Meeting with students to discuss the Message of the President of RK N.A. Nazarbayev
On 9 February 2017, Research Institute of Patriotic education held a meeting on explanation of the main provisions of the Message of the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan N.A. Nazarbayev to people of Kazakhstan "Third modernization of Kazakhstan: global competitiveness".
Director of SRI of Patriotic education D.E. Jakupova noted that on 31 January 2017, President of the Republic of Kazakhstan N.A. Nazarbayev addressed the nation with another message. Each message is a policy document and strategy to action – the current message is not an exception.
 In his message, President sees five main priorities. They are designed to provide growth of economy above the global average and sustainable progress into 30 most developed countries.
 1. The first priority is the accelerated technological modernization of the economy.
 2. The second priority is essential improvement and enhancing the business environment.
 3. The third priority is macroeconomic stability.
 4. The fourth priority is the improvement of the human capital quality.
 5. The fifth priority are institutional reforms, security and the fight against corruption.
After reading, the group held a discussion on the President's address to people of Kazakhstan. The important moments of contemporary realities and the directions of further development of our country were considered.
Overall, students took an active part in the discussion of the Message and constitutional reforms. The meeting was held in warm friendly atmosphere.


Cypress: The Wood Eternal
Cypress: The Wood Eternal
 - Cypress: The Wood Eternal
Published Date
 - published 1941
There is frequently a wide variation of color with one shade
usually predominating in a given locality. For instance, the prevailing
type found in the deep swamps of the St. Johns River is amber, referred
to as yellow cypress, while that growing on the fringe or shallow swamps
of the St. Johns is decidedly darker and possessed of stronger grain. The
typical amber wood of the Apalachicola and other alluvial river swamps
occasionally gradates to dark brown or chocolate and when cut often
presents dark stripes on a lighter background.
Trees that show the dark-red bands of the heavier summerwood,
especially in the lower Mississippi River delta, are known as red cypress.
Wood from the northern regions is referred to as white cypress. In
southern lumber camps, logs that float high are also called "white"
regardless of actual color. In lumber camps along the Atlantic coast,
heavy wood which sinks or floats very low is called "black" while in
Gulf region the term refers more to color than buoyancy. Dark cypress
frequently is no heavier than lighter shades of the wood.
When thoroughly seasoned, cypress wood weight on an average
of about 28 pounds a cubit foot. It is considerably heavier than
redwood, spruce, and most cedars. The specific gravity green cypress
generally varies from about 0.80, or 50 pounds, a cubit foot to 62.35, or
the same weight as water, although it is often much lighter than this.
When dried it is sometimes found as light as cork and is frequently used
for floats on fishing nets.


text:
Interviewing Children About Past Events: Evaluating the NICHD Interview Protocol
This study, conducted by the NICHD in collaboration with Lancaster University in Lancaster, England, will evaluate the accuracy of information obtained from children using AN ADAPTED VERSION OF NICHD's interview protocol. The NICHD protocol was developed to help forensic interviewers OBTAIN INFORMATION FROM children who may be victims of or witnesses to a crime ABOUT THEIR EXPERIENCES. This study does not involve forensic interviews, but is DESIGNED TO OBTAIN INFORMATION FROM children ABOUT an event that takes place at their school. The study will examine how children report a brief interaction with an unfamiliar adult, how the memory of the event changes over time, and how the use of different interview techniques can help children give a fuller and more accurate accounts of past experiences.
Children 5 and 6 years of age who attend local schools in the Lancaster, England, area may be eligible for this study. Participants will be told that they are going to have their pictures taken and will be escorted by a researcher to a room at the school with another researcher who is posing as a photographer. The "photographer" and the child will put on a costume, such as a pirate's outfit, over their street clothes, helping each other put on pieces of the costume. The photographer will take pictures of the child in the costume. They will each take off the costumes and the child will be told that he or she will receive the photographs at a later time. Another researcher posing as a photographer will come into the room, interrupting the event, and begin to argue with the first photographer about who had booked the equipment. They will resolve the argument and apologize to the child for the interruption.
About 6 weeks after the event, the children will be interviewed using the ADAPTED VERSION OF NICHD interview protocol. Half will be interviewed first about the staged event (the photo session), followed by an interview about a fictitious event (e.g., a class visit to the fire station) that could plausibly have happened but did not. The other half of the children will be interviewed first about the fictitious event and then about the staged event. The children will be interviewed according to one of the following three procedures:
- The NICHD protocol preceded by a rapport-building phase that includes the rules of the interview and open-ended questions about the child and a recently experienced event
- The NICHD protocol preceded by a rapport-building phase that includes the rules of the interview and direct questions about the child and a recently experienced event, or
- The NICHD protocol preceded by the rules of the interview and open-ended questions about the child, but no opportunity to practice talking about a recently experienced event.
After the interviewer has elicited as much information as is likely to be gained from verbal questions, he or she will present the child with a line drawing of a gender neutral person and ask the child to indicate where the child was touched by the photographer and where the child touched the photographer. Any child who provides a report of the fictitious event will be interviewed in the same way about the fictitious event. After 1 year, the children will be interviewed again in the same manner as the 6-week interview.
The interviews will be audioand videotaped to record the kind of information the children talk about and compare it to what actually happened in the event.
|Official Title:||Evaluating the NICHD Interview Protocol in an Analog Study|
|Study Start Date:||January 2004|
|Estimated Study Completion Date:||October 2006|
The NICHD interview protocol was designed to aid forensic interviewers in adhering to best standards of practice when interviewing children. Field studies evaluating its use have demonstrated improvements in both interviewer behavior, and the amount and quality of information obtained from children, compared to interviews conducted prior to its implementation in test sites. Because field studies were conducted in forensic settings, however, it has not been possible to evaluate the protocol's effect on the accuracy of information reported by children. This present study therefore aims to evaluate the accuracy of information obtained using the NICHD interview protocol in an analog study. In addition the study is designed to explore children's willingness to provide details of a suggested, non-experienced event, and the effectiveness of including a human figure drawing as an auxiliary technique for eliciting further information. Furthermore, we will explore the importance of the pre-substantive/rapport-building phase of interviews, and the impact this has on children's reports of experienced and suggested events. Finally, we will explore the effectiveness of the interview protocol with children when a long delay has occurred between the event and the interview.
Children will take part, individually, in a staged event at their school, and approximately six weeks later, be interviewed at the university about what they experienced. In addition, children will be asked to talk about a suggested fictitious event (one that has not happened). The order of the interviews will be counter-balanced across children and rapport-building conditions. Some children will be interviewed with an open-ended script that includes practice in episodic memory, some with a script made up of direct questions, including a practice in episodic memory, and some with one that uses open-ended questions but does not provide practice in talking about an event from episodic memory. Approximately one year later children will be interviewed again, so that we can examine children's reports in protocol interviews over a long delay. Children's reports will be analyzed for both overall amount and accuracy of information reported, as well as in response to the different cues and props given in the course of the interview. It is not anticipated that the study will pose any risks to the children involved, and we expect that both the staged event and the interviews will be enjoyable and stimulating. We expect that the results of the study will provide further support for the use of NICHD interview as a safe and effective means of interviewing children about past experiences. In addition to general information on children's eyewitness capabilities, the study is expected to supplement field studies by contributing knowledge about the accuracy of children's memory using the NICHD interview protocol.
|United States, Maryland|
|National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD)|
|Bethesda, Maryland, United States, 20892|

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


How Do Palm Trees Survive Hurricanes?
Hurricane footage often shows palm trees weathering the wrath; here's how they stand their ground.
palm trees in a hurricane
behindlens / Getty Images
When hurricane footage floods the airwaves it's always intense; the lashing winds and flying waves, torrents of rain and water taking over the streets. But this always makes me wonder: Pieces of houses and big trees are tossed around like toys during extreme weather, but palm trees seem able to stand their ground. Given their location they are obviously well suited to stand up to angry storms, but how?
Trees are masters of engineering – Mother Nature really has a handle on things, and this is especially true with the tall slender members of the botanical family Arecaceae. Plant ecologist Dan Metcalfe explains that palm trees have three distinctive features that help them survive the punishing conditions of hurricanes and cyclones, and even tsunamis.
Rambling Roots
First of all, most palm trees have a large number of short roots spread across the upper levels of the soil, which work to secure a large amount of soil around the root ball. As long as the soil is relatively dry to start off with, this works to create a super large, heavy anchor. As opposed to having just a few very strong roots, this wider network creates a bottom-heavy base that helps keep the tree in place.
A Wiry Trunk
The trunk of a pine or oak tree grows in a radial pattern; the annual rings effectively make a series of hollow cylinders inside each other, says Metcalfe. Meanwhile, the stem of a palm tree is made of many small bundles of woody material, which Metcalfe likens to the bundles of wires inside a telephone cable. He notes:
Palm trees do get snapped in extreme conditions, but they are much tougher in this regard than other trees.
Clever Leaves
While most trees rely on their beautiful canopy of branches, twigs, and leaves to spread out and grab as much sunlight as possible, the canopy can also grab a lot of wind and water. In a bad storm, the canopy can act as a sail and pull the poor thing over; branches can easily be shorn off, as well as the detachment of the whole canopy.
Meanwhile, think of a palm tree. They have no wide-spreading branches, rather huge leaves with a central, flexible spine – like enormous feathers, notes Metcalfe. In nice weather, the fronds spread out and make a fine canopy, but in instances of strong wind and water... what do the fronds do? They fold up. With less resistance against the elements, they are much more likely to make it through intact. Of course some leaves may suffer and palm detritus is part and parcel of storm clean-up, but as Metcalfe notes of lost leaves, "they are much 'cheaper' for the palm to replace than a whole canopy of branches would be."
So there you have it. If you're like me and feel twinges of empathy when seeing palms battling the harshest of elements, you can at least take solace in knowing that they are likely up to the task.


text:
Reading Grid References
X and Y Axis
Teacher Activity: Learning how to create your own grid.
- Measure your X and Y axis with a ruler.
- Divide the length of your X axis evenly, e.g. if the length is 10 cm you will repeat a grid line every 1 cm.
- With your ruler mark every increment on the top of your paper.
- Do the same with the other side of your grid.
- Repeat steps 2,3 and 4 with the Y axis.
- Join the lines up neatly. This needs to be done with a ruler!
- Add your grid reference numbers for both axes.
Identify the co-ordinates
Identifying co-ordinates of maps.
Using a key
Creating a key
- Look at the map of the forrest below.
- Find the grid references for items listed on the right of the map.
- On the map there are a number of symbols. Create a key that identifies the symbols.
A Compass Rose
Directions with a compass rose.
Activity: In you maths books follow the instructions.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


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I have
class Cab(models.Model):
 name = models.CharField( max_length=20 )
 descr = models.CharField( max_length=2000 )
class Cab_Admin(admin.ModelAdmin):
 ordering = ('name',)
 list_display = ('name','descr', )
 # what to write here to make descr using TextArea?
admin.site.register( Cab, Cab_Admin )
how to assign TextArea widget to 'descr' field in admin interface?
In Admin interface only!
Good idea to use ModelForm.
share|improve this question
add comment
6 Answers
up vote 45 down vote accepted
You will have to create a forms.ModelForm that will describe how you want the descr field to be displayed, and then tell admin.ModelAdmin to use that form. For example:
from django import forms
class CabModelForm( forms.ModelForm ):
 descr = forms.CharField( widget=forms.Textarea )
 class Meta:
 model = Cab
class Cab_Admin( admin.ModelAdmin ):
 form = CabModelForm
The form attribute of admin.ModelAdmin is documented in the official Django documentation. Here is one place to look at.
share|improve this answer
For simply replacing a form widget, you don't have to create your own entire form. You can just override formfield_for_dbfield on your ModelAdmin, see my answer below. – Carl Meyer Dec 2 '13 at 20:25
add comment
For this case, the best option is probably just to use a TextField instead of CharField in your model. You can also override the formfield_for_dbfield method of your ModelAdmin class:
class CabAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):
 def formfield_for_dbfield(self, db_field, **kwargs):
 formfield = super(CabAdmin, self).formfield_for_dbfield(db_field, **kwargs)
 if db_field.name == 'descr':
 formfield.widget = forms.Textarea(attrs=formfield.widget.attrs)
 return formfield
share|improve this answer
is there any downside in this compared to the selected answer? this looks cleaner to implement as we don't need to create a new ModelForm... – Filipe Pina Feb 23 '12 at 10:30
replaced formfield.widget = forms.Textarea() with formfield.widget = forms.Textarea(attrs=formfield.widget.attrs) to keep all attributes automatically generated for the TextField, Thanks! – Filipe Pina Feb 23 '12 at 10:53
I don't know why the other answer is accepted over this one; I think if all you're doing is replacing a widget this is simpler. But either will work fine. – Carl Meyer Feb 23 '12 at 15:20
add comment
Ayaz has pretty much spot on, except for a slight change(?!):
class MessageAdminForm(forms.ModelForm):
 class Meta:
 model = Message
 widgets = {
 'text': forms.Textarea(attrs={'cols': 80, 'rows': 20}),
class MessageAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):
 form = MessageAdminForm
admin.site.register(Message, MessageAdmin)
So, you don't need to redefine a field in the ModelForm to change it's widget, just set the widgets dict in Meta.
share|improve this answer
This does retain more "automatic" properties than Ayaz's answer, but any tip on how to keep the field length validation as well? – Filipe Pina Feb 23 '12 at 10:44
add comment
You can subclass your own field with needed formfield method:
class CharFieldWithTextarea(models.CharField):
 def formfield(self, **kwargs):
 "widget": forms.Textarea
 return super(CharFieldWithTextarea, self).formfield(**kwargs)
This will take affect on all generated forms.
share|improve this answer
add comment
Instead of a models.CharField, use a models.TextField for descr.
share|improve this answer
Unfortunately, max_length= is totally ignored by Django on a TextField, so when you need field length validation (such as letting secretaries enter event summaries) the only way to get it is to use a CharField. But a CharField is way to short to type 300 chars into. Hence the ayaz solution. – shacker Apr 21 '09 at 23:45
Absolutely! Thanks. – Dan Jan 26 '12 at 0:58
This isn't a good answer because it changes the database. The point of changing the widget is to change how the field is displayed, not to change the database schema – omouse Feb 14 '13 at 21:11
add comment
If you are trying to change the Textarea on admin.py, this is the solution that worked for me:
from django import forms
from django.contrib import admin
from django.db import models
from django.forms import TextInput, Textarea
from books.models import Book
class BookForm(forms.ModelForm):
 class Meta:
 model = Book
class BookAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):
 form = BookForm
admin.site.register(Book, BookAdmin)
If you are using a MySQL DB, your column length will usually be autoset to 250 characters, so you will want to run an ALTER TABLE to change the length in you MySQL DB, so that you can take advantage of the new larger Textarea that you have in you Admin Django site.
share|improve this answer
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Your Answer


text:
Schools and Groups - Gravity Discovery Centre Only
- Varighed: 4 Timer (Ca.)
- Sted: Yeal, WA
- Produkt kode: SGGDC
Group and school bookings include fun, informative tours of the Discovery Gallery and Cosmology Gallery. Group tours can be coupled with a two-course lunch or morning tea, provided by the Gravity Cafe.The main objective of the Gravity Discovery Centre is to provide exciting and inspiring science educational programs. We aim to ignite people's interest in Science. Students perform free fall object experiments from the Leaning Tower, engage with interactive exhibits and displays, and learn about our Solar System and the Big Bang Theory.
Available Tuesday to Friday from 10.00am to 2.00pm


text:
Everyone likes to save money. And many of us want to do what we can to help the planet as well. Click2Mail gives you the tools to do both with MailJack™, which lets you use the "print" feature in any software program (like Microsoft Word or Adobe Reader, even your email program or web browser) to send a document – like an invoice, letter, or announcement – directly through the U.S. Mail.
Using MailJack saves you time and money, and is more environmentally friendly. Here's how it works:
1. The first step is installing the MailJack print driver on your Windows computer (you'll need a Click2Mail account to do this). Once the print driver is installed, open the document you want to print. Select "print" from the appropriate menu and choose "Click2Mail MailJack™" as your printer. You can preview the document just like you would if you were printing it on your printer at home or in the office.
2. Once you're satisfied that everything looks good, you click "print" and your document is transmitted to Click2Mail.com. We receive the document, print it, and deliver it to your recipient via the U.S. Postal Service. That's it!
The advantages of using MailJack™ include:
- It's easy: All you have to do is install the print driver on your computer. There's no special software to learn or tricks to know. If you can print a document from your computer, you can use MailJack™.
- It's fast: We know it's important to you to get your mail out the door as quickly as possible. That's why we guarantee that any First-Class orders submitted by 8 p.m. EST through MailJack™will be mailed the next business day.
- It's flexible: MailJack works whether you want to mail one document or 100. You can print-to-mail addressed documents (like a letter) or unaddressed documents (like a presentation – you just tell us where you want to send it and we'll add the address on the fly). We can even combine multiple documents to mail to a single address, or send multiple addressed documents using mail merge. Have a large document you need to send? No problem. You can send up to 94 pages in each envelope.
- It's affordable: All you need to get started with MailJack™ is a free Click2Mail account. Then, just purchase user credits through your Click2Mail account, and your order will be processed automatically. Plus, you save valuable time by eliminating all the tedious steps that go into preparing a mailing yourself. Just one click, and you're done.
- It's green: By moving mail to the cloud, Click2Mail makes mail more environmentally friendly. Our hybrid mailing process helps you eliminate waste: you waste less ink and paper in your office, and you save gas by eliminating trips to the post office. Plus, we use recycled materials to print your mailing, and we automatically standardize addresses, so that your mail ends up in the hands of its intended recipient, rather than in the trash. Finally, because we route your mail to the printing center closest to the delivery address, we're able to reduce carbon emissions.


I'm currently working on a Sitecore 10 project using Helix. We currently trying to implement Helix as closely as possible.
We have two feature modules, Consultants and Hospitals. Consultants can work at various hospitals but our features don't know about the relationship. Any ideas how we can get the data out whilst following the principles?
 - I would ask the question - why do you have the 2 features? remember that a module is something that is feature as understood by business owners. So if Hospitals have Consultants, then maybe they should be in the same feature module? – Richard Seal Jan 12 at 13:50
In your case I would create a Foundation project called Hospital and make feature "Consultant" reference to it. Because in a future it could be possible that you need something else ( Cleaner, Nurse, Doctor) but it also need hospital data. Then you can easily reference again to Foundation Hospitals from the new feature project.
One thing to note is that if there is going to be more than one job like Consultant I would probably rename feature "Consultant" to more generic like "Worker" or something similar. Then inside that Worker feature you would have a information of different roles for workers like "Consultant, Cleaner, Nurse, Doctor".
Basically, if you see that one feature depends another, dependency need to be moved into the Foundation layer.
Also, it is not really required to move whole Consultants feature. You need to add a new Foundation project, which will have, for example, a templates and corresponding classes (or interfaces) for _Employee and _Hospital and a code, that will be responsible to retrieve or build Employees and Hospitals data. For example a service, which will return a Employee (an instance of _Employee) by ID, or a list of Employees by HospitalID or a hospital data itself.
Then, Consultants and Hospitals features can inherit and extend (if required) the _Employee, _Hospital and being responsible to display a Consultant data and use this Foundation module for get a base Employee data.
This all is abstract. The main idea to move the modules dependency on one level up.
Your Answer


text:
This paper describes a new stress-intensity factor (SIF) solution for an external surface crack in a sphere that expands capabilities previously available for this common pressure vessel geometry. The SIF solution employs the weight function (WF) methodology that enables rapid calculations of SIF values. The WF methodology determines SIF values from the nonlinear stress variations computed for the uncracked geometry, e.g., from service stresses and/or residual stresses. The current approach supports two degrees of freedom that denote the two crack tips located normal to the surface and the surface of the sphere. The geometric formulation of this solution enforces an elliptical crack front, maintains normality of the crack front with the free surface, and supports two degrees of freedom for fatigue crack growth from an internal crack tip and a surface crack tip. The new SIF solution accommodates spherical geometries with an exterior diameter greater than or equal to four times the thickness. This WF SIF solution has been combined with stress variations common for spherical pressure vessels: uniform internal pressure on the interior surface, uniform tension on the crack plane, and uniform bending on the crack plane.
This paper provides a complete overview of this solution. We present for the first time the geometric formulation of the crack front that enables the new functionality and set the geometric limits of the solution, e.g., the maximum size and shape of the crack front. The paper discusses the bivariant WF formulation used to define the SIF solution and details the finite element analyses employed to calibrate terms in the WF formulation. A summary of preliminary verification efforts demonstrates the credibility of this solution against independent results from finite element analyses. We also compare results of this new solution against independent SIFs computed by finite element analyses, legacy SIF solutions, API 579, and FITNET. These comparisons indicate that the new WF solution compares favorably with results from finite element analyses. This paper summarizes ongoing efforts to improve and extend this solution, including formal verification and development of an internal surface crack model. Finally, we discuss the capabilities of this solution's implementation in NASGRO® v10.0.


text:
Originally Posted by jzbm3
Well I've had it both ways on the same car, and my experience differs from what you are saying.
It's likely a trained eye will see the scratches no matter what the condition of the paint, but for the average enthusiast they will appear less visible when orange peel is present.
Trained eye or not, there's no technical explanation for what you're saying. Orange peel texture is like the picture below. With orange peel, swirls follow the curvature of the ridge lines, but there's no masking effect in this instance. Miniscule variances in height of the clear coat have no effect on the appearance of surface defects. If the surface was flat (no orange peel), the scratches would still follow the same pattern, only without the slight variances in height. Either way, there's no masking effect like what you're suggesting.
On the other hand, orange peel DOES have an effect on the way light is refracted against the surface. That's a whole other topic though. The image reflected by the orange peel-laden surface is distorted by the variances in the paint's height, whereas a flat surface evenly reflects light and thus no distortion. Think of a mirror's reflection vs. the reflection of rippling water.


text:
Franklin Township may refer to the following places in the United States:
Famous quotes containing the words franklin and/or township:
"We are not certain, we are never certain. If we were we could reach some conclusions, and we could, at last, make others take us seriously.
In this world nothing can be said to be certain, except death and taxes."
—Benjamin Franklin (_PHONE_)
"A township where one primitive forest waves above while another primitive forest rots below,such a town is fitted to raise not only corn and potatoes, but poets and philosophers for the coming ages. In such a soil grew Homer and Confucius and the rest, and out of such a wilderness comes the Reformer eating locusts and wild honey."
—Henry David Thoreau (_PHONE_)


Take the 2-minute tour ×
I'am using jasperReport/ireport 4.0
Using jasper I generate a report contain barChart that contain a lot of informations, The number on the x axis is not clear and precise,from the chart I cant tell how many issue I have, when the user read the report he can't tell the right value
How can I minimise the scale to have more detailed number?
My chart:
enter image description here
share|improve this question
1 Answer 1
You'll need to use a chart customizer class to do this. Create a class that implements the JRChartCustomizer interface, then in the customize() method add the following code:
CategoryPlot plot = (CategoryPlot)jFreeChart.getPlot();
ValueAxis verticalAxis = plot.getRangeAxis();
TickUnits verticalTicks = new TickUnits();
verticalTicks.add(new NumberTickUnit(1));
verticalTicks.add(new NumberTickUnit(2));
verticalTicks.add(new NumberTickUnit(5));
verticalTicks.add(new NumberTickUnit(10));
The chart engine should always pick the smallest tick unit that does not cause the ticks to overlap. Using this code your chart should hopefully place ticks at every value or every 2 values.
share|improve this answer
Hello,thank you for the reply,I'am generating this chart without coding using jasperReport and iReport,I'am creating the chart using ireport and then I pass my parameter throw my code using jasperReport to the report – rym Aug 18 '11 at 9:34
_USER_: You do not need to create your chart programmatically, just set the 'Customizer Class' property of the chart in iReport. As long as your customizer class is on the classpath, the method will be called automatically during the report generation. All the other chart options will be just as you designed them in iReport. – GenericJon Aug 18 '11 at 13:10
Your Answer


Quick Answer: What Medications Should Not Be Crushed?
Can you chew a Tylenol pill?
Do not crush or chew extended-release tablets.
Swallow the whole or split tablet without crushing or chewing..
Can you break open softgels?
Softgels can be cut open. We do not recommend doing this for a number of reasons: it is difficult to get all the ubiquinol out of the softgel so chances are you won't get the full 100mg dose also it can be difficult to cut a softgel so you have to be very careful not to cut yourself while doing it.
Can ibuprofen be dissolved in water?
Can controlled release tablets be crushed?
[4] These include heart rhythms that are too slow or too fast and may progress to cardiac arrest and death. Sustained-release drugs also should not be crushed or chewed before swallowing because doing so will cause the dangerously rapid absorption of a large dose that was intended to be released slowly over many hours.
Can scored pills be cut in half?
Scored down the middle. Scored pills are easier to split evenly. But a line down the middle doesn't always mean it's safe to split. Check with your doctor or pharmacist, or look for the FDA approval.
Is it OK to open capsule pills?
It's not advisable to open a capsule pill unless you're advised to do so by a doctor or other medical professional. They may need to be swallowed whole because: They're designed to release medicine slowly into your body over time and crushing them could cause an overdose.
Can you crush ibuprofen 200mg?
Take ibuprofen with food or immediately after food, to prevent stomach upset. Take ibuprofen with a full glass of water. Swallow the tablets whole. Do not crush or chew them.
Is it OK to crush ibuprofen?
Swallow the tablet whole. Do not break, crush, divide, or chew it.
Is it OK to crush pills?
Can you dissolve pills in water?
Some tablets can be dissolved or dispersed in a glass of water. If you are not sure if your child's tablets can be dissolved, speak with your child's doctor or pharmacist. Dissolve or disperse the tablet in a small glass of water and then add some fruit juice or squash to hide the taste.
Can you crush film coated tablets?
Crushing enteric coated tablets may result in the drug being released too early, destroyed by stomach acid, or irritating the stomach lining. In general, manipulation of enteric coated and extended-release formulations is not, therefore, recommended.
When Should tablets not be crushed?
What to do if you can't swallow pills?
Here are eight pill-swallowing strategies you can try:Drink water (lots of it!) … Use a pop bottle. … Lean forward. … Bury in a teaspoon of applesauce, pudding, or other soft food. … Use a straw. … Coat with a gel. … Spray on lubricant. … Try a pill-swallowing cup.
Do pills work faster if you chew them?
If you chew an enterically coated tablet, the drug will not be absorbed properly and the medicine may be ineffective. Tablets designed to be chewed have this indicated on their packaging. This is common for drugs designed for young children and certain types of tablets such as multivitamins.
What is it called when you cant swallow pills?
Difficulty swallowing is called dysphagia. It can be caused by problems with nerves or muscles. Quite a few of those are involved in the swallowing process — 25 pairs of muscles in the mouth and throat help prepare your food for swallowing. When you swallow, your airway closes, and you stop breathing for a moment.
What medications Cannot be crushed?
Additional InformationWarfarin (Coumadin)Lovenox (enoxaparin)Methotrexate (Rheumatrex, Trexal)Fentanyl Patch (Duragesic)Hydrocodone with Acetaminophen (Vicodin, Lorcet)Oxycodone with Acetaminophen (Percocet, Roxicet)Apidra (insulin glulisine)Humalog (insulin lispro)More items…
Does ibuprofen work faster if you chew it?
You should take ibuprofen tablets and capsules after a meal or snack or with a drink of milk. It will be less likely to upset your stomach. Do not chew, break, crush or suck them as this could irritate your mouth or throat.


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OBJECTIVE: Four experiments were conducted in order to assess the effectiveness of dynamic vibrotactile collision-warning signals in potentially enhancing safe driving. BACKGROUND: Auditory neuroscience research has demonstrated that auditory signals that move toward a person are more salient than those that move away. If this looming effect were found to extend to the tactile modality, then it could be utilized in the context of in-car warning signal design. METHOD: The effectiveness of various vibrotactile warning signals was assessed using a simulated car-following task. The vibrotactile warning signals consisted of dynamic toward-/away-from-torso cues (Experiment 1), dynamic versus static vibrotactile cues (Experiment 2), looming-intensityand constant-intensity-toward-torso cues (Experiment 3), and static cues presented on the hands or on the waist, having either a low or high vibration intensity (Experiment 4). RESULTS: Braking reaction times (BRTs) were significantly faster for toward-torso as compared to away-from-torso cues (Experiments 1 and 2) and static cues (Experiment 2). This difference could not have been attributed to differential responses to signals delivered to different body parts (i.e., the waist vs. hands; Experiment 4). Embedding a looming-intensity signal into the toward-torso signal did not result in any additional BRT benefits (Experiment 3). CONCLUSION: Dynamic vibrotactile cues that feel as though they are approaching the torso can be used to communicate information concerning external events, resulting in a significantly faster reaction time to potential collisions. APPLICATION: Dynamic vibrotactile warning signals that move toward the body offer great potential for the design of future in-car collision-warning system.
Original publication
Journal article
Hum Factors
Publication Date
329 - 346
break reaction time, car following, driving, front-to-rear-end collision, haptic, interface design, Accidents, Traffic, Adult, Automobile Driving, Computer Simulation, Female, Humans, Male, Reaction Time, Touch, Vibration, Young Adult


text:
THE NUMERICAL ANALYSIS ON EROSION AROUND SABO DAM IN TRIBUTARIES OF PROGO RIVER
MetadataShow full item record
Mt. Merapi is the active volcano in Indonesia. On 2010 erupted, the mountain produced sediment around 150 million m3. The sediment supplies to the downstream area through the tributaries. The hydraulics condition in tributaries of Progo River may change for long time period due to the sediment supply. Sabo dam is constructed in tributaries for controlling the sediment. The morphology around sabo may change due to the sediment supply. So, the erosion process near the sabo dam should be predicted to estimate the stability of the structure after the eruption. This research is to investigate the erosion around the sabo dam. Numerical simulation is performed using the horizontal two-dimensional flow model.


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There is a property in the "%COLLATION_HOME%\etc\collation.properties" file that improves readability of the logs by separating the logging into per-sensor log files.
To enable this, set the following property:
If you do not set this property to true, default logging for all sensors is dumped in "%COLLATION_HOME%\log\services\DiscoveryManager.log". This property separates the logs into the following directories: "%COLLATION_HOME%\log\sensors\\sensorName-IP.log" ex: sensors/20070621131259/SessionSensor-10.199.21.104.log The runid includes the date of the discovery run and the log file name includes the sensor name and IP address of the target. When using this option, the logs are not automatically cleared, this must be done manually, if required.
The following logging levels are valid:
Setting the logging level for the Topology JVM to DEBUG can cause performance problems on some systems. You should set the level for this JVM to DEBUG only when you need to debug storage errors or other topology issues. If a problem takes more than a few minutes to reproduce, more space should be allocated for the Topology logs. Review the following properties in the collation.properties file, and increase the values of these properties as needed:
# File size of a rollover log file com.collation.log.filesize=20MB Number of logfiles before rollover com.collation.log.filecount=5
When all the space is used as allocated by the values of these properties, the oldest data is deleted. A common setting for most issues is to set the global logging level to DEBUG and set the logging level for the Topology JVM to INFO, as shown in the following example:


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Close full-size image and return to story.
Example of a narrow feature that needs to be seen in a 3-D image. The first parameter that has to be defined in this 3-D seismic design method is the smallest (narrowest) horizontal dimension of a feature that must be seen in the 3-D data volume. For purposes of illustration, it is assumed the narrowest feature that is to be interpreted is a meander channel. At least three, and ideally four, stacking bins (seismic traces) must lie within the narrowest dimension W of this channel if the channel is to be reliably seen in the seismic image during workstation interpretation. Once this minimum channel width W is defined, the dimensions of the stacking bins are also defined, those bin dimensions being no wider than W/3, and ideally, they should be W/4 or less.


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Let $V$ be a finite-dimensional inner product space and let $x,y\in V$ be nonzero vectors. If there is a self-adjoint operator $A:V\rightarrow V$ such that $A(x)=y$ and $\langle A(v),v\rangle\geq0$ for all $v\in V$, then $\langle x,y\rangle>0$.
I think we can conclude the following inequality $$\langle x,y \rangle=\langle x,A(x) \rangle=\langle A^*(x),x \rangle=\langle A(x),x\rangle\geq 0$$
but I'm not able to show that strict inequality holds (or, in other words, that equality is not possible). Can someone give me a hint?
share|improve this question
I added the operator theory tag since the result is true more generally (and can be proved the same way) on a Hilbert space, with $A$ a bounded self-adjoint positive operator. – 1015 Jul 1 '13 at 1:04
1 Answer 1
up vote 1 down vote accepted
Assume for a contradiction that $(x,y)=0$. Then take an orthonormal basis $(e_j)$ of $V$ starting with $$ e_1=\frac{x}{\|x\|}\qquad e_2=\frac{y}{\|y\|}. $$ The matrix $M$ of $A$ in this orthonormal basis must be symmetric semidefinite positive, and it looks like $$ M=\pmatrix{0&t&0\\ t&*&*\\ 0&*&*}\qquad t=\frac{\|y\|}{\|x\|}>0 $$ by blocks, where the first and the second row are the actual first and second rows of $M$, the remaining blocks being of the ad hoc size.
Can you see a contradiction?
Consider the restriction of the quadratic form $(Ax,x)$ to the span of $\{e_1,e_2\}$, whose matrix is the upper-left $2\times 2$ block of $M$. Since the restriction should be semidefinite positive as well, its eigenvalues, whence its determinant $-t^2<0$, must be nonnegative. Contradiction.
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Intrepid Toddler's Daring Crib Escape Caught on Tape [VIDEO]
It's every parent's worst nightmare: Your toddler would rather go exploring than stay in the safe confines of his crib. So he does. Over and over and over.
One mother found herself in such a situation and couldn't figure out how her child kept escaping. So, she set up a camera in the kids' closet. Sure enough, she captured the child, whose name is Dayne, making a break for it not once, but twice.
Watch the Houdini-in-diapers below.


Shudder in a Sentence 🔊
Definition of Shudder
to tremble suddenly
Examples of Shudder in a sentence
A cool breeze moved through the garden, causing the princess's body to shudder from the chill. 🔊
The sound of nails down the chalkboard caused the child to shudder and shake. 🔊
Sending a shockwave down the warrior's spine, the ghost's appearance on the battlefield made even the bravest soldier shudder. 🔊
Even the thought of having to spend one night in the haunted tavern made my body shudder with fear. 🔊
A jolt of lightening caused the mare's body to shudder and bolt off into the pasture. 🔊
Other words in the Direction category:
Most Searched Words (with Video)


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Crystal Clear action run.png
Faraday Shrouded Induction Heated Capillary Molten Metal Deposition Head
Release status: concept
No image available.png
A metal deposition head based on surface tension of molten metal.
CAD Models
External Link
This is a stub for development of a capillary molten metal deposition head.
One of the theoretically most affordable ways to melt small quantities of metal is induction heating. However, in case with metal 3d printers it has a major drawback of eddy currents that arise in the printed object itself while it is printed, causing non-homogenious heating and power draws. So the basic idea is to distance away induction melting area from deposition area and to shroud induction heater with a faraday cage with low resistance. This kind of shroud will act as a mirror preventing EM waves from escaping and thus keeping effects localised and not messing with a printed object or electronics. If resistance of a shroud is kept low and there're no sharp edges, real heat production in shroud walls can be almost avoided.
However, if we reject an idea of melting pool being directly on the object, we have to find some way to guide molten metal to the object in a controllable way. And probably one of the most promising methods to do it is via capillary forces. Just like in ink pen. So if there's no contact with the object - there's no flow, just a drip of molten metal hanging from the deposition head (drip sizes are controllable via choice of nozzle materials and coatings).
 - Induction heater coil
 - Power source for a coil
 - Faraday shroud (probably just a piece of a metal pipe)
 - Simple ceramic nozzle with a drilled capillar. A detailed study is needed on interacton of different ceramics with molten copper.
First steps
First iteration will work with copper wire via inducing local circular currents in it. In order to build it, a study on ceramics is needed (or maybe it will be some other material if no ceramics can be wetted with copper) and some EM fields computer calculations.


text:
- Published on Monday, 10 September 2012 09:16
- Written by Ed Holtgraver
Sub-arctic climates experience temperatures from 100° F (38° C) in the summer to –60° F (–51° C) in the winter (Figure 1). While there is nothing spectacular about the high end of the range, the low end impacts the functionality of pneumatic actuators.
WHAT CAN HAPPEN
There is never a good time for an actuator to fail, but a failure when the temperature is at 60 below or when a blizzard limits capacity for transporting repair parts could be especially troublesome. Careful selection of valve actuation is critical.
When considering safety integrity, one assesses what might cause failure in a product. To illustrate, let's begin with an off-the-shelf pneumatic actuator intended for normal service and then consider what may fail if applied at –60° F (–51° C). Our basic parameters are as follows:
- The actuator housing is steel.
- The drive shaft is a precipitation-hardened stainless steel.
- The seals are buna.
- The shaft bushings are Nylon 6.
With these parameters in mind, at –60° F (–51° C):
The steel housing has become brittle. It is not necessarily weaker, but a sudden impact or an imperfection that would have no effect on the metal when ductile, could result in a sudden fracture at these sub-zero temperatures because the temperature is below the brittle transition temperature of steel. The question "will it fail at –60° F?" cannot be answered without knowing if there will be sudden impact loading, but possibility of failure has increased there.
A normally ductile metal will yield before fracture while a brittle metal will fracture without yield (Figure 2).
The precipitation-hardened shaft material has also become brittle and may fracture given an impact load. If, for example, the driven valve resists opening and then breaks free, the resulting sudden impact may cause the actuator shaft to fail.
The shaft material will have contracted at a rate of 9.4 by 10–6 per inch of diameter per degree F, while the Nylon 6 bushings will contract at a rate of 44.2 x 10–6 per inch per degree F. If the original gap between the bushing bore and the shaft surface was.002 inches and if the shaft diameter was 3 inches, then 130° F (54° C) temperature change from 70° F (21° C) to –60° F (–51° C) would contract the shaft diameter to 2.996 inches and the 3.002 inches diameter bushing bore to 2.985 inches, causing binding and failure.
The buna seals have turned to stone. Their normal resiliency, which allows flowing into and sealing leak paths, is gone. The seals cannot flex and leakage will occur at all seal points resulting again in actuator failure.
Failure of the example standard actuator is a certainty in this case. While there is nothing in the above example that is not obvious to every designer and user, the solution to avoid failure is to apply what we know.
For example, metals that have a brittle transition temperature that falls within the range of possible application temperatures should not be used unless absolutely no impact loads can occur. Examples of suitable metals are 300 series stainless steel and aluminum—neither has brittle transition temperature. Because of its greater strength, stainless steel may be the best choice for larger actuators.
Figures 3 and 4 show a simplistic representative impact test performed on a notched steel bar. One end was locked in a vice, and a hammer blow served to provide an impact. At room temperature, the hammer blow bent the specimen, but there was no fracture.
Figures 5 and 6 show an identical specimen that was brought to a temperature of –60° F. (An interesting side note is that the air cans used to clean a keyboard, when turned over, emit a liquid that has a measured temperature of –60° F, which proved convenient for testing.)
If at all possible, where there is close fit between moving parts, select materials having the same coefficients of thermal expansion/contraction (Figure 7).
Select seal materials that retain adequate resiliency at the lowest temperatures to be encountered. Additionally, eliminate every possible seal via basic design. A seal that is removed by design cannot fail. Figure 8 shows a simple drop test where a bar is dropped against an O-ring at both room temperature and at –60° F. Basic buna, ethylene propylene diene monomer (EPDM), Viton and silicone O-rings were tested. All except Viton showed excellent "bounce" at room temperature but only silicone retained resiliency and bounce at –60° F. Suppliers show low-temperature options for each of these elastomers, but in-house testing is recommended.
Designers and users who read this may respond: "We've used essentially standard actuators and all we did was select a seal material that remained resilient at the low temperatures." This article is not stating such a combination will fail, only that it may fail—the steel plates of the Titanic may not have fractured if it had not hit the iceberg, and not all World War II Liberty ships cracked in half. But by considering the above suggestions, the supplier can greatly reduce the risk of failure.
Users, as well as designers, have responsibilities regarding pneumatic actuators under extreme cold conditions.
First, and most obvious, users should shelter the actuator from weather extremes where possible. Second, users must assure a dry air supply, at least 15° F (–9° C) below the lowest temperature that may be experienced since ice plays havoc with air flow and mechanical motion. Finally, users should assess the recommended actuator and whether all possible precautions have been incorporated by the supplier.
Clearly, pneumatic actuators can perform their intended functions despite having to operate in extreme temperatures. However, they need to be designed and manufactured properly, and users need to take responsibility to keep them functioning correctly.


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PG CERTIFICATE IN GEOINFORMATICS
About This Programme:
The School of Sciences has developed the Post Graduate Certificate Programme in Geoinformatics (PGCGI) with the help of several eminent experts across India drawn from ISRO, DRDO, IIT, C-DAC, DST, IITM and many private and government universities. The PGCGI programme intends to familiarise the learners with basic concepts of geoinformatics and its applications. It is built around concepts and skills at the basic level to make it easy for a learner who wishes to understand how geoinformatics can be put to practical use.
Objectives of the programme are to:
- provide theoretical knowledge and practical exercises in the basics of geoinformation science,
- acquaint the learners with spatial data, their analysis and applications, and
- widen opportunities of learners for higher studies and developing career in different sectors of employment involving geoinformatics.
Graduate in any discipline from a recognised university.
Rs.6000/- for full programme
Minimum 2 years and Maximum 5 years; offered in both January and July cycle of admission.
Medium of Instruction:
- MGY 1 – Introduction to Geoinformatics
- MGY 2 – Remote Sensing and Image Interpretation
- MGY 3 – Global Navigation Satellite System and Geographic Information System
- MGYL 4 – Geoinformatics Practical


Board of Education Honors Science Olympiad Students
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The Board of Education and central administrators honored the members of the High School West Science Olympiad team during the Feb. 25 board of education meeting.
The Science Olympiad team is comprised of 33 students that make up two teams of 15 with three alternates. The team is coached by Alyssa Marron and Catherine Abbott.
During their meetings, the students prepare for events for the regional competition. Some of these events include testing of knowledge in specific fields, inquiry labs (such as a chemistry titration) and building. This year's building event was for a gravity vehicle and a ping pong parachute. For these events, students must build within the criteria and constraints presented to them and test the performance of their project.
Some highlights from the regional competition include:
Ninth place school overall for the A team
10th place team overall for the A team
First place: Write It, Do It (Matt Supa and Vanessa Matthew)
Fourth place: Astronomy (Ivan Liu and Henna Chaudhry)
Sixth place: Experimental Design (Carolyn Qu, Sidney Padmanaban and Fiona Needham)
Sixth place: Designer Genes (Sidney and Fiona)
Ninth place: Write It, Do It (Sidney and Fiona)
Ninth place: Geological Mapping (Brett Carnival and Rehan Mian)
Ninth place: Code Busters (Carolyn, Maddie Raeihle and Fiona)


text:
Python os.tcgetpgrp() Method
The method tcgetpgrp() return the process group associated with the terminal given by fd (an open file descriptor as returned by os.open())
Following is the syntax for tcgetpgrp() method
fd -- This is the file descriptor.
This method returns the process group.
The following example shows the usage of tcgetpgrp() method.
#!/usr/bin/python import os, sys # Showing current directory print "Current working dir :%s" %os.getcwd() # Changing dir to /dev/tty fd = os.open("/dev/tty",os.O_RDONLY) f = os.tcgetpgrp(fd) # Showing the process group print "the process group associated is: " print f os.close(fd) print "Closed the file successfully!!"
Let us compile and run the above program, this will produce the following result:
Current working dir is :/tmp the process group associated is: 2670 Closed the file successfully!!


text:
This section explains the steps required to load an image to the image editor. Image editor has a built-in toolbar that has options to edit the image with shapes, path, text, crop, rotate and flip.
After installing Essential Studio for UWP, you can find all the required assemblies in the installation folder,
SfImageEditor is available in the following assembly and namespace:
In addition, you have to install a
Win2Dpackage to save the image.
Initialize the image editor
- Import the SfImageEditor namespace as shown below,
- Initialize the image editor as shown below,
SfImageEditor editor = new SfImageEditor(); grid.Children.Add(editor);
Loading an image to the image editor
It can be done by the following two ways:
- Using bitmap object
- Using Stream
Using bitmap object
You can load an image to the control as a bitmap object.
IRandomAccessStream stream = await file.OpenAsync(FileAccessMode.Read); BitmapImage bitMapImage = new BitmapImage(); image.SetSource(stream); imageEditor.ImageSource = bitMapImage;
You can load an image to the control as a stream.
IRandomAccessStream stream = await file.OpenAsync(FileAccessMode.Read); imageEditor.Image = stream;
- After an image has been loaded to the SfImageEditor, you can start to edit an image by using the built-in Toolbar


You Ask! We Count!
Number of Atheists in the World
How many atheists are there in the world?
In 2007, there are an estimated 157,529,444 people worldwide who are atheists. This is according to data compiled from the 2010 World Factbook of the United States Central Intelligence Agency.Â This number represents about 2.32% of the world population at that time. Translated to current population statistics there would be about 170,088,267 atheists in the world today.
This fact is verified on : February 28, 2010.
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Leave a Response


text:
A consistent CSG model is one which is made up of solid objects with no dangling surfaces. In rayshade, it is quite easy to construct inconsistent models, which will usually appear incorrect in the final images. In rayshade, CSG is implemented by maintaining the tree structure of the CSG operations. This tree is traversed, and the operators therein applied, on a per-ray basis. It is therefore difficult to verify the consistency of the model ''on the fly.''
One class of CSG problems occur when surfaces of objects being operated upon coincide. For example, when subtracting a box from another box to make a square cup, the result will be wrong if the tops of the two boxes coincide. To correct this, the inner box should be made slightly taller than the outer box. A related problem that must be avoided occurs when two coincident surfaces are assigned different surface properties.
It may seem that the union operator is unnecessary, since listing two objects together in an aggregate results in an image that appears to be the same. While the result of such a short-cut may appear the same on the exterior, the interior of the resulting object will contain extraneous surfaces. The following example show this quite clearly.
difference box -2 0 -3 2 3 3 union /* change to list; note bad internal surfaces */ sphere 2 1 0 0 sphere 2 -1 0 0 end end rotate 1 0 0 -40 rotate 0 0 1 50
The visual evidence of an inconsistent CSG object varies depending upon the operator being used. When subtracting a consistent object from and inconsistent one, the resulting object will appear to be the union of the two objects, but the shading will be incorrect. It will appear to be inside-out in places, while correct in other places. The inside-out sections indicate the areas where the problems occur. Such problems are often caused by polygons with incorrectly specified normals, or by surfaces that exactly coincide (which appear as partial ''Swiss cheese'' objects).
The following example illustrates an attempt to subtract a sphere from a pyramid defined using an incorrectly facing triangle. Note that the resulting image obviously points to which triangle is reversed.
name pyramid list triangle 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 triangle 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 triangle 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 triangle 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 /* wrong order */ end difference object pyramid scale 3 3 3 rotate 0 0 1 45 rotate 1 0 0 -30 translate 0 -3.5 0 sphere 2.4 0 0 0 end
By default, cylinders and cones do not have end caps, and thus are not consistent primitives. One must usually add endcaps by listing the cylinder or cone with (correctly-oriented) endcap discs in an aggregate.


The FEI Proposes New Rules on Pony Measuring: Why? What are they? How will they affect you?
If you are reading this article, you probably know the difference between a pony and a horse and have heard the terms "measuring in" and "measuring out" bandied about. But did you know that the FEI is proposing to dramatically revise the Pony measuring rules? This could have a massive impact on Pony owners, so we recommend you read carefully and raise any concerns you may have with your National Federations or with the FEI directly.
What are the current rules?
Under the current rules, ponies are measured at FEI events handpicked by the FEI Veterinary Department. Two measuring vets assess the ponies at these selected events using FEI certified and calibrated measuring sticks.
If you are a pony owner, the somewhat arbitrary figure of 150cm may strike fear into you because it is currently the maximum height allowed for a pony (without shoes) on competition day. Outside of competition, 148cm (without shoes) is the maximum height. Non-pony-owners might be surprised to know that ponies can 'grow' by several centimetres when under competition pressure, due to muscle exertion and sweat. Additionally, measuring conditions at events are not always perfect – there have been some controversial cases over the last few years where the measuring ground surface was found to be uneven, adding phantom centimetres to pony height. This is the reason for the FEI allowing 2cm of leeway as they explain that this compensates for any uncertainty around uneven surfaces
If a pony measures above the 150cm mark, it will not be able to compete that day. But all is not lost; an appeal can be made, leading to an appeal measurement within 40 days. The appeal measurement is done outside of event conditions and your pony has the chance to shrink back down and be called a pony again under FEI rules.
Photo © Emily McNeill
Why does the FEI want to change the rules?
The FEI identified several motivating factors behind the new proposals.
First, the FEI acknowledges the unnecessary stress, particularly for children, caused by measuring at competitions. Pony measuring – and incidental disputes – undoubtedly increase an already pressured environment. Pony measuring stress is not limited to children; it also draws in their parents and trainers. Nobody wants to travel hours to a competition, only to be told to turn around and go home again. And for those of us who are parents, we all know that there is nothing that induces stress more than the possibility of deeply disappointing our children. This makes for an explosive combination when pony measuring at events goes badly.
Additionally, the FEI believes that the 150cm limit allows ponies that are too large to compete – they think this current upper measurement is too high and needs to be curtailed.
The FEI also has efficiency on its mind. They want to eradicate the appeals system, which they believe wastes time and money. They are concerned about cases where a pony exceeded the maximum height (or 'measured out') at competition, then has a successful appeal measurement within 40 days… and then goes on to measure out at an event later that year. The FEI thinks the new proposals will prevent that from happening and therefore level the playing field for true ponies.
So… what are the new proposals?
The FEI is proposing doing away with pony measuring at competitions and instead implementing a system of global measuring sessions, undertaken yearly in each country or region. The maximum height would be reduced from 150cm without shoes to 148cm without shoes (149cm with shoes)
The FEI has suggested that the measuring sessions could take place between January 1 and March 15 each year, with an option for other sessions after this period. The sessions will take place at set measuring stations, with the FEI aiming to place at least one in each European country. The FEI proposes a complete revamp of the measuring stations under the new system. To ensure the stations are fair and consistent, the FEI has stated that there must be a flat measuring pad for ponies to stand on, an area to walk the ponies in hand, an area for ponies to urinate and finally an area for lunging and riding. There will be a measurement fee, which has not yet been set, charged for each pony.
The actual method used to measure the ponies may also evolve, as the FEI looks to increase efficiency and accuracy. The FEI is looking into using a recently developed laser device that works by sending a laser beam to the ground once placed on top of a pony. High tech!
If a pony 'measures in' the pony's profile in the FEI database will be updated to include the measurement result and the FEI will issue it with a measuring certificate. Going forward, only ponies with an FEI measuring certificate will be allowed to enter FEI pony competitions.
Ponies will need to be measured every year, until they reach eight years old. Once a pony reaches eight, the FEI will issue a lifetime certificate.
Photo © Emily McNeill
How will these proposals affect you? Should you be concerned?
If the new pony measurement proposals are accepted by National Federations, the transition period in which newly registered ponies would go through the new system, would begin on January 1, 2020 and end on January 1, 2023. During this period the FEI would carry out measuring only at three events: the European Pony Championships, the Nations Cup Final, and the Pony Trophy Final.
If your pony is already registered with the FEI, you do not need to worry about getting a certificate until January 1, 2023. That said, if your pony 'measures out' during the transition period, you will have no right to appeal and your pony must then register under the new system. Your National Federation will be notified and your pony will be blocked and will need to be re-registered as a horse. Any attempt to have the horse return back to pony status can only be made once in the same year and after that, once a year for two years.
These proposals to modify the Pony measuring system will be shared with your National Federations and then voted on at the FEI General Assembly later this year. If you have any important feedback, good or bad, you should get in touch with your National Federation and share it as your National Federations are empowered to provide feedback to the FEI during the consultation period on these proposed rules.
Lisa Lazarus is former FEI General Counsel and Head of Equestrian Services at Morgan Sports Law which represents athletes. She can be reached at For the USEF's response, click here.
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Aarhus University Seal / Aarhus Universitets segl
Aarhus University, December 3, 2020
Welcome to the ReThink Eating 2020 Conference
The Food Quality Perception and Society Team at the Aarhus University Department of Food Science warmly welcomes you to our virtual conference.
This is not a traditional conference. We want to invite people from different backgrounds and disciplines to come together and brainstorm the future of eating. Due to the recent COVID crisis, it has been made clearer than before that we need to rethink not just what we eat, but also how we eat, and who we can share a meal with.
You are invited to join us in coming up with daring and creative solutions, and we want to hear your questions around pressing issues. In these increasingly serious times, we welcome the weird, wacky, and wonderful. Maybe even a sprinkling of magic.
We aim to address big questions like:
 - Why do people eat the way they do?
 - How does digital information influence our physical reality?
 - What role can technology play in creating new eating experiences?
 - How can we rethink what it means to eat together?
 - The conference is fully online and free of charge.
 - Registration deadline is November 26
 - The conference is made possible by the Carlsberg Foundation Young Researcher Fellowship project "Virtual and augmented flavours: Extending human flavour perception via novel sensory inputs"


text:
A33. propagation along a channel
The purpose of this test is to verify the influence of diffraction for waves propagating along a channel. The amplitude of the waves decays in axial direction due to loss of energy in lateral direction. The waves computed by Swan are Compared with an analytical solution taken from Booij (1981). This analytical solution was validated by measurements, see Booij (1981). The axis of the channel is in N-S direction.
At the Southern boundary an incident wave field is assumed which propagates from the Southern boundary in N direction. The peak period is 10 s.
In the analytical solution the amplitude along the axis is constant. Computed values for Hs along the axis are compared with the analytical results.
3 cases are considered:
The highest panel shows the decay of Hs along the channel.
It is seen that diffraction enhances the decay. Diffraction in Swan
does not give enough decay if compared with the analytical solution.


Auto-splitting video file in equal chunks with ffmpeg and python
UPDATE: The source code for this simple script has been moved to GitHub, get it here:
Recently I needed to upload a whole bunch of long video files. Maximum allowed length for each video was just few minutes, while the actual length of files I tried to upload were about an hour each. FFmpeg is really great for splitting the video files and Python is quite handy for automating the task. Combining two together in this handy little script(see below). The script below takes a video file and a chunk size in seconds and splits the video file into chunks using ffmpeg, so each chunk is self contained, playable video.
Source code:
#!/usr/bin/env python
import subprocess
import re
import math
from optparse import OptionParser
re_length = re.compile(length_regexp)
def main():
 (filename, split_length) = parse_options()
 if split_length <= 0:
 print "Split length can't be 0"
 raise SystemExit
 shell = True,
 stdout = subprocess.PIPE
 print output
 matches =
 if matches:
 video_length = int( * 3600 + \
 int( * 60 + \
 print "Can't determine video length."
 raise SystemExit
 split_count = math.ceil(video_length/float(split_length))
 if(split_count == 1):
 raise SystemExit
 for n in range(0, split_count):
 split_str = ""
 if n == 0:
 split_start = 0
 split_start = split_length * n
 print "About to run: "+split_cmd+split_str
def parse_options():
 parser = OptionParser()
 dest = "filename",
 help = "file to split, for example sample.avi",
 type = "string",
 action = "store"
 dest = "split_size",
 type = "int",
 action = "store"
 (options, args) = parser.parse_args()
 if options.filename and options.split_size:
 return (options.filename, options.split_size)
 raise SystemExit
if __name__ == '__main__':
 except Exception, e:
 print "Exception occured running main():"
 print str(e)
Or download it here: splitting video file script link
18 thoughts on "Auto-splitting video file in equal chunks with ffmpeg and python
 1. Hi there,
 I found this blog entry to be just what i needed. I am currently trying to split a single video file into several pieces. However, after tinkering around with your script, i have a few questions that i need help with:
 1. What video files is the script meant for? I tinkered with AVI, MOV, and WMV so far, and i'm not having much luck getting mov and wmv to split and play correctly.
 2. Although my avi file does get split, i hit two problems:
 ___a. some of the split files aren't the correct chunk size (ie. i had the split_size = 30 (seconds), yet some of the files were 60 or more
 ___b. the first split file played the video correctly, but the rest merely displayed a still image and audio continued. Know what is happening?
 3. Could you point me in the right direction to learn more about ffmpeg btw?
 Thanks again for this entry and your help in advance.
 Please let me know! And please don't consider this spam!
 2. Hey Matt,
 Glad that you found this useful.
 In regards to your questions:
 1. This script is really just a convenience wrapper around FFmpeg, so you can use whatever formats your install of ffmpeg supports. To add support for more formats you may need to recompile ffmpeg. For mov and wmv you need to make sure you have appropriate codes. I think you need libx264 for mov. Not sure what you need to wmv. Try googling ffmpeg wmv or something like that
 2. This might be a bug… or your ffmpeg missing some libs. Can you upload your avi file to something like http// and give me a link to take a look at? Also what command line params did u use?
 3. FFmpeg docs are pretty good – but might be a bit rigid. Just google for ffmpeg commands to get a bunch of articles about various handy things you can do with it
 3. I've also found that splitting WMV's does not seem to work. No matter what you specify in the -t option, it will always encode the whole video (which I believe is a bug in ffmpeg).
 4. I know this is somewhat late from when this was originally posted, but for me this script raises an invalid range() argument exception – math.ceil() returns a float (at least for me in python 2.7.1 and all 2.x.x as far as I recall). Thus line 33 should read:
 5. The script should also set '-acodec copy' so that the audio is not re-encoded when the file is split up. Just split the audio with the video.
 Also, the range error is still broken – can you update that?
 6. I put the int fix in and added -acodec copy but also changed ffmpeg instances to avconv. Worked on large mp4 videos.
 Thanks very much for the script.
 Now I can incorporate it all into a batch spilitter in bash.
 7. Pingback: Application for slicing video [duplicate] | XL-UAT
 8. Pingback: Using Python script to cut long videos into chunks in FFMPEG | 我爱源码网
 9. Pingback: Using Python script to cut long videos into chunks in FFMPEG | FYTRO SPORTS
 10. Pingback: Splitting an MP4 file | XL-UAT
 11. Pingback: What to use to quickly cut Audio/Video - Popular Ubuntu Questions
 12. My brother suggested I might like this web site.
 info! Thank you!
 13. Pingback: Ubuntu:What to use to quickly cut Audio/Video – Ubuntu Linux Questions
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in,
Life Cycle Costing in Construction
What is Life Cycle Costing
One of the most important aspects of a construction company is a life cycle costing that is used by every business to outline the costs that lay ahead of them fully. To understand this, it's important to go over what a life cycle cost is, the benefits of life cycle costing, and what a building's life cycle cost is.
What is a Life Cycle Cost in Construction?
The name is what sort of helps an individual understand what a life cycle cost is. It's a method that determines the overall cost of a construction project and the cost of the entire building's life cycle.
It's often used in the early stages of a building's development. However, some companies like to use it as a tool for the entire process of a building. As noted, this is due to the fact that a life cycle cost determines the costs surrounding the entire life of a building such as the investment cost, maintenance cost, renovation cost, operating cost, and the end of life cost.
The entire stage of a construction process is a long one. Starting and ending with a concept, design, construction, operation of the project, and the end of life for the project. The amount of information surrounding this is the main reason why a life cycle cost is used. It's a tool that paints out the greater picture of cost surrounding a project to the construction team behind the project.
Life Cycle Costing in Construction Industry
Benefits of Life Cycle Costing
There are a lot of benefits for life cycle costing. One of the most important being the ability to allow a company to reduce costs. If it turns out that the company is going over their budget, they can look at a life cycle cost to help determine what alternatives they can go with to reduce cost. Alternatives such as the design, building components, and much more.
These factors are determined over the entire life span of the project allowing the company to encompass what they should do entirely.
However, it's important to know that a life cycle cost doesn't necessarily determine the cheapest option available for a construction team. It actually helps a company determine the largest economic advantage with consideration of cost and benefit over the life of a project.
Besides the ability to reduce costs, a life cycle cost helps a construction team determine the maximum benefit of their project. This is done by analyzing the cost with the benefits in mind. Combining the two is what determines the overall success rate of a project.
In simple terms, a life cycle cost is what can help determine alternatives for a more cost-effective and benefit based project.
What is a Building's Life Cycle Cost?
A life cycle cost is not just used in construction. It's something that is used in all sorts of projects because of how it determines current and future costs. This is why it's important to note the exact features of a building's life cycle cost.
A building's life cycle cost isn't too difficult to comprehend. Below is a list from beginning to the end of what a life cycle cost looks at.
1. Resource Extraction
A company will look at where the actual resources for the building should come from. Factors such as cost and environmental impact play an important role in determining where they should get the resources from.
2. Manufacturing
After the resources are extracted, the actual manufacturing of the materials needed for the project will be done. Determining what manufacturer is most suited for the job plays an important role in this method. Cost, reputation, environmental impact, and relationship plays the main factor in this step.
3. On-Site Construction
After the resources have been manufactured, the next step is the actual on-site construction. This is the main component of a construction company and is the most looked at area of the entire project.
4. Occupancy and Maintenance
Some people think that the on-site construction should be the last factor when looking at a companies costs. In reality, a life cycle cost determines everything after that as well. The occupancy and maintenance of a project should be just as heavily looked at as everything else.
5. Demolition
Once a company enters its final life cycle, demolition is the key factor in ending the life cycle of a building. The demolition is an important piece of this process, but it isn't the final step.
6. Recycling, Reuse, Disposal
After demolition occurs, the recycling, reusability, and how disposable the resources should be determined. Factors such as cost, environmental impact, and the ending of the process are what concludes the entire process of a life cycle cost.
As noted, the life cycle cost of a project is important for a company to analyze a projects entire cost and to compare and contrast alternatives for an economic benefit. It's an important tool that a lot of construction companies utilize.


A computed column can be described as an expression that is evaluated in a table in the form of a column value. The computed column can have either a physical or logical representation. This means, if a computed column is created or altered to apply the persisted attribute, the actual computed value from the expression will be stored in the table physically. If the persisted attribute is not set, the column is evaluated upon request, and is logical. It is important to note that when persisted is utilized, a computed column is evaluated at any time the columns that are part of the expression being used are updated in any way.
Cardinality is an interesting topic when computed columns are used. In many cases, tuning steps are taken by using computed columns when arithmetic operations are used in queries such as
SELECT Col1 FROM tbl WHERE Col2 + Col3 = 1
The above query can be tuned in many cases by altering the table to add a computed column that already performs the expression Col2 + Col3. Once this is done, statistics can be or are, created on the columns and the estimation of 30% selectivity is not performed. SQL Server 2005 and on uses an estimated 30% selectivity sample or estimation in the case of the query shown above in order to generate the plan. This can be a performance bottleneck in large tables.
Once the computed column is created and persisted, the query could be altered to look like the following
SELECT Col1 FROM tbl WHERE ColComputed = 1
Indexing on ColComputed is typically performed at this point to fulfill the objective of an optimal execution plan.
Taking a deeper look
As we've discussed, using computed columns can be a good tuning method in some cases. Computed columns and cardinality or estimation of rows is also directly affected by how the computed column is created.
To look at the cardinality a little closer, take the following query that was written to read the Credit database from SQLSkills.
select corp_name +'' + city from corporation where
corp_name +'' + city = 'Corp. Boston Key StonesInc. '
A query written this way is not as uncommon as you may think. I've seen many instances in both client and mobile applications where string values like the above 'Corp. Boston Key StonesInc.', are sent to the database engine to prevent multiple calls and trim the packet that is needed to be sent. This type of query requires some work on the tuner's part to find an optimal plan.
Looking at the plan as it is written above, we can see there is areas that can be improved. One of those areas is the estimation versus the actual rows that are generated.
In a lot of cases, the major difference between estimated and actual rows can mean outdated or stale statistics. However, in this particular case, the statistics were created at the time this query was executed, given the auto create statistics setting on the database. The root cause of this difference in estimated versus actual rows is due to the use of corp_name + ' ' + city. There are 500 rows in the corporation table so the 106 estimated rows is generated from the estimated 30% selectivity that is performed.
We can look at this in another table with more rows, member.
select member_no from member where lastname + ',' + firstname = 'INFANTE,WLTANAWOIKGLQR'
The member table has 10,000 rows and the estimated rows generated from the above query are 1000. As we've seen, the 30% is an estimated number that can be thought of as, up to 30% on a high range. In this case, only 10% was generated.
Computed Column
Fixing the above plan when performance problems are seen from the query being executed several times can be done by utilizing computed columns. This method is the same concept that was mentioned earlier when a calculation is performed on two or more columns in order to retrieve data matching the expressions final value. There is really one gotcha that should be taken into account when creating a computed column: whether it should be persisted or not. Let's look at a non-persisted computed column first.
Alter the corporation table to add a computed column on the expression corp_name + ' ' + city.
ALTER TABLE corporation
ADD [corp_city_computed] AS (([corp_name]+' ')+[city])
Execute the query below and review the results in Plan Explorer.
select corp_name +'' + city from corporation where
[corp_city_computed] = 'Corp. Boston Key StonesInc. '
We've actually introduced more problems with the computed problem as seen above. Now the compute scalar operations are required, and notice the estimated versus actual rows are now showing 500. 500 is the total number of rows in the corporation table. The reason for this is the failure to use persisted on the computed column. Recall, without a persisted computed column, the expression is evaluated every time the systems needs to read the data. So, in order to fulfill the query, the entire nonclustered index is scanned and the computed column is evaluated. Although we've corrected the fact that the estimated and actual rows (cardinality) are now the same, we've introduced something that can be, in some cases, even more of a performance problem.
Add Persisted
In order to fully take advantage of the objective of using computed columns to enhance the performance of the query, the persisted attribute needs to be set. To do this, run the following ALTER statement on corporation.
ALTER TABLE corporation
DROP COLUMN [corp_city_computed]
ALTER TABLE corporation
The ALTER statements above will drop the computed column and add it back on the corporation table while using the persisted setting. This will force the data to be evaluated and stored in the table. Be careful at this point. Creating a computed column with persisted on a large table will take time. The ALTER statement will execute for a variable amount of time based on the expression and the rows that must be evaluated at the time the ALTER statement is performed. During this time, locks will be taken on the table and blocking will, more than likely, occur.
Executing the same query to select on the corporation table results in the following plan.
Given the computed column and persisted nature, the estimated versus actual rows now show a value of 1 for each.
Utilizing computed columns can be extremely effective for tuning certain queries to resolve cardinality issues. While this can be effective, having the persisted setting on or off is vital to the overall effectiveness of the computed column. When creating computed columns, persisted or not, take care in the time it may take to ALTER the table based on the number of rows, data types utilized for the columns in the expression for the computed column and overall, time that may be used with high level locks that can cause severe blocking.
To read more on the selectivity estimate, "Statistics on Computed Columns" by Benjamin Nevarez.


text:
A paper with a high wet strength and grease resistance.
A packaging material that has a very high wet and dry strength and is impermeable to grease. Vegetable parchment is produced from an absorbing, pure, bleached chemical pulp. Vegetable parchment is also called parchment paper. See also CHEMICAL PULP; PARCHMENT
A grease-proof paper with very high wet strength, made by passing the paper web through a sulphuric acid bath that fuses its fibres into a homogenous mass.
A highly grease and water resistant paper resembling parchment and made by passing unsized paper through sulphuric acid in order to gelatinise its surface prior to the washing and drying procedures.
A packaging paper that is greaseproof or grease resistant, with high wet strength. Used for packaging such items as frozen, moist or greasy food products. It is made by passing paper through a bath of sulphuric acid.
Paper made from pure bleached chemical pulp, which goes through a treatment of sulphuric acid giving it a lasting resistance to grease penetration. This paper is used for wrapping of moist or greasy foodstuffs.
A greaseproof paper with very high wet strength, made by passing the paper web through a sulfuric acid bath that fuses its fibers into a homogenous mass.


text:
Yes. VWO Surveys allows a user to trigger a survey if a visitor scrolls a certain amount on a page. A user can define the number of pixels or percentage of page height a visitor needs to scroll either from the top or bottom of the page to trigger a survey. Percentage of page height is useful for webpages with fixed height. For infinitely scrolling pages such as search results on an e-commerce webpage, actual pixels scrolled is a more reliable way.
Articles in this section
- What are some example use cases where can I use custom trigger to show a survey?
- Can I schedule a survey to start or end at a specified time?
- Is the Thank you screen always displayed?
- If a visitor closes the survey, does it appear again?
- How can I reorder the sequence of questions?
- How many questions can I add in a survey?
- How to Track Wistia Video Plays using VWO
- Is there a limit on the number of responses?
- Can I trigger a survey for a specific variation of an existing A/B Test campaign in VWO?
- What does the "Ask your respondents for email" checkbox do?


text:
Hello I need help to solve this question using excel solver in 2 hours please. Bonus if completed on time.
A Family farm owns 5 plots of land, each of 20 acres, for a total of 100 acres. The available crops are soybeans. corn and oats. The members of the farm can produce a total of 3500 work hours worth of labor towards the crops. Crop workhours net income soybean 25 175 corn 55 300 oats 20 120 A) solve the problem of finding the maximum net annual cash income using a binary linear programming model. Be sure to assign and identify all variables and each constraint. B) the family is considering reconfiguring into one plot of 100 acres. How much money should the farmers be willing to spend for each increased flexibility in crop allocation?


text:
_USER_.org | Hubzilla Development
I want to sync items of two tables
faces_encoding and faces_person to a channels clone.
Do you think the following is a good approach?
Example for face encodings:
- Create an item (in table item).
- Use column item.app=faces and item.title=encoding to find (all of them) later on.
- Store a face encoding (content of a row in faces_encoding) in column item.obj
- Store the hash of the item in the encoding (faces_encoding.file_hash)
- Use item.sync_an_item($channel_id,$item_id)
- Before the channels clone starts a face recognition (it is always only triggered manually by the user via browser)
- Select all items using item.app=faces AND item.title=encoding
- Read the encodings from the items and write the encodings if new or changed
Depending on how it goes I would change it, e.g.
- Sync an image with all encodings instead each encoding separately.
- Of course I have store the file (image) hash in each encoding.
Do you can imagine a completely different way of syncing the data?
Is attach more appropriate or iconfig or...?
Once it works for ZAP I would port it to Hubzilla.
Many thanks in advance.


What does funding mean in Bitcoin? BTC / ETH Funding rate explained
Previously on trading guides we've covered about CME gaps and explained what maker / taker fees are. Similarly here in this post we'll explain the concept of funding rates in Bitcoin.
On social media you might have heard traders talking about funding rate or funding fees. "The next funding is highly negative, upcoming short squeeze." "Bitcoin funding rate too high, a dump is imminent".
Funding rate is a common mechanism that is only seen on trading platforms that offers perpetual contracts. Most of you know that when funding is positive, longs pay shorts. Likewise when the funding rate is negative, shorts pay to longs. But what is the concept behind funding rates?
What does funding rate or funding fees mean and how funding mechanism works? Why do we need them and how often they change? Also we'll cover other elements such as how to check funding rate on BitMEX, Bybit and Binance futures? The fee you need to pay for long funding and short funding. The interval in which funding fees are paid, how is it calculated and what a predicted rate means? Also how they are used when trading Bitcoin & Ethereum perpetual swaps?
Funding definition:
In perpetual contracts funding is a primary mechanism that is used to ensure the contract price is always tethered to the spot price. It is how the price of perpetual swap contracts is kept close to underlying assets spot price. It is one of the main ingredients behind the perpetual swap contracts.
What is a funding rate?
Funding rate in perpetual contracts is a series of payments that is exchanged directly between longs (buyers) and shorts (sellers). On most exchanges the funding rate occurs every 8 hours. While the time at which the funding is paid may vary the concept remains the same across all exchanges.
When the funding rate is positive, long positions pay short positions. When the funding is negative, short positions pay long positions. This mechanism keeps the price of spot and futures constantly in line with each other.
funding graph
Funding fees can be found on Bitcoin, Ethereum and every other altcoin perpetual contracts. Also it applies to both USDT perpetual and coin margined perpetual contracts. Only perpetual contracts and not on traditional futures that settles on a monthly or quarterly basis.
To understand funding let us first see how perpetual contracts are different from the traditional futures contracts.
Traditional futures contracts vs perpetual contracts
First of all both traditional futures contracts and perpetual contracts are derivative products where traders don't buy or sell the underlying asset as they do on spot exchange.
Derivatives is a bit different than spot trading where you are not actually buying or selling Bitcoin. Instead you are betting on the price of an asset. On derivatives you are benefiting from the price movements without actually buying or selling Bitcoin. It comes with high leverage and they have high risk / return characteristics.
The value of the contract is designed to always follow the actual price of Bitcoin. If the price of the Bitcoin rises or drops, so does the price of the contracts.
Traditional futures contracts:
Traditional futures contract come with an expiration / settlement date. These contracts are settled once a month or quarterly depending on the exchange.
While the price of futures contract deviates from the assets (Bitcoin's) base price they converge to spot price at the time of settlement.
traditional futures contract
On BitMEX, under Bitcoin and next to perpetual contracts you'll usually find 2 or three other contract types. These are futures contracts that have expiry dates. When you are trading futures (Monthly or quarterly) your contract ends as it approaches settlement. On these contracts you neither pay nor receiving funding to hold a position. However once the contract is expired you will not have any open position.
Perpetual contracts:
Perpetual contracts, as the name suggests they are everlasting, permanent contracts. It is similar to the traditional futures except they have no expiry date and they never settle. So basically traders can keep their position open forever as long as they have enough margin to avoid liquidation.
Since perpetual contracts never settle the contract price may never converge and it could end up being largely different than the spot price. To prevent this from happening perpetual contracts uses funding mechanism. It ensures the price of contract and spot would periodically converge.
Depending on the exchange the funding occurs twice or thrice a day. It is a fee which one side of the contract pays to the other. Either longs pay shorts or shorts pay longs.
How funding rates change?
Funding rate helps in linking the price of the perpetual contract to the spot price of the underlying asset. It works by sending series of periodic payments between long positions and short positions. If funding is positive, longs pay shorts and if funding is negative, shorts pay longs.
Let us understand why and when funding rates switch between positive and negative.
In general
If the price of perpetual contracts > spot price = Funding rate is positive
If the price of perpetual contracts < spot price = Funding rate is negative
funding rate fee graph
Okay, but what makes the contract price to go above and below the spot price?
Funding rate is usually correlated to the market sentiment. When the market is extremely bullish funding rates across all exchanges tend to go higher. Likewise when the market is bearish funding rates tend to go lower.
The price of contracts differs more from the spot price when there is high volatility and during strong market movements. Also another reason they deviate away from spot is because of the leveraged positions.
For example if the BTC / USD contract price trades above the spot price it means that many traders are in leverage long positions. On the other hand if BTC/USD contract price trades below the spot price it means there are more traders with short positions.
Now here is how funding mechanism works and helps keep the contract price stay close to the spot price.
How funding works?
Almost every exchange displays what the funding rate is and when it occurs. Also some exchanges like for example BitMEX even displays the funding rebate, the amount which a trader pays or receives.
For example if the price of Bitcoin perpetual contract is constantly trading above the spot price, the funding rate would increase. It means every trader who has long position open will have to pay short traders. It basically incentivizes short positions and discourages long position, thus lowering down the perpetual price towards the underlying.
Since traders are aware when the funding occurs and what it will cost most traders will close their long positions to avoid paying funding. Especially when the funding rate is too high; traders with high leverage will more likely close their positions to avoid paying funding. On the other hand more traders will open short positions to collect funding rebate. This incentive mechanism naturally brings the trading price towards the spot price.
This exchange of payment occurs every 8 hours and it helps anchor the last traded price to the global spot price. Once the funding is settled traders will continue to re open their closed positions.
How is funding rate calculated?
Every exchange has its own way of calculating and applying unique funding rates. However the formula for calculating funding rate is the same.
The funding rate mainly comprises of two components: The Interest rate (I) and the Premium Index (P). It is calculated by considering the interest rates of both the trading pair currencies (XBT/USD) and the premium index. It calculates interest rate and premium index every minute and performs an 8 hour time weighted average price over the series of minute rates.
On most exchanges this interest rate is set at 0.03% daily (0.01% every 8 hours). According to the price difference between mark price and last traded contract price the premium varies. It either yields a positive or negative funding rate and that decides who pays who.
This funding rate every 8 hours causes the contracts last traded price to move closer to the underlying spot price.
For more info on interest rate, premium rate component and how funding rate is calculated check this and this.
Where to find funding / predicted rates?
Funding rates are only applicable to traders with open positions. That is you only pay or receive funding if your position is held open at any of these times. If you close prior to the funding exchange interval then you'll not pay any funding.
The funding rates are applied periodically and on most exchanges it is charged three times a day (8 hour intervals). This is the industry standard. However the time at which the funding is exchanged will vary from one exchange to another.
Here is how you can find funding and predicated rates on some most popular derivatives exchange.
BitMEX funding rate
bitmex funding fee
On BitMEX, towards the left and under the leverage slider you'll find contract details section. There you can find the funding rate and the fee which you'll pay or receive for the next funding timestamp. If the funding rebate is in negative then you'll have to pay. If it is in green then you'll receive.
Move the cursor over the funding rate and it will display the predicted funding rate and fees. This will be applied for the next funding period. Also depending on volatility and according to Premium index and interest rate the predicted rate fluctuates until the previous funding is settled.
Bybit funding:
Similar to BitMEX, Bybit also applies funding rate every 8 hours to all open positions.
funding countdown
On Bybit just below the main navigation menu you'll find this information. Along with funding rate it will also display the countdown at which the funding will be applied. Hover over and it will display the predicted rate and its countdown. However it does not display the fee information which you'll be paying. You'll have to calculate it manually.
Binance Futures:
Similar to Bybit, Binance Futures also displays the funding rate at the top. But it does not display the predicted rate or the fees you'll be paying
While on the above mentioned exchanges funding occurs