Behavior During Niddah
Behavior During Niddah
Behavior During Niddah
The time when the woman is niddah is a time of abstinence of all physical
contact. It is a time where the loving relationship between the couple
should find expression in non-physical ways, such as greater sensitivity
towards one another, consideration and giving. In addition to abstinence
from sex, the halacha dictates certain other practices from which the
couple should refrain, so as not to lead to temptation to physical
1. From the onset of a woman's menstrual period certain behaviors which
cause the couple to be physically or passionately close together are
forbidden. Not following these laws is very serious as it is expressly
forbidden to come close to those with whom it is forbidden to have sexual
2. These rules apply equally whether she is actually bleeding or is
counting seven clean days–they apply as long as she has not properly
3. When the woman is niddah it is forbidden for the couple to behave
frivolously with one another. Joking around is expressly forbidden. Of
course, the couple should not be cold or nasty towards one another.
Arguments should be avoided if possible.
4. Even the slightest physical contact is absolutely forbidden.
Additionally, they may not pass each other objects from one hand to
another, as that might lead to inadvertent physical contact. One should
also not touch the clothes of their spouse (while they are being worn)
when the woman is niddah. (There is no restriction regarding clothing
which is not being worn.)
In situations where it is difficult for the couple to not work together
(eg. taking the baby carriage down from an apartment, etc.) the couple
might hold the long object together taking maximum precautions that they
will not touch.
5. It is permissible to throw things from one to another. However, it is
commendable to be strict in this matter, and not to throw directly from
one to another.
6. There are those posqim who allow the couple to pass their child from
one to another when the woman is niddah, and there are those who
disagree. It is commendable to be stringent in this matter.
7. It is permitted for the couple to give one another gifts during when
the woman is niddah, even though it increases the emotional attachment of
the couple.
8. When the couple sits down to eat at their normal places they should
have a reminder on the table to remember that she is niddah. This is
similar to two familiar people eating milk and meat on the same table
where a reminder is used to prevent them tasting from one another's food.
A cup which is not being used may be put in between them as reminder or a
small bowl of fruit. If one uses a place mat and the other does not it is
also considered a reminder. Basically, anything which reminds them that
they must not eat from one another's plate is suitable.
Of course, this law only applies when the couple is dining alone.
However, if they are dining with other people there is no need for any
such reminders. Likewise, if they are eating alone, but on opposite ends
of a long table there is no need for the reminders.
9. He may not drink from what remains in her cup, since this is a sign of
affection. However, if the liquid were poured into another glass it is
permitted for the husband to drink it, even if he then poured it back
into the original glass. Additionally, if she drank half of the glass he
may fill it up and drink the remains.
10. If another person drinks from the cup after the wife drank, the
husband is allowed to drink from the cup.
11. If she drank from a glass and has left the room, the husband can
drink from her glass. He can continue drinking even if she returned to
the room, while he was in the process of drinking from her cup. This law
applies also if she turned to another side of the room and does not
notice him drinking rom her cup.
12. If a woman drank from a glass and her husband does not know, she need
not inform him. If, however, he knows that she drank from the glass but
he does not know that she has become niddah, she must inform him.
13. A woman may drink from the remains of her husbands glass.
14. Although ashkenazim are stringent concerning the remains of food of
the woman who is niddah, sepharadim allow the husband to eat his wife's
leftover food, without any restriction.
15. It is permissible for a man to use the same towel as his wife when
she is niddah. Their is no need for her to have her own special towel.
17. One should not kiss or play with a baby being held by either him or
her, while the woman is niddah. It is also better to be strict not to
feed a baby being held by the other spouse, unless there are extenuating
circumstances where this is necessary and the couple is careful not to
18. They should not light each others cigarettes since this brings
closeness. However, it is permissible for a wife to hold the Havdalah
19. It is permissible for the husband or wife to blow away lint or a
feather from each other's clothing while she is niddah, yet it is
commendable to be strict in this matter, if possible.
20. On a hot day they may not fan each other unless one of them is ill.
However, there is no restriction regarding turning on the fan or the air
conditioner for one another.
21. On a rainy day they may walk under the same umbrella as long as they
are careful not to touch.
22. It is permissible for the couple to read the same book together,
while the woman is niddah, provided they are careful not to touch.
23. A husband may not sit on his wife's bed even if she is not around,
and he certainly may not lay on her bed. If the bed is not specifically
hers, for example, at times she lies on it and sometimes he does, then he
may sit on the bed when she is niddah. She may lay on his bed while he is
not around.
24. The sephardic minhag is to permit the couple to sit together on a
couch even if it is soft and moves as long as care is taken not to touch
each other. However, it is commendable to be strict and not sit together
if the couple is on a pleasure trip while she is niddah.
25. It is absolutely forbidden for the couple to lie on the same bed
together even if they are fully clothed. Similarly, they may not use one
blanket. Strictness should be applied not to lay on two separate beds
unless the beds are separated, even slightly.
26. It is permitted to sleep on beds which are separated even if they
have a common frame. It is not necessary to put a divider between the
27. When a woman is niddah it is permitted for her husband to gaze at her
beauty while she is fully clothed, since she will be permitted to him in
the near future. However, her husband should not look at the normally
covered parts of his wife's body, while she is niddah.
28. A husband may be in the delivery room when his wife gives birth but
should not look at the normally covered parts of his wife's body.
29. It is permissible for the husband to hear his wife singing even
though she is niddah. This applies also to singing shabbat songs.
However, it is commendable to be stringent.
30. A man should be careful not to intentionally smell his wife's
perfume or flowers that she is wearing when she is niddah. However, if
she has removed the flowers he may even make a blessing on their
31. A woman should have special clothing when she is niddah, though
they may be just as nice as her regular clothing. This is so the couple
will constantly remember that she is niddah.
32. A woman may dress nicely and wear jewelry and cosmetics when she is
niddah, as is her custom when she is not niddah. Even if the husband
claims that it does not matter to him, if that is her normal way of
dressing up she should continue it when she is niddah.
33. If the woman normally works in the house she may do all of her
normal household chores, even those specifically done for her husband,
even in his presence. For example, she may cook or bake for him, set the
table or serve him food. Excluded from this is serving him glass of wine,
which is absolutely forbidden, unless it is done in a different way than
normal, like serving with the left hand. All other liquids may be poured
and served in the normal way.
34. Likewise, the husband may serve his wife food and make her coffee
etc. However, he should not serve her wine unless it is done in an
unusual way.
36. Although wine may not be poured or served, the Kiddush cup may be
passed around in the usual manner with the wife who is niddah drinking
from the cup directly after her husband.
37. She may not make his bed in front of him since this may be construed
as a


Red Flag: Questionable Contract Amendments (Change Orders)
Questionable contract amendments, or "change orders," include those that:
 - Increase the value of a contract without adequate justification or documentation;
 - Increase the price of a sole source contract award above the sole source threshold;
 - Promptly follow a low bid award, making the contract price higher than other bid prices;
 - Are disproportionately approved for certain contractors, i.e., certain contractors receive multiple questionable change orders when others do not.
Questionable change orders are commonly used to fund bribe payments.
This red flag can indicate the following schemes:
Click on the schemes listed above to see more information on each scheme, a more complete listing of their red flags and steps to determine if the schemes are actually present.


text:
Difference between revisions of "Claim"
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Revision as of 08:38, 16 June 2021
Full Title or Meme
- The English word Claim means to call our for, or to publish, pretty much the same meaning as the Latin word clamare.
- Merriam Webster definitions
: a right to something specifically : a title to a debt, privilege, or other thing in the possession of another The bank has a claim on their house. b: an assertion open to challenge a claim of authenticity advertisers' extravagant claims
- The JWT spec defines it as "A piece of information asserted about a subject. A claim is represented as a name/value pair consisting of a Claim Name and a Claim Value."
- NIST - Claim = A true-false statement about the limitations on the values of an unambiguously defined property called the claim's property; and limitations on the uncertainty of the property's values falling within these limitations during the claim's duration of applicability under stated conditions.
- NIST [ _URL_ - Claimant] = A party whose identity is to be verified using an authentication protocol. A subject whose identity is to be verified using one or more authentication protocols. The person who is asserting his or her identity
- NIST - Credential (2. 2) Evidence attesting to one's right to credit or authority. (1. 1). Evidence or testimonials that support a claim of identity or assertion of an attribute and usually are intended to be used more than once.
- IETF RFC 7519 JSON Web Token (JWT) Claim = A piece of information asserted about a subject. A claim is represented as a name/value pair consisting of a Claim Name and a Claim Value.
- OIDC Core first says that the definition is taken from RFC 7519 and then says a few different things, none of which agrees with the other.
- Claim = (section 1.2) Piece of information asserted about an Entity.
- (section 1.3) The UserInfo Endpoint returns Claims about the End-User
- (section 2) The ID Token is a security token that contains Claims about the Authentication of an End-User by an Authorization Server (for example the auth_time and nonce claims)
- (Section 5) Claims about the End-User and the Authentication event.
- OIDC Credential = Data presented as evidence of the right to use an identity or other resources. (This applies only to clients' creds sent the OP and access tokens in the doc.)
- IdM Glossary of Terms: (_URL_
- Claim (Assertion) is a statement of the value of one or more identity attributes; e.g. if Ben is currently a CIT freshman, the Identity Management system could create a credential containing the claim: "Ben's affiliation is student".
- Credential is an object that is verified when presented during an authentication transaction. Credentials consist of one or two elements:
- Identity Attributes (required): most often just a single identifier (e.g. username) associated with the entity being authenticated. However, in many circumstances, other identity attributes may be required (e.g. assertion of a right to use license for a particular resource)
- Verifier (optional as part of the credential
- _URL_ A claim made by an actor stating its identity. Without validation, no assumptions can be made regarding the actor's identity. An Identity Claim is usually made by a User towards a Service Provider.
- _URL_ claim = An assertion made about a subject.
- The first patent that described the process of using a claim (authentication ticket) in an Authorization process (OAuth) appears to be: United States Patent 7,257,835 Thomas C. Jones August 14, 2007 Filed: May 28, 2003 Securely authorizing the performance of actions
Securely authorizing the performance of actions may be enabled by linking each secure/privileged action to a requisite policy for authorizing that secure/privileged action. In a described media implementation, one or more electronically-accessible media include electronically-executable instructions that, when executed, direct an electronic device to execute operations including: receiving an action performance request that is directed to a requested action; locating an authorization policy that is associated with the requested action from among multiple authorization policies, the authorization policy indicating how performance of the requested action can be authorized; and extracting at least one rule and one or more authentication ticket requirements from the authorization policy. Example operations may further include: determining whether one or more authentication tickets have been validated in accordance with the at least one rule and/or the one or more authentication ticket requirements; and if so, authorizing performance of the requested action.
Claims typically go through a series of steps, for example:
- A User will go to a Web Site hosting a Resource that the user wants to access.
- The Web Site will send a scope to a User asking for Claims to authorize access.
- The User Agent should know, a priori, where to send the Claims for verification.
- The Verified Claims will be collected and forwarded to the Web Site.
- The Web Site will evaluate the Verified Claims and determine whether to authorize access to the resource.
- Optionally the Web Site will request additional claims to meet the needs to authorize access.
- In computer networking a variety of statements can be made by a user to acquire authorized access to a resource.
- The distinction as to Authentication, who a user is, versus Authorization, or what that user is permitted to do, is no longer helpful.
- NIST has recognized that there are multiple metrics for the quality of statements about a user in their third update to SP 800-63
- Claims can be highly detailed, do to data fields, or a collection of fields, like the User address, this can be overwhelming if presented for User Consent. Some protocols, like OpenID Connect provide for aggregated collections of claims that OpenID calls Scope.
- Walther W. Skeat, An Etyological Dication of the English Language. Oxford (1882)
- Nat Sakimura Scopes and Claims in OpenID Connect _URL_

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


Teaching Tip 13: Checking Together
 1. It's a good idea to let the students check their answers together before feeding back to the teacher because it gives them the chance to rub out/cross out any glaring errors before the teacher sees and thus avoid looking stupid in front of the class.
 2. If a student hasn't a clue about some of the answers it's reassuring to find out that their partner hasn't the foggiest either. The students realise they are not alone. They can also copy their partners answers (if their partner has some that they don't) but their partner might not be right!
 3. Peer teaching is considered a good thing in the world of EFL. Peers are equals. So in this case a students peers are a student's fellow classmates. Working together and checking work together is a form of peer teaching. This means that instead of the know-it-all (and/or) mother-tongue teacher always teaching them, the students can teach each other (by explaining grammar points, correcting pronunciation, explaining new words and phrases etc). The beauty of it is that the students are all equal to each other and are in the same boat, linguistically speaking.
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© Liz Regan 2003


Haskell and Maple FFI
Rafael Martinez Torres rmartine at fdi.ucm.es
Mon Sep 20 10:46:45 EDT 2004
> Making it possible to call Maple would be very cool. Can you give more detail
> about Open Maple?
 OpenMaple is a suite of functions that allows you to access Maple
algorithms and data structures in your compiled C program. This is the
reverse of ExternalCalling, which allows access to C data structures from Maple.
> If I was doing this, I'd start by writing some C code that interfaces to
> use the FFI to invoke the Maple FFI functions for pushing arguments, popping
> results, etc. and use the the FFI libraries which have lots of useful
> functions for marshaling arguments from Haskell to other formats.
> prototype in C, translate to Haskell. At this point, don't worry too much
> about the fact that the simplest function call seems to require 10-20 lines
> [The Open Maple manual probably has a list of examples used to illustrate the
> it just won't work, step back and write a prototype in C.
Examples ( taken from Open Maple. kv stands for a handle for the Maple
 _TAG_ "maplec.h"
 ALGEB M_DECL MyStats( MKernelVector kv, ALGEB *args )
 ALGEB mean, sd, f;
 if( 1!= MapleNumArgs(kv,(ALGEB)args) ) {
 MapleRaiseError(kv,"one argument expected");
 return( NULL );
 if(!IsMapleList(kv,args[1]) ) {
 MapleRaiseError(kv,"list expected");
 return( NULL );
 /* get the name of the function to call, and compute the mean */
 f = EvalMapleStatement(kv,"stats[describe,mean]:");
 mean = EvalMapleProc(kv,f,1,args[1]);
 /* compute the standard deviation using a different method -- build
 up the function object and call MapleEval on it
 f = EvalMapleStatement(kv,"stats[describe,standarddeviation]:");
 f = ToMapleFunction(kv,f,1,args[1]);
 sd = MapleEval(kv,f);
 /* return the pair */
 return( ToMapleExpressionSequence(kv,2,mean,sd) );
Is it what do you mean?
Then, I could use the maple kernel under a "ccall" convention, I mean:
foreign export ccall "MyStats" MyStats :: MKenelVector -> [Args]...
> Ask us as you run into problems.
Rather what I would like is to write code in a file foo.maple and then,
when invoking the function, to invoke the key funcion in C:
sd = MapleEval(kv,f)
IDEA : the RTS in the startup function should initialize
and instance of the Maple kernel (kv) given a (*.maple) file (exactly as a
JVM loads the.class file), once detected a maple call at compiling time. The (*.maple)
should be provided by the end user, as when a dynamic library is provided.
OpenMaple allows the C-programmer to initialize the Maple Interpreter;
Further calls to Maple-wrapper functions will act only as calls the
"MapleEval" function, provided parameters... Once you have setup the
Maple handle, it seems like to deal with a C library like HOPenGL
Rigth?
I don't know on Marshalling/UnMarshalling...
> Once you can do all that, there's a bunch of tricks you can play with
> typeclasses to reduce the number of lines of code you have to write from
> --
> Alastair Reid
More information about the FFI mailing list


text:
A common question that crops up among herpetoculturalists who keep Uroplatus is how much UV they need. This is an important question, because UV, especially UV-B, can be critical to reptiles (and other animals) because it is involved in the pathway that produces vitamin D3 and allows for calcium to be absorbed by the body. But it is not really clear how this works in nocturnal reptiles. In Uroplatus we have the interesting case that the geckos, although active at night, sleep "out in the open," as it were—at least the bark-mimicking geckos tend to sleep on tree trunks and there is the possibility that these trunks are exposed to sunshine, giving the gecko a chance to bask. If this is the case, then in the captive husbandry of the geckos the opportunity to bask in UV-rich light would need to be provided. Over three years of field research, we tried to gather data on the UV exposure of sleeping Uroplatus during the day, using a Solarmeter 6.2 in the rainforests of Madagascar.
The following is an account of attempts to make measurements in Montagne d'Ambre in 2017–2018, Marojejy in 2016, and in a high-altitude forest near Bealanana in northern Madagascar in 2015–16. These observations are therefore directly relevant to Uroplatus sikorae, U. sameiti, U. giganteus, U. aff. henkeli Ca11, U. ebenaui, U. finiavana, U. fotsivava, U. lineatus, and U. alluaudi (and a few undescribed species that are not yet public knowledge), but they can be generalised over all Uroplatus species with the correct level of caution. See below.
First of all, there were several major challenges in assessing the UV exposure of Uroplatus:
- We have had a lot of trouble with the Solarmeter readings because they vary dramatically within centimetre distances. How do you standardise the measurements? Over the three expeditions we conducted, we did not have any success in finding a way to take these measurements in a standardized way, in part because it was difficult to integrate the Solarmeter usage into the daily regime, and in consequence it was not used as often as could be desired, and never in a standardized way. We tried in 2017–2018 to have a student collect the data over transects whilst looking for chameleons, but in the end it was too tedious, unreliable, and time-consuming to be continued. Not to mention rainy!
- There are dramatic differences to be accounted for depending on the perching habits of the species, making generalisations difficult. Bark-mimic species (henkeli complex, giganteus, fimbriatus, sikorae/sameiti complex, and lineatus, but also to a lesser extent alluaudi, guentheri, peitschmanni, and malahelo) may at times be exposed to full sun for brief moments, but probably not for long. The angle at which light hits them is always steep, and typically they are experiencing diffuse light because they are on the trunks of trees, where there is the most shade. By contrast, leaf-mimic species tend to be mostly or completely sheltered during the day, exposing only part of their bodies at all to the light, and certainly not basking. So what is the relevance of environmental UVB readings at all to these animals, which are generally hidden from the light?
- Light in the forest varies dramatically (1) by time of day, (2) by position, (3) by canopy type, (4) by microhabitat, (5) by altitude, and most strongly (6) by season. We conduct fieldwork during the rainy season, where light is lowest and rainfall is heaviest, and where in a single day we have massive swings from dark-as-night cloud cover to bright direct sunlight to diffuse light with or without rain. Needless to say, readings at a single moment in the day are not helpful, because we need an impression of the average exposure of the species to advise husbandry.
Given all of these caveats, you will hopefully understand why this report is fragmentary and perhaps not obviously useful. But it perhaps contains relevant notes on the ecology of species to make informed decisions about using UV light in your Uroplatus care.
UVB levels within the forest typically range from 0 to 15 µW/cm2. In dense primary forest, usually we are getting 0-2 µW/cm2, with upwards of 5 in more open areas, and sometimes up to 15 µW/cm2 in patches where the sun is shining at that very moment. In more open forests, the maximum we have seen is up to 30 µW/cm2, but sometimes we can get as much as 50 µW/cm2 in really blazing sun (probably more frequent in the dry season!). Outside the forest and on its edge we are getting triple digits sometimes, but this is really in areas where Uroplatus basically never occur (maybe useful if anyone keeps edge-loving chameleons though, especially Furcifer pardalis, F. petteri, and Calumma nasutum group species).
All in all, the maximum a rainforest Uroplatus is probably ever exposed to is probably 30 µW/cm2, and as mentioned above, this is probably more than a leaf-mimic species ever experiences. This is not an average value, however. As these geckos really do not seem to bask, and rather are hit coincidentally by light as the sun moves across the sky, the average exposure of any Uroplatus is probably between 8 and 10 µW/cm2, and lower in leaf-mimics. Thinking about the drier forest Uroplatus, where the canopy is less dense, we can raise these numbers a bit and say 10-15 µW/cm2 is a likely good average (again lower in leaf-mimics from drier forest, so U. malama and U. ebenaui).
Bear in mind that altitude also plays a big role: lower altitudes have less cloud cover, and typically more bright-sun-days per year than higher altitudes. So for example, U. ebenaui and U. finiavana may both occur in Montagne d'Ambre, but the latter occurs at higher altitudes than the former, and in more dense forest, and as a result, it must receive considerably less UV exposure. Fortunately, altitude and forest-type correlate rather strongly, so as long as you adjust UV levels for one or the other, you should come out okay.
Uroplatus pietschmanni (and possibly U. alluaudi) is probably exceptional, because it is a high-canopy species and as such probably has higher UV exposure than its relatives. Increasing by one or two µW/cm2 would probably cover this difference though. Uroplatus lineatus is also exceptional because bamboo forest has higher light levels than deciduous or rainforest. As such, it may be advisable to keep U. lineatus with higher light levels in general, and slightly higher UV levels than e.g. U. giganteus, which occurs in the rainforests beside the bamboo forest of U. lineatus.
Bear in mind when thinking about your husbandry that the weather is constantly changing in the forest. Clouds make UVB exposure swing massively. Replicates of natural environments in little boxes cannot mimic this effect, so it is safer to go with a lower-side-of-average value, rather than go straight for the high values of UV exposure. On the other hand, it would not be unreasonable to treat leafand bark-mimic Uroplatus from the same location with the same exposure, and simply provide more shelter opportunities for leaf-mimics… This would be more representative of their natural conditions. This is for the keeper to decide.
So far, the information from field observations is fragmentary and limited. Many factors could change the meaning of what we have observed so far; seasonal changes may vary exposure dramatically, these geckos may be basking more or less than we imagine, and they may be more sensitive to UV levels than diurnal lizards. Remember that no measurements from directly beside resting Uroplatus have yet been obtained, and these will be a critical step in informing decisions further. As such, this is still very much up to the keepers to decide.
As a parting note, consider that UV exposure may not be necessary for the survival of Uroplatus in captivity, but it may still be highly beneficial for them. In a large enclosure, providing a moderately weak UV light is unlikely to do damage.


text: Atomic layer deposition of uniform thin hafnium oxide films has been demonstrated directly on H-terminated silicon surfaces using anhydrous hafnium nitrate Formula precursor and Formula vapor. Atomic layer deposition was initiated on hydrogen terminated silicon surfaces and occurred at substrate temperatures as low as 160°C. X-ray diffraction analysis indicated that as-deposited films were smooth, uniform, and amorphous, and that film morphology can be altered by a post-deposition anneal. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analysis indicated that films are oxygen rich, contain silicate, and that residual Formula and Formula from the precursor can be eliminated by a post-deposition anneal. For a ∼57 Å Formula film, a dielectric constant of Formula and a capacitive equivalent thickness of ∼21 Å were obtained.


text:
Butterfree is a Bug/Flying-type Pokémon from the first generation. It evolves from Metapod at Level 10, after evolving from Caterpie at Level 7.
Butterfree resembles a vaguely anthropomorphic butterfly with a purple body. Unlike true insects, it has two body segments and four light-blue legs. The upper legs resemble small, three-fingered hands, while the lower pair resemble long, digit-less feet, Butterfree has two long antennae. a light blue snout with two fangs underneath, and a large, red compound eyes. Its two pairs of veined are white with black accents. The oval scales of a female Butterfree's lower wings are black, but white in males.
It loves the honey of flowers and can locate flower patches that have even the tiniest amounts of pollen. Butterfree's are known for their migratory breeding pattern.
In the Anime
Ash's Butterfree was once a Caterpie that was captured by him, and when it fully evolved, it had mated with a Pink Butterfree and they haven't been seen in the series since.
Powers and Abilities
Butterfree can travel up to six miles from its nest in search for honey, which it carries on the hair of its legs. It consumes sap from trees pierced by Heracross (which was shown in the anime).
Also their wings are covered in poisonous powder that can repel water, allowing it to fly even in the rain. Butterfree is able to produce spores that can hinder foes (i.e. Poison Powder, Stun Spore, and Sleep Powder). It is able to learn Psychic-type moves (Confusion, Psybeam, Psychic, etc).
Its other abilities include:
- Compound Eyes - boosts the Pokémon's accuracy.
- Tinted lens - Doubles the power of this Pokémon's "not very effective attacks".
- Butterfree's name is the combination of butterfly and free (referencing its ability to fly after being grounded for its pre-evolution stages).
- Butterfree is the first Pokémon to have an alternate color, pink. This was displayed in a single female in the anime, unlike the other shiny Butterfree's that have green eyes, and pink wings, limbs, and snout, this Butterfree is differed in its pink body and wings.
- It is often seen as a parallel to Beedrill in several ways:
- Both their unevolved forms evolve at level 7, and again at later 10.
- Both go through a metamorphosis-like evolution and have the same base stat total of 395.
- While Beedrill is exclusive to Black and Black 2, Butterfree is exclusive to White and White 2.
- However Beedrill has a mega stone, while Butterfree (as of yet) does not.
- Butterfree shares its category with Beautifly. Both are known as the Butterfly Pokémon.


text:
Electrostatics of polymer translocation events in electrolyte solutions
journal contributionposted on 19.01.2018, 14:10 authored by Sahin Buyukdagli, Tapio Ala-NissilaTapio Ala-Nissila
© 2016 Author(s).We develop an analytical theory that accounts for the image and surface charge interactions between a charged dielectric membrane and a DNA molecule translocating through the membrane. Translocation events through neutral carbon-based membranes are driven by a competition between the repulsive DNA-image-charge interactions and the attractive coupling between the DNA segments on the trans and the cis sides of the membrane. The latter effect is induced by the reduction of the coupling by the dielectric membrane. In strong salt solutions where the repulsive image-charge effects dominate the attractive trans-cis coupling, the DNA molecule encounters a translocation barrier of ∼10 kBT. In dilute electrolytes, the trans-cis coupling takes over image-charge forces and the membrane becomes a metastable attraction point that can trap translocating polymers over long time intervals. This mechanism can be used in translocation experiments in order to control DNA motion by tuning the salt concentration of the solution.
- Mathematical Sciences


text:
by Bob Cramblitt
Small things often sell cars and create brand loyalty: the positioning of the cup holder; how the seat molds to your body; the thunk of the door when it closes. Add to that list how particles – whether they are rain, snow or dirt – disperse across the surface of a car.
Particle behavior in relation to the surface of a car is known in the automotive industry as vehicle soiling, and up until recently, it was nearly impossible to simulate in a computer. But within the last few years, Audi has made major strides in using CFD simulation and visualization to better predict the complex interactions that constitute vehicle soiling.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


theta^T\mathbf{X}^T\mathbf{y}-\mathbf{y}^T\mathbf{X}\theta+\mathbf{y}^T\mathbf{y})}{\partial \theta} \\ =\frac{1}{2}\frac{\partial (\theta^T\mathbf{X}^T\mathbf{X}\theta-\theta^T\mathbf{X}^T\mathbf{y}-\mathbf{y}^T\mathbf{X}\theta+\mathbf{y}^T\mathbf{y})}{\partial \theta} \\ =\frac{1}{2} (\theta^T\mathbf{X}^T\mathbf{X}+\theta^T\mathbf{X}^T\mathbf{X}-\mathbf{y}^T\mathbf{X}-\mathbf{y}^T\mathbf{X} )\\ =\frac{1}{2}(\mathbf{X}^T\mathbf{X}\theta-2\mathbf{y}^T\mathbf{X}) \\ =\mathbf{X}^T\mathbf{X}\theta-\mathbf{X}^T\mathbf{y}=0
Normal Equation: θ=(XTX)1XTy\theta=(\mathbf{X}^T\mathbf{X})^{-1}\mathbf{X}^T\mathbf{y}
What do you mean by affine transformation? Discuss affine vs. linear transformation.
A function ff is linear if f(ax+by)=af(x)+bf(y)f(ax+by)=af(x)+bf(y) for all relevant values of aa, bb, xx and yy.
A function gg is affine if g(x)=f(x)+cg(x)=f(x)+c for some linear function aa and constant cc. Note that we allow c=0c=0, which implies that every linear function is an affine function.
 1. All linear transformations are affine transformations.
 2. Not all affine transformations are linear transformations.
 3. It can be shown that any affine transformation A:UVA:U \rightarrow V can be written as A(x)=Lx)+v0A(x)=Lx)+v_0, where v0v_0 is some vector from VV and L:UVL:U \rightarrow V is a linear transformation.
Discuss training error, test error, generalization error, overfitting, and underfitting.
overfitting: What happens when the gap between the training error and test error is too large
underfitting: What happens when the model is not able to obtain a sufficiently low error value on the training set
training error: When training a machine learning model, we have access to a training set, we can compute some error measure on the training set
generalization error/test error: The expected value of the error on a new input. Here the expectation is taken across different possible inputs, drawn from the distribution of inputs we expect the system to encounter in practice
Visual summary
Compare representational capacity vs. effective capacity of a model.
Representational capacity - the functions which the model can learn; The model specifies which family of functions the learning algorithm can choose from when varying the parameters in order to reduce a training objective.
Effective capacity - in practice, a learning algorithm is not likely to find the best function out of the possible functions it can learn, though it can learn one that performs exceptionally well - those functions that the learning algorithm is capable of finding defines the model's effective capacity.
These additional limitations, such as the imperfection of the optimization algorithm, mean that the learning algorithm's effective capacity may be less than the representational capacity of the model family
What is VC dimension?
The VC dimension measures the capacity of a binary classifier. The VC dimension is defined as being the largest possible value of mm for which there exists a training set of mm different xx points that the classifier can label arbitrarily.
What are nonparametric models? What is nonparametric learning?
Parametric models: learn a function described by a parameter vector whose size is finite and fixed before any data is observed (linear regression)
Non-parametric models: assume that the data distribution cannot be defined in terms of a finite set of parameters. But they can often be defined by assuming an infinite dimensional θ\theta. Usually we think of θ\theta as a function (nearest neighbor regression)
What is an ideal model? What is Bayes error? What is/are the source(s) of Bayes error occur?
The ideal model: is an oracle that simply knows the true probability distribution that generates the data.
 - Even such a model will still incur some error on many problems, because there may still be some noise in the distribution. In the case of supervised learning, the mapping from xx to yy may be inherently stochastic, or yy may be a deterministic function that involves other variables besides those included in xx.
Bayes error: the lowest possible prediction error that can be achieved and is the same as irreducible error. ; The error incurred by an oracle making predictions from the true distribution p(x,y)p(x, y).
Source(s) of Bayes error: noise in the distribution if the process is random
What is the "no free lunch" theorem in connection to Machine Learning?
The no free lunch theorem for machine learning (Wolpert, 1996) states that, averaged over all possible data generating distributions, every classification algorithm has the same error rate when classifying previously unobserved points. In other words, in some sense, no machine learning algorithm is universally any better than any other. The most sophisticated algorithm we can conceive of has the same average performance (over all possible tasks) as merely predicting that every point belongs to the same class.
Fortunately, these results hold only when we average over all possible data generating distributions. **If we make assumptions about the kinds of probability distributions we encounter in real-world applications, then we can design learning algorithms that perform well on these distributions.
This means that the goal of machine learning research is not to seek a universal learning algorithm or the absolute best learning algorithm. Instead, our goal is to understand what kinds of distributions are relevant to the "real world" that an AI agent experiences, and what kinds of machine learning algorithms perform well on data drawn from the kinds of data generating distributions we care about.
What is regularization? Intuitively, what does regularization do during the optimization procedure?
We regularize a model that learns a function f(x;θ)f(x;\theta) by adding a penalty called a regularizer to the cost function. Expressing preferences for one function over another implicitly and explicitly is a more general way of controlling a model's capacity than including or excluding members from the hypothesis space.
What is weight decay? What is it added?
Weight decay is an additional term that causes the weights to exponentially decay to zero.
To perform linear regression with weight decay, we minimize a sum comprising both the mean squared error on the training and a criterion J(w)J(w) that expresses a preference for the weights to have smaller squared L2L_2 norm. Specifically,
J(w)=MSEtrain+λwTwJ(w) = MSE_{train} + \lambda \mathbf{w}^T\mathbf{w}
Minimizing J(w)J(w) results in a choice of weights that make a tradeoff between fitting the training data and being small. This gives us solutions that have a smaller slope, or put weight on fewer of the features.
What is a hyperparameter? How do you choose which settings are going to be hyperparameters and which are going to be learned?
Hyperparameter: Most machine learning algorithms have several settings that we can use to control the behavior of the learning algorithm.
 - The values of hyperparameters are not adapted by the learning algorithm itself
Sometimes a setting is chosen to be a hyperparameter that the learning algorithm does not learn because it is difficult to optimize or it is not appropriate to learn that hyperparameter on the training set. This applies to all hyperparameters that control model capacity. If learned on the training set, such hyperparameters would always choose the maximum possible model capacity, resulting in overfitting.
Why is a validation set necessary?
Let's assume that you are training a model whose performance depends on a set of hyperparameters. In the case of a neural network, these parameters may be for instance the learning rate or the number of training iterations.
Given a choice of hyperparameter values, you use the training set to train the model. But, how do you set the values for the hyperparameters? That's what the validation set is for. You can use it to evaluate the performance of your model for different combinations of hyperparameter values (e.g. by means of a grid search process) and keep the best trained model.
But, how does your selected model compares to other different models? Is your neural network performing better than, let's say, a random forest trained with the same combination of training/test data? You cannot compare based on the validation set, because that validation set was part of the fitting of your model. You used it to select the hyperparameter values!
The test set allows you to compare different models in an unbiased way, by basing your comparisons in data that were not use in any part of your training/hyperparameter selection process.
What are the different types of cross-validation? When do you use which one?
 - kk-fold cross-validation randomly divides the data into k blocks of roughly equal size. Each of the blocks is left out in turn and the other k1k-


text:
Implication Of Perforated Jet In Flow Characterises
The study of free jets is a phenomenon of functional and operational importance for space research activities. The
exhaust nozzle forms an integral part of any space vehicle and significantly affects the related mission. This necessitates the
need to study the efflux from an exhaust nozzle to understand the flow characteristics and performance parameters. The flow
emanating from the exhaust nozzle had been extensively studied but preceding works mostly resorted to circular or
rectangular opening. The force propelling these vehicles is directly affected by the nozzle shape and size which varies from
nozzle to nozzle. The flow characteristics and related performance parameters are very likely to be altered with change in
nozzle size and shape. This aspect of exhaust nozzles is yet to be explored. In this work, we mainly focus on optimizing the
shape of exhaust nozzle for maximum performance. An existing experimental apparatus was adapted for the study.
Experiments were carried out on jet emanating from a rectangular opening and compared with that of a perforated opening
of a fixed diameter. The specific objectives of the work were to investigate the role of various exit shapes on flow features,
performance parameters and to know the role of important parameters.
KeywordsFree jet, Flow interaction, Perforated jet, Momentum loss, Exit shape.


text:
December 08, 2011
- precious (adjective)
- What does it mean?
- 1 : of great value or high price2 : greatly loved : dear
- How do you use it?
- "Mrs. Frisby did what she was told, first grasping the precious packages of medicine tightly between her teeth." (Robert C. O'Brien, Mrs. Frisby and the Rats of NIMH)
- Are you a word wiz?
Which word do you think comes from the same root as "precious"?"Precious" and "appreciate" both come from a family of words having to do with value. Words in this family trace to the Latin root "pretium" which means "price, money, value." An early meaning of "appreciate" is "to recognize something as valuable." The related word "depreciate" means "to lower the price or value of something." And "prize" and "price" were formed when "pretium" was adopted into English as "pris."


text:
"unity" Czech translation
And what he stood for was unity, the unity of the family.
The first is that the most important political value for the Chinese is unity, is the maintenance of Chinese civilization.
His basic message was unity too, the interconnectedness of it all, the unity of it all, and his basic value was respect, was kindness
Synonyms (English) for "unity":
Usage examples for "unity" in Czech
unissued · unit · unitarian · unitary · unite · united · unities · uniting · unitize · units · unity · univalent · univalve · universal · universalism · universalist · universalistic · universality · universalize · universally · universe
Search for more words in the English-Norwegian dictionary.


text:
Litigation and Arbitration Venue Provisions in Construction Contracts: When and How They Work
Venue and choice-of-law provisions are fairly standard in construction contacts, but can be overlooked due to their location within a contract. When drafted effectively, these provisions can help limit uncertainty about where and how disputes will be resolved. In this article for Construction Executive, Kenneth E. Rubinstein and Eric Penley examine best practices for understanding the implications of these provisions and how they can be enforced.
Read the full article on the Construction Executive website.


text:
INDIAN CICADA DISTRIBUTIONS
Indian Cicada Distributions ("Distributions" in the tab menu above) will be the most interactive and data-intensive module of Butterflies of India. It will be based on the same concept as BirdSpot developed by L. Shyamal, but implemented online. Once this module is ready, registered users will be able to upload their cicada spot records or trip/regional checklists in a standard format, which will be entered in a centralized database after peer-review of the submitted records. Information from the database can then be used by anyone to generate distributional maps for individual cicada species, or to generate checklists of specific localities based on queries input by the users. The module is currently being developed. Until then, you can contribute images to species pages, which go in a database and are mapped.
Cite this page along with its URL as:
.. 2023. Indian Cicada Distributions. In Marathe, K., V. Sarkar, B. W. Price, P. Roy, and K. Kunte. Cicadas of India, v. 1. Indian Foundation for Butterflies.


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This is Theorem of Three Perpendiculars, How to prove variation of it for N dimensional case (or to prove that it is false)?
Let $\mathbb{R}^N$ is N dimensional Euclidean space and $h_1, h_2$ are two intersecting hyperplanes (each has dimension N-1), $\mathbb{S}$ is intersection of hyperplanes $h_1$ and $h_2$. Let $x_1$ is a point at $h_1$, $x_2$ is an orthogonal projection of $x_1$ to the second hyperplane $h_2$, $x_1^p$ is an orthogonal projection of point $x_1$ to $\mathbb{S}$, $x_2^p$ is orthogonal projection of $x_2$ to $\mathbb{S}$.
How to prove that $x_1^p$ is equal $x_2^p$?
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1 Answer 1
Okay, I write solution I have just found.
Hyperplane $h_1$ is $\{x| a_1^Tx +b_1 = 0\}$, for some vector $a_1$ and number $b_1$. Similar $h_2 = \{x| a_1^Tx + b_2 = 0\}$. Intersection set is defined as $\mathbb{S} = \{x|a_1^Tx +b_1 = 0, and\ a_1^Tx + b_2 = 0\}$.
Projection point $x_1^p$ is a solution of next optimization problem: $x_1^p = \arg\max ||x-x_1||^2,\ with\ respect\ to\ x\in\mathbb{S}$.
Similarly, $x_2^p = \arg\max ||x-x_2||^2,\ with\ respect\ to\ x\in\mathbb{S}$.
Because $x_2$ is a projection of $x_1$ in $h_2$, we have $x_2-x_1 = \alpha a_2$, where $\alpha$ is some scalar.
Next step is $||x - x_2||^2 = ||x - x_1 - \alpha a_2|| ^2 = ||x - x_1|| - 2((x - x_1)\cdot \alpha a_2) + ||\alpha a_2||^2 = ||x-x_1|| ^2 + const$, where we used that $x^Ta_2 = b_2$ because of the constraint set.
So, essentially optimization problems are the same, which means that points $x_1^p$ and $x_2^p$ coincide.
Do you like the proof?
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I know that $-\frac{\mathrm{d}E}{\mathrm{d}t} \propto E^2$ for an electron losing energy to synchrotron radiation, but I can't find how to arrange this to give the time it would take for the electron to lose half of its original energy. How would I go about working that out?
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The half-life description only works for exponential decay. As others have shown, this leads to a power-law decay, as 1/t. So you can ask for the asymptotic half-life in log-t variable, but not in t. – Ron Maimon Nov 8 '11 at 6:48
But the OP does not speak of half-life! His problem has meaning per se. – Vladimir Kalitvianski Nov 9 '11 at 15:21
2 Answers 2
Not to worry, it's fairly easy: right now you have a differential equation which can be written
$$\frac{\mathrm{d}E}{\mathrm{d}t} = -CE^2$$
for some constant $C$. You need to solve that differential equation for $E(t)$. (If you're wondering how to do that, you can find more information at the math site.) Then you can determine the electron's energy at the initial time $t_0$ as $E(t_0)$, and find the time at which its energy becomes half of that:
$$E(t) = \frac{E(t_0)}{2}$$
and solve for $t$.
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$$\frac{dE}{dt} = -CE^2$$
$$d\left (\frac{1}{E}\right ) = Cdt$$
$$\frac{1}{E_2}-\frac{1}{E_1}= C(t_2-t_1)$$
$$\frac{1}{E_1} = C\Delta t$$ $$\Delta t = \frac{1}{CE_1}$$
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text:
Welcome to another IDS 11.10 (Cheetah) new feature close-up. This time we'll take a look at the possibility of creating multiple triggers on the same table and same event.
Up to IDS 11 you could have only one INSERT/UPDATE/DELETE/SELECT trigger for each table. That means that if you wanted to do more in one of the events for which you already had a trigger you would have to change the existing trigger definition.
Now, with Cheetah, you can simply create another trigger. When the event happens both triggers will be fired and their actions will be done. It's a simple concept, but you should be aware of one important aspect: The sequence of execution of the triggered actions.
There is no guarantee to which trigger will execute first, but all the BEFORE actions will be done before all FOR EACH ROW actions, and finally the AFTER actions will be executed. So, the events have a pre-defined order to be executed, but you can't tell which trigger's event will be fired first. I've set up a test case that tries to show this issues. Let's take a look:
1 drop procedure trigger_change;
2 drop table test;
3 drop table action_log;
4 drop procedure trigger_proc;
5 CREATE TABLE test
7 col1 INTEGER,
8 col2 CHAR(20)
9 ) LOCK MODE ROW;
11 CREATE TABLE action_log
13 trig_name CHAR(20),
14 trig_event CHAR(20),
15 trig_action CHAR(20),
16 trig_seq SERIAL
17 ) LOCK MODE ROW;
19 CREATE PROCEDURE trigger_change () REFERENCING OLD AS old NEW AS new FOR test
20 LET new.col1 = 0;
21 END PROCEDURE;
22 CREATE PROCEDURE trigger_proc (t_name CHAR(20), t_action CHAR(20))
23 DEFINE t_event CHAR(20);
24 LET t_event = NULL;
25 IF t_action = 'FOR EACH ROW'
29 WHEN DELETING THEN "DELETING"
30 WHEN UPDATING THEN "UPDATING"
31 WHEN INSERTING THEN "INSERTING"
32 WHEN SELECTING THEN "SELECTING"
34 INTO t_event
35 FROM sysmaster:sysdual;
36 END IF
37 INSERT INTO action_log VALUES (t_name, t_event, t_action, 0);
38 END PROCEDURE;
40 CREATE TRIGGER ti_1_test INSERT ON test
43 EXECUTE PROCEDURE trigger_proc('ti_1_test','BEFORE')
45 FOR EACH ROW
47 EXECUTE PROCEDURE trigger_proc('ti_1_test','FOR EACH ROW'),
48 EXECUTE PROCEDURE trigger_change() WITH TRIGGER REFERENCES
52 EXECUTE PROCEDURE trigger_proc('ti_1_test','AFTER')
55 CREATE TRIGGER ti_2_test INSERT ON test
58 EXECUTE PROCEDURE trigger_proc('ti_2_test','BEFORE')
60 FOR EACH ROW
62 EXECUTE PROCEDURE trigger_proc('ti_2_test','FOR EACH ROW')
66 EXECUTE PROCEDURE trigger_proc('ti_2_test','AFTER')
69 INSERT INTO TEST VALUES(1,"one...");
70 SELECT * FROM test;
71 SELECT * FROM action_log;
The execution result is:
_EMAIL_:informix-> dbaccess stores_demo multiple_triggers.sql
Your evaluation license will expire on 2007-11-24 00:00:00
1 row(s) inserted.
1 row(s) retrieved.
trig_name trig_event trig_action trig_seq
ti_1_test BEFORE 1
ti_2_test BEFORE 2
ti_1_test INSERTING FOR EACH ROW 3
ti_2_test INSERTING FOR EACH ROW 4
ti_1_test AFTER 5
ti_2_test AFTER 6
6 row(s) retrieved.
So, let's make a line by line examination of the script. Hopefully, at the end, and after looking at the results, you'll get a clear picture of what's new in this area.
Lines 1 to 18 just create two tables: "test" table will be used as the triggers object and "action_log" will save the name of the trigger (in a minute...), the event that was being executed (BEFORE, FOR EACH ROW, AFTER), the action (INSERT,DELETE...) and the sequence by which they were called.
Lines 19 to 21 create what is called a triggered UDR. This UDR must be created in SPL, but can call other UDRs in another languages (C, JAVA...). This UDR must contain the REFERENCING and FOR clauses to be considered a triggered UDR. The referencing clause is similar to the same clause in triggers. The FOR clause defines which table's triggers can call this UDR in the FOR EACH ROW clause. I've included this to show that you can change the values that the user process used as VALUES in an INSERT statement for example. So, actually you can replace the values given by the client process.
The next lines (22-38) contain another procedure that will be called by the triggers and receives the trigger name and action. This procedure contains two new things:
- It uses the new operators "DELETING", "INSERTING", "UPDATING" and "SELECTING". These new operators can be used in the context of a FOR EACH ROW action and return true if the trigger event is respectively DELETE, INSERT, UPDATE and SELECT
- It also uses a new IDS 11.10 feature, the sysmaster:sysdual table. This is an Oracle ©right; compatibility feature. You could create a "dual" table in any Informix version, so this isn't really a big feature...
Lines 40-68 include the two trigger definitions. They are both INSERT triggers and they call the second procedure in each of it's actions. The first one also calls the first procedure (trig_change) to show that the insert value can be changed.
Line 69 just does an INSERT on the test table with the values "1" and "One". This will fire both triggers.
Lines 70 shows the content of table test, after the previous INSERT, and line 71 shows the contents of the action_log table.
So, what do we see in the results?:
- The value inserted in the test table was actually "0" and not "1"
- The sequence column of the action_log table shows that the BEFORE actions of both triggers were executed first, then the FOR EACH ROW and last the both AFTER clauses.
- First, all the BEFORE actions of all the triggers for the event
- Then all the FOR EACH ROW actions of all the triggers for the event
- In the end, all the AFTER actions of all the triggers for the event
Why would we want to use this feature? Well, for start, it can be handy in application conversions from other RDBMS where this is available and the existing application already uses it. Besides this, DBAs can use this to implement some triggered behavior in "blackbox applications". By this I mean applications where you don't have any influence on the developing phase. You can create your own triggers without interfering with existing ones. This can be used for auditing purposes or for some data extraction, based on changes made on the data fields.
So, in conclusion, the usefulness of this feature will depend largely on your environment requirements, but in some scenarios this can be a very valuable tool.
I think that if you look at the example above you'll see the most important aspects of this feature. So, take your time, and if any doubts remain don't hesitate to check the URL references to the manual and other sources. You can also leave a comment of course.


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Overlaying Metadata
Documents produced by other parties in the litigation may come in the form of structed eDiscovery productions with fielded data included in the DAT file. This file is designed to contain any chosen fields of data being transferred with the documents. Common fields include Custodian, To, From, CC, Sent Date, Modified Date, Created Date, Titles, Extensions and Path.
This option can also be used to incorporate "coding" when migrating from other eDiscovery platforms or done outside of Digital WarRoom. The DAT file must contain a "load file key" which is a field that matches with the Digital WarRoom ID number, Bates number or XREF number. Native File and OCR File are usually included as well as those fields are necessary for loading documents in other eDiscovery tools but can be ignored with Digital WarRoom.
To overlay metadata onto a set of documents:
Right-click on the filter tree and select Overlay Metadata from the menu that appears.
Using the Browse button, navigate to the location of the load file (either.dat or.csv). Once the load file has been specified, the source fields are auto-populated in the Overlay Metadata dialog.
From the Load File Key Column drop down, select the field of the load file that contains the unique record identifier in order to map to the records in the database; typically this is the document's starting Bates number. The Load File Key Column must contain values unique to each file in the collection.overlay
Create the mappings between fields in the load file and data column by dragging the load file's Source field names to the right-hand side and dropping them in the First or Second columns. This is aided by having some familiarity with the load file's contents. For example, knowing that document file extensions were included in a load file field called EXT, one would pair EXT with the "Extension" DWR column.
When providing a mapping in both the First and Second columns of any given row, the specified source fields will be concatenated together into the single DWR column. This action is most commonly used for load files providing Date and Time in two separate fields where it is displayed in DWR in a single field. When Email Subject is supplied in a separate field from Title the tool will load from Title first and if blank will then load the Email Subject.
When done identifying mappings, click Apply to update the database. The dialog's progress bar will show that the process is complete.
"Use region and language" check box allows for the selection from a drop down of different cultures that reflect different naming conventions for fields such as dates. For example, the date January 1st, 2018 would appear in English (United States) as 1/31/2018 whereas the date in French would appear as 31/1/2018.


text:
In this submission PwC acknowledges that the proposed functional currency reporting rules are an important and welcome initiative that can have significant benefits for Canadian corporations. However, we also stress the need for corporations to carefully consider the rules' implications before applying them.
The primary objective of our submission is to provide more certainty when applying the rules and to increase the tax system's efficiency and effectiveness. These modifications would provide a more symmetrical measurement of foreign exchange gains and losses under the proposed rules and increase the fairness in respect of the application of these rules via the foreign exchange provisions of the Income Tax Act.
In this submission, PwC makes recommendations in respect of the following matters:
This submission reiterates taxpayers' needs for clarity and certainty when applying the tax rules and that without such certainty, the rules would fail to serve the people they were meant to serve. PwC maintains that our comments and recommendations aim to improve the legislation and allow the government to meet its goal of increasing the effectiveness and fairness of the tax system.
|Comments and requested modifications to Proposed Section 261 – Rules relating to Functional Currency Reporting (780 KB)
Download the full submission.


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 1. Can you please help me on this question about how to generate single signals only? One triangle and one Pulse simultaniusly in order to make only one characteristic curve of a transistor! I've been trying and i only get continuous signals of triangles and pulses! i need something like this in waveforms and how to do it in python using the sdk! What instruction is it actually in the sdk refference manual? Please your answer will be valuable! _USER_
 2. Hello, i have a question on how do i generate one positive triangle pulse only, without repetition? And also how to generate on pulse only without repetition? In order to make only one charactiristic curve on a transistor!
 3. Hello, i need some help to generate I-V characteristics of a BJT transistor! I found this curve tracer written in python online: _URL_ I am reading the signal by the scope of the GUI and when i click the "Ic vs Vce" Button it doesnt seem to make any curve! It reads only a triangle signal and i need to make it DC signal in order to make the characteristic curves! But im having a hard time finding it in the cod
 4. Ok thank you! That was VERY helpful. But now if i want to use the scope to measure a voltage drop in a resistor, how to get the result of it and express on a plot everything? (vds, vgs, and Id) The Id i think is an equation to transform the voltage drop. But how to measure with the scope and use the plot to make the charactiristic curve?
 5. Hello, i need help with using the script in "WaveForms". I dont know much about java script but i need to make a gui to put my data in there and to get the characteristic curves of a transistor! Im planning to give Vgs and Vds and measure with the scope the voltage off a resistor near the drain to calculate the Id. Then i will need to have as an output the charactiristic curve of the result. My questions are: 1) How to make tha user input in the gui the value of the channel in the wavegen? 2) How to make the gui bigger, to have many buttons and options? (ex. Set Vgs:, Set Vds:


text:
Definition from Nolo's Plain-English Law Dictionary
A person authorized to act for and under the direction of another person when dealing with third parties. The person who appoints an agent is called the principal. An agent can enter into binding agreements on the principal's behalf and may even create liability for the principal if the agent causes harm while carrying out his or her duties. Also called an attorney-in-fact.
Definition provided by Nolo's Plain-English Law Dictionary.
August 19, 2010, 5:10 pm


The PTF identified Albertus Magnus College's past successes and recorded the data created by the process. The information that resonated most strongly from the data gathered during the process was the importance of communication, champions, ownership, resources, and cross boundary collaboration in Albertus' successes.
The PTF members will utilize the Accomplishment Design strategy they learned when they reach out to other members of the College community to gather more input and data.
Lessons Learned
Improved communication between departments
Better student retention in a program
Electronic newsletterkeep people informed
Improved academic program
Cross disciplinary research papers
Improved employee engagement / student engagement
Better community relations
Started up a program/source
Task for that improved
Cross Boundary/Cooperative Effort
What Resonates Strongly
Cross boundary collaboration
Full PTF Accomplishments Activity Results
Please follow the link above to view full results of the Accomplishments Activity conducted by the Planning Task Force.


Genealogy Friday: Genealogy Gift Ideas for Senior Adults
posted in: Genealogy, Gifts, Holidays, Pictures | 0
 1. Blankets—older adults often get cold very easily. However, you can take a picture and have Wal-Mart, Walgreens, Shutterfly
 family puzzle
 family puzzle
 or another company create a blanket from a family picture.
 2. Coffee Mugs—each morning my grandmother has hot chocolate with her 3 great-grandchildren. This mug was a Christmas present and she loves it.
 3. Calendars—create a calendar using family pictures. Once again you can easily create this online.
 4. Pillows—use family pictures and create pillows. You can make your own or order online.
 5. Find or make old style toys {dolls, cars, etc} that your loved one may have grown up with. This may prompt all types of memories.
 6. Puzzles—create a puzzle or order one online based on a family picture. This can be so much fun for everyone as the family slowly begins to take shape. You'll be saying, "This is "insert name" nose…"
 7. Ornaments—create family ornaments that are special to your family.
 family quilt
 family quilt
 8. Crossword Puzzles or Word Searches using family names, places, etc. you can find online software to help you with this.
 9. Magnets for the refrigerator, kitchen or cabinets with family pictures. Senior adults love to brag on their grandchildren and great-grandchildren.
 10. Family Quilt—if you enjoy quilting, create a quilt using pictures of family members.
 11. Bonus: Life of Yesteryear—memory books for grandparents can easily be found. This is a great gift for everyone. Grandma/Grandpa can write out their memories which will be saved and cherished for years to come.
What are some fun gift ideas you have?


text:
Collins Field Guide to the Birds of South America: Non-Passerines: From rheas to woodpeckers
The only field guide to illustrate and describe every non-passerine species of bird in South America, this superbly illustrated field guide to the birds of South America covers all the non-passerines (Divers to Woodpeckers). All plumages for each species are illustrated, including males, females and juveniles. Featuring 1,273 species, the text gives information on key identification features, habitat, and songs and calls. The 156 colour plates appear opposite their relevant text for quick and easy reference and include all field identifiable species, including subspecies and colour morphs. Distribution maps are included, showing where each species can be found and how common it is, to further aid identification.
Vew all titles in Americas: Central & South America combined with South America (GEN)
View other products from the same publisher


Take the 2-minute tour ×
I need to detect the Sun from the space sky.
These are examples of the input images:
I've got such results after Morphologic filtering ( open operation for twice )
Here's the algorithm code of this processing:
// Color to Gray
cvCvtColor(image, gray, CV_RGB2GRAY);
// color threshold
// Morphologic open for 2 times
cvMorphologyEx( gray, dst, NULL, CV_SHAPE_RECT, CV_MOP_OPEN, 2);
Isn't it too heavy processing for such a simple task? And how to find the center of the Sun? If I find white points, than I'll find white points of big Earth ( left top corner on first example image )
Please advise me please my further action to detect the Sun.
Trying algorithm of getting centroid by formula : {x,y} = {M10/M00, M01/M00}
CvMoments moments;
cvMoments(dst, &moments, 1);
double m00, m10, m01;
m00 = cvGetSpatialMoment(&moments, 0,0);
m10 = cvGetSpatialMoment(&moments, 1,0);
m01 = cvGetSpatialMoment(&moments, 0,1);
// calculating centroid
float centroid_x = m10/m00;
float centroid_y = m01/m00;
 cvCircle( image,
 cvPoint(cvRound(centroid_x), cvRound(centroid_y)),
 50, CV_RGB(125,125,0), 4, 8,0);
And where Earth is in the photo, I got such a result:
So, centroid is on the Earth. :(
Trying cvHoughCircles:
CvMemStorage* storage = cvCreateMemStorage(0);
CvSeq* circles = cvHoughCircles(dst, storage, CV_HOUGH_GRADIENT, 12,
 dst->width/2, 255, 100, 0, 35);
if ( circles->total > 0 ) {
 // getting first found circle
 float* circle = (float*)cvGetSeqElem( circles, 0 );
 // Drawing:
 // green center dot
 cvCircle( image, cvPoint(cvRound(circle[0]),cvRound(circle[1])),
 3, CV_RGB(0,255,0), -1, 8, 0 );
 // wrapping red circle
 cvRound(circle[2]), CV_RGB(255,0,0), 3, 8, 0 );
First example: bingo, but the second - no ;(
I've tried different configuration of cvHoughCircles() - couldn't find configuration to fit every my example photo.
matchTemplate approach worked for me ( response of mevatron ). It worked with big number of tests.
share|improve this question
3 Answers 3
up vote 6 down vote accepted
How about trying a simple matchTemplate approach. I used this template image:
enter image description here
And, it detected the 3 out of 3 of the sun images I tried: enter image description here enter image description here enter image description here
This should work due to the fact that circles (in your case the sun) are rotationally invariant, and since you are so far away from the sun it should be roughly scale invariant as well. So, template matching will work quite nicely here.
Finally, here is the code that I used to do this:
_TAG_
_TAG_
_TAG_
_TAG_
using namespace cv;
using namespace std;
int main(int argc, char* argv[])
 /// Load image and template
 string inputName = "sun2.png";
 string outputName = "sun2_detect.png";
 Mat img = imread( inputName, 1 );
 Mat templ = imread( "sun_templ.png", 1 );
 /// Create the result matrix
 int result_cols = img.cols - templ.cols + 1;
 int result_rows = img.rows - templ.rows + 1;
 Mat result( result_cols, result_rows, CV_32FC1 );
 /// Do the Matching and Normalize
 matchTemplate(img, templ, result, CV_TM_CCOEFF);
 Point maxLoc;
 minMaxLoc(result, NULL, NULL, NULL, &maxLoc);
 rectangle(img, maxLoc, Point( maxLoc.x + templ.cols, maxLoc.y + templ.rows ), Scalar(0, 255, 0), 2);
 imshow("img", img);
 imshow("result", result);
 imwrite(outputName, img);
 return 0;
Hope you find that helpful!
share|improve this answer
Actually, the reasons this is working are different from the mentioned ones. For a starter, there is nothing resembling the used template anywhere else in these images. Also, this is much more likely to be several times slower than the initial morphological approach. – mmgp Dec 17 '12 at 23:43
Good points indeed :) However, since I was assuming the space ship is in our solar system, I believe it's safe to say only one Sun will show up :D – mevatron Jan 24 '13 at 15:40
I guess this would fail if any part of the HUD (the pilot user interface) gets on top of the sun. Unless the template matching gives a score on how good the match is, that way you could threshold the top results and it would probably work with some obstructions. – Rui Marques Feb 25 at 16:36
Color Segmentation Approach
Do a color segmentation on the images to identify objects on the black background. You may identify the sun according to its area (given this uniquely identifies it, resp. don't varies largely accross images). A more sophisticated approach could compute image moments, e.g. hu moments of the objects. See this page for these features.
Use a classification algorithm of your choice to do the actual classification of the objects found. The most simple approach is to manually specify thresholds, resp. value ranges that turn out to work for all(most) of your object/image combinations.
You may compute the actual position from the raw moments, as for the circular sun the position is equal to the center of mass
Centroid: {x, y } = { M10/M00, M01/M00 }
Edge Map Approach
Another option would be a circle hough transformation of the edge map, this will hopefully return some candidate circles (by position and radius). You may select the sun-circle according to the radius you expect (if you are lucky there is at most one).
share|improve this answer
I think with image moments it won't work. If there will be only the sun on the screen - than, the center of the Sun is Centroid point. But if Earth takes some screen's part (like in image #1 top left), than this part is "heavier" than Sun and Centroid will be shifted. I've tried with CircleHough, and it doesn't work for all my example photos... – Innuendo Nov 22 '11 at 0:31
I've updated my questions - examples were added – Innuendo Nov 22 '11 at 1:14
A simple addition to your code is to filter out objects based on their size. If you always expect the earth to be much bigger than the sun, or the sun to have almost the same area in each picture, you can filter it by area.
Try Blob detector for this task.
And note that it may be good to apply a morphological opening/closing instead of simple erode or dilate, so your sun will have almost the same area before and after processing.
share|improve this answer
thanx, i think it would be usefull for me, but my openCv build doesn't have blob detector, and I'm novice in C++ (i won't be able to compile the newest version) – Innuendo Nov 22 '11 at 20:40
Take the latest OpenCV from sourceforge sourceforge.net/projects/opencvlibrary And to use it is as simple as the increment operator :) It's already compiled. And.. did you add using namespace cv? How don't you have the blob detector? – sammy Nov 23 '11 at 6:50
Your Answer


Creating Handdrawn 3D Papercut in Procreate | Brenda Bakker | Skillshare
Creating Handdrawn 3D Papercut in Procreate
Brenda Bakker, ♥ Sharing my skills is sharing my joy ♥
Creating Handdrawn 3D Papercut in Procreate
Brenda Bakker, ♥ Sharing my skills is sharing my joy ♥
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9 Lessons (1h 11m)
 - 1. Intro
 - 2. Importing Brushset and Watercolorpaper Canvas
 - 3. Creating the basic cactus
 - 4. Adding extra's and highlights to the cactus
 - 5. Creating the 3D Paper Cut Effect
 - 6. Extra: Troubleshooting selection
 - 7. Drawing a flower with 2 3D Paper Cuts
 - 8. Valentine with extra difficulties
 - 9. Bonus Class: extra tips an ideas
19 students are watching this class
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About This Class
Hi and welome to my new Skillshare Class on how to Create fun 3D Papercuts in Procreate,
I just love to draw in procreate, but I also love the authentic look of a real painting. So why not combine those two?
In this class I will teach you my way of creating some fun Papercuts made from your own drawings. You can use it with any form or style you prefer. I just used some simple sketches to keep the class short for you just to teach and show you the skills for creating the papercuts. Those cuts you can use to create stickers and use those for your cricut or save as png and save for clip art or digital scapbooking. The possibilities are huge. At the end of the class I will show you on how to remove the watercolorpaper effect only from your background.
I will provide a special watercolorcanvas which is realy important to get a realistic and non digital feel and also I share a very small brushset. You can find them in the class project section. Make sure you are in your browser to download them and not in the skillshare app.
You also will be needing an Ipad with procreate and a pressure sensitive stylus.
So join me in this class and let's have some fun!
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Brenda Bakker
♥ Sharing my skills is sharing my joy ♥
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1. Intro: Yes. Hi there and welcome to my new procreate class. My name is Brenda bunker and I'm from the Netherlands. In this class, I will be teaching you how to create hand-drawn 3D paper, cut him procreate. I'm going to teach you these three examples. We're starting out with the cactus and we're going to make a digital cutouts of your drawing. And the second one is this one. And here we have a two piece cut out on an Android behind. And for the last one will be creating this Valentine card, which is a little bit more difficult because it's like a puzzle. And we are going to combine different styles and using some lettering. And just combine these outline shaped within the frame. So it looks like it's just one piece of the frame. And as a bonus of this class, I will be teaching you how to create stickers with a watercolour paper texture on it about a, with a clear background so you can save them as a PNG. So I, I hope you will be liking this class and let's get started. 2. Importing Brushset and Watercolorpaper Canvas : So the first thing we wanna do is getting the procreate brush set and the procreate watercolor canvas. For that, we have to go through your browser. Don't open the skill share app, but go through your browser, go to your class, go to the project and Resources section. And here you will find the watercolor canvas and dueling brush set for importing it. You have to lick it. You want to download it? Yes, I want to download it near you can see the little arrow here is going to download. And for that part, and you will click on it. And it will import right away to procreate. And you will find it's the first thing in your left upper corner of your gallery. Now we're going to import the brushes for debt. We also going throw your browser. We go into the sketchy dueling brush heads. If you already done that clause, you, it's the same set so you don't have to download it again. And also the same goes for the canvas. Download it, click on it, download it, and it will import. Now, click on it right away. And you will find it here with your downloads sketchy dueling brush yet click on it again. It will import and you will find it with your rachet. Just open any Canvas and on the top of your brush library, you will find the new set. So this is just a small brush it I will be using in this class, but you can make your drawings on any confess you like, and any use, any brushes you like. So it's just something to start out with f and see you in class. 3. Creating the basic cactus : So first of all, I'm going to start out with making a sketch of a cactus in a pot. I want this to be my photos. So it's just a sketch. She don't have to be precise about it. So sketch it here to make it a wobbly kind of cactus, Gaza like that. I don't want him to be precise. Something like here and something on top. And I want to have something here also. And perhaps a little flower. Well, this looks cheerful, Right? So I think my sketches really lets go and draw it for real. So I make this one less visible. Create new layer on top of that, and go to my dry ink brush. Have it in black. And if you already seen my sketchy doodling clause, you know, my way of drawing. And I want my light to come from up here, my shadows from up here. So my darker and my thicker and darker lines in areas will be on the left and on the downside of every stroke I make. So I millennium layer and I'll go into draw about over it. So a thicker line here, line here, a thinner line with less pressure. And a thinner line on this size. Also going to draw here sick, sick sinner. And from this also starting sick going to sin, maybe a little thicker here and a down area because debt will be catching more shed and also a startup thick, thick, thick, lifted the bits marathoner and make it thinner, thick and again. And it looks nice when it's not smooth shape because it's hand-drawn. So if you have hesitations, please let it be. Get readership perfection here. And here are also going to start out with a sick lines thinner, maybe hear a little thicker afterwards, but we'll check on how it works. So sick, thin, thin, thins sick again. And thick, thick, thick centers in SEMS thick. And also with here, I'm going to start sinner. And here more pressure. And this is a simple but thick, thin, sick in thick, thin, thick, thin and thick and thin. I think my drawing is okay like this. So let's get rid of the original sketch. Deleted. I don't need it anymore. And let's go give it some color. And four did, I'm going to choose green, I think a middle green. And I'm going to choose my watercolor scribbled brush and ongoing on a layer underneath this one. Because I want to keep my lines in touch. And I'm going to draw the greening of the characters. And you see when I have more pressure, it gets darker and when I lift my pencil a bit, it's less dark. So make a variety of colors. It's no worries if you go outside the lines because we moved it away later, we can erase that part and wanted to make it a little darker here. And now I am going to smash it and I want to smudge it with the same tool. So I go to Mesh much to leave my pencil on the screen. And now it's directly have the same brush. And not only matching it because you will get rid of all the texture. We don't want to, we want to keep the texture so we go into what I'm doing, just tap and depth. And if the color is too dark and going to smudge in some wide again from outside the lines. That's nothing you can


Take the 2-minute tour ×
Some fruits such as pumpkins can grow to be 100 lbs. Under different conditions, the same variety of pumpkin can produce a 15 lb. fruit. Both plants are healthy, and look the same except for their size difference. If I took two red apple trees and planted them in extreme opposite conditions, the fruit size would be nearly the same. The fruit quantity would be lowered in the tree grown under poor conditions. Why do fruits have such a variable range of acceptable sizes?
share|improve this question
Very interesting question, but this can be likened to asking "why are there more than one different animal species?". I hope someone can come up with a nice and specific answer, other than "evolution". – CHM Apr 3 '12 at 2:35
_USER_ maybe a good answer could address "R vs K selected species" – David Apr 3 '12 at 5:54
Some kinds of apples also have wide range of fruit size. The tree in my grandparents garden have fruits varying from 3 to 12 cm in diameter (when they are ripe). – Marta Cz-C Apr 3 '12 at 18:46
This is also essentially two questions in one. We could be asking "What can explain the size difference in pumpkins", and "Why are all apples of similar size". – LanceLafontaine Apr 6 '12 at 16:16
It's fine as one question. Each aspect of jmusser poses here informs the other. It's all related. – Larry_Parnell Apr 6 '12 at 17:25
3 Answers 3
up vote 8 down vote accepted
Pumpkins, squashes in general, grow on vines, while apples grow on trees. Vines are fast growing and trees are not. Zucchini can be quite large; cucumbers, too. Pears, plums, peaches and other tree fruits do have a reduced variation in fruit size. While I do not know the answer to your question, my background in plant biology tells me that this is an important part of the reason. For example, a watermelon or pumpkin rests on the earth, but a tree fruit hangs. If that fruit is too heavy it falls from the ground before it is ripe - before the seeds are fully differentiated that is. So, while "evolution" might be an answer, it is important to discuss what aspects are at play.
I think it has to do with vine vs tree, and how the fruit is attached and hangs/lays.
share|improve this answer
If you grow a melon on a trellis, it will grow and fall off under its own weight. – J. Musser Apr 4 '12 at 13:30
grapes grow on vines, but they are closer to apples in acceptable fruit sizes. – J. Musser Apr 18 '12 at 1:16
but grape bunches come in a wide variety of sizes. – futurebird Jun 21 '13 at 17:26
Does that mean if some external support is provided to say an apple, will it grow to a bigger size? Has there any such experiment done? – san1646 Oct 2 '14 at 21:25
Bigger pumpkins have more seeds than smaller pumpkins. When they get ideal nutrition the plant tries to make as many seeds as it can to take advantage of the windfall. Many of these vines with big fruit potential grow in compost and rotting material. So they are more opportunistic a pumpkin seed "in the wild" could land in a barren area or in a heap of rotting material-- if it hits the jackpot it meeds to quickly use those nutrients to make more seeds.
PLants with more consistent fruit sizes don't respond as well to "jack pot" levels of rotting material-- they like more consistent nourishment. I think this is another difference.
Also one large pumpkin is a more efficient way to enclose seeds than lots of little pumpkins.
share|improve this answer
I suspect the answer to this, is that in looking at agricultural fruits you are looking at plants that have been the subject of artificial selection, and the tree vs vine thing is a practical limit, but not the driving factor... for instance a jack fruit grows on tree and is watermelon sized...
I think if you look at something like a pumpkin, you will likely see that pumpkins have 3 traits:
 1. Indeterminate growth... they will produce as many fruit as the season will let them.
 2. Individual fruit will try to complete growth and ripen before winter
 3. Vines with fewer fruit can devote more resources per fruit, and therefor larger fruit.
Even in apples; if all of the blooms go to fruit the apples will be smaller (commercially apples are thinned to make market acceptable sized fruit): _URL_
So I think the real issue is less tree vs vine, and more about growth patterns... it may be possible to have a watermelon sized apple, but the tree will have to be sturdy enough to support the fruit: so it isn't a non-issue, but support is a limiting factor.
share|improve this answer
Well... If I support an apple, it will still mature at the same size. – J. Musser Jul 23 '14 at 2:00
that is a non sequitur... if an apple were to grow very much larger it would require more support. – Grady Player Jul 23 '14 at 3:52
Yes, but is that the only restriction on size variability within a species? – J. Musser Jul 23 '14 at 3:53
No it is only a limiting factor... apples are highly variable, there is a good segment on them on "The Botany of Desire" (TV show, probably book)... I think you can sort of generalize it as a distance = Rate * Time problem (it really isn't linear, I assume)... Rate is made up of how the plant responds to the level of growth hormones that it produces with the amount of nutrients it can provide, and the time is the time that it is in the part of the growth cycle that it is actually growing. – Grady Player Jul 23 '14 at 14:21
Your Answer


Cultural in Chamonix
Chamonix isn't just about being extreme on the slopes, there is a whole world of history, art and culture to discover too. Even if you're not a culture vulture, there are exhibitions, museums and artisans which will have you enthralled.
Chamonix has a mountaineering heritage and sense of adventure which has been at the root of the resort for hundreds of years. The mythical setting at the foot of Mont Blanc inspires artists and craftsmen, many of whom hold exhibitions or open up their workshops to visitors and the museums tell the often surprising history of the town.


text:
Through a Treehugger's article on kinetic LED chandelliers we found something interesting about the subject.
A British interdisciplinary studio called Troika offers „a tantalizing glimpse" of what energy efficient lighting could bring, whirling geometric light forms.
„Thixotrope" the kinetic LED chandellier is made by eigh mechanical and illuminated structures of tensed steel banding outfitted with rows of LED lights. It is temporary installed in the London's Selfridges departament store.
Designers described it being a: „continuously revolve around their own axis thereby materializing the path of the light and dissolving the spinning structures into compositions of aerial cones, spheres and ribbons of warm and cold light while giving life and shape to an immaterial construct."
To use LED lighting is more than vital in creating space, is energy efficient.


text:
Experiencing strong emotions synchronizes brain activity across individuals, a research team at Aalto University and Turku PET Centre in Finland has revealed.
Human emotions are highly contagious. Seeing others' emotional expressions such as smiles triggers often the corresponding emotional response in the observer. Such synchronization of emotional states across individuals may support social interaction: When all group members share a common emotional state, their brains and bodies process the environment in a similar fashion.
Researchers at Aalto University and Turku PET Centre have now found that feeling strong emotions makes different individuals' brain activity literally synchronous.
The results revealed that especially feeling strong unpleasant emotions synchronized brain's emotion processing networks in the frontal and midline regions. On the contrary, experiencing highly arousing events synchronized activity in the networks supporting vision, attention and sense of touch.
- Category: Science & Technology


text:
Surely the coconut must contain some powerful plant growth boosting properties inside to be able to do this. Imagine if we could somehow harness them? …Imagine if a pure, sustainable ingredient like coconut water could potentially change the way we grow?
Well, it turns out that research and horticulturists have proven that it absolutely can! Not only does coconut water speed up growth by up to 169%, it also grows healthier fruits and vegetables.
Clinical studies show that coconut water has been proven to be so effective for boosting growth across a variety of plant types that even labs use it to help their tissue cultured plants grow faster.
The more you learn about how coconut water affects plant growth, the more you'll question why you haven't heard about this before. That's because other coconut waters don't work for plant growth, as their beneficial phytonutrients have been destroyed by pasteurisation. This is why we created Groconut - a product that is harvested and processed differently to other coconut waters to grow better plants with proven results!
Try Groconut today for as little as $4.62, and the rest on interest-free payments with Afterpay!


text:
Accounting Information Gathering System for Grid Environment
Grid computing represents the fundamental computing shift from a localized resource computing model to a fully-distributed virtual organization with shared resources. Accounting is one of the main obstacles to widespread adoption of the grid. Accounting has until recently, been a sparsely-addressed problem, particularly in practice. In this paper, we design and implement the accounting information gathering system. Implemented system is based on OGSA, following GSAX framework of RUS-WG in GGF. And the schema of gathered and serviced accounting information is following Usage Record Fields of UR-WG in GGF. Also, the accounting information integrating and monitoring tool for system management in the grid environment are implemented.


Family Objects for Models
Family objects provide a convenient way to specify the details of the models used by functions such as glm. See the documentation for glm for the details on how such model fitting takes place.
family(object,...)
binomial(link = "logit") gaussian(link = "identity") Gamma(link = "inverse") inverse.gaussian(link = "1/mu^2") poisson(link = "log") quasi(link = "identity", variance = "constant") quasibinomial(link = "logit") quasipoisson(link = "log")
a specification for the model link function. This can be a name/expression, a literal character string, a length-one character vector or an object of class "link-glm" (such as generated by provided it is not specified via one of the standard names given next.
The gaussian family accepts the links (as names) identity, log and inverse; the binomial family the links logit, probit, cauchit, (corresponding to logistic, normal and Cauchy CDFs respectively) log and cloglog (complementary log-log); the Gamma family the links inverse, identity and log; the poisson family the links log, identity, and sqrt and the inverse.gaussian family the links 1/mu^2, inverse, identity and log.
The quasi family accepts the links logit, probit, cloglog, identity, inverse, log, 1/mu^2 and sqrt, and the function power can be used to create a power link function.
for all families other than quasi, the variance function is determined by the family. The quasi family will accept the literal character string (or unquoted as a name/expression) specifications "constant", "mu(1-mu)", "mu", "mu^2" and "mu^3", a length-one character vector taking one of those values, or a list containing components varfun, validmu, dev.resids, initialize and name.
the function family accesses the family objects which are stored within objects created by modelling functions (e.g., glm).
further arguments passed to methods.
family is a generic function with methods for classes "glm" and "lm" (the latter returning gaussian()).
For the binomial and quasibinomial families the response can be specified in one of three ways:
 1. As a factor: 'success' is interpreted as the factor not having the first level (and hence usually of having the second level).
 2. As a numerical vector with values between 0 and 1, interpreted as the proportion of successful cases (with the total number of cases given by the weights).
 3. As a two-column integer matrix: the first column gives the number of successes and the second the number of failures.
The quasibinomial and quasipoisson families differ from the binomial and poisson families only in that the dispersion parameter is not fixed at one, so they can model over-dispersion. For the binomial case see McCullagh and Nelder (1989, pp.\ifelse{latex}{\out{~}}{ } 124--8). Although they show that there is (under some restrictions) a model with variance proportional to mean as in the quasi-binomial model, note that glm does not compute maximum-likelihood estimates in that model. The behaviour of S is closer to the quasivariants.
An object of class "family" (which has a concise print method). This is a list with elements
character: the family name.
character: the link name.
function: the link.
function: the inverse of the link function.
function: the variance as a function of the mean.
function giving the deviance residuals as a function of (y, mu, wt).
function giving the AIC value if appropriate (but NA for the quasifamilies). See logLik for the assumptions made about the dispersion parameter.
function: derivative function(eta) $d\mu/d\eta$.
expression. This needs to set up whatever data objects are needed for the family as well as n (needed for AIC in the binomial family) and mustart (see glm.
logical function. Returns TRUE if a mean vector mu is within the domain of variance.
logical function. Returns TRUE if a linear predictor eta is within the domain of linkinv.
(optional) function simulate(object, nsim) to be called by the "lm" method of simulate. It will normally return a matrix with nsim columns and one row for each fitted value, but it can also return a list of length nsim. Clearly this will be missing for 'quasi-' families.
The link and variance arguments have rather awkward semantics for back-compatibility. The recommended way is to supply them is as quoted character strings, but they can also be supplied unquoted (as names or expressions). In addition, they can also be supplied as a length-one character vector giving the name of one of the options, or as a list (for link, of class "link-glm"). The restrictions apply only to links given as names: when given as a character string all the links known to are accepted.
This is potentially ambiguous: supplying link = logit could mean the unquoted name of a link or the value of object logit. It is interpreted if possible as the name of an allowed link, then as an object. (You can force the interpretation to always be the value of an object via logit[1].)
McCullagh P. and Nelder, J. A. (1989) Generalized Linear Models. London: Chapman and Hall.
Dobson, A. J. (1983) An Introduction to Statistical Modelling. London: Chapman and Hall.
Cox, D. R. and Snell, E. J. (1981). Applied Statistics; Principles and Examples. London: Chapman and Hall.
Hastie, T. J. and Pregibon, D. (1992) Generalized linear models. Chapter 6 of Statistical Models in S eds J. M. Chambers and T. J. Hastie, Wadsworth & Brooks/Cole.
See Also
glm, power,
For binomial coefficients, choose; the binomial and negative binomial distributions, Binomial, and NegBinomial.
 - family
 - binomial
 - gaussian
 - Gamma
 - inverse.gaussian
 - poisson
 - quasi
 - quasibinomial
 - quasipoisson
library(stats) require(utils) # for str nf <- gaussian() # Normal family nf str(nf) gf <- Gamma() gf str(gf) gf$linkinv gf$variance(-3:4) #- == (.)^2 ## quasipoisson. compare with example(glm) counts <- c(18,17,15,20,10,20,25,13,12) outcome <- gl(3,1,9) treatment <- gl(3,3) d.AD <- data.frame(treatment, outcome, counts) glm.qD93 <- glm(counts ~ outcome + treatment, family = quasipoisson()) glm.qD93 anova(glm.qD93, test = "F") summary(glm.qD93) ## for Poisson results use anova(glm.qD93, dispersion = 1, test = "Chisq") summary(glm.qD93, dispersion = 1) ## Example of user-specified link, a logit model for p^days ## See Shaffer, T. 2004. Auk 121(2): 526-540. logexp <- function(days = 1) { linkfun <- function(mu) qlogis(mu^(1/days)) linkinv <- function(eta) plogis(eta)^days mu.eta <- function(eta) days * plogis(eta)^(days-1) * binomial()$mu_eta valideta <- function(eta) TRUE link <- paste0("logexp(", days, ")") structure(list(linkfun = linkfun, linkinv = linkinv, mu.eta = mu.eta, valideta = valideta, name = link), class = "link-glm") } binomial(logexp(3)) ## in practice this would be used with a vector of 'days', in ## which case use an offset of 0 in the corresponding formula ## to get the null deviance right. ## Binomial with identity link: often not a good idea. ## Not run: binomial(link ="identity")) ## tests of quasi x <- rnorm(100) y <- rpois(100, exp(1+x)) glm(y ~ x, family = quasi(variance = "mu", link = "log")) # which is the same as glm(y ~ x, family = poisson) glm(y ~ x, family = quasi(variance = "mu^2", link = "log")) ## Not run: glm(y ~ x, family = quasi(variance = "mu^3", link = "log")) # fails y <- rbinom(100, 1, plogis(x)) # needs to set a starting value for the next fit glm(y ~ x, family = quasi(variance = "mu(1-mu)", link = "logit"), start = c(0,1))
Documentation reproduced from package stats, version 3.2.1, License: Part of R 3.2.1
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Voluntarily implemented carbon labels have shown that there is a lack of motivation by companies to develop technology to reduce carbon emissions. This study examined consumer values for mandatory carbon labels in South Korea. Considering the altruistic nature of carbon labels, we asked about individuals' perceptions about the impact of climate change on their personal lives to measure consumer preference for carbon labels. Significant preference for mandatory carbon labels reflected Koreans' high level of concern about climate change. As an increasing number of consumers feel the impact of climate change, the gap of WTPs between low carbon labels and carbon measured labels is sufficient. The lower value of low-carbon labels as compared to GM labels indicates that consumers' guilt is not an appropriate strategy with carbon labels.
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