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Religion and National Identity in Eastern Europe and Eurasia
The Pew Research Center recently conducted a survey on the relationship between religious and national identity in Eastern European and Eurasian countries, noting changes in the way that religious identification has influenced national identity since the fall of atheist fundamentalism with the USSR. For religious and belief minorities—now including atheists—the relationship can be a troubling one, particularly as resurgent nationalism in the region has been accompanied by xenophobia and religious discrimination.
Here are highlights from the findings:
70% (Orthodox-majority) / 57% (Catholic-majority)
Average among countries who believe majority religious identity is very or somewhat important to national identity
Percentage within Orthodox-majority countries who believe Orthodox religious identity is very or somewhat important to national identity
Percentage within Catholic-majority countries who believe Catholic religious identity is very or somewhat important to national identity
Religious Belief and National Belonging in Central and Eastern Europe (Pew Research Center | May 2017)


scorch meaning in hindi
Pronunciation of scorch
scorch in Images
scorch Antonyms
scorch Definitions and meaning in English
 1. a surface burn
 2. a plant disease that produces a browning or scorched appearance of plant tissues
 3. a discoloration caused by heat
 1. make very hot and dry
 2. become superficially burned
 3. destroy completely by or as if by fire
 4. burn slightly and superficially so as to affect color
 5. become scorched or singed under intense heat or dry conditions
 6. burn
scorch Sentences in English
 1. कोयले जइसा जला डालना
 I scorched my dress when i was ironing it.
 2. जलना
 Don't stand so near the fire - your coat is scorching!
 3. झुलसअना
 The exposed tree scorched in the hot sun.
 4. झुलसाना
 The heat scorched the countryside.
 5. तेज़ी से जाना
 The car scorched off down the road./ she scorched to victory in the sprint final.
 6. जला कर राख करअना
 The wildfire scorched the forest and several homes.
 7. बरबाद करअना
 The invaders scorched the land.
 8. जलाना
 The flames scorched the ceiling.
Tags: scorch meaning in hindi, scorch ka matalab hindi me, hindi meaning of scorch, scorch meaning dictionary. scorch in hindi. Translation and meaning of scorch in English hindi dictionary. Provided by a free online English hindi picture dictionary.


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Wellsun Medicity Super Speciality Hospital
Pediatrician for Wellsun Medicity Super Speciality Hospital – Lucknow
- Diagnosing and treating illnesses, medical conditions, and injuries.
- Ordering, performing, and interpreting diagnostic tests.
- Collecting, recording, and maintaining patients' information and histories.
- Prescribing and administering treatments, therapies, medications, vaccinations, and other specialized medical care.
- Explaining procedures and discussing test results or prescribed treatments with patients and family members.
- Monitoring patients' conditions and progress.
- Directing, coordinating, consulting with, and referring patients to nurses, students, assistants, specialists, therapists, and other medical staff.
To apply for this job email your details to _EMAIL_

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


Details for Yancey United Methodist Church (Atlas Number _PHONE_)
Historical Marker — Atlas Number _PHONE_
Marker Number 12556
Atlas Number _PHONE_
Marker Title Yancey United Methodist Church
Index Entry Yancey United Methodist Church
Address 255 CR 743
City Yancey
County Medina
UTM Zone
UTM Easting
UTM Northing
Subject Codes Methodist (Methodist Episcopal and United Methodist) denomination; eccesiastical buildings; churches
Marker Year 2001
Designations Recorded Texas Historic Landmark
Marker Location
Marker Size 27" x 42"
Marker Text Completed in 1925, this church building resulted from the combination of two neighboring Methodist congregations. Circuit-riding Methodist preacher A. J. Potter began holding services in a log schoolhouse south of Yancey in 1875. That congregation eventually came to be known as Wilson Chapel Methodist Episcopal Church, South, before it moved into the town of Yancey and was renamed Yancey Methodist Church. North of town, the Yancey Ebenezer Methodist Church, South, was founded in _PHONE_, with the Rev. W. D. Wiemers as first preacher, to serve the German population that lived in the area. In 1921, the two congregations were combined, with the Rev. F. W. Radetzky as first pastor. The church building features classic Gothic detailing, such as the pointed arches in the windows and the entryway. Gothic Revival was a popular style for church designs at the time this building was constructed. When detailed in wood rather than masonry, the style is known as Carpenter Gothic. The square bell tower and gabled roof are other prominent features of the building. An open-air tabernacle on the property, once used for dinners on the ground, worship and outdoor classes, was replaced with an education building in 1948. With its history reaching back to the earliest evidence of Methodism in the area, the Yancey United Methodist Church has played a strong role in the cultural and religious history of the community. It continues to serve the area with a variety of service and outreach ministries. The historic church building remains a significant part of Yancey's architectural heritage. Recorded Texas Historic Landmark - 2001


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PsoProtect, a global registry for clinicians to report outcomes of COVID-19 in individuals with psoriasis, has updated their preliminary data and now includes the first 1,652 cases. Below is a summary of the data collected or view the full report on the PsoProtect website.
Average age: 48 years
Phenotype of psoriasis: 1,605 plaque psoriasis, 47 pustular psoriasis
Average BMI: 27.7 kg/m2
Average number of days of symptoms from COVID-19: 10 days
Cases reported by country of assessment (≥20 cases):
Severity of psoriasis at time of onset of COVID-19 (PGA):
Hospitalization required due to COVID-19:
In addition to demographics, PsoProtect collects the following types of de-identified data:
- Psoriasis disease characteristics, comorbidities and systemic treatment for psoriasis at onset of COVID-19
- COVID-19 characteristics and disease course
- COVID-19 outcome
We encourage clinicians to continue reporting cases of COVID-19 (suspected or confirmed) in psoriasis via the simple online PsoProtect case report form.
*Data are preliminary and include a limited number of cases and should not be used to inform clinical decision making


Giving life. Meaning.
Minyan Shelanu returns hundreds of teens and
young adults to a life worth living WATCH OUR VIDEO
It takes a village to save a child. Minyan Shelanu is that village.
Minyan Shelanu was born in response to Lakewood's growing community of disenchanted and troubled teenagers. After dropping out of school, many would deteriorate socially, emotionally and spiritually, engaging in negative behaviors such as substance abuse, promiscuity and crime, sometimes culminating in juvenile detention.
Since inception, Minyan Shelanu has always been about life after the street. As a low-profile yet highly effective synagogue and social center, we have achieved remarkable, lifesaving results. It began as a warm, nonjudgmental haven for those underserved by the rigid community model, and soon turned into a rallying point for troubled teens desperate for a bit of love, a kind word and a surrogate home.
Rabbinical luminaries and crisis professionals have come to revere Minyan Shelanu for the monumental power to save lives. Thanks to the organic connections our members form with our Rav and mentors, our minyan has corrected course for hundreds of kids, setting them on path of Yeshiva, career, marriage and lifelong wellness.
1,271 lives made worth living.
Safety first, at last
Our primary focus is to provide a nonjudgmental, supportive safe haven for on-the-street kids, where they can always feel at home, physically and emotionally.
Gainful activity and laid back recreation is provided, particularly during evening hours, creating informal opportunities for individualized connection.
as it happens
Our model has proved to organically administer guidance and support that eventually weans kids away from emptiness towards meaningful living.
Rabbi Chaim Abadi:Foundations first
A successful real estate developer and ordained Rabbi, Chaim's appeal lies in his unpretentiousness and unconditional love for every person. He feels the pain of these troubled teens, many of which are victims of abuse. His heart is open to them, and they instinctively recognize him as a trustworthy father figure. Chaim is also extraordinarily perceptive to youths' emotional, social and spiritual needs.
Need a safe space?
You need Minyan


of an ant or a grain of sand can't be zero. In fact any length that you can measure is not zero. In book terms we could have written the change in y as δy and change in x as δx.
Then δy/δx = ((x+ δx)2-x2)/ δx
and we get δy/δx = 2x + δx
Then we could say that when δx approaches zero, he limit of δy/δx becomes dy/dx = 2x.
That 's how we define the slope of a continuous function in Calculus and you call it a differential or a derivative of y with respect to x or dy/dx. That's what Calculus is all about; rise divided by fall which is the slope of any variable with respect to another.
Johnny: But we said that McLinton Road followed the function y = x2/10, not y = x2.
Sara: We could do the calculation for y = x2 times a constant and see what happens. I could write δy/δx = ((x+ δx)2-x2)/ δx x c and then get the slope to be (2x + δx) x c and dy/dx to be 2x x c.
Here c =1/10 so the slope would be 2x/10. This is what I drew for dy/dx at different values of x. Its instantaneous slope at any given value of x is 2x/10 or x/5.
Johnny: This is getting confusing. This graph is a straight line.
Sara: Yes. It is a straight line in which the North/West slope increases with the increasing distance towards West. It is what I said before," Look at how McLinton Road goes more West than North at the start but at the end it goes mostly North without going much towards West." The function describing McLinton Road was y = x2/10, its first derivative was x/5. The slope of this line at any given point is x/5. That's the same value you got when you did the calculation for dy/dx.
The second derivative
Johnny: So we are done with the derivate of y = x2/10. Okay. I suppose, we could also get the derivative of y = x/5.
Sara: Remember that y = x/5 graph is a straight line. The slope of a straight line does not change with x. It's constant. In this case you can see that it will be 1/5.
Johnny: What do you call the slope of a slope of a function?
Sara: It is called the second derivative or d2y/d2x.
Johnny: That means d2y/d2x = 1/5 which is a line without any slope or you can say with a slope of zero. Does that mean for the McLinton Road curve y = x2/10, the slope of the slope of the slope or third derivative d3y/d3x will be zero? Wow, that's neat.
Johnny paused for a while as if to digest it all but then fired more questions.
Johnny: What if the function was a sum of expressions, how would you determine the derivatives? Like in Algebra we learned the quadratic equation y = ax2 + bx + c.
Sara: That's simple. We can take the derivative of each part and then sum them. dy/dx for ax2 is 2ax, for bx it is b and dy/dx for c is zero. We can sum up the derivatives of each of the three components to get dy/dx = 2ax + b + 0.
Johnny: What is the derivative of y = x3?
Sara looked in the book and said: For any value of n, the derivative of y = xis nxn-1. Here is a interesting one, the book says that dex/dx = ex.
Johnny: What, is e the Eurler's constant here?
Sara: We could prove it using e as an the sum of an infinite series but let us leave it for now.
Sara thought that Johnny was impressed but seemed somewhat lost about the meaning of all the derivatives. She thought for a few minutes before saying anything.
What do the derivatives mean?
Sara: Remember when we go in a car, we read the distance traveled on the odometer. Then we also talk about the speed of the car which is the distance traveled per hour or the first derivative of the distance traveled with respect to time. The second derivative is acceleration which is the rate at which your speed increases. Some car companies advertise how fast they can increase their acceleration. That would be the third derivative.
Johnny: Now, that makes sense. Otherwise, you had me lost.
Sara: Here is a joke I read on the internet about derivatives.
"U.S. President Richard Nixon, when campaigning for a second term in office, announced that the rate of increase of inflation was decreasing, which has been noted as "the first time a sitting president used the third derivative to advance his case for re-election."
Johnny: That's funny. The guy was a crook. Now that you mentioned the third derivative, I read in the newspaper today, "The decline in the pace of home sales in the Vancouver region appears to have sped up significantly…".
 Johnny's car is parked. When he starts it and pushes on the gas paddle, after time t it would have covered the distance (d) given by d = 0.5 at2 where a is 3 meters/sec2. The speed of the car after time t is given by the first derivative (ds/dt). How fast will the car be moving 10 sec after it is started?
Solution: d = 0.5 at2Therefore, ds/dt = 0.5 a x 2 t = at
With a = 3 meters/sec2 and t = 10 sec, ds/dt = 30 meters/sec which is 108 km/hour.
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M198 Towed Howitzer
Rock Island Arsenal (US)
Field Artillery M198s
M198 Towed Howitzer
The M198 Howitzer is a field artillery gun used by the United States Marine Corps for long-range fire support. It's the best tool to keep the enemy away form a certain area and in the same time to make sure that the allies and friendly parties can travel safely and freely in that area. The M198 Howitzer is also used by the U.S. Army, the Australian Army, Lebanese Army, Mexican Army and Royal Thai Army.
The M198 Howitzer development started back in the 1960s when the first prototype was built and tested. The first howitzer fulfilled a new requirement was a need discovered after the World War II. After its predecessor, the M114 155mm Howitzer, it was developed and constructed at the Army's Rock Island arsenal in 1969. The first tests of the prototype started in 1970 and proved to be successful. Thus, in 1972 two similar prototypes of the M198 Howitzer were delivered to the Army. More tests were to come and the eventual predicted event of the full time production happened in 1978. The first M198 Howitzer unit of the Army was operational starting in April 1979. Between 1979 and 1992 1,600 units of the M198 Howitzer have been manufactured, with the final units coming out of Rock Island.
There are several ways of transporting the M198 Howitzer. Due to its aluminum and steel components it is capable of being airlifted by the CH-53E or CH-47 helicopter. It can also be airdropped by the C-130 or a larger fixed-wings aircraft. It can be dropped by parachute in the desired location or carried by a five-ton truck.
Here are some of the M198 Howitzer's general specifications: length- 36 ft 2in (11m)-in firing position, 40 ft 6 in (12.3m) in towing position; width- 9 ft 2 in (2.8m) in towing position; height- 9 ft 6 in (2.9m) in towing position; height- 9 ft 6 in (2.9m) in towing position; weight 15,772lp (7,154 kg). The M198 Howitzer is capable of carrying a 9 enlisted man crew. The caliber is 155mm, the rate of fire is 2 round/min sustained and 4 round/min maximum, and the range is 14 miles (22,400m) with conventional ammo and 18.6 miles (30,000m) with rocket propelled. The time for emplacement is 4 minutes. The cannon has 45 degrees of lateral traverse and can be elevated between 72 and -5 degrees.
The M198 Howitzer has a towed system that is air transportable,. This it is perfect to increases the range of the weaponry, which makes it very effective. The M198 Howitzer is very reliable and during the years it has improved in the range, rapid emplacement, lethality and availability.
What kinds of ammunition does it use?
The M198 Howitzer can support 155mm weaponry. It works with high explosive -M-107 Normal Cavity, which is a deadly weapon: the kill zone is a radius of 150 ft (50 meters) and the casualty zone is a radius of 300 ft (100 meters). This ammo can cause a large blast and it sends very sharp fragments at extreme velocities (3-4 miles/minute).
Capable munitions. The next M198 Howitzer ammo is the high explosive shell, delay fuseworks great on non-concrete small buildings.
The High Explosive concrete piercing fuse the M198 Howitzer is using is made of heavy metal and two fuses to attack concrete buildings. It works with 2 fuses: the first is a non-delay fuse used to clear the rubble and shatter effects, followed by the second fuse, which is a.025 second delay to blast from within. These 2 ammunitions make the M198 Howitzer a very reliable and effective weapon for the military.
Other ammunitions used by for the M198 Howitzer are the rocked assisted projectile (which is a rocket assisted high explosive round that adds to the maximum range of the normal high explosive), white phosphorus (a projectile in two versions: felt-wedge and standardand is a base-ejecting projectile), smoke (used for covering vehicle movement and troops), dual-purpose improved conventional munition (DPICM) (a base-ejectile which is capable of dropping 88 bomblets above a target, each capable of penetrating two inches of steel). The M198 Howitzer can also be used with illumination projectiles, capable of illuminating an area of 1000 meters and it burns burning for 2 minutes (it is used often together with high explosive rounds), mines: The ADAMS (Area Denial Artillery Munition Systemwhich eject tripwires that act as booby traps) and the RAAMS (Remote Anti-Armor Mine System) -usually used together to prevent the antitank mines from being removed. Both of these ammunitions used by the M198 Howitzer are designed to self destruct after a pre-determined period of time.
The ammunition used by the M198 Howitzer for precise targeting is the Copperhead. It is used to destroy tanks, fortifications and other precise targets. It works only with a laser designator system that designates the target. For the moment this ammo is no longer produced.
The M198 Howitzer is used by the Marine Corps for direct support, reinforcing of the artillery missions and general support. All army light cavalry units use it for direct support; the airborne and airmobile infantry units use it for general support and reinforcing missions.
Both the Army and the Marine Corps want to replace the M198 Howitzer with a lighter-weight weapon, in order to develop de mobility, both to ground and air. The initial idea was to accelerate this development by 2001, but due to the high costs stopped this was rescheduled and planned it for 2002 (Marine Corps) and 2005 (the Army).


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Castles of the World Inside And Out
When we were little I'm sure all of us imagined how it would be like to be part of royalty. Little girls would imagine themselves as princesses in big castles just waiting for their night in shining armor. After that, they all lived happily ever after in their huge castle. Well here's a collection of weird, funny and interesting facts about some of the biggest, most luxurious and extravagant castles in the world.
1. The Chateau of Chambord
The property contains the castle itself, the village and the park and is situated in the department of Loire-et-Cher, central France (Loire Valley). For many years, this castle was a retreat for the French Kings, especially the fierce Louis XIV.
Interesting facts about the castle of Chambord:
- This castle is one of the most famous manor houses on the planet. It was built by King Francois I in order for him to be close all the time to his mistress Comtesse de Thoury.
- The Chambord Chateau is the largest castle found throughout the Loire Valley and it was used as hunting domain.
- It has an impressive number of roms, chimneys, fireplaces: 440 rooms, 365 fireplaces, to be more exact.
- The most interesting facts about the Chateu of Chambord are the double helix staircase (just one of the 84 staircases).
Take a look at some beautiful pictures for the castle's interior:
A king-size bed, the deer show the hunting motif.
2. Neuschwanstein Castle
The picture speaks for itself, this castle is probably the most charming one of all, despite it's controversial origins.
Interesting facts about Neuschwanstein Castle:
- The name Neuschwanstein actually means: New Swan Stone, inspired by Wagner's Swan Knight. Many of te castle's rooms are inspired by Wagner's operas, yet Wagner never visited the castle because of his early death.
- It was built for King Ludwig II and was designed for only one person, the king, yet in some days it is visited by a large number of people, up to 6000/day.
- This castle insipred Walt Disney's Sleeping Beauty castle in Disneyland.
- The woodwork in the bedroom alone lasted more than 4 years to complete and was made by 14carpenters.
- There's no Throne Room in the castle, because King Ludwig II died before it was completed.
- The designer of the castle, Christian Jank was only a theatrical designer, not a real architect.
Even though there are no cameras allowed, Neuschwanstein Castle is one of the most photographed castles in the world. Take a look at some inside pictures.
The Palace of Versailles is one of the most extravagant buildings in the world.
Intresting facts about Versailles:
- The entire domain is bigger than the island of Manhattan and larger than Paris.
- The costs of construcing the palace rise up to 2 billion dollars, based on existing records.
- The palace was so luxurious and opulent that even the stables built for the kings 2000 horses had fireplaces.
- It's Hall Of Mirrors has 17 large chandeliers and another 26 smaller ones made out of solid silver.
- The Chapel took over 28 years to complete because of Louis's demands of total perfection.
- The queen's dormitory is one of the largest rooms because she had to give birth in public.
The gates of Versailles were designed to look like the Gates of Heaven.
4. Chateau de Chenonceau
Interesting facts about the castle of Chenonceau:
- It's also referred to as The Castle of Ladies, due to the implication of feminine figures in it's design.
- The castle we know today was built in 1513 by Charles XVIII of France, he used his wife's extremely good taste in design to make this castle one of the beautifulest castles in France.
- In 1547, Diane de Poitiers who was King Francis I's mistress who contributed with the exquisite gardens.
- Catherine de' Medici forced the mistress out of the palace and brought her own conmtribution to the palace: splendid gardens.
- Louise de Lorraine-Vaudémont lost her mind while living in the castle due to her husband's assassination.
Next time you visit France, make sure you see the Chateau de Chenonceau, because it's one of the most visited palaces in France.
Intresting facts about Linderhof:
- Linderhof was built by King Ludwig II (1845 – 1886), one of Bavaria's most eccentric kings. The palace is one of the king's smallest palaces, even tho it's spectaculaty large.
- It has 10 types of marble in it.
- The staircase is a smaller replica of the famous Ambassador's staircase from, Versailles, it being the inspiration source for the entire castle.
- The position o the bed and the balustrade give the impression of an altar built in the king's honor.
Find more amazing stuff on our sister website CoolWeirdo
If you enjoyed this article please share it.


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The Data Availability Report enables researchers to preview the number, demographics, and diagnostic results of RADC study participants before submitting a request for data and/or biospecimens.
Choose up to five criteria below to produce a demographics report giving information on age, sex, race, ethnicity, and education.
- If one criterion is chosen, a demographics report is given for participants matching that criterion.
- If two criteria are chosen, a demographics report is given for participants matching both criteria.
If three to five criteria are chosen, a cross calculation report is given that shows how many participants are available for each combination of the chosen criteria.
Choose the desired combination of criteria to produce the demographics report.


Rao–Blackwell theorem
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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In statistics, the Rao–Blackwell theorem, sometimes referred to as the Rao–Blackwell–Kolmogorov theorem, is a result which characterizes the transformation of an arbitrarily crude estimator into an estimator that is optimal by the mean-squared-error criterion or any of a variety of similar criteria.
The Rao–Blackwell theorem states that if g(X) is any kind of estimator of a parameter θ, then the conditional expectation of g(X) given T(X), where T is a sufficient statistic, is typically a better estimator of θ, and is never worse. Sometimes one can very easily construct a very crude estimator g(X), and then evaluate that conditional expected value to get an estimator that is in various senses optimal.
The theorem is named after Calyampudi Radhakrishna Rao and David Blackwell. The process of transforming an estimator using the Rao–Blackwell theorem is sometimes called Rao–Blackwellization. The transformed estimator is called the Rao–Blackwell estimator.
 - An estimator δ(X) is an observable random variable (i.e. a statistic) used for estimating some unobservable quantity. For example, one may be unable to observe the average height of all male students at the University of X, but one may observe the heights of a random sample of 40 of them. The average height of those 40—the "sample average"—may be used as an estimator of the unobservable "population average".
 - A sufficient statistic T(X) is a statistic calculated from data X to estimate some parameter θ for which it is true that no other statistic which can be calculated from data X provides any additional information about θ. It is defined as an observable random variable such that the conditional probability distribution of all observable data X given T(X) does not depend on the unobservable parameter θ, such as the mean or standard deviation of the whole population from which the data X was taken. In the most frequently cited examples, the "unobservable" quantities are parameters that parametrize a known family of probability distributions according to which the data are distributed.
In other words, a sufficient statistic T(X) for a parameter θ is a statistic such that the conditional distribution of the data X, given T(X), does not depend on the parameter θ.
 - A Rao–Blackwell estimator δ1(X) of an unobservable quantity θ is the conditional expected value E(δ(X) | T(X)) of some estimator δ(X) given a sufficient statistic T(X). Call δ(X) the "original estimator" and δ1(X) the "improved estimator". It is important that the improved estimator be observable, i.e. that it not depend on θ. Generally, the conditional expected value of one function of these data given another function of these data does depend on θ, but the very definition of sufficiency given above entails that this one does not.
 - The mean squared error of an estimator is the expected value of the square of its deviation from the unobservable quantity being estimated.
The theorem[edit]
Mean-squared-error version[edit]
One case of Rao–Blackwell theorem states:
The mean squared error of the Rao–Blackwell estimator does not exceed that of the original estimator.
In other words
The essential tools of the proof besides the definition above are the law of total expectation and the fact that for any random variable Y, E(Y2) cannot be less than [E(Y)]2. That inequality is a case of Jensen's inequality, although it may also be shown to follow instantly from the frequently mentioned fact that
 0 \leq \operatorname{Var}(Y) = \operatorname{E}((Y-\operatorname{E}(Y))^2) =
Convex loss generalization[edit]
The more general version of the Rao–Blackwell theorem speaks of the "expected loss" or risk function:
\operatorname{E}(L(\delta_1(X)))\leq \operatorname{E}(L(\delta(X)))\,\!
where the "loss function" L may be any convex function. For the proof of the more general version, Jensen's inequality cannot be dispensed with.
The improved estimator is unbiased if and only if the original estimator is unbiased, as may be seen at once by using the law of total expectation. The theorem holds regardless of whether biased or unbiased estimators are used.
The theorem seems very weak: it says only that the Rao–Blackwell estimator is no worse than the original estimator. In practice, however, the improvement is often enormous.
Phone calls arrive at a switchboard according to a Poisson process at an average rate of λ per minute. This rate is not observable, but the numbers X1,..., Xn of phone calls that arrived during n successive one-minute periods are observed. It is desired to estimate the probability e−λ that the next one-minute period passes with no phone calls.
An extremely crude estimator of the desired probability is
\delta_0=\left\{\begin{matrix}1 & \text{if}\ X_1=0, \\ 0 & \text{otherwise,}\end{matrix}\right.
i.e., it estimates this probability to be 1 if no phone calls arrived in the first minute and zero otherwise. Despite the apparent limitations of this estimator, the result given by its Rao–Blackwellization is a very good estimator.
The sum
 S_n = \sum_{i=1}^n X_{i} = X_1+\cdots+X_n\,\!
can be readily shown to be a sufficient statistic for λ, i.e., the conditional distribution of the data X1,..., Xn, depends on λ only through this sum. Therefore, we find the Rao–Blackwell estimator
\delta_1=\operatorname{E}(\delta_0\mid S_n=s_n).
After doing some algebra we have
\delta_1 &= \operatorname{E} \left (\mathbf{1}_{\{X_1=0\}} \Bigg| \sum_{i=1}^n X_{i} = s_n \right ) \\
&= P \left (X_{1}=0 \Bigg| \sum_{i=1}^n X_{i} = s_n \right ) \\
&= P \left (X_{1}=0, \sum_{i=2}^n X_{i} = s_n \right ) \times P \left (\sum_{i=1}^n X_{i} = s_n \right )^{-1} \\
&= e^{-\lambda}\frac{\left((n-1)\lambda\right)^{s_n}e^{-(n-1)\lambda}}{s_n!} \times \left (\frac{(n\lambda)^{s_n}e^{-n\lambda}}{s_n!} \right )^{-1} \\
&= \frac{\left((n-1)\lambda\right)^{s_n}e^{-n\lambda}}{s_n!} \times \frac{s_n!}{(n\lambda)^{s_n}e^{-n\lambda}} \\
&= \left(1-\frac{1}{n}\right)^{s_n}
Since the average number of calls arriving during the first n minutes is nλ, one might not be surprised if this estimator has a fairly high probability (if n is big) of being close to
\left(1-{1 \over n}\right)^{n\lambda}\approx e^{-\lambda}.
So δ1 is clearly a very much improved estimator of that last quantity. In fact, since Sn is complete and δ0 is unbiased, δ1 is the unique minimum variance unbiased estimator by the Lehmann–Scheffé theorem.
The Rao–Blackwell process is idempotent. Using it to improve the already improved estimator does not obtain a further improvement, but merely returns as its output the same improved estimator.
Completeness and Lehmann–Scheffé minimum variance[edit]
If the conditioning statistic is both complete and sufficient, and the starting estimator is unbiased, then the Rao–Blackwell estimator is the unique "best unbiased estimator": see Lehmann–Scheffé theorem.
See also[edit]
 - Radhakrishna Rao, C. "Information and accuracy attainable in the estimation of statistical parameters." Bulletin of the Calcutta Mathematical Society 37, no. 3 (1945): 81-91.
External links[edit]


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Design Principles for Promoting Intergroup Empathy in Online Environments
Interdisciplinary Journal of e-Skills and Lifelong Learning • Volume 12 • 2016 • pp. 225-246
This study examined a professional development program designed to support Civics teachers in their efforts to promote empathy among Israeli Jewish students towards Israeli Arabs. The design rationale for the program is that teachers should experience empathic processes themselves before supporting their students in such an endeavor and that meaningful empathic processes can occur online if activities are properly designed. All phases of the program were designed to support teachers to participate as part of an online community of practice. Sixty Jewish teachers participated in two iterations of the design study. Refinements were made in the second iteration to provide teachers with explicit definitions of empathy and specific instructions for reflection. Findings indicate that these changes were reflected in higher degrees of empathic responses among teachers. Teachers also indicated that being a part of an online learning community contributed to the learning process they experienced during the program. We interpret this as a first step in enabling teachers to assist their students to develop a more empathetic approach toward the minority group and conclude with a discussion of recommended design principles for promoting such an approach.
empathy, minority group, teacher professional development, teachers as designers, online learning community
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text:
Health Benefits Of Eating Ice Cream
1. It Is Loaded With Vitamins
Because ice cream contains milk and milk solids, it provides the body with vitamin D, vitamin A, calcium, phosphorus, and riboflavin when consumed.
It Is Loaded With Vitamins
Dark chocolate ice cream, for instance, is loaded with antioxidants and flavonoids, which help lower bad cholesterol and promote heart health.
2. It Gives You Energy
If you are curious as to why ice cream is healthy, it is because it provides immediate energy.
It Gives You Energy
Therefore, the next time you are feeling fatigued, take a scoop of ice cream and enjoy it.
3. It Helps Boost Your Immunity
No, it is not odd because ice cream can truly have such a negative effect on your health.
It Helps Boost Your Immunity
If you have a healthier respiratory system and digestive tract, your immunity will eventually improve.
4. It Helps in Stimulating Your Brain
Eating ice cream can stimulate the brain and increase intelligence.
It Helps in Stimulating Your Brain
According to one study, individuals who consume ice cream in the morning are more alert than those who do not.
5. It Helps in Strengthening Your Bones
Calcium is one of the most essential minerals for maintaining bone health in the human body.
It Helps in Strengthening Your Bones
Calcium-rich ice cream can be incorporated into a diet to fulfill calcium needs.
6. It Makes You Happier
Feeling down or depressed? Grab a spoon and dig into your favorite ice cream flavor, because consuming ice cream can actually improve your mood.


text:
An air cleaner temperature sensor is not overly common on newer vehicles. This is because in order to ensure that your car engine operates the way it should, several electronic sensors may actually be needed. However, if you drive an older model car, your vehicle almost certainly has an air cleaner temperature sensor. It is located inside the breather housing, and operates mainly as a vacuum sensor, although it does also contain some electronic components.
The air cleaner temperature sensor has only one function – it delivers information to your car's computer so that it can ensure that the air/fuel mix is right, regardless of the speed at which you are traveling. This means that as soon as you start up your car, the air cleaner temperature sensor begins to work.
The air cleaner temperature sensor is not a part that is replaced after a certain number of miles, or after so many years. It has no specific lifespan, and could last the life of your vehicle. However, as is the case with all parts that contain electronic components, the air cleaner temperature sensor can be vulnerable to corrosion, and it can also be damaged easily because of its location inside the breather housing – just changing an air filter places the sensor at risk of impact.
Signs that your air cleaner temperature sensor needs to be replaced include:
- Check Engine Light is on
- Car idles rough or stalls when cold
You can still drive if your air cleaner temperature sensor is failing, but performance will suffer. If you think that it needs to be replaced, consult a qualified mechanic. A mechanic can find out why your vehicle is idling rough or stalling, and if necessary, replace the air cleaner temperature sensor.


text:
NutriBoost 1 20 Liter (1/Cs)
Nutri Boost 1 provides stressed plants with the enhanced natural ability to correct roots damaged by stress, as well as create new roots. Nutri Boost 1 is blended as a replenishment to replace lost growth generating properties that plants lose during stressful periods. A healthy plant produces these boosters naturally to maintain growth, but stressed plants suffer a severe loss of their ability to produce these growth generators. Nutri Boost 1 will help create a strong new rooting system so the plant can regain its vigor.


text:
Definitions of indifference
n. - The quality or state of being indifferent, or not making a difference; want of sufficient importance to constitute a difference; absence of weight; insignificance. 2
n. - Passableness; mediocrity. 2
n. - Impartiality; freedom from prejudice, prepossession, or bias. 2
n. - Absence of anxiety or interest in respect to what is presented to the mind; unconcernedness; as, entire indifference to all that occurs. 2
The word "indifference" uses 12 letters: C D E E E F F I I N N R.
No direct anagrams for indifference found in this word list.
Words formed by adding one letter before or after indifference (in bold), or to cdeeeffiinnr in any order:
s - indifferences
All words formed from indifference by changing one letter
Browse words starting with indifference by next letter

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


text:
PUSH is an abbreviation for:
Find a translation for PUSH in other languages:
Select another language:
What does PUSH mean?
- to press against (a thing) with force in order to move it away.
Use the citation below to add this abbreviation to your bibliography:
PUSH also stands for:
- People Understanding Severe Handicaps
- People Understanding The Severely Handicapped
- People Understanding The Severly Handicap
- People Understanding The Severly Handicapped
- People United To Save Healthcare
... and 13 more »


text:
Community Food Economy: The community food economy map is a platform for adding information about individuals' experiences within the food economy. It is ultimately up to community organizations and their members what information they would like to have displayed on this map. The information added to this map could include economic activity that is accounted for in the "community economy", such as bartering, trading, sharing of food; as examples, the map could include backyard garden or rooftop food production, informal catering services, gardening activities and workshops, or information about free meals. Clicking on any of the maps below will bring you to the dynamic map in Google Fusion. At the bottom of the page are links to the editable versions of each of these maps.
The Google Fusion Table User's Guide will help with navigating and editing the maps.
Food Economy Maps:
Editable Map Links:


Statistical Capacity score (Overall average) in Serbia was reported at 88.89 in 2020, according to the World Bank collection of development indicators, compiled from officially recognized sources. Serbia - Overall level of statistical capacity (scale 0 - 100) - actual values, historical data, forecasts and projections were sourced from the World Bank on June of 2021.
Please Paste this Code in your Website
 serbia overall level of statistical capacity scale 0 100 wb data
The Statistical Capacity Indicator is a composite score assessing the capacity of a country's statistical system. It is based on a diagnostic framework assessing the following areas: methodology; data sources; and periodicity and timeliness. Countries are scored against 25 criteria in these areas, using publicly available information and/or country input. The overall Statistical Capacity score is then calculated as a simple average of all three area scores on a scale of 0-100.
Serbia | World Bank Development Indicators


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How big should a slice be for a DVD, assuming that the file system restricts the size?
should slices be 1GB or so? What's an efficient slice size?
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add comment
1 Answer
up vote 1 down vote accepted
According to the Wikipedia article,
It is, however, possible to circumvent this limitation by using the multi-extent (fragmentation) feature of ISO 9660 Level 3 and create ISO 9660 filesystems and single files up to 8 TB. With this, files larger than 4 GB can be split up into multiple extents (sequential series of sectors), each not exceeding the 4 GB limit. For example, the free software such as InfraRecorder and mkisofs as well as Roxio Toast are able to create ISO 9660 filesystems that use multi-extent files to store files larger than 4 GB on appropriate media such as recordable DVDs.
So a slice can be as large as a DVD (about 4.3 GB binary for a single-layer disc).
Limited file size
If, for whatever reason, you need to limit the file size to no more than max_file_size and the disk holds disk_size, make your slice size the largest disk_size / s less than max_file_size, where s is an integer. That way, you can fit s slices on the disk exactly (ignoring round-off error), wasting no space. For disk_size ≈ 4.3 GB and max_file_size = 1 GB, you could then make each slice 880 MB, fitting 5 slices per disc.
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pardon, I meant to state assuming that the file system prevents large files, what's the optimum slice size? – Thufir Sep 16 '12 at 0:22
_USER_: Okay. Edited. – Mechanical snail Sep 16 '12 at 0:41
I haven't tried that, so I've accepted the answer assuming your arithmetic is correct :) – Thufir Sep 19 '12 at 20:33
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University of Cambridge > Talks.cam > Biological Anthropology Seminar Series > Anthropology, mass graves and the politics of the dead
Anthropology, mass graves and the politics of the dead
If you have a question about this talk, please contact Michael Rivera.
In the past few decades, anthropologists, among other experts, have been called to assist in the investigation of mass graves by conducting exhumations, anthropological examinations and identifications of human skeletal remains. The reasons for this choice of specialists are several: anthropologists are trained in methods of grave location, archaeological excavation and identification by constructing the biological profile of the exhumed remains. In recent years, DNA analyses have been employed to verify the anthropological findings, bringing into the picture yet another scientific specialisation. The use of anthropologists in the investigation of mass graves started in Argentina in the mid-1980s and it has since become common in similar situations. When an international organisation such as the United Nations or even a government decide to investigate a mass grave, this can be for either legal or humanitarian purposes. In the legal context, the focus is to bring those responsible to justice, while in the humanitarian the main goal is to identify the remains and return them to their families for a proper burial according to local customs. The involvement of experts who employ scientific techniques in these investigations, is aimed at providing the objectivity and impartiality required in this context. But are the investigations always objective?
This talk is part of the Biological Anthropology Seminar Series series.
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Last name origins & meanings:
 2. German: habitational name from Loy in Oldenburg.
 3. Dutch: variant of Lowy.
 4. Italian (Sardinian): from the personal name Loi, a short form of Balloi, a pet form of Salvatóre.
 5. Spanish and Italian: possibly from a reduced form of the personal name Eloy (see 1 above), of which the Italian form is Eligio.
 6. French (Picardy): nickname for someone who was quick to have recourse to the law: a frequent or vexatious litigant, or perhaps a metonymic occupational name for a lawyer.
This name appears in the following lists: Silver Screen
Comments for Loy
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text:
In contrast to known Raman-thermometric measurements of thermal conductivity (k) of suspended Si nano-membranes, here we apply Raman thermometry for k measurement of monoand nano-crystalline Si films on quartz, which is important for applications in thermoelectricity and nanoelectronics. Experimentally, we measure linear dependence of the laser-induced Raman band downshift, which is proportional to the moderate heating ΔT, on the laser power P. Then we convert the downshift to ΔT and determine the ratio ΔT/P. The actual power absorbed by the film is calculated theoretically and controlled experimentally by the reflection/transmission measurement. Then we calculate ΔTcalc/P for arbitrary film k assuming diffusive phonon transport (DPT). Film k is determined from the condition ΔT/P = ΔTcalc/P. We show that this method works well for films with thickness h > Λ where Λ is phonon-mean-free path, even for low-k films like nano-crystalline Si and SiGe. For h < Λ despite ballistic phonon transport contribution, this approach works when the in-plane DPT dominates, e.g. in Si films on quartz with h ≥ 60 nm. We also show that the influence of thermal boundary resistance on the determined k is negligible at this condition. The proposed method is simple and time efficient, as dozen of films can be examined in one hour.
|Number of pages||6|
|Journal||International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer|
|Publication status||Published - 1 Aug 2018|
- SILICON NANOWIRES


University of Halabja and Islamic Azad University Held a Meeting
On the 9th of February 2021, the UoH president Dr. Mahabad Kamil Abdullah and the Islamic Azad University president Dr. Jahanshir Amini together with both universities council members had a meeting in which both sides discussed the ways of conducting scientific joint-works in detail.
At the beginning of the meeting, Dr. Mahabad discussed the importance of the building academic bilateral relations between UoH and other universities nationally and internationally. Then, she appointed the UoH council to organize and conduct scientific works with Iranian universities. Later, Dr. Jahanshir highly appreciated the UoH president and other key staff members for organizing such a meeting and stated that the Islamic Azad University is ready to perform scientific works with UoH.
Besides, both sides discussed the steps they need to take in order to improve the scientific levels of both universities so as to reflect a development in scientific process and education level in the near future. After that, both sides agreed that the results of the meeting will be written in a MoU in a suitable time.
The subject matters of the meeting are followings:
1- The Islamic Azad University offers the UoH a full cooperation concerning academic staff mobility with all the scientific departments of UoH being dependent on the requirements.
2- The Islamic Azad University will do the necessary preparations regarding providing labs for conducting researches for lecturers and MA and PhD students at UoH based on a scientific agreement.
3- Both sides will conduct joint-research and publish them in high impact factor journals.
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text:
When you open a list (.cil) in Volume Activation Management Tool (VAMT) 2.0 on a Windows 7-based computer, you may receive the following error message:
An item with the same key has already been added.
This problem may occur if there are multiple network adapters in the computer, and these networks adapters have the same MAC address. For example this problem may occur if you have two network adapters for a virtual machine, and you configure these network adapters to have the same MAC address.
If you open the.cil file in this situation, you see an entry that resembles the following:
To have us delete the duplicate entries from the.CIL file for you, go to the "Fix it for me
" section. If you prefer to delete the duplicate entries from the.CIL file yourself, go to the "Let me fix it myself
Fix it for me
To fix this problem automatically, click the Fix it
button or link. Then click Run
in the File Download
dialog box, and follow the steps in the Fix it
- Please select a.CIL file which you want to delete the duplicate entries for.
- The Fix it solution does not work if the VAMT(Volume Activation Management Tool) 2.0 is not installed in the default path.
- This wizard may be in English only. However, the automatic fix also works for other language versions of Windows.
- If you are not on the computer that has the problem, save the Fix it solution to a flash drive or a CD and then run it on the computer that has the problem.
Then, go to the "Did this fix the problem?
Let me fix it myself
To work around this problem, manually delete the duplicate entries from the.CIL or to automate this process, use the following source code to create a
Powershell script to automate.
$cilFilePath = Resolve-Path $inputFilePath;
Write-Error "Expected input file name of target CIL";
$vamtDirPath = Resolve-Path $vamtDirPath;
$prograPath = [environment]::GetEnvironmentVariable("ProgramFiles(x86)");
if (!$prograPath -or $prograPath -eq "")
$prograPath = [environment]::GetEnvironmentVariable("ProgramFiles");
$vamtDirPath = $prograPath + "\VAMT 2.0"
$assembly = [System.Reflection.Assembly]::LoadFile($vamtDirPath + "\Vamtrt.dll");
Write-Error "Error while attempting to load VAMT assembly. Provide the correct path to your VAMT installation if VAMT is not installed to the default directory.";
$fileSerializer = new-object Microsoft.SoftwareLicensing.Vamt.FileSerializer($cilFilePath);
$softwareLicensingData = $fileSerializer.Deserialize();
for ($i = 0; $i -lt $softwareLicensingData.Machines.Length; $i++)
$machine = $softwareLicensingData.Machines[$i];
if ($machine.MacAddresses.Count -gt 0)
$distinctMacAddrs = new-object System.Collections.ObjectModel.Collection[string];
foreach ($mac in $machine.MacAddresses)
foreach ($distinctMac in $distinctMacAddrs)
Then, follow these steps on a Windows 7 computer:
- Copy your saved.CIL file to c:\script. For example c:\script\saved.cil
- Copy the included source code from this KB article into the clipboard
- Click Start, All Programs, Accessories, Windows Powershell, "Windows powershell ise"
- In Windows PowerShell click in the Untitled1.ps1 window
- Paste in contents of the script from this article
- Click File, save as, c:\script\ScrubCil.ps1
- Click Start, All Programs, Accessories, Windows Powershell, Right click "Windows powershell" and choose "Run as Administrator"
- At the powershell prompt type the following commands
Did this fix the problem?
- Check whether the problem is fixed. If the problem is fixed, you are finished with this section. If the problem is not fixed, you can contact support
- We would appreciate your feedback. To provide feedback or to report any issues with this solution, please leave a comment on the "Fix it for me
" blog or send us an email


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Here's how to say the Hogwarts houses in other languages
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By Emma Beswick
Here's how to say the Hogwarts houses in other languages
Text size Aa Aa
The Harry Potter franchise is a global sensation and the books have been translated from British English into around 73 languages.
While some translators have stayed true to the original English spelling and pronunciation, others have changed the names of characters and places for their audience.
The Hogwarts houses, named after the four founders of the school of witchcraft and wizardry, are at the core of the books and films.
In the English versions, the four houses are called Gryffindor, Ravenclaw, Hufflepuff and Slytherin, and while their pronunciations may vary, these names have been kept in the Portuguese, German, Spanish and Turkish translations.
Despite using a different alphabet, the Arabic and Greek translations keep the same pronunciation of all the Hogwarts houses, with "Gryffindor" written غودريك غريفندور and Γκρίφιντορ, but pronounced the same as in English.
Italian, French, Welsh and Hungarian have completely changed some of the houses to make their onomatopoeic quality more obvious for their audience.
"Slytherin" became "Serpentard" in French and in Welsh, translators went for the descriptive "Slaffenog".
"Hufflepuff", the house represented by a badger, became "Tassorosso" in Italian, "Poufsouffle" in French and "Wfftiwff" in Welsh.


Difference Between Similar Terms and Objects
Difference Between Japanese and European feudalism
japanese-pdJapanese vs European feudalism
Feudalism may vaguely refer to the form of government made up of a decentralized socio-political system where a weak monarchy tries to take control of territories under it, but not physically part of its kingdom, using reciprocal agreements with the territorial leaders.
A classic definition of feudalism refers to the European political system of the middle ages, which comprised of a set of reciprocal military, as well as legal duties they were obliged to do among the nobles who were warriors. This centered around three concepts of lords, vassals and fiefs.
Although feudalism is largely considered a European invention, a type of feudalism was invented by the Japanese, at about the same period that European feudalism was at its peak, which was completely independent of the European system. It's important to note that the two feudalistic societies exhibited some shared practices and principles, but nonetheless differed in many important aspects.
The defining feature of a feudalistic society was land ownership, and both the Japanese and Europeans had land owning castes, as well as those that didn't own land during the medieval time. Unlike European feudalism, Japanese feudalism had no true pyramid form, with a hierarchy of 'inferior' nobles being presided over by the monarch. This was mainly due to two facts: Firstly, Japanese authority was as centralized as the case was in the European nation states. Even though the majority of local aristocrats paid the emperor lip-service, Japan's rugged terrain made it hard for the emperor to have full control of the local aristocracy, making local aristocrats in Japan much more powerful than their European counterparts. Secondly, although Japan's inferior nobility (samurai) were religiously loyal to their local lords, the lords didn't give them land to own, while the European nobility got land in exchange for their time in the military. The samurai instead received an income from their local lords, depending on the produce from the lord's land.
While the samurai may have had servants, they did not work on the lands in the same way as they did in Europe. Knights in Europe had serfs who would tend to their land that they had received from the lords.
The legal structures in the European and Japanese feudalistic governments were obviously radically different. The European system was based on Roman and Germanic law, as well as the Catholic Church, while the Japanese system was based on Chinese Confucian law and Buddhism. Due to these differences, the feudal systems in Europe and Japan developed at different times.
Feudalism was to a large extent established throughout Europe by the 9th century, but it wasn't until the 12th century that it started to filter into Japanese territory.
Notably, one important similarity between the two systems, was that they were both hereditary caste feudal systems, where peasants had no chance at all of becoming part of the 'ruling clan'.
European feudalism was quite older than the Japanese system, having been established in the 9th and 12th centuries respectively.
The European system was more centralized than the Japanese system, because the Japanese emperor had no full control of the local aristocracy.
European feudalism was based on Germanic law, while Japanese feudalism was based on Chinese Confucian law.
Japanese samurais' servants didn't tend to their land like in the case of the serfs of European knights.
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Major Wars Of 20th Century
Moplah Riots in Kerala
Years _PHONE_ Battle deaths 2,450 The Moplah Rebellion (also known as the Moplah Riots, Maappila Lahala in Malayalam) was a British Muslim and Hindu Muslim conflict in Kerala that occurred in 1921. During the early months of 1921, multiple events including the Khilafat movement and the Karachi resolution fueled the fires of rebellion amongst the Moplah Muslim community. A rumour spread amongst the Moplahs that the British rule had ended and the Islamic Caliphate had been re established at Delhi.


text:
These two metrics are not the same. The first metric is
$$ds^2 = dr^2 + r^2 d\Omega^2$$
while the second metric is
$$ds^2 = r_0^2 d\Omega^2$$
where $r_0$ is a constant, the radius of the sphere. These are different quantities; the spaces involved don't even have the same number of dimensions. The Riemann curvature of the former metric is zero, while the curvature of the latter is not.
You're correct to conclude that the first metric should have zero curvature, since it's related to Cartesian coordinates by a coordinate change and the curvature is a tensor. But this doesn't say anything about the second metric.
You might think the second case should be the same, because the sphere can be embedded into flat space. The geometrical difference is that vectors on the sphere must lie tangent to the sphere. That means that parallel transport on the sphere is not the same as parallel transport in the embedding space, since in the former case, we have to project the vector back down to the sphere after every step.


text:
How does the word sound?
History of this Word
"sesqui" is from "semis" (half) + "que" (and) spoken by ancient people in central Italy around 700 B.C.
A prefix added to the start of a word. Indicates that "one and a half" modifies the word. Created to expand meanings. Can be used with many words to form new words.
Examples of how the word is used
|Join us as our Sesquicentennial Celebration continues with the dedication of the Memorial.|
|This is a form of the "Red Herring" fallacy which I call "Sesquipedalianism" or babbling on and on about nothing.|


Take the 2-minute tour ×
I am developing a little Game with something like particles, where every particle is represented by a box2d Body.
To insert new particles I need to find a place in the b2World where no bodies reside. How can I obtain this?
share|improve this question
1 Answer 1
up vote 1 down vote accepted
Depending on the density of the particles this can be a pretty hard problem to solve.
If the density of particles is low you have a good chance that a (semi-random) position is free. And something like this would be viable. (pseudo code of course)
bool placed = false;
Vector2 position = (50,50); // rough indication of where we want to insert the particle
 // Slightly randomize the position so that we try a different position
 // near the intended position every iteration.
 float direction = A random number between 0 and 2*PI;
 float length = A random number between 0 and a chosen maximum displacement
 Vector2 displacement = (sin(direction), cos(direction)) * length;
 Vector2 tryPosition = position + displacement;
 // Iterate over all the bodies already in the simulation.
 // Note that you can get the bounds of a body using its shape list.
 if there are no bodies at tryPosition
 placed = true;
 Add the particle
But be wary, there are a few problems with this algorithm. There is a chance that it will take a long time (or maybe even forever) before a free position is found, and the chances of it taking a very long time increase with the density of particles.
A second solution is more work but is guaranteed to finish.
You divide the world in cells (this is called spatial partitioning). You select a cell where you want to place the new particle. In the image below the cell where we, at first, want to place the new particle is colored blue:
Initial state
As you can see the cell marked blue is occupied by an existing particle (the red circle). So we can't place a new particle here. We mark the cell as occupied and continue to spiral out:
The next step
We continue to spiral out (no randomness here, we just rotate clockwise around the already checked cells) until we find the solution: The solution
As you can see we will always find a place to put the new particle that is as close as possible to the intended space.
Note that since we know which places we have checked the algorithm can in the end even give up telling us there are no free places. So it has a guaranteed runtime of O(maxNumberOfParticles * numberOfCells) before it has placed a new particle or has given up.
Now you have to make a decision on the size of the cell. Too large and you might miss free spaces, too small and finding a solution will take a long time. Another decision you have to make is if you want to cache a list of occupied cells to use in further frames (you will have to update part of it whenever a particle moves) or that just doing this when you spawn a new particle is good enough (in that case you won't even need a list, it's implied that a cell is occupied by the algorithm continuing).
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Just adding something to this solution, you should use AABB queries to get the particles in a specific region: _URL_.html#_Toc258082976. And also you should start with a large query, and then if something is found, subdivide and search again. – Rui Campos Sep 9 '12 at 9:52
+1, I didn't know that was built in. You're absolutely right and this should speed up the algorithm considerably. – Roy T. Sep 9 '12 at 9:54
Thanks a lot for the answer! I got it working now! – philipp Sep 11 '12 at 17:56
Your Answer


text:
Smoke from moorland wildfires may hold toxic blast from the past | Innovation Tech
THE UK's largest wildfire for decades is almost under control after blazing for a week during the country's longest heat wave since 1976. But with no rain forecast for at least a week, peat burning underground at Saddleworth Moor near Manchester could continue to smoulder, generating hazardous smoke. The same could happen on moorland at Winter Hill (pictured), 50 kilometres away, which burned for five days before being put out.
Fire chiefs tackling the Saddleworth blaze say it has consumed up to 20 square kilometres of moor and scrubland. Although surface fires are all but out, peat below ground continues to smoulder and can only be completely extinguished with a two or three-day downpour. "Without rain, it's very difficult to put out," says Hugh Coe, a professor of atmospheric composition at the University of Manchester.
As it continues to smoulder and burn, the peat reignites sporadic surface fires, and spews potentially hazardous smoke. "The worst hazard is the small-particulate matter, which exacerbates lung problems, asthma, allergy and chronic obstructive pulmonary disorder," says Coe. Burning peat debris also gets coated with cancer-causing chemicals called polyaromatic hydrocarbons.
But because of extensive toxic fallout from factories a century ago, there could be other hazards. "There's 100 years' of pollution buried along with the peat as it formed," says Coe. This could mean that toxic heavy metals such as lead and cadmium are taking to the air in fly ash.
This article appeared in print under the headline "Wildfire smoke hazard"
More on these topics:


text:
Application for Membership
Per our constitution:
Membership shall be open to any person who subscribes to the aims and objects of the association and who pays the prescribed fee for a membership year (currently free of charge).
To apply to become a member of the Association a person must:
- submit an application for membership to the Committee:
- (i) in a form approved by the Committee (this online form); and
- (ii) signed by the person
Objects and purposes
The purpose of the Association is to be a focus for multidisciplinary activity in support of primary health care in remote and Indigenous Australia.
The objects of the Association are as follows:
- To improve health and medical services available to people living in Central, remote and rural Australia.
CARPA shall advance its objects by the following means:
- To provide expertise and governance for the maintenance of a standard treatment manual for use in central and northern Australian practice.
- To provide opportunities for multidisciplinary education and training.
- To provide a multidisciplinary forum to address primary health care issues in Central Australia.
- To provide a place for multidisciplinary interaction on primary health policy.
- To provide a vehicle for primary health care workers to play a public health advocacy role
- To do any other legal activity to further the mission of CARPA


Global Functions - Useful JavaScript Functions (BIRT)
From Eclipsepedia
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Examples (BIRT)
Global Functions - Useful JavaScript Functions (BIRT) This example does not have a Bugzilla ID all code entered on the page.
Basic JavaScript is a good language but there are significant bits of function that are not supported. This page contains examples of useful JavaScript functions that can assist with report development.
BIRT Version Compatibility
This example was built using version 2.2 M5.
Example Files
Rather than enter these examples as functions. Each example is just pasted here in the code.
Creating Global Functions
In order for these functions to be globally accessible the function needs to be added as a global. The recommended procedure here is to use the reportContext.setPersistentGlobalVariable(name, value) function. So lets imagine that we want to create a global logging function. We would want to add the following code to any Script handler that has access to the reportContext.
function log ( str ){
reportContext.setPersistentGlobalVariable("log", log);
From that point forward, any other expression or script can access logging by just calling log("message");
The most logical place to add the creation of your global functions is the initialize method of the Report component (the top component in the outline view). Alternately, you may want to add the function to a template.
The following is the collection of useful global functions.
UCWord (upper case first letter)
Sometimes you want to be able to have just the first letter of word capitalized, at the start of a sentence for example. This function does that for you.
function UCWord(str){
// split string
firstChar = str.substring(0,1);
remainChar = str.substring(1);
// convert case
firstChar = firstChar.toUpperCase();
remainChar = remainChar.toLowerCase();
return firstChar + remainChar
// Make function globally available reportContext.setPersistentGlobalVariable("UCWord", UCWord);
UCWord("ALLCAPS"); = gives => Allcaps
UCWord("alllower"); = gives => Alllower
UCWord("MiXeDuP"); = gives => Mixedup


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In conjunction with the advance in computer technology, virtual screening of small molecules has been started to use in drug discovery. Since there are thousands of compounds in early-phase of drug discovery, a fast classification method, which can distinguish between active and inactive molecules, can be used for screening large compound collections. In this study, we used Support Vector Machines (SVM) for this type of classification task. SVM is a powerful classification tool that is becoming increasingly popular in various machine-learning applications. The data sets consist of 631 compounds for training set and 216 compounds for a separate test set. In data pre-processing step, the Pearson's correlation coefficient used as a filter to eliminate redundant features. After application of the correlation filter, a single SVM has been applied to this reduced data set. Moreover, we have investigated the performance of SVM with different feature selection strategies, including SVM–Recursive Feature Elimination, Wrapper Method and Subset Selection. All feature selection methods generally represent better performance than a single SVM while Subset Selection outperforms other feature selection methods. We have tested SVM as a classification tool in a real-life drug discovery problem and our results revealed that it could be a useful method for classification task in early-phase of drug discovery.
Full Citation: Korkmaz, S., Zararsiz, G., Goksuluk, D. (2014). Drug/nondrug classification using support vector machines with various feature selection strategies. computer methods and programs in biomedicine, 117(2), 51-60.


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Medieval Baths of Bukhara
Medieval Baths, Bukhara
The traditions of the eastern hammam baths originated in antiquity, in the 7th century, when the first bath houses appeared. The steam bath tradition came to Central Asia from the Arabs, and they, in turn, took over her among the Romans. The spread of hammams in Asia went in parallel with Islam. In the khan's palaces, the baths "Hammam Hon" were necessarily built. There were special courtiers serving these premises. But the baths should have been popularly accessible, because for Muslims, "purity is half the faith," as the prophet Muhammad himself said. Therefore, starting from the 10th century, bath rooms have become an integral part of urban planning. Baths were usually part of bazaar complexes or housed in public buildings located in the city center.
Baths were divided into city and quarter, as well as male and female. City-wide baths were built near bazaars, in the most crowded places. According to the records of the ancient historian Narshakhi dating back to the 10th century, several city-wide bathing establishments already existed in Bukhara. Visiting baths became a favorite form of relaxation for citizens. It is known that in the 19th century 16 hamams acted in the city.
The two oldest baths (XVI-XVII centuries) and the most famous baths in Bukhara - the Bozori Kord male bathhouse and the Hammami Kunjak female bathhouse are still operating today. Bozori Kord is located next to the Taki-Telpak-Furushon shopping dome, and Hammami Kunjak is very close to the Kalyan Minaret. These, like other similar rooms, are heated using boilers with boiling water located under the floor. Steam from the boiler is fed into the steam room through a special hole. Bukhara baths in terms of technical structure represented undoubted progress in those days, but even today they function successfully, as they did five hundred years ago. In addition to relaxation and bathing, they provide various types of massage services, including therapeutic and relaxing. A visit to the Bukhara bath hammam will leave a lasting impression and will be useful for the soul and body.
Top Sights of Bukhara
Related links


Why LLBLGen Pro v3.0 is better than the regular designer for EF v4.0
As a comment to my blogpost about the 12 minute long video of LLBLGen Pro with Entity Framework v4.0, Burton Roberts asks:
Could you list the advantages of using llblgen pro 3 with Entity Framework versus using EF alone?
Of course! Now, I know these posts are often classified as'marketing' but so be it.
Why is the LLBLGen Pro v3.0 designer better for Entity Framework v4.0 than the regular Entity Framework designer? Below I'll give an (incomplete) list of features you have at your disposal with LLBLGen Pro v3.0 which you don't have with the EFv4 designer.
 - LLBLGen Pro's designer can handle massive models with thousands of entities.
 - Single entity, multiple target databases (e.g. an entity can have mappings to a SQL Server table and a MySql table in the same project)
 - Grouping of entities in the project: as a visual grouping system (so single output project) or as 1 output project (and thus edmx file / code base) per group.
 - Fine-grained reverse-engineering features, for full control over how names are created for fields, navigators, entities and the like: patterns for navigator names, pascal casing of names even if they're uppercased, '_' removal, abbreviation replacement, pluralization/singularization, fragment stripping from fields, tables, views and procs (e.g. 'tbl_', 'pr_', both suffix and prefix), auto-grouping of elements based on schemas.
 - Configurable reverse-engineering so you decide what follows what: do model relationships follow FK constraints in the database or not (e.g. when the DB doesn't have FK constraints, and you don't want to lose the manually created relationships). The same goes for unique constraints, primary key fields, field length/precision/scale etc.
 - True model-first development: tracking of changes made to the the relational model data in the project, and these changes are exportable as UPDATE DDL SQL scripts, including renames of tables, fields etc.
 - Unique constraint support: you can define which fields are unique so a unique constraint is created using model-first techniques
 - Model views: you can define multiple visual views on the entire project, including documentation, which help you focus on smaller areas of the project and also make it easier to discuss model details with domain experts
 - Productive ways of creating a model from scratch using Quick Model. Quick Model is a text-based DSL coupled with a visual representation which allows the user to very quickly create a model from scratch using text sentences. The elements created are added to the main model, and the feature can be used to specify a model quickly during an interview with a domain expert. The domain expert can then immediately see whether the model is correct or needs adjustment, as it doesn't take extra time to create it. As it's the same model the developers will work with there's no time lost by re-creating from scratch a'real' model based on a report from the interview with the domain expert
 - Powerful entity / complex type editing tools: all fields are displayed in a grid and you can define new fields with all specifics from the keyboard without moving your hands (see the quick model video above). No need to mess with a property grid.
 - Automatic forward mapping of fields, entities: auto-map model-first created entities and fields to existing elements or auto-create new tables from the entity definitions
 - Fine-grained control over generated relational model data: when using model-first, you generate tables from entity + mapping data. To make this as easy as possible, you want to define whether you want 'CustomerId' be generated as 'CustomerId', 'CUSTOMERID', or 'CUSTOMER_ID' (or even 'customerid' or other variants). This is important for case-sensitive databases like oracle and postgresql. Also you'd want to define whether you want natural character string types, currency types over decimals and variable types (e.g. varchar) over fixed length types (e.g. char).
 - Powerful search based on C# / VB.NET linq queries: to obtain information about elements in the project, you can define a linq query inside the designer to obtain the information you need, using the projection you need, and even export the information to excel or other program.
 - Automatic relational model management based on mappings: say you have 100 tables in your database, and you use 90 of them in mappings. LLBLGen Pro can warn you about these 10 tables which aren't used, can automatically remove them for you (through an UPDATE DDL SQL script), exclude them from the project (so they're not used in the project but also not removed from the db) without any effort from your side. This also goes for fields, it can automatically remove unused fields from mapped tables if you want (or warn you instead, or be totally silent about this, your choice)
 - Attribute definition for elements: no more 'buddy' classes needed. LLBLGen Pro v3 has a 2-step settings system where you can define defaults which are then used for all instances of the type the setting is specified for (e.g. for the type 'entity', setting A, B and C are set), which can then be overruled at the instance level (e.g. the 'Customer' entity). You can use this to specify an attribute for the type 'field' at the project level, which is then available for each field, and generated into the code for that field.
 - Task based code generation using powerful templates. You can easily control which code is generated using the task-based code generation, using templates which can be edited inside the designer. The code generated is placed in separate VS.NET projects using normal classes and namespaces, so it looks like code you'd have written yourself.
 - Errors produced by validation contain suggestions how to fix them, often with 1-click fixes inside the suggestion. The errors produced by the validation system can have one or more suggestions to fix the error, and each of them has a link you can click which either fixes the error for you or opens the editor for you of the element containing the error so you can directly focus on fixing the error without having to mess with XML files.
 - Clever inheritance modeling: not only can the designer automatically find inheritance hierarchies for you, it also cleans up elements no longer needed from subtypes if you make A a subtype of B. For example, A and B share a 1:1 relationship over their PK's. When you make A a subtype of B, this relationship has to go, and A's PK is inherited from B. Also fields in A which have the same name as B's have to go, as that would lead to errors. This is automatically done for you.
 - Define Target Per Entity Hierarchy (all entities in the hierarchy are mapped onto the same table) discriminator field values in the designer and use them in model-first scenarios.
I'm sure I've forgotten things, as well as not pointed out extra features the designer offers on top of the target framework, like typed lists, fields mapped onto related fields and the like.
LLBLGen Pro v3 is scheduled to be released at the end of May 2010.
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text: This study was made to reveal the plants used as traditional folk medicine in Yuksekova (Hakkari) situated in Southeastern of Turkey. The specimens of the plants used as folk remedies were collected and the information about the local names, the part(s) used, the ailments treated, the therapeutic effect, the preparation, the methods of administration, and the duration of treatment have been recorded. The plant specimens are kept in the Herbarium of the Faculty of Pharmacy, Marmara University. As a result of identification of the plant specimens, 25 species, used as a traditional folk medicine in Yuksekova, were determined. Among them, 18 species were wild and 7 species were cultivated plants. According to the majority of the plants which have similar usages, the plants were mostly used for urinary system diseases, wound, diabetes and stomach diseases.


text:
Bring your own bottle
This is a typical 17th-century wine bottle. It has a round body and a long neck. It is made from green glass. The bottle was found in Eltham churchyard.
Early wine bottles
Before the 17th century, people used pottery or leather vessels instead of glass bottles. The earliest glass bottles had rounded bodies like this one. Straight bodies, like those found on modern bottles, only became common after the mid-18th century. Early bottles sometimes have seals on the body which indicate the owner's name and the date.
How were the bottles used?
Nowadays wine is bought in bottles, which are discarded or recycled after use. In the past wine was transported to Britain in wooden barrels. It was stored in these barrels at the wine merchant. If you wanted to buy some wine, you brought your own jug or bottle to the wine merchant and he filled it for you. Bottles were not thrown away but were re-used over and over again.
Museum number 73.161


text:
Christopher Peacocke is Professor of Philosophy at Columbia University. Click here to listen to our conversation with him.
In this episode, Christopher Peacocke discusses what it is to hear an emotion in a piece of music. Even instrumental music seems to be emotionally charged–minor chords, for example, usually have a melancholy ring to them. But it isn't entirely clear why this should be. What it is about certain combinations of notes that makes them feel a certain way?
Christopher Peacocke argues that hearing an emotion in a piece of music can be likened to what happens when we think metaphorically. A tree in a painting might strike the viewer as having subtly humanoid features, for example. In this case, the viewer is seeing the depicted tree metaphorically as a person. Similarly, when we hear sadness in a piece of music, we are hearing the music metaphorically as a vocal expression of sadness.
Our guest concludes by noting how this theory of musical emotion can be used to explain the difference between romantic, classical, impressionist, and expressionist music.


text:
Wind Farm in Galva, IL 2018, Paul Douglas Institute
A 100 Percent Renewable Chicago
An Economic Impact Report Assessing Renewable Energy in the City of Chicago
Zarek Drozda, Ekin Dursun, Vanessa Ma, Devin McNulty
This report assesses the potential impacts of a 100% renewable energy transition for the City of Chicago. We examine Chicago's current electrical demand and supply, project Chicago's electricity demand through 2035, and then test scenarios for a full transition to renewable electricity. We then model aggregate job creation, economic output, and emissions reduction potential. In addition to explaining the methodology behind "A 100% Renewable Chicago: By the Numbers" infographic, this paper provides background and context on the mechanisms through which Chicago sources energy to serve as a resource for local advocates, community stakeholders, and policymakers.


text:
|Developer||Mark R. Rubin|
|Licence||Full version (39.95 US$)|
This article describe the version 2.0 of doodle.
Among the features:
- Draw circles, lines, boxes, and the full Commodore character set.
- Print on Commodore 1525, C. Itoh 8510, NEC 8023, Epson, Okidata and other popular printers.
- Clear the screen (if you want to start all over again)
- Change colors of both the graphic as well as the background
 Load & Run
Doodle is loading and starting with
LOAD "DOODLE",8 RUN
The BASIC start line is:
The pictures shows the main menu with 10 submenus and other subscreens:
 Graphic format
The file type is dd, which isn't showing by loading and saving doodle files.
Doodle saved uncompressed color hires images, which in RAM handled at $5C00:
$5C00 - $5FE7: Screen-RAM $6000 - $7F3F: Bitmap
An image as disk file has 9216 bytes (37 blocks).
Compressed images has the file type jj, which aren't loaded or saved by the C64 version of doodle.
PC file types of doodle imageer are:
.dd.ddl.jj (compressed)


text:
On a quest to find the tastiest watermelon for your Fourth of July cookout? There's an Israeli app for that.
After experiencing the bitter frustration of trying to choose a good watermelon – only to get it home and find it hollow and tasteless – three computer science students at the Technion-Israel Institute of Technology decided to use technology to solve that age-old challenge. The result? A prototype that uses a smartphone, sensors and an algorithm to determine the quality of a watermelon in a matter of seconds – without ever opening the watermelon.
Through meetings with agricultural engineers and biologists around the world, Technion students Salah Abed Alehlim, Adam Garah and Ayman Sarha'an concluded there's a correlation between a watermelon's external and internal properties. It turns out that tone, color, stripe patterns, shape, and the size of the circle at the bottom of the watermelon all help determine what's inside.
The app takes a picture of the watermelon from three angles, and uses an algorithm to analyze its external properties. The app then gives each watermelon a taste rating between 1 ("atrocious") and 5 ("divine").
Does it work? According to the students, the app (which is not yet available to the public) scored 100 percent accuracy in experiments on 30 watermelons. They also say it can be applied to examine the quality of other types of fruit.


text:
History of Annuities
Reviews the evolution of annuities. This article starts with the earliest annuities, in Roman times, and takes you up to their use in the Great Depression.
Annuity and Insurance Advertisements
Highlights the early use of direct mail advertising for annuities and insurance in 1840s England, with examples of rare Mulready lettersheets and envelopes.
Annuity Certificates of the Bank of England
Presents a concise history of Bank of England annuities, a special type of government bond issued from the late 1600s through 1888 to finance wars, stipends for royalty, and major public projects.


Is Red Bull Vegan or Vegetarian?
Red Bull is a famous energy drink marketed in a big slim blue-silver can. It's an excellent option for people who want a solution for caffeine but don't want coffee or tea. It provides convenience also. It's being sold since the 1980's such a number of vegans and vegetarians grew up enjoying the product and wanted to find out if they can continue to do so after changing over to a plant-based diet.
Is it vegan or vegetarian? Yes, Red Bull is both vegan and vegetarian.
It's a mix of carbonated water, simple sugars, salts like sodium bicarbonate, magnesium carbonate, calcium pantothenate, vitamins, colours, flavours, and energy-providing elements like taurine and caffeine. None of these originates from animals.
We will check why each of the ingredients mentioned above is vegan. If a product is apt for vegans, it's by default suitable for vegetarians also but not the other way around. So, we'll be making use of the term vegan for the balance part of our article.
Why Red Bull Is Generally Considered Vegan
Taurine In Processed Foods Is Vegan
This was not always been the same. Like with necessary micronutrients, it used to be obtained from the things available in nature including animal tissue, but it's financially not feasible to get the ingredient this way when there are other methods to create the compound synthetically.
Elements like caffeine and taurine are added in these smart beverages which are sold as a solution to improve alertness and concentration.
Some ingredients are claimed to increase brain power are usually added to drinks that are marketed in the name of smart beverages despite the fact that there is hardly any research available to support such claims.
There may be some research available to back some particular ingredients like caffeine, but too little research has been done on smart drinks that claim to have a beneficial mixture of the right ingredients.
Ingredients mostly added to smart drinks that are believed to excite brain activities include amino acids like taurine, phenylalanine, choline, and L-cysteine.
However, taurine isn't strictly an amino acid; It's an amino sulfonic acid.
We are not telling that all taurine is vegan, but the type of taurine added in energy drinks and supplements is commonly prepared with chemical synthesis without getting it derived from animals and hence appropriate for vegans and vegetarians.
The Presence of Sugar Does Not Render a Food Non-Vegan
That's true by almost all standards. Some extra vigilant vegans want to stop using any processed food products prepared with non-organic sugar as organic sugar is never manufactured using bone char.
Even PETA mentions that not taking foods containing processed sugar is not being vegan. In Peta's article, 'Is Sugar Vegan?', they ask you not to overthink how sugar in any food product is manufactured.
They are trying to say that by stressing too hard about vague ingredients, we send wrong signals to potential vegans. i.e. It is pointless to think elements as vegan if produced in x way, but are non-vegan if made in y way.
That's our summary of what they are saying. We may not be agreeing with that. If you have convictions about having non-organic sugar because of some use of bone char in its manufacturing and want to stop using it, we think that's great.
But, it's not expected from you as a vegan that you must avoid all the foods with sugar. We don't purchase non-organic sugar in bulk for cooking or home use, but we also don't go out of the way to avoid all processed foods with sugar.
The B Vitamins in Red Bull Are Vegan
Until a few decades ago, almost all the vitamins used in fortified foods and supplements were made from matter that contained the nutrients naturally. Factories used to extract concentrates or extracts from vitamin-rich food sources in a natural way.
At times they were from vegan sources, and at other times not so much. This still happens today with vitamins A and D often being derived from cod liver oil.
Nowadays, the latest technologies have allowed food and supplement producers to synthesize vitamins, which is cheaper than deriving the nutrients naturally.
Reasons for opting for synthetic vitamins include:
· The synthetic type is much cheaper
· The shortage of vitamins in natural sources, as compared to the artificial way
· Better taste and smell from synthetic vitamins
· Better shelf-life
· Lesser loss of nutrients during extraction
· Less damage to the molecules
Some vitamins like vitamin D are still extracted from lanolin found quickly in sheep oil. Red Bull uses B vitamins like Vitamin B3 or niacin, vitamin B6 or pyridoxine, and vitamin B12 or cobalamin, which are mostly synthetic.
Niacin can be manufactured by a mix of microbial and chemical processes.
Vitamin B6 or pyridoxine is prepared microbially or chemically from non-animal sources.
Vitamin B12 is exclusively made with microbial fermentation, so synthetic B12 in fortified foods and beverages is always vegan.
That was the fact file for the vegan status of Red Bull.
Thanks for reading.
You may also want to check out the following related articles:
 1. Giving Wings to People and Ideas.
 2. (12 Cans) Red Bull Energy Drink, 8.4 Fl Oz.
 3. Understanding Food: Principles and Preparation (Page 554). Amy Brown – Wadsworth Cengage Learning – 2011. ISBN-10: 0-538-73498-1
 4. Hollingsworth P. Redefining New Age. Food Technology 51(8):44–51, 1997.
 5. Taurine, Compound Summary. Pubchem. US National Library of Medicine.
 6. What Is Taurine? Benefits, Side Effects and More Rudy Mawer –
 7. Kosswig, K. (2000). "Sulfonic Acids, Aliphatic". Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH.
 8. Is Sugar Vegan?
 9. Jose L. Revuelta, Ruben M. Buey, Rodrigo Ledesma‐Amaro, and Erick J. Microbial biotechnology for the synthesis of (pro)vitamins, bio pigments and antioxidants: challenges and opportunities. MicrobBiotechnol. 2016 Sep; 9(5): 564–567.
 10. Y. Tani. Microbial Production of Vitamin B6 and Derivatives. Biotechnology of Vitamins, Pigments and Growth Factors pp 221-230.
Recent Content


text:
You must get an Rhode Island commercial driver's license (CDL) to be able to drive commercial vehicles in Rhode Island. For Federal CDL Requirements applicable to every state, click here.
Rhode Island adopted the Federal Commercial Motor Vehicle Safety Act of 1986, and is part of a nationally uniform system of classifying, testing, and licensing commercial vehicle drivers.
- When is an Rhode Island CDL Required
- Rhode Island CDL Age Requirements
- How to Apply for an Rhode Island CDL
- How much does the Rhode Island CDL cost?
- Rhode Island Truck Driving Schools and CDL Resources
When is an Rhode Island CDL Required
You need an Rhode Island CDL when you operate the following vehicles:
CLASS A – Applies only to "combination" vehicles with a Gross Combination Weight Rating (GCWR) more than 26,000 pounds, and the Gross Vehicle Weight Rating (GVWR) of the vehicle being towed is more than 10,000 pounds. A driver with a Class A CDL (plus any appropriate endorsements) can also operate all vehicles included in Class B, C, and D (below)
CLASS B – Includes single or combination vehicles where the GVWR of the single vehicle is more than 26,000 pounds. The vehicle being pulled must not be more than 10,000 pounds. A driver with an Rhode Island Class B CDL (plus appropriate endorsements) can also legally operate all vehicles in Class C or D.
CLASS C – Any single vehicle, or combination of vehicles, that meets neither the definition of Group A nor that of Group B as contained in this section, but that either is designed to transport 16 or more passengers including the driver, or is used in the transportation of materials found to be hazardous for the purposes of the Hazardous Materials Transportation Act and which require the motor vehicle to be placarded under the Hazardous Materials Regulations (49 CFR part 172, subpart F).
CLASS D – Private passenger, regular operator.
Rhode Island CDL Age Requirements
You must be at least 18 years of age to drive within state lines (intrastate).
You must be at least 21 years old to:
- drive commercial vehicles across state lines (interstate)
- haul hazardous materials
How to Apply for an Rhode Island CDL
To qualify/apply to obtain a Commercial Learner's Permit (CLP):
- You must present a valid Medical Card or Certificate.
- Possess a valid operator's license
- Provide proof of identity and proof of residency
- Complete an Application for Commercial Driver's License and Affidavit for CDL History Check
- Pass a CDL General Knowledge Test
- Pass a CDL Combination Test
- Pass a CDL Air Brakes Test
- Pass a CDL Skills Test (Road Test)
You will need to provide proper identification when you apply for your CDL. Some acceptable forms are:
- Birth Certificate
- Social Security Card (or proof of the number)
- U.S. Passport
- Birth Certificate
- A Rhode Island driver license
- Other state's driver license (if transferring from another state)
- Military ID card
How much does the Rhode Island CDL cost?
Commercial Driver's License Services Fees
- Application $10.00
- License(CDL) Chauffeur License $26.50
- License(CDL) Duplicate License $26.50
- License(CDL) License Renewal 70 and older (2 years) $29.50
- License(CDL) License Renewal (5 years) $71.50
- License(CDL) Permit Renewal/Duplicate $21.50
- License(CDL) Test (each) $11.50
- License(CDL) Transfer License (out of state) $49.50
- License(CDL) Update License $6.50
More information about fees from RI DMV.