Where does the phrase rule of thumb originate from? Why the thumb, of all possible body parts?
No one knows. The expression has existed in many languages for a long time, which suggests that its origin is pretty old.
There are several theories, some based in the similarities in many languages between the words inch and thumb and how you can measure an inch using the thumb, others based on the general usefulness of the thumb to measure different things.
It's entirely possible that it originally had nothing at all to do with the thumb; that it was a similar word that has become distorted over time, then translated to other languages in its distorted form.
See also: Rule of thumb on Wikipedia.
 - Interestingly, in Italian you would say a spanne to indicate something approximate, where spanna means span (in the sense of the measuring unit _URL_%28unit%29 ). This may support the "measuring theory". – nico May 11 '11 at 17:59
 - And the "wife beating" folk etymology and many others. Like "the whole 9 yards" and "down to brass tacks," this one is widely disputed and there is no accepted "official" answer to it. Dollars to donuts it has nothing to do with the human thumb. – The Raven May 11 '11 at 19:49
 - "No one knows" is a rather bold statement if Wikipedia is the only source of reference. Possibly the OP asked the question because Wikipedia did not know the answer either. – JJM Driessen Mar 28 '19 at 13:37
The origin is most likely derived from the use of the thumb as a practical way to measure/estimate different things such as distances or temperatures:
From the Phrase Finder :
 - The phrase itself has been in circulation since the 1600s. The earliest known use of it in print appears in a sermon given by the English puritan James Durham and printed in Heaven Upon Earth, 1685:
 - "many profest Christians are like to foolish builders, who build by guess, and by rule of thumb, (as we use to speak) and not by Square and Rule."
 - The origin of the phrase remains unknown. It is likely that it refers to one of the numerous ways that thumbs have been used to estimate things - judging the alignment or distance of an object by holding the thumb in one's eye-line, the temperature of brews of beer, measurement of an inch from the joint to the nail to the tip, or across the thumb, etc. […]
The earliest instance unearthed by Gary Martin (Phrasefinder) is in a rhyme found in Augmented with Ingenious Conceites for the Wittie and Merrie Medicines for the Melancholic, published in 1640:
If Hercules tall stature might be guess'd
by his thumb, the index of the rest,
In due proportion, the best rule that I
Would chuse, to measure Venus beauty by,
Should be her leg and foot
According to World Wide Word the origin is more likely to derive from measuring distances rather than temperatures:
 - The expression rule of thumb has been recorded since 1692 and probably wasn't new then. It meant then what it means now — some method or procedure that comes from practice or experience, without any formal basis. Some have tried to link it with brewing; in the days before thermometers, brewers were said to have gauged the temperature of the fermenting liquor with the thumb (just as mothers for generations have tested the temperature of the baby's bath water with their elbows). This seems unlikely, as the thumb is not that sensitive and the range of temperatures for fermentation between too cool and too warm is quite small.
 - It is much more likely that it comes from the ancient use of bits of the body to make measurements. There were once many of these: the unit of the foot comes from pacing out dimensions; the distance from the tip of the nose to the outstretched fingers is about one yard; horse heights are still measured in hands (the width of the palm and closed thumb, now fixed at four inches); and so on.
 - There was an old tailors' axiom that "twice around the thumb is once around the wrist", which turns up in Gulliver's Travels. It's most likely that the saying comes from the length of the first joint of the thumb, which is about an inch (I remember once seeing a carpenter actually make a rough measurement this way). So the phrase rule of thumb uses the word rule in the sense of ruler, not regulation, and directly refers to this method of measurement.
and also from here:
 - The real explanation of 'rule-of-thumb' is that is derives from wood workers (or other constructors) who knew their trade so well they rarely or never fell back on the use of such things as rulers. Instead they'd measure things by, for example, the length of their thumb; they measured, not by a rule(r) of wood, but by rule of thumb. The term was already in metaphorical use by the late 17th century.
The Phrase Finder also considers the possible origin that refers to the "legal" rule of beating with a stick one's wife, but not enough reliable evidence has ever been found to support it:
 - The 'rule of thumb' has been said to derive from the belief that English law allowed a man to beat his wife with a stick so long as it is was no thicker than his thumb. In 1782, Judge Sir Francis Buller is reported as having made this legal ruling and in the following year James Gillray published a satirical cartoon attacking Buller and caricaturing him as 'Judge Thumb'. The cartoon shows a man beating a fleeing woman and Buller carrying two bundles of sticks. The caption reads "thumbsticks - for family correction: warranted lawful!"
 - […]but there's no evidence that he ever made the ruling that he is infamous for. Edward Foss, in his authoritative work The Judges of England, 1870, wrote that, despite a searching investigation, "no substantial evidence has been found that he ever expressed so ungallant an opinion".
 - It's certainly the case that, although British common law once held that it was legal for a man to chastise his wife in moderation (whatever that meant), the 'rule of thumb' has never been the law in England.
 - […] there are no printed records that associate it with domestic violence until the 1970s, when the notion was castigated by feminists. The responses that circulated then, which assumed the wife-beating law to be true, may have been influenced by Gillray's cartoon or were possibly a reaction to The Rolling Stones' song 'Under My Thumb', which was recorded in 1966.
 - You can rollback, or edit it further. – Mari-Lou A Jul 8 '16 at 12:54
 - 1
 _USER_-LouA - it is ok..The "legal" beating assumption is extremely male chauvinist.. – user66974 Jul 8 '16 at 13:06
Perhaps it's because the length of the thumb joint to the end of the thumb is a fairly accurate representation of an inch. So rule of thumb was likely a way to quickly verify the measurement before cutting for construction work rather than search for a yard stick. The meaning probably began to be used in a more abstract sense as a rule to quickly validate something.
 - 1
 Good, glad you found the answer to your own question. – Neil May 11 '11 at 16:01
 - 1
 If there is one thing that can be said about the etymology of this expression, it's that the above is not it. – The Raven May 11 '11 at 19:51
 - 2
 And you've determined this based on the information written on a single internet page? I hope I don't offend you too much when I say I don't put much weight in your judgement. – Neil May 15 '11 at 20:29
 - This is the etymology that's most commonly prescribed for the phrase, that your thumb makes a rough "ruler", so, the "rule of your thumb" was about an inch. – user20276 Apr 18 '12 at 21:13
If you ever do any carpentry you can get pretty close with your thumb as a rule / gauge.
So any measurement not using actual instruments is by "rule of thumb", or "by eye".
Early English Books Online reports three instances of the expression from before 1700. They are as follows.
From John Alexander, Jesuitico-Quakerism Examined, or, A Confutation of the Blasphemous and Unreasonable Principles of the Quakers with a Vindication of the Church of God in Britain, from Their Malicious Clamours, and Slanderous Aspersions (1680):
That the Scriptures are Infallible is sufficiently proved at the Survey of their former Query; where we proved them to be of Divine Inspiration, and the Word of the Living God, and not of any meer Creature, and so they cannot deceive; so that for their Infallibility we need say no more. That therefore the Scriptures are the Rule of Faith and Manners I prove.
For first, That must be the Rule of Faith and Manners by which every matter of Faith and Manners ought to be examin'd seeing every thing that is examined must be examined by its Rule, or else it will be done by Guess and Rule of Thumb, as the


text:
Halloween, Valentine's Day Found to Influence Birth Timing
Halloween and Valentine's Day appear to influence when expecting mothers give birth, new research at the Yale School of Public Health has found. Halloween, with its symbolism of witches and death, is treated as an unfavorable day for childbirth. In contrast, Valentine's Day, with its symbolism of flowers and love, is treated as a favorable day for childbirth. The study found a decrease in births on Halloween and an increase on Valentine's Day. The association of the two holidays with birth patterns was shown for the first time. On Halloween there was a 5.3 percent decrease in spontaneous births and a 16.9 percent decrease in cesarean births, compared to other births occurring within one week before and one week after the October holiday. Whereas, on Valentine's Day there was a 3.6 percent increase in spontaneous births and a 12.1 percent increase in cesarean births.
"The study suggests that beliefs arising from our culture can have a greater impact on physical functioning than we might suspect," says Becca Levy, lead author and associate professor of epidemiology and psychology at Yale. Study co-authors were Martin Slade and Pil Chung, also at Yale. The findings show that pregnant women may have some control over the timing of spontaneous births—traditionally believed to be beyond their control—and that scheduled births are also affected by the symbolism of the two holidays. The study drew on birth-certificate information for all births in the United States across 11 years. The Halloween period included 1.8 million births, and the Valentine's Day period included 1.6 million births. The findings are published in the current issue of the journal Social Science and Medicine.
This article was submitted by Denise L Meyer on June 22, 2012.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


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Life as We Knew It Study Guide & Plot Summary
This Study Guide consists of approximately 87 pages of chapter summaries, quotes, character analysis, themes, and more - everything you need to sharpen your knowledge of Life as We Knew It.
This section contains 768 words
(approx. 3 pages at 300 words per page)
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Life as We Knew It Summary & Study Guide Description
Life as We Knew It Summary & Study Guide includes comprehensive information and analysis to help you understand the book. This study guide contains the following sections:
This detailed literature summary also contains Topics for Discussion on Life as We Knew It by Susan Beth Pfeffer.
Plot Summary
Life As We Knew It explores what happens to an ordinary family in a normal American town when their world changes forever. An asteroid hits the moon, knocking it into a closer orbit. This causes all kinds of disasters that bring the world to a halt. Without shops, food, electricity, heat and water, Miranda and her family face problems together and struggle to survive.
The story begins with a brief introduction to Miranda's life. She is a normal sixteen-year-old girl who attends high school and thinks about friends and boys. The story is told in the form of her diary, allowing the reader to see her private thoughts and feelings. Everyone at her school is excited about the asteroid that will hit the moon, but when it happens it is not the exciting event they all thought it would be. Instead, the asteroid knocks the moon closer to the earth, causing tsunamis, storms and earthquakes all over the world. Miranda's mother begins to worry about the future, and takes Miranda and her younger brother Jonny out of school to help her shop for supplies. They each take a cart at the supermarket and keep going back for more until their car is full. They buy canned food, dry food, medicine, water and other supplies. Miranda thinks her mother is a little crazy for buying so much, but they will later come to be very thankful for it. Later, Miranda's older brother Matt comes home from college.
Soon shops close and food begins to run out. School is closed early for the summer because they have nothing left to feed the students. Jonny's baseball camp is still on, and he will be able to have fresh food by working at the nearby farm. When Jonny has gone, Miranda's mother introduces rationing. Miranda becomes jealous, irritable and frightened, and gets into a lot of arguments with her mother. She starts a brief relationship with a boy called Dan who swims at Miller's Pond with her, but this does not last long because Dan decides to leave the town. Miranda's friend Sammi also leaves, and her other friend Megan dies.
When Jonny comes back from camp, his father picks him up and visits them. He is heading to Colorado with his new wife Lisa, who is pregnant and wants to be near her parents. He helps them to chop wood for the winter and gives them some more food, then leaves. More problems begin to emerge, such as the huge grey ash cloud blocking out the sun, caused by volcanic eruptions. This means they cannot grow food, and things will soon get very cold. Miranda begins to realize that town is not safe anymore on her own, and has to give up high school because it is in town. She brings home textbooks for her and Jonny to home school. When the gas runs out they use the oil furnace to make sure the pipes do not freeze, and shut off the top floor of the house, moving the mattresses downstairs. Miranda's mother hurts her ankle and is forced to stay in the sunroom with the wood stove on. When it snows, they work to clear the snow from the sunroom roof so it doesn't collapse, and Matt gets the skis out so they can learn to cross-country ski in case they have to travel in the snow.
When the water runs out they turn off the oil furnace and all move into the sunroom. They are having to ration food a lot, but are managing to survive and are happy. They even manage to celebrate Christmas. However, in the new year the family gets sick with flu, and only Miranda is unaffected. She rushes to the hospital, but their mother's doctor friend, Peter, is dead. Miranda nurses her family back to health, and saves them when the wood stove backfires and fills the sunroom with smoke. They are recovering, but food is still running out. Eventually Miranda decides to sacrifice herself so that Jonny can have more food and so have a hope of surviving. She does not want her mother to have to watch her die, so she decides to walk into town and not come back. When she gets to town, she finds men giving out food in the town hall. She takes food home, and the men promise to bring more each week. The family is now through the worst of the crisis and is still alive. The world will never be the same again, but Miranda is just glad that they have each other.
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text:
What Is Oregon Grape Used for Today?
| What Is the Scientific Evidence for Oregon Grape?
| Safety Issues
The roots and bark of the shrub
(also called Oregon grape) have traditionally been used both orally and topically to treat skin problems. They were also used for other conditions such as gastritis, fever, hemorrhage, jaundice, gall bladder disease, and cancer. In addition,
was used as a bitter tonic to improve appetite.
According to some experts,
is identical to the plant named
, but others point to small distinctions.
, commonly called
, is a close relative of these herbs, but is not identical.
What Is Oregon Grape Used for Today?
Oregon grape is primarily used today as a topical treatment for
. Growing evidence suggests that it may help reduce symptoms, although it does not seem to be as effective for this purpose as standard medications.
Oregon grape has been proposed as a treatment for other skin diseases, such as fungal infections (such as
However, the evidence is either extremely preliminary or inconclusive. For example, a double-blind, placebo-controlled study of 88 people with eczema tested a cream containing extracts of
The results failed to show benefit overall.
Many studies have been performed on purified berberine, a major chemical constituent of Oregon grape and other herbs such as goldenseal, but it is not clear whether their results apply to the whole herb. In addition, impossibly high dosages of the herb would be required to duplicate the amount of berberine used in many of these studies. (For more information, see the article on
What Is the Scientific Evidence for Oregon Grape?
Evidence from two
studies and one comparative trial suggest that cream made from the herb Oregon grape may help reduce symptoms of psoriasis, although it does not seem to be as effective as standard medications.
In a double-blind study published in 2006, two hundred people were given either a cream containing 10% Oregon grape extract or placebo twice a day for 3 months.
The results indicate that the people using Oregon grape experienced greater benefits than those in the placebo group, and the difference was statistically significant. The treatment was well tolerated, though in a few people it caused rash or burning sensation.
Benefits were also seen in a double-blind, placebo-controlled study of 82 people with psoriasis.
However, the study design had a significant flaw: the treatment salve was darker in color than the placebo, possibly allowing participants to guess which was which.
Another study found that dithranol, a conventional drug used to treat psoriasis symptoms, was more effective than Oregon grape.
Regrettably, the authors fail to state whether this study was double-blind. Forty-nine participants applied one treatment to their left side and the other to their right for 4 weeks. Skin biopsies were then analyzed and compared with samples taken at the beginning of the study. The physicians evaluating changes in skin tissue were unaware which treatments had been used on the samples. Greater improvements were seen in the dithranol group.
in which 443 participants with psoriasis used Oregon grape topically for 12 weeks found the herb to be helpful for 73.7% of the group.
group, it's not possible to know whether Oregon grape was truly responsible for the improvement seen, but the trial does help to establish the herb's safety and tolerability. (See Safety Issues below.)
Laboratory research suggests Oregon grape has some effects at the cellular level that might be helpful in psoriasis, such as slowing the rate of abnormal cell growth and reducing inflammation.
Topical ointments or creams containing 10% Oregon grape extract are generally applied 3 times daily to the affected areas.
Oregon grape appears to be safe when used as directed. In the large open study described above, only 5 of the 443 participants reported side effects of burning, redness, and itching.
However, because Oregon grape contains berberine, which has been reported to cause uterine contractions and to increase levels of bilirubin, oral consumption of Oregon grape should be avoided by pregnant women.
Safety in young children, nursing women, or people with severe liver or kidney disease has not been established.
There is an additional concern regarding the berberine content of Oregon grape. One study found that berberine impairs metabolism of the drug cyclosporine, thereby raising its levels.
This could potentially cause toxicity.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


Wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) are a significant energy consumer, yet there are several opportunities of implementing on-site power generation systems. Within the treatment process, the high flow rate of effluent is produced and discharged to a nearby water body by gravity. Thus, hydro turbines can be utilized to generate power in such application due to a difference in elevation and high flow rate. This paper presents a case study of introducing a hydro turbine in wastewater treatment plant in Wisconsin and evaluating the power output in addition to determining the energy savings. The wastewater treatment plant considered in this study has an effluent flow rate of 190 MGD (million gallons per day) and elevation difference of 3 meters (10 feet) between the final stage of treatment and the discharge point. Based on the aforementioned parameters; hubless rim-drive Kaplan type hydro turbine (RDT) is the optimal choice to be used in such application. The RDT is designed and optimized by using in-house code. A computational fluid dynamics (CFD) software is applied to evaluate the performance of the proposed model, and the system is simulated through HOMER software to validate the results generated by the CFD. The expected savings is estimated to be 1,564 MWh/year.
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Home » sea » Characteristic and Facts Of The Red Sea
Characteristic and Facts Of The Red Sea
by Rezha Ariffianta
Sea or ocean are the biggest water territory on the earth. Form of the earth surface consist of water and mainland. The water territory is even larger than the mainland which is 2/3 part of the earth. And the largest one is sea or ocean. The difference between sea and ocean is basically the breadth. The sea is narrower than the ocean even both of them have salty water.
Even though we see that oceans and seas are adjoining, but there are borders between them. Some oceans on this earth are Indian Ocean, Pacific Ocean, Arktik Ocean, Atlantic Ocean. Meanwhile, there are some popular seas like South China Sea, Red Sea, Black Sea, and Dead Sea. After we talked about South Chine Sea before, now we will discuss about The Red Sea. The sea that is famous because its legendary history.
Geographic of The Red Sea
The Red Sea is a sea that is located in Arabian Peninsula. It is a sea which is not too large but long enough. the Red Sea or Teberau Sea is a gulf in the west side of Arabian Peninsula that separate 2 continents, Asian Continent and African Continent. The south sea lane is Babul Mandib and Telk Aden, while in the north side is Sinai Peninsula and Suez Canal.
This sea has 300 km width and 1.900 km length, and the lowest point is 2.500 m. The Red Sea has a unique name related with its history. However, actually the name is symbolic only while the color of the sea which is red can be explained scientifically. Here are the characteristics of The Red Sea:
Characteristics of The Red Sea
Red Sea is one of popular sea in the world. The Red Sea has special criteria which may be not belong to other seas. And the criteria are:
The shape is long and less wide.
One of the characteristics is the shape which is long and the width is only 300 km, while the length is 1.900 km. So that if we see it from the air, it looks like narrow.
Overgrown with some coral species.
Red Sea is also a sea that is occupied by some coral species. Sometimes this sea biota is the one which makes the sea color become red and finally it is called as The Red Sea.
Those are the characteristics of The Red Sea. Then, there are also interesting facts of the Red Sea. What are they? Let's talk about it!
Facts of The Red Sea
Some interesting facts of The Red Sea are:
 1. The place where Fir'aun, opponent of Prophet Musa, was drowned out. This fact is supported by the research that found the rest of carriage wreckage and the human bones.
 2. The saltiest sea in the world of which salinity is 40%.
 3. The hottest sea in the world.
 4. The sea with the calmest flow in the world.
 5. The most important trading lane in the past.
So, those are interesting facts of The Red Sea. We hope this information is useful for all of us.
You may also like


text:
Date of this Version
The China Quarterly
Environmental non-governmental organizations are becoming increasingly visible players in China's environmental politics. Adopting a field perspective, this article shows how the rise of environmental NGOs has taken place in interactions with four institutional fields. They not only respond to political conditions, but also to opportunities offered by the media, the internet, and international NGOs. In this process, organizational entrepreneurs play a crucial role in mobilizing resources while other individuals participate in search of self-fulfillment or social experience. These arguments underscore the multi-institutional dynamics of civil society development without underestimating state-centered and market-centered explanations. In conclusion, the article discusses how environmental NGOs can serve as both sites and agents of democratic social change in China.
© Cambridge University Press, The China Quarterly
Yang, G. (2005). Environmental NGOs and Institutional Dynamics in China. The China Quarterly, 181 46-66. _URL_
Date Posted: 21 November 2013
This document has been peer reviewed.


text:
Recently, an entertainment robot is emerging as a new type of a robot. The purpose of an entertainment robot is to provide intimacy and enjoyment for people rather than to give any function. Therefore, not only emotion design but also personality design is needed for an entertainment robot. When we endow an entertainment robot personality, it gives an entertainment robot the consistency and the distinction of behavior.
The purpose of this study is to suggest a design process for constructing personality of an entertainment robot based on psychological types, and prove the possibility of the process with a case study and an experiment.
In this study, four temperaments which are derived from 16 personality types in psychological type Indicator, MBTI(Myers Briggs Type Indicator), were applied to design personality of an entertainment robot. These temperaments are divided into four types, such as Sensing-Perceiving type, Sensing-Judging type, Intuitive-Thinking type, and IntuitiveFeeling type. Based on the concept that a robot has its own temperament factor, we propose an entertainment robot personality design process, which is composed of four steps. The steps are selecting the concept of an entertainment robot, situation scene design and perception device design, reaction design based on temperaments, and demonstration of robot temperaments about the reaction with an experiment. To see the effectiveness of the suggested process, we also conducted a case study, which followed the design process with an entertainment robot.
Through a case study and an experiment, we could find several results. First, the major experimenters match the reaction with the robot temperament. From this result, we could see that robot temperaments are useful guidelines to design an entertainment robot's personality. Second, there are situations, which make the reaction express robot temperament better. This means that situation scene design is an important factor to make reaction express robot temperament more distinctly. Third, there are some reactions, which display the robot temperaments better. This helps robot developers notice the reaction, which should be redesigned.
The process suggested in this study will provide a useful guideline for constructing personality of an entertainment robot. This will make it possible for robot developers to construct robot's personality more easily. As a result, the design of the personality of an entertainment robot will make entertainment robot more intimate and enjoyable.


Number of organisations founded per year since 1945 (all regions)
By Clara Egger
This graph shows the total number of humanitarian organisations created per year since World War Two. 94% of the organisations in the HOD have been created since 1945, with only a few earlier records, such as the Order of Malta created in 1099.
We see how some critical historical turning points and world events impact on humanitarian action. For example :
 - The time period immediately following the end of the WW2 (_PHONE_) corresponds to the structuring of the United Nations system, composed of many diverse humanitarian agencies. 74 organisations were created between 1945 and 1951.
 - The decade separating the mid 1960s from the mid 1970s (_PHONE_) reflects the combined impact of the May 68 movement on transnational solidarity and anti-war movements in Europe and the USA. Decolonization of Asia and Africa during this period also gave birth to new states who developed their own humanitarian capacity (at the societal and governmental level).
 - The decade ranging from the mid eighties to the mid nineties(_PHONE_) marks the end of the Cold War and a rise of humanitarian interventions in conflicts including Afghanistan, the Balkans, Rwanda and Somalia.
 - The mid 2000s to 2010s link with the NATO and US intervention in Afghanistan, Iraq and later the Libyan and Syrian civil wars which have led to a dramatic increase in refugees and organisations responding to their needs.
This Expertise Note was contributed by Dr Clara Egger in collaboration with the Humanitarian Encyclopedia team, based on analysis of the Humanitarian Organisation Database (HOD).
Last update : Mar 23, 2021
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1. Forum
 2. >
 3. Topic: Duolingo
 4. >
 5. Is French the longest tree?
Is French the longest tree?
It seems like French is the longest tree. All of my other ones are shorter.
May 17, 2017
I think Norwegian is the longest, followed by German.
I think the Italian tree is actually longer if we're talking about the number of lessons. I started both tress at about the same time and I've only done one brand new lesson per day in each language. At that pace it has taken about a year to get through the courses. I already finished the French tree about a month ago. I only have two lessons left in my Italian tree and will be done by tomorrow.
So, I think the Italian tree is longer than the French tree right now. I don't know if any other language trees are longer.
I'm guessing you're talking about the number of skills taught rather than words or lessons?
French: 78
Spanish: 61
Danish: 70
English: (Unsure) - What language are you learning from by the way?
Esperanto: 44
Swedish: 66
Irish: 64
So you were right. Out of the ones you're doing French is the longest. And while Esperanto was the shortest tree created so far, that record has now been broken by Japanese with 40 skills.
Found it out using this: _URL_
Hope that was useful.
I'm learning English from French.
The Ukrainian tree is fairly short, but I believe Esperanto is the shortest.
Esperanto (tomorrow Japanese) has the least skills but Turkish (tomorrow Japanese) has the least lessons.
Is there a discussion with the number of skills and lessons each course has (including ones for non-english speakers possibly)?
Thanks! Do you know any that show the number of words taught by each course?
German is the longest in lessons, but in words, Norwegian is the longest. (I think)


Global Functions - Useful JavaScript Functions (BIRT)
From Eclipsepedia
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Examples (BIRT)
Global Functions - Useful JavaScript Functions (BIRT) This example does not have a Bugzilla ID all code entered on the page.
Basic JavaScript is a good language but there are significant bits of function that are not supported. This page contains examples of useful JavaScript functions that can assist with report development.
BIRT Version Compatibility
This example was built using version 2.2 M5.
Example Files
Rather than enter these examples as functions. Each example is just pasted here in the code.
Creating Global Functions
In order for these functions to be globally accessible the function needs to be added as a global. The recommended procedure here is to use the reportContext.setPersistentGlobalVariable(name, value) function. So lets imagine that we want to create a global logging function. We would want to add the following code to any Script handler that has access to the reportContext.
function log ( str ){
reportContext.setPersistentGlobalVariable("log", log);
From that point forward, any other expression or script can access logging by just calling log("message");
The most logical place to add the creation of your global functions is the initialize method of the Report component (the top component in the outline view). Alternately, you may want to add the function to a template.
The following is the collection of useful global functions.
UCWord (upper case first letter)
Sometimes you want to be able to have just the first letter of word capitalized, at the start of a sentence for example. This function does that for you.
function UCWord(str){
// split string
firstChar = str.substring(0,1);
remainChar = str.substring(1);
// convert case
firstChar = firstChar.toUpperCase();
remainChar = remainChar.toLowerCase();
return firstChar + remainChar
// Make function globally available reportContext.setPersistentGlobalVariable("UCWord", UCWord);
UCWord("ALLCAPS"); = gives => Allcaps
UCWord("alllower"); = gives => Alllower
UCWord("MiXeDuP"); = gives => Mixedup


Your Android phone might be broadcasting your Wi-Fi history
Is your phone's Wi-Fi always on? If you're on Android that might be a very bad idea
Your Android phone might be broadcasting your Wi-Fi history
Coming hot on the heels of Heartbleed there's another potential security problem, this time for Android users. The Electronic Frontier Foundation says that your Android phone could be broadcasting your Wi-Fi location history to anyone who knows how to find it.
No you can't see where I Wi-Fi
Your Android phone might be broadcasting your Wi-Fi history
But why does this broadcasting of past networks happen anyway? Well, it's a method phones that aren't connected to Wi-Fi use to try and speed up connections, and it's also a necessity to connect to hidden networks that don't broadcast themselves the way normal Wi-Fi networks do. It's the equivalent of a phone going, "Psst, are you there?" and waiting for a response.
READ MORE: 8 things you need to know about Android L
EFF made this discovery after doing tests that found many Android phones leaked the names of saved networks, up to a limit of 15. Though other platforms may also exhibit this weakness, at the present time EFF says Android is the most susceptible.
[Via 9to5Google]


Nate Nate - 8 months ago 80
SQL Question
Error when inserting row into MySQL database from Python
I'm trying to update an empty mySQL database using Python.
This is the error I receive:
pymysql.err.InternalError: (1416, 'Cannot get geometry object from data you send to the GEOMETRY field')
Here's the problematic code:
with connection.cursor() as cursor:
# Create a new record
sql = "INSERT INTO 'projects' ('name', 'country', 'activation_date', 'active') VALUES (%s, %s, %s, %s)"
cursor.execute(sql, ('Nate', 'USA', '2016-06-23 09:11:32', '1'))
Here is what the table looks like in the database (it's empty):
enter image description here
enter image description here
It looks like you're using the MySQL type linestring to represent a string, while in MySQL the correct type to represent a string of characters would be text or varchar(). linestring is a representation of a geometric line, as you can see here:
To fix this, simply change the column types of name and country to varchar() or text. See:


text: Created a method to measure how much force was being applied to scoliosis brace fasteners to measure patient compliance. Created a patient portal website that allowed the data to be uploaded. Created a clinician website to allow access to the data. The initial method employed strain gages on the brace's fasteners. This approach was abandoned when GA Tech failed to file a patent application and another team successfully field an application that covered the same technique. Subsequent to this set back, GTRI investigated methods to measure the force applied to the patients body. No suitable sensor was identified.


Standards for the Evaluation of University Citizenship
A Faculty member's contributions as a University citizen include service to the Program, College, and the University as outlined in Table 3. The merits of University service should be evaluated as to (1) whether or not the candidate chaired the committee listed; and (2) the importance of the service to the mission of the unit served. Less tangible components of citizenship include active participation in department events such as faculty and graduate student recruitment, seminars, department meetings and seminars, etc.
Being an active and useful citizen of the Program, College and University is expected and valued; however, service of any magnitude cannot be considered more important than a candidate's research and other scholarly activity and instructional responsibilities. Expectations in service for promotion to Professor should meet high citizenship expectation for promotion to Associate Professor.
Other components of service are also considered including, but not limited to, public outreach and public and professional service in reappointment, tenure and promotion decisions and may differ in their importance among Faculty members depending on each Faculty member's duties and responsibilities within the College.
 1. Table 3. Assessment of University Citizenship for Promotion and Tenure
 Citizenship Assessment
 Examples of Accomplishments Corresponding to the Assessment Score
 Exceeds obligations
 Significant role in Program, College and/ or University as evidenced by leadership and productive service on committees, active participation in significant events, effectively chairing committees, specific administrative assignments, meaningful public outreach
 Meets obligations
 Meets the Program, College, and University obligations, participation in commencements and events (e.g., lectures, reviews), service on committee(s).
 Does not meet obligations
 Does not meet Program or College obligations in a timely manner or does not actively participate in significant
 College/University events


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TRIM THE TREE
A holiday game for 1-5 players
by Jeffrey D. Allers
If you like puzzle games, or if you simply enjoy the surprise of seeing what kinds of ornaments are in each box as you decorate your Christmas tree, you might enjoy "Trim the Tree." Play alone or with up to 4 opponents and try to score the most points by having the tree with the most balanced decorations in color and shape.
5 Christmas Tree boards:
5 Star scoring markers:
5 Star scoring markers:
80 Ornament counters (in 4 different shapes and 4 different colors):
1 Ornament Box tile with overview of the scoring:
Each player takes a Christmas Tree and a Star.
Place the Star next to the scoring space marked „0" on the Tree.
With only 3 players, take one set of 16 Ornaments out of the game.
With only 2 players, take out two sets (32 Ornaments total).
If playing solataire, take out 3 sets (or 4 sets for a more calculating version).
Place all the remaining Ornaments in the Bag and give to the starting player.
Place the Ornament Box in the middle.
1) Open a box of Ornaments: the starting player draws as many Ornaments from the Bag as the number of players and places them on the Box.
2) Trimming the Tree: starting with the starting player and continuing clockwise, each player chooses an Ornament from the Box and places it on an empty space on her Tree.
A space is represented by the intersection of 2 or 3 lines on the Tree.
After the first Ornament is placed, players must place each new Ornament on a space adjacent to an Ornament already on her Tree.
3) Scoring: if an Ornament placed completes one or more triangles on the Tree, that player may score points for the triangle(s) if all 3 Ornaments in each triangle are of a different color and shape.
One triangle completed in this ways scores 1 point. If an Ornament completes two triangles, and each of these includes Ornaments of different colors and shapes (but Ornaments of one triangle may match the color and or shape of Ornaments of the other triangle), the two triangles score 3 points. Three triangles completed by the same ornament score 5 points. Four triangles score 7 points. Five triangles score 9 points. And six triangles score 11 points.
See Ornament Box for a summary of the scoring.
Any points scored by completed triangles are marked by moving the Star along the outside of the Tree so that it points to that player's current score.
Example: a player places a blue box ornament that completes two triangles on his tree at the same time. One triangle has a red bell and a yellow candle, the other has a blue bulb and red candle. The first triangle scores because all of the ornaments are of a different color and shape. The second triange does not score because it has two blue ornaments. The player scores 1 point total for the two completed triangles and moves his star one space around his tree. If that player had placed a purple box instead of a blue one, he would have scored 3 points total for both triangles.
Note: a player must always place an Ornament from the Box. The last player in the round does not have a choice as to which Ornament to take.
BEGINNING THE NEXT ROUND:
After the last Ornament is taken from the Box, pass the Bag to the player on the left.
END OF GAME:
When all the Christmas Trees are filled with Ornaments, the game ends. The player with the highest score places her Star on the Tree and wins the game. If there is more than one player tied for the highest score, the tied players share the victory.
The original idea and first prototype originated naturally at Christmastime several years back, when I found some nice wooden bits and Christmas tree-shaped box at a local hobby shop. Seasonal games are notoriously difficult to market, and publishers usually avoid them, so my motivation was strictly personal--to create a fun game for myself, friends and family to play over the holidays. The early version pictured above actually works fine as a game, but did not have the elegance and efficiency I was looking for. So, just as I have done every year this time of year, I brought out the bits and began thinking again about changes I could make. This year, in the interest of improving the design, I finally "let go" of my beautiful bits in favor of cardboard counters (or one could print the ornaments on wooden or plastic chips as well), and I think this is much more "my type of game," if there is such a thing.
And since I doubted a publisher would be interested, I decided to "self-publish" on my blog. Enjoy!


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To be on this list, a peak must be the triple divide point of three basins of rivers that reach marine water, and the smallest of these basins must have an area of over 1500 square miles. This last condition excludes what could easily be hundreds of peaks that are triple divides that involve small rivers and tiny coastal creeks.
Also, this list only shows triple divide points for rivers that enter the ocean directly (or for well-defined internal drainages). Therefore, the entire Mississippi-Missouri-Ohio system is considered one basin, and triple divides that include two or three components of this system (e.g. the Colorado-Arkansas-Platte triple divide, where the Arkansas and Platte are both Mississippi tributaries) are not shown. This does leave out a large number of points in the central part of the United States, but most of these points would be low hills in relatively flat country.


text:
How do I restore the colors in faded photos?
Do the following:
Restoring Photo Colors as You ScanYou can restore the colors in faded photos as you scan them using Epson Scan's Color Restoration setting. You can select this setting in any of the available scan modes.
Note: Color restoration is not available in Office Mode, if Epson Scan offers that mode.
- Place your original on your product for scanning.
- Start Epson Scan.
- Select the scan mode you want to use.
- Select the scan settings for your scan.
- Preview your image.
- Locate or access the image adjustment settings.
- Select the Color Restoration checkbox.
- When you finish selecting all your settings, click Scan.
- Click Close to exit the Epson Scan window, if necessary.
Epson Scan scans your original, and saves the color-restored file in the selected folder or opens it in your scanning program. If the file was saved directly to your computer, you see the file in the Windows Explorer or Mac OS X Finder, where you can view and print the image, if desired.Related information
Placing Originals on the Product
Selecting Epson Scan Settings


text:
UCL has today issued a public apology for its links to the eugenics movement.
The apology acknowledges the university's "fundamental role in the development, propagation and legitimisation of eugenics" – which it describes as a "dangerous ideology" – and is part of a range of actions addressing the university's links to eugenics.
These actions follow an independent inquiry into eugenics at UCL, which was commissioned in 2018 after an honorary senior lecturer was found to have been hosting secret, invite-only conferences on eugenics and intelligence with controversial speakers.
UCL's president and provost Professor Michael Arthur (pictured) said: "UCL considers its history of involvement in eugenics to be in direct contradiction to its founding values of equality, openness and humanity.
"As a community, we reject eugenics entirely and are taking a range of actions to acknowledge and address our historical links with the eugenics movement.
"These actions – including our public apology today – are important steps towards understanding and acknowledging inequality within our institution and acting to ensure that UCL becomes fully inclusive for all our staff and students."
We apologise for being slow to interrogate properly the history and legacy of eugenics at UCL, and for failing to act with sufficient speed to remedy the ongoing effects on those in our community who are the targets of the eugenic mentality – UCL
The inquiry published its report and recommendations in February 2020. Recommendations also came from a sub-group of the inquiry team. UCL is responding to both sets with initiatives it says will "acknowledge and address its historical links with the eugenics movement". In June 2020, the provider 'denamed' spaces on its campus that had been named after prominent eugenicists Francis Galton, who coined the term 'eugenics', and Karl Pearson.
Actions that UCL will now take forward include:
- Investment in a comprehensive review and action plan to improve access and experience of disabled students and staff, including addressing physical and digital accessibility issues, collecting more robust data on disability at UCL, improving institutional understanding of the spectrum of disability, and tackling discrimination and unconscious bias
- Improving access for students from disadvantaged socioeconomic backgrounds through work to expand UCL's contextual offer scheme
- Greater prominence for the history and legacy of eugenics in UCL's teaching and learning activities
- Expanded opportunities for students to engage with the subject of eugenics, through activities including a specific module in the induction programme for new students, improved access to archives and special collections, and an ongoing programme of exhibitions and engagement, supported by a digital hub
UCL's eugenics apology in full
The apology, made by Professor Michael Arthur on behalf of UCL, reads:
"UCL acknowledges with deep regret that it played a fundamental role in the development, propagation and legitimisation of eugenics. This dangerous ideology cemented the spurious idea that varieties of human life could be assigned different value. It provided justification for some of the most appalling crimes in human history: genocide, forced euthanasia, colonialism and other forms of mass murder and oppression based on racial and ableist hierarchy.
"The legacies and consequences of eugenics still cause direct harm through the racism, antisemitism, ableism and other harmful stereotyping that they feed. These continue to impact on people's lives directly, driving discrimination and denying opportunity, access and representation.
"UCL considers its history of involvement in eugenics to be in direct contradiction to its founding values of equality, openness and humanity. As a community, we reject eugenics entirely.
"We apologise fully, and with humility, to all those who have suffered and to those who are still suffering because of our role in creating the conditions that enabled eugenics to become established and acted upon.
"We apologise for being slow to interrogate properly the history and legacy of eugenics at UCL, and for failing to act with sufficient speed to remedy the ongoing effects on those in our community who are the targets of the eugenic mentality.
"We apologise for honouring individuals who were leading eugenicists through the naming of spaces on campus.
"We recognise that the legacy of eugenics is ongoing and we commit to closing down any opportunity for this legacy to continue unacknowledged and unchallenged. We operate in a climate of academic freedom, but we recognise that the right to freedom of expression is not unfettered.
"UCL pledges to continue to confront its history of eugenics and ongoing legacies openly and critically, and to ensure that UCL staff and students are enabled to do the same."
You might also like: UCL pushes back return to campus until mid-February


cans of food dangling in your backpack can make a lot of noise. When rushing out, all the items you carry with you can make some noise, so you need to pack light.
Suggested article: Scavenging and Salvaging Supplies Post Collapse
You have to consider light clothing and proper footwear if you travel when SHTF. In the city, you need to move quickly and you have to be as quiet as possible. Clothing that prevents movement or shoes that make noise should be avoided.
Noise, shadowing and silhouetting are your most common enemies in the city. If you travel when SHTF, you must pay attention to these three factors. It is essential as they will give away your position in no time. In the city, there are a lot of corners. Your shadow may extend around the edge of a building and draw attention.
There can be a lot of light sources from fires or other improvised means (lanterns, flashlight, etc.). This means that others will be able to see your silhouette against the light if you don't pay attention to your surroundings. Not to mention that there will be a lot of trash and you have to watch your step if you travel when SHTF. You can injure yourself, or you can make noise that will alert others.
Travel when SHTF – Reminder List:
 1. You should always know your route, regardless if it's an in or out route. Even more, you should have alternative ways if you travel when SHTF.
 2. Nighttime is more indicated if you have to travel when SHTF.
 3. If you travel when SHTF you should avoid as much population as possible. You should stay away from highways and exits.
 4. You need to have different means of travel when SHTF.
 5. If you travel when SHTF you should avoid using fire. You shouldn't make noise and you should always be on guard.
 6. Having the ability to stay hidden and to see in the dark will give you the upper hand if you travel when SHTF.
 7. Proper clothing and footwear are a must if you have to travel when SHTF. You will need movement liberty while at the same time you shouldn't make any noise.
 8. Plan your supplies to last. You should know in advance what you need to leave behind if you travel when SHTF.
Popular Survival and Preparedness resources:
Bullet Proof Home (Learn how to Safeguard your Home)
Blackout USA (Video about EMP survival and preparedness guide)
US Water Revolution (A DIY Project to Generate Clean Water Anywhere)Save
2 thoughts on "Suggestions On How To Travel When SHTF"
 1. Nice article. Many good points.
 Our plan involves taking both our trucks at a minimum, along with a travel trailer. Losing one allows us to continue with the other, with reduced capacity, of course.
 What a lot of preppers fail to consider is that some scenarios are un-survivable. Loss of transportation in an area of unrest is a huge blow. Motorized cycles are certainly better than foot for speed, but they rely on the same roads as regular BOVs, and have absolutely no sheet metal cover to potentially deflect projectiles.
 Transit through troubled areas might best be viewed as a military problem. How best to move in an escape and evade mode. Because, that's pretty much what it is.
 Leave early. If you're caught in the muck, you're just about dead.
 2. It's good to think about and to have a plan, but it depends on where you live and other factors including unfortunately..Luck..Even the best laid plans can blow up in your face..
Leave a Comment
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text:
How to switch from Qustodio Parents' App to Qustodio children's App
If you have accidentally installed the Qustodio Parents' App on a child's device and wish to monitor it instead, this article will explain how to do so.
Steps to switch to monitoring a child's device
1. On the top left side of the screen, tap the Menu icon
2. In the drop down menu choose to Logout
3. Tap OK
4. Then tap the app again, and the configuration process will start all over
Congratulations! You should be now able to set up Qustodio to monitor this device.


Who Needs An LEI Number?
Question mark
Who needs an LEI number? LEI is needed by legal entities who take part in financial transactions and who wish to trade in financial markets, such as buying stocks, bonds or other securities. There are also many regulations (dependant on jurisdictions) that require to obtain an LEI.
Since the LEI scheme was created, many new regulations across the globe have been introduced. A situation that means many entities in a range of industries now need to apply for an LEI. The details of which you can find below
What is an LEI number?
An LEI or Legal Entity Identifier is a unique 20 digit alphanumeric code. Its purpose is to provide regulated identification for legal entities such as businesses and organisations, especially those in the financial industry.
The aim of this is to make holdings more transparent, and the data on them more connected and easy to access. Thereby minimising any financial risk involved in dealing with such entities across the globe. Read more about what is an LEI.
Financial institutions that always require an LEI number
Currently, legal entities that always require an LEI include financial institutions such as brokerages, banks, investment & insurance companies, and credit unions. LEI Register is dedicated to helping you through the LEI registration process.
However, individuals are not required to have an LEI to trade on the financial market. Therefore if you are not a company or corporation you will not, at this time, need an LEI.
Investment firms and their clients (EU)
Another type of organisation that requires an LEI specifically within the EU are investment firms and their clients. This is because of the MiFID II/MiFiR regulations that became a law in January 2018.
What this means is that EU authorities are required to refuse trades between investment firms and their clients, unless both sides have an LEI number. In fact, this situation is primarily know as – 'no LEI, no trade.' If your organisation falls under these MiFID II/MiFiR requirements, you can apply for an LEI through LEI Register.
Government agencies (USA)
There are other types of legal entities that will need an LEI too, including many US government financial agencies. This is primarily because the Office of Financial Research has made the LEI mandatory.
Such agencies include the Federal Reserve System (FED), the Commodity Futures Trading Commission (CFTC ), and the National Association of Insurance Commissioners (NAIC).
RTOs and ISOs
Additionally, since 2015 there are US government entities that exist outside of the finance sector that will require LEIs as well. In fact, the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC) mandates that all RTOs (Regional Transmission Organizations) and ISOs (Independent System Operators) have an LEI.
Those affected by the Financial Transparency Act
Finally, it is also prudent to mention that, while not currently the case, there will be additional entities that may be required to use LEIs in the near future.
The reason for this is the U.S. Regtech Law, the Financial Transparency Act. Something that, if passed, will require all the data gained by such agencies to be unrestricted. The idea being to make transactions between such entities, and the ability to regulate them, much more reliable.
LEIs are the perfect method of identification for such data. Therefore, any entity that is dealing with the regulatory agencies listed here, is likely to require an LEI soon.
LEI Register's goal is to help legal entities register their LEIs simply, securely and cost effectively. It is a simple 2 minute process made convenient by us.


text:
Dictionary of Wisconsin History
Search Results for: the letter 'N'
Term: North Freedom [origin of place name]
Definition: Village located in the northern part of the town of Freedom, hence North Freedom. Where the roads meet in the center of the section was originally called Hackett's Corners from the families residing there. When the railroad was built two plats were made, one called Bloom for George W. Bloom and one called North Freedom. Afterwards, Bloom station was changed to North Freedom. Iron ore used for paint was later discovered and the name became Bessemer in honor of Sir Henry Bessemer, who invented the process of reducing iron ore. The name of North Freedom was later decided upon.
[Source: Cole. Baraboo and Other Place Names of Sauk County.]
340 records found
Nabob [origin of place name]
Nabob, Washington Co.
Nagawicka Lake, Waukesha Co.
Nagawicka [origin of place name]
Nager, Edward 1927
Naleid, Roy E. 1901
Namakagon [origin of place name]
Namakagon, Town of, Bayfield Co.
Namekagon (town and river) [origin of place name]
Namekagon River (Historic Marker Erected 1967)
Namekagon, Bayfield Co.
Namekagon, Town of, Bayfield Co.
Namekagon-Court Oreilles Portage (Historic Marker
Namur, Door Co.
Nancy, Town of, Washburn Co.
Naples, Town of, Buffalo Co.
narrow gauge (railroads)
Narrows Creek, Sauk Co.
Nasbro, Dodge Co.
Nasewaupee [origin of place name]
Nasewaupee, Town of, Door Co.
Nash, Charles Dennis 1819 - 1897
Nash, Charles W. 1864 - 1948
Nash, Philleo 1909
Nash, William Francis 1847 - 1916
Nashotah (Town) [origin of place name]
Nashotah Lakes, Waukesha Co.
Nashotah Mission (Historic Marker Erected 1968)
Nashotah, Village of, Waukesha Co.
Nashotah, Waukesha Co.
Nashville, Forest Co.
Nashville, Town of, Forest Co.
Nasonville [origin of place name]
Nasonville, Wood Co.
Nass, Stephen L. 1952
Nation's First Cooperative Generating Station (His
Nation's First Watershed Project (Historic Marker
National Soldiers' Home (Historic Marker Erected 1
National Soldiers' Home (Milwaukee)
National Women's Party
Nattestad, Ole Knudsen 1807 - 1886
Natural Bridge, Richland Co.
Naugart, Marathon Co.
Navarino, Brown Co.
Navarino, Town of, Brown Co.
Nebagamon, Town of, Douglas Co.
Necedah [origin of place name]
Necedah, Juneau Co.
Necedah, Town of, Juneau Co.
Necedah, Village of, Juneau Co.
Neda, Dodge Co.
Neenah Guards (Civil War)
Neenah Rifles (Civil War)
Neenah [brief history]
Neenah [origin of place name]
Neenah, Town of, Winnebago Co.
Neenah, Winnebago Co.
Neillsville [origin of place name]
Neillsville, Clark Co.
Nekimi [origin of place name]
Nekimi, Town of, Winnebago Co.
Nekoosa Junction, Wood Co.
Nekoosa [origin of place name]
Nekoosa, Wood Co.
Nelma, Forest Co.
Nelsen, Betty Jo 1935
Nelson Dewey-First Governor of Wisconsin (Historic
Nelson [origin of place name]
Nelson, Adolphys Peter 1872 - 1927
Nelson, Buffalo Co.
Nelson, Gaylord A. _PHONE_
Nelson, George Bliss 1876 - 1943
Nelson, John Mandt 1870 - 1955
Nelson, Town of, Buffalo Co.
Nelson, Village of, Buffalo Co.
Nelsonville (historical), Eau Claire Co.
Nelsonville, Portage Co.
Nelsonville, Village of, Portage Co.
Nemadji River [origin of place name]
Nemahbin, Town of, Milwaukee Co.
Nemodji, Town of, Douglas Co.
Nenno, Washington Co.
Neoclassical Revival (architecture)
Neopit, Menominee Co.
Neopit, Menominee leader,?-1913
Neopope, Sauk warrior, dates unverified
Neosho [origin of place name]
Neosho, Dodge Co.
Neosho, Village of, Dodge Co.
Nepeuskun, Town of, Winnebago Co.
Neptune, Richland Co.
Nerike, Pierce Co.
Neshkoro [origin of place name]
Neshkoro, Marquette Co.
Neshkoro, Town of, Marquette Co.
Neshkoro, Village of, Marquette Co.
Neshonoc [origin of place name]
Neshonoc, Town of, La Crosse Co.
Neshoto, Manitowoc Co. [origin of place name]
net tonnage (maritime)
Neubauer, Jeffrey A. 1955
Neuern, Kewaunee Co.
Neumann, Mark W. 1954
Neva Corners, Langlade Co.
Neva township [origin of place name]
Neva, Langlade Co.
Neva, Town of, Langlade Co.
Nevada, Green Co.
Neville, Arthur Courtenay 1850 - 1929
Nevin, James 1854 - 1921
Nevins, Clark Co.
New Amsterdam, La Crosse Co.
New Auburn [origin of place name]
New Auburn, Chippewa Co.
New Auburn, Village of, Chippewa Co.
New Berlin, Town of, Waukesha Co.
New Berlin, Waukesha Co.
New Boston, Town of, Brown Co.
New Buffalo [origin of place name]
New Buffalo, Town of, Sauk Co.
New Cassel [origin of place name]
New Chester (historical), Adams Co.
New Chester, Town of, Adams Co.
New City (historical), Trempealeau Co.
New Denmark, Town of, Brown Co.
New Dexter, Town of, Wood Co.
New Diggings, Lafayette Co.
New Diggings, Town of, Lafayette Co.
New Fane, Fond du Lac Co.
New Franken, Brown Co.
New Glarus (Historic Marker Erected 1962)
New Glarus [origin of place name]
New Glarus, Green Co.
New Glarus, Town of, Green Co.
New Glarus, Village of, Green Co.
New Haven [origin of place name]
New Haven, Town of, Adams Co.
New Haven, Town of, Dunn Co.
New Holstein [brief history]
New Holstein, Calumet Co.
New Holstein, Town of, Calumet Co.
New Hope, Portage Co.
New Hope, Town of, Portage Co.
New Lisbon, Election precinct of, Grant Co.
New Lisbon, Juneau Co.
New London [origin of place name]
New London, Waupaca Co.
New Lyme, Town of, Monroe Co.
New Mason, Town of, Bayfield Co.
New Milladore, Town of, Wood Co.
New Miner, Juneau Co.
New Munster, Kenosha Co.
New Paris, Sheboygan Co.
New Post, Sawyer Co.
New Prospect, Fond du Lac Co.
new red sandstone (mining)
New Remington, Town of, Wood Co.
New Richmond Cyclone (Historic Marker Erected 1997
New Richmond tornado (1899)
New Richmond, St. Croix Co.
New Rome (historical), Adams Co.
New Rome, Adams Co.
New Rudolph, Town of, Wood Co.
New Seneca, Town of, Wood Co.
New Sigel, Town of, Wood Co.
New Vesper, Town of, Wood Co.
New Wood, Town of, Wood Co.
New York Indians
New York Recording Laboratories
Newald, Forest Co.
Newald, Town of, Forest Co.
Newark Valley, Town of, Adams Co.
Newark, Rock Co.
Newark, Town of, Rock Co.
Newark, Town of, Washington Co.
Newbold, Oneida Co.
Newbold, Town of, Oneida Co.
Newburg, Village of, Washington Co.
Newburg, Washington Co.
Newhall House fire (1883)
Newhall, Daniel 1821 - 1895
Newman, Alfred William 1834 - 1898
Newport [origin of place name]
Newport, Town of, Columbia Co.
Newry, Vernon Co.
Newton Corners, Jefferson Co.
Newton [origin of place name]
Newton, Manitowoc Co.
Newton, Town of, Manitowoc Co.
Newton, Town of, Marquette Co.
Newton, Vernon Co.
Newtonburg, Manitowoc Co.
Newville


text:
- Conditional culture
- F W Preece, Adelaide, 1938
Conditional culture is the manifesto of the Jindywoorobak position. Here, Ingamells saught to 'free Australian art from whatever alien inlfuences trammel it'. This involved a'recognition of environmental values', a de-Europeanising of artistic language and an incorporation of Aboriginal cultural forms into the European-Australian understanding of land.
'Commentary' by Ian Tilbrook follows Ingamell's essay.


text:
Detect the language of the user, using the.mo
I have a little doubt. Using 2.9.2 and Wp BP 22.214.171.124.
The way that we can change the language from wp-config.php for example in Spanish. Do not use google translator or other service.
BP would be possible to detect the user's language and load the activity in Spanish or English. In the same way that Facebook loaded into Spanish in Spain and in English in the USA.
- The topic 'Detect the language of the user, using the.mo' is closed to new replies.


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Midtown Manhattan's Lever House marked a watershed in U.S. architecture when completed in 1952. Located on the west side of Park Avenue between 53rd and 54th Streets, the corporate headquarters, with its facade made of blue-green glass and stainless steel mullions, was one of the first glass-walled International Style office buildings in the country. Within a decade of its construction, the initial enthusiasm for Lever House gave way to a universal recognition of its pivotal importance to American architecture. In 1982, the New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission designated the Lever House an official landmark.
The structure consists of two intersecting masses, balanced in their proportions but contrasting in shape. A two-story horizontal block containing an open court occupies the entire site with a 21-story tower located on the north. The columns and the ground floor court create a large open plaza allowing entrances to the lobby to be located away from pedestrian traffic. Inside, the typical floor is characterized by large, open office areas with easy access to individual offices, and service cores at the western end.


text:
Inheritance diagram for IPython.kernel.map:
Classes used in scattering and gathering sequences.
Scattering consists of partitioning a sequence and sending the various
pieces to individual nodes in a cluster.
A class for partitioning a sequence using a map.
Returns the pth partition of q partitions of seq.
Partitions a sequence in a roun robin fashion.
This currently does not work!
Enter search terms or a module, class or function name.


think you know) it's not too hard to show that $\mathcal{T} \to Hom(\mathcal{S}, \mathbb{Z})$ and $\mathcal{S} \to Hom(\mathcal{T}, \mathbb{Z})$ are injections. This alone is enough to imply that the pairing is nondegenerate, hence becomes perfect after extending scalars to $\mathbb{Q}$.
So it suffices to show either that $\mathcal{T} \to Hom(\mathcal{S},\mathbb{Z})$ is surjective, or that $\mathcal{S} \to Hom(\mathcal{T},\mathbb{Z})$ is surjective (because the cokernels of these maps are finite groups of the same order, equal to the det of the matrix of the pairing with respect to $\mathbb{Z}$-bases of either side).
You seem to be trying to do the first, but the second is (I think) easier. Let $\phi \in Hom(\mathcal{T},\mathbb{Z})$ and consider the formal power series $f = \sum_{n \ge 1} \phi(T_n) q^n$. It's clear that $f \in \mathbb{Z}[[q]]$; but also that $f \in S_k(\Gamma, \mathbb{Q})$, so $f \in \mathcal{S}$. Clearly we have $(T_n, f) = a_n(f) = \phi(T_n)$ and thus we're done.
Now you can construct a "Miller-like" basis as follows. [EDIT: This doesn't actually work, see comments.] The $T_n$'s generate $\mathcal{T}$, so there is some finite subset which is a $\mathbb{Z}$-basis of $\mathcal{T}$; let these be $T_{n_1}, \dots, T_{n_d}$. Then there is a dual basis $f_1, \dots, f_d$ of $\mathcal{S}$ such that $(T_{n_i}, f_j) = \delta_{ij}$, and there are your Miller-like basis. (You can't necessarily take the $n_i$ to be $\{1, \dots, rk(\mathcal{S})\}$ though, as your example above shows.)
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Thank you for this nice answer... I have one comment on the last sentence though: take $n, m$ with $n \neq 1, m \neq 1$ and $(n,m)=1$ then $\mathbb{Z} = \mathbb{Z}n + \mathbb{Z}m$ but there is no subset of $\{n, m\}$ that is a basis for $\mathbb{Z}$, so... how precisely do you want to find these $T_{n_1},..., T_{n_d}$? – Fabian Werner Jan 24 '12 at 14:17
Maybe another comment: Isnt it true that Shimura also proves that there exists a basis $f_1,..., f_n$ of modular forms for $\Gamma(N)$ such that all the Fourier coefficients are integers? Furthermore, the Hecke algebra of $\Gamma(N)$ is commutative and looks quite similar to the one for $\Gamma_0(N)$, so i dont see a reason why the result should not hold for $\Gamma(N)$ as well... (?) – Fabian Werner Jan 24 '12 at 14:36
Yes, you are quite right; my argument does not, in fact, show that there is a finite subset of the $T_n$ that is a basis for $\mathcal{T}$. Sorry, dumb mistake. – David Loeffler Jan 24 '12 at 14:52
As for your second comment: everything I said for $\Gamma_0(N)$ goes over verbatim to any group $\Gamma$ intermediate between $\Gamma_0(N)$ and $\Gamma_1(N)$. Since we can conjugate $\Gamma(N)$ to a subgroup intermediate between $\Gamma_0(N^2)$ and $\Gamma_1(N^2)$, this covers the $\Gamma(N)$ case as well. But if you take some totally generic congrence subgroup $\Gamma$ of level $N$ it's not even clear how to define $T_p$ for $p$ dividing $N$; you can certainly take the double coset $\Gamma \begin{pmatrix} 1 0 0 p \Gamma$ but this might not do anything remotely nice on $q$-expansions. – David Loeffler Jan 24 '12 at 14:54
Sorry, that should say $\Gamma \begin{pmatrix} 1 & 0 \\ 0 & p \end{pmatrix} \Gamma$, obviously. – David Loeffler Jan 24 '12 at 14:55
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1 Department of Marketing and Statistics, Aarhus School of Business, Aarhus BSS, Aarhus University2 MAPP - Centre for Research on Customer Relations in the Food Sector, Aarhus School of Business, Aarhus BSS, Aarhus University3 Department of Management, Aarhus BSS, Aarhus University4 Department of Management, Aarhus BSS, Aarhus University
This paper discusses the food distribution systems of six Eastern European countries. It considers the macro and task environments of distribution systems, discussing the constraints and opportunities the environments present to companies. The institutional structure of retailing and wholesaling are analysed and important developments in the institutional structure are noted. The internal political economy of distribution channels in Eastern Europe is analysed and the modernisation of distribution systems discussed. Finally, some conclusions are offered and areas for future research suggested.
MAPP; Food distribution systems; Eastern Europe; Fødevaredistribution; Østeuropa


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Author ORCID Identifier
This study evaluates the price setting behavior across main cities of Pakistan by employing the micro data from retail price survey. The most contemporary research technique of Duration Analysis is employed where survivor functions are estimated by most illustrious nonparametric Kaplan-Meier and Nelson-Aalen Estimators. Hazard Functions for various product groups are also estimated by employing parametric Weibull Hazard Model. Results confirm that perishable food items have shortest duration of one week for most of the spells, where government regulation caused prices to change more frequently. It is found that on average small cities faced lower hazard and thus comparably lesser price change, whereas, months of March, April and October witnessed relatively high hazard rates. The study classifies nine commodity groups into two categories. First is high frequency group and second is increasing hazard group. These classifications are believed to assist policy makers in assessing inflation dynamics in Pakistan. The study significantly contributes to the existing literature, firstly, by applying more scrupulous nonparametric and parametric techniques of Survival analysis. To the best of our knowledge, this technique is not yet applied in Pakistan for examining the price behavior. Secondly, as the price setting mechanism in Pakistan is not studied before by employing the high frequency micro price data, therefore, panel data estimation contribute significantly to the existing literature.
Prices, Commodities, Duration Analysis, Monetary policy
Journal of Economic Literature Subject Codes
E310, Q020, C410, E520
Creative Commons License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Sohail, F., & Fatima, A. (2022). Empirical evidences on pricing mechanism in Pakistan: A duration analysis. Business Review, 17(2), 1-27. Retrieved from 10.54784/_PHONE_.1479


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| < January >
|Normal Max/ High Temperature
|Min/ Low Temperature
|Average Daylight per day
|Sun altitude at solar noon on the 21st day.
- The average temperature in Taungoo in January is really warm at 22.8 °C (73.04 °F).
- Afternoons can be very hot with average high temperatures reaching 30.7 °C (87.3 °F).
- Overnight temperatures are generally mild with an average low of 14.9 °C (58.8 °F).
- In January the average diurnal temperature range/ variation is 15.8 °C (28.4 °F).
- The weather in January is arid. A feeble 7mm (0.3in) of fluid descends.
- The shortest day is 11:00 long and the longest day is 11:16 long with an average length of 11:06.
Check the distance to and compare the Taungoo January averages with somewhere beginning with:
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Weather Trend Graph for January in Taungoo, Myanmar
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My understanding that if you are addressing a bishop, the correct form is "Vladyko," while if you are referring to a bishop in the third person, the form is "Vladyka." Even if they sound the same in English, we should follow the spelling conventions. So the title of this article should be changed if the definition is to remain the same. --Fr Lev 05:42, September 19, 2014 (PDT)


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Situated in Raleigh County in West Virginia, USA, the city of Beckley is located near the Greenbrier and New River Valley and covers an area of 23.8 sq km.
The city has a humid continental climate. The average winter temperature is around 1°C, while the average summer temperature is around 26°C.
Known as the 'Smokeless Coal Capital', the coal mining industry has always been a part of the city's culture. The Beckley Exhibition Coal Mine offers visitors a historic look at the development of the town.
Originally known as the town of Beckleyville, the city is named after Alfred Beckley, who served as the first clerk of the House of the Representatives and the first Librarian of Congress. With a population of around 17,000, the old-fashioned town is the social and economic hub of southern West Virginia
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Oak Hill (About 12.9 mi)
More information United States:
|Oak Hill - 12.9 mi|
Oak Hill is a city which is situated in Fayatte County in West Virginia. It is the primary city within the Oak Hill, WV Micropolitan Statistical Area. The micropolitan area is even...
|Summersville - 39.1 mi|
Summersville is located in the heart of the state of West Virginia in the USA. This town with a population of approximately 3,200 inhabitants is the chief administrative head of...


FIFA task force requests stronger sanctions against racism and discrimination
© Foto-net
The newly created FIFA Task Force Against Racism and Discrimination, chaired by FIFA Vice-President and CONCACAF President Jeffrey Webb, held its first meeting today at the Home of FIFA in Zurich. In this first session, the debates focused on the application of sanctions in cases of racist and discriminative acts, specifically studying the proposal to uniformly implement the sanctions that already exist in the FIFA regulations in a stronger and more consistent manner.
The task force made the following proposals, which will be included in a draft resolution to be presented at the FIFA Congress in Mauritius at the end of May:
- Firstly, having an official at the stadium who would identify potential acts of discrimination with the aim of easing the pressure on referees and facilitating the availability of evidence, which is not always easy to obtain, for the disciplinary committees to take decisions;
- Secondly, applying sanctions in two stages, with a list of applicable sanctions for a first or a minor offence, such as a warning, a fine, or the playing of a match behind closed doors, and a list of stronger sanctions for reoffenders or for serious incidents, such as point deductions, expulsion from a competition, or relegation;
- Thirdly, emphasis on the responsibility of member associations and clubs for the actions of their players, officials and supporters, and on the need to implement the existing sanctions in a harmonised way across all confederations, member associations and leagues, with a proposal to request that clubs and member associations provide a concrete action plan showing their intention to fight any forms of racism and discrimination among their supporters.
"We have a special responsibility in the way we can impact football and society," said Webb during his opening remarks. "One of the opportunities this task force has is its vast reach throughout FIFA's 209 member associations, where we can implement the resolutions in every region and every country where football is played, bringing universality to the mechanisms that combat racism and discrimination."
The following people took part in today's meeting, which was opened by FIFA President Joseph S. Blatter: Jeffrey Webb (FIFA Vice-President, President of CONCACAF); Darren Bailey (Director of The Football Association's Football Governance and Regulation) who was representing David Bernstein, President of The FA, for this session; Yury Boychenko (Chief of the Anti-Discrimination Section at the United Nations Human Rights Office of the High Commissioner) who was replacing the High Commissioner for Human Rights, Navanethem PILLAY; Serey Die (Ivory Coast player at FC Basel); Gianni Merlo (AIPS President); Marcel Mathier (Outgoing chairman of the FIFA Disciplinary Committee); Osasu Obayiuwana (Associate Editor of New African Magazine); Piara Powar (CEO of FARE); Theo van Seggelen (FIFPro Secretary General); Claudio Sulser (Incoming chairman of the FIFA Disciplinary Committee); Howard Webb (FIFA Referee); Véron Mosengo-Omba (UEFA); Dr Thomas Partl (UEFA). The players Jozy Altidore and Kevin-Prince Boateng, who had obligations with their respective clubs, were excused for this first session of the task force.
It should be noted that this is still an open list and additional members may be included in the task force in the future.


revert to type
Definition of revert to type
chiefly British
 1. : to go back to doing what one usually does After this one atypical comedy, will he revert to type in his next film?
Word by Word Definitions
 1. : to come or go back (as to a former condition, period, or subject)
 : to return to an ancestral type
 1. : a particular kind, class, or group
 : something distinguishable as a variety : sort
 : a member of an indicated class or variety of people
 1. : to write something on a typewriter or enter data into a computer by way of a keyboard
 : keyboard
Seen and Heard
What made you want to look up revert to type? Please tell us where you read or heard it (including the quote, if possible).
to cast off or become cast off
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Parkington Lane.png
Parkington Lane
Biographical information
Behind the scenes
First appearance
National Treasure
Last appearance
National Treasure
Parkington Lane is a minor character in the movie National Treasure.
Biography[edit | edit source]
Parkington Lane was born in 1688 and sometime during his life became a Freemason. He was a third-degree master mason of the Blue Lodge when he died in 1744. After his death he was buried inside the Trinity Church and was made part of the clue to the Templar Treasure. A passageway lead from his crypt to secret underground staircase leading to the treasure, and his name used as a clue behind the Declaration of Independence.
Gallery[edit | edit source]


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Electrostatic discharge (ESD) accounts for over 30% of chip failure which occurred during chip manufacturing. Inadvertent touching by human body or contact with assembler tray can lead to such ESD failures. The most dominant ESD model is the charged-device model (CDM) wherein energy-destructive failure is incorporated resulting from rapid inflow, or outflow, of high current. Conventional modeling and simulations of the CDM are engineered to describe the behavior of ESD protection circuits, hence have a limitation to account for chip-level charge transfer. This paper presents a new methodology to simulate CDM behavior at chip level. A hierarchical approach associated with a CDM macromodel is developed to model a full-chip structure comprised of several functional subsystems and multiple power supplies. Full-chip CDM simulation provides the analysis of chip-level discharge paths and failure mechanisms, especially focusing on the gate oxide reliability. The proposed method can easily be applied to the CDM failure analysis of any product ICs in the early design stage. As an example, simulation results of a mixed-signal application-specific integrated circuit processed in a 0.25-μm CMOS technology show high correlation with the measurement data.


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Elizabeth Bowdoin was the daughter of Massachusetts governor James and Elizabeth (Erving) Bowdoin. In 1767, she married fellow Bostonian John Temple, a surveyor general of customs and lieutenant governor of colonial New Hampshire. Temple inherited a baronetcy that made him Sir John Temple in 1786 and also made his wife Lady Temple. Thus the mourning ring made to commemorate her death features the dedication "DOWAGER.ELIZABETH.LADY.TEMPLE[.]" It consists of a plain gold band with a black enamel ground that features a stylized palm leaf and gold text in upper-case roman lettering.
The interior curve to the narrow band was a feature that was prevalent during the mid 18th century. In fact, the entire style of the ring is very much in the neoclassical vein. An inscription inside the band reads, "Obt. 25th.. Oct r.. 1809 A't. 59." Residing in Boston at the time of her death, Lady Temple was buried in the Bowdoin vault in the Granary Burying Ground on Tremont Street.
The Massachusetts Historical Society also has the 1805 silhouette mourning ring of Lady Temple's husband, Sir John.


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Animal Species:Golden-spined Ant
Golden-spined or Golden Ants have a metallic sheen to their body, which is covered in golden hairs.
Golden-spined Ants have a strangely spined thorax, probably used in defence against predators.
8 mm - 11 mm
Golden-spined Ants are found throughout Australia.
Found in urban areas, forests and woodlands, heath, Golden-spined Ants often nest in sand at the base of shrubs and trees.
Many Golden-spined Ants stay in their nest during wet or extremely hot periods.
Feeding and Diet
Golden-spined Ants are omnivores. They collect nectar and pollen from a wide range of plants including eucalypts and acacias. They also collect dew from these plants early in the morning. They forage as individuals and can be seen on food-collecting missions at most times and in most weather conditions.


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Science Fair Project Encyclopedia
Rosewater has a very distinctive flavour and is used heavily in South Asian, West Asian and Middle Eastern cuisine—especially in sweets. For example, rosewater gives loukoumia and gulab jamuns their distinctive flavour. It is also used for religious purposes in Hinduism and Islam.
Orangewater is made from orange blossoms in a similar manner.
The contents of this article is licensed from _URL_ under the GNU Free Documentation License. Click here to see the transparent copy and copyright details


the denormal range instead of being flushed to zero as soon as the value is too small to represent with normalization. This default is the same default established by I64 at process startup. LIB$WAIT Problem and Solution
The use of LIB$WAIT in code ported to OpenVMS I64 can cause unexpected results. An example in C follows.
float wait_time = 2.0;
On OpenVMS I64 systems, this code sends an S_FLOATING into LIB$WAIT. LIB$WAIT expects an F_FLOATING, and gives a FLTINV exception.
LIB$WAIT can accept three arguments. The previous code sequence can be rewritten with LIB$WAIT using three arguments to run correctly on both I64 and Alpha systems. The following revised code works correctly when compiled without the /FLOAT qualifier:
_TAG_ __ia64
 int float_type = 4; /* use S_FLOAT for I64 */
 int float_type = 0; /* use F_FLOAT for Alpha */
 float wait_time = 2.0;
A better coding method is to include LIBWAITDEF (from SYS$STARLET_C.TLB) in your application and then specify the floating point data types by name. This code can be maintained more easily.
LIBWAITDEF includes the following symbols:
The following example shows how to include libwaitdef.h in the code and how to specify the floating-point data type names. This example also assumes that the program is not compiled with /FLOAT.
_TAG_
_TAG_ __ia64
 int float_type = LIB$K_IEEE_S; /* use S_FLOAT for IPF */
 int float_type = LIB$K_VAX_F; /* use F_FLOAT for Alpha */
 float wait_time = 2.0;
4.8.5 Incorrect Command Table Declaration
An incorrect declaration of a command table in code ported to OpenVMS I64 can cause unexpected results. For example, for an application, the Command Definition Utility is used to create an object module from a CLD file. The application then calls CLI$DCL_PARSE to parse command lines. CLI$DCL_PARSE may fail with:
%CLI-E-INVTAB, command tables have invalid format - see documentation
The code must be modified so that the command table is defined as an external data object.
For example, if in an application, on VAX and Alpha, the command table (DFSCP_CLD) is incorrectly declared in a BLISS module as:
This should be changed to
Or if it was in a FORTRAN module incorrectly declared as:
then it should be changed to
Similarly, in an application written in C, if the command tables previously were defined as follows:
int jams_master_cmd();
The code should be changed to be an external reference:
extern void* jams_master_cmd;
The changed, correct declaration works on all platforms: VAX, Alpha or I64.
4.8.6 Code that Uses Threads
OpenVMS I64 supports all the thread interfaces that have been supported on OpenVMS since thread support was first introduced. Most OpenVMS Alpha code that uses threads can be ported to OpenVMS I64 without change. This section describes the exceptions. The major porting issue for code that uses threads is the usage of stack space. I64 code uses much more stack space than does equivalent Alpha code. Therefore, a threaded program that works on Alpha might get stack overflow failures on I64.
The default stack size is larger on OpenVMS I64 to help alleviate overflow problems. If the application requests a specific stack size, then the change to the default will be irrelevant, and the application source code might need to be changed to request more stack. HP recommends starting with an increase of three 8-Kb pages (24576 bytes).
Another side effect of the increased stack size requirement is increased demand on the P0 address region. Thread stacks are allocated from the P0 heap. Larger stacks might cause the process to exceed its memory quotas. In an extreme case, the P0 region could fill completely, in which case the process might need to reduce the number of threads in use concurrently (or make other changes to lessen the demand for P0 memory).
HP recommends that you familiarize yourself with the most recent improvements to thread support in OpenVMS, as documented in the HP OpenVMS Version 8.2 Release Notes. One change to the POSIX Threads C language header file PTHREAD_EXCEPTION.H caused problems when porting an application that relied on its former behavior.
The DCL command THREADCP is not supported on OpenVMS I64. For OpenVMS I64, the DCL commands SET IMAGE and SHOW IMAGE can be used to check and modify the state of threads-related image header flags, similar to the THREADCP command on OpenVMS Alpha. For details, refer to the HP OpenVMS DCL Dictionary.
The THREADCP command is documented in the Guide to the POSIX Threads Library.
If you want to change the setting of threads-related image flags, you need to use the new command SET IMAGE. For example:
$ SET IMAGE/FLAGS=(MKTHREADS,UPCALLS) FIRST.EXE Thread Routines cma_delay and cma_time_get_expiration
Two legacy threads API library routines, cma_delay and cma_time_get_expiration, accept a floating point format parameter using the VAX F FLOAT format. Any application modules that call either of these routines must be compiled with either the /FLOAT=D_FLOAT or the /FLOAT=G_FLOAT qualifier to get VAX F FLOAT support. (However, if your application also uses double precision binary data, then you must use the /FLOAT=G_FLOAT qualifier.) For more information about floating point support, consult your compiler's documentation.
If a C language module (which uses either cma_delay or cma_time_get_expiration) is compiled by mistake in an IEEE floating-point mode, a compiler warning similar to the following will be displayed:
cma_delay (
%CC-W-LONGEXTERN, The external identifier name exceeds 31
characters; truncated to "CMA_DELAY_NEEDS_VAX_FLOAT______".
If an object file which triggered such a warning is linked, the linker will display an undefined-symbol message for this symbol. (If a linker-produced image was subsequently executed, the calls to these routines would fail with an ACCVIO.) These compiler and linker diagnostics are intended to alert you to the fact that these CMA routines require the use of VAX format floating-point values, and that the compilation was done in a manner that does not satisfy this requirement.
These routines are no longer documented in user documentation but are still supported for use in legacy applications.
4.8.7 Code With Unaligned Data
HP recommends that you align your data naturally to achieve optimal performance for data referencing. Unaligned data can seriously degrade performance on both OpenVMS Alpha and OpenVMS I64.
Data is naturally aligned when its address is an integral multiple of the size of the data in bytes. For example, a longword is naturally aligned at any address that is a multiple of 4, and a quadword is naturally aligned at any address that is a multiple of 8. A structure is naturally aligned when all its members are naturally aligned.
Because natural alignment is not always possible, OpenVMS I64 systems provide help to manage the impact of unaligned data references. Alpha and I64 compilers automatically correct most potential alignment problems and flag others.
In addition to performance degradation, unaligned shared data can cause a program to execute incorrectly. Therefore, you must align shared data naturally. Shared data might be between threads of a single process, between a process and ASTs, or between several processes in a global section.
Finding the Problem
To find instances of unaligned data, you can use a qualifier provided by most I64 compilers that allows the compiler to report compile-time references to unaligned data.
Table 4-1 Compiler Switches for Reporting Compile-Time Reference
Compiler Switch
Additional assistance, such as an OpenVMS Debugger qualifier to reveal unaligned data at run time, is planned for a future release.
Eliminating the Problem
To eliminate unaligned data, you can use one or more of the following methods:
 - Compile with natural alignment, or, when language semantics do not provide for this, move data to be naturally aligned. Where filler is inserted to ensure that data remains aligned, there is a penalty in increased memory size. A useful technique for ensuring naturally aligned data while conserving memory is to declare longer variables first.
 - Use high-level-language instructions that force natural alignment within data structures.
 - Align data items on quadword boundaries.
Software that is converted to natural alignment may be incompatible with other software that is running translated in the same OpenVMS Cluster environment or over a network. For example:
 - An existing file format may specify records with unaligned data.
 - A translated image may pass unaligned data to, or expect it from, a native image.
In such cases, you must adapt all parts of the application to expect the same type of data, either aligned or unaligned.
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MouseLeave Event
UIElement.MouseLeave Event
Occurs when the mouse (or the stylus) leaves the bounding area of a UIElement.
Namespace: System.Windows
Assembly: System.Windows (in System.Windows.dll)
public event MouseEventHandler MouseLeave
The MouseLeave event is raised in response to the mouse (or the stylus) leaving the object's bounding area.
You can define multiple MouseLeave events for objects in XAML content. However, if a child object and its parent object both define a MouseLeave event, the parent object's MouseLeave event occurs before the child object's MouseLeave event. This is not a case of a bubbling event; it indicates only that the mouse (or the stylus) has entered both objects, potentially at different times depending on the object layout and composition of the visual tree.
Unlike the MouseEnter event, the MouseLeave event does not provide the mouse (or the stylus) position in event data, because the position of the mouse pointer relative to the object is unknown when it is out of bounds. Because it is always null, you generally should not use the event data from your MouseLeave event handler, although you may still be interested in the sender parameter.
MouseLeave and OnMouseLeave
Controls that inherit MouseLeave can provide handling for the event that acts as handler for all instances, by overriding the OnMouseLeave method. OnMouseLeave can be useful either for setting visual state, or for public or internal state properties. For instance, Slider implements OnMouseLeave in order to check the Thumb element's value for IsDragging (which cancels a particular behavior mode), and also to set visual state. For more information, see OnMouseLeave.
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