text:
Are you tired of your audio device emitting an annoying crackling sound? Have you noticed that it only happens when you're reading Black Book? You're not alone. This issue is common among many audiophiles and can be frustrating. In this article, we will explore the causes behind the crackling sound and provide you with step-by-step solutions to fix it. From identifying the root cause of the problem to troubleshooting the audio device, we'll cover everything you need to know to restore your listening experience to its former glory. So buckle up and let's get started!
|Cause of Crackling Sound
|Dryness or Irritation in Eyes
|Apply Eye Drops
|Drink Plenty of Water and Get Enough Sleep
|Use Adequate Lighting
|Choose a Well-Lit Area for Reading
|Use an Air Purifier
|Close Windows and Doors to Keep Out Pollutants
Understanding the Causes of Crackling Sound After Reading Black Book
When reading a physical book, sometimes you may hear a crackling sound while flipping through the pages. This can be caused by several factors, including:
1. Dust and debris on the book's cover or spine: Over time, dust and debris can accumulate on the cover of a book, causing it to make a crackling sound when you turn the pages. You should brush off any dust or debris gently with a soft-bristled brush or compressed air.
2. Dryness of the paper: If the paper in the book is too dry, it can cause the ink to crackle as you flip through the pages. To fix this problem, you can place the book on a flat surface and expose it to humidity for a few hours.
3. Age of the book: Old books are more likely to make crackling sounds than newer ones. This is because the paper may have become brittle or discolored over time. However, some old books are still in good condition and can be enjoyed without any issues.
4. Damage to the spine or cover: If the spine or cover of the book has been damaged, it may cause the pages to make a crackling sound when you turn them. In this case, the book may need to be taken to a professional for repairs.
5. Reading in a noisy environment: If you are reading in a noisy environment, such as near a fan or air conditioner, it can create a crackling sound that is not related to the book itself. You should try to read in a quiet location to minimize any distractions.
Identifying the root cause of the crackling sound is important because it will help you determine the best course of action to fix the problem. For example, if the issue is caused by dryness of the paper, you can simply expose the book to humidity and continue reading. However, if the damage is more severe, such as a damaged spine or cover, you may need to seek professional assistance.
Troubleshooting Techniques to Fix the Issue
Once you have identified the cause of the crackling sound, there are several troubleshooting techniques you can use to fix the problem:
1. Quick fix solutions for minor issues: For minor issues, such as dust or debris on the book's cover, you can simply brush off any dirt with a soft-bristled brush or compressed air. If the issue is caused by dryness of the paper, you can place the book on a flat surface and expose it to humidity for a few hours.
2. More in-depth troubleshooting steps for more severe problems: For more severe issues, such as damage to the spine or cover, you may need to take the book to a professional for repairs. If the issue is caused by a faulty binding, you may need to replace the entire book. In some cases, it may be necessary to replace individual pages if they are damaged.
It's important to note that not all issues with crackling sound can be fixed, and in some cases, the damage may be irreversible. If the book is too old or damaged, it may be best to accept its condition and continue reading without any distractions.
Adjusting Your Reading Environment
In addition to troubleshooting techniques, adjusting your reading environment can also help minimize crackling sounds:
1. Lighting: Poor lighting can cause the pages of a book to appear grainy or blurry, which can contribute to crackling sounds. Make sure you are reading in a well-lit area with good contrast between the page and the background. You can also adjust the angle of the light source to find the optimal balance.
2. Distance and angle: Reading too close to the book can cause strain on your eyes and make it more difficult to read. Try to maintain a comfortable distance from the book and adjust the angle of your reading glasses if necessary. Additionally, avoid holding the book in one hand for extended periods of time, as this can put undue stress on your arm and wrist.
By making these adjustments to your reading environment, you can minimize crackling sounds and improve your overall reading experience.
1. Fixing Cracking Sound After Reading Black Book
If you've ever experienced a crackling sound while reading a book, it can be quite frustrating. Fortunately, there are several ways to fix this issue and get back to enjoying your book without any distractions. In this section, we will discuss the most common causes of a crackling sound when reading and how you can fix them.
2. Understanding the Causes
There are several factors that can cause a crackling sound while reading, including:
– Page turning: When you turn pages quickly, it can put stress on the spine of the book. Over time, this can lead to cracking sounds.
– Finger pressure: If you apply too much pressure on the pages when turning them, it can cause damage to the spine and pages of the book. This can also contribute to a crackling sound.
– Storage conditions: Improper storage conditions can cause books to dry out and become brittle. When this happens, the pages may crack more easily when turning them, leading to a crackling sound.
3. Fixing the Issue
To fix a crackling sound while reading, you can try several methods:
– Use a bookmark: Instead of flipping through the pages quickly, use a bookmark to keep your place in the book. This will reduce the stress on the spine and prevent damage to the pages.
– Slide your finger off the page gently: If you do need to turn a page, slide your finger off the page gently instead of lifting it up abruptly. This can help prevent damage to the spine and pages of the book.
– Store your books properly: Make sure your books are stored in a cool, dry place with proper ventilation. Avoid stacking books on top of each other or placing them in direct sunlight, as these can cause the pages to become brittle and crack more easily.
4. Choosing the Right Reading Materials
To avoid cracking sounds while reading, it's important to choose the right materials for your reading needs. Here are some factors to consider:
– Format: Hardcover books are generally the best option for reading because they offer more protection for the spine and pages than paperback or eBook formats. However, if you prefer a lighter or smaller book, a paperback or eBook may be a better choice.
– Condition: Avoid purchasing books that are in poor condition, as these may be prone to cracking sounds while reading. Look for books with a firm spine and pages that are not brittle or discolored.
– Author: Choose books written by experienced authors who know how to write engaging stories without overly stressing the reader's hands.
5. Preventive Measures to Avoid Future Problems
To prevent crackling sounds while reading in the future, here are some tips to consider:
– Store your books properly: Proper storage conditions can help prevent damage to the spine and pages of your books, reducing the risk of cracking sounds.
– Use bookmarks or page markers: Instead of flipping through the pages quickly, use bookmarks or page markers to keep your place in the book. This will reduce stress on the spine and prevent damage to the pages.
– Be gentle with your books: Handle your books gently when turning pages or placing them on shelves. Avoid applying too much pressure on the spine or pages, as this can cause damage and increase the risk of cracking sounds.
– Choose high-quality materials: Invest in high-quality books made from durable materials that will last longer and withstand more use. Avoid purchasing cheap or poorly made books that are prone to cracking sounds.
1. What is a crackling sound when reading a Black Book?
A crackling sound when reading a Black Book may indicate that there is a problem with the device's speakers or audio output. It could also be a sign of hardware failure or damage to the device.
2. How do I fix a crackling sound in my Black Book?
Here are some steps you can take to fix a crackling sound in your Black Book:
– Check the speaker connections: Make sure that all cables and connections between the speakers and the device are securely plugged in.
– Restart the device: Turn off the Black Book and then turn it back on. This may help to reset any audio issues.
– Clean the speakers: Dust or debris can build up on the speakers, causing a crackling sound. Use a soft brush or compressed air to clean the speakers carefully.
– Update the device drivers: Make sure that your Black Book's drivers are up to date. Outdated drivers can cause audio issues.
3. Why is there a crackling sound when I read on my Black Book?
There could be several reasons for a crackling sound when reading on your Black Book, including:
– Speaker damage: If the speakers are damaged, they may produce a crackling sound.
– Audio settings issues: If the audio settings on your Black Book are not configured correctly, you may hear a crackling sound.
– Background noise: If there is background noise in the room where you are reading, it can cause


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In How fast is bit packing?, we saw how to store non-negative integers smaller than 2N using N bits per integer by a technique called bit packing. A careful C++ bit packing implementation is fast: e.g., over 1 billion integers per second.
However, before you pack the integers, you might need to scan them to determine the number of bits needed (N). Unfortunately, it is a relatively expensive process.
Given a positive integer x, we seek the smallest integer N such that the integer x is less than 2N. The value N is often called the integer logarithm of x.
There are several clever techniques to compute the integer logarithm using portable C code. Yet you can do better using processor-specific instructions. The GNU GCC compiler makes this easy with a special function that counts the number of leading zeros for 32-bit integers (__builtin_clz). Even so, it is relatively slow.
Thankfully, you can avoid computing the integer logarithm of each integer by a simple test involving a right shift:
b = integer_logarithm(x);
With proper loop unrolling, this is nearly as fast as bit packing.
Update: Preston Bannister correctly points out that you can do much better. Simply compute the logical or between all integers and then compute the integer logarithm of the result. It is much, much faster.
To experiment with this problem, I wrote a small program which finds the maximum integer logarithm of a large array of random integers. It then packs the integers using this logarithm.
- I find that I can pack between 1 billion and 2 billions integers per second.
- I compute the maximum integer logarithm at a rate of 3 billion integers per second.
When plotting the speeds as functions of the actual maximum integer logarithm, we see that the computation of the logarithm is not sensitive to the value of the actual logarithm, except for the approach based on the __builtin_clz function which is slower when the logarithm is less than 8.
In my tests, I used the GNU GCC 4.6.2 compiler on an Intel core i7 processor. My code is freely available.
Conclusion When packing an array of integers, finding the maximum logarithm can take anywhere from 1/4 to 1/3 of the running time. However, brute force techniques that compute the integer logarithm of every integer are much slower.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


The jetty head is the largest structure of its kind in Britain and stands over a mile from the shore in about 36 meters (118 feet) of water. It is 443 meters (1,453 feet) long. The outer berth can accommodate ships of upto 350,000 tonnes dead weight and the inner berth has a 70,000 tonnes dead weight limitation but with limited dredging of the approach this could when required be increased to 150,000 tonnes dead weight.
Iron Ore was taken from the holds of ships by the two ship uploaders each with a capacity of 3,000 tonnes per hour. These uploaders with a height of 72 meters (236 feet) and each weighing 2,500 tonnes are among the largest in the world.
Ore and coal are moved between ship and shore along an enclosed system of conveyor belts rated at 6,000 tonnes per hour for ore. Between the jetty and the stockyard is a sampling station where the ore is tested in accordance to the International Standards Organization who checks on ferrous content, moisture and size.
Since British Steel Ravenscraig closed down in 1992 only coal has been unloaded at Hunterston
Part of the Virtual Hunterston Group of Websites


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Continuing Education Quality Assurance Manager
- Job posted by American Speech-Language-Hearing Association
2200 Research Boulevard
The purpose of the position is to support the work of the American Speech-Language-Hearing Association's (ASHA) Continuing Education (CE) program by ensuring there is quality and consistency in the daily functions performed by the individuals in the CE Accounts Manager and CE Provider Manager positions This incumbent reports directly to the Associate Director of CE Operations and is a liaison between the CE Account Managers, the CE Provider Managers, and the Associate Director of CE Operations.
- Develop, implement, and maintain standard operating procedures, policies, and processes related to the day-to-day operations to ensure quality and consistency.
- Serve as the lead technical and informational resource to Accounts Manager and Provider Manager team members. Work with teams to facilitate calibration and decision-making.
- Train CE Accounts Managers and Provider Mangers on position responsibilities, service delivery techniques, ASHA CE policies and procedures, and systems utilization.
- Identify and facilitate process improvements. Use data and trends to recommend and implement changes to processes and procedures.
- Assist in generating, updating, and disseminating reports and task schedules. Manage and document daily scheduling changes to ensure office coverage.
- Oversee the customer service experience. Troubleshoot escalated issues.
- Operate as a Provider Manager and Account Manager for a small caseload of new Providers and Providers with compliance challenges, ensuring consistency in the onboarding and retraining processes for Providers.
- Ensure CE Providers understand and implement processes needed to adhere to internal system restrictions, CEB requirements, and adult learning best practices.
Knowledge Typically Acquired Through
- Bachelor's degree
- Supervisory or demonstrated leadership experience
- Experience working with accreditation or standard based programs or regulatory bodies is preferred.
- Quality management experience is preferred; Have used tools, concepts and methodologies related to Quality Assurance
Scope and Depth of Technical Skills/Knowledge
- Collect and analyze data to inform business decisions
- Use an AMS and/or CMS database management system; experience with netForum, preferred
- Train adults
- Proficiently use Microsoft Office Suite, specifically Microsoft Excel and/or program management software, to produce reports including graphs and pivot tables
- Produce training materials, presentations, and business correspondence
- Manage process improvements, program/project management, and/or standards implementation
- Use adult learning principles and continuing education related best practices and standards
Scope and Depth of Non-Technical Skills/Knowledge
- Take initiative
- Use critical thinking and planning skills
- Build strong relationships, and work independently and as part of a team, excellent interpersonal skills
- Use communication skills, both orally and in writing;
- Organize and prioritize multiple complex projects/tasks and efficiently manage workload; is detail oriented
Health, Vision, Dental Insurance, Short Term & Long Term Disability, 401k, Wellness Classes, Flextime, Flexplace, Telecommuting, Carpool, Annual Leave, Sick Leave, Paid Holidays
Minimum Education Required


Ontology explorer
Gene ontology
Version 2014-12-22
use AND (NOT) or OR
use AND (NOT) or OR
restrict to BRENDA links:
5 different search results found
Details for type IV pilus-dependent motility
Gene ontology ID
Any process involved in the controlled movement of a bacterial cell which is dependent on the presence of type IV pili. Includes social gliding motility and twitching motility
1. social gliding motility
2. TFP-dependent motility
3. TFP-dependent movement
4. twitching motility
5. type 4 pilus-dependent motility
6. type four pilus-dependent motility
1. GOC: go curators
2. PMID _PHONE_
is an element of the parent element
is a part of the parent element
is related to the parent element
derives from the parent element
// tissue/ enzyme/ localization link to BRENDA
Condensed Tree View
Gene ontology
Tree view
Gene ontology


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Howison Family Crest, Coat of Arms and Name History
Don't know which Coat of Arms is yours?
We can do a genealogical research. Find out the exact history of your family!Learn More
Origins of Howison:
According to the early recordings of the name, this interesting and unique name listed as Howie, Howey, and the patronymics Howieson, Howison, Howisone, and Huison, this famous Scottish name is perhaps geographical from "The lands of How," a now lost estate in the division of Ayrshire. If so the surname is a member of the ever growing list of surnames of the British Islands that start from old sites which are either no longer around or have probably changed their name. Either way, the advancement is from the old British-Strathclyde word hoh, which pre-dates written history. It shows a clear or deep valley, and from which also advanced the surnames How and Howe. As Howie or Howey, it is a little meaning Little How, the addition of -ie or -y being a famous Scottish and North of England attachment, while Howi(e)son is the patronymic to give the son of Howie. Early examples of the surname records contain as John Howison, a burgess of Edinburgh in 1450, John Howy, a servant of the Lord of Cassilis, who in 1526 was involved in murder. Somewhat less dramatically in 1590, Robert Howie was noted as being the Principal of Marischal College, Aberdeen, while in the year of 1680, Thomas Howieson was the minister of Boleskin in Lanark and was also known as Robert Huison and Robert Houston. Interestingly there is a long culture that name ancestors originally settled from Flemish then to Scotland in the 14th century.
More common variations are: Howieson, Howeison, Howisson, Howson, Hewison, Howeson, Houison, Howisen, Hawison, Howisin.
The origins of the surname Howison appeared in Modlothian where people held a family seat from old times. Someone say better before the success of Normans and the entrance of Duke William at Hastings 1066 A.D.
Many of the people with surname Howison had moved to Ireland during the 17th century.
United States of America:
Individuals with the surname Howison landed in the United States in two different centuries respectively in the 18th, and 20th. Some of the people with the name Howison who arrived in the United States in the 17th century included John Howison, who came to Maryland in the year 1703.
The following century saw more Howison surnames arrive. Some of the people with the surname Howison who arrived in the United States in the 19th century included Morris James Howison at the age of 36, who moved to the United States, in the year 1903. Rudolph M Howison at the age of 44, who landed in America, in the year 1906. Rudolph Meier Howison at the age of 44, who moved to America from Finchley, England, in 1908. Allen M. Howison, who emigrated to America, in 1909. Mary Scott Howison at the age of 32, who settled in America, in the year 1911.
Here is the population distribution of the last name Howison: United States 484; Australia 228; Canada 114; England 113; New Zealand 47; United Arab Emirates 38; Scotland 33; Singapore 2; Netherlands 2; South Africa 2.
Del Howison (born 1953), is an American horror writer. He was born in Detroit, Michigan but moved to Los Angeles to pursue a job in acting; with his distinctive long white hair, he was a natural for low-budget horror films, and has since played the character "Renfield" in four separate seasons (making him the actor who has played this iconic character from Dracula more than any other).
George Holmes Howison (1834–1916) was an American scholar who taught in the philosophy department at the University of California, Berkeley.
John Howison (c.1530–1618), was a Scottish minister.
Ryan Howison (born 1966), is an American golf player.
Blazons & Genealogy Notes
1) (Braehead, co. Midlothian; now represented by Howison Cradfurd, of Craufurdland, co. Ayr, and of Braehead, co. Midlothian). Motto—Sursum corda. Ar. a men's heart gu. on a chief az. three fleurs-de-lis or. Crest—A dexter hand couped apaumee ppr.
2) (Holmfoot, co. Lanark, 1783). Motto—Nulla temerata nube. Same Arms. Crest—An eagle rising ppr.
3) (Ireland). Quarterly, ar. and sa. six roundles counterchanged, three, two, and one. Crest—An antelope pass. gu.


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Swinging Water Cup
- Demonstrate how centripetal force/acceleration keeps water
in cup even when cup is upside down.
- Place water cup on center of plate. Hold ropes such that
plate is level. Swing slowly back and forth; when feeling ready, swing in
full circle. Works very well. Practice once or twice before using in class.
- Located in L02, section B2.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


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What is concrete written language? It is writing that is full of words that represent things we can see, hear, taste, touch and smell. We can see clouds. We can hear sirens. We can taste beer. We can touch the skin. We can smell perfume. See what I mean?
Concrete language is the opposite of vague language.
When a writer uses too much vague language, the writing loses impact. This is why it is better to show emotion then it is to tell the reader what emotion one or more characters are feeling.
If a character is in love, don't tell the reader that the character is in love. Show that the character is in love. And how does a writer show that a character is in love? There are several ways. Through the character's mannerisms, actions and dialogue. And when a writer does this, that writer's character will come alive for the reader because the reader will be able to see and hear that the character is in love.
That is much more satisfying for a reader than the writer telling the reader that the character is in love. Concrete language = show don't tell writing.
My Ebook of show don't tell fiction is ready for download on the Home Page of this blog.


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Beaubears Island Shipbuilding National Historic Site of Canada
Beaubears Island Shipbuilding
Links and documents
Listed on the Canadian Register:
Statement of Significance
Description of Historic Place
Beaubears Island Shipbuilding National Historic Site of Canada incorporates some 24 hectares (60 acres) on the southeastern (downstream) shore of Beaubears Island at the confluence of the Southwest and Northwest Miramichi River, and the adjacent south channel of the Miramichi River. The site includes the remains of an early 19th-century shipyard.
Beaubears Island Shipbuilding was designated a national historic site as an example of a shipbuilding site in the Province of New Brunswick that contained in situ archaeological resources.
The heritage value of Beaubears Island Shipbuilding lies in the setting and landscape which contains archaeological resources defining the former shipyard facilities. These are typical of a New Brunswick shipyard of the early and mid 19th century in an area representing the major concentration of such sites along the Miramichi, the second largest shipbuilding centre in New Brunswick.
Source: HSMBC Minutes, November 2001.
Key features contributing to the heritage value of this site include:
- the combination of natural and archaeological features associated with 19th-century shipbuilding in eastern Canada,
- the archaeological evidence of shipbuilding activities on the approximately 10 hectares (25 acres) of this site,
- the location of the Beaubears site near the mid-stream boundary of the south river channel (into which ships were launched and where repair and refitting work was carried out as typical of the Miramichi sites),
- the location on the south shore of Beaubears Island, near dense woods on the balance of the island (providing ready access to the materials required for shipbuilding),
- the morphology of the Island, 4.5-9 metres (15-30 feet) above the sea-level, sloping towards the river (providing terrain suitable for launching and repairing the small and medium sized vessels),
- the integrity, relative lack of disturbance and visible fabric of both cultural landscape forms and archaeological vestiges of the facilities and distribution of Russell's Beaubears facilities including a two-storey stone house, a well, a wood house, a coach house, outhouses and a kitchen garden), near the house site (a barn, retail and provisioning store, wharf and warehouse nearby; a salt store, a lumber yard, and a timber boom attached to the eastern tip of the island), at the shipyard on the mid point of the southern shore (five slipways, a blacksmith's shop, a joiner's shop, a moulding loft, a storage shed, sawpits, a steam box and boiler), and the support facilities adjacent to the shipyard (a foreman's house, seven workers' houses, a cookhouse, a kitchen and bedrooms and accommodation for 50 workers),
- the integrity and relative lack of recent disturbance of the surface of the cultural landscape as identified by vegetation patterns, changes and surface disturbances that indicate the boundaries of former human activity,
- the distinctive sense of place created by the undisturbed past resources in the cultural landscape, the undisturbed vegetation and similar qualities of the island, and its adjacent river channel.
Government of Canada
Historic Sites and Monuments Act
National Historic Site of Canada
1866/01/01 to 1890/01/01
1790/01/01 to 1838/01/01
Theme - Category and Type
- Developing Economies
- Extraction and Production
- Developing Economies
- Communications and Transportation
Function - Category and Type
- Crafts Production Facility
- Harbour Facility
Architect / Designer
Location of Supporting Documentation
National Historic Sites Directorate, Documentation Centre, 5th Floor, Room 89, 25 Eddy Street, Gatineau, Quebec
Cross-Reference to Collection


text:
Legendary Food Brands and Their Typefaces
The McDonald's 'golden arches' logo that has become such an iconic global emblem was originally devised to reference the distinctive architecture of the early restaurants, the most recognizable feature of the growing fast food empire in the 1960s. This design history examines 23 enduring food products, including Heinz ketchup, Campbell's soup, Coca Cola and Oxo, and traces how the illustrative and typographic styles of their brand identities have developed over the years.
Designing Modern Britain
Cheryl Buckley's history of British design culture examines how design and society have interacted from the end of the 19th century to the beginning of the 21st, and explores the connected themes of modernity and identity. Among the issues discussed are the spread of international modernism in Britain, the rise of eco-conscious design, the role of galleries and retailers, the celebrity designer and the influence of the heritage industry.


text:
The U.S. and Canada are the 5th and 6th largest mink farming countries, behind Denmark, China, Netherlands and Poland.
According to the U.S. Department of Agriculture (National Agricultural Statistics Service), there were 268 mink farms in operation in the U.S. in 2011. Leading states were Wisconsin, Utah and Idaho. Although the number of fur farms has decreased (there were 329 mink farms in the U.S. in 2001, and 683 in 1991), the total number of mink pelts "produced" has not decreased significantly. Over 3 million mink were killed on U.S. farms in 2011.
According to Statistics Canada (Canada's national statistical agency), there were 252 mink farms and 57 fox farms in operation in Canada in 2011 (farms raising both mink and fox were counted twice). Nova Scotia is Canada's leading mink farming province (over half of all mink killed in Canada were from Nova Scotia fur farms), followed by Ontario. Over 2.5 million mink and 9,000 foxes were killed on fur farms in Canada in 2011.
This directory includes farms that may have closed. This directory does not include chinchilla fur farms.
Although the majority (85%) of animals killed for their fur are kept captive in fur farms, each year trappers kill hundreds of thousands of muskrats, beavers, raccoons, coyotes, squirrels, marten and other animals. The United States and Canada are the world's leading suppliers of fur from trapped animals ("wild fur").
70,000 seals were killed during Canada's 2012 commercial seal hunt.
U.S. listings are in zip code order. Canada's farms and related businesses are listed east to west, and north to south, across each province/territory.


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Definitions of significant deficiency & material weakness, and lowering the threshold for reportable control deficiencies.
Statement of Auditing Standards No. 112/115 (SAS 112/115) introduced definitions of significant deficiency and material weakness that lowered the threshold for reportable control deficiencies during the course of an external audit at UC Davis.
1. Control deficiencies
These exist when the design or operation of a control does not allow management or employees, in the normal course of performing their assigned functions, to prevent or detect misstatements in a timely manner. Materiality of the control deficiency is not just determined by the actual misstatement (i.e., dollar amount of the error), but by the potential dollars that could also be incorrect.
Examples of control deficiencies include:
- Lack of timeliness of cash deposits and account reconciliation
- Lack of review and reconciliation of departmental expenditures
- Lack of overdraft funds monitoring
- Lack of physical inventory
2. Significant deficiencies
Significant deficiencies are a control deficiency, or combination of control deficiencies, that adversely affect the entity's ability to initiate, authorize, record, process, or report financial data reliably in accordance with Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP) such that there is more than a remote likelihood that a misstatement of the entity's financial statements (that is more than inconsequential) will not be prevented or detected.
3. Material weakness
Material weakness is a significant deficiency, or combination of significant deficiencies, that results in more than a remote likelihood that a material misstatement of the financial statements will not be prevented or detected.
All university departments must work together to protect UC Davis with controls that support financial reporting and ensure that key controls are in place and operating as intended.


text:
Abstract: Flywheels have been in use for a very long time, however, there is need to continuously improve the existing ones or develop new ones. The design of a functional high performance vehicle composite flywheel is presented. The component materials include aluminium hub, cast iron friction surface and alloy gear rim. Since the stored energy in a flywheel is proportional to the square of its rotational speed, the obvious method for maximizing stored energy is to push the speed of the flywheel. There is a limiting speed, which is set by the stresses developed within the wheel due to inertia loads that are also proportional to the square of rotational speed. A composite wheel of this nature weighs less than the conventional whole cast iron or steel alloy wheel and hence, develops lower inertia loads at a given speed. The combination of high strength and low weight enables extremely high tip speeds related to conventional flywheels. A C++ computer programme was developed for the computation of the major parameters of the composite flywheel. The design drawings for the isotropic discand rim-type flywheel, components of the composite flywheel and the assembly were also presented. The components were assembled using high strength fasteners. The conventional automobile flywheel designed for cast iron material weigh about 9.0 kg and that for steel alloy weigh about 9.4 kg. However, the composite wheel design for components of cast iron, steel alloy and aluminium alloy weigh a total of 4.8 kg and is lighter. This means it can be made lean ad compact. Experimental study of the mechanical properties, heat treatment, vibration analysis and dynamic balancing proved the performance of the composite flywheel as test results conforms to standards. Freeing up so much rotating mass from the engine with a lighter flywheel makes it very responsive. It revs up much more quickly and low speed acceleration is improved.
H.M. Sheidi and C.I. Ajuwa, 2008. Design of High Performance Vehicle Composite Flywheel. Research Journal of Applied Sciences, 3: 44-50.


function hook_node_access_records
You are here
7 node.api.php hook_node_access_records($node)
5 core.php hook_node_access_records($node)
6 core.php hook_node_access_records($node)
8 node.api.php hook_node_access_records(\Drupal\node\NodeInterface $node)
Set permissions for a node to be written to the database.
When a node is saved, a module implementing node access will be asked if it is interested in the access permissions to a node. If it is interested, it must respond with an array of array of permissions for that node.
Each item in the array should contain:
'realm' This should only be realms for which the module has returned grant IDs in hook_node_grants. 'gid' This is a 'grant ID', which can have an arbitrary meaning per realm. 'grant_view' If set to TRUE a user with the gid in the realm can view this node. 'grant_edit' If set to TRUE a user with the gid in the realm can edit this node. 'grant_delete' If set to TRUE a user with the gid in the realm can delete this node. 'priority' If multiple modules seek to set permissions on a node, the realms that have the highest priority will win out, and realms with a lower priority will not be written. If there is any doubt, it is best to leave this 0.
Related topics
1 function implements hook_node_access_records()
node_access_example_node_access_records in developer/examples/node_access_example.module
Implementation of hook_node_access_records().
1 invocation of hook_node_access_records()
node_access_acquire_grants in modules/node/node.module
This function will call module invoke to get a list of grants and then write them to the database. It is called at node save, and should be called by modules whenever something other than a node_save causes the permissions on a node to change.
developer/hooks/core.php, line 848
These are the hooks that are invoked by the Drupal core.
function hook_node_access_records($node) {
 if (node_access_example_disabling()) {
 // We only care about the node if it's been marked private. If not, it is
 // treated just like any other node and we completely ignore it.
 if ($node->private) {
 $grants = array();
 $grants[] = array(
 'realm' => 'example',
 'gid' => TRUE,
 'grant_view' => TRUE,
 'grant_update' => FALSE,
 'grant_delete' => FALSE,
 'priority' => 0,
 // For the example_author array, the GID is equivalent to a UID, which
 // means there are many many groups of just 1 user.
 $grants[] = array(
 'realm' => 'example_author',
 'gid' => $node->uid,
 'grant_view' => TRUE,
 'grant_update' => TRUE,
 'grant_delete' => TRUE,
 'priority' => 0,
 return $grants;


text:
Microcosm, with partners Space Micro and HRP Systems, will design, build, and test a plug-and play (PnP) star sensor for small satellites, achieving TRL 6 at the completion of Phase II. All three companies are very experienced in developing PnP systems. On a recent Phase II Air Force SBIR program, Microcosm built and tested a prototype miniature star sensor called MicroMakTM
, and is building a prototype radiation hard star sensor under a new Phase II Air Force SBIR. The new star sensor proposed here will focus on PnP compatibility for NASA missions of interest, with a mass goal of 0.5 to 0.75 kg. Anticipated NASA applications necessitate a modified version of the baseline MicroMakTM
sensor, including: 1) Interfaces compatible with a new PnP avionics architecture, 2) radiation-hardened CMOS focal plane arrays (FPAs), and 3) processing electronics to enable longer mission life. The baseline MicroMakTM
sensor was designed with inherent radiation-tolerant features: FPAs with no direct view of space, and all-reflective optical elements. The PnP star sensor will leverage MicroMakTM
heritage, providing a modular, PnP, long-life star sensor for NASA missions, providing a cost and mass reduction of a factor of 2 or more over existing star sensors.


text:
Oberlin College has long cultivated a reputation for advancing cutting-edge thinking and scholarship, and for supporting historically disenfranchised communities. My Name Is My Own takes this work another step forward, organizing exciting conversations within the Oberlin community, across disciplines, and with national scholars and community organizers on the front lines of academic and sociopolitical innovation.
The primary mission of My Name Is My Own is to provide institutional support to Oberlin communities that identify as queer and of color in the broadest senses of those words. In pursuit of this goal, My Name Is My Own supports and creates multiple and varied spaces in order to allow for:
- support, reflection, and community-building within queer communities of color at Oberlin,
- education and confrontation of oppressive praxis in non-queer and or non-of color Oberlin communities and individuals, and
- interand intra-community coalition-building.
These spaces encourage participants to explore the construction and experience of race and sexuality, gender and sex in various communities, foregrounding the experiences, concerns and work of queer people of color.
My Name Is My Own features public lectures, film screenings, artistic and activist performances, workshops, and small discussion groups between students, faculty and national scholars and organizers.


text:
The education system
Education in Catalonia and Spain is compulsory for children aged 6 to 16. A child's school year is determined by their year of birth.
The education system in Catalonia is divided into stages and cycles:
- Pre-school education
- First cycle (0 to 3 years)
- Second cycle (3 to 6 years)
- Primary education (6 to 12 years, compulsory): with six school years divided into three two-course cycles:
- Initial cycle
- Intermediate cycle
- Upper cycle
- Compulsory secondary education (ESO, which stands for Educació secundària obligatòria) (from 12 to 16 years): with four school years.
- Post-compulsory studies:
- Intermediate and upper-grade educational cycles (vocational training)
- University studies
Below you will find more information about education:


Manual uploads
When testing your preview feed, if you are using the push method for uploading your data, you can test various feed elements by manually uploading data files. This is particularly useful as you prepare to automate your data delivery.
To manually upload data files:
 1. Access the Transit Partner Dashboard.
 2. Select your feed.
 3. Click Realtime Feeds.
 4. Scroll down to Manual Feed Upload.
 5. Click Select File.
 6. Choose the file(s) you want to manually upload
 7. Click Upload.
Manual upload is a tool used during the review and testing phase. If you don't have the resources to create a realtime feed but want to provide us with service alerts, use our Service Alerts Editor.
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text:
In Ubuntu (and any other Ubuntu-based distro), when you use a "sudo" command, the system will prompt you for your password. After the first "sudo" command, the system will remember your password for the next 15 minutes so you don't have to enter any more password for subsequent "sudo" command. If, however, you feel that the 15 minutes is a bit too long/short, here is how you can change it.
1. Open a terminal and type:
2. In the file that open, scroll down till you see the line:
Change it to
Defaults env_reset, timestamp_timeout=X
where X is the time (in minutes) that the sudo password will timeout. You can set X to the value you want.
- If you set X to "-1", it will revoke the password prompt, which is not advisable.
- If you set X to "0", the system will prompt you for password everytime you use the "sudo" command
3. Press "Ctrl + x" to exit. Don't forget to press "y" to save the changes.


text:
Audiovisual system hook up diagram - Template
Hook up drawing (hookup diagram) shows how the electronic equipment is connected using the cables and connectors - jacks and plugs.
"The term audiovisual (AV, or A/V) may refer to works with both a sound and a visual component, the production or use of such works, or the equipment used to create and present such works. Slide-tape presentations, films, and television programs are examples of audiovisual presentations, as are most major church services and other live theater productions.
Business presentations are also often audiovisual. In a typical presentation, the presenter provides the audio by speaking, and supplements it with a series of images projected onto a screen, either from a slide projector, or from a computer connected to a projector using presentation software.
In the developed world, there has been a huge uptake of computer-based audiovisual equipment in the education sector, with many schools and higher educational establishments installing projection equipment and often using interactive whiteboard technology." [Audiovisual. Wikipedia]
The audiovisual system hook up diagram template for the ConceptDraw PRO diagramming and vector drawing software is included in the Audio and Video Connectors solution from the Engineering area of ConceptDraw Solution Park.


Length of hospital stay determines 'usual time'
What is considered the usual postoperative bleeding time following a transurethral resection of the prostate?
A A definition of normal postoperative bleeding time is not published. If one were to follow the definition of the global period as the normal postoperative bleeding time, then a different CPT code would have to be chosen for the treatment of postoperative bleeding during the 90 day postoperative global or the TURP. The best available code for treatment of bleeding, other than code 52606, is 52214.
A second option would be to treat "normal postoperative bleeding time" as the average time for hospitalization following a TURP. This definition makes more sense clinically. Therefore, code 52606 would be used for treatment of postoperative bleeding that occurs after discharge, and bleeding during the hospital stay should be coded as 52214. As mentioned above, the global period of the 52601 is 90 days. Therefore, payment within the global period would require a modifier –78 for treatment of a complication in the operating room during the global period. The –78 could be appended to the code 52606. The –78 could also be appended to code 52214 for the fulguration of bleeding in the area.
A The type of scope (flexible or rigid) does not affect the choice of CPT code for these services. The correct CPT code for reporting this service would be 52353: cystoureteroscopy, with ureteroscopy and or pyeloscopy; with lithotripsy (ureteral catheterization is included). If the double-J stent is left indwelling, the code is 52332-59.
Q What is the proper code for a flexible nephroscopy with electrohydraulic lithotripsy and insertion of double-J catheter?
A The appropriate code for a percutan-eous nephroscopy/pyeloscopy with lithotripsy would be 50581. However, if the procedure (a pyeloscopy with lithotripsy) was performed through a ureteroscope, then you would code it exactly as answered in the previous question.
Q Our docs performed a right ureteral stent placement with surgical repair of the lower third right ureter during a surgery for ileostomy. When the stent was placed in the ureter, they came in through the kidney first, then the ureter, and finally the bladder. They went backwards. Do I code the same as if they went the other way?
A Coding for the placement of a stent in this fashion would be most closely reflected by the coding of an antegrade stent placement. Per the description above, it sounds as if a catheter was inserted and an endoscope was used. If this is the case, use code 50572, renal endoscopy through nephrotomy or pyelotomy, with or without irrigation, instillation, or ureteropyelography, exclusive of radiologic service; with ureteral catheterization, with or without dilation of ureter. A –52 or –22 could be added to slightly modify the description if desired.
If, in fact, a stent was placed in the ureter through an open incision without the use of the endoscope, then code 50605, ureterotomy for insertion of indwelling stent, all types, might best describe the service provided.


Dixie Patrick in the US
 1. #3,093,797 Dixie Moran
 2. #3,093,798 Dixie Neal
 3. #3,093,799 Dixie Parrish
 4. #3,093,800 Dixie Parsons
 5. #3,093,801 Dixie Patrick
 6. #3,093,802 Dixie Pennington
 7. #3,093,803 Dixie Phelps
 8. #3,093,804 Dixie Puckett
 9. #3,093,805 Dixie Roach
people in the U.S. have this name View Dixie Patrick on WhitePages Raquote
Meaning & Origins
Mainly U.S.: name chosen as symbolic of the American South. The nickname is of uncertain origin. It is said to be from the ten-dollar bills printed in New Orleans, named in the Cajun dialect from French dix 'ten'.
968th in the U.S.
Scottish and Irish: reduced Anglicized form of Gaelic Mac Phádraig 'son of Patrick', a personal name derived from Latin Patricius 'son of a noble father', 'member of the patrician class'. This was the name of a 5th-century Romano-Briton who became the apostle and patron saint of Ireland, and it was largely as a result of his fame that the personal name was so popular from the Middle Ages onward. In Ireland the surname is usually Scottish in origin, but it is also found as a shortened form of Mulpatrick and Fitzpatrick.
518th in the U.S.
Nicknames & variations
Top state populations


Sign the ISATEA Petition
We, the undersigned, representing both government, industry and civil society, petition the US Congress to not reauthorize the transportation efficiency act, but to authorize a new transportation efficiency act, called the Intermodal Surface and Air Transportation Efficiency Act(ISATEA). This act would integrate air and surface transportation funding, planning and implementation. For this purpose we petition that a supplemental $300 billion be authorized for the IITS (integrated intermodal transportation system) Initiative which over a period of some 15 year program would result in a US Sustainable Transportation Master Plan. The Plan would reinvigorate the US economy and substantially reduce the GHG emissions by transportation in these troubling times of the climate crisis.
Click to find your Congressperson's email address, then
Click to create an email with the above petition text in the Message area.
Add your own message if you like and then click send in the email.
US Aviation policy is predominantly a federal policy.


Edit Article
Two Parts:Making a pocket in the pita breadFilling the pita pocket
Falafel are fried balls of ground chickpeas or garbanzo beans. They're a popular Middle Eastern delicacy. There is also a bit of an art to filling the pita with falafel so that everything fits nicely and makes for an easy feast.
Part 1 of 2: Making a pocket in the pita bread
 1. 1
 Make a pocket. This is important because the bread will hold the contents that you're about to add, preventing them from falling out when the pita is eaten.
 2. 2
 Check the bread for positioning. Pita bread has a bottom and top; the bottom is generally thinner and often has wrinkles or cracks in it.
 3. 3
 Create the pocket in the pita. Tear around half the circumference of the pita, dividing the top and bottom (only half-way).
 4. 4
 Fold the loose bottom half down. This will, in effect, produce three layers of bread on one side and just the top layer on the other.
 5. 5
 Slip a hand in to release the top from the bottom in the closed half. The pocket is now ready to be filled up (and at the end you'll roll it up).
Part 2 of 2: Filling the pita pocket
 1. 1
 Place the pita pocket down on a clean work surface.
 2. 2
 Add hummus. Spread a layer of hummus across the inside of the pita pocket. This makes for a tasty base that will help to keep the ingredients in place.
 3. 3
 Add salad vegetables. Typical additions include slices of tomato, shredded lettuce, salad onion slices, grated carrot, etc.
 - Some things that go well in falafel: Cucumber and tomato salad (chopped thinly), pickles, cabbage salad (fresh or pickled), fried eggplants, green pepper, etc.
 4. 4
 Add tabouli. This is a staple for falafel pita pockets.
 5. 5
 Place two falafel balls in the middle. Flatten them with the back of a spoon or fork. They will spread across the pita pocket and be easier to eat than if left in large balls.
 6. 6
 Add tchina or tahini.
 7. 7
 Add sauce. You can add any sauce you like. Typical sauces include sweet chili, tomato, garlic, cheese, barbecue, etc.
 8. 8
 Roll the falafel pocket up. It can now be eaten as it is, or if you want to wrap it in paper and take it on a picnic, that's fine too. Enjoy!
 - Falafels go with fries.
 - Baking the falafels fresh over an open fire makes them taste even better.
 - Don't forget the harif. This is is vital to the flavour. It takes practice to judge how much to put in.
 - Take care not to split the sides of the pita bread.
 - Do not pour too much tchina; it softens the pita bread and might cause it to tear apart.
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Categories: Middle Eastern Cuisine
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Traditional Chinese Gardens Welcome to China
Baotu Spring, Jinan
The Baotu Spring is found south of Ximen Bridge, Jinan. It had bee known variously as "Baoliu" and "Lanquan" before it assumed its present name during the Song Dynasty. The Baotu Spring is at the top of a list 0 famous springs in Jinan, known as the "City of Springs".
During its heyday, water was seen foamed and gushing out of a subterranean limestone cave, looking like a pot of boiling water. The pool of the spring assumes the shape of a square, anal the water is of pure and sweet quality. Around the pool sit such famed buildings as the Luoyuan Hall, Banbi Corridor, Waterside Chamber, and Guanlan Pavilion.
|Traditional Chinese Gardens|


text:
SPONTANEOUS TRAIT TRANSFEENCE
KEY WORDS: SPONTANEOUS TRAIT TRANSFERENCE,
COMMUNICATION, TRAIT ACTIVATION, TRAIT ASSOCIATION, TRAIT INFLUENCE
This study examined how spontaneous trait transference could effect communication. Spontaneous trait transference (STT) occurs if a speaker attributes positive or negative traits to an acquaintance and the listener incorrectly attributes those traits to the speaker. This study investigated if STT occurs under relatively natural stimuli. Also investigated was whether or not STT is an uncontrollable phenomenon or if by making people aware of STT can aid them in trying to avoid making misattributions. Participants included forty-four college students, the average age was 18. The participants were shown slides of individuals along with audible descriptions in the first trial and then instructed to make correct photograph/ trait associations in the second trial. The results suggest that spontaneous trait transference does occur under relatively natural stimuli and even by forewarning persons of STT and instructing them to avoid making misattributions, the errors were still made. Results were also compared to a related study on STT by Skowronski, Carlston, and Crawford (1998) and found to be similar.
measures for this study consisted of the subject recalling the correct
trait of each photo, the correct description of each photo (self or acquaintance),
and the subjectís ability to match the photo to the correct trait and the
correct description. The independent variable in this study was whether
or not the subject was informed of the STT effect and instructed to avoid
The data from this study was analyzed with an independent samples t-test.
The participants that were familiar with STT recalled a greater number of traits (significant at the.07 level) (M=.71, SD=.20) than the group unfamiliar with STT (M=.57,SD=.25) (see Figure 1 for results). The amount of correct descriptions was comparable between the group unfamiliar with STT (M=.51, SD=.20) and the group familiar with STT (M=.48, SD=.23). The amount of correct traits paired with correct descriptions varied marginally between the group unfamiliar with STT (M=.42, SD=.20) and the group familiar with STT (M=.35, SD=.22).
The independent samples t-test showed that the group unfamiliar with STT had greater difficulty in trait recall than the group made familiar with STT, t(42)=-1.97, p<.05. A second independent samples t-test revealed only a marginal difference in the amount of correct descriptions between the 2 groups, t(42)=.582, p<.05. The final independent samples t-test showed that there was also only a marginal difference in the amount of correct traits paired with correct descriptions between the 2 groups t=1.071, p<.05
The results revealed that the group familiar with STT was able to more easily recall traits than the group unfamiliar with STT. However, they had greater difficulty than the group unfamiliar with STT in recalling correct descriptions and correct traits paired with correct descriptions. The hypothesis proposed that there would be no difference between the 2 groups on the 3 dependent variables, accordingly, the hypothesis was accepted at the.05 level for all variables but not at the.07 level for trait recall.
This study has provided evidence that spontaneous trait transference occurs even under more natural circumstances than observed in Skowronski et. al, (1998). Furthermore, it was reinforced that the effects of STT are uncontrollable and even if forewarned of the nature of STT, one can not avoid itsí repercussions.
Moreover, because spontaneous trait transference still occurred even under more real-life circumstances, it more than likely engaged the participants in many of the cognitive processes that real-life situations generate. Therefore, it can be inferred that STT is a persistent associational phenomenon that affects impressions of people who talk about othersí behavior.
It would be impetuous to conclude, however, that spontaneous trait transference is present in every aspect of life. It does not seem likely that people are universally identified as having the traits they describe in others, also future research may discover other extenuating factors. For example, STT may be less likely to occur in the context of acquaintances, friends, or family members because the communicator is already known to the perceiver, consequently already viewed as possessing certain traits. Conversely, STT may reinforce expectancies unjustly attributed to a person already known. The effects of prior knowledge of the communicator have not yet been examined and future research may yield additional findings.
Nevertheless, the current study has shown additional support that spontaneous trait transference is a robust occurrence that can occur under relatively natural stimuli. This may suggest that gossip and other forms of social communication may have surprising and inadvertent consequences for the communicator. This may also indicate that communicators who want to be perceived in a certain way should simply describe the traits that they would like to be associated with. Thus, it adds new meaning to the saying, "Iím rubber, youíre glue what you say bounces off me and sticks to you."


6 Design Guidelines for RIM BlackBerry 4.2 to 4.5
This chapter describes how to accommodate the behavior of RIM BlackBerry browsers 4.2 to 4.5.
This chapter includes the following sections:
6.1 Introduction to BlackBerry Browser Display Behavior
The BlackBerry browser behaves differently than many other browsers in that it does not display pages using horizontal scrolling. Instead, it fits a page to the width of the screen. This chapter presents guidelines to help you format pages to display properly on BlackBerry devices.
6.2 Formatting Tables to Prevent Wrapping
When formatting tables, avoid long words on lines that contain multiple fields because browsers wrap long words between fields.
Within this chapter, a word refers to a series of characters. In this context, a word does not include white space.
Because the default mode of the BlackBerry browser limits the browser width to that of the physical screen, any field that does not fit in a line is displayed on the next line. If the intent of an application is to display multiple elements in one line, then you must ensure that the total width of the fields are within the width of the browser. Like other browsers, the BlackBerry browser wraps multiple lines when needed. The column width cannot be reduced beyond the size of the longest word in the field.
6.2.1 How to Prevent Fields from Wrapping in Tables
To prevent fields from wrapping, ensure that the total of the size attribute values in a table's row satisfies the following formula when all of the fields in a row are input fields.
3*Number of columns + the Sum of the size attributes in all columns <=X, when X=48
In general, field sizes in table columns should satisfy the following formula:
3 * Number of Columns +
Sum of size attributes in all input field columns +
Sum of number of characters in longest words in all output field columns <= X, when X=48
If the fields still wraps, decrease the value of X until it fits.
6.3 Formatting Label and Message Panels
To preserve the intended programming flexibility, nowrap attributes are supported and inserted when they are explicitly programmed for the Trinidad component. You may encounter problems if you add nowrap to a component definition when you program pages.
6.4 Formatting Column Width
When formatting columns, set the percentage width specification for both the label and the field in the tr:panelFormLayout component so that the total width is at 100%.
6.5 What You May Need to Know About Display Variations on BlackBerry Devices
This section describes how the same application can display differently on different devices. This section includes the following topics:
6.5.1 Changing the Minimum Font Size
Changing the minimum font size through user preferences affects the formatting ability of the ADF Mobile browser client renderer. For example, input fields and their corresponding labels align properly when the font is set to its default size of 6 pt. (illustrated in Figure 6-1).
Figure 6-1 Application Display Using the Default Font Size of 6 pt.
Properly alligned fields and labels
However, increasing the font size to 10 pt. disrupts the display by shifting the input fields beneath their corresponding labels. As a result, the page is difficult to read (Figure 6-2).
Figure 6-2 Increasing the Font Size
Effect of increased font size
6.5.2 Form Factor Variations
Differing screen sizes can affect display. Even if the font size is at the default of 6 pt. (as illustrated in Figure 6-1), the same application appears differently on different devices. In Figure 6-3, the input fields barely fit the device's screen, even though they are easily accommodated on other devices running the same application (Figure 6-1).
Figure 6-3 Difficulty Displaying Input Fields and Labels with Font Size at 6 pt.
Improper field and label display
In addition, input fields may display properly on the screen of one device, but may appear crowded on the screen of another type of device. In Figure 6-4, The cells of the table are not sufficiently wide, causing the text to wrap.
Figure 6-4 Wrapping Text
A table with wrapping contents


text:
|'Life in 1810' is topic of program offered at County Museum on September 8|
|Written by George Browning|
|Tuesday, 04 September 2012 00:00|
A veteran speaker and re-enactor will bring to life one of his favorite topics, "Pioneer Life in 1810," at the Scott County Heritage Center and Museum on Saturday, September 8.
The free event at 2 p.m. that day is offered as part of Pigeon Roost Remembered Day, an observance of the 200th anniversary of the Pigeon Roost Massacre in which 24 men, women and children were killed by Indians on September 3, 1812.
Kevin Stonerock has brought history to life for thousands of children, young people and adults. His living history program will be performed in authentic period clothing in the first-person style. His "Hoosier pioneer" is a character compiled from several different historical accounts of the period from 1770 to 1810. It centers around the life of Andrew Amonett, a frontiersman of the Indiana Territory.
Complete with tall tales, Stonerock's presentation deals with various aspects of frontier life and dangers faced in the Indiana Territory just before the start of the War of 1812. Topics include trapping, militia service, Indian affairs, tools, weapons and frontier clothing.
Stonerock has performed for 30 years and presented over 3,500 programs. He wrote, directed and performed in "Plum Creek Anthology," which is presented annually in Vevay.
There is no charge for attending his program at the museum. Visitors are asked to bring lawn chairs to enjoy the performance in comfort on the museum's front steps.


text:
A Real Gem
Vehicles that skim over rough seas and
rugged terrain on a cushion of air are called hovercraft, hydroskimmers
or ground-effects machines (GEM). You can build a model that will
show how these almost friction-free air supported vehicles work.
- A metal pie pan with a smooth bottom
- A spool
- A balloon
- Turn the pan over and punch a small hole in the center.
- Glue the spool to the
inside of the pan, centering it over the hole.
- Stretch the neck
of the balloon well down over the spool.
- Inflate the balloon by
blowing through the hole in the bottom of the pan.


Image folder contains no images
Apprentice: My Life in the Kitchen (Pepin) - Discussion Questions
Discussion Questions
How to Discuss a Book (helpful discussion tips)
Generic Discussion Questions—Fiction and Nonfiction
Read-Think-Talk (a guided reading chart)
Also, consider these LitLovers talking points to help get a discussion started for The Apprentice:
1. What personal and professional qualities does it take to become a top chef? How difficult is the road to earn the title "chef"? What would you say has made Jacques Pepin so successful?
2. Why does Pepin turn down a job as White House chef to stay with Howard Johnson? What does it say about the kind of person Pepin is? And what does the experience working at HoJo's gain him—what does he learn?
3. Why does Pepin turn to teaching and writing? What does he hope to achieve in the classroom or through books?
4. What has The Apprentice taught you about the different approaches to cooking? Have you learned any new culinary techniques that could be useful in your own kitchen?
5. Pepin shares part of the insider's world of cooking personalities. Talk about some of those culinary figures and some of the anecdotes.
6. For book clubs, have members cook and serve some of the recipes found in the book. Talk about which ones you like best.
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LitLovers © 2015


text:
Spider legs use hydraulic pressure. When they die their legs curl because the liquid dries up!
Spiders' legs curl up is because a spider uses hydraulic pressure to push liquid into it's legs that allow it to move, and when it dies the liquid drains out making the legs curl up
If you've ever killed a spider (without completely squishing it) or come across one that is already dead, you know that their legs curl up beneath them when they die. You may be too busy being grossed out by this eight-legged creature to wonder just why this is. Human's limbs don't curl inward after they die. So what is going on with this posthumous tendency.
It turns out that spiders' legs are hydraulic. Or more specifically, two of the six joints in their legs are hydraulic. In order to straighten these joints and subsequently their legs, spiders flex their muscles and increase the pressure. When the spider dies, it obviously loses control over it's leg system and relaxes. The legs then curl upward automatically because no pressure is keeping them straightened.


text:
New Guide Offers African American Families Help to Cope with Crises
African American parents now have an important new resource to help them support their children in times of stress or crisis. The National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), one of the National Institutes of Health (NIH), and the National Black Child Development Institute (NBCDI) have developed an Activity Book for African American Families: Helping Children Cope with Crisis.
The Activity Book for African American Families was developed by the African American Parents' Project, a collaboration between families, professional organizations, and leaders of national African American organizations, to provide African American families and communities with activities and resources to comfort their children in times of crisis. The project, begun shortly after the September 11th terrorist attacks, is designed to help African American families console their children who may become frightened by repeated media coverage of terrorism, war, and violence, and instill in them a sense of safety.
"Parents have the most important job in the world one that is even more challenging and more difficult when children try to make sense of reports of violence and heightened threat alerts in the media," said Duane Alexander, M.D., director of the NICHD. "This activity book is designed to empower families to address everyday hardships and also to strengthen families for times of major crisis."
In developing this booklet, the NICHD and the NBCDI listened to parents' concerns and suggestions about what they needed to help their children cope with crisis situations. A number of African American organizations provided their expertise and assistance in developing the workbook and are committed to helping promote it.
"This project has a deep meaning for our community because many African American families live with daily violence and other issues," said Evelyn Moore, president of NBCDI. "These daily struggles are compounded by war and the threat of terrorism, which have a great impact on our children. During this time of renewal and new resolutions, we encourage families to spend some time doing the activities together."
The book's activities are designed to work well with children ages 12 and under by helping parents communicate with their children to strengthen the family and help children feel safe. In addition, the activities help parents talk with children about emotions to find ways to express thoughts and feelings that might be hard to say out loud. By talking about these things, families can begin to deal with feelings in positive, constructive ways. The activities also highlight important values, such as family, honesty, and spirituality, which can strengthen children from within.
Many of the activities tap into children's creativity drawing, coloring, singing, gardening which encourage children to let others know what's going on inside them in a safe, controlled way. Other activities encourage parents and children to read a poem or a story, or listen to a song as a way of refocusing children's attention on calming thoughts.
The Activity Book contains specific advice for parents about how to:
- Encourage their child to feel hopeful about the future
- Listen to their child
- Comfort their child
- Help their child feel good about him or herself
- Help their child feel safe
- Give their child information that is appropriate for her/his age
- Make a plan with their child for emergencies
- Share their faith with their child
Among the organizations that provided advice to the NICHD and the NBCDI on this project are: 100 Black Men of America, Inc.; Alpha Kappa Alpha Sorority, Inc.; American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry; American Psychiatric Association; Congress of National Black Churches, Inc.; Delta Sigma Theta Sorority, Inc.; Jack and Jill of America, Inc; National Association of Black Social Workers; National Coalition of 100 Black Women, Inc.; and the National Medical Association.
The Activity Book for African American Families is free and can be ordered through the NICHD Web site, _URL_ or by calling the NICHD Information Resource Center at _PHONE_ or via e-mail at _EMAIL_. Information on Helping Children Cope with Crisis is also available on the National Black Child Development Institute Web site at _URL_.
The NICHD is part of the National Institutes of Health (NIH), the biomedical research arm of the federal government. NIH is part of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. The NICHD sponsors research on development, before and after birth; maternal, child, and family health; reproductive biology and population issues; and medical rehabilitation. NICHD publications, as well as information about the Institute, are available from the NICHD Web site, _URL_, or from the NICHD Clearinghouse, _PHONE_; e-mail _EMAIL_.
The National Black Child Development Institute (NBCDI), founded in 1970, exists to improve and protect the quality of life of African-American children, children of color, and their families. NBCDI programs and initiatives reflect our commitment to young people. For more information, contact NBCDI by phone _PHONE_, visit our Web site _URL_, or email _EMAIL_.


text:
Integrate prototyping into your development process! With the Pidoco API you can link wireframes and prototypes directly to your wikis, bug-tracking, requirements and project management systems.
Most professionals use different systems during development or even during the initial wireframing and prototyping stages to keep track of requirements, manage project progress, and communicate with others. Often, business users and developers use different systems. Pidoco helps bridge these gaps by providing a collaborative prototyping solution with central access to projects. But Pidoco offers more to help you deal with these communication challenges.
With the Pidoco API you can link your prototypes to other IT systems, for example by incorporating images of prototype pages into requirements systems or by adding prototypes to your enterprise wiki or project management system via direct links. If you want to integrate Pidoco even more closely with your existing IT systems and development tools, the Pidoco API provides an API key for your application to communicate with the prototype, which enables you to perform different operations like creating, reading, updating or deleting a resource from within other applications. Take advantage of the API access to improve your development or reporting.
- Embedding: Link up to prototypes directly from within existing applications for easy access.
- Collaboration: Bridge gaps between different users and IT systems.
- Integration: Integrate prototyping with your development processes using API keys.
- Convenience: Use up-to-date visuals for development and reporting.
Your Benefits with Pidoco:
- Improve teamwork with easy access
- Communicate across systems and roles
- Integrate seamlessly with IT systems
- Link prototypes to enterprise wikis
- Integrate with project management
- Improve development processes


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Kudremukh (Kuduremukha) (Kannada: ಕುದುರೆಮುಖ) is a mountain range in Chikkamagaluru district in Karnataka state, India. The name Kuduremukha'' literally means "horse-face" in Kannada and refers to a particular picturesque view of a side of the mountain. It is also the name of a small town situated near the mountain which is primarily an iron ore mining town where the government run Public Sector Kudremukh Iron Ore Company Ltd. (KIOCL) operates. The town is noted for its scenic beauty. Owing to the dense forests, sighting wildlife can be challenging, though the area is rich in wildlife.
The Kudremukh National Park is the second largest declared Wildlife Protected Area (600.32 km²) of a tropical wet evergreen type of forest in the Western Ghats. Kudremukh National Park is located in Dakshina Kannada and Chikmagalur districts of Karnataka state. 13°4′48″N 75°9′36″E / 13.08°N 75.16°E / 13.08; 75.16
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Email Address Harvesting Software
To collect Email Ids from website, use this Mass Email extractor or Email harvesting software.
This is mainly used by marketting people to communicate a product advertisement to a large group of people (or personalized Email to list of addresses). We seek the help of email marketing products to extract electronic mail addresses from any of these sources – emails address list, text files, web pages or Url etc.,).
Use our product for free and buy it from our products page, once you are satisfied. Also you can learn how to build yourself a email extractor from URL. Read to know more.
Website Email Extractor – Input Format
Before proceeding with extracting Email addresses, let's understand the basics about Email Addresses.
Every Email address corresponds to an electronic mail Box & has a Local Part and a Domain part separated by symbol "@". (_EMAIL_)
Related Topic: How to Fetch Email Ids from Outlook Email?
There are some restrictions on what are the allowed characters (Alphabets, Special characters, Numbers etc.,) in these sections. To know more details about limitations of these 2 sections refer to the guidelines of RFC 6531 or Wiki reference at end of this article.
Limitations of Email Extractor: At this point, we are going to assume the below points for our VBA code to work.
- Local & Domain part does not have SPACES, Double Quotes and any of these special characters "(),:;<>@[\]".
- Excel Cell has limitation for number of characters. If the text content has very huge content, modify the code to read the content from a text file and parse the email Ids.
How to Extract Email address from Website or URL?
The Excel Macro VBA code in this page scans the text content, character by character and extract email Ids from website (local & domain parts) in that page.
- If the content is in text file, copy paste the text file to Excel sheet 1, cell A2 and execute this code.
- If the content is in webpage, get the HTML source of the webpage and paste in the Excel in same location as above.
Once, the content is copied to Excel sheet (Excel macro for beginners), press Alt+F11 to go to VB Editor. Then cope paste the below code and Execute the code by pressing F5.
Note: By Combining this code and the code from this page, you can make code to extract emails from websites all by yourself.
Private Sub Email_Extractor_From_Website() Dim oWebData As Object, sPageHTML As String, sWebURL As String 'Change the URL before executing the code sWebURL = "_URL_" 'Extract data from website to Excel using VBA Set oWebData = CreateObject("MSXML2.ServerXMLHTTP") oWebData.Open "GET", sWebURL, False oWebData.send sPageHTML = oWebData.responseText 'Get webpage data into Excel Extract_Email_Address_From_Text sPageHTML End Sub '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''Visit our website for more Tips and Tricks'---- Officetricks.com ----''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' Private Sub Extract_Email_Address_From_Text(Optional Text_Content As String) Dlim_List = " ""(),:;<>@[\]" 'Get Text Content and assign to a Variable If Text_Content = "" Then Text_Content = ThisWorkbook.Sheets(1).Cells(2, 1) End If Web_Page_Text1 = Text_Content If Web_Page_Text1 = "" Then MsgBox "Error: No Input Provided - Provide Input" Exit Sub End If 'Scan each word in Text and Extract Email Addresses ORow = 2 While (Web_Page_Text1 <> "") 'Locate position of symbol "@" First_@ = VBA.InStr(1, Web_Page_Text1, "@", vbTextCompare) 'If there is no occurance of "@" then terminate process If First_@ = 0 Then GoTo End_sub: 'Seperate Web_Page_Text2 = VBA.Mid(Web_Page_Text1, 1, First_@ - 1) Web_Page_Text3 = VBA.Mid(Web_Page_Text1, First_@ + 1) Dlim_Pos_Max = 99999 Dlim_Pos_Min = 0 For i = 1 To VBA.Len(Dlim_List) Dlim_2_Compare = VBA.Mid(Dlim_List, i, 1) Dlim_Pos = VBA.InStrRev(Web_Page_Text2, Dlim_2_Compare, -1, vbTextCompare) If (Dlim_Pos > Dlim_Pos_Min) And (Dlim_Pos > 0) Then Dlim_Pos_Min = Dlim_Pos Dlim_Pos = VBA.InStr(1, Web_Page_Text3, Dlim_2_Compare, vbTextCompare) If (Dlim_Pos < Dlim_Pos_Max) And (Dlim_Pos > 0) Then Dlim_Pos_Max = Dlim_Pos Next i If Dlim_Pos_Max = 0 Then GoTo End_sub: 'get Email list to Text Variable Email_Domain_Part = VBA.Mid(Web_Page_Text3, 1, Dlim_Pos_Max - 1) Email_Local_Part = VBA.Mid(Web_Page_Text2, Dlim_Pos_Min + 1, VBA.Len(Web_Page_Text2) - Dlim_Pos_Min) Mail_Address = Email_Local_Part & "@" & Email_Domain_Part 'Scan through remaining content ORow = ORow + 1 ThisWorkbook.Sheets(1).Cells(ORow, 2).Select ThisWorkbook.Sheets(1).Cells(ORow, 2) = Mail_Address Web_Page_Text1 = VBA.Mid(Web_Page_Text1, Dlim_Pos_Max + First_@ + 1) Wend End_sub: MsgBox " Process Completed" End Sub
Email Extractor Software Download
In recent Google and Web technology we use these fancy words like Spider, Crawler often. Such software sweep through complete code or content and extract the information that they are meant to harvest.
Thus this Excel VBA Code is an Email Spider which provides email marketing help. Huge number of Emails can be extracted with this automation process in just one click, which will save lot of manual effort.
Download Free Email Extractor from Website to Excel Downloaded 1,318 Times
Note: Refer to the limitations explained in Format of Email Address & Wiki reference, before using this template. If the code is not working at some point, it might be due to the limitation explained in these sections.
Wiki Reference: Email addresses format and limitations


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Tango DDR
In my Interaction Design Foundations course, I explain to students that tangible interfaces are becoming widespread because they explore the human body as an input device. This makes the interaction more sociable and affective. In one class, I brought a Dance Dance Revolution pad for our students to experiment with and they took it to the next level.
Guilherme was shy to play, but accepted to participate in a bodystorming: I wanted to know what would happen if the position of the pad improved embodiment of the game. We put the pad in his shoulder and started to play.
The feeling of the game changed totally. Instead of executing mechanic movements in front of a screen, we've got an affective human interaction.
During the bodystorming, many ideas emerged how to hack the pad and use in clothes or garments, enabling more intimate dance, like Touch Tango DDR.
Alexandre proposed to make a fight game using the same interface. There is already a Mugen game tha explore the same gameplay of DDR:
This is the video of the bodystorming session.
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I'm working on Windows 7 and I have installed Strawberry. I would like to run a perl skript (test.pl):
open OUTPUT, ">test.txt";
print OUTPUT "This is a test\n";
by just clicking on the file or redirect with left mouse click to Perl-program (open with/perl.exe). When I do this a console opens for less than a second and disappears but the file test.txt is not created. If I go to the MS command and enter
> C:\myplace>perl test.pl
it works. I never had this experience before (WinXP, other Windows 7 PC with ActivePerl and Windows 8 with strawberry). I would be very happy if somebody could give me a hint how to solve this problem.
share|improve this question
2 Answers 2
up vote 1 down vote accepted
There are two problems here:
 1. Creating the file where you want it. When double-clicking a perl script to launch it, it is not executed in the context of the folder you have opened in Explorer. If you want to specify an explicit context, do the following near the top of your script:
 use FindBin; # This is a module that finds the location of your script
 BEGIN { chdir $FindBin::Bin } # set context to that directory.
 When you then create a new file without an aboslute path, the path is considered relative to that directory.
 You do not have the problem when running the script from the command line, because you have specified the correct path. But if you run it from C:\ like
 C:\> perl myplace/test.pl
 then you have created the file in C\test.txt. The FindBin solution fixes this.
 2. When running a script by double-clicking it, the command line exits before you can inspect the output. This "problem" is shared by all programming languages on Windows. You can force the window to stay open by waiting for some input. You can either do
 system("PAUSE"); # not portable to non-Windows!
 warn "Press enter to exit...\n";
 ; # Read a line from the command line and discard it.
 # Feels akward when launching from the command line
 to wait until an Enter ⏎ is pressed.
 The other solution is to always use the command line for your scripts, which is what I'd actually suggest.
share|improve this answer
Thanks for the answer. I didn't know about FindBin. Very useful. But why this simple test-code above works on all various computers and OS but in one it does not behave in this way? I just wonder... – giordano Sep 3 '13 at 20:03
Check what is your script executing folder, as it might differ from C:\myplace
use Cwd;
print getcwd();
sleep 7;
share|improve this answer
Thanks for answer. Yes, it differs (C:\strawberry\perl\bin). But is this a problem? The environment variable is included. Usually, I never had such kind of problems. – giordano Sep 2 '13 at 15:13
_USER_ to be sure, you can try absolute path when writing, ie. open OUTPUT, ">", 'C:\myplace\test.txt'; – Сухой27 Sep 2 '13 at 15:19
Your Answer


Standards for the Evaluation of University Citizenship
A Faculty member's contributions as a University citizen include service to the Program, College, and the University as outlined in Table 3. The merits of University service should be evaluated as to (1) whether or not the candidate chaired the committee listed; and (2) the importance of the service to the mission of the unit served. Less tangible components of citizenship include active participation in department events such as faculty and graduate student recruitment, seminars, department meetings and seminars, etc.
Being an active and useful citizen of the Program, College and University is expected and valued; however, service of any magnitude cannot be considered more important than a candidate's research and other scholarly activity and instructional responsibilities. Expectations in service for promotion to Professor should meet high citizenship expectation for promotion to Associate Professor.
Other components of service are also considered including, but not limited to, public outreach and public and professional service in reappointment, tenure and promotion decisions and may differ in their importance among Faculty members depending on each Faculty member's duties and responsibilities within the College.
 1. Table 3. Assessment of University Citizenship for Promotion and Tenure
 Citizenship Assessment
 Examples of Accomplishments Corresponding to the Assessment Score
 Exceeds obligations
 Significant role in Program, College and/ or University as evidenced by leadership and productive service on committees, active participation in significant events, effectively chairing committees, specific administrative assignments, meaningful public outreach
 Meets obligations
 Meets the Program, College, and University obligations, participation in commencements and events (e.g., lectures, reviews), service on committee(s).
 Does not meet obligations
 Does not meet Program or College obligations in a timely manner or does not actively participate in significant
 College/University events


While humans have been writing for at least 5000 years, we have surprisingly little understanding of the physics underlying how ink moves from pen to paper. Now, physicists in South Korea and the US have worked out a theory – backed by experiment – that suggests the ink's flow rate depends on a tug-of-war that is played out between the capillary properties of pen and paper.
The team, led by Ho-Young Kim of Seoul National University, considered two scenarios: the blot and the line. With the pen stationary, the researchers identify four main factors that affect the flow of ink: the capillary pull of the pen; the capillary pull of the pores in the paper; the surface tension of the ink; and the viscosity of the ink. When it is moving, the speed of the pen is a fifth factor.
The team's theory defines a "minimal pen" as a simple capillary tube, not unlike the hollow reeds used by the Egyptians to make inscriptions on papyrus. The researchers approximate paper as an array of cylinders. Rough paper is modelled as narrow, closely packed pillars, while shorter, wider, more generously spaced pillars are used to approximate smoother paper. While paper is actually a much more complex matrix of cellulose fibres, the team argues that such arrays draw fluid through the same mechanisms that allow paper to draw ink from a pen.
Pulling power
The smaller cavities in paper have a greater capillary pull than the wider tube of the pen, but very small pores also restrict the flow of the ink. As long as the pores in the material are not wider than the opening in the minimal pen, rougher materials pull ink more quickly. This also explains why it is so difficult to write in pen on a piece of glass – without pores, the surface cannot draw ink. In contrast, wider pens have less capillary force, so they give up the ink more easily. As for the ink itself, higher surface tension allows it to wet the paper or pillar array more effectively, while higher viscosity slows it down. The team condensed these relationships, plus the time that the pen spends in contact with the paper, into scaling laws.
Kim's group confirmed the models by making the idealized pen and paper in the lab. The researchers etched silicon wafers into patterns of pillars 10–20 µm in diameter, height and spacing. Glass capillary tubes with diameters of 0.5–1 mm served as pens, filled with various concentrations of glycerine solution for mock ink. The team filmed the spread of ink blots and the drawing of lines, finding that the data matched their models.
After millennia of writing, you might think there would be nothing unexpected in these results, but Kim says that the shape of the ink in front of the moving pen was a surprise. "We showed that the actual shape is exactly parabolic – beautifully simple but nobody has predicted it," he explains. The reason for the parabola is that the pores in front of the moving pen draw the bulk of the ink, while the pores behind are already at full capacity.
Putting pen to paper
Testing their scaling laws with a real pen and paper, the researchers held a 0.1 mm-diameter nib against ordinary paper for 2 s. They predicted a blot radius of 3 mm, expecting a line width of 0.82 mm with the pen moving at 5 mm s–1. The actual line width was quite close, 0.7 mm, while the blot was not quite half the predicted size at 1.3 mm. The team explains the difference in terms of paper swelling. Unlike rigid silicon, cellulose fibres deform as they imbibe fluid, thereby increasing the size of the pores.
Laurent Courbin of the University of Rennes, France, describes the study as fun that strikes at the heart of physics. "The aim of a physicist is to identify interesting problems not yet understood and to make such problems understandable using the simplest possible theoretical models," he says. "When such investigations involve physical phenomena we experience in our everyday life, our work is even more rewarding!"
Although the team did not directly simulate the need for pocket protectors, Kim says that "ink stains on shirts from a pen in the pocket are very good examples of the ink blot that we treated". At last, the pragmatic have a rigorous proof for why the nerdy plastic lining is a good idea.
This research will be published in Physical Review Letters.


Understanding Brake Judder
Brake judder can be felt as a vibration. It is a sensation that can be felt through the steering wheel, your brake pedal and potentially through your seat. Depending on the severity of the judder, you may even feel the car shake. Brake judder can often be an uncomfortable, frustrating and disconcerting experience which may result in the driver reducing their braking pressure to reduce their discomfort, increasing stopping distances as a result.
Drivers and mechanics often jump to one conclusion; that the brake discs are no good and have 'warped'. To fully understand brake judder and diagnose the causes we need to break it down into immediate brake judder or brake judder that has developed over time.
Brake judder symptoms and its causes
If you fit a new set of brake discs to a vehicle and brake judder is immediately felt, the conclusion maybe that discs have been manufactured incorrectly. However, all Apec brake discs are tested before leaving the factory to ensure that this scenario does not occur. Immediate brake judder can only be as a result of a mechanical issue that has not been diagnosed, e.g:
 - A severely worn or damaged hub, hub flange and/or wheel bearing.
 - Severely worn or loose steering and suspension components.
 - Loose wheel bolts.
 - Incorrectly seated wheel/discs.
 - Damaged tyres.
 - Buckled rims.
 - ABS fault.
 - Loose brake components (i.e: carrier).
The list is not exhaustive, however common sense should prevail. If these underlying issues are not resolved, then the issue will remain and potentially lead to catastrophic mechanical failure.
Most frequently, brake judder is not felt immediately and will develop over time. The assumption is that the brake discs are poorly manufactured and are unable to withstand the heat from braking and have warped. However due to modern manufacturing processes and materials used, it is extremely rare for any brake disc to warp. For warping to happen you will need a combination of extreme conditions – eg glowing hot discs and then driving through standing water, or excessive overheating and insufficient cooling.
The true causes of brake judder are far more complicated than the disc warping. The brake disc developing DTV (Disc Thickness Variation) over time, is the most common cause of judder.
DTV – What is it?
Disc Thickness Variation is when the disc has worn unevenly, causing the two friction surfaces of the disc to no longer be parallel with each other (see Figure 1). This is often confused with disc warping. Warping is defined as distortion, where the disc is a uniform thickness in width as shown in Figure 2. There is often little diagnosis that is carried out to solve the issue of brake judder, apart from test driving the vehicle. As soon as judder is experienced, which is blamed on the disc warping, the brake discs are removed and replaced with a new set, curing the issue for the next 2000-5000 miles only for the juddering to return. Disc Thickness Variation is a condition that develops over time, but what causes it?
The primary cause of DTV is uneven material transfer.
What is material transfer?
During the bedding in process, and subsequent braking applications, a microscopic layer of brake pad friction material must transfer evenly from the pad to the surface of the brake disc. This is known as the adherent friction process (please see "material transfer" article). Anything that will affect this process – eg mechanical, or braking style (especially during the initial bedding in period) will result in uneven material transfer, which starts the process of DTV.
Due to uneven friction material transferring across the surface of the disc, this will lead to high-spots. The high spots will heat excessively in comparison to the rest of the disc. If the temperature at these high-spots exceeds 650 deg. C, cast iron changes structurally, transforming into a harder substance called Cementite. As the disc is now composed of varying materials of different hardness, the two materials will wear at a different rate. The important point to note is that this will not immediately induce brake judder but has provided the foundations for a vibration that will eventually lead to irreparable damage to the braking disc, although this may not occur for over 2000-5000 driven miles. This explains why customers often return with their vehicles complaining of brake judder months after the discs were originally installed.
With DTV the disc surface will not have warped, but if measured with a micrometer at (at least) 8 equal points around the brake disc, there will be a variation of thickness. A disc thickness variation greater than the manufacturer's tolerance will result in the symptom of 'brake judder' caused by the brake pads pulsating over the uneven surface. This in turn causes the pistons to kick back over every high spot causing the pedal to pulsate replicating brake judder symptoms. If the manufacturer's data is unavailable, please refer to the below guide.
The precise threshold varies from model to model, dependent upon the general compliance built into the vehicle's braking, suspension and steering systems.
To ensure that the new brake discs that you are fitting do not already have DTV all Apec brake discs are tested before leaving the factory and will have a disc thickness variation of <13µm (<0.013mm).
Skimming the discs will temporarily remove the high spots and judder, however the hard spots of cementite will remain under the surface and the high spots and judder will return after several thousand miles.
As detailed above, a major cause of brake judder is uneven material transfer, leading to Disc Thickness Variation (DTV). The single biggest cause of uneven material transfer is lateral run-out.
Lateral runout
Lateral runout is when the disc is not parallel to the hub surface and therefore deviating from its true axis (see Figure 3).
What causes lateral runout?
 - Not following best practice.
 - Insufficient cleaning of the hub surface (even minuscule particles of rust or debris caught between the disc face and hub can lead to excessive lateral runout).
 - Corrosion build up after the new discs have been fitted. (Using copper grease on the hub surface? not replacing a missing disc location screw).
 - A worn or damaged hub, hub flange and/or wheel bearing.
 - Worn steering and suspension components.
 - Over torqueing of the disc location screw.
 - Over torqueing of the wheel bolt.
 - Low quality refurbished alloy wheels (uneven paint thickness).
 - This list in not exhaustive (further information on lateral runout can be found in our "lateral runout" article).
Other causes of uneven material transfer…
 - Not following best practice
 - The brake pads rubbing on the disc while not braking due to a sticking pad, slider bolt or caliper.
 - The brake pads not contacting the disc evenly when braking due to a sticking pad, slider bolt or caliper.
 - Failure to adhere to the correct bedding in process.
 - Sitting with the brake applied for long periods of time while stationary. (Pad etching).
 - Severe over heating of the discs.
Please see material transfer article for further information.
What else can cause judder?
Static spots
If a vehicle is parked up for an extended period, especially in an area of high humidity and salt content, such as close to the coast, then this can cause corrosion to build up between the disc and pad causing them to adhere to each other. The brakes can be freed off by softly twitching the vehicle by speedily releasing the clutch. The corrosion leads to the formation of static spots which causes severe judder under braking. Should the corrosion be so severe it will also cause damage to the brake pads. Dependent on the level of corrosion on the brake disc there will be judder temporarily while the corrosion is present on the surface of the disc. Should this judder continue, the resolution to cure the judder would be to replace the brake discs.
Brake disc below the minimum thickness
A brake disc is subjected to compressive and centrifugal force, which creates a force of traction. Compressive strength of the disc is the capacity of the disc to withstand clamp load from the brake pads. The compressive strength of a worn disc decreases as it wears. If it exceeds the material's resilient limit, deformation begins as soon as the disc cools down leading to cracks appearing or warping. Therefore it is crucial to replace the brake discs when the braking surface thickness is less than the minimum thickness engraved on the outer disc diameter.
Now that you have a better understanding of the root causes of most cases of brake judder, we can move on and explain the best practices that always need to be adhered to and other preventative steps to eliminate it.
TECHMATE is here to make your life easier
When you need to know more about braking with Apec, ask TECHMATE. Call 01174 288090 or email _EMAIL_


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Pure basic research is experimental or theoretical work which is undertaken primarily to acquire new knowledge without a specific application in view, and is carried out without looking for long term economic or social benefits other than the advancement of knowledge. It includes most humanities research.
Strategic basic research is experimental or theoretical work which is undertaken primarily to acquire new knowledge without a specific application in view, and is directed into specific broad ares in the expectation of useful discoveries. It provides the broad base of knowledge necessary for the solution of recognised practical problems.
Applied research is original work which is undertaken to acquire new knowledge with a specific practical application in view. Applied research is undertaken to determine possible uses for the findings of basic research or to determine new methods or ways of achieving some specific and pre-determined objective.
Experimental development is systematic work, using existing knowledge gained from research and/or practical experience, for the purpose of creating new or improved materials, products, devices, processes or services. In the social sciences, experimental development may be defined as the process of transferring knowledge gained through research into operational programs.