Analysis and measurement of the relationship between money supply and fisical policy rules in Iraq for the period 2004: 3 - 2015: 2
The study is aimedat measuring and analyzing the relationship between money supply and the rules of fiscal policy in the Iraqi economy, covering data for the period (2004: 3-2015: 2). The research revealed that when the Stationary test was performed for the time series of the current variables, it was concluded that theVariable Difict of Rule( Def) was at the level. The rest of the variables were Stationary at the first difference (I). Therefore, the ARDL model was applied, Long-term Bounds Test, and a short-term equilibrium relationship. And the existence of positive and significant effect by the rules of deficit and public debt and the golden rule in the long term, where the value of partial flexibility (0.034) and (0.277) and 0.103, respectively, and this corresponds to the logic of economic theory, Are not consistent with the logic of economic theory. The negative and significant impact of the long-term (Rev / Exp) rule in the short term. In the short run, the increase in the ratio of revenues to expenditure leads to a long-term reduction in money supply. Structural imbalance in public expenditure items in favor of investment Expenditure driving the development of GDP and diversification of production base


text:
The witching hour. Just saying it out loud can send shivers down your spine. Waking up in the middle of the night is the last thing you want (seriously, can you even remember the days of pulling all-nighters?), but at 3 a.m., this inconvenience can become downright spooky. If you've ever felt a hint of the paranormal in the middle of the night, you may have experienced the witching hour. Keep reading for a full understanding of the witching hour and what can happen during the dead of night — if you dare.
What Is the Witching Hour?
According to folklore, the witching hour is a specific time of night when paranormal activity is most likely to occur. That's because the veil between the living and the dead becomes thinner during this time. Ghosts and spirits can travel more easily between the two worlds, and the living become more aware of their presence here on Earth. If you wake up during the witching hour, you won't turn into Haley Joel Osment à la "The Sixth Sense" — but you may have a stronger sense of the supernatural.
When Is the Witching Hour?
The exact time of the witching hour depends on who you ask. Today, it's most commonly believed to occur from 3 a.m. to 4 a.m., in the darkest part of the night. This time has roots in religious beliefs, at least somewhat. Christians believe Jesus was crucified at 3 p.m. Since the devil is the inversion of Christ, 3 a.m. became known as the peak time of demonic activity. The number three can also be a mockery of the Holy Trinity, which may have led to the belief that 3 a.m. is the devil's hour.
Of course, the devil and witchcraft have nothing to do with one another. But people believed witches became more powerful at night, particularly at midnight. Others believed witches were active throughout the night, from sunset to sunrise. Over time, the 3 a.m. hour became known as the witching hour, probably because it coincided with other beliefs about supernatural activity.
What Happens During the Witching Hour?
Again, folklore is mixed about what happens during the witching hour. You've probably heard some of the superstitions, such as if you look in the mirror, you may see a ghost in the reflection. Those theories come from the belief that ghosts and spirits can pass more freely between the two worlds during the witching hour. That's also why mediums can communicate more easily with spirits during this time. For the same reason, paranormal investigators often conduct their research during the witching hour since there's a better chance to capture some supernatural activity.
Witching Hour Rituals
Let's be real: Unless you're a thrill-seeker, you probably don't want to wake up in the middle of the night with your heart pounding, scared to go to the bathroom in case you encounter a ghost on the way. But if you constantly wake up only to discover it's 3 a.m. again, here are some rituals you can do to calm down. Let the spirits do their thing, and you can sleep peacefully.
Create a Sleep Ritual
Technically, you do this before falling asleep, but it's still good advice. Create a sleep ritual to set yourself up for a good night's rest, minus the ghosts and demons. Turn down the thermostat or use a fan to cool your room to an ideal sleeping temperature. Set out some of your favorite crystals. Find ways to relax before bedtime, such as lighting a candle or diffusing essential oils. Do this same ritual nightly to prepare your body for sleep.
Wear a Sleep Mask
If you wake up during the witching hour, the problem may be light interfering with your sleep. Use a sleep mask to block the natural light from your windows or other sources. Of course, make sure you keep your bedroom dark. Hang blackout curtains or shades, so car headlights or an early sunrise don't wake you up.
Use a White Noise Machine
Block out the things that go bump in the night with a white noise machine. Sounds such as ocean waves and thunderstorms can help you fall asleep — and stay asleep. You can even download apps to play white noise from your phone.
Listen to a Podcast
The next time you find yourself awake during the witching hour, put on a podcast to calm your nerves and relax into a blissful sleep. Just search for "sleep podcasts," and you'll find tons of options. A podcast can give you something to focus on besides the ghost lurking in the corner. Kidding!
Is the Witching Hour Real?
So, here's the million-dollar question: Is the witching hour real? Like all things associated with the paranormal, it's difficult to prove, but it's certainly not impossible. The idea has become ingrained in modern-day culture, making it a popular reference in everything from horror movies to the scary stories you tell around a campfire. Some people swear they feel the presence of spirits in the middle of the night, while skeptics have doubts. And if you're a parent, the term "witching hour" may have a totally different meaning to you!
We can't tell you whether the witching hour is real or not. Honestly, that's something only you can determine for yourself. But you have to admit that there's a lot we don't know about the paranormal realm. So, the next time you wake up at 3 a.m., just know that the tingly feeling you have may not be a coincidence.
Get the Answers You're Looking For
What do you think about the witching hour? Whether you're a believer or a skeptic, you can benefit from talking it over with an intuitive Psychic Advisor. At PathForward, our Psychics specialize in providing insightful, accurate readings to answer all your questions. You can trust us to tell you the truth, whether you're wondering about the supernatural or seeking advice about how to live your best life. Don't be scared — give us a try today.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


text:
The Charles M. Schulz Museum seeks a collaborative, organized, and enthusiastic Assistant Archivist to join our collections team. The Museum is home to an active Research Center that provides care and access to correspondence, periodicals, books, news clippings, and business records pertaining to the life and art of Charles M. Schulz.
The Assistant Archivist reports directly to the Archivist, who is responsible for the overall administration of the Research Center of the Charles M. Schulz Museum. This position is focused on processing archival records related to the life and legacy of Charles M. Schulz, creator of Peanuts, as well as institutional archives. The Assistant Archivist works to implement archival management of records in electronic formats, assists with the public service functions of the Research Center, and engages in active outreach. This position also has responsibility for encoding finding aids using Encoded Archival Description (EAD). In addition, the Assistant Archivist will work with processing assistants, including paraprofessional archival processors and interns. The successful candidate may also participate in digitization projects, acquisition of manuscript and archival collections, and donor relations.
- A graduate degree in library science from an ALA-accredited institution, a graduate degree in archival studies, or an equivalent combination of education and experience.
- Formal coursework or training in archival management and theory.
- Ability to work effectively as part of a team in a dynamically changing environment.
- Experience processing archival collections and preparing finding aids.
- Familiarity with concepts related to archival management of electronic records.
- Knowledge of basic records management principles and current trends.
- Ability to learn new technologies quickly and effectively.
- Fluency with digitization concepts and best practices.
- Strong written, verbal, and interpersonal communication skills.
- Proficiency with PastPerfect Museum Software.
- Reference service experience in a research or academic library.
- Expertise working with archival collections in non-textual formats, such as photographs, audio recordings, and video recordings.
- Experience working with electronic records.
- A comprehensive understanding of Adobe Creative Suites.
- Experience working with oral history programs.
About the Museum
The mission of the Charles M. Schulz Museum and Research Center is to preserve, display, and interpret the art of Charles M. Schulz. The Museum carries out this mission through exhibitions and programming that:
- Illustrate the scope of Charles M. Schulz's multi-faceted career,
- Communicate the stories, inspirations, and influences of Charles M. Schulz,
- Celebrate the life of Charles M. Schulz and the Peanuts characters, and
- Build an understanding of cartoonists and cartoon art.
Benefits and Compensation
This is a part-time hourly position with pro-rated benefits requiring 32 hours per week.
To apply, please send a letter of interest and resume to Cesar Gallegos, Archivist, at _EMAIL_


text:
in the UK
Plaiting and braiding have a long history. They encompass decorating hair, weaving and basket-making as well as making knots. So it is surprising that John Gorham seems to have been the first person to have looked at the subject systematically. The main part of this book is a reprint of his 1888 work on plaiting crystal models has been an inspiration to many others working in this field, notably Robert Pargeter and Jean Pedersen. Along with Robert Pargeter and James Brunton's articles in the Mathematical Gazette Gorham's work is here reproduced. The ideas were extensively covered in Mathematical Models by Cundy and Rollett, also reprinted by Tarquin. It is through this book and Pargeter's article that Gorham's techniques have been kept alive. The book itself has been rare and most references to it are only as a result of Pargeter having quoted it as his source. Through this reprint the work can be more widely read and admired by mathematicians, plaiters and crystallographers, as well as historians of science and mathematics.
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source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


text:
If you mean UK miles, that would be 77.25 lengths!
50 lengths of 25 metres = 1250 metres = 0.7767 miles (to 4 dp)
In a 25m pool it is 200 lengths
45 lengths x 25m = 1125m 1125m x 3.3 ft per meter=3712.5 feet 3712.5 feet / 1 mile (5280 feet) =0.703 miles
100 lengths of a 25m pool
There are 1500/25 = 60 lengths of 25cm
3.1 mi =4._PHONE_ kilometers(4._PHONE_ kilometers) / (25 meters) = 199.558656 or 200 lengths.
Approximately 1 609.344 lengths.The English channel is approximately 25 miles wide, and doing the math, you get 1609.344 lengths of a 25m pool
1.4 miles = 2253.08 metres = 90.12 lengths of 25m
4 lengths of a 25M pool, 2 lengths of a 50M pool.
32 lengths of a standard training pool 25m
10 lengths of a 25m pool
2.5km = 2500m 2500m / 25m ('standard' pool length) = 100 lengths
5000 (5k) meters divided by 25 meters =200 lengths
39 lengths of a 50m pool 20 lengths of a 25m pool 43 lengths of a 50yard pool 22 lengths of a 25yard pool
If you mean 5 kilometers, it is 200 lengths.
1 kilometre = 1000 metres. You now have all the information required to work out, for yourself, the answer to this and similar questions.
4 lengths of 25m (not 25km) is 100m So 4x4=16 lengths to make 400m
_PHONE_ lengths of a (standard) 25m pool - that's going to take a long time!
///well, first you figure out how many laps in a 50metre pool then times 2. The answer is 60 laps of the 25 metre pool./// Your actually wrong. 1 lap = 2 lengths. Its 60 lengths or 30 laps Tom :)
It depends on the length of the pool. In a 25m pool, it is 6 lengths.
100 I know this because i used to swim 5k
It depends on how long the pool is, most swimming pools are either 25m or 50m long thus 1km (or 1,000m) will be 40 lengths in a 25m pool and 20 lengths in a 50m pool


Textile Width 750mm, China
Discharge dyeing works with the removal of the dye originally applied to the fabric. In this case, it was originally a red piece of fabric using a dye remover was applied through a stencil resulting in a pattern of the red colour. This technique was introduced into China in the 50s which became very popular in the rural area. Traditional fabric dyeing technique in China are based on vegetable dye where the intensity of the colour will run through time and wash. Discharge dyeing was most welcomed as the colour stays and the patterns are fine. This fabric has a butterfly and flower print.


Take the 2-minute tour ×
I have read in forums and googled results, that Refresh is not needed in Linux (Ubuntu /Linux Mint, etc ) like systems.
I never found the reasons or concept behind REFRESHING in Linux.
What exactly does refresh means in Linux, i am aware that F5 / Ctrl+R keys work and does a refresh kind of operation in Linux OS. But what exactly does it do.
And also Why there is no need of Refresh in Linux, if it is there then Why.
share|improve this question
1 Answer 1
up vote 12 down vote accepted
Refresh on Windows does a bunch of different things depending on the application. If you're talking about the file manager — reloading/refreshing is needed in some cases (and does the same thing as in Windows), but not that often.
Most modern desktop environments on *nix make use of either the inotify facility, or, for older ones, the File Alteration Monitor daemon famd. You fire the appropriate system calls or connect to the famd, give them a list of directories or files to watch, and you get you an asynchronous message when they change. For directories, you can get separate messages for when contents are added, deleted, changed, etc. Using this, a file manager can automatically refresh its view of a folder when the folder changes, and it's very easy to implement.
Think of it as a bot that hits F5 for you when it's needed.
You can see this in action yourself! Open your Downloads folder in a file manager, then download a file with your web browser. The file manager will show the file automagically. If it's a big file (or a slow connection), you might even see the filename.part temporary file appearing, then increasing in size, then getting renamed into the final filename.
Modern file selection dialogue boxes do the same: if you go to 'Open…' and move a file into the directory the dialogue box is showing, that file will appear there immediately (not when you hit refresh).
Refreshing/reloading is still needed in a number of cases:
 - If for some reason, you're running neither a modern kernel nor famd (e.g. old installation, embedded machine).
 - If your files/entities are accessible over a medium inotify and famd don't support because it's not a locally accessible 'directory', e.g. the GNOME VFS using sftp or the KDE sftp:// IOSlave.
 - If they're not files at all. For instance, web pages or documents being viewed. But: many viewers will watch their open files for changes and will automatically reload them. This is handy in development where you have a lot of edit-save-'compile'-view cycles — the venerable xdvi did this for LaTeX typesetting. The KDE document reader okular does it too.
share|improve this answer
There are inaccuracies in this answer. FAM has beed deprecated for many years now. Almost all "modern" distros use inotify in some form: _URL_. – Not Now Jul 3 '12 at 4:09
Thanks, I'll update the answer. It's not even 9AM here and I've already learned something new. (and to be honest, I found famd to be too much of a hassle; a kernel solution would be ideal) – Alexios Jul 3 '12 at 5:31
Is inotify a possible answer for this question, too? If so, please answer that question. – Nils Jul 4 '12 at 21:10
Your Answer


My logo is composed only of vector lines. Its dimensions are 1051 x 194.
When I Layer > Transform > Scale the logo to a smaller size (eg 170 x 32), some of the lines disappear; in particular the vertical lines.
Why is this happening and how can I prevent it? Seems like such a basic thing that Sketch should be able to handle!
Billy Kerr was right. Vectors disappear if it's too small.
It's better to convert vector lines to vector shapes using "Layer -> Convert to Outlines" to gain more flexibility and understand what's happening with the shape.
Sketch app's minimum size to render vector shapes is 0.5 pixel. Sketch's vector shape's width/height must be greater than 0.5 to render in display canvas.
Sketch scale option doesn't show the error message if you reduce the size of a shape lower than 0.5 pixel since some people use it to hide shape. It shows error message only if you manually edit the width/height of a shape
enter image description here
Vector images are still dependent on rendering on a screen for display purposes, and these screens are made of pixels.
If the lines are too thin when scaled (like much less than a pixel on a monitor/screen), then that's probably why they are disappearing. Try increasing the stroke width before rescaling, or redesign the logo so it looks good at small or large sizes.
The same thing happens in other vector software, and so it's not Sketch specific.
This animation shows what happens in Inkscape (another vector image editor), and how when zooming in the lines are still there.
enter image description here
 - 1
 As a point of note, even when looking at the animation above, the vector lines kind of remain until the image is way to small. That's down to anti-aliasing. Notice how the borders of the box change from the solid black through various shades of grey. Anti-aliasing depends on a number of factors (including your graphics card, drivers and software), and can be indirectly affected by other aspects of the kit you (or any other viewer) are using, such as the quality of the output medium (e.g. the monitor). – Paul Sep 13 '18 at 8:39
 - 1
 Thank you very much for your answer Billy Kerr, really appreciate you putting the effort in to answer it in a comprehensive manner. Thanks also _USER_ for clarification. I selected Suresh Murali's answer as his helped me to solve my problem, though thanks to all of you for your time in answering my question! – pho_pho Sep 13 '18 at 14:18
Your Answer


An Overview To Buying Gold Paydirt
An Overview To Buying Gold Paydirt
- in Collectibles
Comments Off on An Overview To Buying Gold Paydirt
In the mining industry, people can find mining terms. Paydirt is one of the famous mining terms. It refers to dirt that contains sufficient minerals in it. Therefore, it is worth mining. When paying for gold dirt, you risk. It might be a profitable or loss-making venture. Here are the things you must know if you want to buy a gold paydirt.
The Minerals Present
Before you pay for minerals, ensure you assess it. People should identify dirt in the mining field that is likely to produce a significant amount of minerals.
The Price
Anyone selling gold ores will demand a significant amount of money. But if you do not want to risk your money. Choose an affordable one.
The Size of Gold minerals
The bigger the gold ore you buy, the more the number of gold ores you might get. Thus, choose large fields of gold ores.
People who want gold ore can consider buying gold ores. Who knows? They might come up with many minerals and make a significant profit.
You may also like
Making Sustainable Women's Slippers
With over 300 million pairs of shoes being


text:
Quality of life, health, and government perception during COVID-19 times: Data from Colombia
This analysis presents data collected through an online survey about the quality of life, health, subjective wellbeing, and government perception in four cities in Colombia during the COVID-19 crisis.
Four universities and a local newspaper promoted the survey to assess how the pandemic affected the population's quality of life in a broad range of social and economic aspects. Respondents were adults (+18 years old) living in the largest Colombia cities: Bogotá, Medellín, Cali, and Barranquilla, totaling 1637 complete observations. Researchers used snowballing sampling strategy, social networks, a web page, and an advertisement in the partner newspaper for data collection.
This data set helps to conduct social research and policy reports about the consequences of the pandemic. The data enclosed in this paper includes socio-economic variables, income reduction, employment, household composition, teleworking, indebtedness, physical and mental health, physical activity behavior, subjective wellbeing, affective and communal relationships, institutional trust, and perception of government performance during COVID-19.
We aim at contributing to a better understanding of the consequences of the pandemic in Colombia and general in the Global South through the collection and dissemination of data for academic and policy purposes.


ticking off
1 [tik]
a slight, sharp, recurring click, tap, or beat, as of a clock.
Chiefly British Informal. a moment or instant.
a small dot, mark, check, or electronic signal, as used to mark off an item on a list, serve as a reminder, or call attention to something.
Stock Exchange.
a movement in the price of a stock, bond, or option.
the smallest possible tick on a given exchange.
Manège. a jumping fault consisting of a light touch of a fence with one or more feet.
a small contrasting spot of color on the coat of a mammal or the feathers of a bird.
verb (used without object)
to emit or produce a tick, like that of a clock.
to pass as with ticks of a clock: The hours ticked by.
verb (used with object)
to sound or announce by a tick or ticks: The clock ticked the minutes.
to mark with a tick or ticks; check (usually followed by off ); to tick off the items on the memo.
Verb phrases
tick off, Slang.
to make angry: His mistreatment of the animals really ticked me off.
Chiefly British. to scold severely: The manager will tick you off if you make another mistake.
what makes one tick, the motive or explanation of one's behavior: The biographer failed to show what made Herbert Hoover tick.
1400–50; late Middle English tek little touch; akin to Dutch tik a touch, pat, Norwegian tikka to touch or shove slightly. See tickle
Dictionary.com Unabridged
Cite This Source Link To ticking off
World English Dictionary
tick1 (tɪk)
1. a recurrent metallic tapping or clicking sound, such as that made by a clock or watch
2. informal (Brit) a moment or instant
3. a mark (√) or dash used to check off or indicate the correctness of something
4. commerce the smallest increment of a price fluctuation in a commodity exchange. Tick size is usually 0.01% of the nominal value of the trading unit
vb (when tr, often foll by off)
5. to produce a recurrent tapping sound or indicate by such a sound: the clock ticked the minutes away
6. to mark or check (something, such as a list) with a tick
7. informal what makes someone tick the basic drive or motivation of a person
[C13: from Low German tikk touch; related to Old High German zekōn to pluck, Norwegian tikke to touch]
tick2 (tɪk)
1. See also sheep tick any of various small parasitic arachnids of the families Ixodidae (hard ticks) and Argasidae (soft ticks), typically living on the skin of warm-blooded animals and feeding on the blood and tissues of their hosts: order Acarina (mites and ticks)Related: acaroid
2. any of certain other arachnids of the order Acarina
3. any of certain insects of the dipterous family Hippoboscidae that are ectoparasitic on horses, cattle, sheep, etc, esp the sheep ked
Related: acaroid
[Old English ticca; related to Middle High German zeche tick, Middle Irish dega stag beetle]
tick3 (tɪk)
1. the strong covering of a pillow, mattress, etc
2. informal short for ticking
[C15: probably from Middle Dutch tīke; related to Old High German ziecha pillow cover, Latin tēca case, Greek thēkē]
tick4 (tɪk)
informal (Brit) account or credit (esp in the phrase on tick)
[C17: shortened from ticket]
tick off
1. to mark with a tick
2. informal chiefly (Brit) to scold; reprimand
ticking off
Collins English Dictionary - Complete & Unabridged 10th Edition
Cite This Source
Word Origin & History
"parasitic animal," O.E. ticia, from W.Gmc. *tik- (cf. M.Du. teke, Du. teek, O.H.G. zecho, Ger. Zecke "tick"), of unknown origin. Fr. tique (1464), It. zecca are Gmc. loan-words.
1440, "light touch or tap," probably cognate with Du. tik, M.H.G. zic, and perhaps echoic. Meaning "sound made by a clock" is probably first recorded 1549; tick-tock is recorded from 1848. To tick (someone) off is recorded from 1915, originally "to reprimand, scold;" meaning "to annoy" is recorded from
"credit," 1642, shortening of ticket (q.v.).
Online Etymology Dictionary, © 2010 Douglas Harper
Cite This Source
American Heritage
Medical Dictionary
tick 2 (tĭk)
 1. Any of numerous small bloodsucking parasitic arachnids of the families Ixodidae and Argasidae, many of which transmit febrile diseases, such as Rocky Mountain spotted fever and lyme disease.
 2. Any of various usually wingless, louselike insects of the family Hippobosciddae that are parasitic on sheep, goats, and other animals.
The American Heritage® Stedman's Medical Dictionary
Cite This Source
American Heritage
Science Dictionary
tick (tĭk) Pronunciation Key
Any of numerous small, parasitic arachnids of the suborder Ixodida that feed on the blood of animals. Like their close relatives the mites and unlike spiders, ticks have no division between cephalothorax and abdomen. Ticks differ from mites by being generally larger and having a sensory pit at the end of their first pair of legs. Many ticks transmit febrile diseases, such as Rocky Mountain spotted fever and Lyme disease.
The American Heritage® Science Dictionary
Cite This Source
Slang Dictionary
tick definition
 1. n.
 a minute; a second. (See also sec.) : This won't take a tick. Sit tight.
Copyright 2007. Published by McGraw-Hill Education.
Cite This Source
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VUnit projects in Sigasi Studio
Posted on 2021-01-12 by Wim Meeus
Tagged as: VUnit
VUnit is an open source unit testing framework for VHDL/SystemVerilog that helps to write, and automatically run, tests. The VUnit project was started by Lars Asplund from Synective Labs and Olof Kraigher. The source code is hosted at GitHub. VUnit automatically scans your projects for unit tests (aka test benches), runs them with your favorite simulator and reports the results. This automation helps to run tests frequently and iterate faster.
Installing VUnit
VUnit scripts are written in Python, so first make sure Python is installed on your system. A recent version of Python 3 is recommended. Windows users must install a full version of Python, not from the Windows Store.
The recommended way to install the latest stable release of VUnit is via pip or pip3. On most systems running the following command should do the trick:
pip install vunit_hdl
Make sure you use vunit_hdl and not vunit. The latter is a completely different Python library.
You can check that VUnit is installed correctly by for example running:
pip freeze
In the list of installed Python packages you will find a vunit-hdl entry and its version number.
Using VUnit
Running VUnit tests requires two elements: VHDL or SystemVerilog testbenches and a Python script which controls the execution.
VUnit will recognize a VHDL entity or a SystemVerilog module as a testbench if it has a runner_cfg generic (VHDL) or parameter (SV). Testbench entity and module names should have either a tb_ prefix or a _tb suffix. VUnit will warn if that is not the case.
A VHDL VUnit test bench has the following structure. Note that VHDL 2008 is required, a.o. for support of a VHDL context. The main process has function calls to set up and terminate the simulation. Between these function calls, one or more tests may be run.
library vunit_lib; -- VUnit library and context (VHDL2008 required!)
context vunit_lib.vunit_context;
entity tb_example is -- Entity name with tb_ prefix
 generic (runner_cfg : string); -- Generic indicates that this is a VUnit testbench
end entity;
architecture tb of tb_example is
 main : process
 test_runner_setup(runner, runner_cfg); -- Set up and start simulation
 report "This test will pass!"; -- Single, trivial test in this example
 test_runner_cleanup(runner); -- Simulation ends
 end process;
end architecture;
In SystemVerilog it looks a bit different. The runner_cfg parameter, which marks the module as a VUnit testbench, is defined in TEST_SUITE.
'include "vunit_defines.svh" // Include VUnit definitions
module tb_sv_example;
 'TEST_SUITE begin // Includes the definition of parameter runner_cfg
 // which makes this module a VUnit testbench
 // Note: Do not place any code here.
 $display("Running test suite setup code");
 // Start clocks, assert resets etc. here
 'TEST_CASE_SETUP begin
 $display("Running test case setup code");
 // Leave empty for simple cases
 'TEST_CASE("Test that a successful test case passes") begin
 $display("This test case is expected to pass");
 'CHECK_EQUAL(1, 1);
 'TEST_CASE("Test that a failing test case actually fails") begin
 $display("This test case is expected to fail");
 'CHECK_EQUAL(0, 1, "You may also optionally add a diagnostic message to CHECK_EQUAL");
 $display("Cleaning up after a test case");
 // Leave empty for simple cases
 $display("Cleaning up after running the complete test suite");
 // Leave empty for simple cases
 // Optional, but recommended.
Note the presence of the watchdog near the end of the above example. The watchdog ensures that hanging tests terminate as failed rather than keep on running forever.
Finally, a Python script is required to control the VUnit tests. In it simplest form, for a VHDL project could look like this. The script creates a VUnit instance, adds libraries and design files to it, and runs the tests.
# The following line works for VHDL
from vunit import VUnit
# If your project is SystemVerilog, use the following one instead:
# from vunit.verilog import VUnit
# Create VUnit instance by parsing command line arguments
vu = VUnit.from_argv()
# Create library 'lib'
lib = vu.add_library("lib")
# Add all files ending in.vhd in current working directory to library
# Run vunit tests
Note that VUnit does not support a library named work. In VHDL, work is a keyword which means the same library where this element is defined. While in many VHDL projects, the work library is called work, a different name must be chosen in VUnit. In the above example, the work library is named lib. Given the special meaning of work, this won't break any references to work in the VHDL code.
VUnit's user guide offers further details on how to use VUnit.
If your project has multiple source code directories and/or libraries, will need to reflect that. is meant to be stored in revision control. For that reason, generating (e.g. from other scripts) is discouraged. However, the full power of Python is available to configure VUnit's libraries and source files from within We'll give a few examples later.
Using VUnit in Sigasi Studio
Sigasi Studio can help you manage VUnit projects and enables you to run and inspect test results straight from the IDE. VUnit support in Sigasi Studio requires an XPRT license.
Details of how to run VUnit tests in Sigasi Studio can be found in the Sigasi manual. Once your tests are running, Sigasi Studio opens the VUnit view from where you can see test results and inspect the details.
Complex VUnit projects: Python to the rescue
VUnit makes use of a single script which configures libraries and controls the execution. It is not desirable to duplicate the library configuration from other tools in First of all, the library configuration would need regular updates as the project evolves, which means additional work for the designers and a possible source of errors. Generating from other scripts or tools is not recommended either, because is meant to be kept in revision control.
Fortunately, the full strength of the Python programming language is available to help manage VUnit's configuration. We present a few examples of how Python can be used to automate the VUnit setup.
Determine libraries from folder names
In this example, we have a VHDL project with one level of subfolders. Each subfolder is mapped to a library with the same name. Over the course of the project, subfolders may be added or renamed.
The following script extracts the libraries from the folder names. The designer doesn't need to change anything to the script when the folder / library structure is changed.
from vunit import VUnit
import os
# Create VUnit instance by parsing command line arguments
vu = VUnit.from_argv()
# For each folder, create a library with the same name as the folder.
# Map all VHDL files in the folder into the library.
for fpath in os.scandir('.'):
 if fpath.is_dir() and not'.'):
 vu.add_library(, "*.vhd"))
# Add all files ending in.vhd in the top level directory to library "libwork"
# Run vunit function
Find all SystemVerilog files in a folder hierarchy
In this example, libraries are not the problem because SystemVerilog uses one single library. The difficulty here is that design files are present at various depths in the file hierarchy.
Again, Python proves to be a powerful tool to find the design files and configure VUnit tests.
from vunit.verilog import VUnit
import glob
# Create VUnit instance by parsing command line arguments
vu = VUnit.from_argv()
# Create library 'lib'
lib = vu.add_library("lib")
# Hierarchically add all files ending in.v and.sv in current working directory to library
for file in glob.glob("**/*.v", recursive=True):
for file in glob.glob("**/*.sv", recursive=True):
# Run vunit function
Obviously, the example could be extended. For example, one could read a list with files to exclude from a file, and not add those files to the library.
Read VUnit configuration from Sigasi Studio project files
Oftentimes, information about design files, libraries, excludes etc. is available in other design tools, e.g. Sigasi Studio. With some clever use of Python, can retrieve this information from Sigasi Studio's project files, making the configuration of VUnit tests entirely automatic. Just use this vunit…logo in your project, sit back and run your tests.
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text:
Presence of the Gift
Philosophers, social theorists and cultural theorists have generally followed Mauss in assuming that gifts entail obligatory exchanges between distinct parties who give, receive and reciprocate, and, that the social emerges through this sequence of obligations. It is the obligation to reciprocate, for example, that led Derrida to claim that the gift is impossible. We consider the alternative ideas that non-exchange gifts are not only possible but the basis of social life: that the social arises from the nonsequential giving-and-receiving of a gift relation. To develop this claim, we draw on a research project on the phenomenology of teaching. While many interviewees, teachers and students, spoke of the gift in exchange terms, many also spoke of classroom experiences in which there is a giving and receiving that is neither sequential nor locatable. Through the resonances of the concept of presence, we draw out the time, space and ontology of the gift.
exchange; gift; infinitude; presence; relation; simultaneity


text:
Really, Really Old Chinese Wine
Fancy drinking some really, really old Chinese wine?
Archaeologists say they may have discovered the oldest wine ever uncovered in Chinese history. Scientists recently unearthed six wine vessels dating back to West Zhou Dynasty of 1046 BC – 771 BC. and they say they can hear a liquid sloshing around inside.
So far scientists haven't come up with a safe way to extract the liquid because they say the vessel contains an anti-drinking device that was common to the time it was created. The prohibition device was attached to the wine vessel as a way to encourage drinking in moderation.


text: The piano is a complicated, subtle tone-producing device. Much work has been done toward understanding its physical and acoustical mechanisms. On the other hand, excellent results have been achieved in commercial sound synthesis, particularly through the sampling and processing of real piano sounds. The present work builds on digital waveguide string synthesis methods to develop physics-based synthesis algorithms of piano and percussion sounds through appropriate physical models chosen with an eye toward psychoacoustics-based simplifications and toward mathematical reformulation into efficient, physically calibratible digital filter structures. Recently developed physics-based sound synthesis algorithms include: a shared-loss string coupling structure modeling two-stage decay, and a simplified string stiffness filter design, both calibratible from recorded sound data; a time-varying wave digital piano hammer or mallet filter directly modeling nonlinear felt stiffness and hysteresis; membrane, plate, room, and piano soundboard models using a 2-D, or 3-D digital waveguide mesh designed for high-speed multiply-free parallel hardware implementation; and a highly simplified commuted piano synthesis method, which commutes the high-order soundboard filter backward through the strings and linearized hammer filter, replacing it with its own impulse response, which in turn is synthesized directly with enveloped noise.


text:
Position weight matrix
A position weight matrix (PWM), also known as a position-specific weight matrix (PSWM) or position-specific scoring matrix (PSSM), is a commonly used representation of motifs (patterns) in biological sequences.
PWMs are often derived from a set of aligned sequences that are thought to be functionally related and have become an important part of many software tools for computational motif discovery.
The position weight matrix was introduced by American geneticist Gary Stormo and colleagues in 1982 as an alternative to consensus sequences. Consensus sequences had previously been used to represent patterns in biological sequences, but had difficulties in the prediction of new occurrences of these patterns. The first use of PWMs was in the discovery of RNA sites that function as translation initiation sites. The perceptron algorithm was suggested by Polish American mathematician Andrzej Ehrenfeucht in order to create a matrix of weights which could distinguish true binding sites from other non-functional sites with similar sequences. Training the perceptron on both sets of sites resulted in a matrix and a threshold to distinguish between the two sets. Using the matrix to scan new sequences not included in the training set showed that this method was both more sensitive and precise than the best consensus sequence.
The advantages of PWMs over consensus sequences have made PWMs a popular method for representing patterns in biological sequences and an essential component in modern algorithms for motif discovery.
From Sequences to PWM
A PWM has one row for each symbol of the alphabet: 4 rows for nucleotides in DNA sequences or 20 rows for amino acids in protein sequences. It also has one column for each position in the pattern. In the first step in constructing a PWM, A basic position frequency matrix (PFM) is created by counting the occurrences of each nucleotide at each position. From the PFM, a position probability matrix (PPM) can be created by dividing the nucleotide count at each position by the number of sequences, and then normalising. Formally, given a set X of N aligned sequences of length l, the elements of the PPM M are calculated:
where i (1,...,N), j (1,...,l), k is the set of symbols in the alphabet and I(a=k) is an indicator function where I(a=k) is 1 if a=k and 0 otherwise.
For example, given the following DNA sequences:
the corresponding PFM is:
and therefore the resulting PPM is:
Both PPMs and PWMs assume statistical independence between positions in the pattern, as the probabilities for each position are calculated independently of other positions. From the definition above, it follows that the sum of values for a particular position (that is, summing over all symbols) is 1. Each column can therefore be regarded as an independent multinomial distribution. This makes it easy to calculate the probability of a sequence given a PPM, by multiplying the relevant probabilities at each position. For example, the probability of the sequence S = GAGGTAAAC given the above PPM M can be calculated:
Pseudocounts (or Laplace estimators) are often applied when calculating PPMs if based on a small dataset, in order to avoid matrix entries having a value of 0. This is equivalent to multiplying each column of the PPM by a Dirichlet distribution and allows the probability to be calculated for new sequences (that is, sequences which were not part of the original dataset). In the example above, without pseudocounts, any sequence which did not have a G in the 4th position or a T in the 5th position would have a probability of 0, regardless of the other positions.
Creating the PWM
Most often the elements in PWMs are calculated as log likelihoods. That is, the elements of the PWM are transformed using a background model so that:
The simplest background model assumes that each letter appears equally frequently in the dataset. That is, the value of for all symbols in the alphabet (0.25 for nucleotides and 0.05 for amino acids). Applying this transformation to the PPM M from above (with no pseudocounts added) gives:
The entries in the matrix make clear the advantage of adding pseudocounts, especially when using small datasets to construct M. The background model need not have equal values for each symbol: for example, when studying organisms with a high GC-content, the values for C and G may be increased with a corresponding decrease for the A and T values.
When the PWM elements are calculated using log likelihoods, the score of a sequence can be calculated by adding (rather than multiplying) the relevant values at each position in the PWM. The sequence score gives an indication of how different the sequence is from a random sequence. The score is 0 if the sequence has the same probability of being a functional site and of being a random site. The score is greater than 0 if it is more likely to be a functional site than a random site, and less than 0 if it is more likely to be a random site than a functional site. The sequence score can also be interpreted in a physical framework as the binding energy for that sequence.
Information content of a PWM
The self-information of observing a particular symbol at a particular position of the motif is:
The expected (average) self-information of a particular element in the PWM is then:
Finally, the IC of the PWM is then the sum of the expected self-information of every element:
Often, it is more useful to calculate the information content with the background letter frequencies of the sequences you are studying rather than assuming equal probabilities of each letter (e.g., the GC-content of DNA of thermophilic bacteria range from 65.3 to 70.8, thus a motif of ATAT would contain much more information than a motif of CCGG). The equation for information content thus becomes
where is the background frequency for that letter. This corresponds to the Kullback–Leibler divergence or relative entropy. However, it has been shown that when using PSSM to search genomic sequences (see below) this uniform correction can lead to overestimation of the importance of the different bases in a motif, due to the uneven distribution of n-mers in real genomes, leading to a significantly larger number of false positives.
There are various algorithms to scan for hits of PWMs in sequences. One example is the MATCH algorithm which has been implemented in the ModuleMaster. More sophisticated algorithms for fast database searching with nucleotide as well as amino acid PWMs/PSSMs are implemented in the possumsearch software and are described by Beckstette, et al. (2006).
- Stormo, Gary D.; Schneider, Thomas D.; Gold, Larry; Ehrenfeucht, Andrzej (1982). "Use of the 'Perceptron' algorithm to distinguish translational initiation sites in E. coli". Nucleic Acids Research 10 (9): 2997–3011. doi:10.1093/nar/10.9.2997.
- Stormo, G. D. (1 January 2000). "DNA binding sites: representation and discovery". Bioinformatics 16 (1): 16–23. doi:10.1093/bioinformatics/16.1.16. PMID _PHONE_.
- Sinha, S. (27 July 2006). "On counting position weight matrix matches in a sequence, with application to discriminative motif finding". Bioinformatics 22 (14): e454–e463. doi:10.1093/bioinformatics/btl227.
- Xia, Xuhua (2012). "Position Weight Matrix, Gibbs Sampler, and the Associated Significance Tests in Motif Characterization and Prediction". Scientifica 2012: 1–15. doi:10.6064/2012/917540.
- Guigo, Roderic. "An Introduction to Position Specific Scoring Matrices". _URL_. Retrieved 12 November 2013.
- Nishida, K.; Frith, M. C.; Nakai, K. (23 December 2008). "Pseudocounts for transcription factor binding sites". Nucleic Acids Research 37 (3): 939–944. doi:10.1093/nar/gkn1019.
- Aleksandrushkina NI, Egorova LA (1978). "Nucleotide makeup of the DNA of thermophilic bacteria of the genus Thermus". Mikrobiologiia 47 (2): 250–2. PMID 661633.
- Erill I, O'Neill MC (2009). "A reexamination of information theory-based methods for DNA-binding site identification". BMC Bioinformatics 10: 57. doi:10.1186/_PHONE_-57. PMC _PHONE_. PMID _PHONE_.
- Kel AE, et al. (2003). "MATCHTM: a tool for searching transcription factor binding sites in DNA sequences". Nucleic Acids Research 31 (13): 3576–3579. doi:10.1093/nar/gkg585. PMC 169193. PMID _PHONE_.
- Wrzodek, Clemens; Schröder, Adrian; Dräger, Andreas; Wanke, Dierk; Berendzen, Kenneth W.; Kronfeld, Marcel; Harter, Klaus; Zell, Andreas (9 October 2009). "ModuleMaster: A new tool to decipher transcriptional regulatory networks". Biosystems (Ireland: Elsevier) 99 (1): 79–81. doi:10.1016/j.bios


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let $K$ be a field, $n \geq 1$. denote $E_{i,j}$ the elementary matrix having $1$ on the diagonale and in the entry $(i,j)$, and $E_i(a)$ the elementary matrix $diag(1,...,a,...,1)$. you know that $GL_n(K)$ is generated by these matrices, but what relations do we need in order to get a presentation for $GL_n(K)$?
here are some relations, which correspond to simple relations about row operations:
 - $E_i(1)=1$
 - $E_i(ab) = E_i(a) E_i(b)$
 - $E_i(a) E_j(b) = E_j(b) E_i(a)$
 - $(E_j(-1) E_{ij})^2=1$
 - $E_j(a+b)^{-1} E_{ij} E_j(a+b) = E_j(a)^{-1} E_{ij} E_j(b) E_i(a)^{-1} E_{ij} E_j(a)$
 - $ (E_{ji} E_{ij} E_{ji} E_j(-1))^2=1$
are these all relations? how can we prove that?
EDIT: Mariano has given a counterexample when $K = \mathbb{F}_2$. well, how can we fix this? add more relations? incorporate the structure of $K$ as a ring? what about concrete examples such as $K=\mathbb{Q}$?
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One way of getting a presentation for a Lie group is exponentiating a presentation from the Lie algebra. For the Lie algebra, the presentation will not be hard to do (just take the Cartan subalgebra, $e_{i,i+1}$, and $e_{i+1,i}$), and you can work out the relations for them. It is not necessary to use the matrices corresponding to all $(i,j)$-s - that might overcomplicate things. – Vinoth Dec 30 '09 at 12:10
It seems to me that this should be a presentation of the simply connected form of the Lie group. But GL_2(R) is not simply connected: the universal cover is basically the metaplectic group. I could imagine much worse things could happen with nonarchimedean fields, but I don't know. – David Speyer Dec 30 '09 at 21:40
Heh. Is $\mathbb F_2$ not concrete? :) – Mariano Suárez-Alvarez Jan 4 '10 at 2:04
can you give a presentation for $GL_n(\mathbb{F}_2)$? – Martin Brandenburg Jan 4 '10 at 9:42
See Steinberg, Lectures on Chevalley groups. For $n=2$ extra relations are needed. This is related to David's comment. – Victor Protsak Jun 6 '10 at 6:03
4 Answers 4
This is a sideways answer.
Let $E_{ij}(a)=I+a E_{ij}$, for $i\neq j$ and $a\in A$.These matrices generate the conmutator subgroup $$E(n, A)=[\mathrm{GL}(n, A),\mathrm{GL}(n, A)]\subseteq\mathrm{GL}(n, A).$$ One can easily check that the obvious relations satisfied by these elements are $$E_{ij}(a)E_{ij}(b)=E_{ij}(a+b),$$ $$[E_{ij}(a),E_{jk}(a)]=E_{ik}(a) \mbox{ if $i\neq k$,}$$ $$[E_{ij}(a),E_{kl}(b)]=1 \mbox{ if $i\neq l$ and $j\neq k$.}$$ Yet the group presented by generators and this relations is not $E(n,A)$, but what we call the $*n$-th unstable Steinberg group* $\mathrm{St}(n, A)$ of $A$. In general, this is larger than (precisely, an extension of) $E(n,A)$.
(NB: The following paragraph has been edited to make it match reality. Thanks to Allen for pointing the mistake in the comment bellow)
This is seen, for example, because the map $\mathrm{St}(n, A)\to E(n,A)$ has a non-trivial kernel. Indeed, after passing to the direct limit as $n$ goes to infinity, the kernel of that map is precisely the second algebraic $K$-theory group of $A$, $K_2(A)$. Milnor shows in his book that $K_2(\mathbb{R})$ is uncountable, and describes $K_2(\mathbb Q)$ (he also shows that $K_2(\mathbb Z)$ is cyclic of order two, so this can be done for rings that are not fields too...)
A nice reference for all this is Jonathan Rosenberger's Algebraic $K$-theory and its applications, and there is John Milnor's Introduction to algebraic $K$-theory, which is also extremely nice.
A short intuitive description for $K_2(A)$ is: it measures how much more information is there in the elementary matrices of a ring which does not follow formally from the Steinberg relations.
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The kernel of the stabilized map $St(\infty,A)\to E(\infty,A)$ is $K_2(A)$, not $K_3(A)$. Milnor showed that $K_2(\mathbb Z)$ is cyclic of order 2. – Allen Hatcher Dec 30 '09 at 16:37
Suppose $R=\mathbb F_2$ is the field with two elements and $n=2$. Then we need not consider the matrices $E_i(a)$, for the only possible $a$ is $1$, so your group is generated by $\alpha=E_{12}$ and $\beta=E_{21}$. Your fourth relation implies that $$\alpha^2=\beta^2=1.$$ Your fifth equation is empty in this case (for it is only meaningful for when $a$ and $b$ are non-zero elements of the field which add up to a non-zero element of the field!) Finally, your sixth relation in this case tells us that $(\alpha\beta\alpha)^2=(\beta\alpha\beta)^2=1$, but these two equalities follow from the previous equation.
We thus see that the group generated by the $E_i(a)$'s and the $E_{ij}$ subject to your relations is, in this case, $$\langle\alpha,\beta:\alpha^2=\beta^2=1\rangle.$$ This is an infinite group, so it is not $\mathrm{GL}(2,\mathbb F_2)$.
Exactly the same reasoning shows that the same happens for all $n\geq 2$: you get free products of cyclic groups of order $2$.
NB: It wouldn't be the first time that $\mathbb F_2$ behaves differently from other fields... I doubt that is the case, and surely someone with enough determination will be able to use GAP to check whether the group given by your generators and relations is or not $\mathrm{GL}$, at least for other small fields...
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I suggest you give Mariano a check mark. MathOverflow does not function properly when you change a question substantially after it has been correctly answered.
Regarding your revised question, we can fix the presentation by throwing it away and using Steinberg's presentation, which works without problems. I couldn't find an online copy of his paper, but this 1971 article describes how to present the R-points of any semisimple simply connected Chevalley-Demazure group, for R any commutative ring.
I have heard that the presentation in the case of the general linear group is due to Schur, but I don't know a reference.
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You might want to look at Cohn's paper "On the structure of the ${\rm GL}_{2}$ of a ring", MR0207856.
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Your Answer


Manger son pain noir :
Manger son pain noir (Eating black bread) is an expression that means going through a difficult period, having difficulties.
This expression comes from the rebirth, bread becomes a common food. Noble people eat white bread which is better while poorer people ate black bread. This meant that they were in difficulty.
For example : Les étudiants pendant la période de pandémie mangent leur pain noir.
Manger de la vache enragée :
Manger de la vache enragée (Eating rabid cows) means having an angry attitude. In this expression we have the word 'vache', the cow, and 'enragée', rabid which means someone who has rabies (the disease) or is very angry.
This expression comes from the fact that in the past, when there was no food, some people were forced to eat meat from sick animals that sometimes had rabies.
For example : Elle a mangé de la vache enragée ou quoi? Elle a l'air énervée.
French Idiomatic Expression - Manger de la vache enragée
Manger à tous les râteliers :
Manger à tous les râteliers (Eating at all racks) means taking advantage of all possible sources, taking advantage of as many things as possible selfishly.
'Un râtelier' is a rack, an object in which animals can eat.
Animals will often eat at all racks and take advantage of their neighbors' food.
For example : Il mange vraiment à tous les râteliers. Il demande de l'argent à ses parents, à son oncle et maintenant à son frère.
Manger son chapeau :
Manger son chapeau (Eating your hat) means acknowledging your mistake.
Admitting that one has made a mistake is something difficult to do in general, eating one's hat is also difficult, hence the meaning of this expression.
This expression would originate from the equivalent English expression.
For example: Parfois, il faut savoir manger son chapeau pour favoriser la communication.
French Idiomatic Expression - Manger son chapeau
Manger sur le pouce :
Manger sur le pouce (Eating on the go) means eating very quickly. The thumb here represents the finger.
When we eat on the thumb, we don't sit at the table, we're going to eat a sandwich, so we're going to use our hands, our thumbs.
For example : Le midi, j'ai une pause très courte donc je mange sur le pouce.
Manger dans la main de quelqu'un :
Manger dans la main de quelqu'un (Eating out of someone's hand) means being submissive and dependent on someone.
When you eat out of someone's hand, you are like an animal that has been domesticated, you have no control.
For example : Depuis qu'il a une piscine, tout le monde lui mange dans la main.
French Idiomatic Expression - Manger dans la main de quelqu'un
Manger les pissenlits par la racine :
Manger les pissenlits par la racine (Eating dandelions by the root) means being dead.
The expression comes from the fact that when someone is dead and buried the flowers grow above him and the roots are then his only food.
For example : Je n'ai pas hâte de manger les pissenlits par la racine.
Manger du lion :
Manger du lion (Eating lion) means having a lot of energy. This expression is a metaphor in reference to lions, which are animals full of energy and strength.
For example : Tu es en forme ce matin. Tu as mangé du lion?
French Idiomatic Expression - Manger du lion
Your turn, make a sentence with one of these idiomatic expressions, write it in comment!


text:
- This event has passed.
Plexal member Disability Rights UK, together with Sport England, is hosting an event at Plexal to showcase the growing evidence base of Disability Rights UK's Get Yourself Active programme.
Sign up if you're interested in:
- discussing new evidence around how we can create the best outcomes for disabled people through physical activity
- engaging with like-minded people from social care, health, wellbeing and physical activity sectors
Speakers include James Sanderson, director of personalised care at NHS England and Mike Diaper OBE, executive director for children, young people and tackling inactivity at Sport England. They'll take part in a panel discussion on:
- disabled people led approaches to improving health and wellbeing
- knowledge transfer to disabled people to increase demand for physical activity
- working through social care and health professionals to deliver this knowledge, and what all of this means for personalised care


text:
The Estimation of Age and Analyses of the Growth Rate Piliostigma thonningii (Schum.) Milne-Redhead in the Guinea Savanna Zone of Nigeria
Estimates of age and analyses of growth rate of Piliostigma thonningii were made by counting rings and measuring ring widths in those plants that formed distinct rings. In the others, with indistinct rings or no rings, the regression method was used to estimate the ages, using known ages and girths to derive a regression equation. There was a high correlation coefficient between age and girth (r = 0.96), less so between age and mean annual growth increment (r = 0.71) and much less so between age and bark thickness (r = 0.54). The estimated mean annual growth increment (cm) for all the tress sampled was 1.07 ± 0.23 (at 95% confidence limit).


text:
Scientists have solved the mystery of why the world's highest mountains sit near the equator - colder climates are better at eroding peaks than had previously been realised.
Mountains are built by the collisions between continental plates that force land upwards. The fastest mountain growth is around 10mm a year in places such as New Zealand and parts of the Himalayas, but more commonly peaks grow at around 2-3mm per year.
In a study published today in Nature, David Egholm of Aarhus University in Denmark showed that mountain height depends more on ice and glacier coverage than tectonic forces.... At cold locations far from the equator, he found, erosion by snow and ice easily matched any growth due to the Earth's plates crunching together.
At low latitudes, the atmosphere is warm and the snowline is high. "Around the equator, the snowline is about 5,500m at its highest so mountains get up to 7,000m," said Egholm. "There are a few exceptions [that are higher], such as Everest, but extremely few. When you then go to Canada or Chile, the snowline altitude is around 1,000m, so the mountains are around 2.5km."...
Thursday, August 13, 2009
I'm always interested in new "facts" that explain the world to me. I just ran across this article by Alok Jha in the Guardian:


text:
Enthalpy of Mixing (Excess Enthalpy)
Excess enthalpy data (HE) are important for the description of the correct temperature-dependence of the activity coefficients following the Gibbs-Helmholtz equation:
For fitting interaction parameters of gE - and group contribution models, applicable for a larger temperature range, enthalpy of mixing data directly provide the temperature dependence of the activity coefficients. Therefore, a combination of vapor-liquid equlibrium and excess enthalpy measurements is a good solution to cover a broad range of temperature.
Heats of mixing can be measured with different experimental devices.


EOL CD Review
CD cover
Hungary and Romania: Descendants of the Itinerant Gypsies: Melodies of Sorrow and Joy
Produced by Yuji Ichihashi, Aki Soto, and Stephen McArthur. Recorded by Kazuyuki Tanimoto and Norio Inagaki. Multicultural Media: Music of the Earth MCM3009. 1997. Compact Disc. Liner notes by Kazuyuki Tanimoto and Norio Inagaki.
Melodies of Sorrow and Joy is a re-release of field recordings of songs and instrumental pieces performed by Gypsy (Rom) musicians from Hungary and Romania and originally released in Japan. The disc is divided into two halves, each recorded by a different researcher, with the pieces in each half grouped together on the recording by geographical region. As a result, the CD and its accompanying notes seem like two separate projects, which they originally were.
AU sound iconAudio 1: "Khelimaski dyili," opening (152 KB.au)
RealAudio iconAudio 1: "Khelimaski dyili," opening
Download RealAudio Player
AU sound iconAudio 2: "Meselaki dyili," opening (381 KB.au)
RealAudio iconAudio 2: "Meselaki dyili," opening
The first half of the disc, recorded in Hungary, consists of sixteen tracks of vocal music. All of the songs are examples of either thekhelimaski dyili, a rhythmic, sung dance, (Audio 1) or the meselaki dyli, a slow song with free rhythm (Audio 2). Brief, paraphrased translations are provided for each of the slow songs, while no translations are provided for the dance songs.
The generous number of examples of both song types provides a good introduction to these genres, and a welcome opportunity for comparison of styles between various singers and different villages. The meselaki dyli selections recorded in Gyngys Village, for example, are sung in heterophonic style by a group of men's and women's voices, and provide an important contrast to the meselaki dyli examples of Piricise Village, which are performed by solo voices.
AU audio iconAudio 3: Men's Dance, opening (188 KB.au)
RealAudio iconAudio 3: Men's Dance, opening
AU audio iconAudio 4: Wedding March, opening (141 KB.au)
RealAudio iconAudio 4: Wedding March, opening
The second half of the disc provides a more diverse sampling of instrumental styles from the Carpathian Mountain region, including a Csardas, a funeral piece, several varieties of men's dances, (Audio 3) a wedding march, (Audio 4) and couples' dances. With the exception of one piece played by a violin/gardon (cello-like stringed instrument) duo, the instruments playing on each track are not listed.
Multicultural Media is to be commended for releasing these valuable recordings and for translating the original notes. The notes however, and the format in which they are presented, are confusing and perhaps require more editorial comment than the brief disclaimer at the back of the booklet which describes both the difficulties of transliteration as well as the diverse professional backgrounds of the researchers. Several problems are apparent. Some tracks include no annotation other than the name of the genre. None of the songs or instrumental pieces are given a title, and none of the performers appearing in the recording or the accompanying photographs are identified or credited.
The editors state that they wanted to preserve the tone of the original Japanese notes, but the original commentary seems to need some additional context and frame, particularly for the notes which accompany the first half of the disc. While the romantic travelogue-type narration employed here can perhaps be forgiven for its exuberant enthusiasm, at other times the notes are dangerously misleading as when, for example, the first annotator proclaims that in general, Gypsy dancing has no fixed gestures or organized movements.
Although these recordings were originally released in 1992, with the songs from the first half recorded in the 1980s, the photographs in the accompanying booklet are from 1963, leaving some question as to when the rest of the field recordings were made. Again, some historical context for the recordings and the notes would be a welcome addition.
Difficulties in presentation aside, the recordings and the notes too, contain much that should delight and interest many listeners, especially newcomers to Rom music of this region. The song selections are compelling performances representing a variety of individual and regional styles, and the instrumental tracks provide documentation of some fine examples of solo violin and ensemble playing from the Carpathian Mountains. Although the annotations to the individual selections are somewhat incomplete, the notes provide a fine history of Gypsy instrumental music in Hungary, and good, informative general descriptions of the song genres.
Suzanne Camino
Suzanne Camino is a doctoral candidate in the ethnomusicology program at the University of Michigan. She is currently researching songs of emigration and exile among Albanian communities in the United States. Her past research has focused on Albanian polyphonic singing and Bektashi Sufi chanting.
Thanks to Aaron A. Fox for web design assistance


What is a Worm Drive?
B. Nolta
B. Nolta
The tuning heads on guitars are worm gears.
The tuning heads on guitars are worm gears.
In the world of manufacturing and machinery, a worm drive is a geared arrangement that is generally used to either change the rotational speed of a larger mechanism or modify the amount of torque applied. The arrangement gets its name from the worm gear, a cylindrical gear in the shape of a screw. When the worm gear turns, the threads of the screw rotate and apply motive force to a gear wheel, which in turn rotates and transmits power to the larger mechanism.
The term "worm drive" can be a confusing one, as it is common to use the term when talking about only the worm gear itself, even though the definition covers the entire gear system. To further complicate matters, "WORM drive" was an early term for drives that burned data to CD-R discs. WORM stood for Write Once, Read Many in that context. This usage of the term, however, has fallen into disuse, so most contemporary usages of the term refer to the gear system.
Worm drives are commonly used due to their relative small size and simplicity. Since the rotational force of the worm gear and the gear wheel mesh at a 90° angle, the gears can be placed in line with, or on top of, each other. This allows for a more compact arrangement of the gears. Since the gear ratio depends on the length of the screw and number of teeth along the shaft of the worm gear, the ratio can be readily modified while maintaining a small volume. In addition, a basic worm gear usually will only turn in one direction, which means the worm drive is self-locking unless specifically engineered to be otherwise, either through precision engineering of the gear meshing angles and surfaces or through the addition of additional worm gears. Finally, due to their simplicity, worm drives tend to be reliable, long-lasting and relatively easy to maintain.
Worm drives and gears are found in a wide variety of applications. The tuning heads on guitars, violins and many other stringed instruments, for example, are worm gears. Many hose clamps are also examples of worm gears; the twisting of the head spins the worm gear, which in turn causes an aperture to tighten and thus apply pressure. Other common examples of worm gears include electric motors in toys, rudders on ships, automotive differential systems, as well as lifting mechanisms such as elevators.
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 - The tuning heads on guitars are worm gears.
 The tuning heads on guitars are worm gears.


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Science Museum unwraps a "sweet" exhibition
A "tasty" exhibition to reveal the biology, chemistry, physiology and psychology of the world of candy was unwrapped at the Hong Kong Science Museum today (June 26) and will run until October 28.
"Candy Unwrapped", featuring 17 groups of interactive exhibits, will satisfy the mind of visitors even as it tickles their taste buds through looking at, smelling and tasting the exhibits.
Speaking at the opening ceremony of the exhibition today, the Assistant Director (Heritage and Museums) of Leisure and Cultural Services, Dr Louis Ng, said the Hong Kong Science Museum organised this exhibition to give children an educational and entertaining experience for the summer holidays.
"Candy is not only for kids. Chocolate is also a favourite of ladies. With stories about romantic memories and magical powers of chocolate, visitors will learn about the rich history and culture of candy and other yummy treats from around the world. We believe the exhibition will enable all family members, young and old, to discover the fun and the science and psychology behind the candy," Dr Ng said.
Produced by the Ontario Science Centre in collaboration with Ybrick Design 3D Inc, "Candy Unwrapped" invites visitors to bring their taste buds for some sensational sugary science. Visitors can examine the structure and many uses of sugar, which is more than just a sweet treat and has qualities that are useful in many things. They can see how sugar has been used to preserve food, bind concrete and even heal wounds. They are also invited to walk across the face of an enlarged sugar crystal to learn about the various phases of crystallisation, the beauty of nature's final design, and what sugar crystals have in common with stacks of oranges in a supermarket.
Visitors can explore how taste and other senses, such as sight and smell, are used by the human body to determine what tastes good. Using their taste buds, they can learn the biological point of puckering by experiencing the super sour challenge, and discover the difference between taste and flavour through participating in a jelly bean test.
The rich history and cultural diversity of candy and other treats from around the world are featured in the exhibition. Visitors can discover the fascinating stories behind treats from a dozen countries, from Chinese ginger candies to Nigerian puff-puffs. Some unusual past and present candies are also on display, and visitors will learn through the exhibits why some of them are still popular in modern times.
The exhibition will detail the history of chocolate, including different forms of chocolate that have emerged over thousands of years and how chocolate bars are made. Visitors can also experience how candies bring back romantic memories, and find out whether chocolate is always associated with romance, or is it simply a psychological effect? Visitors can discover more by entering into a boudoir to learn about the cultural legacy and intriguing chemical properties of chocolate.
Visitors can jump on the energy burn bike and pedal for one minute to find out the calories of a sugar cube and how many calories they can burn off in 60 seconds. They will learn about the way their body creates and uses energy and which types of food energy work best for them. Kids can design and draw their own candy wrapper or jump on the cushy giant tongue and learn about the sensory complexity of the human tongue.
Admission to "Candy Unwrapped" is $35 with half-price concession for full-time students, people with disabilities and senior citizens aged 60 or above. "Free Admission on Wednesdays" and the Museum Weekly Pass will not apply to this exhibition.
The Science Museum is located at 2 Science Museum Road, Tsim Sha Tsui East, Kowloon. It is open from 1pm to 9pm from Monday to Friday, and from 10am to 9pm on Saturdays, Sundays and public holidays. It is closed on Thursdays (except public holidays).
For details of the exhibition and related programmes, visit the Science Museum's website (hk.science.museum). For enquiries, please call 2732 3232.
Ends/Friday, June 26, 2009
Climbing up an enlarged sugar crystal, the "Crystal Mountain", visitors can learn about the various phases of crystallisation and the beauty of nature's final design.
The exhibit, "Delectable Delights", allows visitors to learn about treats from around the world and how some of these treats taste surprisingly like some of our familiar foods.
Jumping on the "Taste Bud Tango", a cushy giant tongue, visitors can learn about the sensory complexity of the human tongue.
"A Bar is Born" details the history of chocolate, including different forms of chocolate that have emerged over thousands of years and how chocolate bars are made.
Chocolate has long been considered an aphrodisiac. Is this a scientific fact or sexy myth? Visitors can discover more by entering into "Romancing the Bean" to learn about the cultural legacy and intriguing chemical properties of chocolate.


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How to be bright and sunny keep a journal, and try to think of three good things that happened that day, no matter how small. Describe the sky in a single sentence without using any color words not sure if it was a going to be a cheerful friday or a good day to stay in bed and pull a. Related searches for sunny day descriptive writing sunny days in second grade - blogspotcom sunnydaysinsecondgradeblogspotcom there's a good freebie way at. Learning experience it was a hot, sunny day in the middle of july the noontime air was warm and steamy i was tan and happy my igger any fall i took would. English essay it was a bright sunny day in july the sky was painted a bright blue and the shiny green grass glistened in the sun it was a great day for football. The first day length: 743 words continue reading open document the first day it was a bright sunny day good essays summary of the first. Words to describe another word below is a list of describing words for another word but it does a pretty good job for most common nouns. Synonyms for sunny at thesauruscom with free online thesaurus, antonyms, and definitions dictionary and word of the day.
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Another question, if its correct to say good morning day describe a car accident will usage words to describe characteristic of the day describe. Match the correct adjectives to the days they describe: 1 a warm, sunny summer's day 2 a very cold winter's day 3 a wet, miserable, cloudy day. How do you describe your beautiful day purplesoxxx nice warm sunny day riding my bike in the your boss and you are not in good terms best answer. Coastal whispers by jill eisnaugle inspirational poetry, written from the heart and soul verses that are well-suited for reading on a rainy day and that are.
I know this is an unusual request but could you describe a typical good day and a typical bad i wake up in the morning it's sunny outside (normally i hate. A beach on a sunny day james weir i woke up one morning feeling very hot explain and describe section found what you're looking for. Learn how to describe a photograph of a beautiful autumn tree clear day, and it is also likely sunny days in autumn often mean cold weather. First and second grade students can refer to adjectives as describing wordsby using adjectives it was a nice day it was a sunny day that was a good story.
Youll find lots of descriptive essay on bright sunny day, how to make an extended essay plan, what are the common app essay prompts and samples of successful college. How to describe a bright and sunny day in a m writing chapter two right now and i want to describe a bright and happy day in a some good questions.
The sun was shinning like a golden disc, sunny day, clear blue sky.
Starting with a puddle on a sunny day, write a paragraph describing how water might move through the water cycle and eventually fall back as rain - _PHONE_. The beauty of bright sunny days (c) friday, december 14, 2012 was a bright sunny day, so charming and innocent and full of promise for the coming weekend. Check out our top free essays on describe a rainy day to help you write your own essay good days and more shit days it was mostly sunny all the time. Describe a perfectly awesome summer day the cloudless day was perfect for this sunny day this would qualify to be a perfectly awesome summer day. If you want to describe a windy situation in a cemetery so if you want a continuous windy day you might what is a good way to describe two people as. Essays - largest database of quality sample essays and research papers on a sunny day at a beach.


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Hair dryers have long been blamed for causing damage to hairs with the amount of heat they use. Sadly, many people, especially those with long, thick locks, cannot wait to dry naturally before leaving home for the day. Therefore, research has been ongoing into the technology of drying hairs. One advance that has been shown to benefit the hairs is the use of ions. But many still wonder, "What is ionic hair dryer?"
These are so named because they actually emit negative ions (particles that carry a negative electrical charge). These ions bond with strands, which carries a positive charge. The bonding causes the water to evaporate more quickly than simply adding heat. It also helps to close the follicles and smooth strands.
The ions produced help to lock moisture in and keep it from becoming too dry and brittle. Because the negative ions bond with positive ions in the strands, static electricity is neutralized, which makes the tresses so much easier to style. It also helps to make the strands look more shiny.
One problem with ionic technology is that it often straightens the subject strands too much, leaving it hanging limply. However, there are many models on the market that allow one to adjust the amount of ionization that occurs inside the unit or to turn the ionization completely off so they can "fluff" the locks and thus and add some volume.
Andis 75370 Tourmaline Ionic/Ceramic 1875 Watt Hair Dryer. The Ionic on/off switch on this hair dryer gives you the power to use ionization whenever you want. When the LED indicator turns blue, the ions are at maximum power.
Understanding what the dryer is makes it easy to see why this technology is beneficial to maintaining a healthy hairdo. This technology is often coupled with other advances in the science of strands, such as the use of ceramic inside dryers to provide more even temperatures and require less damaging heat. The most advanced dryers on the market today also use tourmaline.
Tourmaline is a gem stone (semi-precious) that has some unique properties when exposed to electricity. It produces both heat (infrared) and negative ions. This combination actually works to split apart water droplets at the molecular level. This makes the hairs dry faster with less heat applied and locks in moisture.
The ionic hair dryer is only the best thing that has ever happened to the dryer industry. Now, instead of being avoided because they damage hair strands and create frizz, dryers are more useful as tools to maintain healthy hair and avoid frizziness or brittleness.


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Yokohama India - Side Of Tyres
Bulge on the sidewall of a tire
When a certain area of the tire sidewall is partially protruding, a cord may have broken internally due to external causes such as shock, and is therefore dangerous.
Dent on the sidewall of a tire
There are cases in which a dent occurs and extends toward the sidewall area of a tire. Such dents occur due to the internal structure and have no effects in terms of safety.


Saville Assessment
An international occupational psychology consultancy now part of Willis Towers Watson.
About Saville Assessment (a Willis Towers Watson company)
Founded by Peter Saville, co-foudner of SHL, Saville Assessment is an international occupational psychology consultancy. They are also a large player in test publishing of psychometric tests - which are used by companies large or small around the world. They personality questionnaires are particularly popular, as both these and their tests are known for their thorough research - making them well validated.
Formerly known as Saville Consulting, they rebranded themselves under the new name of Saville Assessment.
Prepare for Saville Assessment tests
Our practice test packs are suitable for preparing for Saville Assessment tests. Our practice tests come with solutions included.
Saville Assessment aptitude tests
Saville Assessment provide psychometric ability tests at most levels of position, and are known for their particular specification request. These tests include numerlca, verbal, abstract, mechanical and error checking. Given that Saville Assessment was founded under Peter Saville who also founded SHL, the tests are very similar. Saville Assesssment has tests with strong validity. We give a list here of the most commonly used Saville Assessment aptitude tests:
 - Verbal aptitude: Verbal reasoning tests will test your ability to understand and make logical deductions based on verbal/written data. Verbal psychometric tests used in selection usually take the form of a written passage followed by a series of questions with possible True, False or Cannot Say responses.
 - Numerical aptitude: The maths required in a numerical psychometric test is determined by the difficulty of GCSE level. The part required from you, is to interpret and figure out what calculation is required from the question, and under pressure of time. The topics are generally relevant to the workplace, meaning that the questions can be similar, and therefore realistic, to the role you are being recruited for.
 - Diagrammatic aptitude: Diagrammatic aptitude, oftentimes called inductive or abstract reasoning, involves noticing patterns as operations and applying them to diagrammatic situations. A candidate will typically be provided with a key and a set of diagrams and must fill in a missing operation in the sequence.
 - Error checking aptitude: Candidates will be provided with two sets of transposed data, with one set containing errors. These errors must be successfully identified by the candidate. Candidates will then be assessed on their ability to check and identify verbal, numerical and coding errors.
 - Spatial aptitude: Spatial aptitude is the ability to apply spatial judgement and visualise objects from multiple angles. These tests will assess candidates' ability to solve rotational and transformation problems, visualise objects and notice inconsistencies. This ability may be tested for positions requiring technical ability such as science and engineering.
 - Mechanical aptitude: The mechanical reasoning test measures a candidate's understanding of basic mechanical principles. This typically involves the use and application of devices such as gears, handles and pulleys.
Saville Assessment personality questionnaires
Saville Asssessment publish one of the most psychometrically valid personality questionnaires on the market, the Saville Wave ®. Their personality questionnaires assess personality and behavioural preferences in the workplace, and they generate a profile based on the self-reported data from the candidate themselves. These can be used to assess whether your personality is a good fit for the role being considered. Saville questionnaires include:
 - Wave ® Professional Styles: This 40 minute personality questionnaire gives an in-depth assessment of candidates' personality in the work place, providing a detailed report based on that profile, including strengths, areas for development and recommended culture-orientation fit.
 - Wave ® Focus Styles: The Focus styles is a shorter, 13 minute questionnaire, featuring the same questions as the professional styles, with the same objectives but with less questionnaire items.
Preparing for Saville Assessment psychometric tests
Saville Assessment have a dedicated webpage for test takers: Saville AssessmentThe company you are applying to should also be able to explain more about the test you will have to take.
Find out more about Saville Assessment
If you want to find out more, feel free to check out Saville Assessment website here: Saville Assessment
Other favored test publishers
You may also be interested in these popular tests sections.
AssessmentDay and its products are not affiliated with Saville Assessment (formerly Saville Consulting) or Willis Towers Watson. Our practice tests are for candidates to prepare for Saville Assessment tests; we do not sell tests for employers to select candidates.


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Driving Skills for Life Video Game is Newest Tool for New Drivers
There are many ways to a teenager's heart and one of them is through video games. With that in mind, Ford Driving Skills for Life (DFSL) and Michigan State University (MSU) have teamed up to produce a new video game that is designed to capture young hearts and minds to help keep them safe behind the wheel.
"Research has found driving simulation can effectively introduce new drivers to potentially life-saving skills," says Jim Graham, manager, Ford Driving Skills for Life. "Tens of thousands of new drivers have attended our driving clinics, but this new game will provide millions of new drivers the opportunity to test and develop their skills online and on their schedule."
The online video game is patterned after DSFL's award-winning driving exercises – a key element of the program. The game was developed by MSU's Games for Entertainment and Learning Lab. Using the latest gaming technology, the game simulates the hands-on driving exercises taught in traditional Ford DSFL driving clinics. The new game can be accessed on the Ford Driving Skills for Life website.
"Many drivers in training have been playing video games for years. Through the game, we are able to leverage the engagement and fun of gaming technology and use it to create an educational experience that is appealing to these new drivers," states Brian Winn, Director of the Games for Entertainment and Learning Lab at Michigan State University. "Given the safety of the game environment, we are able to put players in situations that simulate hands-on training, thereby avoiding making potentially deadly mistakes in the real-world."
More than 3,000 teens ages 15-19 are killed each year on American roads, making traffic fatalities the leading cause of death of American teens, according to government statistics. As the most comprehensive driving skills program in the U.S., Ford DSFL is designed to make a difference by reducing these preventable tragedies. Now in its ninth year, Ford DSFL is a partnership between Ford Motor Company Fund and the Governors Highway Safety Association. The program includes free professional driver instruction, a Web-based curriculum, free educational materials, state grants and statewide education partnerships.
Ford DSFL, in partnership with AAA Michigan, Michigan Office of Highway Safety Planning and Henry Ford Hospital-West Bloomfield, also is launched "Strive for a Safer Drive" – a Michigan statewide effort that includes peer-to-peer safe driving campaigns, use of simulators in schools and professional hands-on driving clinics. The program will reach more than 30 high schools during the six-month period and is patterned after a similar DSFL partnership that helped reduce teen traffic fatalities by 45 percent in Illinois.


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Abstract by Nancy Fulda
EVE: Emotive Adversarial Ensembles for Mixed Initiative Dialog
Machine learning researchers often represent dialog as a strict mapping from input text to output text, but psychological and cognitive science literature shows that humans consistently model each other during communicative processes. Building upon a dialogic view of conversation and working in conjunction with Amazon's Alexa Prize support team, we present EVE, a conversational AI architecture that treats communication as a cooperative effort between unique individuals. Rather than attempting to imitate a human, EVE embraces its identity as a synthetic being, actively seeking information to expand its world-view while still accessing live news streams, fact repositories, and other online APIs in response to user queries. By modeling the expectations of its conversation parter, EVE is able to respond to user utterances in meaningful ways. The completed system will compete against other university teams for a one million dollar grand prize.


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The Kingston Women's Medical College, affiliated with Queen's, was established in 1883 and ran until 1894. It was founded after disgruntled male students forced women out of the Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons, Kingston, an early incarnation of Queen's Faculty of Medicine.
The college was originally located in the west wing of Kingston City Hall and had a dissecting room just under the old building's dome. It moved to a house at 75 Union Street in 1890. The college folded for lack of students in 1894, as the small number of women studying medicine in Canada were increasingly attracted to medical schools in Toronto and Montreal.
Women were not re-admitted to medical studies at Queen's until 1943.


Driving Gloves
Driving Gloves That Are Suitable for Use
Gloves are one of the mandatory equipment for motorcyclists. The function of these gloves is to protect the hands from being injured in an accident, or also to prevent the hands from getting cold quickly due to wind. The point is to protect your hands when driving.
This tool will be very valuable for those of you who really like to ride for a long time. For example, such as touring outside the city and even outside the island, it is mandatory to use it. Because we never know what will be encountered on the highway. Therefore, self-protection for motorized vehicles must be more covered by the whole body, including the hands.
Driving gloves are hand protection, especially the palms of the hands when driving using a motorbike. However, cars are also commonly used. So, this car is usually used when racing competitions. This type of racing can be used for rallies, formula 1, drifting, to off-road, definitely using gloves.
The Driving Gloves Model with All the Consequences
The gloves that exist today have 2 models. So, the first model is that the gloves are full covering all your fingers. Then this second model only covers half of your finger. So, the difference is only in the fingers. some are pseudo-closed, and some cover only half a finger. for use it may be the same. but the security level is definitely better covering the whole.
But the half-finger driving gloves glove has its uses too. For example, like people who use motorbikes for short distances in one city. Then the need to touch something is high. for example, such as workers who use motorbikes. They are sure to often open their cell phones to see. Repost if you have to remove the gloves. Therefore, for this condition it is more suitable for the half.
However, keep in mind is your safety, of course, number one. Or maybe you are a rider who attaches great importance to appearance. The closed glove style will help prevent your fingers from becoming striped. Therefore, the appearance can be maintained. It's a different story with half finger gloves. gloves like that will definitely make your fingers striped if used continuously.
The Advantage of Driving Gloves That Covers the Whole Finger
The advantage of wearing full gloves is of course a higher level of safety. when someone uses gloves like this there is no need to doubt their safety. If seen from previous cases, full gloves can reduce injury during an accident. Even though he was still injured, it was just not that badly.
The next advantage, of course, can withstand the wind to hit your hand. The wind that can enter your body through those fingers will of course be torturous. Your hands will feel more sore than usual. Therefore, it is very dangerous if you can't handle it. In addition, a rider who is exposed to a lot of wind when driving, will get tired faster than if his hands are protected.
Therefore, it is better to use full driving gloves. Because it will protect you from all kinds of direct collision with you. This will be very useful for short and long-distance riders. Because we cannot know when an accident or danger will occur. Because every time you leave the house, the danger will definitely lurk you.
So, you can imagine this when you are not wearing gloves. Using driving gloves is still likely to get hurt, especially if you don't. Therefore, for the drivers out there, it is better to equip their riding equipment as needed.
You can find about Cabretta Gloves here
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Tagged: sizeof operator
sizeof operator in C 4
sizeof operator in C
sizeof operator in C is an unary operator which can be used to find the size of the data-type or expression or a variable. It returns the size of the memory allocated (in Bytes) by the compiler. Lets say, we want to find the size of the memory allocated to the data-type int. We can find it by using sizeof operator as shown in the below code: _TAG_ _TAG_ void main() { clrscr(); int sizeOfInt; sizeOfInt = sizeof(int); printf("%d Bytes", sizeOfInt); getch(); } Output: 2 Bytes As you can see, the above code calculated the size of int data type...
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This works, but looks a little bit ugly:
s = :shop s.to_s.pluralize.to_sym # => :shops
Is there a nicer way to pluralize a
Join Stack Overflow to learn, share knowledge, and build your career.
You can pluralize a
String, which represents actual text.
Symbols are a bit more abstract.
So, by definition, no. However, perhaps you could open up the Symbol class definition and add:
class Symbol def pluralize to_s.pluralize.to_sym end end
Then, you can just call:
:shop.pluralize # => :shops
If you're comfortable altering Ruby's classes, then this works:
class Symbol def pluralize self.to_s.pluralize.to_sym end end
I have yet to find a more elegant solution, although I suspect if there was, it would probably just be Rails implementing something similar to what I have above.


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Culture and the City: Public Action and Social Participation in Rome's Experience.
The aim of this paper is to analyse the role and impact of cultural resources in urban change and growth. In particular the recent experience of Rome, where the municipal administration has often based the urban transformation of various areas upon cultural action, including contemporary architecture buildings, creative artists' work, cultural neighbourhoods and the like, is examined from a range of perspectives, focusing upon the many dilemmas faced by the public decision-maker in a complex ecosystem such as a town where residents, external users, and mass tourists share the same areas for different, and often conflicting, purposes. The main outcomes of the analysis show a substantial connection between the kind of action carried out and the possible degree of social engagement, along with the shared perception of common profiles in cultural resources. The need to activate cultural investments within a strategic framework, and the symmetrical weakness of occasional action is emphasized.
Journal of Business and Economics
Litardi I., Pastore L., Trimarchi M.


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This page explains how to interpret the graphs that are generated by doxygen.
Consider the following example:
This will result in the following graph:
The boxes in the above graph have the following meaning:
- A filled gray box represents the struct or class for which the graph is generated.
- A box with a black border denotes a documented struct or class.
- A box with a grey border denotes an undocumented struct or class.
- A box with a red border denotes a documented struct or class forwhich not all inheritance/containment relations are shown. A graph is truncated if it does not fit within the specified boundaries.
The arrows have the following meaning:
- A dark blue arrow is used to visualize a public inheritance relation between two classes.
- A dark green arrow is used for protected inheritance.
- A dark red arrow is used for private inheritance.
- A purple dashed arrow is used if a class is contained or used by another class. The arrow is labeled with the variable(s) through which the pointed class or struct is accessible.
- A yellow dashed arrow denotes a relation between a template instance and the template class it was instantiated from. The arrow is labeled with the template parameters of the instance.


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speech for student election sample
Free sample student council speech: student council, Hello. my name is george robins, and i am the candidate for the student council representative. last year members of the student council did a great job by adjusting. Sample inspirational speech: student of the year nomination, Student of the year nomination. speech guru provides inspirational speech writing services at all levels. information on different types of speeches, presentation. How to write a speech for school elections (with sample, Expert reviewed. how to write a speech for school elections. four parts: crafting your message structuring your speech preparing for delivery sample speeches.
President speech sample free essays - studymode, Essays - largest database of quality sample essays and research papers on president speech sample.