measure and control the wort temperature - the wort changes temperature very slowly, and the controller will overshoot massively, causing everything else in the freezer to be frozen.
This was enlightening to me. I just bought a temp controller and until reading this post I had been planning to put the controller probe into the thermowell. If I understand what mdma is saying, because the relatively dense mass of the wort will not change temperature as quickly as the surrounding air, by the time the probe in the thermowell has reached the target temperature, the air surrounding the fermentor will have dropped considerably farther. Then the ambient temp will continue to chill the wort itself, resulting in a lower-than-expected wort temp and wider swings in temp as the controller cycles cooling on and off, thus defeating the goal of maintaining a consistent temperature.
(Side note: I suspect that when fermenting ales at room temperatures, the rest of the freezer is unlikely to get all the way down to freezing temperatures, but it would still be a significant variance.)
So how do you balance between air temp and wort temp? Do you just keep an eye on it and adjust the controller if the difference is significant? How much do you compensate between air temp and wort temp?
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Regardless of whether you are heating or cooling you simply need to equilibrate the wort to the temp of the freezer (in your example). Meaning chilling the wort to the temp you expect to ferment at. I have never had the problems that mdma describes in the quote you provide.
Don't put 80F wort in a carboy into a freezer unit and set it to 65F, that will create the problem mdma describes. Chill to 63-67F first. IF you can't do that with your chilling, method, then put the fermentor in there first without the probe on it. Let it equilibrate, then attach (or insert) the temp probe to the vessel/wort.
If you start with just a degree or two of difference between the ambient temp and the wort temp things will work out fine. I tend to tape the probe to the side of my fermentor. I tape a small hand towel that's been folded over a couple times against the fermentor to make an insulated pocket. Then slide the probe in there against the carboy/bucket directly.
You also can to play with the differential settings on the controller too. That will ensure the device cuts out prior to things getting too far away from your set point. Say you are trying to cool to a set-point of 50F, setting the differential to cut out at 55F will let the carboy "catch up" to the chilled air before the freezer comes on again. If the differential is set to 51F you are likely to overshoot.
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I'm curious about why you tape the probe to the exterior of the fermentor instead of using a thermowell. Wouldn't the reading be more accurate from the middle of the vessel with a thermowell? I've read in several places opinions from people who don't like thermowells, but I haven't yet read a good explanation of why. – Galapagos Jim Feb 7 '12 at 0:13
In theory measuring in the center might be more accurate, but in reality the temperature monitored at the side is the same. If you've ever used a carboy for fermentation and see how much its stirring itself around the temperature is pretty homogenous throughout the vessel. That and I don't want to clean and sanitize another piece of stuff going into the carboy. – brewchez Feb 7 '12 at 1:34
+1 to taping the thermometer's probe to the outside of a fermentation vessel. From Yeast by Chris White and Jamil Zainasheff: "[One] option is just taping the controller probe to the outside of the fermentor. If you do this, you must cover the probe with some sort of insulation.... As long as there is any fermentation activity in the fermentor, the temperature will be the same throughout the beer." p. 103 -- Hope this helps. – Dustin Rasener Feb 7 '12 at 3:08
+1 good to hear you're not getting these problems, brewchez, but how do you chill the wort to the desired temperature to avoid the large fluctuations - isn't that what the temp the controller is for? I find taping on the outside is the best compromise and allows the freezer to still be used for storing other things. I had written a paragraph about taping the probe to the outside in my quoted answer, but it was already getting too long so I pulled it. – mdma Feb 7 '12 at 8:05
I have a temp controller as well, and I don't use it to cool just-boiled wort unless I have to. I have an immersion chiller, and I always try to pitch yeast a degree or two below my target fermentation temperature. The only time I have trouble getting the wort to ~65 is in the summertime, when the cold-water spigot is too warm (lagering is a similar problem). In these cases, I chill the wort as far as I can with the chiller, then put the un-pitched wort in the temp controller to get down to fermentation temp. See: homebrew.stackexchange.com/questions/4629/… – Dustin Rasener Feb 7 '12 at 12:28
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Standardisation of rates using logistic regression : a comparison with the direct method
Research output: Contribution to journal › Article
BACKGROUND: Standardisation of rates in health services research is generally undertaken using the direct and indirect arithmetic methods. These methods can produce unreliable estimates when the calculations are based on small numbers. Regression based methods are available but are rarely applied in practice. This study demonstrates the advantages of using logistic regression to obtain smoothed standardised estimates of the prevalence of rare disease in the presence of covariates. METHODS: Step by step worked examples of the logistic and direct methods are presented utilising data from BETS, an observational study designed to estimate the prevalence of subclinical thyroid disease in the elderly. Rates calculated by the direct method were standardised by sex and age categories, whereas rates by the logistic method were standardised by sex and age as a continuous variable. RESULTS: The two methods produce estimates of similar magnitude when standardising by age and sex. The standard errors produced by the logistic method were lower than the conventional direct method. CONCLUSION: Regression based standardisation is a practical alternative to the direct method. It produces more reliable estimates than the direct or indirect method when the calculations are based on small numbers. It has greater flexibility in factor selection and allows standardisation by both continuous and categorical variables. It therefore allows standardisation to be performed in situations where the direct method would give unreliable results.
|Number of pages||1|
|Journal||BMC Health Services Research|
|Publication status||Published - 29 Dec 2008|

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Engaging with the Public: A series of best practice tip sheets
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Justice, T., and Jamieson, D. (1998). The complete guide to facilitation. Amherst, MA: HRD Press.
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I understand how to add or delete user codes. My problem is this: Ademco Vista 20p panel. Gave someone a user code, now I want to delete it. But I can't remember what "user number" I assigned to them. For example: 04, 05..ect. Anyone have a solution? Any way to list assigned user numbers?
Thanks Bryce, can anything be done to override this or am I looking at a whole new system?
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I figured it out, I accidentally changed the code for *189 and *190 from 2's to 1's...I imputed the correct numbers and that took care of the issue.
not sure if this helps but here are the few pages from the install guy with what he wrote in the manual... page 45 - 46
Here is what I see....
Try pressing Setup icon (Wrench and screw driver) and then Disp & Audio Setup icon and then your installer code and check if the EN50131 mode is enabled or disabled. If it's enabled, disable it and test again.
forgot the WA Prom.... it is WA20P - 9.18
I agree I should see something like this when after an alarm was triggered, however, this comes up without an alarm having been triggered and only setting the "away" button, and then returning to disarm the alarm. Before I changed the codes, I think I messed up the original programing by going into the console mode on the 6280 and then entering the (installer code) +(800), followed by (*) + (189) (1111) to enable any touchscreen keypads and ended it with (*)99 which programed all the keypads I guess and set something back to default maybe? Whatever I did, it now comes up for the master code as well so I must have changed the global setting for the "away" mode.
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Hi, I had three codes, the installer code, the master code, and one other that was set to user 03. I have deleted 03 code and created a new 03 code. Now, every time that I use the 03 code to disarm the system, a annoying "control panel message" screen pops up after the alarm turns off and the only way to remove the message is to input the code again and I would like to have this option/ screen pop up turned off. The master code doesn't have this screen pop after I input the disarm code, nor did the code that I deleted. Can anyone help solve this problem? I use the 6280 touch screens to program the Vista system. Please help!!
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History of Scotlandville High SchoolJanuary 3, 2013
By Peggy Carter.
This past school year, the students from a class at Scotlandville Magnet High School were assigned the task of writing the history of their school. They soon discovered that there was very little written information about their school. So Pamela Donaldson, a Library Technician who works with the Black Heritage Room at the East Baton Rouge Parish Scotlandville Branch Library, and Elva Jewel Carter (Peggy), the Reference Librarian at Scotlandville Branch Library, decided to research the subject so that we would have some written history about the school. We decided to create an InfoGuide on a useful topic.
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Question by ashwin (19)
How many leg lifts should be done with ankle weights?
Answer by brendalea2121 (206)
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Answer by Rian (52)
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Answer by mjl10 (282)
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Answer by barkley (951)
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Answer by rabbits123 (85)
not alot, you can pull a muscle/
Answer by alz (2329)
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Interpretive Summary: Ancient grains as novel dietary carbohydrate sources in canine diets
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S7 Technical Assistance
Eastern prairie fringed orchid (Platanthera leucophaea)
Determining whether eastern prairie fringed orchid (Platanthera leucophaea) may be present in a proposed project area in the following northeastern Illinois counties: Cook, DuPage, Kane, Lake, McHenry and Will.
|Photo by Mike Redmer
As part of Step 1 of the S7 process, you checked the Illinois species list and found that eastern prairie fringed orchid is present in the county where your proposed project is located. The next step is to determine whether eastern prairie fringed orchid "may be present" in the action area of your proposed project. Below is guidance to help you make that determination.
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Processes that maintain habitats in early or mid-successional phases may be important in providing the sunny, open conditions required by the orchid (USFWS 1999). Sedge meadow and marsh habitats that support this orchid are usually earlyor midsuccessional because of past grazing, drainage, or soil disturbance. Patch disturbances that expose the soil to this orchid's seeds, and reduce competition from established plants, may be needed for seedling establishment.
Hawkmoths are the pollinators of this orchid species. In Illinois the hawkmoth, Sphinx eremitus is a confirmed pollinator although there may be others. Eumorpha pandorus and Eumorpha achemon have been confirmed as pollinators in other states. Host plants for the caterpillars of Sphinx eremitus include various species of beebalm (Monarda spp.), mints (Mentha spp.), bugleweed (Lycopus spp.) and sage (Salvia spp.).
Follow the steps below to determine whether the eastern prairie fringed orchid may be present in the action area of your proposed project. This guidance is specific to Cook, Lake, McHenry, DuPage, Kane, and Will counties in northeastern Illinois.
1) Define the action area – all areas to be affected directly or indirectly by the Federal action and not just in the immediate area involved in the action. (For example: downstream areas, adjacent off-site wetlands, etc.)
2) Does the action area support any wet to mesic prairie or wetland
communities including, but not limited to sedge meadow, fen, or marsh edges?
If the answer is yes, go to number 3 (below). If the answer is no, conclude that "the eastern prairie fringed orchid is not present," document your finding for your records or provide this information to the federal action agency. No further consultation is required.
3) Conduct a floristic quality assessment for the proposed project site during the growing season or use a previous assessment that is not more than three years old and was conducted during the growing season.
4) If any wetland in the action area is determined to be high quality, (a Floristic Quality Index of 20 or greater and/or a Native Mean C of 3.5 or greater) proceed to number 5 (below) or contact the Chicago Field Office for further consultation.
Wetlands that are not high quality will not support eastern prairie fringed orchid. For those wetlands, conclude that "the eastern prairie fringed orchid is not present," document your finding for your records or provide this information to the federal action agency. No further consultation is required for those wetlands.
5) Compare the plant species list generated for each high quality wetland with our Associate Plant Species List for the Eastern Prairie Fringed Orchid. If four or more associates are listed, then proceed to number 6. If not, high quality wetlands that support three or less eastern prairie fringed orchid associate plant species are unlikely to support eastern prairie fringed orchids. Conclude that "the eastern prairie fringed orchid is not present" and document your finding for your records or provide this information to the federal action agency. No further consultation is necessary for those wetlands.
6) The eastern prairie fringed orchid may be present in your action area. You may either assume that the eastern prairie fringed orchid is present and proceed to Step 2 of the Section 7 Consultation Process or conduct a field search during the bloom date of the orchid; June 28 through July 11. Because northeastern Illinois orchid populations bloom sporadically rather than all plants blooming at the same time, searches should be conducted on a minimum of three non-consecutive days within this time period. Please notify the Chicago Field Office before conducting your survey.
7) If you assume that the eastern prairie fringed orchid may be present in the action area or a field search proves that the orchid is present, the next step in the S7 Consultation Process is to determine whether the proposed action may affect any eastern prairie fringed orchids. Go to Step 2 of the S7 Consultation Process to begin that determination.
Please contact the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service's Chicago Illinois Field Office if you for more information or if you have any questions.
Chicago Illinois Field Office
1250 South Grove, Suite 103
Barrington, Illinois 60010
Phone: 847/_PHONE_, ext. 20
1Swink, F. and G. Wilhelm. 1994. Plants of the Chicago Region, 4th ed. Indiana Academy of Science, Indianapolis. 921pp.
Step 1 of the Section 7 Process
Section 7 Technical Assistance


text:
J₂S84 Series Pneumatic Pickup and Temperature Regulator and J2S81 Series Hot Cooling Bed
■This cooling device is used to pneumatically pick up the used sand which has been crashed and screened, and regulate the temperature. The temperature regulator is filled with circulating cooling water and the water consumption depends on the temperatures at both the sand inlet and desired outlet. The sand outlet temperature can be preset on the control cabinet.
-Sand is uniformly spread by a distributor valve and multistep connection is used for pneumatic pickup in series, good pickup result, and micro powder ≤0.1%;
-Large heat exchange area and good cooling effect can meet technological requirements;
-Simple structure, fewer moving parts, low sand flow speed, less abrasion and no noise;
-The sand outlet temperature can be preset and controlled automatically or manually based on actual situations.
JIER MACHINE-TOOL GROUP CO.,LTD.
E-mail : _EMAIL_


tech-net archive
Re: Specifying names for tap interfaces
On 5/07/2012 5:54 PM, Mouse wrote:
>> To reinforce the point about "", you're changing the
>> device's name. How many device names in NetBSD do not end with a
>> number?
> One thousand and fifteen, according to "ls /dev | egrep -v '[0-9]$' | wc'
> on a handy NetBSD box. One thousand nine hundred and twenty-three,
> according to the same command on a different handy NetBSD box.
The entries in /dev are not devices. They are named files that
allow a process to interact with the kernel in a specific fashion.
For example, /dev/ipnat is not a device that is attached to the
system, it is just a name that allows for specific IO requests
to be directed to different code than handles /dev/ipf ones.
The same is true again for disk devices, /dev/wd0a does not
refer to a physical device: you will not find a wd0a attached
to pci0 or ide0 or anything else like that. Most network devices
aren't even present in that directory.
Proper devices, such as network cards and disk drives are all
named "".
Home | Main Index | Thread Index | Old Index


text:
Modeling the effect of varying seawater temperature and carbon concentration on coral life expectancy
A NetLogo-based model has been used to simulate the life expectancy of corals under different parameters. The model focuses on exogenous variables initial temperature of the system and carbon concentration. The simulation has been divided into three parts–varying initial temperature, varying carbon concentration, and extreme temperatures. Results have shown that as the initial temperature increases, the time it took to wipeout the population of corals decreases. Additionally, simulating 29°C initial temperature has shown that corals stopped reproducing. As for carbon concentration, carbon molecules act as catalysts in seawater temperature increase resulting in faster coral-population wipeout for high number of carbon molecules and contribute to ocean acidification. Lastly, coral health rapidly depletes for extreme temperatures. The number of carbon molecules in the system and the initial temperature of the system have been shown to be high-leverage variables.


CAPP for Advisors
CAPP is the degree evaluation system used by all students with a catalog year prior to Fall 2012.
Monitor your progress as a student and see if you are fulfilling the requirements of your academic program
The online degree evaluation is not available to students of catalog years earlier than Fall 2001.
 1. Login to Patriot Web
 2. Select Faculty and Advisor Services
 3. Select Degree Evaluation and Advisee Listing
 4. Select Degree Evaluation Menu
 5. Select CAPP
 6. Select a term and click Submit
 7. Click Generate New Evaluation
 8. Select the academic program
 9. Click Generate Request
 10. Select Detail Requirements
 11. Click Submit
Double Major Students
If you have declared a double major, you must run a "what-if" degree evaluation for each program.
"What-If" Analysis Directions:
 1. Follow steps #1 – #6 above
 2. Instead of selecting Generate New Evaluation, select What-If Analysis
 3. Select the student's catalog year from the drop down menu and click Continue
 4. Select student's major from Program
 5. Click Add More to add a concentration or minor
 6. Click Submit
 7. Click Generate Request
 8. Select Detail Requirements
 9. Click Submit


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Mangano Calcite Massage Wand (UV Reactive)
SKU 11767
Mangano Calcite Wand (UV Reactive)
Self Love - Self Worth - Tranquility
Chakra: Heart
Approximate Size and Weight:
Small: 3-4" (0.15-0.35 LB)
Medium: 4-5" (0.35-0.55 LB)
Large: 5-6" (0.55-0.75 LB)
It is believed that Mangano Calcite can promote inner peace, compassion, self-love, and self-healing. It is also believed to get rid of negative energy within so one can reach harmony and mental peace. It is suggested to meditate and hold Mangano Calcite to soothe and comfort ones self in times of high stress and anxiety.
Mangano Calcite, also known as Manganoan Calcite, is a manganese calcium carbonate mineral and member of the Calcite family. Its color ranges from light to dark pink depending on the amount of Manganese in it. Mangano Calcite was first discovered in 1846 by A. Breithaupt in Banská, Štiavnica, Slovakia. He named it in reference to the inclusion of Manganese found within.
Chemical Formula: (Ca,Mn)CO3
Hardness: 2.5-3


My Cart
Super-Mineral Remineralizing Oil-Pulling Oil
$33.00 $37.00
Oil Base
*organic sesame oil OR organic sunflower oil (two variations!)
*clam shell
*-organic **-wildcrafted
An organic sesame oil or organic sunflower oil infused with top quality herb and minerals.
We slowly infuse herbs into organic sesame oil, allowing for optimum absorb-ability. Pearlsoffer ancient, mineral sources that provide crucial minerals to the teeth in appropriate proportions.
Bee propolis has been shown to kill bacteria that causes tooth decay. In anecdotal evidence, I have also seen many people online who claim that using bee propolis helped them to heal existent cavities and remineralize their teeth.
Shilajit is a rich source of trace minerals and is extremely nourishing to the body, bones, and teeth.
Pearls are potent mineral sources that provide minerals in very similar proportions as found in teeth.
Comfrey is wonderful when used topically to help facilitate the healing of the bones and teeth!
Amla is an Ayurvedic herb that is very rich in vitamin C. It has shown great promise in treating both gum and dental issues.
Theobromine is the active ingredient in one of the most popular remineralizing pastes. It has been shown to he l remineralize the teeth in studies performed by the makers of that paste. It has shown to be superior to fluoride in hardening the teeth and preventing decay.
Nanohydroxyapatite provides abundant minerals that can assist the teeth in re-mineralizing.
Hadjod is one of the best Ayurvedic herbs for the bones, supplying the perfect balance of vitamins and minerals for them to be strong and healthy.
Neem is powerful at fighting decay.
Eucommia and rehmannia are supportive to the teeth and bones.
Licorice has long been used to treat and prevent dental issues. Even toothpaste giants such as Colgate have performed studies that prove that licorice helps halt decay and promotes a healthy oral environment that can allow for remineralization.
Clove is used to reduce dental pain, while myrrh is to kill bacteria and halt decay.
Oatstraw, wheat grass powder, alfalfa, and horsetail are classic herbs for bone healing because they are extremely rich sources.
We use herbs that are known to support bone healing, reduce pain and inflammation, and support dental health.
Hold oil in your mouth up to 20 minutes. When your nose starts running, it is time to spit it out! You can oil pull as many times per day as you would like. You can also dilute the oil if you want to make it go further..
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Match made in heaven


Basketball Traveling Rules
Basketball Traveling
What is a Travel?
Traveling is a violation in basketball that occurs when a player takes too many steps without dribbling. The usual rule of thumb is that a player may only take two steps without dribbling; three steps is a travel. However, in reality this rule is much more complicated.
When Does a Travel Occur?
Traveling may occur when a player receives the ball while moving or stationary, or when a player starts dribbling. When a player receives the ball, they must establish a pivot foot.
Pivot Foot
Basketball Pivot Foot
A pivot foot is the foot that must remain in the same spot on the floor. The other foot is allowed to move in any direction any number of times, as long as the pivot foot remains put. If the pivot foot moves or leaves the ground, it will result in a travel.
If a player receives the ball with two feet on the ground, either foot may be used as a pivot foot. If a player receives the ball in the air, whichever foot touches the ground first is the pivot foot. If a player receives the ball in the air and both feet hit the ground at the same time, either foot may be used as the pivot. This is known as a jump stop.
A jump stop counts as one step. A player is allowed to use a pivot after a jump stop unless there was a step before the jump stop.
The pivot foot may move when passing or shooting, but the ball must be released before the pivot foot touches the ground again. A player can also move their pivot foot when dribbling,however, the ball must be released before moving the pivot foot to avoid a traveling violation.
Other Traveling Situations
There are other specific situations in basketball that are traveling violations:
 - If a player in possession of the ball falls to the ground, it is a travel.
 - If a player on the ground, holding the ball, stands up without dribbling, it is considered a travel. However, a player retrieving a loose ball is allowed to slide on the court without being called for a travel.
 - If a player receives the ball while running, they are allowed up to two steps before either stopping, passing, or shooting;if the player wishes to dribble in this scenario, they must release the ball before their second step. Any more than two steps will result in a traveling violation. For example, a player going for a layup is allowed two steps on their way to the basket. If three steps are taken, the player will be called for traveling and the shot will not be counted.
Calling Traveling
basketball referee hand signal traveling
The penalty for a traveling violation is a turnover to the other team. The other team will receive the ball at the out of bounds point that is closest to the spot where the travel occurred. A referee calls a traveling violation while simultaneously signaling the violation with circular arm movements. You may see fans, players and coaches may mimic this motion when they believe their opponent has committed a traveling violation.


Measuring O3 Output
25th Apr 2020
How to Measure Ozone Output
We are commonly asked how to measure output or verify that an ozone generator produces the amount of ozone the manufacturer claims. This tech sheet will cover how to measure the output of your high concentration ozone generator.
It is key to understand that the output of an ozone generator is almost always measured in grams per hour (g/hr), also known as ozone output. The ozone measurement instrument will read Ozone Concentration: % by weight or grams per meter cubed (g/m3). To mathematically determine the g/hr (Ozone Output) from % by weight or g/m3 (Ozone Concentration), you will need to determine the flow rate of the ozone generator in liters per minute (lpm).
The calculations to use when you have determined the gas flow rate and concentration are below:
From % by weight using oxygen as a feed gas:
Ozone Output (g/hr) = (( lpm x 0.001) x 60) x (14.3 x % by weight)
From % by weight using dry air as a feed gas:
Ozone Output (g/hr) = (( lpm x 0.001) x 60) x (12.8 x % by weight)
From g/m3:
Ozone Output (g/hr) = ((lpm x 60) x 0.001) x g/m3
Another resource we offer is a handy online calculator. Just enter your flow and concentration values and we do the work!
Note: When using % by weight to measure ozone concentration, the calculation to determine Ozone Output is different because the density of the gas is different. Due to the difference in the density of the gas, there are separate conversion formulas used to determine the output of an ozone generator (as shown above).
Ozone Measurement Device
A related question is which ozone measurement device should be used to facilitate these measurements. The short answer is, only a high concentration ozone analyzer. Note that the units of measure used are: % by weight and g/m3. This is due to the high concentrations of ozone produced by most ozone generators. We are also asked why parts per million (ppm) is not used as a unit of measure. Let me provide a quick example using a very small ozone generator.
An ozone generator producing 2 g/hr ozone from 10 lpm of air would produce 0.26% ozone concentration.
2 g/hr = ((10 lpm x 0.001) x 60) x (12.8 x 0.26% by weight)
0.26% ozone = 1573 ppm conversion info here
At only 2 g/hr of ozone output the ppm value is already 1573 ppm. The parts per million (ppm) unit of measure is just not conducive to these calculations. Therefore, it is rarely, if ever; used when calculating generator output.
The high concentrations that are created limit the number of ozone measurement devices that can be used, which is why the process is restricted to high concentration UV ozone analyzers.
Components Needed
 - Mass Flow Meter will measure overall gas flow accurately for a flow measurement
 - 0 - 2 ppm Flow Meter will regulate and measure gas flow through the ozone analyzer
 - Ozone Analyzer will measure the ozone concentration in % by weight or g/m3
 - Ozone Destruct Unit will convert ozone back to oxygen to safely be vented into the air
Other Important Considerations
When choosing an ozone analyzer, ensure that the analyzer you are purchasing operates within the range that you will be operating within. Some ozone analyzers are limited to low ranges only, so ensure that you choose a device capable of reading a higher concentration of ozone than you will ever need to measure.
Also ensure that the analyzer you are purchasing will measure ozone concentration using the units of measure that you desire. If choosing an analyzer that measures ozone in percent (%) by weight, be sure to specify whether you are using oxygen or dry air gas. Some analyzers may be only factory configurable and cannot be configured by the user.
Gas flow is a very critical component of the calculations used to measure ozone output. A small deviation in actual flow measurement will result in a large error in the resulting ozone output figure. Since this is such an important value, we recommend using a high quality Mass Flow Meter to measure the total gas flow entering the ozone generator. A mass flow meter will measure total gas flow. This measurement is also pressure compensated to eliminate that potential variable. Using the mass flow meter prior to the ozone generator will remove the possibility of ozone corroding the delicate components inside the mass flow meter.
Most high concentration ozone analyzers will only require a very small gas flow rate. This will require a small flow meter to regulate and measure that gas flow. An advantage of this small flow rate is that the ozone analyzer could be used as an on-line measurement device. If the ozone generator uses a gas flow rate of 20 lpm and the analyzer will only consume 1 lpm for accurate measurement, this set-up only requires a 5% slipstream of the ozone gas.


Take the 2-minute tour ×
I am trying to wrote a program to manage a Database through a Scala Gui, and have been running into alot of trouble formatting my data in such a way as to input it into a Table and have the Column Headers populate. To do this, I have been told I would need to use an Array[Array[Any]] instead of an ArrayBuffer[ArrayBuffer[String]] as I have been using.
My problem is that the way I am trying to fill these arrays is modular: I am trying to use the same function to draw from different tables in a MySQL database, each of which has a different number of columns and entries.
I have been able to (I think) define a 2-D array with
val Data = new Array[Array[String]](numColumns)(numRows)
but I haven't found any ways of editing individual cells in this new array.
Data(i)(j)=Value //or
do not work, and give me errors about "Update" functionality
I am sure this can't possibly be as complicated as I have been making it, so what is the easy way of managing these things in this language?
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4 Answers
You don't need to read your data into an Array of Arrays - you just need to convert it to that format when you feed it to the Table constuctor - which is easy, as demonstrated my answer to your other question: How do I configure the Column names in a Scala Table?
If you're creating a 2D array, the idiom you want is
val data = Array.ofDim[String](numColumms, numRows)
(There is also new Array[String](numColumns, numRows), but that's deprecated.)
You access element (i, j) of an Array data with data(i)(j) (remember they start from 0).
But in general you should avoid mutable collections (like Array, ArrayBuffer) unless there's a good reason. Try Vector instead.
Without knowing the format in which you're retrieving data from the database it's not possible to say how to put it into a collection.
You can alternatively put the type information on the left hand side, so the following are equivalent (decide for yourself which you prefer):
val a: Array[Array[String]] = Array.ofDim(2,2)
val a = Array.ofDim[String](2,2)
To explain the syntax for accessing / updating elements: as in Java, a multi-dimensional array is just an array of arrays. So here, a(i) is element i of a, which an Array[String], and so a(i)(j) is element j of that array, which is a String.
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Luigi's answer is great, but I'd like to shed some light on why your code isn't working.
does not do what you expect it to do. The new Array[Array[String]](numColumns) part does create an array of array of strings with numColumns entries, with all entries (arrys of strings) being null, and returns it. The following (numRows) then just calls the apply function on that returned object, which returns the numRowsth entry in that list, which is null.
You can try that out in the scala REPL: When you input
new Array[Array[String]](10)(9)
you get this as output:
res0: Array[String] = null
Luigi's solution, instead
does the right thing:
res1: Array[Array[String]] = Array(Array(null, null), Array(null, null))
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add comment
It's rather ugly, but you can update a multidimensional array with update
> val data = Array.ofDim[String](2,2)
> data(0).update(0, "foo")
> data
data: Array[Array[String]] = Array(Array(foo, null), Array(null, null))
Not sure about the efficiency of this technique.
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Luigi's answer is great, but I just wanted to point out another way of initialising an Array that is more idiomatic/functional – using tabulate. This takes a function that takes the array cell coordinates as input and produces the cell value:
scala> Array.tabulate[String](4, 4) _
res0: (Int, Int) => String => Array[Array[String]] =
scala> val data = Array.tabulate(4, 4) {case (x, y) => x * y }
data: Array[Array[Int]] = Array(Array(0, 0, 0, 0), Array(0, 1, 2, 3), Array(0, 2, 4, 6), Array(0, 3, 6, 9))
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Your Answer


text:
Environmental Monitoring in Antarctica
Environmental monitoring is essential in Antarctica to allow assessment of the impacts of human activities. Examples of the this monitoring work carried out by BAS are given below.
Sewage outfall monitoring, Rothera Station
Until 2003, untreated sewage was discharged into the sea from Rothera Station. Monitoring of the receiving water before and after installation of a biological treatment plant showed a dramatic reduction in the sewage plume as indicated by faecal coliforms.
Concentrations of heavy metals in lichens and marine bivalves around Rothera Research Station.
Concentrations of lead, zinc, cadmium and other heavy metals in lichens and marine bivalves are measured. The results are used to assess whether any observed pollution is due to station activities, and to determine the area of contamination.
Skua Population breeding success
The impact of Rothera Research Station on the local South Polar Skua (Stercorarius maccormicki) population has been monitored for over 12 years. The monitoring programme has recently been expanded to include measurements such as chick weight, survival and egg dimensions.


Resources > Swedish Institute (SI)
26 May 2011
Swedish Institute (SI)
The Swedish Institute (SI) is a public agency that promotes interest and confidence in Sweden around the world. SI seeks to establish cooperation and lasting relations with other countries through strategic communication and exchange in the fields of culture, education, science and business. SI also supports Swedish language instruction at foreign universities. SI works closely with Swedish embassies and consulates around the world. Cultural diplomacy is considered an highly effective component in the Swedish approach to public diplomacy.
Few Swedish agencies have such a comprehensive range of activities in pursuit of Sweden's commitments in the world – and in promoting development both in Sweden and in its partner countries – as the Swedish Institute (SI). In 2010, SI undertook or helped finance exchanges in 124 countries, while also engaging in informational activities that reached more than 220 countries. To a great extent, therefore, SI regards itself as Sweden's globalization agency. Not least because SI:
 - promotes Sweden's international position and enhance its prospects by
 1. making the world more aware of our country and inspiring confidence and interest in us,
 2. establishing ties and networks with key figures in a wide range of fields,
 3. paving the way for new partnerships, exchanges and trade with the outside world,
 - fosters creativity, innovation and development both in Sweden and in partner countries by encouraging exchanges of knowledge and know-how, inspiration and talent,
 - facilitates cooperation, democracy and sustainable global development by
 1. encouraging progress towards human rights, freedom of expression and gender equality,
 2. raising awareness and boosting capacity in the fields of sustainability, climate and environment,
 3. supporting partner countries' economic, social and cultural development, as part of Sweden's development cooperation effort,
 - helps to reduce tension and the risk of conflict by encouraging knowledge-sharing, dialogue and understanding between people both in Sweden and in other countries.
The Swedish Institute runs its operations within the framework of public diplomacy – understanding, informing, influencing and developing relations with people in other countries. The intention is to increase awareness about Sweden and create a positive environment through strategic communication and relationship-building activities in order to achieve Swedish economic, political and cultural objectives.
The website provides information on the goals and objectives of the SI: details of funding and scholarships, current events and programmes, and language studies.
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text:
Are Female Workers Less Productive Than Male Workers?
This paper addresses whether there are productivity differences between men and women among blue-collar workers. We compare the wages under pieceand time-rate contracts of men and women working in the same occupation in the same establishment in three countries: the U.S., Norway, and Sweden. The findings are summarized in four points. First, the gender wage gap is smaller under piecethan under time-rate work. According to the interpretation put forth here, two thirds of the gap at the occupationâestablishment level is due to productivity differences, while one third is not "accounted for", but could be due to discrimination or experience or other factors. Productivity differences between sexes in typically male-dominated blue-collar industries are however very small, of 1â3%: Sweden 1%, U.S. 2% and Norway 3%. Second, in age groups where women on average have extensive family obligations, the wage gap is larger than in other age groups. Third, under time-rate work, the wage gap is more or less independent of supposed occupation-based productivity differences between men and women, while under piece-rate work, the wage gap mirrors quite closely assumed productivity differences, with women receiving a wage premium in female-advantageous settings and a penalty in male-advantageous settings. Fourth, in contrast to Sweden, in Norway and the U.S. women sort more often into piece-rate work than men.


text: Nanoindentation is used to explore the variation of mechanical properties associated with the dehydration process in sodium saccharin dihydrate. Upon indenting using a Berkovich tip, (011) and (101) faces exhibit explicit mechanical anisotropy that is consistent with the underlying crystal structure and intermolecular interactions. For freshly grown crystals, (011) is stiffer than (101) by 14%, while (101) is harder than (011) by 8%. Being a heavily hydrated system, the measured mechanical responses contain information pertinent to the fluidity associated with lattice water. Indentation on (011) with a sharp cube-corner tip induces a fluid flow; this observation is uncommon in molecular crystals. The crystals effloresce over a period of time with the generation of a more compact crystal structure and consequently increasing H and E.


text:
How do you compute the volume of a cat?
Dunking it in water doesn't work– you only get the volume of the rat-like creature that lives inside the cat; much like the feeble alien within a Dalek. (And, if your answer had anything to do with contour integrals, get real.)
Here is a low-tech method that works: Using successive approximation, determine the smallest box that the cat will fully enclose itself in, and measure the size of that box. Cats tend to leave a few appendages hanging out of the corners– you may need to assist with folding the cat into the box for the final stages of approximation.
This cat is approximately 648 cubic inches in volume.


Experts Outline Cybersecurity Predictions for 2018
With the massive data breaches of 2017 in the rearview mirror, what cybersecurity headlines and developments can Oregonians expect in 2018? Building on the launch of Cyber Oregon in November, top cybersecurity experts and members of the Oregon Cybersecurity Advisory Council say it's imperative that business leaders learn from the events of the past year, strengthen community involvement, and continue to build awareness about cybersecurity issues—especially as we work together to protect sensitive information.
Oregon Cybersecurity Advisory Council Members and other cybersecurity experts share their insights on what's in store for the coming year. At a glance, we can expect these developments:
 1. Artificial intelligence
 2. Cryptocurrency
 3. Biometric hacking
 4. Connected devices
 5. GDPR regulations
 6. Social engineering
 7. Employees posing risk
 8. DDoS attacks
 9. Complex attacks across multiple devices
 10. Ransomware targeting Internet of Things
Download the press release for detailed expert cybersecurity predictions for 2018.


Tax-Sheltered Annuity (TSA)
Definition - What does Tax-Sheltered Annuity (TSA) mean?
A tax-sheltered annuity (TSA) is a retirement plan for non-profit organizations, such as schools, hospitals, charities, and churches. These organizations can set up a TSA program for their employees so they can save for retirement. When an employee makes a contribution, they get a tax deduction for it. This plan also delays taxes on their investment earnings until the employee retires and starts making withdrawals.
A tax-sheltered annuity is also known as a tax-deferred annuity.
Insuranceopedia explains Tax-Sheltered Annuity (TSA)
A tax-sheltered annuity is the non-profit version of the 401(k). Because of the way the tax code is set up, the non-profit sector had to design a separate program. In practice though, the two retirement plans are nearly identical.
A worker can only use a TSA if their employer offers one. They cannot set up a plan individually. From there, the amount they can contribute every year also depends on how the plan is set up. Some employers also offer a matching contribution to the TSA to give employees more compensation and encourage them to save more.
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text:
Mount Tape Event Class
The Mount Tape event class occurs when a tape mount request is received. Use this event class to monitor tape mount requests and their success or failure.
Data column name
Name of the client application that created the connection to an instance of SQL Server. This column is populated with the values passed by the application.
ID assigned by the host computer to the process where the client application is running. This data column is populated if the client provides the client process ID.
ID of the database specified by the USE database statement or the default database if no USE database statement has been issued for a specified instance. SQL Server displays the name of the database if the ServerName data column is captured in the trace and the server is available. Determine the value for a database by using the DB_ID function.
Name of the database in which the user statement is running.
Amount of time (in microseconds) taken by the event.
For Mount Request events, the time of the mount time-out if a time-out occurs; otherwise, the time of the event itself (in such cases, StartTime indicates the time of the corresponding mount request).
Type of event = 195.
The sequence of a specified event within the request.
Type of event subclass.
1 = Tape mount request
2 = Tape mount complete
3 = Tape mount canceled
ID of the workload group where the SQL Trace event fires.
Name of the computer on which the client is running. This data column is populated if the client provides the host name. To determine the host name, use the HOST_NAME function.
Indicates whether the event occurred on a system process or a user process. 1 = system, 0 = user.
Name of the login of the user (either SQL Server security login or the Microsoft Windows login credentials in the form of DOMAIN\username).
Windows domain to which the user belongs.
Windows user name.
Name of the instance of SQL Server being traced.
Login name of the user who originated the session. For example, if you connect to SQL Server using Login1 and execute a statement as Login2, SessionLoginName shows Login1 and LoginName shows Login2. This column displays both SQL Server and Windows logins.
ID of the Session on which the event occurred.
Time at which the event started, if available.
physical device name [ ( logical device name ) ]. The logical device name displays only if it is defined in the sys.backup_devices catalog view.


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Look up incident in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
For the Wikipedia noticeboard, see Wikipedia:Administrators' noticeboard/Incidents.
Incident may refer to:
A property of a graph (mathematics) (see also glossary of graph theory),
Incident (festival), a cultural festival of The National Institute of Technology in Surathkal, Karnataka, India,
Incident (Scientology), a concept in Scientology,
Incident ray, a ray of light that strikes a surface,
Nuclear incident; an irregularity with a nuclear installation not classified as a nuclear accident,
Road traffic incident, when a vehicle collides with another vehicle, pedestrian, animal, road debris, or other stationary obstruction, such as a tree or utility pole.,
The Incident may refer to:
Incident, a 1948 film noir,
The Incident, a 1967 film,
The Incident (conspiracy), an event in British history that took place in 1641,
The Incident (Lost), the season finale of the fifth season of Lost,
The Incident (album), a 2009 album release by the band Porcupine Tree


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Is Fiber Optic Networking Technology More Secure Than Copper?
August 19, 2020Download PDF
Fiber optic cabling is commonly perceived as a solid choice for mitigating network security concerns. Because optical connections transmit data using light, they don't radiate signals that can be intercepted. Security for traditional copper Ethernet connections can now be significantly enhanced, however, thanks to end-to-end encryption standards.
The MACsec IEEE standard (IEEE 802.1AE) enhances security on networks by providing point-to-point, Layer 2 encryption between devices on a virtual or physical local area network (LAN). This eliminates the need for a dedicated security device, in some instances. Though MACsec was introduced in 2006, its adoption has been gaining traction recently after support was added to the mainline Linux® kernel. As a result, modern MACsec-enabled network switches and computing hardware can now deliver enhanced security for LANs, regardless of network media. This reduces the security advantage fiber optics had over copper.
In addition to providing data confidentiality through Layer 2 encryption, MACsec defines a security infrastructure to provide data origin authentication, data integrity, and replay protection. The protocol authenticates nodes through a secure exchange of randomly generated keys, ensuring data can only be transmitted and received by MACsec-configured nodes. This prevents disruption or data loss from transmission or reception by unauthorized devices. In addition, each MAC frame carries a data integrity check value to ensure accuracy and consistency throughout transmission. That means all frames copied from the LAN cannot be resent into the LAN without detection.
When it comes to security, MACsec's strong encryption capabilities have given traditional twisted-pair (copper) networking stronger network security legs to stand on. This has positioned copper wiring for some applications where fiber optic cabling was formerly the sole contender.
For more information about copper and fiber optic cabling, download the white paper Copper or Fiber for Military and Aerospace Networks? Clearing up the Misconceptions about Copper Cabling and Fiber Optics


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Background Resource use in the acute and subacute phases after stroke depends on the degree of disability. Aims To determine if direct costs after stroke also vary by level of disability as measured using the modified Rankin scale at the chronic stage after stroke. Methods In a multicentre study, we collected acute and chronic inand outpatient resource use in survivors of ischemic stroke stratified by levels of disability according to the modified Rankin Scale. Statistical inference on costs at each level of the modified Rankin Scale was estimated using a general linear model for the first three months, the first year, and any subsequent year after ischemic stroke. Results A total of 569 survivors of ischemic stroke with a mean age of 71.7 years were enrolled (41% female) from 10 academic and nonacademic centers. Costs varied substantially over time and with each modified Rankin Scale level. The total average costs in the first year were estimated $33,147 per patient, ranging from $9,114 for modified Rankin Scale 0 to $83,236 for modified Rankin Scale 5. In the second year, medical costs were on average $14,039, varying from $2,921 to $39,723 for patients with modified Rankin Scale 0-5. The level of disability based on the modified Rankin Scale was a major determinant of resource use, irrespective of age, gender, atrial fibrillation, and vascular risk factors. Conclusion Long-term resource use after stroke is high and is mainly driven by degree of disability as measured by the modified Rankin scale.
Keywords: Stroke; cost analysis; costs; modified Rankin Scale.


Home / How To / 10 tips for using MTH Trains' RealTrax
10 tips for using MTH Trains' RealTrax
By Ray L. Plummer | March 3, 2021
A little maintenance keeps your trains on track
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RealTrax switch with bottom cover removed
MTH RealTrax O-31 switch
MTH RealTrax O-31 switch
Here are a few tips and tricks when working with MTH RealTrax:
 1. The two ground rails are not tied together. This is true for other track systems using non-metallic ties, including those from Atlas O and GarGraves. If you add a switch, you need to add a lockon and make sure it's on the opposite side of the track from the first lockon. This assures ground on both outside rails and prevents loss of ground through the switches. It also enhances the signal using a command system, and it gives a better chance that the ground power will be on all the track sections in case a copper connector was missed during assembly.
MTH RealTrax O-31 switch
MTH Illuminated Lock-On
 1. The larger the layout becomes, the more lockons are needed. Alternate the sides as you install them. MTH sells a separate ground track, which connects the two outside rails. If you can't find an MTH ground track, it's easy to make. Take any piece of track and solder a wire (under the track) from one copper contact to the other ground rail.
 1. If you're having trouble snapping the track together, put a small drop of plastic-compatible oil, such as Labelle no. 108, on the mating plastic connections.
 1. If you have an area where trains stop, remove the track in question and check that the copper contacts are still spot-welded to the rail. If they are, use a digital multimeter set to read resistance in ohms to check continuity. Disconnect the transformer, and then hold one probe on top of the rail while gently pressing down on the copper contact. It should show continuity. If it doesn't, the weld has broken and you should replace the track. Or see no. 5.
 1. Fortunately, a broken weld is easily fixed. Using a 1⁄16-inch bit, drill through the copper contact slightly into the rail where it was spot-welded. Using a soldering iron, fill the hole with solder.
 1. A "chattering" switch or a switch that throws by itself is usually caused by the non-derailing feature. Underneath are two ground rails that come together to form a V; they throw the points if a train approaches and they're set in the wrong direction. Once wheels have touched them, they ground and energize the switch rails to throw the points. Sometimes when the track hasn't been laid straight, it can cause these rails to touch. One way to solve this is to grind a small amount of metal from the end of the rail and insert a piece of plastic as an insulator. Attach the plastic to the rail with super glue, and sand to the same contour as the rail.
 1. If a train stops after going through a switch, the ground was probably lost. Place another lockon after the switch on the opposite side of the first lockon. Check track continuity before, through, and after the switch.
 1. If the points fail to close against the stock rail, turn the switch over and remove the bottom plate. You'll see two small, V-shaped springs with a round piece of plastic between them. Both legs of the spring should be on the same side of the post. If one has jumped over, carefully lift it to the correct side.
RealTrax switch with bottom cover removed
RealTrax switch with bottom cover removed
 1. Switch won't throw? When using track power, be sure the copper jumper under the first two screw terminals is making contact. If you're using auxiliary power, remove the jumper. Sometimes it's just a matter of reseating the switch motor. Watch the small magnets in the throw bars. They're sensitive to polarity, which can repel instead of grabbing the throw bar if in the wrong direction. Most often it's a problem with the controller. Take the controller apart and remove the light bulbs. Set your multimeter to ohms, and touch one probe to the black wire and the other to the red one. Move the handle and check for continuity. Then check the green wire and bend the copper contacts as needed.
 1. You can test switches on a workbench. Using wires with alligator clips, hook them to a power source. Clip the red, or hot, to a center rail. Take the ground, and touch each of the control rails for the non-derailing feature opposite from where the points are set. The switch points should throw to the correct position. Next, touch the ground to each of the two screws where the red and green wires would go from the controller. The switch should throw both ways.
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Overcoming obstacles to parkland acquisition: an analysis of the City of Toronto's parkland acquisition tools, why they have failed the downtown, and what can be done about it
thesisposted on 25.05.2021, 07:15 by Sophie Lewis Knowles
Since the mid-1900s, municipal parkland acquisition in North America has occurred largely through the development process. This paper asks how well Toronto's existing acquisition tools and policies are meeting the needs of present and future populations in the downtown. Research was conducted through a review of the literature, policy and budgetary analysis, and twelve key informant interviews with municipal parks staff, councillors, developers, a planning consultant, and community advocates. The research finds that there are many factors that have impeded parkland acquisition in the downtown, including lack of a strong planning framework, historical disbursal of cash-in-lieu funds city-wide, governance challenges, underfunding of existing operations, limited land supply, a perception of land as overpriced, inability to purchase at market price and in a timely fashion, and limited knowledge of existing tools. The paper acknowledges what has worked and concludes with recommendations to improve the City's parkland acquisition and development framework.


What is a super fund in Australia?
Superannuation is one way Australians can save money for their retirement. Your employer should pay 9.5% of your salary into a super fund, through the Superannuation Guarantee (SG).
What is a super fund?
A superannuation is an organizational pension program created by a company for the benefit of its employees. It is also referred to as a company pension plan. Funds deposited in a superannuation account will grow, typically without any tax implications, until retirement or withdrawal.
What is the difference between pension and superannuation?
Both Super funds and Pension funds are part of the superannuation system. In simple terms, a super fund is what you make contributions to while you are saving for retirement, while a pension fund is a fund that pays you an income when you are retired. You are only allowed to make contributions to a super fund.
What's the best super fund in Australia?
Top 10 Balanced investment options (super funds): 1 year to December 2020
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Super fund Investment option Return
First State Super Balanced Growth 12.5%
OnePath OptiMix Moderate 12.4%
LGSS Balanced 12.3%
Sunsuper Retirement 12.1%
What is the purpose of superannuation in Australia?
'The primary objective of the superannuation system is to provide an adequate income to ensure all Australians achieve a comfortable standard of living in retirement, supplementing or substituting the Age Pension.
How much interest does Super earn?
What happens to your money in a superannuation fund?
The money deposited into your superannuation account is then invested, and the growth reinvested, to help the balance grow. The idea is that, when you retire and no longer receive an income, you can access your superannuation, rather than relying solely on the age pension, to support your lifestyle.
How much super can I have and still get pension?
Is Super an asset for pension?
Superannuation investments (note: your super is not included as an asset while you are under the Age Pension age) Most income streams (including super income streams) Business assets. Motor vehicles, boats and caravans.
Does the US have superannuation?
Quite simply, US employers do not have to sponsor workplace retirement schemes, and US employees are not compelled to participate in such schemes even if their employer offers one. The US voluntary workplace retirement system has led to only about 40% of the working population participating in such plans.
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What are the top 5 super funds in Australia?
Best and worst performing growth super funds
 - Unisuper – Sustainable Balanced. 7.5% …
 - Australian Super – Balanced. 7.4% …
 - Macquarie – Macquarie OneChoice. 7.3% …
 - Unisuper – Balanced. 7.3% …
 - AON – smartMonday MySuper – Age 45. 7.0% …
 - IOOF – MultiMix Balanced Growth. 6.8% …
 - Fiducian – Balanced Fund. 6.6% …
 - Future Super – Balanced Impact. 6.6%
21 сент. 2020 г.
What are the top 10 superannuation funds in Australia?
Top 10 Growth investment options (super funds): 10 years to December 2020
Super fund Investment option Return (% per yr)
Cbus Growth (Cbus MySuper) 8.9%
Hostplus Balanced 8.8%
CareSuper Balanced 8.5%
VicSuper Growth (MySuper) 8.4%
What Super does Barefoot Investor recommend?
The Barefoot Investor suggests Hostplus, Rest, VisionSuper, AustralianSuper and SunSuper as the best super funds in Australia in 2020.
How super works in Australia?
Super is a way of saving for retirement. Your employer must pay a percentage of your earnings into your super account, and your super fund invests the money until you retire. There are lots of different super funds out there, and different types of accounts.
What is super in Australia salary?
Super guarantee explained
Under Australian legislation, generally your employer must pay 9.5% of your salary into a super fund. It's designed to help you build up and save for retirement. Generally, you're entitled to Super Guarantee (SG) contributions from an employer if: You're 18 years old or over, and.
Does superannuation come out of your pay?
It's important to remember that the compulsory superannuation contribution does not come out of your pay – it's an extra payment made by your employer on your behalf.
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Going to Sydney


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Develop Apps Programmatically
Design and edit apps programmatically by coding their layout and behavior using MATLAB functions. Use this method if you want extra control over the structure of your code.
uifigure function creates a figure that is specially configured for app building and serves as the container for your user interface. UI figures support the same types of modern graphics and interactive UI components that App Designer supports. Using the
uifigure function is the recommended way to create new apps programmatically.
If you create apps using the
figure function or export a GUIDE app to a MATLAB file, you can continue to develop, run, and edit these apps, but they will not take full advantage of the features and UI components that are available with UI figures.
- Develop uifigure-Based Apps
Develop apps programmatically using UI figures designed for app building (
- Maintain or Transition figure-Based Apps
Maintain apps created programmatically using the
figurefunction, or apps exported from GUIDE


Foodservice Equipment – How a Garbage Disposal Works
How a Garbage Disposal Works
Many people think a garbage disposal works like a blender, with spinning blades chopping and breaking down the waste. In reality, garbage disposals work in a different way – and there are NO blades involved.
Instead, impellers, or lugs, mounted on a spinning plate use centrifugal force to continuously force food waste particles against a stationary grind ring.
The "grind ring" breaks down the food waste into very fine particles, virtually liquefying them. After they're ground, the running water flushes the particles through the "grind ring" and out of the disposer and into your waste water pipe.
From there, it flows to a wastewater treatment plant or your septic system.


How to describe animals
Slow worms are not worms, and they are not slow.
Sometimes confusion must come before clarity. And that is never more true than when describing our native UK wildlife.
For example, slow worms are not worms, and they are not slow.
Whales swim in our seas, but the impressive killer whale, which frequents the coast of northwest Scotland, is not a whale at all. That is why many call it an orca.
Bucks roam our countryside: male deer, hares, ferrets and rabbits are all bucks. But interestingly, none actually buck (only horses do). Rabbits give birth to kittens, but kittens can also be baby cats.
It's almost impossible to describe a butterfly that cannot be a moth, and a moth that cannot be a butterfly, while similar is true for frogs and toads.
The common names of animals are nouns. But when describing animal behaviour, the same words are sometimes used as verbs.
 - A perch is a freshwater fish, whereas birds might perch on a branch. It is an accident of language that the same word is used both ways. It is no accident that swifts, those fast flying birds that look similar to swallows, are called swifts. That's because they fly fast.
 - Buck (noun) is a name given to the males of many species. Its origin is thought to be the German word buc, meaning deer. However, the verb 'to buck' can only be applied to a jumping horse.
Verbs can also be turned back into nouns to help describe wildlife.
 - Animals such as moles that burrow become burrowers
 - Whales or barnacles that filter the water for food are filter feeders etc.
Birds perch, while perch swim in our lakes. And those killer whales we mentioned are predatory mammals, that have sharp teeth and eat meat. But they are not carnivores, not strictly speaking. Other iconic black and white creatures, our badgers, are also mammals, though not nearly as predatory. They have sharp teeth, but eat less meat. Yet they are technically carnivores.
You have every reason to be, because much confusion around how we describe wildlife comes from the confusing ways in which we name it.
So when you describe wildlife, it's important to understand which type of name you are using, and why that matters.
For example, wildlife can be described by their common names, i.e. a badger, perch or deer.
Wildlife can also be described by the group of animals to which they belong; badgers are mammals.
By their behaviour; a badger is an omnivore that eats a variety of foods.
Or by their scientific group; technically a badger is a carnivore, not because it eats meat, but because it is related to other weasel-like animals, as well as dogs, cats, bears and seals that share a suite of inherited characteristics, such as sharp carnassial teeth. All these animals belong in the order Carnivora, which is why badgers are technically carnivores.
Common names
Most people know animals by their common names, and there are no hard and fast rules as to what these should be.
Lapwing: BBC Nature A peewit, hornpie or lapwing?
Commonly used descriptions and names for much wildlife have changed with time and vary by location, spelling and capitalisation.
A lapwing, a small wading bird, is variously called a peewit, green plover, teuchit, hornpie or flopwing, depending on its location in the UK. In Gaelic it is a curracag. In Irish a pilibín.
Many names and descriptions have become an integral part of our cultural landscape, influencing the names of drinking establishments, towns, how we speak, and our art.
Think of a pub called The Swan in Shrewsbury. There, a local might ask another to stop badgering them, as they want to read Watership Down, a classic English novel about a group of rabbits given human characteristics.
Start Quote
End Quote From the best-selling novel Watership Down by Richard Adams
The attributes we assign to wildlife are often co-opted, becoming more widely understood cultural symbols. The thistle of Scotland symbolises nobility and chivalry, an example of floriography.
Because common names vary, they can cause confusion.
But giving a little-known, perhaps new species a common name is also a powerful way to be able to remember it, talk about it, and make people care about it.
Natural England runs an annual competition to name newly discovered British species for this reason. In 2012, it named a rare wasp that lives in southern England as the Cutpurse wasp, due to its habit of feeding exclusively on purse web spiders.
Animal types
Animals or plants can be informally grouped, defined often by their behaviour or where they live; such as flying insects, or forest flowers. These groupings often have no formal scientific basis.
Or they can be formally grouped into scientific categories. Each of these groups is defined by a suite of characteristics that each animal or plant within must share.
Badgers (once known as brock) are mammals, belonging to the scientific grouping Mammalia. Like badgers, all mammals have fur and all female mammals have mammary glands, which they use to provide milk for their young.
Badger: BBC Nature Brock the badgering badger
Swifts are birds, belonging to the scientific group called Aves. All birds have feathers and wings.
There is no single scientific grouping of fish, however. It is a common name used to describe animals that swim, have fins, and look like 'fish'. Scientists group fish into discrete categories. Some fish have bony skeletons, and are known as Osteichthyes. Others, such as sharks, have skeletons made of cartilage and are called Chondrichthyes.
To understand how scientists formally group and name animals it is important to understand how the Linnaean system of nomenclature works, a classification system that is easier to grasp than it sounds.
Animal behaviours
We often describe animals by their behaviour; where they live, when we see them, what they like to eat, and how they go about acquiring their food, for example.
Describing wildlife in this way can be a valuable way to communicate important information about them, to help find or identify them, or study the common challenges they face.
Marsh frog: BBC Nature Marsh frog or pond life?
Nocturnal animals appear at night, for example. All of them, whether they are bats or badgers, have to be able to move around or navigate in the dark. They develop different senses to help them; either evolving big eyes, ways to use sound to navigate, such as bats using echolocation, or perhaps a super sense of touch, used by moles.
Day living animals are described as diurnal.
Wildlife is often described by the habitat it lives in; pond life, for example.
Or by how it eats; hawks are predators because they hunt other animals. Herbivores such as deer are grazers or browsers.
The heritage and origin of animals and plants can determine how we describe them: invasive species are those that have 'invaded' another habitat, territory or country to which they don't naturally belong.
Scientific names and relationships
As described above, scientists use a specific language when naming species, and that language is governed by a set of rules.
All barn owls in the UK are members of the species Tyto alba. They are the same as barn owls flying all around the world, from South America to Africa and Europe, even if many of these birds may look subtly different.
This system underpins many of our efforts to understand wildlife, its evolution and how it should be conserved.
You decide
There's nothing wrong with describing animals in a personal way, or giving them a generic name, if you are unsure. People might variously call a cockchafer beetle a May bug, mitchamador, billy witch, or spang beetle.
White Hart pub sign A White Hart is a pub and white deer
Occasionally this can lead to confusion. Unless you have a good grasp of mediaeval history, or frequent lots of pubs, you might not know that a White Hart is actually a white deer. Or that an Essex skipper is a type of butterfly that lives far beyond Essex.
But what really matters is that you use the description that works best for you.
If you work in science, you will likely describe wildlife using the formal Linnaean naming system. Other scientists will then understand exactly which species you are describing.
If you live in one part of the country, you'll likely do best using the local, common name for wildlife that people will understand in conversation.
The more you discover and celebrate wildlife, the more you will feel comfortable describing what you see, using the appropriate language.
Tell us how you describe wildlife via BBC Nature on Facebook and Twitter _USER_.
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Prevent image to repeat itself, tiling or get stuck on scroll.
Are your images behaving strangely? Tiling, getting stuck or repeating on scroll?
Prevent image to repeat itself, tiling & get stuck on scroll.
Are you having problems with normal images repeating themselves, tiling, getting stuck and making strange lines all over your website when scrolling up and down? This might be because you have another background image set to repeat!? Follow these steps to prevent image to repeat itself, tiling or get stuck on scroll.
Steps to prevent image from repeat itself, tiling & getting stuck:
- Start by checking if this image problem is occurrin in every browser: Chrome / Safari, Explorer or Firefox. Good to know.
- Validate you code to make sure there are no obvious errors, for example unclosed elements or wrongly nested elements. Validate your website here: _URL_
- Correct all errors (if any) above.
- If you are floating elements or images, use class.clearfix to clear any floats after the element containing floats has ended. Clearfix CSS class might look something like this:
content: " ";
Simply add class.clearfix to any elements containing floats.
- Try to set the background to no-repeat on the element causing problems or the parent of the element causing problems.
- If none of the above works? Are you using several layers of background images on top of eachother? Some fixed, some repeated and so on. Try to remove the backgrounds one by one to see if this fixes the problem, or leads you in the right direction…
(Firefox browser have been having similar problems with images and icons tiling or repeating when this article is written)


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The closing of a central Nebraska irrigation canal should help boost the flow of water in the Platte River and improve habitat for endangered species.
The Central Platte Natural Resources District said Wednesday it is nearly done with a plan to buy water rights for the Six Mile Canal near Gothenburg. The canal is being filled in with dirt and retired after 116 years of use.
The project is expected to return an average of 2,377 acre-feet of water to the Platte River annually. An acre foot is the volume of water needed to cover an acre of land to a depth of 1 foot.
More than 30 land owners agreed to sell their rights to water from the canal and convert their farming operations over to groundwater irrigation.