text:
First focal plane (FFP) refers to the placement of the reticle in a rifle scope. In an FFP optic, the reticle is in the front part of the optical system, near the objective lens. The reticle's size changes with the scope's magnification. This allows for accurate range estimation at any setting.
Let's take a look at the history of FFP optics, who makes them now, examples of current optics, pros & cons, FFP vs SFP, and price ranges.
The History of First Focal Plane Optics
The history of FFP optics began in WWII. Military snipers started using telescopic sights to engage long-range targets. To improve range estimation accuracy, military optics manufacturers experimented with different reticle placements. They eventually settled on FFP design.
During WWII, the use of scopes on military rifles became widespread. They allowed snipers to engage targets at longer ranges with greater accuracy. However, early telescopic sights had a challenge. The reticle remained a constant size, regardless of the magnification setting.
This made it difficult to accurately estimate the range to the target. The size of the target would change with the magnification, but the size of the reticle would not.
Military optics manufacturers began experimenting with different reticle placements. One solution was to place the reticle in the front part of the system, near the objective lens. This caused the reticle's size to change with the target's size at any magnification.
Easier range estimation and better aiming accuracy were the result.
Boom. First focal plane optics were born.
These new optics helped snipers adjust their aim faster. The holdover points on the reticle were now more accurate. This allowed wind and bullet drop compensation at longer distances.
Military snipers made the FFP design popular. It soon became the standard for long-range shooting.
FFP Optics are still popular with military, tactical shooters, hunters and competitive shooters.
Who Makes First Focal Plane Scopes?
There are several manufacturers of first focal plane (FFP) optics, including:
Many different companies design and manufacture FFP optics. These companies offer products ranging from low-cost, affordable optics to high-end, precision optics.
Designing and making these optics is a difficult and skilled process. It requires expertise in a range of fields including optics, engineering, and manufacturing.
FFP optics manufacturers design the housing and lens system to precise tolerances.
This aligns the reticle in the optical system. Reticle designers consider reticle visibility at different magnification levels. They also consider how the reticle's placement affects its appearance and use. A well designed reticle provides accurate and useful information to the shooter.
Once the entire optic design is complete, then the manufacturing process can start. This usually includes machining, assembling, and checking the quality of the optic. Each controlled step makes sure the final product meets high standards. This process takes a long time and requires a lot of work. This is why FFP optics are often more expensive than SFP optics.
Designing and making FFP optics requires skill, knowledge, and precision manufacturing. This leads to optics that provide accurate range estimation at any magnification setting.
Examples of First Focal Plane Scopes
Some examples of first focal plane (FFP) optics include
Vortex Viper PST Gen II 5-25×50 FFP rifle scope
Trijicon AccuPower 1-8×28 FFP rifle scope
Nightforce ATACR 7-35×56 FFP rifle scope
These are just a few examples of FFP optics available on the market. There are many other manufacturers and models of FFP optics available, each with its own unique features and capabilities.
Pros & Cons of FFP Optics
Pros of FFP optics:
Reticle size changes with magnification, allowing accurate range estimation at any setting
Holdover points on the reticle help compensate for bullet drop at longer distances
Reticle stays the same size relative to the target, making it easier to make quick adjustments to aim
FFP optics allow for the use of ranging reticles, which can be used to estimate the range to the target
Cons of FFP optics:
Reticle can appear distorted at low magnification settings, making it difficult to see or use
FFP optics are often more expensive than second focal plane (SFP) optics
The reticle can appear cluttered or busy at high magnification settings, making it difficult to use
The reticle may be difficult to see in low light conditions, especially at low magnification settings.
First Focal Plane (FFP) vs Second Focal Plane (SFP)
First focal plane (FFP) optics and second focal plane (SFP) optics are two different types of rifle scopes. Each has its own unique features and capabilities.
Reticle & Crosshairs Comparison
One key difference between FFP and SFP optics is the placement of the reticle, or crosshairs.
FFP optics place the reticle in the front part of the optical system, near the objective lens. This allows the reticle to change size with magnification, as we've already discussed.
SFP optics place the reticle in the rear part of the optical system, near the eyepiece. Reticle size stays the same, regardless of magnification settings.
Holdover Points Comparison
Another difference between FFP and SFP optics is the use of holdover points on the reticle. In an FFP optic, the reticle can be designed with holdover points, which can be used to compensate for bullet drop at longer distances. Because the reticle size changes with the magnification, the holdover points will remain accurate at any magnification setting. In an SFP optic, the reticle does not change size, so holdover points are not as useful.
Additionally, FFP optics are often more expensive than SFP optics, as the manufacturing process is more complex. This can be a consideration when choosing between FFP and SFP optics.
What's the price range of First Focal Plane Scopes?
The price range of first focal plane (FFP) optics can vary widely, depending on the quality and features of the optic. Budget-friendly FFP optics can be found for under $100, while high-end, precision optics can cost $3,000 and up.
One factor that can affect the price of FFP optics is the manufacturer. Some of the top gun scope manufacturers, such as Vortex, Trijicon, and Nightforce, offer a range of FFP optics at different price points. These companies generally produce high-quality optics, but their top-of-the-line models can be quite expensive.
Another factor that can affect the price of FFP optics is the quality of the lens and housing. Higher-quality optics will typically use high-grade lenses and precision-machined housings, which can add to the cost of the optic. Additionally, features like illuminated reticles and variable magnification can also affect the price.
Overall, the price range of FFP optics can vary widely, from budget-friendly options to high-end, precision optics. When shopping for an FFP optic, it is important to consider the intended use and the specific features and capabilities of the optic, as well as the price.


text: The resistive switching behaviors of sputtered V-doped SrZrO3 (V:SZO) memory films were investigated in this letter. The current states of the memory films were switched between high current state (H-state) and low current state (L-state). The resistance ratio of the two current states was over 1000 at a read voltage. The switching mechanism from L- to H-state corresponds to the formation of current paths. However, this mechanism from H- to L-state is thought to be due to the fact that the defects present in the V:SZO film randomly trap electrons, and hence, the current paths are ruptured. The conduction mechanism of the H-state is dominated by ohmic conduction, whereas the L-state conduction is dominated by Frenkel-Poole emission. The polarity direction of the resistive switching is an intrinsic property of the SrZrO3 oxides. The V:SZO films with high uniformity and good stability are expected to be used in nonvolatile memory.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


Separate your apps on a page
The Divider app is a useful way to separate content on your web pages. Use it for accessibility to break up large amounts of information and chunk similar information in the same place. Place the Divider app between other apps on your page and specify a Divider Type, blank space, line, dotted line, or dashed line. The divider type you select for the app displays when you view the page on the end-user website. Use the same divider type for visual cues and to make your content accessible by screen readers.
Add the Divider app
Drag the Divider app onto your page.
 1. Select your Divider Type using the drop-down.
 2. Select Save.
You can update the Options for the divider including showing the app name, setting the number of records, and sharing options, but these are rarely needed for the Divider app.
Edit the Divider app
Navigate to the page containing the app and select Edit page.
 1. Select Edit on the divider app
 2. Choose the new Divider Type.
 3. Select Options.
 4. Type an App Name and provide a description.
 5. Select Show the app name on my page to list the app name on your page.
 6. Choose your Display Settings.
 7. Select Save Options.


= \frac{\sigma}{\sqrt{2\pi}} \left( \exp \left( – \frac{y^2}{2} \right)\right)|_{\Phi^{-1} (\alpha)}^\infty\\
&= \frac{\sigma}{\sqrt{2\pi}} \left( 0 – \exp \left( – \frac{\Phi^{-1} (\alpha)^2}{2} \right)\right)\\
&= -\sigma \frac{1}{\sqrt{2\pi}} \exp \left( – \frac{\Phi^{-1} (\alpha)^2}{2} \right)\\
&= -\sigma \phi \left( \Phi^{-1} (\alpha) \right)\\
Now, we just have to include this in our previous result to get:
&= \frac{1}{1-\alpha} \left[ -\sigma \phi \left( \Phi^{-1} (\alpha) \right) \right] + \mu\\
&= \mu – \sigma \cdot \frac{\phi \left( \Phi^{-1} (\alpha) \right)}{1-\alpha}
This is a very good result, since we know that $\lambda( \alpha ) = \frac{\phi \left( \Phi^{-1} (\alpha) \right)}{1-\alpha}$ is a function of $\alpha$ that can be computed very easily, for example in Excel. Below are the results for $\alpha$ from 80% to 99%.
Values of $\lambda$ for different $\alpha$
That's it, with this simple formula, you can compute the expected shortfall of a normally distributed variable without needing any data point.
An introduction to Risk Parity
Hello everyone!
In this post, I'd like to start talking again about asset allocation and in particular to introduce you to a relatively new concept in
the field: risk parity. Don't get me wrong, this approach has been around for quite a while now — I think the first to create a product around this concept were Bridgewater in the 90s — but it is a philosophy which I believe is still not taught frequently enough in finance classes and hence is still widely unknown.
I first started to pay attention to risk parity about 5 years ago. In the classic Modern Portfolio Theory (MPT thereafter), the optimization problem has two inputs:
 - the covariance matrix of the assets available
 - an expected return for each asset considered
Both are difficult to estimate, but researchers tend to agree that estimating covariances is easier than estimating returns.
Nevertheless, a lot of asset managers came up with expected future returns based on "their experience" or on "their view of the market" — there is no real mathematical framework available. This causes a real issue because it has been shown that the mean-variance optimization problem (the one behind MPT) is really sensitive to the expected returns inputs: changing slightly the expected return figures can result in a big optimal allocation change. Therefore, estimating wrong expected returns makes manager select potentially pretty sub-optimal portfolios.
Estimating the covariance matrix is not an easy task either. However, there exist frameworks on which managers can rely and estimates they are usually not too far of the reality (risk tends to be more stable than returns).
What I tried to look for 5 years ago, was an asset allocation method which was independent from the expected returns, as I found them very difficult to estimate accurately. Risk Parity is a perfect example of such method.
How does it work?
I will try to explain to concept without getting into equations. For those who are interested in the maths, please have a look at Thierry Roncalli's presentation and paper to start with.
The basic idea is to have a portfolio where risk is diversified as much as possible — ideally perfectly diversified. The remaining challenge is to define how to quantify diversification; defining risk is somewhat arbitrary as you could choose different risk measures (volatility, expected shortfall etc) depending on your preference as an asset manager.
Quantifying diversification
Let's assume that we are considering the simplest risk measure, volatility. Once the covariance matrix of all considered assets has been determined, one can then compute the volatility of a portfolio given the weights of each asset. Furthermore, one can also compute how much each asset contributes to the total volatility (i.e. total risk) of the portfolio. In risk parity the goal is to have each asset contributing equally to the total risk.
Let's consider a portfolio with two assets $A$ and $B$ with 50% of weight for each asset (so-called equally-weighted portfolio) and let's assume the total volatility is 8%. By computing the contribution and assuming $A$ is more volatile than $B$, then you could see that $A$ contributes by 6% and $B$ by 2% only (numbers here are arbitrary and taken for the sake of the example).
According to our diversification measure, the portfolio is not very well balanced as it is much more exposed to $A$.
Finding risk-parity
In his paper, Roncalli shows how one can implement an optimization method to find the portfolio where both $A$ and $B$ would equally contribute to the portfolio's total volatility. Since I want to keep this post fairly non-technical I voluntarily want to skip the details of the methodology. Let's assume we are provided with an optimizer which gives us the risk-parity portfolio. It would look like something with 70% weight on $B$ and 30% on $A$ and which would result in a total volatility of about 3%.
This time, our portfolio is optimally balanced as it is equally exposed to both assets from a risk point of view. Note that the total volatility of the risk-parity portfolio cannot be chosen, it is purely a result of the optimization.
There is much more to say on the properties of risk-parity, and I will write more about this in later posts.


text:
Every browser has its own active memory limit. This can differ across devices but the general understanding is there's an active memory limit of 2GB per browser tab.
As Figma serves both the web app and the desktop app via a browser, these limitations apply when using the Figma desktop app also.
If you're working with large files or libraries in Figma you may run into these limits. To continue to use affected files, you must reduce your memory usage.
In this article, we'll outline some of the ways you can adapt your files so they work within these limitations. Jump to memory reduction tips ↓
Memory usage alerts
Note: You may not see all these alerts in order. If memory usage increases in a short space of time, you may not receive an alert at all.
Figma measures your memory usage as a percentage, which means you may see different values across platforms or devices.
To keep you informed of your memory usage, and any potential issues that may arise, Figma displays banners and alerts at certain thresholds:
When you reach
60%of the browser's memory limit Figma will show a yellow warning banner. You cannot dismiss this banner.
This file is almost out of browser memory. Remove content to lower memory use to 50% or less. This will ensure you can continue to work in this file safely.
Figma will offer you suggestions for reducing your memory usage. Click Show memory-reduction tips to view suggestions for reducing memory.
At this point, you may experience performance issues—like lagging in multiplayer—when interacting with the file.
When you reach
75%of your memory limit, Figma will show a red alert banner. You cannot dismiss this banner.
Adding content is no longer safe as data may be lost. Remove content to reduce this file's memory use or restore a previous version.
You can still make changes to the file, but we recommend taking immediate action to protect your work. Failure to reduce memory usage now will increase the possibility of data loss.
Follow the tips we've outlined below ↓ to reduce your memory usage.
If your file reaches
100%of your memory limit, Figma will lock the file and inform you that there's no available memory.
This file has run out of browser memory.
At this point, you must restore a previous version of the file that used less memory:
- Open the project where the file is located.
- Hold down the modifier keys and click on the file in the file browser
- Mac: ⇧ Shift ⌃ Control ⌥ Option
- Windows: Alt Shift
- Select Restore from version.
- Click Restore next to the appropriate version
If you receive a memory usage alert during scheduled maintenance, Figma displays two banners at the top of the screen. We recommend leaving the file open and trying again once maintenance is complete.
Figma is undergoing scheduled maintenance for the next 30 minutes. Keep this tab open to ensure your changes are synced once maintenance is over. Learn more.
Once your memory usage drops below 50%, you'll see a success message in the banner. You can now dismiss the banner.
You successfully reduced memory and this file is now safe to use. You can close this banner.
Reduce memory usage
There are a number of factors that contribute to memory usage. It's not as straightforward as a specific number of layers, data, or resources in the file.
Note: We're using the term memory very generally here, but the memory usage banners are only triggered by WASM memory (WebAssembly.Memory) usage. Figma uses this memory to render layers and objects on the canvas, as well as deliver the collaborative multiplayer experience.
Hidden layers are a big contributor to memory usage. This is because Figma needs to store and render information about those layers even when they're not visible.
If you're using hidden layers to switch between different variations of a component, we recommend creating boolean properties instead. Boolean properties are a type of component property that allows you to toggle a property, such as layer visibility, on and off.
Even though this method uses hidden layers, it reduces the number of variants and layers needed in a design system, thus improving the file's memory usage.
This also improves memory usage in files with instances of these variants, because Figma loads the entire component set to enable switching between variants.
In the example below, we created a button component set without using boolean properties. It includes two variants to represent the button's two states: with icon and no icon. This design system has a total of seven layers (one component set layer, two variant layers, and four nested layers).
If we use boolean properties instead, we need only one component and a boolean property applied to the icon to toggle its visibility. This version has a total of three layers (one component layer and two nested layers).
By reducing the number of layers by more than half, we've improved memory usage in this file and in files using instances from this component set.
Tip! To delete a layer, select it in the canvas or Layers panel in the left sidebar. Then press the delete or backspace key to remove it.
Large component or variant libraries
The number of components and variants can contribute to memory usage. You may still run into memory limits if you have only a few component sets, but they have thousands of variants.
If a library has a large number of variants or a file is near the memory limit, consider using component properties → to reduce the number of components and variants needed.
This will improve memory usage of the library file, and in files using instances of these variants because Figma loads the entire component set to enable switching between variants.
If your library file is still near the memory limit after making these adjustments, you may need to divide it into smaller libraries.
Move published components and component sets between files, without breaking links to instances This is a two-part process: cut and paste the components, then publish the changes. Move published components between files →
Tip! There are lots of different ways you could divide up your library, the best approach is the one that meets the needs of your library's users.
Learn more about creating and organizing libraries: Best practices: components, styles, and shared libraries →
Large files with multiple images and pages
If you have a large file with a significant number of pages, or lots of high resolution images, you may experience performance or memory issues.
If this causes browser-level crashes, Figma won't display the memory usage banners. This is something to think about when working in files with a large number of high-resolution images.
We recommend splitting up large files into smaller files by copying the contents of each page, and pasting it into a new file.
Tip! The Downsize plugin allows you to compress large images on the canvas.
- Create a new file in your Figma account.
- In a separate tab, open the original file and view the page you want to move.
- Use the Select all shortcut to select everything on the page.
- Mac: ⌘ Command A
- Windows: Ctrl + A
- Use the Copy shortcut to copy the page's contents to your clipboard.
- Mac: ⌘ Command C
- Windows: Ctrl + C
- Return to the new file in a separate tab. Use the Paste shortcut to paste the contents of your clipboard:
- Mac: ⌘ Command P
- Windows: Ctrl + P
Importing large amounts of text, images, or complex vectors with many points can also impact your memory usage. You may need to reduce the number or quality of assets you import, or reduce the size of the files you're importing:
- Break large files into smaller files.
- Compress high resolution images.
- Import complex SVGs in smaller parts.
Note: Image decoding uses JS memory, which isn't included in the memory percentage or banner alerts. Images can still contribute to WASM memory as they are rendered on the canvas.


text:
- Name :gavin
- Meaning :gavin how a young man name is pronounced cct-in. it is of celtic origin, and the importance of gavin is "white hawk". scottish form of the name medieval of gawain, the name of the knights of the round table in the arthurian legends. it is the first thing that appears in the french literature, as, and in welsh sources as gwalchmai. the element gwalch, means "hawk" and is used to imply the qualities of a hero. the element may, of uncertain derivation, and may mean the "pure light", the translation into breton of the welsh element (g)wyn, meaning "white, clean and fair". the actor gavin macleod.,hawk white,white hawk
- Gender :Boy
Similar Names For gavin
- GavinoDerived from Gabinus, means Gabium, one of the olden cities in Italy., Derived from Gabinus, means Gabium, one of the olden cities in Italy.
- Gavinagavina as a girl's name is pronounced gah-vee near. it is of latin origin, and the importance of the gavina is "gabio". variant of the gabinus, a holy name. can also be used as a feminine form of gavin.
- GwaynGwayn name importance is Hawk utilized as a part of fight, see Gavin, Gwayn name importance is Hawk utilized as a part of fight, see Gavin
- Gavangavan as a boy name. the name of a english saints, john gavan (17. century), who was involved in the titus qates plot hysteria. also the form of the gavin.,it is unknown the relevance of the
- Gwaynegwayne as a young man by the name is pronounced gwayn. it is welsh origin, and the meaning of gwayne is "white hawk". variant of the name medieval gawain. also the shape of gavin.
Select the collection list Create +
Create New CollectionCollection Name


Making Sounds and Music
Espruino isn't fast enough to play MP3 or WAV music files, but it can output beeps of different frequencies using its pulse width moduled outputs. In this tutorial we'll show you how to make sound using a speaker from an old PC.
You'll Need
Wiring Up
Connect the two wires of the speaker to the Espruino board - one wire to ground, and the other wire to a Signal Pin that is capable of PWM (you can get a list of pins that are capable by typing analogWrite()).
Note: This is probably really bad for your Espruino board. Ideally you'd add a transistor to amplify the signal - or at the very least you'd put a resistor in series to limit the current. Given the boards don't cost that much, we decided that it was worth taking a chance though.
First off, let's define the pin that our buzzer is on. On the F3 board I've used pin A9:
var BUZZER=A9;
Now, we can try using the PWM output to see what happens:
analogWrite(BUZZER, 0.5);
This should create a beep, but to control the frequency you need to supply an extra argument:
analogWrite(BUZZER, 0.5, { freq: 1000 } );
This will create a 1kHz beep. You can stop the beeping by setting the output to 0:
Next, we'll create a function that plays whatever frequency we give it. If we give it 0, it will stop the buzzing.
function freq(f) {
 if (f===0) digitalWrite(BUZZER,0);
 else analogWrite(BUZZER, 0.5, { freq: f } );
We can test it:
But now, we want to play some music! We'll need the following 2 websites:
The second website uses the letters a-g for lower pitch notes, and A-G for higher-pitch notes. We'll make a function which goes through a string of characters, one at a time, and plays the corresponding pitch note:
var pitches = {
function step() {
 var ch = tune[pos];
 if (ch!== undefined) pos++;
 if (ch in pitches) freq(pitches[ch]);
 else freq(0); // off
Now we just have to define the tune, and pos - which is the position in the tune:
var tune = "c c c d e e d e f g C C C g g g e e e c c c g f e d c";
var pos = 0;
And we can start playing the music:
setInterval(step, 100);
To restart the song, just type:
You can load another song:
var tune = "g e g g e g A A g f e d e f";
And if you want to restart the song when the button is pressed, just type:
setWatch("pos=0", BTN, true);


, Volume 9, Issue 2, pp 259-263
Self-control in honeybees
Self-control means choosing a large delayed reward over a small immediate reward; impulsiveness is its opposite. The metabolic hypothesis states that the amount of self-control across species correlates negatively with metabolic rate (Tobin & Logue, 1994). Foraging honeybees have high metabolic rates; the metabolic hypothesis would predict little self-control in bees. But foraging bees work for the longterm good of their hive, conditions that seem to require self-control. In three experiments, we gave bees the choice between (1) a sweeter delayed reward and a less sweet immediate reward and (2) a large delayed reward and a small immediate reward. Bees showed much self-control, inconsistent with the metabolic hypothesis.
The research reported was supported by grants from Macquarie University.


text:
Associate professor of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Clarkson University, Potsdam, NY
Geotechnical engineer, Gannett-Fleming Geotechnical Engineers, Harrisburg, PA
A review of various criteria that have been proposed to identify collapsible soils and test techniques, which are used to quantify the amount of collapse, is presented. The results of a series of laboratory single and double oedometer collapse tests conducted on three metastable loess soils are presented to illustrate problems associated with investigating collapse behavior of soils. Guidelines are proposed for developing a standard test procedure.
Paper ID: GTJ10003J


text:
Showing 3D Directional Sensitivity¶
The 3d_dtcwt_directionality.py script in the examples directory shows how one may demonstrate the directional sensitivity of the 3D DT-CWT complex subband coefficients. It computes empirically the maximally sensitive directions for each subband and plots them in an interactive figure using matplotlib. A screenshot is reproduced below:
There are some points to note about this diagram. Each subband is labeled sich that '1' refers to the first subband, '5' the fifth and so forth. On this diagram the subbands are all four apart reflecting the fact that, for example, subbands 2, 3 and 4 are positioned in the other four quadrants of the upper hemisphere reflecting the position of subband 1. There are seven visible subband directions in the +ve quadrant of the hemisphere and hence there are 28 directions in total over all four quadrants.
The source for the script is shown below:
#!/bin/python """ An example of the directional selectivity of 3D DT-CWT coefficients. This example creates a 3D array holding an image of a sphere and performs the 3D DT-CWT transform on it. The locations of maxima (and their images about the mid-point of the image) are determined for each complex coefficient at level 2. These maxima points are then shown on a single plot to demonstrate the directions in which the 3D DT-CWT transform is selective. """ # Import the libraries we need from matplotlib.pyplot import * import numpy as np from mpl_toolkits.mplot3d import Axes3D from mpl_toolkits.mplot3d.art3d import Poly3DCollection from dtcwt import dtwavexfm3, dtwaveifm3, biort, qshift # Specify details about sphere and grid size GRID_SIZE = 128 SPHERE_RAD = int(0.45 * GRID_SIZE) + 0.5 # Compute an image of the sphere grid = np.arange(-(GRID_SIZE>>1), GRID_SIZE>>1) X, Y, Z = np.meshgrid(grid, grid, grid) r = np.sqrt(X*X + Y*Y + Z*Z) sphere = (0.5 + np.clip(SPHERE_RAD-r, -0.5, 0.5)).astype(np.float32) # Specify number of levels and wavelet family to use nlevels = 2 b = biort('near_sym_a') q = qshift('qshift_a') # Form the DT-CWT of the sphere. We use discard_level_1 since we're # uninterested in the inverse transform and this saves us some memory. Yl, Yh = dtwavexfm3(sphere, nlevels, b, q, discard_level_1=True) # Plot maxima figure(figsize=(8,8)) ax = gcf().add_subplot(1,1,1, projection='3d') ax.set_aspect('equal') ax.view_init(35, 75) # Plot unit sphere +ve octant thetas = np.linspace(0, np.pi/2, 10) phis = np.linspace(0, np.pi/2, 10) def sphere_to_xyz(r, theta, phi): st, ct = np.sin(theta), np.cos(theta) sp, cp = np.sin(phi), np.cos(phi) return r * np.asarray((st*cp, st*sp, ct)) tris = rad = 0.99 # so that points plotted latter are not z-clipped for t1, t2 in zip(thetas[:-1], thetas[1:]): for p1, p2 in zip(phis[:-1], phis[1:]): tris.append([ sphere_to_xyz(rad, t1, p1), sphere_to_xyz(rad, t1, p2), sphere_to_xyz(rad, t2, p2), sphere_to_xyz(rad, t2, p1), ]) sphere = Poly3DCollection(tris, facecolor='w', edgecolor=(0.6,0.6,0.6)) ax.add_collection3d(sphere) locs = scale = 1.1 for idx in xrange(Yh[-1].shape): Z = Yh[-1][:,:,:,idx] C = np.abs(Z) max_loc = np.asarray(np.unravel_index(np.argmax(C), C.shape)) - np.asarray(C.shape)*0.5 max_loc /= np.sqrt(np.sum(max_loc * max_loc)) # Only record directions in the +ve octant (or those from the -ve quadrant # which can be flipped). if np.all(np.sign(max_loc) == 1): locs.append(max_loc) ax.text(max_loc * scale, max_loc * scale, max_loc * scale, str(idx+1)) elif np.all(np.sign(max_loc) == -1): locs.append(-max_loc) ax.text(-max_loc * scale, -max_loc * scale, -max_loc * scale, str(idx+1)) # Plot all directions as a scatter plot locs = np.asarray(locs) ax.scatter(locs[:,0], locs[:,1], locs[:,2], c=np.arange(locs.shape)) w = 1.1 ax.auto_scale_xyz([0, w], [0, w], [0, w]) legend() title('3D DT-CWT subband directions for +ve hemisphere quadrant') tight_layout() show() # vim:sw=4:sts=4:et
2D Image Registration¶
This library includes support for 2D image registration modelled after the 3D algorithm outlined in the paper Efficient Registration of Nonrigid 3-D Bodies. The image-registration-2.py script in the examples directory shows a complete worked example of using the registration API using two sets of source images: a woman playing tennis and some traffic at a road junction.
It will attempt to register two image pairs: a challenging sequence from a video sequence and a sequence from a traffic camera. The result is shown below.


Bahasa Indonesian: Useful words for traveling in Bali and beyond
bahasa indonesia bali travel words
Indonesians are known for their kindness, humility and acceptance of outsiders. And conversing with them in Bahasa is another great way to make a connection. Most Indonesians will smile and help you along when you attempt to speak Bahasa.
In Bali, most of the young people in Kuta, Seminyak and Denpasar know some English. But venture to the north of Bali, or to neighboring Java, Lombok or Sumbawa, and you will need to know some basic Bahasa Indonesian words just to get by.
Besides, if you speak with the locals in Indonesian, they give a better price when bargaining because they understand that you are a savvy traveler. People that speak only English, or some other language, usually get the short end of the stick when it comes to prices.
It's important to understand that Bahasa Indonesian is a relatively "new" and "made up" language. It was developed in the 1940s as a way to unify the country and to stir up nationalism in order to drive out the Dutch administrators.
Indonesian Language Words map
All of the islands in Indonesia have their own vernacular that is spoken as the first language (such as Javanese, Balinese, Sumatran etc.) with Bahasa Indonesia spoken as the second language. It's estimated that there are over 750 languages alive in Indonesia today. For extra brownie points, learn a few words in the native language of the island that you are in.
With that said, here are some important Bahasa Indonesian words to know when traveling.
Greetings in Bahasa Indonesia
Good morning = Selamat pagi (s'lah-mawt pag-jee)
Good day = Selamat siang (s'lah-mawt see-ung)
Good afternoon = Selamat sore (s'lah-mawt sore-eh)
Good night = Selamat malam (s'lah-mawt maw-lahm)
Good bye (to a person leaving) = Selamat Jalan (s'lah-mawt jah-lahn)
Good bye (if you are the person leaving) = Selamat tinggal (s'lah-mawt ting-gahl)
How are you? = Apa Kabar (up-ah kah-barr)
I'm great = baik baik (bike-bike)
Indonesian Pronouns
I = Saya (sigh-ah)
You = Anda (awn-da)
You (sir, to adult man) = Pak (puck)
You (madam, to adult women) = Ibu (ee-boo)
He/she = Dia (dee-ah)
We = kita (kee-tah)
Them/they = Mereka (ma-reck-ah)
Who? = Siapa? (see-up-ah)
What? = Apa? (up-ah)
When? = Kapan? (Kah-pahn)
Where? = Kemana? (k'mah-nah)
Why? = Kenapa? (k'nahp-ah)
How? = Bagaimana? (bug-eye-mah-nah)
How many? = Berapa? (burr-ah-pah)
How much is this? = Berapa ini? (burr-ah-pah in-ee)
How much is that? = Barapa itu? (burr-ah-pah-ee-too)
How long? (time) = Berapa lama? (burr-ah-pah lah-mah)
How far? = Berapa jauh? (burr-ah-pah jow-ooh)
Hold old? = Berapa umur? (burr-ah-pah oo-more)
Please (can I have?) = Minta (min-tah)
Please (help me) = Tolong (toe-long)
Thank you = Terima Kasih (teh-ree-mah kah-see)
You're Welcome = Sama Sama (saw-ma saw-ma)
I'm Sorry = Saya minta ma'af (sigh-ah min-tah mah-uff)
Useful Indonesian Words
Good = Bagus (bah-goos)
Very good = Bagus sekali (bah-goos s'kahlee)
Not good = Tidak bagus (tee-duck bah-goos)
Fine = Baik (bike)
Yes = Ya (yaw)
No = Tidak (tee-duck)
Like = Suka (soo-kah)
Don't Like = Tidak Suka (tee-duck soo-kah_)
I want = Mau (mao)
Don't want (Tidak mau) (tee-duck mao)
Family = Keluarga (k'loo-ah-ga)
Relative = Famili (fa-mee-lee)
Friend = Kawan (kah-wahn)
Lover = Kekasih (K'kah-see)
Married = Nikah (nik-ah)
Husband = Suami (Swah-mee)
Wife = Isteri (Is-t'ree)
Father = Bapak (Bah-puck)
Mother = Ibu (Ee-boo)
Grandmother = Nenek (neh-neck)
Grandfather = Kakek (kah-keck)
Son = Anak laki (ah-nuck lucky)
Daughter = Anak perempuan (ah-nuck purom-pwan)
Child = Anak (ah-nuck)
Older brother = Abang (ah-bahng)
Older sister = Kakak (kah=kak)
Younger sibling = Adik (ah-dick)
Uncle = Paman (pah-mahn)
Aunt = Bibi (bee-bee)
Cousin = Misan (mee-sahn)
Niece/Nephew = Keponakan (k'paw-nahk-ahn)
Numbers and Counting in Indonesian
0 = Nio (noy)
1 = Satu (sah-too)
2 = Dua (doo-ah)
3 = Tiga (tee-gah)
4 = Empat (um-putt)
5 = Lima (lee-mah)
6 = Enam (e-num)
7 = Tujuh (too-joo)
8 = Delapan (d'lup-un)
9 = Sembilan (sem-bee-lun)
10 = Sepuluh (seh-poo-loo)
11 = Sebelas (s'blahs)
12 = Dua belas (doo-ah b'lahs)
13 = Tiga belas (b'lahs)
14 = Empat belas(um-putt b'lahs)
15 = Lima belas (lee-mah b'lahs)
16 = Enam belas (e-num b'lahs)
17 = Tuju belas (too-joo b'lahs)
18 = Delepan belas (d'lup-un b'lahs)
19 = Sembilan belas (sem-bee-lun b'lahs)
20 = Dua puluh (doo-ah poo-looh)
21 = Dua puluh satu (doo-ah poo-looh)
22 = Dua puluh dua (doo-ah poo-look doo-ah)
30 = Tiga puluh
40 = Empat puluh
100 = Seratus (s'rahtoos)
1,000 = Seribu (s'ree-boo)
1,000,000 = Se juta (sir joota)
Balinese Words
Speak a few Balinese words to the locals in a warung and watch their smiles light up.
Sir (to a man older than you) = Pa (Paw)
Ma'am (to a woman older than you) = Me (May)
Older brother (term of endearment) = Beli (b'lee)
Older sister (term of endearment) = m'Bok (m'bok)
Younger brother = Gus (goos)
Younger sister = Geg (gek)
Thank you = Sukseme (sook-sah-Moor)
You're welcome = Mowowli (moh-ow-lee)
Yes = Nggih (ny'gee)
No worries mate! – Sing Ken Ken (sin ken ken blee)
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Let's Focus on the Pope, the Vicar in Rome
Invite children to think about the Pope and the qualities it takes to shepherd over one billion Catholics worldwide.
To complete this activity have learners write the name of a Pope or words to describe his holiness on each of the alphabetized lines provided on the worksheet.
A-Z Sheets Point Scale
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QXYZ = 4 points
Age: Gr. 4+
Focus: Fact recall
Theme: Pope, vicar, holy father
File Size477.46 KB
Create DateJune 20, 2013
Category Tags Leaders of the Church Pope Worksheet
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Creating a comfortable ambience in your interiors can be tricky at times, but if you have a focal point that balances out all the surrounding decorative elements, you are set. With ouRead morer collection of motifs from the water wallpaper assortment, you can devise a beautifully evened out aesthetic. Water is not only the most important element in nature, but also has long been considered to have healing and therapeutic properties. Traditional medicine claims that the element of water is responsible for creating physical harmony within the body. Harness these beneficial powers by choosing a water wallpaper for your residential, recreational or even a corporate room. You can also adjust your selected water wallpaper to suit your existing interior design and any colour schemes you might have.
The case for water wallpaper
It is a well-known fact that without water, a human being would not be able to last more than a minimum of two days. Water is involved in every function of the body, such as digestion, circulation and regulation of body temperature. As such, bodies of water play a vital role in sustaining healthy communities and economies. They provide connections across the landscape for people, plants and animals, which you will also see in water wallpaper. Besides supporting wildlife alongside a wide range of industries, rivers and wetlands have massive significance to the cultures of many people. As a vital source of food, medicine and materials for shelter, clothing and tools, water is the foundation upon which societies are built. This means that your wallpaper is not just beautiful to look at, it also represents a fundamental building stone of humanity and the source of life. You will be able to appreciate more, while having a water wallpaper as the visual highlight in your home or office.
A colourful world
We all know that colours affect us in different ways. Not only can they be an indicator of what mood you are in, but they can evoke the mood itself by simply appearing or being there. Different tones and hues in water wallpaper can do the same for you. If you like to keep it chill and introspective, maybe you can use something like Star Dunes. This water wallpaper can look great in any common room, such as the living room at home or even the break room at the office. It exudes a sense of calm and peace, something that is often associated with the colour blue. This water wallpaper has exactly the right amount of that coupled with a simple but impactful design. If you want something more lively, there is also the alternative in the form of Parabolic Dunes. Even though similar in design, the colour of the latter water wallpaper can create a different sort of vibe.
Water wallpaper and its cohorts
As mentioned earlier, water is a great source of connection between different species and beings. Bodies of water provide avenues of interaction for humans and animals alike. Bring a touch of nature into your space with water wallpaper. Tangled Jungle II - Monochrome is a beautifully elegant example of this. This desaturated water wallpaper can furthermore provide a touch of class onto your interiors. Imagine this beauty in your living room or even the board room at the office. Birds in Beautiful Scenery is another water wallpaper that combines the importance of water with the allure of the creatures it sustains. All these water wallpapers would also surely delight the young ones. The gorgeous designs and affable colour combinations would not look out of place in a kid's bedroom, study space, or even the common play room.
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Weaving a Mayan Hammock–Video Overview
- Materials Needed
- The Netting Needle
- The Loom
- Loading the Loom
- Loading the Netting Needle
- The Edge "Crochet"
- The Triple Weave
- The Clew
The Mayan hammock is arguably the most comfortable gathered-end hammock available anywhere, and is notable for being the descendent of the original hammock discovered by Columbus on his voyages to the West Indies. The Mayan hammock is woven using a fairly tight "triple weave" that creates a lattice when pulled apart.
Mayan hammocks tend to be heavy, due to the quantity of string used to create the netting, so this style of hammock is more suitable for sleeping indoors than lightweight backpacking. Much depends on the type and quantity of string used and what size hammock you weave.
I found that the Mayan weaving style is not terribly difficult, but it does take patience and a little time. Once you get the weaving pattern down, expect to spend a few weeks to complete the weaving, depending on how much time per day you can devote to weaving and how big you want the bed.
- Lacing — Knotworkn (via Internet Archive)
- Single Line Simple Reverse Coxcombing
- YouTube — Mayan Hammock Weaving – How Hammocks Are Made
- YouTube — The Mayas of Belize – Belize Culture – (traditional Mayan weaving and source material from the Agave plant; great video!)
- Instructables — "Instant Hammock," steps 5–9
- Amazon — Hammock: How to Make Your Own and Lie in It
- Amazon — Hammock Making Techniques
- Amazon — The Ashley Book of Knots (ABOK)
- > 2,000 yards (~1,860 m) of #18 twisted cotton or nylon string for a hammock bed approximately 72 × 50 in (183 × 127 cm). Nylon is more mildew resistant, but cotton will be more comfortable. The clew or end strings, are each half the length of the hammock, effectively doubling the overall length of the hammock.
- Netting needle/shuttle (8 × 1.25 × 0.1875 in / 20 × 3.175 × 0.5 cm)
- 3 @ 1 × 3 × 8 (horizontal beams, wedges)
- 2 @ 2 × 3 × 8 (vertical posts)
The Netting Needle
A netting needle ("lanzadera" or shuttle) is used to load a quantity of string and work it through the warp to create the weave. A netting needle differs from a traditional loom shuttle in that the one end is pointed or tapered, making it easier to poke the shuttle through the weave. These needles are traditionally used for making fishing nets and are still used today to make Mayan hammocks.
You can make your own needle or purchase one.
A basic loom measures 6 ft (1.8 m) tall by 6.5 ft (2 m) wide when assembled and consists of two vertical posts or poles and two horizontal beams. Most looms are adjustable via notches in the horizontal beams and holes in the vertical posts so the weaver can make slightly longer hammock beds. These horizontal supports are secured with a wedge so the hammock body can be removed (slid upward) off the frame when the weaving is complete.
You can make a basic, inexpensive frame out of PVC pipe or lumber. To make a traditional stand, you'll need to cut and assemble the wood poles and beams, including wedges, to make the stand sturdy and long-lasting.
Loading the Loom
Once the loom is built and in place it is time to load the loom with the "warp" string. Begin by tying the warp string to the top of one vertical post and then wrap it around the second post until you wind a sufficient number of strings between the two posts. The number of warp strings depends on the color patterns you intend to weave. You can easily add more warp string as you go along, allowing for color variations on the project, even alternating between the warp and weft strands.
Loading the Netting Needle
A netting needle can handle only so much string before it's full, so having a few on hand is a good idea if you want to keep weaving without interruption. Hitch the end of the string (ABOK #1602) around the needle and then begin to wrap around the bottom of the netting needle and back to the top where you wrap the needle again. Repeat this back-and-forth process until the shuttle is full (see shuttle image above).
The Edge "Crochet"
A few sources refer to the edge as "crochet," which it might be, but it's nothing more than a series of overhand knots (ABOK #46) evenly spaced along the edge. This is the first task in the weaving process.
- There should be a minimum of 21 knots, making 20 spaced sections.
- The knots should be spaced between 3 and 4 inches (8 and 10 cm) apart.
- There should be a minimum of 4 rows of interlaced knot rows and as many as 8 or 10.
This edging sets the spacing for the weaving along with providing a tight edge to maintain the hammock shape.
Subsequent rows: Loop around a knot then go up, capturing a new warp line, then back around to the first line and knot.
The Triple Weave
- The weaving pattern is "under two, over and around one."
- There should be 2 weaves on each of the 20 spaced sections, creating 40 weaves across the hammock body.
As you work along the warp, keep the weft string tight to ensure the lattice isn't loose when you're done. When you reach the end, go around the pole and hitch the weft and warp strings you were just working on and then continue the pattern.
NOTE: Never end a string in the middle of the hammock. If you run out of string, tie it off on the pole and begin a new string. Do not tie knots or leave loose strands in the middle of the hammock.
High-quality Mayan hammocks have at least 40 rows of weft that is woven through the warp, leaving a tightly-woven net that flexes and supports the occupant unlike any other hammock available.
This video (above) actually does a great job in showing the mechanics of making the clew.
The clew is a modern sailor term for the nettles or string that attaches to the ends of the hammock and provides a loop or ring as the attachment point.
- The nettles should be half the length of the hammock, effectively doubling the overall size of the hammock (for example, a hammock body 2 m (6.5 ft) long, the nettles should be 1 m (3.25 ft) long each).
- The nettles should all be the same length.
Traditionally, the nettles are made from a single, continuous strand of #18 twisted nylon string that is looped around 6 sections from the hammock body. The nettles are middled to create a bight. This bight is tied and then cockscombed to protect the nettles.
The two remaining ends are tied on to themselves using a French Spiral Hitch/Whipping (ABOK #3450).
Alternatively, you can tie a Shouldered Sword Mat (ABOK #3819) with the two remaining ends to create a navy-style clew.


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Lync Server Logging Tool and Snooper. However, there are significant changes in the way Lync Server 2013 provides logging and analysis for troubleshooting. The Lync Server Logging Tool is now gone and replaced by the Centralized Logging Service (CLS). This article expores the CLS architecture and how to conduct basic logging and SIP trace analysis for the new Lync2013 server.CLS enables IT administrators to manage logging and search logs across all Lync servers in a deployment centrally rather than on individual servers. This is an advantage as one no longer needs to enable logging and having to look at traces on multiple front end servers in a pool. Now, we can start, stop and flush trace logging for any or all machines in the deployment from a single location. Administrators can also turn on logging based on scenarios on a per pool/machine for the entire deployment. From a centralized location, we can then search and trace these logs based on specified parameters.
CLS Architecture Overview
1. CLS Agent - runs on every Lync server and controls logging based on commands from the CLSController. It also manages log files for drive space usage and moves old logs to a fileshare. The ClsAgent listens for commands on the following ports: TCP 50001, 50002 and 50003
2. CLSController - sends start, stop, fiush and search commands to all CLSAgents in the deployment. It aggegrates search results from CLSAgents and is available on every Lync server in C:\Program Files\Common files\Microsoft Lync Server 2013\CLSAgent
CLS logging is performed based on scenarios and there are a set of built-in scenarios that specify a group of components and log levels to be started and stopped together. Some examples of these scenarios include:
one additional scenario can be enabled along with "AlwaysOn".
Getting Started with CLS
ClsController.exe -start -scenario AlwaysOn
CLSController.exe -start -scenario IncomingAndOutgoingCall -pools lync2013.apbeta.local
CLSController.exe -search -components Sipstack -pools lync2013.apbeta.local > sip.log


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Tornadoes in May, 2000
The Tornado History Project generates approximate paths through separate historical archives provided by the Storm Prediction Center (SPC) and the National Climatic Data Center (NCDC). Paths generated from the NCDC data are typically more detailed, but neither archive gives exact path information. There are several reasons that paths may be inaccurate:
- Tornado touchdown and liftoff coordinates were recorded with only 2 digits of decimal precision (i.e. [33.72, -86.15] vs [33.71689, -86.15463]). As a consequence, the observed points on the map may be slightly off from actual. Note that beginning in 2009, up to 4 digits of decimal precision are given.
- Coordinates have not historically been calculated via GPS (Global Positioning System). Thus, tornado touchdown and liftoff coordinates should be considered as estimates only.
- Tornadoes may not have been in contact with the ground for the entire path as depicted on the map. Storm damage in any location depicted under the "path" should not be inferred.
- Although paths are drawn as straight lines between any two sets of coordinates, the tornado may have "zigzagged" in some way.
- Although paths are drawn as uniform thin lines on the map, it is likely that the tornado changed size over its lifetime. Damage in any location depicted under (or not under) the "path" should not be inferred.
Even with the above in mind, the data is the best available. If you see a path that is depicted incorrectly, please post a comment in the tornado forum indicating why you belive the path to be incorrect.
Paths generated from NCDC data are typically more detailed due to the way coordinates are listed in each archive:
- SPC database - A maximum of 2 coordinates (touchdown and liftoff) is given for each tornado, or each state segment of a tornado if it is a multi-state tornado. Thus the vast majority of paths are depicted as simple straight lines.
- NCDC database - Some tornadoes have mutliple sets of coordinates within any state, generally corresponding to entry and exit points by county. Thus, since more coordinates have been used to draw the path, the depicted path should be more accurate. Having said that, most tornadoes do not have additional path data in the NCDC archive. When they do, paths are drawn from the NCDC data.
The following statistics and definitions are derived from the Storm Prediction Center (SPC) historical tornado archive. The Tornado History Project can
not guarantee the accuracy of the underlying data within the SPC historical tornado archive. However, the data as presented here is guaranteed to
match the SPC data, except where noted.
Some definitions will not be given since they are obvious (i.e. "Date", "Time", etc...)
Special Note: This site uses a unique index number to identify each tornado. This index number is not a part of the official historical tornado archive.
E (Error) (tornado search table only) - A yellow box indicates that the tornado record contains a suspected error. A red box indicates that the tornado record contains an error and has been modified from the official source. Hover over the box for the error text.
Map/Forum (tornado search table only) - Clickable icons for further content related to a tornado.
State - The state or states affected by a tornado.
Fujita - The Fujita scale is an attempt to classify damage from a tornado. F0 being the least damaging, F5 the most. For 2007 and beyond, the Enhanced Fujita (EF) is given.
Fat. - The number of fatalities attributed to the tornado.
Inj. - The number of injuries attributed to the tornado.
Width - Width in yards. It is unclear if this indicates a maximum width or mean width.
Length - Length of tornado path in miles. Note the entire track length is not necessarily all on the ground (some tornadoes "hop and skip".)
Damage - Prior to 1996, this is a range by dollar amount. For 1996 and later, actual damage estimates are in millions.
Crop Loss - Added in 2007. Given in millions of dollars.
Lat/Lon - Contains two sets of coordinates:
- Touchdown Latitude/Longitude - For single state tornadoes, and the overall record for multi-state tornadoes, the approximate touchdown location in
decimal degrees. For the state specific records of multi-state tornadoes, entry point into the state in decimal degrees.
- Liftoff Latitude/Longitude - For single state tornadoes, and the overall record for multi-state tornadoes, the approximate liftoff location in
decimal degrees. For the state specific records of multi-state tornadoes, the exit or lift-off point from the state in decimal degrees.
St. #. - The state tornado number assigned to the tornado for that specific state for that specific year. Generally, state tornado
numbers were assigned in the order the tornado occurred, but that is not always the case.
SPC # - The tornado number as assigned by the SPC. Tornado numbers are not unique and reset each year. Generally, tornado numbers were assigned in the order the tornado occurred, but that is not always the case.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


Kid-Friendly Sushi Rolls
kid-friendly japanese sushi rolls
Remember, practice makes perfect! If this is your first time making sushi, I suggest you start small. Cut the nori sheet in half, and use just one filling. As you feel more comfortable with the process, use the whole nori sheet, and more fillings. To get started, you need just a few ingredients like cucumber, smoked salmon, and sushi rice. You can make a sushi roll with any ingredient combination that you can think of.
For the Sushi Rice:
 - 2 rice cooker cups Japanese short-grain rice (or "sushi" rice)
 - 1 teaspoon sea salt
For the Filling:
 - ¼ cup sesame seeds
 - 1 small cooked and peeled sweet potato, sliced into strips
 - 1 cucumber, sliced into thin strips
 - 1 red bell pepper, sliced into thin strips
 - 4 ounce packet smoked salmon
Hand-dipping Water:
 - ¼ cup water
 - 1 tablespoon vinegar
Everything Else:
 - 5 sheets nori (seaweed)
 - Soy sauce or tamari, for serving
 1. Follow the instructions on the rice package for cooking your rice, whether in a rice cooker or pot.
 2. Make the hand-dipping water by combining water and vinegar in a small bowl. Coat your hands with this water to prevent the rice from sticking.
 3. Place the nori sheet on a piece of parchment paper, with the longest side of the nori closest to you. The shiny side of the nori should be facing DOWN.
 4. Wet your hands and the inside of a 1-cup measuring cup with the vinegar water. Scoop a scant 1/2 cup of sushi rice into your hands. Place the rice on the nori and spread around, leaving 1 inch of space along the top edge of the nori. Wet your hands in the vinegar water if the rice starts to stick. Spread on more rice, if needed.
 5. Sprinkle the sesame seeds evenly over the rice. Then place the filling (sweet potato, cucumber, red pepper, and smoked salmon) in the middle of the rice. Each ingredient should have its own line.
 6. In one swift motion, roll the nori over each ingredient until your land right at the edge of the rice. With the parchment paper still around the roll, gently shape and tighten the roll into a square or round. Finally, remove the parchment paper and seal the edge of the nori with the water-vinegar solution. Squeeze and tighten the roll just one more time!
 7. To cut the sushi roll, wet your knife under running water or with a damp towel. Cut the roll in half in a sawing motion (push and pull). Wet the knife again and cut each half into 3 or 4 pieces.
 8. Serve with soy sauce or tamari, and your kids favorite steamed vegetables – Ayla and Cora love broccoli dunked in soy sauce!
Store leftover, unused nori in a sealed, air-tight bag, or else it will stale.
Keywords: kid-friendly, sushi rolls, smoked salmon


Jet Ski
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
 (Redirected from Kawasaki JS300)
Jump to: navigation, search
European Personal Watercraft Championship in Crikvenica
Jet Ski is the brand name of a personal watercraft manufactured by Kawasaki.[1] It was the "first commercially successful" personal watercraft in America, having been released in 1972.[1] The term is sometimes used to refer to any type of personal watercraft.
Common noun[edit]
Though the proper noun "Jet Ski" is a registered trademark of Kawasaki, the common noun "jet ski" refers to small recreational watercraft.[2] The Oxford English Dictionary records the term in use in 1961 to describe the aquatic motorbike, and in 1948 to designate a jet-propelled aircraft equipped with skis.[3]
 1. ^ a b Josephson, Paul R. (2007). Motorized Obsessions: Life, Liberty, and the Small-Bore Engine. JHU Press. p. 150. ISBN 9780801886416. Retrieved 2012-08-24.
 2. ^ "jet ski". Merriam Webster Dictionary. Retrieved 2013-05-04.
 3. ^ "jet ski". Oxford English Dictionary. Retrieved 2013-05-04.
External links[edit]


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Wednesday, August 3, 2011
Vernacular Name: Salak Kumbar, Sala
Botanical Name: Salacca wallichiana
Specimens From: Myanmar
Rakum palm can be found in Indochina, Malaysia and Sumatra. It is popular in Thailand as it is cultivated over there. But this species is not as common and well-known as the salak, the snake palm. This fruit is also considered as rare elsewhere.
The shape may be almost round, obovoid or slightly longish. The skin may be red, orange, reddish-brown or brown, depending on the various cultivars. It is rough with soft bristers all over the fruit.
The inside of this fruit, consists of three edible lobes, are "creamy yellowish orange" in colour. There is usually a single, dark brown seed in every lobe and the hard seeds are not edible.
The taste is semi-sweet and only mildly acidic. It is slightly juicy and soft if it is fully ripe. Tastes like a cross between a pineapple and a pear. Somewhat different and unusual taste from the common fruits. May need some acquired taste to like it.
How to eat this fruit? No knife needed. Just break off the tip and peel the skin from the top down. The tough, thick-looking skin is deceiving as it peels off quite easily. The skin is misleading as this fruit bruise easily and you can't tell from its external look. The moment you peel it, you may spot those darkened brownish blotches which smells badly and have to cut that part off. Those tough-looking skin won't be able to protect the inside of this fruit.
Fruit: Rakum Palm; salacca wallichiana; Arecaceae.
Other fruits in the same family: Salak, Barhee Date.
Click here to view other fruits in thumbnail images
Click here to have a say in your favourite fruits


text:
Definition of Antitoxin
Antitoxin: An antibody capable of destroying microorganisms including viruses and bacteria.
An antitoxin provides passive immunity. For example, if a child gets whooping cough (diphtheria), an antitoxin prepared in horses against diphtheria may be useful in treatment. The antitoxin can only be of short-term value because the antibodies against diphtheria were made by the horse and the child is just the passive recipient of the antibodies.
The antitoxin is directed against a toxin, one of a number of poisons produced by certain plants, animals, and bacteria.
The term "toxin" is frequently used to refer specifically to a particular protein produced by some higher plants, animals and pathogenic (disease-causing) bacteria. A toxin typically has a high molecular weight (as compared to a simple chemical poison), is antigenic (elicits an antibody response), and is highly poisonous to living creatures.
The word "toxin" comes from the Greek "toxikon" = arrow poison.Source: MedTerms™ Medical Dictionary
Last Editorial Review: 4/27/2011 5:27:15 PM
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A two-minute warning stoppage in American Football occurs twice during a four-quarter game. The pause occurs in the second and fourth quarters of every game. The clock stops at the conclusion of the two-minute mark, and it acts as a mini timeout for teams to strategize on what to do next. So what is the history of the two-minute warning, why it began, and why does it still exist today? Here is the entire breakdown of the two-minute warning in American Football.
When Did the Two-Minute-Warning Begin in American Football?
The two minute-warning began in the NFL in 1942. During this time, no official game clock was present for fans and players to see. Since no stadium clock counted down the time left in the match, the refs had a two-minute warning to alert the players and fans how much time was left.
Clock Change at NFL Stadiums
While more NFL stadiums began adding official game clocks for everyone to see, the two-minute warning was still part of NFL games. Even though the original purpose of the two-minute notification was to let everyone know how much time remained in the contest, the league saw it as an essential and strategic part of the game. The break-in action allows teams to huddle up and strategize what they will do next, even without a timeout.
What Happens at the 2 Minute Warning During Football Games?
During the 2-minute warning in American Football, both teams can regroup on the field or sidelines and discuss strategy during the stoppage in action. Also, since this is a pause in the act, you typically see commercial breaks on TV. The two-minute warning lasts two minutes, allowing TV and radio advertisers to squeeze in a few ads before the action resumes.
How Many Two Minute Warnings are there in Football?
There are only 2 two minute-warnings during a four-quarter football game. If the game goes into overtime, there is another two-minute warning if it gets to that stage. During the playoffs in overtime, there is no 2 -minute overtime in the first overtime period. However, if the game continues into the second overtime and beyond, there is one 2 minute overtime per period.
Does the 2:00 Minute Mark Stop the Action No Matter What?
The two-minute warning only occurs when the play clock reaches 2:00, and the completion of the play concludes. For example, a team might run the ball with 2:10 left on the clock, but they fumble it. The defending team recovers the ball and runs it until tackled with the fumble recovery. The game clock is now at 1:47 after this tackle, and the two-minute warning starts. Even though the game clock is 1:47, both teams enter a two-minute break and then resume action with 1:47 left in the game.
How Do Teams Use the Two-Minute Warning to their Advantage?
If the offense is down in the score, they might try and preserve their timeouts, so they will run or throw the ball and run out of bounds to stop the clock. With the 2-minute warning approaching, teams can run a play in the middle of the field and then have the 2-minute warning stop the action, which doesn't cost them a timeout.
What is the Two-Minute Drill?
Teams practice a first and second half two-minute drill in practices before games. These two-minute drills simulate scenarios when a team only has two minutes to march down the field and score a touchdown. Sometimes they will have no timeouts, while others will have a few. Teams practice this two-minute drill to simulate what will happen if they are in the same scenario.
What is the 10-Second Runoff?
After the two-minute warning during an American Football game, there is a 10-second runoff that occurs only for the offense. The 10-second runoff prevents an offense from getting an unfair late advantage, especially when they are out of timeouts. Common reasons for the penalty include
- Intentional grounding.
- Creating a false start on purpose to stop the clock.
- QB throws a backward pass out of bounds.
An Example of Why the 10-Second Runoff Exists
For example, let's say that a team has the ball with 15 seconds left on the clock. They are trying to get their players back to the line of scrimmage to spike the ball to stop the clock, but it is taking too long. To stop the clock, the center moves early and interacts with a defender to create a false start, which stops the clock.
The referee in this situation above will call a 10-second runoff violation because the play was only run to stop the action. With that being the case, the new play begins with 10 seconds taken off the clock, which means that the offense only has 5 seconds left on the game clock. If less than 10 seconds are on the game clock, the game officially ends on this call.
Finally, an injured player on the field when the team has no timeouts can result in a 10-second runoff. The other team can choose to have 10 seconds taken off the clock when there is an injury.
Does College Football or High School Football Have a 2 Minute Warning?
NCAA Football and High School Football does not have any two-minute warnings during their game day matchups.
Does Canadian Football or Arena Football Have Something Similar?
Does Hockey or Basketball Have Something Similar?
Professional hockey and basketball don't have anything like the two-minute warning like the National Football League has. The only similar thing is the seventh inning stretch in Major League Baseball, which is a brief pause in action towards the end of a game.
Conclusion: What is the Two Minute Warning in Football?
In summary, the two-minute warning began to alert both teams on how much time remained during a game. Today, the two-minute warning is a time to regroup as a team and strategize on what to do next. Not only is the pause in action a way for teams to strategize, but the delay builds up the excitement for the final moments of a football game, which is great for players and fans.


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How to: Navigate in the Object Browser
The Object Browser displays hierarchical structures within the current browsing scope in the Objects pane. You can expand structures in the Objects pane to reveal ordered lists of their members. Expanding an object also displays additional information about it, such as base classes, implemented interfaces, and available overrides.
Properties, methods, events, variables, constants, and other contained items are listed in the Members pane. Details on the item selected in the Members pane appear in the Description pane. As you select objects and members, they are added to the Object Browser's history list. For more information on the elements of the Object Browser and how they work, see.
To move from a symbol to a related symbol
Select the symbol in the Objects or Members pane.
This updates the Description pane to display related symbols, such as the parent object, parameter and return types, and default constant values.
In the Description pane, click the link to the desired symbol.
The Object Browser displays the related symbol, and this symbol is added to the history list.
To move through the history list
Click the Back (left arrow) button to go back to the previously selected symbol. You can do this repeatedly to navigate through previously selected symbols until you reach the first browsed symbol.
If you go back using the Back button and then select another symbol, all entries in the Forward part of the history list are cleared.
Click the Forward (right arrow) button to return to the selected symbol. You can do this repeatedly until you reach the currently selected symbol.
Use the Keyboard pane in the Options dialog box to assign shortcut keys to the commands View.Forward and View.Backward. You can then use these commands to navigate quickly to the next or previous item. For more information, see.
To display the definition or declaration of a symbol
Right-click on the symbol node or on the Description pane.
Choose Go To Definition or Go To Declaration from the shortcut menu.
If the symbol is defined or declared in your code, the source file opens in the Code Editor and scrolls to the definition or declaration.
If the symbol is a.NET Framework class or COM component, Go To Definition selects its node in the Objects pane, lists its members in the Members pane, and displays details on the symbol in the Description pane.


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Coaching Manitoba has announced they will be offering an Introduction to Competition A Course on June 15-16, 2018.
The course consist of the following aspects:
- Planning a Practice
- Make Ethical Decisions
Introduction to Competition A
The ICA course consists of three modules: Planning a Practice, Nutrition and Make Ethical Decisions.
Planning a Practice
The Planning a Practice module will give you the skills to:
- organize a well-structured practice plan with safe, age-appropriate activities you've designed to match the proficiency level of participants;
- identify potential risk factors that could impact the sport and practice activities;
- create an emergency action plan; and
- identify practice goals and design activities that offer the best training benefits for the athletic skills required in your sport.
After taking the Nutrition module you will be able to:
- determine if foods and beverages consumed by your athletes before, during and after training are adequate;
- offer suggestions for more suitable food and beverage alternatives when necessary;
- gain a better understanding of the best way to promote healthy food choices that are consistent with basic sport nutrition principles to both athletes and their parents.
Make Ethical Decisions
By successfully completing the Make Ethical Decisions workshop you will be fully equipped to handle virtually any ethical situation with confidence and surety. MED is one of the NCCP's cornerstone workshops, and leaves coaches with no doubt as to what to do when the going gets tough. Upon completing the MED module you'll be able to:
- analyze a challenging situation and determine if it has moral, legal or ethical implications;
- apply the NCCP Ethical Decision-Making Model to properly respond to each situation in a way that is consistent with the NCCP Code of Ethic.
Sport for Life Centre
145 Pacific Avenue
Winnipeg, MB R3B 2Z6
For more information and to register: _URL_


An Urban Explorer's Guide To Finding & Exploring Secret Bunkers
By Matt Scofield
February 19, 2020 6:00 AM ‐ UndergroundUrbExLong Reads
Government Bunker Ahrweiler
I've been fascinated by secret underground bunkers for 20 years or more, I've been lucky enough to have visited some of the most secure underground hideouts in the country and have researched hundreds of sites across the UK.
Bunker exploration is a subset of urban exploration, a closely related past time which involves exploring and photographing decaying and forgotten man-made structures. Bunker exploration focuses on man-made and man-used underground spaces, and therefore shouldn't be confused with the hobbies spelunking, caving or potholing, which focus on natural cave systems.
In this guide to bunker exploration I will share some of the techniques that urban explorers use to find bunkers and underground structures, tips on how to safely gain access and advice on staying safe and making the most of your time underground.
Bunkers are generally categorised by their usage. For example an artillery bunker for defending weapons and ammunition against enemy fire. Industrial bunkers, which house data storage and underground control centres. Personal bunkers are generally constructed within a house. Munitions bunkers are used to store high explosives in order to prevent and contain any potential blasts.
However in the world of bunker exploration, explorers categorise the locations they visit based on its method of construction. This is because the bunkers are usually now abandoned, so their most recent use is of less importance when you consider that bunkers often go through several different uses during their lifetime and often start out as something completely different.
Urban explorers tend to recognise and even discover bunkers to explore based on the following traits.
Purpose Built
Cheyenne Mountain Complex
Purpose built bunkers are generally either semi-sunk concrete reinforced blockhouses, facilities constructed just below the surface of the ground using a technique called "cut and cover", or a network of chambers and tunnels excavated underground or within a hill or mountain. Essentially, purpose built bunkers are holes in the ground that didn't exist before the bunker was constructed. They can range from being partially above ground through to being fully subterranean deep-level shelters.
One of the most famous purpose built bunkers is the Cheyenne Mountain Complex, a US military bunker built into the side of a mountain near Colorado Springs. Building a bunker from scratch costs a lot of money. The Cheyenne Mountain Complex cost about $140 million back in the 1960s, that's around or $1 billion in today's money.
One of the bunker's can be seen here heading South along East Main Road.
Photo: © Crown Copyright
A cheaper option than building a bunker from scratch is to re-purpose an existing underground space. Most commonly this is cave networks or underground mines or quarries, which are converted into secure underground locations. This technique was widely used in Wiltshire in the run up to the two World Wars and the Cold War.
Several former stone quarries were converted in to huge underground ammunition stores, subterranean aircraft factories and armed forces command centres. These type of bunkers are most prevalent in Wiltshire, but similar structures built within similar underground spaces exist all around the world.
One of the most impressive examples of this type of facility is the mammoth Burlington bunker in Corsham. It's less of an underground bunker and more like a subterranean city, its tunnels and roadways seem to stretch endlessly and the whole complex is constructed in a former stone quarry.
Advertisement ‐ Content Continues Below.
Hidden Bunkers
Whitehall Ministry Of Defence, London
Another method of bunker building is to construct the facility under or within a building. This can mean building a hardened network of chambers in the building's foundations at the same time the building is being constructed, or an existing basement is retrofitted, hardened and converted into a bunker. In Switzerland, there is an unusually large number of this sort of bunker because of a law requiring protective shelters to be constructed for all new buildings since 1963.
The most famous examples of bunkers of this kind are in central London. The British's government's PINDAR bunker was constructed in the 1990s beneath the Ministry of Defence headquarters on Whitehall and includes COBRA, Cabinet Office Briefing Room A.
Just across the road is Winston Churchill's Cabinet War Rooms, built in a reinforced basement beneath the treasury building. The bunker is now one of London's most famous tourist attractions.
Nuclear Bunkers
Hack Green Nuclear Bunker
Nuclear bunkers can be constructed in any of the three previously mentioned methods, but they tend to have very distinctive design elements, characteristics and, because they are more modern having been built during the Cold War, tend to be in better condition and have more interesting features.
Nuclear bunkers were still being constructed in the UK as far into the Cold War as the early-90s. They are constructed to a much more robust standard of engineering compared to older wartime bunkers as they needed to be able to offer blast protection and protect their inhabitants from the dangers of radioactive fallout.
Because nuclear bunkers were kept on standby until the late-80s and early-90s, they are generally still in very good condition and the specific details of their uses are better documented. A great example of this is the Hack Green nuclear bunker in Nantwich, Cheshire. It is now open to the public as a museum, which perfectly demonstrates how interesting bunkers of it era are. It's packed full of broadcast, monitoring and survival equipment from the era and the purpose of every room in the two-level bunker is understood.
How To Spot A Bunker
Admiralty Citadel - Horse Guards Parade, London
If you're reading this page then you probably already have some interest in secret bunkers, perhaps you've been driving a long and noticed a suspicious looking mound of grass in an otherwise flat area at the roadside or a hardened basement-level door in the side of a local building. But how can you find out what's behind these doors?
If the door is in the side of a building then there's no easy way to find out. The door could be a fire exit from a lower level of the building or even access to underground services. Many cities have underground electrical substations for example.
There may still be a few telltale signs. Obviously a bunker won't have any windows, so if there are none at the same level as the door, then this may indicate a shelter of some kind.
You should also look for ventilation, a bunker will almost always have independent air ventilation and filtrations systems, separate from the rest of the building. This will likely be more than small vents on the wall and is more likely to be large ventilation ducts or standalone air vents popping up out of the ground near the door.
Even after discovering air vents and a lack of windows, it's still going to be very hard to determine what's behind the door. You may need to find out who owns the building. If it is owned by the government or a local council then it is possible they have some kind of shelter under their offices. This might also be the case if the building is occupied by the emergency services or utility providers, such as gas, water and electric companies.
It's a long shot, but step back and take a look at the building's roof. You might find that if there is a bunker hidden below the building that there is some sort of communications array on the roof. The purpose of most bunkers is to maintain the smooth running of the country in the event of a disaster, and this requires good communications access.
Fortunately, other types of bunkers are easier to spot. Any purpose built bunker will normally have a very visible and very bunker like entrance. The entrance to any underground space which has been re-purposed will also look distinctly bunker-like, but still these can be hard to spot and other less exciting entrances can look like bunkers.
A lot of bunkers are semi-sunk, meaning that they are built in a hole in the ground but their upper level or levels are housed in a steel reinforced concrete mass above ground level. One such fortress can be found right in the middle of busy central London on Horse Guards Parade. Despite the fact it's so visible and imposing, most tourists and locals walk past the huge structure without questioning what's inside it.
This type of bunker is very easy to spot, the massive concrete block will have no windows and no doors apart from one huge metal blast door. There's often usually large vents on the side of the building and many bunkers of this type will have a small communications mast near by or on its roof.
Hack Green Bunker
Bunkers which are entirely subterranean have equally as identifiable surface features, but there are other structures that can be mistaken for bunkers.
When it comes to getting into an underground hideout, there's only three options...
Adit - a horizontal or almost horizontal entrance into the ground. This is probably the most obvious type of entrance. If you see a doorway leading into the side of a mountain or hill, then there's clearly something underground there. Although, it could be nothing more than an underground water reservoir, which does look very bunker like.
Slope shaft - an inclined entrance consisting of a doorway leading to steps that descend down to bunker level. This sort of entrance can be quite hard to spot, but when you stumble across one it's pretty obvious what it is. You'll normally see a door on the side of a small mound or building. The opposite side of the building will slope off into the ground, which clearly indicates that all that's behind the door is a tunnel into the ground.
Vertical shaft - a shaft which


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Inside Qt meta Object
In this article we will discuss how and why we use meta-object in Qt.
The word meta indicates that the word prefixed is about itself. So a meta-object is an object describing the object. QT Meta-Object Compiler, moc, is the program that handles Qt's C++ extensions.The moc reads C++ source files, if it finds one or more class declarations that contain the Q_OBJECT macro, it produces another C++ source file which contains the meta object code for those classes and those are automatically included by build system.
A meta-object contains information about a class that inherits QObject, e.g. class name, super class name, properties, signals and slots. Every QObject subclass that contains the Q_OBJECT macro will have a meta-object. Following code declares MyQTClass which has a property declared by Q_PROPERTY macro. This will allow us to update the property in several ways.
class MyQTClass : public QObject
Q_PROPERTY(int Myage READ Age WRITE setAge)
void setAge(int aAge);
// test code
MyQTClass *myinstance = new MyQTClass;
QObject *object = myinstance;
myinstance->setAge(100); // using setter function
myinstance->setProperty("Myage", 100); //using property
int retage =myinstance->Age(); // retage should be 100
bool b = object->setProperty("Myage", v); // b is true since we have a Myage property
b = object->setProperty("aVariable", v); // b is not true
QVariant test = object->property("Myage");
b = test.isValid(); // b is true
QVariant wrong = object->property("aVariabdfhdfgle");
b = wrong.isValid(); // b is not true
const QMetaObject *metaobject = object->metaObject();
QString classname(metaobject->className()); // classname shoudl be "MyQTClass"
int count = metaobject->propertyCount(); // number of Property
for (int i=0; iproperty(i);
const char *name = metaproperty.name(); // property name should come from MyQTClass + QObject
In the above code,at the very top of the class declaration we find the Q_OBJECT macro. It is important that this macro appears first in the body of the class declaration because it marks the class as a class that needs a meta-object. In the case of Qt, meta-objects are instances of the class. It means that the above code goes into a file called MyQTClass.h. The implementation goes into MyQTClass.cpp, and the moc generates another C++ file from the header file called moc_MyQTClass.cpp. The contents from the generated file can change between Qt versions.
The full source code presented in this article is available here File:InsidePro.zip


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How am I able to set the size of the arrowheads at the end of a line to not increase in size when viewed at a larger map scale? When I zoom out, the arrowheads grow in size, but the lines do not lengthen. Is there a way to either fix the arrowhead size to remain the same at all scales? Or is there a way to have the lines increase when the scale increases as with the arrowheads?
Mapping Center Answer:
You have full control over the symbols you use. One thing to consider is the Reference Scale. The reference scale defines the scale at which symbols appear at their intended size. When you set the Reference Scale, changes in scale result in symbols changing their sizes relative to surrounding features.
If you haven't set a Reference Scale, symbols remain the same size and do not change relative to the surrounding features. This is the likely cause of what you are seeing happen on screen.
So if you set a Reference Scale when you create the arrowhead symbols, you should see more satisfactory results. For additional help on this topic take a look at the ArcGIS 10 Help topic called Working with data frame reference scales.
If you would like to post a comment, please login.


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Flying in a circulated air, pressurized plan at 30,000 feet has some negative affects the skin. For some people, the difference is very noticeable (to them, if not to others) whereas others experience little effect. There are 2 main ways that plane travel affects the skin:
#1: UV exposure
Studies indicate that there is a high level of UV radiation that makes it through the planes windows because of the higher elevation (closer to the sun + less other atmospheric elements in the air filtering the UV rays). If you love the window seat, it is advisable to apply a layer of sunscreen (or moisturizing sunscreen) before your flight. You likely will not burn regardless, but remember that sun damage is cumulative whether or not the skin burns or tans.
The main symptom of being on a plane is dehydration. Not only of the body, but of the skin as well! For some of us, that may actually lead to acne breakouts because the skin gets dry and overcompensates with increased oil production! For non-oily types, skin may feel dry, itchy or even irritated (because of that barrier function we've discussed already this series). To combat this, try applying a moisturizer before you fly and/or during flight if it's particularly long (6+ hours).


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A Europe Made of Money
The Emergence of the European Monetary System
A Europe Made of Money is a new history of the making of the European Monetary System (EMS), based on extensive archive research. Emmanuel Mourlon-Druol highlights two long-term processes in the monetary and economic negotiations in the decade leading up to the founding of the EMS in 1979. The first is a transnational learning process involving a powerful, networked European monetary elite that shaped a habit of cooperation among technocrats. The second stresses the importance of the European Council, which held regular meetings between heads of government beginning in 1974, giving EEC legitimacy to monetary initiatives that had previously involved semisecret and bilateral negotiations. The interaction of these two features changed the EMS from a fairly trivial piece of administrative business to a tremendously important political agreement.
The inception of the EMS was greeted as one of the landmark achievements of regional cooperation, a major leap forward in the creation of a unified Europe. Yet Mourlon-Druol's account stresses that the EMS is much more than a success story of financial cooperation. The technical suggestions made by its architects reveal how state elites conceptualized the larger project of integration. And their monetary policy became a marker for the conception of European identity. The unveiling of the EMS, Mourlon-Druol concludes, represented the convergence of material interests and symbolic, identity-based concerns.


Spatial + Temporal Scope [MGD Sections]
REDD+ Activities [MGD Sections]
Forest Definition [MGD Sections]
Carbon Pools [MGD Sections]
5.2 Emissions/removals factors Previous topic Parent topic Child topic Next topic
This section is mainly about emissions and removals factors used in REDD+ estimation. In some cases modelling is involved, to establish allometrics, or more complex Tier 3 models. The section also refers to the model parameters relevant in these cases which are used for emissions and removals estimation but are not part of the activity data estimation. These parameters can be regarded as emission or removals factors in a general sense, although the equations in which they are used may be more complicated than a simple activity data x emission factor product.


Psychology Wiki
Psychohistorical views on infanticide
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Revision as of 04:39, November 13, 2013 by Rotlink (Talk | contribs)
Psychohistorical views on infanticide (in psychohistorical jargon "early infanticidal childrearing") is a model used in the study of psychohistory to refer to the occurrence of infanticide in paleolithic,[1][2] pre-historical, or historical hunter-gatherer tribes or societies (although infanticide still occurs in the advanced nations). "Early" means early in history or in the cultural development of a society, not to the age of the child. "Infanticidal" refers to the high incidence of infants killed if compared to modern nations.[3] The model was developed by Lloyd deMause within the framework of psychohistory as part of a seven-stage sequence of childrearing modes which describe the development of human cultures in their attitude to their children.[4] The word "early" is also meant to distinguish it from late infanticidal childrearing, identified by deMause in the more established, agricultural cultures up to the ancient world.
The model
This particular model is a psychological concept that aims to understand anthropological data, especially from such societies as the Yolngu of Australia, the Gimi, Wogeo, Sambia (tribe), Bena Bena, and Bimin-Kuskusmin of Papua New Guinea, the Raum, the Ok and the Kwanga, based on observations by Geza Roheim,[5] Lia Leibowitz, Robert C. Suggs,[6] Milton Diamond, Herman Heinrich Ploss, Gilbert Herdt, Robert J. Stoller, L. L. Langness, and Fitz John Porter Poole, among others.[7] While anthropologists and psychohistorians generally do not dispute the data of their particular research, they dispute its significance (both in terms of importance and in terms of meaning) and its interpretation.[7]
Supporters attempt to explain cultural history from a psycho-developmental point of view, and argue that cultural change can be assessed as "advancement" or "regression" based on the psychological consequences of various cultural practices.[8] While most anthropologists reject this approach, and most theories of cultural evolution as ethnocentric, the psychohistorians in their turn proclaim the independence of psychohistory and summarily reject the mainstream view in scholarship, that of Boasian anthropologists.
This "infanticidal" model makes several claims: that childrearing in tribal societies included child sacrifice or high infanticide rates, incest, body mutilation, child rape and tortures, and that such activities were culturally acceptable.[9] Psychohistorians do not claim that each child was killed, only that in some societies there was (or is) a selection process that would vary from culture to culture. For example, there is a large jump in the mortality rate of Papua New Guinean children after they reach the weaning stage.[10] In the Solomon Islands some people reportedly kill their first-born child. In rural India, rural China and other societies some female babies would be exposed to death.[10] The gist of deMause's argument is that the surviving siblings of the sacrificed child may become disturbed.[3]
Some states both in the Old World and New World also practiced infanticide, including sacrifice in Mesoamerica, the Incas and in Assyrian and Canaanite religions. Phoenicians, Carthaginians and other members of early states also sacrificed infants to their gods, as described in the table of the psychopathological effects of some forms of childrearing.[3]
The model is also based on a reported lack of empathy by infanticidal parents, such as mutual gazes between parent and child, observed by Robert B. Edgerton, Maria Lepowsky, Bruce Knauft, John W. M. Whiting and Margaret Mead among others. Such mutual gazing is widely recognized in developmental psychology as crucial for proper bonding between mother and child.
Nineteenth century British anthropology advanced a lineal, evolutionary sequence in a given culture from savagery to civilization (Stone Age, Iron Age, Bronze age, etc.). The cultures were seen as a hierarchical ladder. For example, James George Frazer posited an universal progress from magical thinking to science. Most anthropologists of the late nineteenth century and early twentieth century studied primitives outside Europe and North America. John Ferguson McLennan, Lewis Henry Morgan and others argued that there was a parallel development in social institutions. Led by Leslie White, in the 1950s these evolutionist ideas gained influence in American anthropology.[12]
The German-born Franz Boas managed to shift the paradigm. His approach, later named cultural relativism, resists universal values of any kind. According to Boas' principle, which represents the mainstream school in contemporary anthropology, a set of a culture's beliefs and activities should be interpreted in terms of its own culture. This principle has been established as axiomatic in contemporary anthropology. The war of Vietnam consolidated the Boasian shift in American anthropology.[12]
Since in a certain sense the psychohistorians' model is analogous to the now discarded unilineal evolution theory, it is understandable that mainstream anthropologists have been critical of the negative value judgments, and the lineal progression, in the model currently advanced by psychohistorians as to what constitutes child abuse in either "primitive" or non-Western cultures.[13] Furthermore, lumping paleolithic societies with contemporary hunter-gatherers, as deMause and the psychohistorians do, is for anthropologists bad science. This view was rejected by anthropologists a hundred years ago. Melvin Konner wrote:
In return, psychohistorians accuse most anthropologists and ethnologists of having avoided looking more closely to the evidence and having promulgated the myth of the noble savage.[15] They maintain that what constitutes child abuse is a matter of a general psychological law and that some of the practices which mainstream anthropologists do not pay due attention, such as beatings of newborn infants, result in brain lesions and other visible neurological and psychological damage.[7]
See also
 1. Decapitated skeletons of hominid children have been found with evidence of cannibalism. See e.g., Simons, E.L. (1989). Human origins. Science (journal) 245: 1344.
 2. Maringer, Johannes (1956). The Gods of Prehistoric Man, 10-19, London: Weidenfield & Nicolson.
 5. Roheim, Geza (1950). Psychoanalysts and Anthropology, NY: International Universities Press.
 8. deMause, Lloyd (1992). The evolution of childrearing modes. Empathic Parenting 15, issues 1 & 2.
 10. 10.0 10.1 Milner, Larry S. (2000). Hardness of Heart / Hardness of Life, University Press of America.
 11. deMause, Lloyd (1991). The universality of incest. The Journal of psychohistory 19, No. 2.
 15. Godwin, Robert (2004). One Cosmos under God, 166-174, Omega Books.
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Interior: Plants warrant federal protection
The federal government has declared two western Colorado wildflowers to be candidates for protection under the Endangered Species Act, conservation groups say.
Interior Secretary Ken Salazar determined the skiff milkvetch and Scholl's milkvetch warrant but can't be listed for protection because of higher priorities, WildEarth Guardians and the Center for Native Ecoystems said in a news release.
Colorado is the only state where the plants are found, the groups said. The skiff milkvetch, which gets its name from its boat-shaped fruits, occupies just 83 acres in Gunnison and Saguache counties. Schmoll's milkvetch has a total of four populations, and is found on mesa tops in Mesa Verde National Park and the Ute Mountain Ute reservation.
Drought, climate change and proliferation of cheatgrass, a nonnative species, are considered threats to both plants. Livestock grazing, development, and roads and trails are among other threats to the skiff milkvetch, the groups say.


Creating one off payments
When setting up a direct debit, it's often necessary to collect a one-off, or initial, payment. This can cover the cost of providing the service the direct debit will cover, until the direct debit can start.
To take an initial payment, use the One-off Payment action under First Capital Cashflow.
Building a one-off payment template
To do this:
 1. Navigate to Templates in the top navigation bar (under the form title).
 2. Click Create Template.
 3. A popover will open, asking which type of action we want to create a template for. Choose One-off Payment under the First Capital Cashflow section, and click Next.
 4. We'll then be taken to the template builder for this action.
 It is also possible to access the template builder from within a rule, by choosing Create new... when selecting a template in a Then block.
 5. Set the title as 'Initial payment'.
 6. Choose the amount to pay and comments values. You can map a question, variable or logic formulae to each one. Alternatively enter manual text by typing it into the search box for the field and pressing the return key.
 7. Click Save to create the template.
To make this action fire when your form is filled in, you will need to add it to a rule - see Building a Rule.
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