++Mind vs Body in programming Is Dualism the future of programming? I like the RubyLanguage. Yet, I feel strange with the motto "In Ruby everything is an object". On the contrary I believe it is useful to pretend that some "things" are Objects and some other "things" are Values. Maybe I am not a Materialist. Let me explain. + Objects vs Values What is the difference between an Object and a Value? It's like the difference between material things and immaterial ideas. Objects must live in some body/place/container, whereas Values can live in multiple "minds" simultaneously. ++ Objects As I first read in a Grady Booch book a long long time ago, an Object has 3 main characteristics: # an *Identity*. A unique /identifier/ that makes it possible to "reference" a specific unique Object # a *State*, that can be represented using a *Value*. That state/value may or may not change over time # a *Behavior*, that defines how the Object will react when some "method" is invoked. Often the behavior depends on the "class" of the object (the "class" is part of the value). ++ Values Example of values include so called /primitive/ values like integers and floating point numbers, strings, dates. Some languages extend the notion to tables, lists, records, etc. But the notion of *value semantics* goes deeper, it relates to the idea that a value is an "in extenso" description of something (whereas a an object is that something itself). Values exist the way ideas exists, not the way a physical thing exist. Values are... # are *immutable*. They cannot change, they cannot "mutate". That means that the Value's value never changes! If string "ABC" is a value, then "ABD" is a different value. There is no way "ABC" can turn into "ABD". # are intrinsically *unique*. Integer 3 "exists" once only, there are no two integers 3, there never will. Values are neither created nor destroyed, they simply are, always have been and always will be. # are *self-identified*. Ie. the Value's identity is the Value itself. ++ An over simplification? Because Object Oriented languages use objects to represent values, they kind of hide the difference between Objects and Values. Everything becomes an Object. This is presented as an advantage. It is some kind of an "unification", a beautiful simplication. Well... really? Maybe it is an over simplification. I am asking because some of these languages later reintroduce the notion of "value semantics". Sometimes there are two "equality" operators. One for identity equality (are two object identifiers referencing the same object?). Another one for Value equality (are two objects representing the same value?). Some other times there will be a String class for example, and a MutableString class (or a StringBuffer/StringBuilder class maybe). As a result Values become second class citizen. They become a special case among all objects, the Immutable Object case. So, yes one can represent a value using an object, but the ideal/immaterial essence of the value gets lost. Why does this matter? + Only Values are multi-core friendly We are entering a time where parallel processing is becoming increasingly necessary to improve performances. That is why the distinction between Values and Objects is relevant. Values are friendly in a distributed non shared environment: # Values are light and fast. Values are naturaly cacheable. A value's computerized representation can be copied as much as one wants, there will never be a need to synchonize the copies. As a result accessing values is local, hence fast. # Mutable Objects are heavy and slow. Objects need a "home". That is the place where the object is stored. The place is not ubiquitous, it hosts the true and only Object. If there exists local cached proxies, they must be kept in synch with each others somehow, and this is costly. Functional programming, like in ErlangLanguage for example, is a nice thing. But pure functional programming, with no side effects, with only immutable values instead, is... a brutal paradigm shift, at best. Are we going to forget about Object Oriented Programming? I don't think so. ++ The Fertile Paradox of OO Languages Some languages have both "by value" and "by reference" parameter passing schemes. But "Pure" object oriented languages are expected to provide only one mechanism: a "by reference" parameter passing, where references are object identifiers. The difference between "by value" and "by reference" becomes of paramount importance when the caller and the callee live in two different address spaces, maybe on two different computers. Cannotical Object Oriented languages have only "by reference". But, but, at some implementation level they actually pass Values: Object Identifiers. ++ Object Identifiers are Values! That passed Value is the /id/ of an object, a /reference/ to it. That's an added level of indirection. Call it an Oid, a Pointer, call it a Reference, at the end it is a kind of Value (hence immutable, unique, self identified). But these languages deny the existence of such values, claiming that "everything is an object". Maybe "everything is an object" but then what is the reference to an object? Is it an object or a value? That is where there is a paradox: If everything is an object, then what kind of object is a "reference to an object"? The truth is that not everything is an object, because references to objects are not objects, they are Values. ++ Nice consequence As a consequence, a language claiming "In xxxx everything is an object" seems extreme to me. I want something in between, where there are Objects and Values, with a clear understanding about what these two species of data have to offer. That request is legitimate, because Values are not second class citizen. I bet I am not alone. Future languages will provide native support for Objects /and/ Values. Some possibilities include: * *Thing Oriented Programming* would be the Top. In such a programming orientation, Value is the norm and Object the exception, versus the opposite in Object Oriented Programming. * A *Value* base class and mixin. To make it super easy to create objects with value semantics. * An *value* method. It would freeze forever the value of an object, so that further processing can optimize things and treat the object as if it were a value, an immaterial idea versus an material thing. It is the _TAG_ Ruby method. There even exists an evil _TAG_ * A *incarn* method. That would create a *new* mutable object from an idealized value. Is it the _TAG_ Ruby method? * A *value?* method. That tells apart objects from values. Like Ruby _TAG_? maybe? Maybe, probably, some languages already offer these possibilites. I get to find them. ----- Ressources: * B. J. MacLennan. "Values and Objects in Programming Languages." ACM SIGPLAN Notices 17, 12 (December 1982). Page 70-79. * Values in Object systems at Ubilab -- Explains why Values are good. * * * Mutable or immutable? in * Objects and Values – A conceptual model, by Bruno Jouhier ----- + Solution Implementing value semantics in object oriented languages can be tricky. * What does Barbara Liskov have to say about Equality in Java? by Reg Braithwaite * Equals and Hash Code for **Java**, by Manish Hatwalne * Navigating the equality maze of **Ruby**, by Paul Butcher * Reference and value semantics. Part of **C++** FAQ Lite, Marshall Cline ----- Read/add comments Category AboutProgramming, JavaScript Misc. I am getting old. I apparently wrote about this in 2004, _USER_ - _USER_ - _USER_ - a visitor - _USER_ -
Your name maybe:
©2006-2014 Virteal


text:
Common Lisp the Language, 2nd Edition
The function make-condition is the basic means for creating condition objects.
make-condition type &rest slot-initializations
Constructs a condition object of the given type using slot-initializations as a specification of the initial value of the slots. The newly created condition is returned.
The slot-initializations are alternating keyword/value pairs. For example:
(make-condition 'peg/hole-mismatch :peg-shape'square :hole-shape 'round)

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


text:
.
How long do soap nuts last?
The dried soap nuts wil last until you use them all. They have an indefinite shelf life since they are simply the dried shell of a fruit. The 18x concentrated formula has a 2 year shelf life.
Can soap nuts be used in my high efficiency (HE) or front load washer?
Yes. Because they are low sudsing they work very well in these washers. You may use 4 or 5 soap nuts in the wash bag or you can use 3 or 4 tablespoons of home-made soap nuts liquid in the detergent drawer. We also offer Extreme 18X, which is a highlyconcentrated soap nuts solution. You will only need 1/2 teaspoon of this concentrate per load of laundry.
What happens if someone drinks the soapnut liquid or swallows a soap berry?
Don't worry. Soap nuts are non-toxic unless you are a fish. Saponin has been used in highly-concentrated doses to kill fish. The saponin flows through the gills of the fish and enter directly into the blood stream. The only problem you may encounter is a possible stomach ache - your insides will receive a slight cleansing!
Are soap nuts safe for those with sensitive skin?
Absolutely! Soap nuts are highly recommended for those with allergies or sensitive skin. They are 100% natural, free of synthetic chemicals and are hypoallergenic. Soap nuts are wonderful for use by those who are sensitive to the dyes, perfumes and chemicals used in most commercial detergents and cleansers. Most people who are irritated by such commercial products find soap nuts to be their ideal solution.
What other uses are there for Soap Nuts?
Soap nuts are superb for not only laundry, but can replace many cleaning products in the average home. From dishes to fine silks, soap nuts provide a natural effective solution. Saponin, the active ingredient in soap nuts, is a highly effective alternative to many common yet toxic cleaning chemicals. This includes cleansers for household and personal hygiene. The known cleaning properties are wide and diverse. Being so gentle, saponins are even excellent for shampoos and many other personal care products. Finally there is a good cleanser that will not leave your hands rough, dry and scaly!
Are Soap Nuts good for pets?
YES! Many people use soap nuts liquids for bathing their pets. The odor reducing properties of the soap nuts make for a remarkably effective pet shampoo.
Are soap nuts good for washing cloth diapers?
Absolutely! Commercial detergents and soaps contain chemicals that build up in cloth diapers. Not only do these chemicals break down the fibers of the material causing it to loose absorbency, but can also be irritating to your baby's skin. In addition, soap nuts are very effective at removing odors!
I see very little suds when washing with soap nuts, are they cleaning my clothes?
Yes. Suds should not be equated to cleaning power. We have been brainwashed to think this way through decades of marketing. The foaming you see with most detergents is because of the chemicals and fillers used. Soap nuts produce very little suds, but they are still working very effectively. Your clothes will come out of the wash clean and fresh.
Does it matter that some of the soap nuts are pieces instead of whole?
No. In order to properly inspect and sort to ensure the quality of your soap nuts, all very small pieces are removed. The select grade of soap nuts we offer is composed of whole nut shells and large pieces. Since agitation is a catalyst in releasing the saponin, small pieces will work fine and possibly even release the saponin faster. Do not hesitate to break up the soap nuts into smaller pieces if desired, or be concerned if they are broken up while handling. Soap nuts can be even ground into fine powder.
Soap nuts have a vinegar-like scent. Will my laundry have this scent?
Amazingly, the scent of the soap nuts does not transfer to your clothing! clothes come out of the wash smelling totally fresh and clean. There is not even a trace scent of the soap nut itself. A pure soap nuts liquid will also have an unpleasant scent but it will not transfer to your laundry either. Nor will it leave a scent after other cleaning uses. If you prefer a scent, you can simply add a few drops of an essential oil of your choice to a damp wash cloth and drop it in the dryer. The scent of the oil will remain.
I use bleach in my whites. Are soap nuts a substitute for bleach?
No. If you desire to bleach your whites, adding your bleach of choice will not affect the cleaning power of the soap nuts. If you are used to using bleach, you may want to try a load without it just to see if you will still need it. We sometimes use bleach, but many times we do not.
If the soap nuts stay in the wash through the rinse cycle, don't they keep releasing soap?
No, not as long as you are using cold water in the rinse cycle. Soap nuts release very little saponin during the rinse cycle. This is why it is best to pre-soften soap nuts in warm water, use a cup of soap nuts liquid, or soap nuts powder if you want to wash in cold water.
Can you dry the soap nuts with the clothes?
Yes you can. Throwing in the wash bag with the soapberries in it will not harm the clothes at all. Sometimes we can't find the bag in the clothes when we are putting them in the dryer so it will end up in with the clothes on accident. This does not hurt the soap nuts at all.
Do I use soap nuts in addition to my regular detergent?
No, soap nuts do a great job of cleaning your laundry by themselves. They are a natural laundry detergent and alternative to detergents containing chemicals. Use of them with a chemical detergent would be negating their primary purpose and benefit.
Should I use a fabric softener or dryer sheets anymore?
Normally there is no need, hence only if or when you feel the need. Soap nuts naturally soften your laundry and reduce static. We highly recommend using no additives at all. Due to certain combinations of fabrics and environmental conditions, sometimes additives may be desired, but the need will be dramatically reduced.
I'm allergic to nuts. Can I use soap nuts?
Yes! Soap nuts are actually a dried fruit (not a nut) related to the lychee. Do not let nut allergies keep you from using soap nuts, soap nut powder, or soap nut liquid.
Is there anything that I should concern myself with in using Soap Nuts?
As with a chemical cleanser, the only thing that we highly recommend is that soap nuts (in all forms) should be kept out of reach of children and pets. Soap nuts are not consumable and can be harmful if ingested. Given their date-like appearance in raw shell form, a bag of soap nuts could look like food to a child or pet. Given their absolutely horrible taste, it is quite unlikely that any child or even a pet would not literally gag at the taste, but we simply recommend using good judgment and common sense in the storage of them.


text:
Testing Athletes Would Save Lives
Find a Conversation
|Tue, 03-02-2010 - 4:11pm|
A new study suggests that routine electrocardiogram testing of young American athletes would save lives and be cost-effective.
The testing isn't routine among athletes in college and high school, apparently because doctors think the benefits -- discovering potentially deadly heart problems -- aren't worth the expense. However, professional athletes are often required to undergo the tests.
Read more about how Routine Heart Tests for Athletes Would Save Lives.


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YUL wanted to provide a sustainable and ecological object to represent their brand. They chose our handmade tote bag in Quebec.
The positive impact of your object!
One of our most important commitments and values is to design local products.
- Quebec seamstresses.
- Design developed in our studio.
- Label printed in Montreal.
- The production of this object allowed 5 local businesses to work.
As mentioned, the manufacturers are located in Quebec and the production is local.
- Transportation of the products within the province.
- Less than 150 km travel distance.
- Reduction of emissions into the atmosphere and a good point for the company.
- Raising awareness of YUL's audience to Quebec objects.
- Valuation of the creativity of local designers.
- Recognition of local talent.
YUL - a model of Ecoleader
In summary, by choosing local sourcing, YUL measures the impact of their purchase by encouraging local creativity, minimizing their environmental impact and maintaining jobs here.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


text:
Brussels, 27 November 2003
Travelling with pets: Pet passports to be introduced in July 2004
The European Commission today adopted a Decision establishing a model passport which will allow pets and their owners to travel more easily within the European Union. New EU legislation(1) comes into force in July 2004 which will mean all cats, dogs and ferrets will need a passport to travel. The pet passport, a veterinary document, will provide proof that the animal has been vaccinated against rabies. This is the sole requirement for pets to travel to all Member States except Ireland, Sweden and the United Kingdom(2). The passport can also contain details of other vaccinations, including those not required by law, as well as information on the animal's medical history.
David Byrne, the EU Health and Consumer Protection Commissioner said: "This is great news for pet owners like myself. A pet passport will be accepted throughout the EU as proof that a pet has received the anti-rabies vaccination. It also makes it easier for vets to learn about the pet's medical history. This is a significant step for the free movement of people and their pets and a step that was made possible by dramatic advances made in our fight against rabies. Rabies is now close to being totally eradicated from the EU".
Why do pets need passports?
Harmonised veterinary controls on the movement of animals between Member States for trade have been in place for some time. The same rules do not exist for pets. Member States require many different documents to prove a pet meets the veterinary conditions required for travel.
Regulation 998/2003 harmonised the rules on travelling with pets to make it easier for EU citizens and their cats or dogs to enjoy the freedom of movement within the Union. From 3 July 2004 the Regulation will require cats, dogs and ferrets to have a pet passport. It will provide proof that the animal has been vaccinated against rabies. This is the sole requirement for pets to travel to all Member States except Ireland, Sweden and the United Kingdom.
The pet passport will be accepted in all Member States. It can also contain details of other vaccinations and clinical examinations to give a clear picture of the animal's health status. This will facilitate veterinary checks and provide evidence of good health for a pet travelling to third countries free of rabies or where the disease is under control.
What will the passport look like?
The pet passport will measure 100 x 152 mm with a blue cover and the yellow stars of the European emblem. The languages used will be English and the official language of the Member State where the passport is issued. The words "European Union" and the name of the Member State will appear on the cover, along with the passport number which is the ISO code of the Member State followed by a unique number.
What difference will it make?
Travelling with pets will become much easier. All the different documents needed for travel into each Member State will be replaced by one veterinary document, the pet passport, which will be recognised across the EU. Visits to the vet will also become much more straightforward as the passport can instantly inform the vet about the pet's medical history.
More information: IP/02/950. If you would like to receive a copy of the passport electronically, please send an e-mail to _EMAIL_, indicating the language.
(1) Regulation 998/2003.
(2) Pets travelling to Ireland, Sweden and the United Kingdom from the rest of the EU need to have an antibody titration test several months after the rabies vaccination to check it has been effective. The UK and Ireland also require pets to be treated for ticks and tapeworm (echinococcus) as part of the Pets Travel Scheme (PETS). Pets travelling to Sweden need to follow different procedures according to the country of origin.


text:
E. Cobham Brewer _PHONE_. Dictionary of Phrase and Fable. 1898.
An arrow. The feathers under the beak of a hawk were called barb feathers (beard feathers). The point of an arrow has two iron feathers, which stick out so as to hinder the extraction of the arrow. (Latin, barba, a beard.)
N.B.The barb is not the feather on the upper part of the shaft, but the hooked iron point or head.


text:
When this book first appeared in 1972, Karsten, a former naval officer, was taken to task for its portrayal of the Naval Academy and the officer corps. Although his conclusions riled more than a few senior officers, no one denied the significance of the study, and it was named Best Book of the Year by Phi Alpha Theta, the national history honorary society. The work focuses on the period after the Civil War when the United States emerged as a power to be reckoned with and its navy developed into a professional fighting force. This revelatory portrait of the officer corps in the late 19th and early 20th centuries has remained an important reference work for more than thirty-five years. This new edition includes a new preface and foreword.
Peter Karsten is a professor of history at the University of Pittsburgh and the author of many books, including the three-volume Encyclopedia on War and American Society.


As output rises, the difference between ATC and AVC_______ a) rises b) stays the same c)falls
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pohnpei397 | College Teacher | (Level 3) Distinguished Educator
Posted on
The correct answer to this question is C: the difference between these two falls as output rises. To see why this is so, let us start by looking at the definitions of ATC and AVC.
A business can be said to incur three kinds of costs. These are fixed costs, variable costs, and total costs. The total costs are made up of the fixed and the variable costs. Fixed costs are costs that are constant regardless of how much output is produced. These are things like the mortgage payments on a hotel, which does not change regardless of how many rooms are rented out. Variable costs change with the level of output. In the hotel example, costs for water usage and maid service, for example, vary depending on how many rooms are rented.
This helps us understand why average total costs (ATC) and average variable costs (AVC) will converge. As output rises, variable costs rise but fixed costs stay the same. This means that variable costs are getting to be more and more of the total costs. Therefore, the average variable cost curve will move closer and closer the to the ATC curve.
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What does trigger mean?
Definitions for trigger
ˈtrɪg ərtrig·ger
Here are all the possible meanings and translations of the word trigger.
Princeton's WordNet
 1. gun trigger, triggernoun
 lever that activates the firing mechanism of a gun
 2. triggernoun
 a device that activates or releases or causes something to happen
 3. trigger, induction, initiationverb
 an act that sets in motion some course of events
 4. trip, actuate, trigger, activate, set off, spark off, spark, trigger off, touch offverb
 put in motion or move to act
 "trigger a reaction"; "actuate the circuits"
 5. triggerverb
 release or pull the trigger on
 "Trigger a gun"
 1. triggernoun
 A finger-operated lever used to fire a gun.
 Just pull the trigger.
 Etymology: Originally tricker, from trekker, from trekken.
 2. triggernoun
 A similar device used to activate any mechanism.
 Etymology: Originally tricker, from trekker, from trekken.
 3. triggernoun
 An event that initiates others, or incites a response.
 Etymology: Originally tricker, from trekker, from trekken.
 4. triggernoun
 An event, experience or other stimulus that initiates a traumatic memory or action in a person.
 Etymology: Originally tricker, from trekker, from trekken.
 5. triggernoun
 A pulse in an electronic circuit that initiates some component.
 Etymology: Originally tricker, from trekker, from trekken.
 6. triggernoun
 An SQL procedure that may be initiated when a record is inserted, updated or deleted; typically used to maintain referential integrity.
 Etymology: Originally tricker, from trekker, from trekken.
 7. triggernoun
 A text string that, when received by a player, will cause the player to execute a certain command.
 Etymology: Originally tricker, from trekker, from trekken.
 8. triggernoun
 Etymology: Originally tricker, from trekker, from trekken.
 9. triggerverb
 to fire a weapon
 Etymology: Originally tricker, from trekker, from trekken.
 10. triggerverb
 to initiate something
 Etymology: Originally tricker, from trekker, from trekken.
Webster Dictionary
 1. Triggernoun
 a catch to hold the wheel of a carriage on a declivity
 2. Triggernoun
 a piece, as a lever, which is connected with a catch or detent as a means of releasing it; especially (Firearms), the part of a lock which is moved by the finger to release the cock and discharge the piece
 1. Trigger
 Trigger was a 15.3 hands palomino horse, made famous in American Western films with his owner/rider, cowboy star Roy Rogers.
Chambers 20th Century Dictionary
 1. Trigger
 trig′ėr, n. a catch which when pulled looses the hammer of a gun in firing: a catch to hold a wheel when driving on steep ground. [Dut. trekkertrekken, to pull.]
 1. Trigger
Dictionary of Nautical Terms
 1. trigger
 In ship-building, is the letting fall the paul of the cradle by which the dog-shore falls flush, and offers no further obstruction to the ship gliding down the ways into her absurdly termed "native element." Also, a small catch under the lock of fire-arms, by drawing which back, when the piece is cocked, it is discharged.
Military Dictionary and Gazetteer
 1. trigger
 A steel catch, which being pulled disengages the cock of a gunlock, and causes the hammer to strike the nipple in percussion-muskets, and the firing-pin in breech-loaders. The difference between a hair and common trigger is this: the hair-trigger, when set, lets off the cock at the slightest touch, whereas the common trigger requires a greater degree of force, and consequently its operation is retarded.
Suggested Resources
 1. trigger
 Song lyrics by trigger -- Explore a large variety of song lyrics performed by trigger on the Lyrics.com website.
Matched Categories
British National Corpus
 1. Verbs Frequency
 Rank popularity for the word 'trigger' in Verbs Frequency: #972
How to pronounce trigger?
 1. Alex
 US English
How to say trigger in sign language?
 1. Chaldean Numerology
 The numerical value of trigger in Chaldean Numerology is: 2
 2. Pythagorean Numerology
 The numerical value of trigger in Pythagorean Numerology is: 3
Examples of trigger in a Sentence
 1. Shania Twain:
 I don't see her, ever, i don't invite that trigger into my life … She's not my future — she's my past.
 2. Bruce Campbell:
 3. Dianne Augelli:
 When you're pregnant, your blood volume expands so you have anemia to some degree, one of the theories is that there's not enough iron in a specific part of the brain that produces dopamine and that can trigger restless legs.
 4. Kelly Dorsey:
 To leave your friend on the ground, knowing that he's not there anymore -- he's either dead or he's going to die -- that's indifference, he didn't need to pull the trigger.
 5. Jessica Mann:
 If he heard the word 'no,' it was like a trigger for him.
Images & Illustrations of trigger
 1. triggertriggertriggertriggertrigger
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text:
One of the primary jobs of Pyramid is to find and invoke a view callable when a request reaches your application. View callables are bits of code which do something interesting in response to a request made to your application.
A Pyramid view callable is often referred to in conversational shorthand as a view. In this documentation, however, we need to use less ambiguous terminology because there are significant differences between view configuration, the code that implements a view callable, and the process of view lookup.
The URL Dispatch, and Traversal chapters describes how, using information from the request, a context resource is computed. But the context resource itself isn't very useful without an associated view callable. A view callable returns a response to a user, often using the context resource to do so.
The job of actually locating and invoking the "best" view callable is the job of the view lookup subsystem. The view lookup subsystem compares the resource supplied by resource location and information in the request against view configuration statements made by the developer to choose the most appropriate view callable for a specific set of circumstances.
This chapter describes how view callables work. In the View Configuration chapter, there are details about performing view configuration, and a detailed explanation of view lookup.
View callables are, at the risk of sounding obvious, callable Python objects. Specifically, view callables can be functions, classes, or instances that implement an __call__ method (making the instance callable).
View callables must, at a minimum, accept a single argument named request. This argument represents a Pyramid Request object. A request object encapsulates a WSGI environment provided to Pyramid by the upstream WSGI server. As you might expect, the request object contains everything your application needs to know about the specific HTTP request being made.
A view callable's ultimate responsibility is to create a Pyramid Response object. This can be done by creating the response object in the view callable code and returning it directly, as we will be doing in this chapter. However, if a view callable does not return a response itself, it can be configured to use a renderer that converts its return value into a Response object. Using renderers is the common way that templates are used with view callables to generate markup. See the Renderers chapter for details.
One of the easiest way to define a view callable is to create a function that accepts a single argument named request, and which returns a Response object. For example, this is a "hello world" view callable implemented as a function:
1 2 3 4
from pyramid.response import Response def hello_world(request): return Response('Hello world!')
A view callable may also be represented by a Python class instead of a function. When a view callable is a class, the calling semantics are slightly different than when it is a function or another non-class callable. When a view callable is a class, the class' __init__ is called with a request parameter. As a result, an instance of the class is created. Subsequently, that instance's __call__ method is invoked with no parameters. Views defined as classes must have the following traits:
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
from pyramid.response import Response class MyView(object): def __init__(self, request): self.request = request def __call__(self): return Response('hello')
The request object passed to __init__ is the same type of request object described in Defining a View Callable as a Function.
If you'd like to use a different attribute than __call__ to represent the method expected to return a response, you can either:
Usually, view callables are defined to accept only a single argument: request. However, view callables may alternately be defined as classes, functions, or any callable that accept two positional arguments: a context resource as the first argument and a request as the second argument.
The following types work as view callables in this style:
Functions that accept two arguments: context, and request, e.g.:
1 2 3 4
from pyramid.response import Response def view(context, request): return Response('OK')
Classes that have an __init__ method that accepts context, request and a __call__ which accepts no arguments, e.g.:
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
from pyramid.response import Response class view(object): def __init__(self, context, request): self.context = context self.request = request def __call__(self): return Response('OK')
Arbitrary callables that have a __call__ method that accepts context, request, e.g.:
1 2 3 4 5 6
from pyramid.response import Response class View(object): def __call__(self, context, request): return Response('OK') view = View() # this is the view callable
This style of calling convention is most useful for traversal based applications, where the context object is frequently used within the view callable code itself.
No matter which view calling convention is used, the view code always has access to the context via request.context.
A view callable may always return an object that implements the Pyramid Response interface. The easiest way to return something that implements the Response interface is to return a pyramid.response.Response object instance directly. For example:
1 2 3 4
from pyramid.response import Response def view(request): return Response('OK')
You don't need to always use Response to represent a response. Pyramid provides a range of different "exception" classes which can act as response objects too. For example, an instance of the class pyramid.httpexceptions.HTTPFound is also a valid response object (see Using a View Callable to Do an HTTP Redirect). A view can actually return any object that has the following attributes.
These attributes form the notional "Pyramid Response interface".
You can issue an HTTP redirect from within a view by returning a particular kind of response.
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from pyramid.httpexceptions import HTTPFound def myview(request): return HTTPFound(location='_URL_')
All exception types from the pyramid.httpexceptions module implement the Response interface; any can be returned as the response from a view. See pyramid.httpexceptions for the documentation for the HTTPFound exception; it also includes other response types that imply other HTTP response codes, such as HTTPUnauthorized for 401 Unauthorized.
Although exception types from the pyramid.httpexceptions module are in fact bona fide Python Exception types, the Pyramid view machinery expects them to be returned by a view callable rather than raised.
It is possible, however, in Python 2.5 and above, to configure an exception view to catch these exceptions, and return an appropriate Response. The simplest such view could just catch and return the original exception. See Exception Views for more details.
Usually when a Python exception is raised within a view callable, Pyramid allows the exception to propagate all the way out to the WSGI server which invoked the application.
However, for convenience, two special exceptions exist which are always handled by Pyramid itself. These are pyramid.exceptions.NotFound and pyramid.exceptions.Forbidden. Both are exception classes which accept a single positional constructor argument: a message.
In all cases, the message provided to the exception constructor is made available to the view which Pyramid invokes as request.exception.args.
The machinery which allows the special NotFound and Forbidden exceptions to be caught by specialized views as described in Using Special Exceptions In View Callables can also be used by application developers to convert arbitrary exceptions to responses.
To register a view that should be called whenever a particular exception is raised from with Pyramid view code, use the exception class or one of its superclasses as the context of a view configuration which points at a view callable you'd like to generate a response.
For example, given the following exception class in a module named helloworld.exceptions:
1 2 3
class ValidationFailure(Exception): def __init__(self, msg): self.msg = msg
You can wire a view callable to be called whenever any of your other code raises a hellworld.exceptions.ValidationFailure exception:
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
from helloworld.exceptions import ValidationFailure _USER_(context=ValidationFailure) def failed_validation(exc, request): response = Response('Failed validation: %s' % exc.msg) response.status_int = 500 return response
Assuming that a scan was run to pick up this view registration, this view callable will be invoked whenever a helloworld.exceptions.ValidationError is raised by your application's view code. The same exception raised by a custom root factory or a custom traverser is also caught and hooked.
Other normal view predicates can also be used in combination with an exception view registration:
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from pyramid.view import view_config from pyramid.exceptions import NotFound from pyramid.httpexceptions import HTTPNotFound _USER_(context=NotFound, route_name='home') def notfound_view(request): return HTTPNotFound()
The above exception view names the route_name of home, meaning that it will only be called when the route matched has a name of home. You can therefore have more than one exception view for any given exception in the system: the "most specific" one will be called when the set of request circumstances match the view registration.
The only view predicate that cannot be used successfully when creating an exception view configuration is name. The name used to look up an exception view is always the empty string. Views registered as exception views which have a name will be ignored.
Normal (i.e., non-exception) views registered against a context resource type which inherits from Exception will work normally. When an exception view configuration is processed, two views are registered. One as a "normal" view, the other as an "exception" view. This means that you can use an exception as context for a normal view.
Exception views


text:
Finding aid prepared by Amanda M. Reeve
Willard Rouse Jillson
Geology of the Mintonville Dome
University of Kentucky Special Collections
Arranged by material type.
Collection is open to researchers by appointment.
62M78 : [identification of item], Willard Rouse Jillson Geology of the Mintonville Dome, 1962, University of Kentucky Special Collections.
0.23 Cubic feet
The Willard Rouse Jillson Geology of the Mintonville Dome collection contains the proofs and rough draft typescript of this book.
Willard Rouse Jillson (May 28, 1890 – October 4, 1975) was a Kentucky historian academic, and geologist who authored numerous books on Kentucky politicians and geology matters pertaining to the State. Jillson taught geology in Lexington at the University of Kentucky in 1918 and later at Transylvania University in 1947. He served in various government positions, notably as Kentucky State Geologist and director of the Sixth Kentucky Geological Survey. He died in 1975 and was buried in the Frankfort Cemetery in Frankfort, Kentucky.
"Willard Rouse Jillson." Wikiepdiea: The Free Encyclopedia. Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. 18 January 2011. Web 5 April 2011.
The Willard Rouse Jillson Geology of the Mintonville Dome collection contains the proofs and rough draft typescript of this book. The proofs and typescript are annotated by the author. The book was printed by the Roberts Printing Company in Frankfort Kentucky, 1962. This book discusses the location of the Dome, the field work done while at the Dome, and other geological surveying done of the Dome.


text:
12th World Cancer Conference
National Hospital Abuja
Title: Anaemia in cancer patients undergoing radiotherapy: Our experience at the National Hospital Abuja, Nigeria
Biography: Chinedu S Aruah
Introduction: More than 50% of cancer patients will receive radiotherapy in the course of their therapy. Anaemia is the most common haematological complication in cancer patients. The cut-off value for anaemia varies from centre to centre, but Hb of 10 g/dl is a borderline value and administration of radiotherapy without adequate haematological support may tilt the patient into clinical anaemia.
Objective: To study the impact of radiotherapy on the haemoglobin level of cancer patients undergoing therapy.
Materials & Methods: A total of 63 patients with solid tumours with intent for radical treatment were recruited within a period of 8 months. Informed consent of participants was obtained and demographic characteristics of the cancer patients and their various oncologic diseases were gathered. Baseline or pretreatment Haemoglobin (Hb) was measured on the first day of consultation. Patients were simulated and treated with linear accelerator. Their Hb level was measured once every 2 weeks during therapy. The blood film pictures of the patients were examined in the course of treatment. The whole process was terminated after 3 consecutive Hb reading or after week 6. Anaemia was classified for this study into: Less than 10 g/dl-severe anaemia; 10–10.9 g/dl -moderate anaemia; 11–12 g/dl-mild anaemia;> 12 g/dl-no anaemia (Normal)
Results & Data Analysis: Data collected was analyzed using a standard statistical package for social science (SPSS) version 10. Out of 63 cancer patients, 92.1% were female and 7.9% were male. Age range was 25–75 years, with median age of 50 years. Breast 47.6% (30) was commonest site of tumour. 74.6% (47) presented with stage III disease. Prevalence of anaemia in the study was 42.9%. At the end of therapy, 55.6% (63) cancer patients had their Hb level between 11.52–12.13 g/dl. At P-value > 0.05 there was no statistical significance on distribution of mean Hb, standard deviation based on sex and treatment type.
Conclusion & recommendation: Prevalence of anaemia in cancer patients undergoing radiotherapy was 42.9% as shown by the blood film. However, at 95% confidence interval (95CI) radiotherapy had no significant impact on Hb level, hence Hb: 11.52 –12.13 g/dl at the end of therapy. We recommend Hb of 11 g/dl as irreducible minimum level for cancer patients undergoing radiotherapy in Nigeria Oncology Centres.


text:
Cape Breton Homeland Songs
This type of song may be considered relatively modern in terms of its prominence in the Gaelic tradition and often relates to population movements from the Highlands in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. While earlier songs may contrast the love of one Gaelic-speaking area compared to another, more recent compositions extol the virtues of a Gaelic homeland compared with a less traditional, culturally different one. The Gaelic language or Gael for that matter may be symbolic of the homeland itself.
While many homeland songs may also be considered emigrant songs, they may also express the bard's newfound appreciation for his/her community after having travelled and then returned. It would make sense then that many Nova Scotian bards praise their own communities, as most if not all had either spent time in different cultures or at least been aware of them.
A related form of this song called Tàmailt may possess many of the characteristics of the homeland song but also be a criticism of a place (ie. A Choille Ghruamaich). Songs of this type may sometimes be found to have preserved several of the classical forms of versification and syllabic structure (as in the case of A Choille Ghruamaich).
Owing to their simplicity of language and rhyme scheme of many homeland songs, they are not generally regarded to be great forms of literary art. Nevertheless, many of these songs remain as anthems in Nova Scotian and indeed Scottish communities, reflecting group identity and an awareness of social change.
photo: Inverness Beach.


Үндсэн товъёог
Цаг: 0:00Нийт үргэлжлэх хугацаа:3:46
Ижил хуваарьтай бутархай тоог харьцуулах нь
Video transcript
let's compare five six and five eighths let's think about what they mean five six means five out of six pieces if you have a whole let's say a whole cake and you cut it into six pieces five six is five of those six pieces five eighths again is five pieces that's something that's the same we're both talking about five pieces but this time we split our cake into eight pieces so it's five out of eight pieces we can represent that by drawing it maybe we can draw here's one whole and then another one so these are two equal holes and on one of them we can shade five six and the other five eight that way we can look and compare them so four five six if we divide this whole we were using the example of cake into six equal sized pieces not sure if those are perfect but let's say those are six equal sized pieces five six is talking about five of those pieces so one two three four five this image represents five six now four five eight let's think about it for a second well the piece is in five eighths be bigger or smaller than five six are eight bigger or smaller than six well we can draw and see if we have the same size hole which we need to have the same size hole and we draw and we split it into eight pieces this time so now we have fourths and eight these pieces these eighths one eighth is smaller than a six because this time we had to split the cake between eight people so we got smaller pieces now again we can shade five of them seems like five pieces might be equal to five pieces but we can look and see four five and now we can look and see the five six takes up more space takes up more area this is a larger amount and the reason is because each six each piece is larger so five larger pieces is more than five smaller pieces or is greater than and remember with our symbol the open side the larger side should be facing our larger number so five six is greater than five eighths here's one more but this time let's try to compare them without drawing let's just think about what these mean two fifths means two pieces out of five so one hole will split five ways and we got two of the pieces two thirds needs that same hole we'll split three ways and we got two of the pieces well which two pieces are larger the two thirds are larger because if we only have to split our pieces three ways we can have larger pieces so the two fifths are smaller these two smaller pieces are less these two smaller pieces are less than the two larger pieces and again the open end of our symbol should be facing the larger number so two fifths is less than two thirds


text:
CBSE Board NCF-FS System: Schools affiliated to CBSE Board will have to adopt the 'National Framework for Foundational Stage' (NCF-FS) 2022. Let us know what this new system is after all.
Image Credit source: PTI
CBSE Board: Now the system of pre-primary schooling is going to change in all the schools affiliated to the CBSE board. Till now, after studying nursery and KG class, children used to get admission in the first class. However, now this whole system is about to change. In fact, CBSE Board has asked all the schools to adopt the 'National Framework for Foundational Stage' (NCF-FS) 2022. It has been prepared by the 'National Council of Educational Research and Training' (NCERT).
NCF-FS 2022 was released in October 2022. Under this new NCF-FS system, schools will have to adopt a three-year pre-primary schooling system. Overall, the NCF-FS system will be of five years, with emphasis on foundational learning.
Read also: Why did the CBSE Board warn the schools? After all, what is the matter, know
What is the new system?
Till now, first of all children had to take admission in nursery class. Then the number of KG used to come and then of the first class. This was called the pre-primary system. However, now there will be a change in this system. After nursery and KG, now there will be one more class at pre-primary level. That is, the pre-primary will now be of three years instead of two.
After this there will be first and second class, which will be part of the primary level. In the schools which already have pre-primary classes, arrangements for lower KG are also being made there. Three pre-primary classes will be started in government schools and Kendriya Vidyalayas. The reason for this is that in both these types of schools, education starts from the first class.
Read also: CBSE Board Exam: CBSE 12th Physics paper was like this, check question bank like this
Schools will have 'Balvatika'
CBSE Board Director (Academic) Joseph Emmanuel said, "To meet the objectives stated in the NCF-FS 2022, schools have been advised to follow the new structure of five years of elementary education and three years of secondary education". Include 'Balvatika' or say nursery classes.
He said, 'There will be more emphasis on activities in school kindergarten classes, which will generate curiosity in children. Attention will also be paid to the health, hygiene, nutrition etc. of the students in the Balvatika class.


Why Single Mothers Could Need An Emergency Loan
Some single mothers struggle financially more often than families who bring in two salaries. Single mothers have to provide for their children and pay bills with only one income, which is why they would need emergency loans from NZ lenders. An emergency loan could assist them with the following:
1) Groceries
Growing kids eat a lot. They always seem to be hungry and need a consistently balanced diet to keep them healthy and growing strong. However, healthy food isn't always what they get, because foods that are laden with sugars and preservatives are typically cheaper than fresh produce. If a single mother was struggling financially, she might save money by buying food of lower-quality, or that which is more affordable. And if the pantry ran out of food before her next pay came in, she could get an emergency loan to buy odds and ends, and staple foods, that have run out.
2) School Trips And Supplies
For a single mother, her children's school fees would be a part of her monthly budget. However, on a single salary, she could struggle to pay for extra expenses that haven't been accounted for. For example, if her child has a school trip, or needs additional stationary or supplies. These items don't always come with a warning, and sometimes there's no money left over to pay for them. But with an emergency loan from an NZ lender, she could pay for the school trip, or get what her children need.
3) Emergency Healthcare
Childhood injuries are common, and parents always need to be prepared for a scraped knee, or, heaven forbid, a trip to the emergency room. However, single parents might not always have enough money saved up for emergencies. But luckily, if a child fell ill and needed medication, a single mother could apply for an emergency loan online, and get approval on the same day.
Some Tips For Applying For Emergency Loans In NZ
If you're a single mother looking at emergency loans from NZ lenders, be clear-headed and focused. Find interest rates that you can afford, and check your lender's credibility before handing over your private information.
Having money troubles as a single mother is not uncommon, but it doesn't have to become a burden. If you need additional financing to get through to your next paycheck, try getting emergency loans from private lenders in NZ. They're manageable, easy to repay, and short-term.


text:
Announcing the invention of a radical new type of bridge capable of spanning long distances across deep water.
The inventor claims this bridge design will make crossing long expanses of deep water possible. The "Hamilton Deep Water Bridge" will make the construction of bridges across places like the English Channel or the Straits of Messina, etc., practical and economically feasible.
Where now, only ferry transportation connects locations separated by long distance and deep water, this new bridge will make driving safely, between these locations possible. There are many locations around the world where a bridge of this type can be used. One of the unique design features of the bridge are the economical "ocean pressure" foundations which secure the bridge to the ocean floor and support the super structure. This new design will bring bridge construction into the 21st century.
Donald L. Hamilton, Inventor
104 Ramona Ave. Buffalo, NY 14220
"Imagination beyond the cutting edge"


text:
Originally Posted by Kevin45
Not being a smartazz, just curious. How would the rear "come around" if it locked up first? It seems to me if the front locked first, then the rear could come around. That is one of the reasons truckers were unhooking their front brakes, so the rear would pull them to a stop and not jacknife.
Traction is a dynamic situation. When the tire is rolling, the coefficient of friction in the direction of travel is lower than the coefficient of friction sideways. You're rolling in one direction and sliding in the other. This is what allows you to corner. If the tire is locked, you are now sliding in both directions and there is equal traction (or lack thereof) in both the forward and lateral directions. Thus, any minor off-axis force will cause the locked tires to move in a different direction.


subdirectory named images. The error makes it sound like that directory doesn't exist (the "destination directory" error). I'd address the save location first.
 The anim object is the right kind of object for anim_save(). ~225 sounds like the right number of images that need to be combined. If it's not a simple missing directory error, I wonder if there's something up with your magick installation? That's the underlying software gganimate uses to create gifs. I already had it installed when I began this project, so I don't have a specific recollection of any issues with it. Maybe you need to add the output of 'which magick' to your PATH?
 2. Ed Barker
 Suffers from a conflation of scale as most map representations of covid-19 do. Better would be to establish a unit area, New York uses zip code areas, and then do the mapping. It is not useful to use county areas because of the enormous differences in population densities within and among counties. A better approach would be to map Standard Metropolitan Statistical Areas, SMSA's, use the 20 most populous cities, those cities are major transportation, i.e. dispersal, locations due to the presence of international airports, seaports. Eliminate the counties containing the SMSA's and then map only the counties along the major highways, or railways. See what that animation shows.
 3. Bob
 Hello, thanks for publishing this. Looking at your code, I don't understand the calculation of 'per_capita'. You haven't grouped, so 'summarize' will just return a single number. And in fact that calculation just returns the single number 100,000 (as it should since there are about 3300 counties and a population of 330,000,000).
 - Right, summarize uses the whole dataset if you don't group. 100k is the per capita number I'm using (the per capita number in the plot title is dynamically generated). I did this the tidy way (instead of using the mean function) because during EDA I looked at using the median instead, as I did with the state version.
 4. Pingback: Understanding COVID19 in Connecticut. It takes a town | R-bloggers
 5. Pingback: COVID-19 dashboard page now up – Nathan Chaney
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File.AppendAllText Method (String, String, Encoding)
Appends the specified string to the file, creating the file if it does not already exist.
Namespace: System.IO
Assembly: mscorlib (in mscorlib.dll)
public static void AppendAllText (
 string path,
 string contents,
 Encoding encoding
public static void AppendAllText (
 String path,
 String contents,
 Encoding encoding
public static function AppendAllText (
 path : String,
 contents : String,
 encoding : Encoding
Not applicable.
The file to append the specified string to.
The string to append to the file.
The character encoding to use.
Exception typeCondition
path is a null reference (Nothing in Visual Basic).
An I/O error occurred while opening the file.
path specified a file that is read-only.
This operation is not supported on the current platform.
path specified a directory.
The caller does not have the required permission.
The file specified in path was not found.
path is in an invalid format.
The caller does not have the required permission.
Given a string and a file path, this method opens the specified file, appends the string to the end of the file using the specified encoding, and then closes the file. The file handle is guaranteed to be closed by this method, even if exceptions are raised.
The following code example demonstrates the use of the AppendAllText method to add extra text to the end of a file. In this example a file is created, if it doesn't already exist, and text is added to it.
using System;
using System.IO;
class Test
 public static void Main()
 // This text is added only once to the file.
 if (!File.Exists(path))
 // Create a file to write to.
 string createText = "Hello and Welcome" + Environment.NewLine;
 File.WriteAllText(path, createText);
 // if it is not deleted.
 string appendText = "This is extra text" + Environment.NewLine;
 File.AppendAllText(path, appendText);
 // Open the file to read from.
 string readText = File.ReadAllText(path);
.NET Framework
Supported in: 3.0, 2.0
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© 2014 Microsoft. All rights reserved.


Martin A. Klein Prize Recipients
First awarded at the 2011 annual meeting, the Martin A. Klein Prize recognizes the most distinguished work of scholarship on African history published in English during the previous year. Focusing primarily on continental Africa (including those islands usually treated as countries of Africa), books on any period of African history and from any disciplinary field that incorporates a historical perspective are eligible. The prize committee pays particular attention to methodological innovation, conceptual originality, literary excellence, and reinterpretation of old themes or development of new theoretical perspectives.


text:
Symmetric decompositions of cost variation
European Journal of Operational Research, Volume 285 p. 1189- 1198
In this paper a number of symmetric, empirically implementable decompositions of the cost variation (in difference and ratio form) of a production unit are developed. The components distinguished are price level change, technical efficiency change, allocative efficiency change, technological change, scale of activity change, and price structure change. Given data from a (balanced) panel of production units, all the necessary ingredients for the computation of the various decompositions can be obtained by using linear programming techniques (DEA). An application is provided.
|Cost variation, Decomposition, Efficiency change, Productivity and competitiveness, Technological change|
|European Journal of Operational Research|
|Organisation||Rotterdam School of Management (RSM), Erasmus University|
Balk, B.M, & Zofio Prieto, J.L. (2020). Symmetric decompositions of cost variation. European Journal of Operational Research, 285, 1189–1198. doi:10.1016/j.ejor.2020.02.034


text:
In this tutorial you will learn How to create a half monster face skull using Adobe Photoshop. The basic idea behind this tutorial is very simple. Even a beginner can try this tutorial. We will be using any random image and a face of any random ghost, skull, zombie etc. The normal image will be opened in Photoshop and we will place the skull face on the image. Then using the brush tool, we will rub out half of the skull face.
To be perfect in this tutorial, you just need to know how to use the brush tool in Photoshop. That's all we need to know. You can create wonderful horrific images using this tutorial and also by adding some extra effects.
The Final Image
The Image files links are given below for download. You can download the same files and create this tutorial first. Then you can head over to your own images and skull faces. You just need to use the brush tool properly to master and be perfect in this tutorial. So let's get started.


Colouring Culture began in 2016, as the rise of adult colouring books launched into the marketplace. Chaz Fliy, the founder of Colouring Culture, is a designer and wellbeing coach, and realised that there were no inspiring products available that catered for his interests. Chaz began thinking and soon began creating a series of detailed illustration concepts based on a community he knew well - The Sikhs. As the concept illustrations came to life, he began adding to the collection weekly until he had created 20 original and detailed colouring-worthy art pieces. During the process of creating the illustrations, he explored how a mindfulness adult colouring book could help others, those less fortunate and communities struggling with mental health issues. Chaz recalled a visit to Uganda which he embarked on in 2014, where he was fortunate to spend some time teaching at an orphanage school. The memories of the experiences were both joyous and eye-opening, to note that many children in lesser developed countries did not own their own school books, pencils or art supplies. This memory got Chaz thinking and Colouring Culture was formed. This was an initiative to help the mental wellbeing of adults in ethnic and cultured communities. With every one book sold, Colouring Culture provides a free book to an underfunded school or child in communities it supports.
During April 2020, there was an event that would change the course of history as we knew it. Covid-19 created a time of uncertainty, heightening physical illness and the rise of mental health conditions. Chaz took the opportunity to revisit the colouring book project and had time to reflect on an even bigger vision for the project. A book series would be created to help individuals connect to a topic they were interested in, and connect to their own culture. It would also support artists who were struggling to receive work or commissions during and after the global pandemic. Chaz made a decision to make the project a collective one. He contacted talented artists, writers and strategy advisors within the Sikh community to help create a project on a larger scale, and it was launched on Kickstarter as a crowdfunding campaign!
The book was successfully funded by supportive backers and, after several months, we were able to release our first in the series of art therapy colouring-in books, starting with The Sikhs. We hope that you will enjoy the journey.
With EVERY Colouring Book sold,
we will give ONE absolutely FREE
to an underprivileged school.


text:
Main Article Content
The need for a multidimensional measure of population health that accounts for its distribution remains a central problem to guide the allocation of limited resources. Absolute proxy measures, like the infant mortality rate (IMR), are limited because they ignore inequality and spatial clustering. We propose a novel, three-part, multidimensional mortality indicator that can be used as the first step to differentiate interventions in a region or country. The three-part indicator (MortalityABC index) combines absolute mortality rate, the Theil Index to calculate mortality inequality and the Getis-Ord G statistic to determine the degree of spatial clustering. The analysis utilises global sub-national IMR data to empirically illustrate the proposed indicator. The three-part indicator is mapped globally to display regional/country variation and further highlight its potential application. Developing countries (e.g. in sub-Saharan Africa) display high levels of absolute mortality as well as variable mortality inequality with evidence of spatial clustering within certain sub-national units ("hotspots"). Although greater inequality is observed outside developed regions, high mortality inequality and spatial clustering are common in both developed and developing countries. Significant positive correlation was observed between the degree of spatial clustering and absolute mortality. The proposed multidimensional indicator should prove useful for spatial allocation of healthcare resources within a country, because it can prompt a wide range of policy options and prioritise high-risk areas. The new indicator demonstrates the inadequacy of IMR as a single measure of population health, and it can also be adapted to lower administrative levels within a country and other population health measures.
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In Alan Oppenheim's book Signals and Systems a comparison is made between the properties of discrete-time and continuous-time complex exponential signals in section 1.3 pg. 26. Specifically it says:
The continuous-time complex exponential $e^{j\omega_0t}$ has two properties: 1. the larger the magnitude of $\omega_0$, the higher is the rate of oscillation in the signal 2. $e^{j\omega_0t}$ is periodic for any value of $\omega_0$
Consider the discrete-time signal $e^{j(\omega_o+2\pi)n}= e^{j2\pi n} e^{j\omega_0 n}=e^{j\omega_0 n}$. Because of the periodicity implied by this equation, the signal $e^{j\omega_0 n}$ does not have a continually increasing rate of oscillation as $\omega_0$ is increased in magnitude. Rather, as illustrated in Figure 1.27, as we increase $\omega_0$ from 0, we obtain signals that oscillate more and more rapidly until we reach $\omega_0=\pi$. As we continue to increase $\omega_0$, we decrease the rate of oscillation until we reach $\omega_0=2\pi$, which produces the same constant sequence as $\omega_0=0$
figure 1.27
My confusion is with the part that is in bold. For the continuous-time case, we know that
$\omega_0 = \frac{2\pi}{T_0}$ and it makes sense to me that decreasing $T_0$ (more frequent oscillations) would cause $\omega_0$ to increase. Similarly, for the discrete-time case we know that
$\omega_0 N = 2\pi m$ for $N,m \in \mathbb{Z}$ Solving this equation for $\omega_0$, we get
$\omega_0=\frac{2\pi m}{N}$. Just like in the continuous-time case, decreasing N should cause $\omega_0$ to increase. So I am not seeing what is so special about $\omega_0=\pi$, the rate of oscillations suddenly start decreasing. I don't see that in the math if you decrease N.
As a consequence of the sampling theorem, the frequency spectrum of a discrete random variable is periodic, but it turns out that signals that are inherently discrete in time and not derived from an A/D converted continuous time signal are also periodic in frequency. As a consequence, as the frequency is increased, it goes from the positive portion of one periodic interval, to the next, i.e. it transitions to the negative image of the next interval.
In the old days, DSP was mostly a sub discipline of Electrical Engineering, and DSP was focused on doing things digitally that were previously done analog. In order to talk about DSP, without having to reference, a sampling frequency, a convention called unit sampling was commonly used, and a period of the spectrum is from -1/2 to 1/2.
As time progressed it was noted that DSP wasn't directly tied to processing analog derived signals and unit sampling was somewhat artificial, so it was recognized that $2\pi$ was a natural periodic interval, an $2\pi$ fits between $-\pi$ and $\pi$, which is why $\omega=\pi $ is a transition point in the spectrum.
Your Answer


text:
The TO HVL filter stand is designed for use with any x-ray system. This test object (when used with an appropriate set of Al. filters and a multi-meter) allows the medical physicist or radiographer to test the half value layer (HVL) of their x-ray system.
TO HVL features the following test details:
- Adjustable height; four options − 30, 35, 45 and 50 cm FID, to suit a range of modalities
- Quick central alignment check
- Detector recess in base
TO HVL is supplied in a protective carry case.
Conforms to standards:
- IEC 60601-1-3


Maximum medical improvement
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Maximum medical improvement (MMI) occurs when an injured employee reaches a state where his or her condition cannot be improved any further or when a treatment plateau in a person's healing process is reached. It can mean that the patient has fully recovered from the injury or that the patient's medical condition has stabilized to the point that no major medical or emotional change can be expected in the injured workers' condition. At that point, no further healing or improvement is deemed possible and this occurs despite continuing medical treatment or rehabilitative programs the injured worker partakes in. When a worker who is receiving Workers' Compensation benefits reaches maximum medical improvement, his or her condition is assessed and a degree of permanent or partial impairment is determined. This degree will impact the amount of benefits the worker is able to receive.
Maximum medical improvement means that treatment options have been exhausted. Temporary disability payments are terminated and a settlement is worked out regarding the condition of the worker at this point.
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html-to-xlsx. data-cell-type="text"
 - I need to specify the cell value, that starts from equal sign like "={{My_meta_tag}}. The problem is that cell type is not string. The user gets an error, when trying to edit this cell. The user has to select the celltype manually before editing. How can i set up data-cell-type to string?
 - Hi,
 thank you for the question.
 Hopefully, it should be possible to escape the =, probably using single quotation '=.
 We take a look at why it doesn't work in html-to-xlsx and come back to you.
 - ok. Thank you. Looking forward.
 - administrators
 _USER_ turn out this is already supported, just that there is no special cell type for it, it is just a matter of changing the format of the cell, the format for "Text" is @ so you can apply it like this:
 data-cell-format-str="@" or using the enum data-cell-format-enum="49"
 i agree that this is not clear, so we will change the format docs to add a mention the equivalent to the "Text" format.
 - Thanks. It works
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Gap Funding
The Monroe Foundation specializes in 'gap funding'.
Educational research studies have highlighted that many students are unable to begin or complete their educational studies for lack of smaller amounts of balances that remain after all other sources of funding have been exhausted.
Rather than providing full scholarships, the Foundation seeks to 'fill the gap' after all sources of tuition funding have been exhausted – including financial aid and grants, veteran aid, personal resources, and loans. Average grants per semester range from $1,000 to $5,000 and often are the difference between a student continuing with his/her studies or having to withdraw from classes and discontinue their education. Academic performance is reviewed at the conclusion of each semester in order to determine eligibility for continued funding.


|K$, and $q$ is the residual cardinality of $K$.
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This is a nice formula! I hadn't seen it before. What happens if you count them up to isomorphism? Perhaps something similar to the groupoid count mentioned by MS comes up? – Minhyong Kim May 12 '10 at 21:29
Serre's formula is valid for all degrees, not just degree $p$. People such as Hou and Keating (2004) have been counting them up to isomorphism, but this gets very complicated already for degree $p^2$. Manjul Bhargava has some nice formulas for counting all etale $K$-algberas of a given degree, which he uses to count the number of quartic or quintic number fields of bounded discriminant. By the way, if you are interested in an elementary proof in the degree-$p$ case, see (some people will never miss an opportunity for self-promotion). – Chandan Singh Dalawat May 13 '10 at 1:52
For the formula in degee n, see this answer…. And yes, Bhargava's formula does have Card Aut $E$ in the denominator. – Chandan Singh Dalawat May 13 '10 at 3:32
An example:
In homotopy theory, it is useful to consider the homotopy groups of spaces. These are isomorphism classes of maps $S^n\to X$.
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Consider a non trivial vector bundle on $S^1$ of rank 1. All its fibers are isomorphic as vector spaces, but if you simply identify them you have no way of dealing with the global structure, e.g. monodromy etc.
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text:
Among the priorities of the Galen Cole Family Foundation, the first and foremost priority is to maintain the Cole Land Transportation Museum, which houses a collection of Maine's land transportation history, along with associated equipment, artifacts, and displays from which this and future generations may gain a lasting appreciation of the early pioneers of the state.
The Galen Cole Family Foundation also seeks to help the people of Maine by whatever means to attain their potential as human beings, members of society, and citizens. Of primary importance to the Foundation is lifting the aspirations of children, particularly those from financially distressed families.
The Cole Foundation currently offers support to:
- Scholarships at UMaine, Husson and EMCC
- The University of Maine Reading Recovery Program
- Literacy Volunteers of Bangor
- Bangor YMCA Youth camps and athletics
- Bangor Adult Education
- Good Shepard Backpack food program
- Girl Scouts of Maine
- Bangor Boys and Girls Club
- Local youth athletics


Hydrologic and hydraulic analysis.
Research output: Contribution to journalArticlepeer-review
Discusses hydrologic and hydraulic analysis for hydroelectric power station planning. Lists typical studies involved in hydropower potential assessment, and feasibility assessment and facility design. Outlines techniques for determination of the flow duration curve and adjustment of gauge data, headwater curve estimation and development of a tailwater curve. Examples include studies of various dams on the Mississippi, and elsewhere, in Minnesota, U.S.A. (C.J.U.)
Original languageEnglish (US)
Journal[No source information available]
StatePublished - Jan 1 1983
Fingerprint Dive into the research topics of 'Hydrologic and hydraulic analysis.'. Together they form a unique fingerprint.
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text:
Have your say on bylaw changes
Auckland Council wants to make sure that Aucklanders can enjoy our region's public places, while keeping safe.
The council is proposing changes to the Public Safety and Nuisance Bylaw to minimise nuisance and safety risks to people when using public places.
The bylaw includes a wide range of issues that Aucklanders encounter daily: from using a drone, activities on a park or a beach, set netting, graffiti and car window washing.
The proposed changes won't alter the council's levels of service to safety and nuisance complaints, but will ensure that the most appropriate legislation is used, and that the bylaw is easier to understand.
"Many Aucklanders may not be aware of this bylaw, but it is wide-ranging and covers many activities that people interact with every day," says Councillor Linda Cooper, Chair of the Regulatory Committee.
"We have recently checked how well the rules in the bylaw are working and identified some improvements."
"The proposed changes aim to remove any unnecessary aspects of the bylaw and streamline regulation, so we don't have multiple rules for one issue. They also help to make the bylaw easier to use and understand."
"We encourage people to have their say, so that we can put in place these changes to make sure the bylaw stays fit for purpose in future," she says.
Some parts of the bylaw are proposed to be revoked or removed (as they are dealt with better by other legislation or Auckland Council bylaws), and other parts are proposed to be amended to improve their effectiveness.
The main proposed changes include:
- clarifying expected behavior and restrictions on people using public places
- prohibiting people from leaving or storing construction materials, shipping containers, consumer goods, and boats in public places
- clarifying how the council sets controls and gives approval for activities on public places
- clarifying which public places the bylaw applies to and enabling organisations in control of those places to approve bylaw exceptions.
Regulation would be streamlined by:
- using national legislation rather than bylaws for car window washing, mind-altering substances, graffiti, noise, fish offal, and street naming and numbering
- moving issues about animals, signage, stormwater and vehicles to existing council bylaws.
Request to government to ban the public sale of fireworks
The council intends to ask the government to ban the sale of fireworks to the general public and wants Aucklanders' views on whether or not they support a ban. Public firework displays would still be allowed. Aucklanders are also able to provide their views on this as part of the bylaw consultation process.
Have your say now
You now have an opportunity to tell us your views. This consultation is seeking public feedback from now until 5 December.
Have your say events are also being held across the region over the next month.
Make a submission and find out more at the Auckland Council website.
What are bylaws and why do we review them?
- Bylaws are rules made by local councils that affect the way we live, work and play.
- As a statutory requirement, bylaws are reviewed every five to 10 years. This process involves public consultations to make sure our bylaws are useful and reflect what Aucklanders need.
- Some of these bylaws are no longer needed as other legislation has become operative.


text:
This page describes how to specify the direction of a vector. It contains a text description and an animation of an arrow turning counterclockwise that displays the degree that it is at. There are links at the bottom of the page for similar animations.
This tutorial is part of The Physics Classroom. This web site also includes interactive tools to help students with concepts and problem solving, worksheets for student assignments, and recommendations for simple introductory laboratories.
%0 Electronic Source %A Henderson, Tom %D 1996 %T The Physics Classroom: Vector Direction %V 2013 %N 26 May 2013 %9 image/gif %U _URL_
Disclaimer: ComPADRE offers citation styles as a guide only. We cannot offer interpretations about citations as this is an automated procedure. Please refer to the style manuals in the Citation Source Information area for clarifications.


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Bridge of Allan is a small town situated in the Stirling council area in Scotland. It is located in the northern part of Stirling. It lies on the banks of the Allan Water, a tributary of the River Forth. The administration formerly was under the control of the Central Regional Council.
The local people here are known as the Maeatae and the religion followed here is Christianity. Bridge of Allan is a very densely populated residential town with a population of about 4800. Hundreds of visitors often visit Bridge of Allan, to enjoy the sheltered climate. The climate here is often good with mild drizzles in afternoons and early evenings.
The town receives low to moderate rainfall in the month of September and October. The Bridge of Allan Spa received 1,000 gallons of mineral water daily in around 1820 that accommodated 30,000 visitors a year. It is thus a good place for agriculture because of the availability of water.
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More information United Kingdom:
One of the council area of Scotland is a peninsula called as Fife. It is bordered by the Firth of Forth towards the south, by the North Sea towards the east and by the Firth of Tay...
On the east coast of Scotland in Fife, Kirkcaldy is a town. It is bounded by Glenrothes towards the north, Edinburgh towards the south, Leven towards the east and Dunfermline...


coming through at the center of the base than at the ski edges ("edge high"). This will be very obvious.
If the ski is convex so that the base in the center of the ski is higher than the edges ("base high"), the light band will be more narrow at the center of the base, wider over the edges. The Ruby Stone Blade is used to correct the convexity.
Keep in mind that you can also observe your base flatness just by the structure pattern. If it is consistent the entire base, it is flat. Inconsistencies disclose high or low spots and are generally easy to see.
Advanced Techniques:
It is common for ski bases to have waves on them, and stone grinding will not remove them because the stone rides up and down with the waves. The waves have to be cut off from an angle. Also, they cannot be seen. If you use the Base Flattener at an angle as shown in the picture, you will find there is more drag in certain spots than others. Those spots with extra drag are base waves. As you continue to make additional passes on the base you will find the drag at that point becomes progressively less and that finally it disappears, the wave is removed.
Skip marks can ONLY be put in the base with the steel blades, NEVER the Ruby Stone Blades. Skip marks are caused by
 - pushing the tool down the base with too much speed
 - pushing on the tool with excessive pressure
 - using a blade that is too dull, it needs sharpening
 - The base is too smooth and slick, roughen it with the Ruby Stone
 - Trying to do too much work too quickly
 - you have a rock hardened/damaged edge section next to the mark
You won't put in skip marks if you keep the blade nice and sharp and use the tool with a lighter touch, letting the tool do the job rather than over-muscling it. If you have a rock hardened/damaged section it needs to be polished out with the Ski Sharp Stones before flattening with the steel blade.
If you do put in skip marks, they won't damage the performance of your skis. They just don't look very good. To remove, angle the Base Flattener and use the Ruby Stones, the angle used coming from the opposite angle as the skip marks in the base, they have to be cut off from a cross-angle.
Due to the curvature of the ski at tip and sometimes at tail (flip tail skis) using the Ruby Stone Blade by hand can sometime work better than in the Base Flattener. Just keep the blade up on edge and follow the contour of the base to get a uniform structure across the width.
If your ski is very concave it is best to use the File Base Flattener, the steel blade is best kept for fine detail work rather than using it for heavy work.
It is VERY IMPORTANT to polish off the burr that is left whenever you work on metal ski edges, a burr makes the skis over-sharp and dangerous. We recommend the SkiVisions Ski Sharp for such purpose, or you can polish the edges by hand with a stone.
The steel blade falls from the tool when the retaining screws are loosened. It is sharp and heavy and should be done over your bench carefully.
Maintain a firm grip on the tool when running it off the tail of the ski so you don't drop it.
Keep your fingers on the tool and out of the way of the sharp metal ski edges. Your ski must be held in a ski vise when using the Base Flattener.
(Note: reprinted from SkiVisions with permission.)
The following videos relate to using the Base Flattener and maintaining the cutting inserts:
SkiVisions Flattening bases with the Base Flattener Part 1
SkiVisions Flattening bases with the Base Flattener Part 2
SkiVisions Maintaining Cutting Inserts, Base Flattener Stones, HS Steel Bar & Files
Tips & Info Sections:
Ski & Snowboard Tuning Overview


Review of John Q – Essay Sample
Home Essay Examples Movies Review of John Q – Essay...
John Q is an emotionally-packed movie that surrounds the unfortunate medical circumstances of John, played by Denzel Washington, and his son. The purpose of the film was to raise the many issues surrounding poor health care in the United States, and even less empathy from hospital administration and insurance companies. After John's son collapses at a baseball game, the doctors diagnose him as having a heart that is too large for his body and declare that he must receive an immediate transplant to survive. Quickly, the hospital administration informs John that his insurance plan does not cover such an operation and an immediate payment of $100,000 must be made just to get his son's name on the donor list. There are multiple issues surrounding the problems of John and his family, and through the use of cinematic techniques the director, Nick Cassavetes, brings these issues to life and sparks a national discussion on health care.
The movie contains multiple scenes of close-up camera shots, highly emotional scenes and the use of poignant music to emphasize the heightened emotions of the situation. In many scenes where John is speaking with his sick son, the camera is zoomed in to show the particular facial expressions of the characters. As the actors and actresses begin to shed emotional tears of fear and joy, the audience is able to experience the heightened emotional pull on the importance of the scene. The quality actors are able to act in a way that makes the audience believe in the magnitude of the situation. Washington convinces viewers as he immerses himself in the role and communicates an exceptional believability through communicating with the doctors, administrators and even his own wife. Finally, the director utilizes the power of music to express the heightened emotions surrounding the situation. For instance, in the first scene classical music is playing in the car of a woman as she performs dangerous turns in her car while driving. Quickly, the audience is able to understand that the woman's death has a higher purpose in the overall story and her imminent death is preceded by the poignant, emotional music.
The overall goal of the movie is to communicate the importance of health care reform and the problems surrounding the current health care system with employer-sponsored health insurance. Within the first half hour of the movie, the villain becomes clear: "it's all the fault of a healthcare system that caters to the rich and well-insured middle classes while denying quality care — or even life itself — to the uninsured and to poor people" (Lockard). This villain becomes magnified through the events of the plot; whereby, the employer has changed John's insurance plan without notification and the hospital administrators and doctors are unsympathetic towards the pleas of the family. Through the use of and excellently written screenplay, John Q is able to explain the goal of the movie. The audience is educated from the hospital administrator, played by Anne Heche, "that over forty million Americans do not have health insurance, and many more have inadequate insurance" that increases morbidity and mortality rates through insufficient health care (Lockard). Part of the goal of this movie has been to begin a strong nationwide discussion for changes in the health care system, including the potential of moving towards a universal health care system.
Many individuals place blame on the entire health care system in the United States as being flawed and based solely around putting more money in the pockets of doctors and medical or insurance companies, rather than providing quality health care. Some individuals even claim that if the United States had universal health care, such as the system found in the northern neighbors in Canada, John Q and millions of other individuals would not experience nearly the headaches and heartaches. Unfortunately, universal health are poses its own problems for John Q, as explained by John Vincent from the Objectivist Center. First of all, the Canadian government has total control over paying for the health care system and makes all decisions on the wait lists and treatments that can be provided to all people. In other words, similar care would have been provided to John Q and his son in Canada, and would have likely reached the same diagnosis. However, the government becomes responsible for placing his son on the donor list and the government also decides if and when the patient will receive the surgery (Vincent). Therefore, the financial problems for John Q and the insurance struggles would no longer be the concern, instead the Canadian government would become the villain and John Q's son may never receive his transplant, even with John Q's decision to take hostages – it is out of the control of hospital administrators and doctors.
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text:
This paper proposes a methodological and sociological reflection on the relationship between digital skills and social capital of families, through the
description of the activated procedures to assess the digital competency and the analysis of the first results of a pilot survey (already in progress) on a sample of pre-teens in Rome. Specifically, this paper presents the analysis of two of three main objectives of the survey: namely, 1. Planning a methodological path of mapping and systematization of all dimensions and all levels of digital competencies, through the planning and the testing of the first sociological research tool, according to the international and national policies for the digital agenda. 2. Giving back the first picture on the digital competencies of a preteens sample in the informal environment. 3. Deepening the relationship between clusters of digital competencies and the types of social capital connected to them.
Keywords: Digital Skills; Assessment; Rubric; Principle of Triangulation; Pre-teens.


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Non-binary people can face harassment in gendered bathrooms because they dress differently than the way people who typically use the bathroom they're in, or because they do dress the same, but their sex assigned at birth doesn't match their gender. No one should have to worry about their safety when all they want to do is use the toilet. If every school had gender-neutral bathrooms, non-binary students can just use those and skip the whole harassment deal.People who are non-binary often are forced to choose between male and female bathrooms. If someone feels that they are neither of those, then it is unjust to make them use one of them. That's like making someone who doesn't like skirts choose between wearing pencil skirts and loose skirts their whole lives. If someone is non-binary, then they should be able to go to a bathroom that is for their gender.
If there are gender-neutral bathrooms that non-binary students can go to, they might be less likely to fear harassment, and more able to focus on schoolwork. Non-binary students should be able to focus as much as any other student on their work, and having only gender binary bathrooms can cause those students to have to worry about being intensely bullied. Every student deserves to be able to focus entirely on school.


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'The British Vampire's Slavic Roots'
Fri, January 22, 2010 • 3:00 PM • Tom Lea Rooms, HRC 3.206
Thomas Jesus Garza, Texas Language Center
Bram Stoker can be credited with creating the modern Western vampire, but his vision of the legendary monster would not have been possible without the historical accounts of real-life figures from Eastern Europe. Tom Garza will reveal the origins and history of the vampire in Europe and Britain from the nineteenth century through the twentieth. The myth pervades popular culture to the present day.
Thomas Jesus Garza is University Distinguished Teaching Associate Professor of Slavic and Eurasian Studies and the Director of the Texas Language Center. He received his Ed.D from Harvard University in foreign language education. He teaches courses in Russian language, culture, and literature, including a popular course on the history of the vampire. He is working on a book on Russian and Mexican contemporary film.


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Surrounding Blocks of Code with Language Constructs
The Surround with feature allows you easily put expressions or statements within blocks or language constructs. This feature in WebStorm applies to:
|Custom folding region comments||Any fragment of code, where Surround With is applicable|
To surround a block of code
- Select the desired code fragment.
- Do one of the following:
- On the main menu, choose
- Press Ctrl+Alt+T.
A pop-up window displays the list of enclosing statements according to the context.
- Select the desired surround statement from the list. To do that, use the mouse cursor, up and down arrow keys, or a shortcut key displayed next to each element of the list.
Last modified: 22 May 2015


text:
Noninvasive monitoring of tissue-engineered constructs is of critical importance for accurate characterization of constructs and their remodeling in vitro and in vivo. This study investigated the utility of 1H NMR spectroscopy to noninvasively quantify viable cell number in tissue-engineered substitutes in vitro. Agarose disk-shaped constructs containing βTC3 cells were employed as the model tissue-engineered system. Two construct prototypes containing different initial cell numbers were monitored by localized, water-suppressed 1H NMR spectroscopy over the course of 13 days. 1H NMR measurements of the total choline resonance at 3.2 ppm were compared with results from the traditional cell viability assay MTT and with insulin secretion rates. Results show a strong linear correlation between total choline and MTT (R2 = 0.86), and between total choline and insulin secretion rate (R2 = 0.90). Overall, this study found noninvasive measurement of total choline to be an accurate and nondestructive assay for monitoring viable βTC3 cell numbers in tissue-engineered constructs. The applicability of this method to in vivo monitoring is also discussed.
ASJC Scopus subject areas
- Cell Biology


Decision Making in Logistics: A Chaos Theory Based Analysis
Priya Ranjan, Soundar Kumara, Amit Surana, Vikram Manikonda, Mark Greaves, and Wilbur Peng
Logistics in general is a complex system. In this paper we investigate the existence of chaos in logistics systems. Such an investigation is necessary to use appropriate and correct methods for further analysis, as linear systems techniques will not be useful. If a system exhibits chaos, decision making should consider the system characterization parameters from a chaos theory perspective. In this paper, three models from the existing literature are reported. Of these models, the non-preemptive queuing model is considered for further exploration. A prototypical supply chain example is used and the resulting behavior is characterized. At certain input values the behavior of the logistics system exhibits chaos. This information is useful for further analysis for predication and control. The working prototype is implemented in the DARPA Couggar agent architecture.


Why do guys grow their pinky nail long?
Why do some people, usually men, have a very long pinky little fingernail?
 1. Picking the ears
 This might sound a little weird to you, but yes, various men grow their pinky nail long as it makes it easier for them to pick their ears. This is usually done by people of lower social classes in countries like China. (See, What does touching your ear mean in body language?)
 2. To get better fortune
 As per few cultures, a long pinkie nail is considered a sign of wealth and fortune. Also, palmistry says that if a pinkie nail is longer than the distal knuckle on his ring finger, it is considered lucky and intelligent. Numerous people grow their pinky nail so that they get better palmistry readings.
 3. The person doesn't do manual labour
 Many regions grow their pinkie nail to show that they are not doing manual labour. It can also be said that they try to show off that they belong to a higher class.
 4. To clean their nose
 This might sound unbelievable, but they actually grow the nail of their finger to wipe their nose or scratch certain areas of their body.
 5. To handle drugs
 This is true that various people grow their pinky fingernail to take drugs easily, such as cocaine, etc. Many people think that this is a myth, but no people really do it to become easy for them to take drugs. (See Why are some rich people stingy?)
 6. To use it as a tool
 People grow this nail to use it as a tool or handle objects. This reason is a little strange, but people actually do this.
 7. This finger is not used much
 A lot of people grow the nail of the last finger as this finger is not used much. As it becomes difficult to use the hand if other nails are big, so pinky is fingernail is the best to grow nails.
 8. To increase the use of this finger
 For making the pinky finger more useful, people often prefer to grow their nails.
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