text:
Separation science is the science of separating, detecting and identifying individual components of complex mixtures using a variety of instrumental techniques. A wide range of instrumentation is used for this purpose, and includes (but is not limited to):
- Chromatography: gas chromatography (GC), liquid chromatography (LC), supercritical-fluid chromatography (SFC) etc.
- Mass spectrometry (MS): in combination with chromatographic methods or as stand-alone technique
- Other methods including capillary electrophoresis (CE), solid-phase extraction (SPE), ion-mobility etc.
There are numerous organisations and societies across the UK which promote and provide training in these techniques. Some of these organisations, as well as a directory of online resources on various topics in separations science are provided here. To add your organisation or website to those listed here, please get in touch.
UK Organisations/societies supporting separations techniques
The UK Chromatographic Society
The British Mass Spectrometry Society
The London Biological Mass Spectrometry Discussion Group
The RSC Environmental Chemistry Group
The RSC Food Group
The RSC Water Science Forum
Directory of resources


Scala tips
Scala Option and Some
The absence of a value during rurtime should be somehow handled otherwise the will be a runtime error. The absent value is a null value. If we have a value of type D that may be absent (for example in method, function, class constructor), Scala uses an instance (object) of the (abstract) classOption[D] as its container. The class Option has two sub classes Some and None. Therefore, an instance of Option is an instance of either Some or None. For a variable x of type Option[D], the factory (of Option[D]) creates Some(x) if x!= null or None if x == null.
The following are examples of situations to use Option:
1- Creating a type-Option val:
val optionalIntValue: Option[Int] = Some(1)
val optionalValue = Some("abc") // Scala infers the type
// or
// val optionalIntValue: Option[Int] = None // type is needed
2- When a function may or may not return a value; we want to give it the option to return a value or not:
def myFunc: Option[String] = {... }
3- When a parameter of a function can be present or absent, i.e being optional to be given:
def myFunc(param1: Option[D]):...
case class MyClass(param1: Option[D], param2: String)
Keeping in mind that Option is just a type as a container for a value that can be absent, there are several ways to use an Option-type variable. Examples:
1- The most general way is to use an Option with a match. We can define the output of a method as an Option and handle the output. For example, a function that reads user input. User may just press Enter/Cancel and input nothing.
def readUserInput(): Option[processedUserInputType] = {... }
readUserInput() match {
 case Some(outputOftheFunction) => // Do something with outputOftheFunction
 case None => // Do something when there is no output
This example is to show how to make a parameter of a function optional for the user. If not provided, it will be considered as a predefined value None.
def show(x: Option[String], y: Option[Int] = None) = {
 x match {
 case Some(s) => println(s)
 case None => println ("?")
 y match {
 case Some(number) => println( s"the number is ${number}")
 case None => println("no number")
val myInput1 = Some("hello bear")
show(myInput1) // hello bear no number
show(None) //? no number
show(None, y=Some(123)) //? the number is 123
2- Extracting the value of an Option using getOrElse method. A default value for the None case is mandatory.
val someValue1 = Some(123)
val someValue2 : Option[Int] = None
someValue1.getOrElse(100) // 123
someValue2.getOrElse(100) // 100
Scala Fundamentals (1)
1- Block expression
The intermediate results (vals/vars) in a block expression are local. Example:
val firstName = "Polar"
def name: String = {
 println("This is a block")
 val title = "Mr."
 val lastName = "Bear"
 title + " " + firstName + " " + lastName
firstName: String = Polar
name: String
This is a block
Mr. Polar Bear
Error:(9, 17) not found: value title
Block expression are useful for evaluating intermediate expressions and assigning the result to a val/var.
2- Objects and classes
Everything is a kind of object in Scala; even primitive types, Int, Boolean, are objects. Also the program code to be run is an object and is defined in the form/pattern of an object. All objects can have methods and fields (attributes). Methods of an objects give functionality to the object to do task or computation on data. Fields are for storing data. Every object belongs to a class that have only one instance.
A class is an abstract template for creating objects that have similar methods and fields. A class also defines/create a Type (of objects) and therefore objects of the same class have the same Type. A class is not a value (like functions and objects) and it lives in its own namespace. Scala has two namespace: namespace of values, and namespace of types. Classes live in the type namespace.
The functionality of an object (if it has one) can be called like a function. A function is a first class value whereas a method belongs to an object. For example:
object addNumbers{
 def addEm (a: Int, b: Int) = println(a + b)
// compare with
object addNumbers{
 def apply (a: Int, b: Int) = println(a + b)
Function-like application of any object is available by using the apply method.
An executable Scala program is an object with an entry point, i.e. the main method. An object can be made executable (or an executable Scala code) by either adding a main method, or making the object extends the type App:
object MyProgram{ // this is a singleton objec
 import... //import libraries
 // Array[String] are used for the command line arguments
 // body of the main program to do stuff
// or
object MyProgram extends App {
 // body of the main program to do stuff
1- Singleton object
Is an objects which is unique and we cannot create other values of this object. Singleton object belongs to a class that have only one instance. As it can be seen the type of a singleton object defined as bellow is itself. The term Box$_USER_ indicated the type @ a unique (reference) identifier of the object. All types of objects have unique identifiers.
object Box
res0: Box.type = Box$_USER_
2- Object (normal)
An object should belong to a predefined class. Example:
class Animal(val kind: String, val location: String) {
 def loc = println(kind + " lives in " + location)
val polarbear_1 = new Animal("Bear", "north pole")
// results
defined class Animal
polarbear_1: Animal = Animal@669cb6c7
Bear lives in north pole
res2: String = Bear
The class Animal creates a new type Animal that can be used like any other types. This is a type of an object.
3- Companion Objects
A companion object of a class is a singleton object with the same name as a class (and defined in the same file as the class's file). The class is also called the companion class of the object. These two live in different namespaces, i.e. value and type namespaces. It is then important to note that the companion object is not an instant of its companion class. One application is to have the (singleton) companion object manage and implement the constructors of an instant (object) of the companion class. In this case the companion object is an auxiliary tool. For example:
class Line(val point_1:Double, val point_2:Double){
 def printPoints = println(point_1,point_2)
val line_1 = new Line(0.0, 1.0) // Line is the name of the class
// Compare with
 def printPoints = println(point_1,point_2)
object Line{
 def apply(point_1:Double, point_2:Double): Line = new Line(point_1,point_2)
val line_1 = Line(0.0,1.0) // Line is the name of the object
4- Case classes
Case classes are useful shorthand for defining a class, its companion objects and several useful features at once. They are ideal for lightweight data-holding classes. Defining a case class is as of a class, however, with adding the literal case, and the val keyword for the constructors is optional. It also does not need a new keyword as there is a companion object with an apply method for the purpose of creating the case class. Example:
case class Animal (kind:String, location:String){
// instantiate a case class using its class
val polarbear_1 = new Animal("polar bear", "north pole")
// instantiate a case class using its companion object automatically built
val polarbear_2 = Animal("polar bear", "north pole")
Features of case classes
1- Sensible equal and hashCode methods acting on the field values of the objects rather than the reference identity. Example:
polarbear_1 == polarbear_2
// result
res2: Boolean = true // but two different values
polarbear_1.eq(polarbear_2) //eq method compares the reference ids
res2: Boolean = false
2- Copy method
val polarbear_3 = polarbear_1.copy() // it is a shallow copy
3- Pattern matching using case classes. Pattern match is an extended if.
To match against the constructor values. Example:
case class Animal (kind:String, location:String){
object inspectAnimal{
 def inspect(anAnimal: Animal): String =
 anAnimal match { // it reads: check if anAnimal matches a case and then output as insructed
 case Animal("bear", "north pole") => "this is a polar bear"
 case Animal("bear", "Banff") => "this is a Griz


The Fast and the Furious Wiki
The Fast and the Furious Wiki:Article Conventions
358pages on
this wiki
Add New Page
Article Conventions is a more specific detailing of the Manual of Style for The Fast and the Furious Wiki, the latter being a general overview of article consistency. Article Conventions details how specific articles should be structured and followed from this point onward by all editors for The Fast and the Furious Wiki.
Character biographies
Character biographies should be separated by a series of one heading and several sub-headings (that use these specific terminologies, not "Through the Series" or other some such titles) such as:
Primary Article
Following the brief descriptor of the article, the following below should be established.
===Early Life==
===Film Name===
Description of specific character events in the film
Character Traits specific to the character.
Unique abilities specific to the character.
==Known Inconsistencies==
This section is placed before trivia and will note continuity errors created in the film regarding the actions or situation of the characters. This is not a place for "movie goofs" in the sense of things physically overlooked by production of the film during filming.
The trivia section should always become before the gallery heading.
Gallery Subpages
Below is a template for the character galleries that will create a subpage for the character articles. Images for character galleries (like most things on the wiki) must be of a standard of high quality, up to 500, 800 to 1280 pixels or more. Images under 250 or so pixels that aren't being used as profile images for the infobox are regarded as low quality and will be deleted. More so, please reframe from uploading images with nonsense names like "vlscaps18828282", black bars that indicate letterbox and always make sure the images are not fan art or any other kind of manipulation.
Additionally, please reframe from uploading camcorder quality images or screeners from the films prior to the movie's official release.
{{GalleryBox|Character Name}}
Quote Subppages
Below is a template for the character dialog that will create a subpage for character quotes. Please note, when you're adding quotes, add the proper quotes under the correct heading or leave the quote off the subpage until you can find a source. Also, the quote page is not a place for uploading massive blocks of character dialog. This is not a page for transcripts, so please do not treat them such. Contributions resembling transcripts will be deleted. Also, please mind the established manual of style established for quote subpages that have been created (See: Dominic Toretto/Quotes).
{{QuoteBox|Character Name}}
Car List
==Vehicles Driven==
This section refers to the number of cars the character has driven in the series or owns personally. For details on formatting, see: Dominic Toretto.
Additional citation. This is not a trivia section, so do not add trivia under this heading.
Citation should here below notes. If you do not know how make references please see the References page for more information.
Additionally character biographies should avoid referencing the name of the film as much as possible unless it is avoidable (such as explaining the presence of Han's death in Fast and Furious 6 when it occurred in Tokyo Drift). In other words never start any aspect of a paragraph or sentence with "In [insert film name here]" or use terms like "in the climax of the film", "at the end/start of the film". The article should be written in third person, past tense. See the manual of style for more details.
Car Articles
The nature of car biographies isn't dissimilar from character biographies. However, the one major difference is that the descriptions and headings should be specific to the car. Information regarding the model, make and year of cars used in the film should be specific to the film. These are not Wikipedia pages, so information regarding the specifications of the car should come directly from:
 - The films themselves
 - The official guide written in 2006,
 - And major car websites that have done featured articles on the production of the cars, like Edmunds, Hot Rod, TopSeed, and others.
General information that does not retain to the model, year and make of the cars themselves will be removed.
===Film Name===
This second refers to what happened with the car during the films it has appeared in. Make as specific to the car as possible otherwise it turns into a character biography.
Additionally, when writing the biography sections for car articles (and subsequently Character and Location articles), do not use out-of-universe descriptors like this:
"Another 1970 Road Runner appears briefly as a protagonist car in Fast & Furious (2009), driven by Letty Ortiz. On this occasion the car was destroyed, being flipped over multiple times and then it was set alight by Fenix Calderon, who tells Dom "the last time I saw it, it was burning". The car in Tokyo Drift is not the same as the one in Fast & Furious, since Letty's Road Runner is destroyed, which happens prior to the events of Tokyo Drift."
Plymouth Road Runner, The Fast and the Furious Wiki
Instead, format the description of the car and the events it was involved in-universe, like so:
"The 1970 Dodge Charger R/T was kept inside the garage of the Toretto House, was built by Dominic and his father in his youth. When his father was killed in a stock race accident by Kenny Linder, Dominic refused to drive the Charger because he was afraid of it. When Brian O'Conner became integrated into the crew and even began dating Dominic's sister, Mia Toretto, Dominic led him to the garage and showed him the Charger. The car is famed for its incredible power at 900 horsepower and holding a record 1/4 mile time at just nine seconds flat, set by Dom's father at the Los Angeles County Raceway."
1970 Dodge Charger R/T, The Fast and the Furious Wiki
This section refers to the details of the car referred to in the movie, mentioned in the official car guide from 2006, or the details explained from the production of the movie taken from articles. Please note that not all cars will have coverage or information on their specifications, so please, if there is no information to be obtained for the specifications do not use standard specs from a car model that was not modified for the purposes of the film. Just don't create this section if that is the case.
Trivia regarding to the car as it pertains to its appearance in the film and its production.
Unlike the character biographies, car articles do not need a subpage for their visual aids. Instead they will be placed below the trivia section (like Character biographies) and will be visuals taken from the film, or photoshoots taken for the film in specifics. In other words, images from the model of the car in general like you would find on a Honda, Dodge or Ford official website will not be accepted. Also please reframe from personal seller and owner photographs found in google searches as we do not have permission from the users themselves to upload them onto the wiki.
Videos of the car will be clips and scenes taken from the film and production of the film.
Location Articles
When creating article names for specific locations, please note that the state of the city or country is not necessary to add in the article's title.
Again, this is not Wikipedia. No one will be confused as to which "Los Angeles" or "Tokyo" you're talking about here, so it not necessary for additional subtitle in the article.
Again the structure for the Location article is not dissimilar to car biographies only the core section of the article is.
==Film Name==
Trivia section for information relevant to the location as it pertains to the film.
Images specific to the film the location appears in.
Ad blocker interference detected!


< Back to all publications
Malaysia – Protecting The National Cuisine
The Malaysian Tourism Minister's statement that Malaysia intends to stake its claim on recipes synonymous with the country's identity, has sparked controversy among the public. Reaction is especially high in Singapore, where people dispute the origins of certain dishes Malaysia intends to claim.
The Minister later said that Malaysia has no intention to patent local food: "We have to claim ownership on some dishes but I never said we must patent them."
This summarizes the state of IP awareness in Malaysia – confusion and ignorance. The Minister intends to claim proprietary ownership of the recipes, but maintained that the ownership will not mean domination of the product.
However, she was right in saying that Malaysia has no intention to patent the food, as it is impossible to patent food, although the Malaysian Patents Act 1983 does not actually prohibit the registration of a patent of a recipe. With the amount of variation and combination possible to prepare a dish, it is unlikely that it can be patented successfully.
This raises the question: how do we protect a recipe?
Lawyers and food consultants commented that it would be difficult for any country to lay claim to a certain dish. Generic names such as "chicken rice" would be rejected by the patent office. It is possible to stake a claim to a dish by geographical indication (GI) – Hainan, for example, can stake a claim for Hainanese chicken rice as it originated there.
This, however, does not offer any protection at all for recipes. The rationale is the same as patents. The amount of variety available for a dish will make it impossible for one to pin-point exactly the description of a dish which would enable it to be used as a GI.
The most appropriate way to protect a recipe is by a trade mark. Trade marks are not new in the food business. Trade marks like Coca-Cola, McDonalds and Subway have in fact gained international recognition, resulting in an indirect dominance of the recipes that they provided. Brands like Kentucky Fried Chicken, The Manhattan Fish Market and Old Town White Café do indicate the uniqueness of the dishes they provided, and the successful registration of the trade marks has resulted in what the Minister actually wanted – ownership of the dishes.
In light of this, it would be interesting to see how Malaysia goes about branding these famous dishes.


Dissolution of expressive and instrumental voluntary associations: Four key dimensions in explaining organizational change
Dan Sundblom*, Mikko Lagerspetz, Liisi Keedus, Erle Rikmann
*Tämän työn vastaava kirjoittaja
Tutkimustuotos: LehtiartikkeliArtikkeliTieteellinenvertaisarvioitu
8 Lataukset (Pure)
This study inspects the reasons as for why voluntary associations end their activity and dissolveas legal entities. The empirical data was gathered through semi-structured interviews with formerleaders of 30 organizations in Estonia and Finland. To appreciate the sector's diversity, the analysismakes a distinction between associations with mainly expressive, and those with mainly instrumentalfunctions. Causes for the associations' dissolution fall into four different categories related to (1) theassociation as a social entity, (2) resources, (3) goals and (4) environment. Reasons belonging to thefirst category of internal, social reasons, such as problems of leadership, internal organization andmembership recruitment were the most common ones. However, several reasons often intertwined. Acomparison between associations of different types showed that expressive associations were mostoften threatened by causes in the first category, while they were surprisingly immune to the other ones.Instrumental associations are dependent on other actors and external circumstances, and the reasons fortheir dissolution are likely to be related to problems with resource acquisition, goals or environments.
JulkaisuResearch On Finnish Society
TilaJulkaistu - 18 joulukuuta 2020
OKM-julkaisutyyppiA1 Julkaistu artikkeli, soviteltu


Re: How to handle a where-list in MathML
From: David Carlisle
Date: Wed, 6 Jun 2007 23:55:52 +0100
Message-Id: <_EMAIL_>
To: _EMAIL_
Cc: _EMAIL_
I agree with Robert that csymbol is probably better than ci but that
otherwise that's a good encoding.
An alternative viewpoint that I picked up in a previous life working in
formal systems that essentially viewed everything as a lambda expression
is that
 2*a+3*a^2+b+b^2 WHERE a=5+c*2, b=17-d
is syntactic sugar for
 (lamda a b. 2*a+3*a^2+b+b^2)(5+c*2, 17-d)
that is first create the anonymous function of two variables
representing the bound variables in your expression, then apply that
function to the two expressions which hold the definitions of the bound
This could be encoded directly in mathml as
This has the advantage of being coded in core mathml without needing any
csymbol defined operators, it has the possible disadvantages of being
possibly harder to read by humans, and possibly more likely to be
automatically "expanded out" by a system consuming the expression, just
might not be the best encoding of the concept 1+1 if you want it to
survive importing it into a CA system and not have it be seen as 2.
The Numerical Algorithms Group Ltd is a company registered in England
and Wales with company number _PHONE_. The registered office is:
powered by MessageLabs.
Received on Wednesday, 6 June 2007 22:56:01 GMT


text:
Map of flight path and driving directions from Learmonth to Badu Island.
Shortest flight path between RAAF Base Learmonth (LEA) and Badu Island Airport (BDD).
How far is Badu Island from Learmonth?
There are several ways to calculate distances between Learmonth and Badu Island. Here are two common methods:Vincenty's formula (applied above)
- 2037.394 miles
- 3278.868 kilometers
- 1770.447 nautical miles
Vincenty's formula calculates the distance between latitude/longitude points on the earth's surface, using an ellipsoidal model of the earth.Haversine formula
- 2036.672 miles
- 3277.705 kilometers
- 1769.819 nautical miles
The haversine formula calculates the distance between latitude/longitude points assuming a spherical earth (great-circle distance – the shortest distance between two points).
Time difference and current local times
The time difference between Learmonth and Badu Island is 2 hours. Badu Island is 2 hours ahead of Learmonth.
Carbon dioxide emissions
Estimated CO2 emissions per passenger is 222 kg (489 pounds).
Frequent Flyer Miles Calculator
Learmonth (LEA) → Badu Island (BDD).

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


FX is an abbreviation for FAMILY EXPERIENCE. FX is a live, dynamic environment designed to help us as the church partner with families. It is a fun, shared experience for families to come together for a purpose. It strategically places parents and kids in a world that helps both understand and live out essential truths regarding wisdom, faith, and friendship.
We often say, "What happens at home is even more important than what happens at church." This means that our faith really isn't a living faith until it is lived out in our daily lives. Parents and kids look for practical ways to take what happens at church home with them so that it is relevant on a Tuesday afternoon, or a Friday morning, or late at night.


Incorporated Trustee
DEFINITION of 'Incorporated Trustee'
A corporation, usually a trust company, which is named as the trustee of a private trust or other fiduciary account. Incorporated trustees stand in contrast to an individual person or "natural trustee," who may also be selected as the trustee of such an account. In both cases, the trustee's role is to execute the instructions of the trust's grantor as well as manage the assets of the trust.
BREAKING DOWN 'Incorporated Trustee'
There are two primary advantages of appointing an incorporated trustee. First, since corporations theoretically never die or become incapacitated, they will likely outlast individual trustees. Second, since professional trustees focus all their time on this role, they're typically more knowledgeable about the role and less likely to mismanage the trust. The two primary disadvantages are the costs of professional trust management and a lack of understanding for the grantor's unexpressed wishes.
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Just Rolling Round
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Coke Machine
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Rotating Triangle
Tilting Triangles
A right-angled isosceles triangle whose two equal sides are 2 units in length is attached at its right-angled vertex to the centre of a square of side 2 units and rotated about this centre point.
This text is usually replaced by the Flash movie.
What can you say about the area of the part of the square covered by the triangle as it rotates?
What happens to this area if the triangle is reduced in size so that its two equal sides are $ \sqrt 2 $ units?
What happens if the triangle is further reduced in size?


text:
Where are DEC's environmental education summer camps located?
The New York State Department of Environmental Conservation runs four environmental education camps for youths. Pack Forest, runs two different sessions for ages 12 to 14 and 15 to 17, and is located in the southern Adirondacks, north of Warrensburg. Camp Colby, for 12 to 14 year olds, is in Franklin County near Saranac Lake. Camp Rushford, for ages 12 to 14, is in Allegany County, and Camp DeBruce, also for ages 12 to 14, is in the southern Catskills, near the village of Livingston Manor.
For more information about these camps, please visit DEC's website or e-mail the DEC environmental education camps at _EMAIL_
Environmental Education Camps
Names and locations of DEC's summer camps for youths

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


text: The Blinder-Oaxaca decomposition technique is widely used to identify and quantify the separate contributions of differences in measurable characteristics to group differences in an outcome of interest. The use of a linear probability model and the standard Blinder-Oaxaca decomposition, however, can provide misleading estimates when the dependent variable is binary, especially when group differences are very large for an influential explanatory variable. A simulation method of performing a nonlinear decomposition that uses estimates from a logit, probit or other nonlinear model was first developed in a Journal of Labor Economics article (Fairlie 1999). This nonlinear decomposition technique has been used in nearly a thousand subsequent studies published in a wide range of fields and disciplines. In this paper, I address concerns over path dependence in using the nonlinear decomposition technique. I also present a straightforward method of incorporating sample weights in the technique.


Take the 2-minute tour ×
I have an array of integers stored in a plist. I would to load them and do fast enumeration over the array. Is there a way to do this or does fast enumeration work only for objects?
share|improve this question
2 Answers 2
up vote 3 down vote accepted
Fast enumeration do only work with objects in Obj-C.
However, if you stored integer values in a plist, you'll have an NSArray or an NSDictionary instance representing that plist. The NSArray/NSDictionary works with fast enumeration and will output NSNumbers when working with them, not int.
That way, you can retrieve your int easily with [anNSNumber intValue].
share|improve this answer
I do undestand OOP is nice but if You have an array of integers and You must scan values very often, consider storing value in a simple C array:
1) much less memory footprint
2) blazing speed in searching (for via and index, a REAL index in memory.. will be a register in µp directly...)
a) you must think in old style C
b) save the number of items
c) you must convert from plist to int arr[..] but is very easy.
share|improve this answer
Your Answer


'At night' versus 'In the night'
1-He works at night.
2- He works in the night.
3- He works nights.
Do all have the same meaning?
Hi Tom,
I would suggest (1) refers to doing work at night probably of a clerical /academic nature because then it's quiet.
I think (2) would refer to someone doing something when the rest of us are asleep but I can only think of Dracula!
(3) would refer to someone who works during the night instead of during the day as part of some shift system and that could be as a police officer or a nurse in a hospital.
I immediately thought of a burglar or some kind of gangster. But on the other hand, Batman works in the night a lot.
Thank you, Alan and Jamie!
All those examples were good but could there be some flexibility in them? :o I mean, Alan, can a student work in the night and a thief at night? In other words, your examples showed that all of the sentences are grammatically correct–could they be interchanged regardless of who is working?
Thanks in advance
In English, you can never say never, but I don't think they would normally be interchangeable.
Hi Tom
I agree with Alan and Jamie. Grammar is only part of language (as you know ;)). You also have to get the meanings and associations right.
My pet barked all night.
In the above sentence, the grammar is correct, but the meaning? What if my pet is a cat? 8)


text:
The blooming of the Kyoto cherry blossoms is already a week earlier than average and 11 days earlier than if the climate crisis had not been exacerbated by human-induced climate change. This culturally significant event is already a symptom of the climate crisis. But how does climate change affect cherry blossoms?
Kyoto cherry blossoms reached full bloom a week earlier than all previous averages.
According to a study in the journal Environment Research Letters, the peak date of cherry blossoms in Kyoto has shifted a week earlier. The change is primarily due to climate change, with temperatures in the city center rising by several degrees since pre-industrial times. Climate change also aggravates the heat island effect, making cities more likely to experience warmer temperatures than their surroundings.
The early flowering dates of cherry blossoms in Kyoto are attributed to climate change, as the city has been warming up much more quickly than the rural area. Kyoto's central part warmed up faster than the rural areas so that now the cherry blossoms bloom 11 days earlier than previous averages. However, the difference between the two areas has leveled off since the middle of the 20th century, indicating that urban warming has been responsible for most of Kyoto's recent warming.
Rising temperatures are changing nature's timing.
Rising temperatures have affected the timing of the flowering of cherry blossoms across the world, and scientists believe the early flowering dates of this year are the result of urban warming and climate change.
Extreme droughts have reduced the number of cherry blossoms in some areas. However, extreme heat and drought have destroyed the natural habitats of many species.
They are a culturally significant event in Japan.
The climate crisis is causing Kyoto cherry blossoms to bloom earlier each year. Due to urbanization, buildings absorb heat more quickly than natural landscapes. This phenomenon is known as the "heat island effect" and contributes to rising temperatures. By the end of this century, scientists predict that the cherry blossoms in Kyoto will bloom an average of one week earlier than they do today.
The traditional peak of the cherry blossom season is at the end of March. But in 2021, the ancient capital of Japan has seen the blossoms bloom even earlier than usual. The cherry blossom season began on 11 March, four days earlier than usual in Kyoto.
They are a symptom of the climate crisis.
Scientists say that the early blooming of Kyoto cherry blossoms indicates a more significant crisis: global warming. The cherry blossoms typically peak in the spring months, but temperatures have increased earlier than last year. The cherry blossoms are especially sensitive to weather conditions.
They will reach full bloom an additional week earlier by 2100
By the end of this century, the Kyoto cherry blossoms are projected to begin blooming an additional week earlier than today. Scientists blame global warming and urbanization for the early flowering event. Buildings absorb solar radiation more efficiently than rural landscapes, leading to the "heat island effect" responsible for warming cities. Climate change also affects other areas, such as farming and land management practices. Because plants depend on one another for growth, changing one area can lead to a chain reaction.
The scientists used data from 58 benchmark cherry trees in Japan to estimate the full bloom date in Kyoto. Of these, 40 have already reached the peak bloom this year, and 14 have bloomed at the early record date. Typically, cherry trees bloom for two weeks. But because cherry trees are sensitive to changes in temperature, the timing of their blooming is crucial for climate change studies. Kyoto's average temperature has increased several degrees Celsius since pre-industrial times.


text:
and history of Cosmeston medieval settlement
The Cosmeston medieval settlement site was discovered
during excavations by the Glamorgan
Gwent Archaeological Trust Ltd. in 1977 and 1982, in
response to a development threat close to the known site of 'Cosmeston
Castle'. Archaeological investigations revealed the remains of 13th
and 14th century stone buildings, the Local Authority then invited
the Trust to undertake a long term research programme. Cardiff University
is now investigating the large archive of archaeological
finds from the GGAT excavations as part of the new project,
and conducting ongoing investigations such as landscape
survey and excavation
to increase knowledge about this unique site.
Excavations by Glamorgan Gwent Archaeological Trust
Image © Glamorgan Gwent Archaeological Trust Ltd.
Formerly in the Welsh kingdom of Morgannwg, Cosmeston lies within
the lands conquered by the Norman lord Robert Fitzhammon, and established
as the lordship of Glamorgan. One of his followers was the de Constentin
family, from the Constentin peninsular in northern France, who became
the first known lords of the manor at Constentinstune (Cosmeston)
'the place of the Constentins'. By 1317 the manor had passed to
the de Caversham family and then to the Herbert family by 1550.
During the 19th century the Bute family, famous for rebuilding Cardiff
Castle and the industrialisation of Cardiff's coal port, became
the owners of Cosmeston.
Village reconstruction. Image © Glamorgan Gwent
Archaeological Trust Ltd.
In the medieval period the manor of Cosmeston was a sub-manor of
Sully, forming part of the lordship of Glamorgan, and similar in
size to the present day parish of Lavernock.
The administrative centre of the manor was the manor house, which
at Cosmeston has been historically known as a 'castle'. In south
Wales manor houses of this period were often heavily fortified and
15th century references to Cosmeston mention a tower or corner bastion,
it appears to have been abandoned by 1437. Evidence of a manorial
garden and dovecot have also been found in the field south-west
of the manor house.
Medieval Fair Event at the village 2007. Image © Karolina Ploska.
The peasant farmers, who held land from the lord of the manor, usually
produced enough food to sustain their families, provide rent for
the land, and in a good year a surplus which could be traded for
money. At Cosmeston, in common with other local villages, their
buildings were made from locally available limestone bedded in courses
and mortared with clay. Each homestead was located within a block
of land known as a croft, typically 11/2 -2 acres in size. At Cosmeston
boundaries of some crofts can be seen as earthworks in a field on
the opposite side of the modern B4267 road, the original medieval
route being through the village. The farmstead, a group of three
buildings grouped around a central yard at Cosmeston, is very interesting
as many medieval farms in Wales consisted of a 'longhouse' where
people and animals lived at either end of the same building, and
not separately as in this case.The enclosed fields of the manorial
lord were known as the demesne, over which the peasants could not
exercise common rights of grazing, woodcutting or hunting.
This planned and managed landscape is likely to have existed around
Cosmeston as a direct consequence of the Norman conquest and settlement
of the Vale of Glamorgan in the early 12th century. Other types
of settlement also included small hamlets and isolated farmsteads,
two of which existed at nearby Sutton and Lavernock.
Cosmeston guide book © Glamorgan Gwent Archaeological Trust


Different filet crochet patterns
filet crochet patterns crochet filet and more for your kitchen free patterns XXLRFNP
Filet crochet is a technique that uses chain stitches and double crochet to create filled in blocks and open meshes. Filet crochet patterns can be made combining different pictorial designs and motifs. Here are some of very beautiful filet crochet patterns.
Checkered diamond pattern
This pattern is very versatile. You can either make it by repeating the checkered diamond pattern of any size, large or small or you can make the filet a square by repeating the pattern as many times as required.
Hearts trim pattern
This filet crochet trim is made using alternate heart pattern. The hearts are crocheted in such a manner that one up side heart is followed by another downside heart. This design is particularly suitable to trim pillowcases, sheets etc.
Dragonfly pattern
This is a unique pattern to crochet a filet. Multiple dragon flies are created throughout the filet. Though it is a very good pattern for crocheting filet, it can also be created in a single crochet or afghan stitch background.
Christmas pattern
This pattern uses Christmas themes like Santa, Christmas tree etc. to crochet filets. Being based on Christmas theme, the filets are crocheted using multiple coloured yarn.
Bird pattern
Bird patterns are very popular among filet crochet patterns. Different birds can be crocheted on the filets like chickens, owl, goose etc. or little birds pattern can be used on the edges.
Flower patterns
Floral designs are all time favorite motifs for crocheting. Filets are crocheted using flower motifs like daffodil, white, red or pink rose, Irish flowers etc.
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Stay local to exercise, says government
The government has said people should "stay local" and not travel unnecessarily for exercise.
New advice clarifies that people must use "open spaces" near to home, where possible.
It follows confusion over whether people could drive places to go walking, running, or cycling.
Exercise is one of the few defined reasons that people in the UK are allowed to leave their home during the coronavirus pandemic.


text:
DEFINITION of 'And Interest'
A slang phrase used when quoting the price of a fixed-income instrument with accruing interest. When revealing the sale price of a bond, a broker or salesman will often express the value as the clean price "and interest".
Also written as "and-interest".
BREAKING DOWN 'And Interest'
For example, let's examine a bond, selling at par, paying an annual coupon of $8, with a par value of $100. It has been exactly half a year since the bond last paid a coupon. If you wish to purchase this bond, the likely quote you will hear is "$100 and interest". The $100 represents the clean price of the bond. The "and interest" is equal to the accrued interest at the time of sale. Since the bond pays a coupon once a year, and half a year has passed, the "and interest" equals $4 ((1/2) x 8).


Isolating Dimension Members to Use in Calculations and Filters
Published: 22 Feb 2013
Last Modified Date: 03 Jan 2019
How to isolate a single member of a dimension to use in calculations and filters
Tableau Desktop
Select Analysis > Create Calculated Field.
 2. In the Formula box, type the following formula:
 IF [fieldName] = "Member_Name" THEN [measureName] ELSE NULL END
 3. Click OK.
In the attached sample workbook, the field is called Red, the dimension is Color, and the formula is:
IF [Color] = 'Red' THEN 'Red' ELSE NULL END
Additional Information
You can use the same steps to create a conditional calculated field to use as a filter.
Discuss this article... Feedback Forum
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Getty Images
The History of Pointe Shoes: The Landmark Moments That Made Ballet's Signature Shoe What It Is Today
Pointe shoes, with their ability to elevate a dancer both literally and metaphorically to a superhuman realm, are the ultimate symbol of a ballerina's ethereality and hard work. For students, receiving a first pair of pointe shoes is a rite of passage. The shoes carry an almost mystical allure: They're an endless source of lore and ritual, with tips, tricks and stories passed down over generations.
The history of pointe shoes reveals how a delicately darned slipper introduced in the 1820s has transformed into a technical tool that offers dancers the utmost freedom onstage today.
1730s: Marie Camargo Invents the Ballet Slipper
A lithograph of Camargo in a floral gown and heeled shoes with one leg lifted
Marie Camargo
Courtesy Jerome Robbins Dance Division, The New York Public Library
During ballet's creation in the courts of Europe, dancers wore heeled shoes in line with the era's aesthetic. In the 1730s, Paris Opéra Ballet dancer Marie Camargo was the first to remove her shoes' heels, forging the way for the soft slipper we know today. "Camargo is the transitional point between a heeled shoe and pointe shoe. She is the ballet slipper," says Linda Murray, curator of the Jerome Robbins Dance Division of the New York Public Library for the Performing Arts. The slipper allowed Camargo to perform leaps and fast allégros that were not possible in heeled shoes, expanding movement vocabulary for ballerinas.
1790s: Charles Didelot's Flying Machine
In the late 18th century, Charles Didelot, a Paris Opéra Ballet dancer-turned-choreographer, invented a wire rigging that allowed dancers to "fly" onstage. The apparatus lifted dancers up onto their toes before they flew. "His ballet Flore et Zéphire introduced the idea of weightlessness," says Murray. "From a choreographic perspective, this is the first notion of what it means to dance on pointe."
1820s–1830s: Marie Taglioni and the Romantic Ballerinas
Lithograph of Taglioni in a dress covered in flowers and pearl jewelry and wings, standing on pointe in a low arabesque
Marie Taglioni in La Sylphide
Courtesy Jerome Robbins Dance Division, The New York Public Library
In 1823, the Italian dancer Amalia Brugnoli introduced pointework to ballet audiences, rising up to the tips of her toes in Armand Vestris' La Fée et le Chevalier. Brugnoli wore lightly stitched square-toed satin slippers, and had to use her arms and a visible amount of effort to get up on her toes. Nevertheless, she inspired the other dancers of the day, including Marie Taglioni, to practice the technique. In 1832, Taglioni became the first to dance a full-length ballet on pointe when she premiered La Sylphide, choreographed by her father, Filippo Taglioni. "Marie Taglioni gets the credit and the blame for introducing pointework," says Eliza Gaynor Minden, the head of design behind pointe shoe company Gaynor Minden. For Taglioni, rising up on pointe was more than just a stunt; she used her shoes—tight-fitting, darned, leather-soled satin slippers tied with ribbons—to convey character and emotion. Other Romantic-era ballerinas, particularly Fanny Elssler, who excelled at fast footwork, pushed pointework even further in the years that followed.
1870s–1890s: Italian Shoes Set the Imperial Standard
Sarah Lane in pink Aurora costume in a pass\u00e9 with one arm in the air onstage
American Ballet Theatre's Sarah Lane in Alexei Ratmansky's reconstruction of The Sleeping Beauty
Rosalie O'Connor, Courtesy American Ballet Theatre
Later in the 19th century, Italian shoemakers developed reinforced pointe shoes with stiff boxes made from newspaper, flour paste and pasteboard. The shoes' cardboard insoles were reinforced with leather. "The Italian ballerinas were able to do more bravura steps on pointe, including sustained balances and multiple pirouettes," says Minden. Italian dancers traveled to Russia, where ballet was extremely popular in the imperial courts, and ultimately influenced Marius Petipa to incorporate pointework into his ballets. He used it to help define his characters, such as Princess Aurora in The Sleeping Beauty, whose long balances demonstrate her poise.
1910s–1930s: Anna Pavlova and Capezio
Black and white photograph of Anna Pavlova in a white swan tutu standing in fifth position on pointe with her arms crossed at her heart
Anna Pavlova in 1905
Herman Mishkin, Courtesy the Museum at FIT
Early-20th-century prima Anna Pavlova had very high, unstable arches, so she put leather soles inside her pointe shoes and hardened the box for more support. When she made her first trip to the U.S. in 1910, Pavlova had her company outfitted in shoes made by the Metropolitan Opera shoemaker Salvatore Capezio, thereby launching the first international pointe shoe brand. While Pavlova helped bring pointe shoes into the modern era, her shoes still had a very rounded toe and narrow vamp, making them much less stable than those worn today. "Footage of Pavlova even shows that she's sort of rocking on her toes the entire time she's on pointe," says Murray.
Close up photo of old heavily darned pointe shoe
Anna Pavlova's heavily darned shoe
Courtesy The Museum at FIT
1920s–1980s: The Shoe Adapts to Abstraction
Reichlen, in pink tights and a black leotard with a black belt, stands in a wide fourth position with her arms in the air.
New York City Ballet's Teresa Reichlen dancing Balanchine's 1946 The Four Temperaments
Paul Kolnik, Courtesy NYCB
Throughout the 19th century, the main purpose of the pointe shoe was to serve a ballet's narrative, distinguishing the mortals from supernatural fairies and sylphs. "But in the 20th century, particularly with the emergence of the Ballets Russes and then George Balanchine, you start to see an interest in pushing the vocabulary of ballet instead," says Murray. Over the next several decades, innovators from Bronislava Nijinska to William Forsythe expanded the physical limitations of ballet technique, leading to a demand for a stronger, more supportive shoe. Designs like the flat, platform box we are familiar with today were developed to give dancers more control.
1990s–Today: New Materials and Methods
Full page ad of two photos of Gillian Murphy with a quote below, and pink Gaynor Minden logo
Gillian Murphy in an early Gaynor Minden ad
Courtesy Gaynor Minden
In recent years, scientific approaches to pointe shoe construction and training have helped the shoe adapt to contemporary choreographic demands. In 1993, Gaynor Minden launched a shoe inspired by the shock-absorption found in athletic footwear, opening the door for other designers to experiment with modern materials to improve shoes' durability and fit. Emerging research in dance medicine has also made pointework safer. Dr. Sue Mayes, director of The Australian Ballet's pioneering Artistic Health program, collects data on all musculoskeletal complaints in the company, and she advises that proper fit for shoes is paramount to injury risk reduction. "The foot needs room to expand and contract to allow the shoe to act as a spring," she says, "We encourage dancers to be reassessed every year, even as adults." Mayes also stresses that proper preparation, gradual reintroduction of pointework after a break from dancing, and full leg strengthening can allow a dancer to perform on pointe without fear. "The last thing we want is for a dancer to feel cautious onstage."
Mayes adjusts the foot of a dancer sitting on a massage table in a studio.
Dr. Sue Mayes working with dancers at The Australian Ballet
Kate Longley, Courtesy The Australian Ballet
Beyond "European Pink"
Two Black dancers in silver tutus put on satin pointe shoes
Ballet Black dancers Cira Robinson and Marie Astrid Mence model Freed's line.
Tyrone Singleton, Courtesy Ballet Black
In the early 1970s, Dance Theatre of Harlem began customizing the company dancers' tights, pointe shoes and ribbons in shades of brown to match their skin tones. The effect was revolutionary for classical ballet. But it isn't until recently that pointe shoe manufacturers have started releasing shades that reflect the diverse skin tones of the ballerinas wearing them. Gaynor Minden released a collection of inclusive satin shades in 2017. The following year, Freed of London followed suit, in collaboration with the London-based dance company Ballet Black. And in the midst of June 2020's nationwide protests demanding racial justice, brands Bloch, Russian Pointe, Capezio, Nikolay, Grishko and Suffolk jumped on board, promising expanded lines released within the year. These options have helped free dancers from pancaking their shoes to match their skin tones, which can be costly and time-consuming. Most importantly, redefining what a pointe shoe looks like breaks down a long-outdated construct and makes ballet more accessible and welcoming to all


News from Europe
Statue of the Virgin Mary to be moved behind a school in France
A statue of the Virgin Mary, that is in the yard of a primary school in the department of Isere, France, will now be placed behind the building so that the children will no longer see it. According to the leaders, this move is necessary to respect the laicity law of 1905.
The statue was erected in the middle of the twentieth century, before the building of the school. The then owner of the property commissioned the statue after he was convinced that he saw the virgin appear at the river of the town.
After his death, a public school was built on the property, but the statue stayed in its place. Later, in the 1990s, the school leaders decided to move the statue to a less frequented spot, next to the building. They used the laicity law of 1905 to justify their actions. According to them, the statue's presence would be justified in a private school, whereas it violates religion's liberty in a public school.
And now, thirty years later, the statue is to be transferred again, to a still less frequented place, behind the school building, so that the children cannot see it, thus respecting their liberty of conscience.
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text:
Myth: If my basement doesn't have a ceiling, it will not be assessed as finished.
FACT: This old assessment myth has been around for over 40 years and is simply not true. Basement finish is assessed based on the components that are present (wall covering, floor covering, partitions, etc). No single component, such as a finished ceiling, makes a basement finished.
Myth: Farm outbuildings that are painted green are exempt.
FACT: This is another assessment myth heard across Iowa. It is not true.
Myth: My home is in an area that is zoned commercial and therefore it is assessed as commercial property.
FACT: Zoning classification deals with uses permitted within that area. Assessment classification are tied to the actual use of the property. Generally, a residential dwelling on a residential lot will be assessed as residential property. An exception to this would be a dwelling that is used for a commercial purpose, such as an office.
Myth: The assessor sets tax rates.
FACT: The assessor deals only with assessed value. Tax rates are set by local and state governing bodies. The rates are used in conjunction with assessed values to calculate property taxes. Tax revenues are then used to provide services (schools, fire protection, etc.) necessary to a community.


AR# 52881
Configuration - BitStream Encryption - How to create and program an encrypted bitstream
How do I generate an encrypted bitstream and how do I program the encryption keys into the FPGA?
Xilinx FPGAs support several bitstream encryption methods including AES, HMAC and DNA.
These methods are detailed in the FPGA's respective configuration user guide found on
We strongly urge customers to read the configurations user guide to familiarize themselves with where Xilinx stands on bitstream security and what available options there are as well as information on how to implement them.
You will also need to use external encryption devices to protect your design.
You can read the device to get a key and calculate a verification code.
Here is a reference design that details a similar implementation:
Note that this is all that is available regarding this implementation and you will need to modify the reference design and code provided if you chose to pursue this route.
When selecting BBRAM or eFUSE storage options, it is highly recommended that you consider their use properties and what satisfies your design requirements better.
Please refer to the following tables and notes on each of their use advantages/disadvantages.
More on each of these storage options can be found in the respective devices User guide.
The following is general information about bitstream encryption with Xilinx devices.
Virtex-6 and 7-Series devices support the use of both HMAC and AES keys.
Spartan devices only have the AES key option.
Also compression and encryption together are only supported for Virtex-6 and 7 Series devices.
Refer to (Xilinx Answer 37413).
Only the three largest Spartan-6 devices support bitstream Encryption(XC6SLX75 / 75T, XC6SLX100 / 100T & XC6SLX150 / 150T).
The HMAC key is included in bitstream and does not need to be programmed to FPGA unlike the AES key.
The HMAC key is contained in the same NKY key file as the AES encryption key as well as the BIT file.
Users can perform readback through the ICAP interface even if bitstream encryption is used.
An unencrypted bitstream can be loaded to configure the device even when a device holds an encryption key, given that POR or PROG asserted first clearing out the configuration memory.
Note that once the FUSE_CNTL[0] bit is programmed, only bitstreams encrypted with the eFUSE key can be used to configure the FPGA.
The NKY files can be either supplied to BitGen or created in BitGen by supplying the keys.
If a HMAC key is not supplied, BitGen automatically generates one for you.
However, the key is however not loaded into the FPGA device directly via JTAG like the AES key.
It is contained and protected (wrapped) by the encrypted bitstream.
During the on-chip decryption process, this HMAC key is extracted from the bitstream and used by the authentication algorithm (i.e., no on-chip key storage for the HMAC key is required).
The NKY file format is: KEY HMAC/(0 for AES) (256 bit HMAC/AES key)
The following is an example NKY file:
The StartCBC BitGen setting is an option and not mandatory.
Xilinx AES bitstream encryption uses a technique called Cipher Block Chaining (CBC) with a 256-bit AES key.
CBC ensures that two different parts of the bitstream that have the same actual values (for example, all zeros) encrypt to different patterns.
This prevents an attacker from decrypting xilinx bitstream based on seen patterns.
CBC needs a starting random number (Initialization Vector).
AES/HMAC KEY Flow for BBRAM & EFUSE(ISE/Vivado & IMPACT/HW-Session):
1) Enable the Encryption BitGen setting after implementing the design.
2) Select BBRAM or EFuse for the Encryption scheme, then enter the HMAC and/or AES Key and run BitGen to generate an NKY(key) and/or BIT(config) file.
 - Both HMAC and AES keys are required for Virtex 6 and 7 series devices.
 - If you have the Encryption enabled but do not specify the keys or the AES initial vector, BitGen will randomly generate them.
Note: See (UG908) for more info on Programming and Debugging with the Vivado Flow.
Bitstream options in Vivado are set in the design itself via the design's XDC file.
Follow the below steps to enable and set bitstream encryption for your Vivado design:
1) Open your design post-Synthesis or post-Implementation and open your XDC by double clicking it under the constraints drop down from the project sources window.
2) In your XDC file set the following property to enable bit stream encryption:
set_property BITSTREAM.ENCRYPTION.ENCRYPT Yes [current_design]
3) Reference Table A-1 of "Device Configuration Bitstream Settings" section in (UG908) to similarly set the rest of the encryption options in your XDC or Tcl script.
4) An example would look like below:
Note: These can also be set via Tcl and be reflected in the XDC, either by using the Tcl console or scripting in Tcl.
5) After generating the bitstream you can either launch iMPACT or open a Hardware Session and follow one of the below sections.
Note: To report all of the BITSTREAM properties you can use the following to list all bit-stream properties.
report_property -all [current_design] BITSREAM*
You can be even more exclusive and use:
report_property -all [current_design] BITSREAM.CONFIG*
report_property -all [current_design] BITSREAM.ENCRYPTION*
If the default values are listed, you can use the following for each property you want check.
list_property_value -default [current_design]
Programming the Encrypted Bitstream Via IMPACT and Vivado Hardware session:
1) First, download the NKY file to the FPGA in the same way as you would a BIT file using the "assign configuration file" right click option on the selected device.
Note: The NKY file should be generated in the same project directory as the BIT file.
2) Then you can configure the FPGA with the Encrypted or non-Encrypted BIT file, in which case the key is ignored.
Please refer to the Configuration user guides or (Xilinx Answer 39389) for different configuration options that free up or become restricted when using an Encrypted vs non Encrypted bitstream with AES key.
Hardware Session:
1) Launch a Hardware Session under Program and Debug in the Flow Navigator window.
2) Open an existing/recent hardware target or connect to a new one via the Connection Wizard.
3) set the appropriate hardware properties as per the device/board.
4) Assign the NKY file and the BIT files as shown below by right clicking on your target device.
AES/HMAC KEY switches (Command Line) and description for BBRAM & EFUSE:
ISE BitGen Option Settings & CMD Line Switches for Encryption:
Example Commands:
-g Encrypt: Encrypt Bitstream Enable/Disable to encrypt the bitstream.
-g HKey: HMAC Key (Hex String) Allows a HMAC key to be specified. Will be written into the Key file.
-g KeyFile: Input Encryption Key File Contains part AES key and part AES initial vector. BitGen creates random key and vector if not specified.
-g startCBC: AES Initial Vector Allows the initial vector to be specified. Will be written into the Key file.
Basic BitGen encryption command for Spartan-6:
bitgen -w -g Encrypt:Yes -g Key0:XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX system.ncd
A more detailed BitGen command for Virtex-6 or 7 series device:
bitgen -w -g Encrypt:Yes -g EncryptKeySelect:efuse -g Key0:XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX -g HKey:XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX -g compress system.ncd system.bit system.pcf
A more complicated command using different available options:
bitgen -w -g Security:Level2 -g Encrypt:Yes -g KeyFile:XXX.nky -g StartCBC:XXXXXXXX -g JTAG_SysMon:Disable -g compress system.ncd system.bit system.pcf
Please Refer to the 14.4 Command Line Users Guide for more information regarding additional BitGen options/switches.
Please Refer to XAPP1084 for more detailed information regarding Bitstream Encryption/Decryption for Virtex-6 and 7 Series.
AR# 52881
Date 06/09/2015
Status Active
Type Solution Center
People Also Viewed


Research suggests many individuals 'unaware of IHT rules' when gifting money
Research carried out by the Institute for Fiscal Studies (IFS) and the National Centre for Social Research (NCSR) has suggested that only 45% of individuals seeking to gift money are aware of inheritance tax (IHT) rules and exemptions.
According to the IFS, the research aimed to 'analyse individuals' awareness of IHT rules and exemptions'. It also 'explored the prevalence of gifting in the general population and how it varied between different groups', and considered the 'nature of gifting'.
The research found that just 25% of so-called 'gifters' have a 'working knowledge' of IHT rules in relation to gifting. However, many individuals have sought additional information on the rules.
12% stated that they wouldn't have given a gift had IHT rules or exemptions not been in place. The research suggested that, of those who reported that they were influenced by IHT rules, only 38% said that passing on assets was a purpose of the gift.
Older people are'more likely' to be gifters than young people, according to the data. 24% of individuals aged 70 and over have gifted in the past two years, compared to just 3% of those aged between 18 and 29.
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Example sentences for: sry-box
How can you use "sry-box" in a sentence? Here are some example sentences to help you improve your vocabulary:
 - Several other HMG-box proteins also play important roles in lymphocyte development [ 17 ]. Mice doubly deficient in lymphocyte enhancement factor-1 (LEF-1) and T cell factor-1 (TCF-1) have a complete block in development of T cells [ 18 19 ], while deficiency of SRY-box containing protein 4 (SOX-4) in mice results in a lack of pro-B cell expansion and mild perturbation of thymocyte development [ 20 ]. Unlike these HMG-box proteins, however, we find that the HMG-box of TOX is more closely related to the DNA binding domain of sequence-independent HMG-box proteins.
 - Nuclear localization signals are also highly conserved in SRY-box and other HMG-box proteins [ 37 ]. Basic residues outside of the HMG box motif may also function to stabilize DNA binding by these proteins [ 38 ].
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How do I remove files older than a certain date, like logs and sessions?
The UNIX find utility is disabled for performance reasons. In order to find older files and delete them, one must create a script that performs similar logic.
Below is a way to do this using a PHP script and a HTML form as a cron job alternative.
 1. Notes
 2. The HTML form
 3. The PHP script
Before implementing your script for deletion of older files,know the following:
This is not designed to be used as a cron job. If you want to use as a cron job, do one of the following:
 - Hard code the arguments passed over HTML GET
 - OR
 - Pass the arguments on the CLI and use argv[0] and argv[1].
Example 1
ex1 $dir = opendir("/mnt/stor1-wc1-dfw1/111111/") or die("Could not open directory");
Example 2
ex2 $dir = opendir($argv[0)) or die("Could not open directory");
This form will allow anyone that can access it to delete your content. You'll want to secure it with an.htaccess file. You can also delete the form when you're done with it.
The HTML form
The HTML form that sends the directory and age to the PHP script is as follows:

 Directory:
 Days Old:

The PHP script
The PHP script that takes args from HTML GET query string can be constructed as follows:
 * DISCLAIMER: Use at your own risk. Rackspace claims no responsibility for any loss of data that occurs when using this script.
 * Pass from a HTML form the directory to be searched eg. /mnt/stor1-wc1-dfw1/111111/
 * Pass from a HTML form the age of files to be deleted in days. eg. "10" is any files that have not been modifed in 10 days
$dir = opendir($_GET["dir"]) or die("Could not open directory");
$old = mktime(0,0,0,date("m"),date("d")-$_GET["days"],date("Y"));
echo "Working in ".$_GET["dir"]."";
echo "Deleting files created before ".date("F d Y", $old)."";
while(($dirent = readdir($dir)) != false)
 $cur = filemtime($dirent);
 if($cur < $old)
 echo "$dirent modified ".date("F d Y H:i:s",$cur)."";
 echo "Error deleting file $dirent";
 echo "$dirent modified ".date("F d Y H:i:s",$cur)."";
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Dictionary.com Word FAQs
What is the difference between rack, wrack, wreak, and wreck?
To wreak is to inflict vengeance; to wreck is to damage or destroy. Wreak is not found often in English except in the idiom wreak havoc. Wrack as a verb is obsolete but means 'to avenge or revenge; to punish', 'to undergo ruin'. Rack as a verb is used figuratively to mean 'to chalk up; to achieve' and 'to torture; to cause severe pain' (as in the rack as an instrument of torture). It is also used to mean 'to obtain through coercion or intimidation'. Examples: She racked up points in the pool game. Pain racked his body. He racked his brain for the answer. Wrack as a noun means 'destruction' and occurs mainly in wrack and ruin. The word rack is a variant and can be used in that phrase.
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You can insert a picture behind any Excel chart.
To create a static four quadrant background you will need to insert a picture into the chart. For this example I created a picture in a drawing program showing four quadrants, each quadrant a different color. Since the upper right was a positive outcome I chose green. The lower left was a risk quadrant so I chose pale red.
Next week's newsletter describes how to create a Four Quadrant – Matrix Model where the background matrix can resize itself when mid-points change. This is very useful for example if you want quadrants to show above or below average. Watch for the article, How to Create a Dynamic Four Quadrant Matrix Model with a Combination Bubble and Column Excel Chart
Pictures can be inserted as backgrounds behind an entire chart or behind the Plot Area. In this case, we want the quadrants to align with chart axis and mid-points so it is inserted in the Plot Area. To do this,
1. Use a drawing program to create equally spaced quadrants with the colors you need. (I've included a sample you can download as well as an Excel file showing quadrants you can color and then save.) Save the file as a JPG or PNG file.
2. Select the Excel Plot Area by clicking in it so the four handles appear at each corner of the area enclosing the balloon chart. You can also select anywhere in the chart, click the Format tab and then look for the chart element selector at the far left on the ribbon.
3. Right-click the edge of the Plot Area and select Format Plot Area.
4. Select Fill, then the Picture or Fill option. Use the Insert File button to insert the graphic file from disk.
The picture will extend to the farthest edges of the Plot Area. If you did not scale your chart's data and limit the X and Y axis to 100, then the mid-point for the quadrants will misalign with the mid-point of the data and axis.
Download an Excel worksheet with four color matrix you can change colors with.


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The Feasibility Pump (FP) is one of the best-known primal heuristics for mixed-integer programming (MIP): more than 15 papers suggested various modifications of all of its steps. So far, no variant considered information across multiple iterations, but all instead maintained the principle to optimize towards a single reference integer point. In this paper, we evaluate the usage of multiple reference vectors in all stages of the FP algorithm. In particular, we use LP-feasible vectors obtained during the main loop to tighten the variable domains before entering the computationally expensive enumeration stage. Moreover, we consider multiple integer reference vectors to explore further optimizing directions and introduce alternative objective scaling terms to balance the contributions of the distance functions and the original MIP objective. Our computational experiments demonstrate that the new method can improve performance on general MIP test sets. In detail, our modifications provide a 29.3% solution quality improvement and 4.0% running time improvement in an embedded setting, needing 16.0% fewer iterations over a large test set of MIP instances. In addition, the method's success rate increases considerably within the first few iterations. In a standalone setting, we also observe a moderate performance improvement, which makes our version of FP suitable for the two main use-cases of the algorithm.
ZIB Report July 2022


5 Questions About: Oral History in Southeast Asia: Memories and Fragments
We ask authors of books reviewed in Oral History Review to answer 5 questions about why we should read their books. In our latest installment of the series, Loh Kah Seng discusses Oral History in Southeast Asia: Memories and Fragments.
Jessica Martucci's review of Oral History in Southeast Asia: Memories and Fragments is available online and in issue 47.1 of OHR.
What's your book about and why does it matter?
The book contains contributions from Southeast Asia, a diverse region where oral history work is still not widely known, and where it often (but not always) contends as fragments against dominant state narratives.
How does oral history contribute to your book?
The volume draws upon oral history fieldwork in Singapore, Thailand, Malaysia, Indonesia, and the Philippines, and deals with memory politics among a varied group of Southeast Asians: workers, communists, rebels, massacre survivors, villagers, and former leprosy patients.
Kah Seng Loh, Stephen Dobbs, and Ernest Koh (eds). Oral History in Southeast Asia: Memories and Fragments. New York: Palgrave Macmillan US, 2013.
What do you like about using oral history as a methodology?
In an academic sense, oral history in the region is incredibly rich and capable of disturbing dominant narratives. But it does not always do so, possessing a sometimes ambivalent relationship to power. Speaking about the past in the context of Southeast Asia—a bundle of nation-states with conflicted recent political and social histories—is both rewarding and challenging work.
Why will fellow oral historians be interested in your book?
Southeast Asia offers interesting ways to understand oral history in the context of decolonization, the Cold War and counter-insurgency, rapid industrialization, and medicalization of the state. Our book is a small (and old) one, and hopefully will spur further regional perspectives and trans-regional comparisons on oral history.
That oral history remains relevant and valuable today in many places in the world, particularly due to some of its original impetus, namely the relationship between memory, power and social change.


Building a syntax tree from a chart BuildTree(Chart,Words[0.. K]) { N := make a node for the root of the tree; ExpandTree("S",Chart,Words,N,0,K) } ExpandTree(Symbol,Chart,Words,N,START,END) { label node N with Symbol; if (Symbol is a part of speech) then { make a leaf node labelled WORDS[END]; make an arc from N to the leaf node; ] else { find an edge E in Chart of the form [START, END, Symbol -> Sym[1], Sym[2]... Sym[p] *]; for (j := p downto 1) do { find two edges E1 and E2 in Chart such that (E1 == [SS1, END, Sym[j] -> String]) and (E2 == [START,SS1, Symbol -> Sym[1]... Sym[j-1] * Sym[j]... Sym[p]); /* That is, E was formed by applying the extender to E2, E1 */ make a new leftmost child NC of N; /* Note that the tree is built from right to left */ ExpandTree(Sym[j],Chart,Words,NC,SS1,END); END := SS1; } /* end for loop */ } } To find all the parse trees, you have to consider all the options at the two statements "find an edge" and "find two edges" above.


Quebec Pork Industry In Need Of Overhaul
by 5m Editor
15 March 2007, at 4:42pm
MONTREAL - The government should not increase public assistance to the pork sector but instead should encourage the industry to reorganize itself so as to raise productivity.
In an Economic Note released today by the Montreal Economic Institute, associate researcher Eric Grenon states that "reform is made necessary by the high and recurrent costs to taxpayers of aid to pork producers and by the serious deficiencies in the aid models that are applied."
An industry in crisis
In recent months, major problems in the Quebec pork industry have been making headlines. Many causes can explain this crisis, especially the higher Canadian dollar, industry cycles, increased rates of illness, a lack of competitiveness among slaughterhouses, environmental standards, and so on.
Against a background of greater worldwide competition and market integration in the North American pork industry, the production, slaughter and processing of pork products in Quebec is under threat, in particular by the U.S. industry that has made use of the last 20 years to consolidate and restructure.
A commission on the future of Quebec agriculture and agri-food, now starting a consultation tour, should be looking into the effectiveness of current public involvement in upholding and protecting farm income. The commission should ask if it is worth maintaining the Farm Income Stabilization Insurance program (known by the French acronym ASRA). With twice Ontario's subsidy level, Quebec is among the provinces with the most heavily subsidized agriculture and agri-food sectors.
The Farm Income Stabilization Insurance program
ASRA seeks to guarantee a positive net annual income to Quebec farm businesses. Seen as a pillar of the Quebec model in agriculture, the program was established in 1978 as an insurance policy against market risks. The pork industry receives substantial financial support from governments. From 1978 to 2006, total compensation paid through ASRA to the pork sector reached $1.84 billion. In the last 10 years, subsidies came to an average of $96 million per year. In the 29 years the program has existed, there have been only eight years without subsidies to the pork industry.
The program's weaknesses
The industry's difficulties are due more to structural than to cyclical factors. ASRA also makes the pork sector more fragile by keeping it from adapting to market realities. Its insurance mechanism guarantees all pork producers that they will be compensated for the difference between the market price and production costs, calculated using a theoretical model. Producers thus have less incentive to cut costs, to observe market signals and to remain competitive on domestic and export markets. ASRA impairs efforts to raise productivity and efficiency, helping maintain high production costs compared to competitors. It holds back industry consolidation by keeping unprofitable farms in business, with viability and business performance not among the eligibility criteria for the main programs. Another weakness of ASRA is that it calculates total compensation based on a theoretical model of a specialized farm. Since the 1990s, the Quebec auditor general has questioned the effectiveness and performance of programs based on this sort of production cost estimate. It was shown that taxpayers are contributing millions of dollars too much to producers because of these models. The auditor general has also challenged the updating of these models of specialized farm and has cast doubt as to whether they are representative.
The challenges of the pork industry
The competitiveness of the Quebec pork industry is fragile and is threatened by growing worldwide competition, both from traditional commercial rivals such as the United States and from emerging countries such as Brazil. ASRA has major flaws that get in the way of building a pork industry that can run profitably on a stable basis and be truly competitive in the long term on foreign markets.
5m Editor


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Definition of unkind :
1. Having no race or kindred; childless.
2. Not kind; contrary to nature, or the law of kind or kindred; unnatural.
3. Wanting in kindness, sympathy, benevolence, gratitude, or the like; cruel; harsh; unjust; ungrateful.
brutal, edged, remorseless, hard, monstrous, stinging, sadistic, rude, barbarous, severe, cruel, savage, awful, evil, pitiless, hurtful, spiteful, malicious, unsympathetic, unkindly, ruffianly, ruthless, rigorous, unpitying, inhuman, hateful, inhumane, uncharitable, heartless, mean, malignant, cutting, malevolent, harsh


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Pengaruh Umur Pohon Tetua dan Jumlah Buku Stek Cabang terhadap Pertumbuhan Bibit Jarak Pagar (Jatropha curcas L.).
MetadataShow full item record
The research was conducted in February-July 2010 in the greenhouse and in the seed science and technology laboratory of agronomy and horticulture department, leuwikopo, Bogor Agriculture University,. The aim of this research to know the effect of mother plant age, internode numbers of stem cutting, and interaction on growth of seedling-stem cutting of Jatropha curcas Linn. Research method applied Randomize Complete Block Design with two factors, namely mother plant age (U) (U1=2 year, U2=3 year, and U3=4 year) and internode numbers (B) (B1= 10 internode, B2= 15 internode, and B3= 20 internode) with three replicates. The result showed that there are effects of mother plant age, internode numbers, and their interaction on growth of seedling-stem cutting of Jatropha curcas Linn. The mother plant age for the best sprout length, leaf length, and leaf width are 4 year and 2 year. The best internode numbers for the best sprout number are the 20 and 15 internode. Interaction between mother plant age and the best internode numbers according to the plant height parameter is mother plant age 4 year with 20 internode.


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Determine the point at which the electric field is zero.
 1. Sep 13, 2006 #1
 Determine the point( other than infinity) at which the electric field is zero.
 * ---------- *
 One point particle denoted Q1 = -2.50e-3 C and Q2 = 6.00 e-3 C
 the distance of separation is 1.00 m..
 I am not sure how to determine R, s.t. my Electric field is Zero.
 2. jcsd
 3. Sep 13, 2006 #2
 Do you know what R is?
 4. Sep 13, 2006 #3
 We are suppose to determine a distance which will produce an electric field that is zero. I happen to choose R..maybe that was a bad letter to represent a variable.
 5. Sep 13, 2006 #4
 Oh no. R is fine. I asked you what [itex] R [/itex] is, because [itex] R [/itex] should be a scalar (ie the distance) from something. Now [itex] R [/itex] could be the distance from anything, but would probably be the distance from the one of the charges.
 For example if you had this configuration below
 |<----- 1m -------->|
 Then if you wanted the distance from (-q) called R, you would have:
 R<------- (-q)---------------(q)
 Now the distance from (q) would be R+1m
 do you see why it's important?
 6. Apr 30, 2009 #5
 doin this question now myself, honestly doesnt make much sense to me to have an electrice field equal to zero unless we added another charge partical to cancel out.
 7. Apr 30, 2009 #6
 User Avatar
 Science Advisor
 Gold Member
 There isn't any reason why you would need a third charge here. The electric field scales as 1/r^2. Ignoring the spatial relationship between the two charges, you only need to find two distances such that the field from charge one is equal and opposite to the field of charge two. Keeping in mind that the E field is a vector, it's not hard to arrange the two charges arbitrarily to have a point of null field.
 Now with this problem, the two charges are fixed in relation to eachother. So the first thing is to setup up an equation for the total field using a single vector to represent the distance instead of two. FrogPad shows one such way to do this. Now, you could have a situation where you can't have any nulls, but I think we can assume that it will not be the case. Don't forget that the electric field is a vector, not just a scalar.
 8. Apr 30, 2009 #7
 been trying to use
 k2.5x10^-6/X^2 = k6x10^-6/(X+1)^2
 but not getting the answer the book gives :( seriously these electrical charges and things just aint making sense to me!


text: This article explores the impact of the tonsillectomy operation using a large data base and several different approaches. The likely range of effects of the surgery and various threats to validity are studied from a quasi-experimental perspective. Information on possible patient self-selection for tonsil surgery is provided. Selection is dealt with from another viewpoint by comparing the outcomes of patients under the care of physicians having a "high propensity to operate" with those going to physicians who tend to operate less. Finally, a computer simulation studies the extent to which the measured results of tonsil surgery might be explained by particular selection mechanisms working in conjunction with random processes of episode generation. The "savings" in respiratory episodes estimated by the various approaches ranges from 0.1 episodes to approximately 0.8 episode for the year following surgery.


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Skip Navigation LinksNASP Home Publications Communiqué Volume 37, Issue 7 10 Things State Associations Can Do
Advocating for School Psychologists in Response to the APA's Proposed Model Act for State Licensure of Psychologists: 10 Things State Associations Can Do To Help
By Anastasia Kalamaros Skalski
NASP has created a roadmap for state associations to respond to the model act. This roadmap contains extensive information on the model act, checklists for assessing your state's risk for exposure to these proposals, and suggestions for working to combat them. The full roadmap is available at _URL_
Exhibt E in this roadmap details the top 10 essential advocacy activities for state associations. These activities include:
 1. Identify leaders and a clear set of procedures for monitoring and responding to the introduction of potentially harmful state legislation, regulations, or policies. Suggested leaders include: State Association President, NASP Delegate, State GPR/legislative chairperson, SPAN Coordinator, state lobbyist, etc.
 2. Conduct a needs assessment of the advocacy skills and knowledge of leaders and members. Prepare school psychologists as needed so that they clearly understand key advocacy messages and specific strategies that they can personally use in responding to this issue. Consult the NASP GPR Committee as needed in building this capacity.
 3. Conduct a 'risk' assessment of how vulnerable your state is to potential policies or legislation that would remove the right of nondoctoral school psychologists to use the 'psychologist' title and to engage in psychological practice in school settings.
 4. Complete the NASP Advocacy Roadmap for States: Profile of School Psychology Credentialing and Psychologist Licensing (Exhibit D).
 5. Respond to needs assessment, risk assessment, Profile of State Credentialing, and other NASP Advocacy Roadmap for States materials by developing a State Action Plan (Exhibit I). To be most useful, the state plan should have concrete recommendations of specific actions (e.g., advocacy training, developing a legislative alert system, setting up a phone tree for contacting legislators, etc.) to be taken to improve awareness, communication and message development, and advocacy skills.
 6. Set up an ongoing State Action Plan (Exhibit I) monitoring and evaluation system to ensure that all activities are completed on time and all pertinent information is communicated to state school psychology leaders and grassroots advocates.
 7. Establish communication methods with state school psychologists where regular updates are posted, questions answered, and time-sensitive action requests can be made. Suggestions include: website bulletin boards, blogs, brief e-mail announcements, and 'alert systems' that include e-mails, phone calls, or other types of announcements. Appoint specific leaders as responsible for managing all communications.
 8. Identify and reach out to key stakeholders and allies. Inform nonschool psychology colleagues and stakeholders about the model act issue and solicit their support in responding to any potential threatening legislation. Focus on the how disruptive potential legislation could be to services, policies, and procedures. Build coalitions that can be helpful in responding to this crisis while also building collaborative relationships and promoting shared missions regarding advocacy for essential student services.
 9. Prepare information packets or an 'issue kit' that can be accessed easily and quickly. Select key materials and information that succinctly explains the problem and how it can be resolved. Consult the NASP Advocacy Roadmap for States materials for ideas of key materials and resources.
 10. Work with state administrators, psychology licensing boards, state credentialing boards, and other public policy agencies and personnel to work out agreements that articulate why school psychologists are essential to the mission and purpose of schools. Be patient and never give up. Your colleagues and students are counting on you.
Several state associations have made a significant effort to inform their members about the impact that the model act could have on practices within their state and have also developed tools and strategies to help their members respond. Exhibit P in the Advocacy Roadmap provides examples of some of these products.
Anastasia Kalamaros Skalski, PhD, is NASP Director, Public Policy.


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On February 28, 2003 the Government of Nova Scotia proclaimed the Fire Safety Act Bill 101 and the Fire Safety Regulations. The Act requires all municipalities in the province appoint a Fire Inspector to provide a basic fire safety inspection service commencing September 1, 2003. The intention of the legislation is to make Nova Scotia a fire safe province through a cooperative effort between the province and the municipalities.
Role of Fire Inspector
The duty of a municipality under the Act is to establish a system of fire-safety inspections of land and premises as required by the Regulations to provide for compliance with the Fire Safety Act, Fire Safety Act Regulations, and the Fire Code.
Municipal Fire Inspectors work in concert with the Office of the Fire Marshal and Deputy Fire Marshal in establishing a basic fire inspection service within the municipal jurisdiction.


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A 136-m-wide river flows due east at a uniform speed of 9 m/s. A boat with a speed of 1 m/s relative to the water leaves the south bank pointed in a direction 16° west of north. How long does the boat take to cross the river? Assume an xy coordinate system with the positive direction of the x axis due east and the positive direction of the y axis due north.
Thanks in advance.


IP culture shift: the rise of summary disposition
Andrew Moeser analyzes the shift towards summary disposition in Canadian IP litigation
Canadian intellectual property law has evolved considerably over the last few years, initiated in part by changes to summary procedures but increasingly carried forward by Canadian courts and new legal strategies. This pivot towards the use of early disposition instruments in place of longer and more expensive trials is having significant reverberations for IP holders and businesses. We asked intellectual property expert Andrew Moeser of Lenczner Slaght what caused this change and why – and what effects it will have on IP law now and in the future.
Why has the shift towards summary disposition occurred, and why now?
Most intellectual property litigation in Canada happens in Federal Court, where there are two mechanisms for early disposition: summary judgment and summary trial.
Summary judgment has been around for a long time. However, historically, the Federal Court and the Federal Court of Appeal ("FCA") had typically held that summary judgment is not the preferred means of resolving IP cases, which are often complex. This reluctance was particularly apparent in patent infringement cases, which are technical and usually involve expert evidence (see e.g., Suntec Environmental Inc v Trojan Technologies Inc, 2004 FCA 140). Summary judgment was usually only successful for procedural issues, such as cases turning on payment of filing fees.
In 2009, the Federal Courts Rules were amended to add a summary trial procedure, which was modelled on a mechanism that had been successfully used in British Columbia. Summary trial is brought by way of a motion with affidavit evidence, but after that, it is a highly flexible process. The Court can make any procedural order about the conduct of the summary trial – e.g., length, which witnesses will give live testimony, whether live testimony will consist of cross-examination only or include evidence-in-chief, etc. The motion can be brought at any time before the trial date is set, including prior to discovery. The rules empower the Court to grant judgment generally or on an issue, as long as "there is sufficient evidence for adjudication, regardless of the amounts involved, the complexities of the issues and the existence of conflicting evidence."
Despite the availability of the new summary trial procedure, it was used sparingly in its first few years.
As in many other areas of Canadian law, the Supreme Court of Canada's call for a "culture shift" in its 2014 Hryniak decision was a signal to IP lawyers to give greater consideration to summary procedures. However, unlike in some other areas, there was a bit of a lag in embracing this "culture shift" in the IP bar. Along with the relative newness of the summary trial procedure and the complex subject-matter of many IP cases, a 2015 decision (Manitoba v Canada, 2015 FCA 57) held that Hyrniak did not materially change the procedures or standard to be applied in summary judgment motions, which may have suggested to some lawyers that the Federal Court and FCA retained their historical aversion towards summary judgment.
In the last couple of years, there have been several new decisions where the Federal Court endorsed summary judgment and summary trial in appropriate IP cases, including in complex patent cases (see e.g., Gemak Trust v Jempak Corporation, 2020 FC 644; ViiV Healthcare Company v Gilead Sciences Canada, 2020 FC 486). Recently, the FCA weighed in and similarly endorsed summary judgment in a patent case (Canmar Foods Ltd v TA Foods Ltd, 2021 FCA 7). We may now see a positive feedback cycle where with each new decision lawyers are expanding the scope for summary procedures in IP cases, and it is likely that this trend will continue until the case law solidifies around the appropriate limits.
This in turn absolutely affects the options that IP lawyers should present to their clients. In many ways, this trend is consistent with the broader "culture change" we have seen in the legal profession post-Hryniak, where lawyers are reminded to consider whether a trial is required to resolve any case.
What are the wider implications, if any, of this trend for Canadian consumers?
Most IP litigation involves IP holders and businesses supplying goods and services, rather than Canadian consumers themselves. It is possible that summary disposition could lead to reduced transaction costs associated with IP enforcement, and those cost savings could be passed through to the consumer. For example, in a recent patent trial decision, the Federal Court commented that:
The trial lasted 21 days. Nevertheless, as these reasons will show, the case largely turns upon an issue of claims construction. Claims construction, we are often told, is a question of law, although some forms of evidence are admissible to assist in the process. Where more than 90% of the value of the claim depends on a question of law, the parties should contemplate bringing a motion for summary judgment or summary trial. Had the parties done so in this case, a considerable amount of judicial resources would have been saved, and each party's legal costs would have been substantially reduced. As I suspect that both parties will pass their litigation costs on to their customers, it is ultimately skaters and hockey players across Canada who will bear the burden of the parties' strategic choices. (Bauer Hockey Ltd. v. Sport Maska Inc. (CCM Hockey), 2020 FC 624)
There are also a couple of exceptions where consumers might see a more direct effect.
First, IP cases often affect the availability of a product or service in the marketplace. IP holders sometimes seek injunctions to prevent allegedly infringing competitors from selling their products, and later market entrants sometimes seek a determination on the validity of a competitor's patent or trademark before launching a product. Faster disposition of IP cases could lead to faster availability (or removal) of products in the marketplace.
Second, consumers themselves are sometimes involved in IP cases, such as in copyright infringement cases relating to online file-sharing. There have been some recent examples of copyright holders suing consumers, in some cases seeking to sue large numbers of consumers in so-called "reverse class actions". In theory, the increased availability of summary disposition could have a direct effect on consumers in these kinds of cases, and that effect could go either way – either the IP holder or allegedly infringing consumers could seek to make use of summary procedures.
Will this shift have any effect on cross-border transactions, or are its effects strictly limited to Canada?
This is a complicated question. IP rights are national in scope – e.g., inventors get a Canadian patent that provides exclusive rights in Canada and a separate US patent that provides exclusive rights in the US. But there are at least three ways where there could be a cross-border effect.
First, cross-border issues are sometimes raised in Canadian IP cases, such as where there is an international supply chain and export/import issues arise in the infringement analysis.
Second, this trend could bring Canada more in line with the US, where summary judgment has historically been more available in IP cases. That said, it is unlikely that summary motions will become quite so common in Canadian IP cases: among other reasons, our costs-shifting regime is a disincentive to bringing summary proceedings with a very low likelihood of success. Similarly, though it is not a summary disposition per se, the Canadian summary trial procedure could also be used to narrow the issues in dispute in patent cases through an early hearing relating to claims construction, which is similar to the Markman procedure in the US where patent claim terms are interpreted at an early stage.
Third, there are often parallel IP proceedings occurring in different jurisdictions, and parties typically employ sophisticated transnational litigation strategy. The availability of summary proceedings (and the opportunity to get a fast decision) potentially makes Canada a more important venue in such strategies.
Is the rise in summary disposition strictly limited to patent cases, or will it affect IP law in Canada on a wider scale?
It affects IP law in Canada on a wider scale. In fact, some of the earliest uses of the summary trial procedure were in trademark cases. As an example, in cases relating to counterfeit goods, sometimes the legal issues are relatively straightforward and there is no technical complexity, and the cases turn on contested facts and credibility issues. Credibility issues have traditionally been a substantial obstacle to summary judgment, but they can be addressed with live witnesses at a summary trial.
The more notable aspect of the recent trend is that summary disposition has been treated more favourably in patent cases as well. So the takeaway message is that there are no longer particular categories of IP cases that are (or are not) suitable for summary disposition; it is more about a case-by-case analysis of whether the facts and legal issues in any specific case lend themselves to either summary mechanism.
How will this trend affect small businesses and individuals seeking to protect their IP and patents?
Summary disposition can make it more cost-effective to pursue IP enforcement. The opposite side of the same coin is that summary disposition can also be a cost-effective tool for defendants to short-circuit weak IP infringement allegations.
Do you have any other insights on helping IP clients navigate the legal landscape post/during COVID?
The Federal Court is very much "open for business", and this includes scheduling and hearing motions for summary judgment and summary trial. In addition to the ongoing use of case management in IP cases, the Federal Court has been on the leading edge of courts using technology to keep cases moving ahead despite physical distancing restrictions and other public health measures. The Court has been conducting video hearings of contested matters, including video trials, almost since the beginning of the pandemic.
Andrew Moeser is a partner at Lenczner Slaght. Andrew's practice is primarily focused on intellectual property litigation, with particular experience in industries such as pharmaceutical and biologics, information technology, and oil and gas. Andrew also has experience in commercial litigation relating to environmental