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- superfluous •
Pronunciation: su-pêr-flu-ês • Hear it!
Part of Speech: Adjective
Meaning: Excessive, more than is necessary, extra and unnecessary.
Notes: You may use today's word adverbially if you cap it off with the usual suffix, -ly: superfluously. The long noun, superfluousness, is more awkward than the older, more compact superfluity [sup-êr-flu-i-ti]. The latter noun also exhibits a more graceful plural form: superfluities.
In Play: We are entering a season in which superfluity is acceptable. We tend to become excessive with food, presents, and generosity: "I love the Christmas decorations on your house, but I think the lights on everybody's clothes are a bit superfluous." It is a word you can use anywhere anytime: "No, your father and I think that hiring a maid would be superfluous so long as you and your brother are capable of movement."
Word History: Today's Good Word comes from Latin superfluus "overflowing", the adjective from superfluere "to overflow", composed of super "over" + fluere "to flow". Super comes from a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) root that also developed into Greek hyper with the same meaning (hypersensitive, hyperactive). We would expect the PIE [p] to become [f] in English, so Old English ofer, which later became over, does not surprise us. The root for flu- "flow" comes from PIE bhleu- "to swell, well up, flow". It turned into English blow, bloat, and bladder as it accumulated various suffixes over the years. (It would certainly not be superfluous to thank Mark Bailey for suggesting today's extremely Good Word.)


factual-api-0.1.2: A driver for the Factual API
Safe HaskellSafe-Infered
This module exports functions which are used to execute queries and handle the OAuth authentication process.
API functions
makeRequest :: Query query => Token -> query -> IO ResponseSource
This function takes an OAuth token and a query (which is member of the Query typeclass and returns an IO action which will fetch a response from the Factual API.
generateToken :: Credentials -> TokenSource
This function takes a set of credentials and returns an OAuth token that can be used to make requests.
The hoauth Token type
data Token
The OAuth Token.
This token is used to perform 2 legged OAuth requests.
The service provider has granted you the request token but the user has not yet authorized your application. You need to exchange this token by a proper AccessToken, but this may only happen after user has granted you permission to do so.
This is a proper 3 legged OAuth. The difference between this and ReqToken is that user has authorized your application and you can perform requests on behalf of that user.


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How to become a smart meter installer (with job FAQs)
Updated 25 May 2023
Smart meters give customers the ability to monitor and adjust their energy use in real-time, allowing them to save money by restricting the amount of electricity they use. Smart meters also help utility companies to monitor power grids so they can make repairs as needed, reducing outage times and improving reliability. If you're interested in working with smart meters, knowing how to get a job as a smart meter installer can be useful. In this article, we look at what a smart meter installer is, explain how to become a smart meter installer and list relevant jobs.
What is a smart meter installer?
Smart meter installers are professionals responsible for installing electronic devices that can communicate information about power or gas usage between homes and utility companies. They're also responsible for setting up the systems that allow customers to monitor their own power usage and manage their accounts online. The installation process typically involves connecting a smart meter to the customer's electrical or gas system and then connecting the meter's data wirelessly to a central server where it's accessible to utility companies. The installer ensures this process works properly. They also test the systems to ensure that they meet safety standards.
Related: How to become an electrician
How to become a smart meter installer
Here are the steps involved in becoming a smart meter installer:
1. Complete training on how to instal smart meters
Training is necessary to become a smart meter installer. Such courses give aspirants the opportunity to learn how to use the standard equipment, the procedure for the correct setup and the qualifications to perform checks. These courses also cover the safety precautions to take when installing smart meters and working with gas and electricity. This knowledge is essential because it helps you learn how to protect both yourself and your customers when working on these projects.
There are several options for courses that teach smart meter installation, such as a level 2 diploma in gas installation, a level 2 diploma in electrical installation or a T level in building services engineering for construction. Another option would be to complete an apprenticeship as a dual fuel meter installer or to apply for trainee positions at electricity and gas companies. College courses, apprenticeships and trainee employers typically require between two and five GCSEs, including maths and English.
2. Practise installing smart meters on a dummy circuit box
Practising on a dummy circuit box is an example of how a smart meter installer in training can become familiar with installing a smart meter. By doing this in their own time, they can become well-acquainted with the technology involved at their own pace. The more familiar the installer is with the fitting process, the more likely it is that they can complete this task successfully when installing smart meters in customer homes.
3. Acquire smart meter certifications (optional)
Following training, you have the advanced option to sit the relevant smart meter electrician exam and become certified. This is because certain bodies want to ensure that you understand the job and how to be successful in this field. Certification can help in both confidence and career development, as it helps smart meter installers to stand out to recruiters when applying for jobs.
It shows they have the skills necessary to perform smart meter fittings accurately. Certification can also help customers to feel more comfortable letting fitters work in their homes. The certification process often occurs jointly through an employer and a training provider.
4. Study the latest smart meter technology and its applications
It's beneficial for qualified smart meter installers to study the latest smart meter technology and its applications. This is so that they can stay up to date on any updates in the field. For example, by studying the latest smart meter technology, you may discover that there are new methods or approaches that are more efficient to use. You can then include them in your service offerings, which gives you a competitive advantage over other installers who don't know about these updates.
It's also helpful for candidates to read up on any recent developments before they sit for an interview. This is because such knowledge allows them to showcase their proactivity to recruiters, meaning that they immediately stand out from other candidates. It also shows employers they're interviewing a dedicated, motivated individual who wants to learn more about their profession and seek new ways to improve their skill set. This can improve a candidate's chances of successfully getting the job.
Jobs related to smart meter installation
Here are some examples of similar jobs which involve installing smart meters or using them:
National average salary: £28,903 per year
Primary duties: A maintenance technician's job may involve installing smart meters, checking that they're working or repairing them. This is because their primary responsibility is to ensure that the building they're working in is in good condition and safe for people to use. They do this by cleaning, repairing and maintaining equipment. This can include anything from servicing smart meters to fixing a broken light fixture. A maintenance technician also helps when there's an emergency. A maintenance technician's job can be dangerous because they're often working with heavy machinery, hazardous materials such as chemicals, and electricity.
National average salary: £30,881 per year
Primary duties: A dual fuel meter installer is the person who installs, maintains and repairs gas and electricity meters. This means that they're responsible for installing the meters and sending the readings to your utility company. They also instal new meters, including smart meters, for both gas and electric appliances. They do this by connecting the devices together so that they can read both types of meters at once. The difference between a smart meter installer and a dual fuel meter installer is that the former specialises in installing smart meters, whereas the latter can instal other types.
National average salary: £30,275 per year
Primary duties: An energy consultant might recommend installing smart meters because they can help customers save money on their utility bills. This is because smart meters can automatically track and report on the amount of electricity or natural gas your home uses so that customers always know how much they're spending. This is helpful when creating a budget, for example.
Energy consultants may also recommend installing smart meters as they allow customers to compare their usage against publicly available data from other homes in their area, which is another way of helping them identify ways to reduce their usage and save money. The role of energy consultant is a career progression option for smart meter installers.
Frequently asked questions
Here are some frequently asked questions about smart meter installers and their answers:
How much do smart meter installers earn?
Salaries for a smart meter installer largely depend on their skills, qualifications, experience, and additional certifications. It may also vary based on whether the employer is a public or private entity. The national average salary for a smart meter installer is £32,928 per year. The national average salary for a senior installer is £36,666 per year. This reflects a typically 40-hour work week, though sometimes as a smart meter installer you may work on weekends.
What skills do smart meter installers require?
The primary skills of a smart meter installer are the ability to remove old meters and instal smart ones. This could be in a customer's home, a commercial building, industrial site or anywhere else with access to electricity and gas. They also benefit from having certain soft skills, like customer service, communication, critical thinking, patience and problem-solving. Manual dexterity and knowledge of mathematics are also key abilities in this role.
Salary figures reflect data listed on the quoted websites at time of writing. Salaries may vary depending on the hiring organisation and a candidate's experience, academic background and location.
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source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


Random Smoke Testing – What Homeowners Need to Know
In the past few weeks, we've had a surge of customers in Oakland and Berkeley who have experienced "random city smoke testing" requiring them to have their sewer lines tested for compliance. This has caused considerable angst and confusion amongst homeowners.
Here's everything you need to know about smoke tests, and what you should do if you have a random test administered on your home.
What are Smoke Tests?
The cities of Oakland and Berkeley conduct random smoke tests of residential sewer laterals—without the need for permission from homeowners. Notices are set to be delivered in the days leading up to the test but in just case you do not receive a notice or the notice arrives after the test has been performed, don't panic. The tips in the following sections should help inform what you do next.
What exactly is a smoke test? According to the City of Berkeley:
The reason cities are conducting smoke testing is to locate problem areas within the overall sewer system. The test identifies the sources of leaks and other problems in a sewer system, such as where storm water drainage is infiltrating the sewage pipes. This is done in order to avoid the environmental and property damages that occur when the city's sewage system is overwhelmed by storm water.
These tests are scheduled to occur in select areas throughout the entire sewer system, which includes not only the main line running down the street, but also the private sewer laterals that connect homes to the public sanitary sewer main.
How Does a Smoke Test Work?
A smoke test is a sewer inspection method in which a non-toxic smoke, approved by the MSDSs Public Health Agency, is blown into manholes. The smoke makes its way through all the connected pipes in the sanitary sewer, helping to locate pipe leaks, broken manholes, cracks, uncapped lines, and more. Testers will also locate unknown sections of pipe (or sections professionals may not have realized were connected to the sewer), such as cleanouts, roof downspouts, and sump pumps. Certain types of discovered connections are actually illegal.
Regarding the smoke itself, the City of Oakland explains:
"The smoke is non-toxic and non-hazardous and is manufactured specifically for this purpose. It leaves no residuals or stains, and has no effects on plants or animals. The smoke should not enter your home, but if it does, it will have a distinct odor and should only last a few minutes with proper ventilation. Please note, all plumbing fixture drain traps must be filled with water prior to smoke testing."
Homeowners are requested to pour water down all drains of plumbing fixtures that are not regularly used in order to fill the P-traps, which will help prevent smoke from entering the house.
During the smoke test, you may see smoke coming out of grass, utility boxes, cracked pavement, and more. Each test typically lasts about 15 minutes. Homeowners do not need to be home during that time, although it can be helpful to ensure the home is well-ventilated if smoke enters the home. You should also alert the testing crew if this happens.
What Happens After a Smoke Test?
All deficiencies are documented in a written report that should also include photos of the observed smoke. Smoke sources observed on private property will result in a letter from the city explaining the problems with an included deadline for correcting the issues, as these issues are the responsibility of the homeowner to fix.
From what we have seen so far, the cities tend to randomly smoke test a block of parcels on a given day and then send notices to homeowners after they have tested the lines. In some cases, the time lapse between the smoke test and the actual notice going out is large enough that homeowners are able to diagnose and address their problems by the time the notice arrives.
The challenges resulting from smoke test results will vary depending on the issues present in the system. Luckily, there are some fixes that are relatively simple to fix, including:
 - Disconnecting downspouts from sanitary lateral
 - Replacing a missing or broken lateral cleanout cap
However, more difficult corrections may also result. Issues that will usually require professional assistance include:
 - Cracked sewer laterals
 - Tree root issues
 - Re-routing damage from separating storm lines
sewer camera inspection is the next step whenever there is a more serious problem. The closed circuit TV (CCTV) will allow inspectors to discover/verify the true extent of the damage, helping to ensure a solution that truly solves your sewer problems once and for all. This is also important for the environment in our communities, as fixing these issues helps keep the Bay clean and preserve our overall local ecosystems. (Learn more about eco-friendly plumbing.)
What Should I Do?
If your neighborhood is experiencing random smoke tests, there is no need to worry. Follow the instructions given by the city in any notices they might send; and refer to paragraph three in this article, under the section "How Does a Smoke Test Work"? The paragraph instructs you to pour water down all drains of plumbing fixtures that are not regularly used in order to fill the P-traps, which will help prevent smoke from entering the house.
After your home is tested, you will receive communication regarding deficiencies in your line. (Since most homes in the Bay Area have relatively old sewer systems, most homes will have some sort of deficiency to fix.) The most important thing to do is follow the directions given and ensure you have fixed any issues by the given deadline.
Our team is happy to help translate and make sense of any issues reported in the notification you have received. We also offer video inspection, trenchless sewer repair services, and more. For individual assistance, get in touch with the experts at Pipe Spy.


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Valgrind experts can help me out here with the valgrind report.
Ran c++ application with valgrind to detect memory leaks, and strangely the leak summary shows different output on different runs. Note that the c++ process was loaded uniformly in all the runs. Below is the summary for two executions: In first execution:
==15767== LEAK SUMMARY:
==15767== definitely lost: 355 bytes in 25 blocks
In second execution:
==00:00:14:19.929 24494== LEAK SUMMARY:
==00:00:14:19.929 24494== definitely lost: 236 bytes in 8 blocks
Can someone tell why the number of blocks are varying?
Thanks in advance, appreciate your help.
share|improve this question
1 Answer 1
It is most likely that the process behaved differently (because of timing, thread scheduling, external resources, etc.)
share|improve this answer
Thanks for your prompt reply. So, which one is the genuine leak? – syed misba Sep 7 '11 at 11:25
Most probably both, but it is possible that all leaks result from the same bug. – Ofir Sep 7 '11 at 12:42
Your Answer


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The purpose of this blog is to discuss ways that a veteran without a 100% VA disability rating can use Total Disability/Individual Unemployability (TDIU) to achieve the same results. Although many veterans seek to qualify for a 100% disability rating based on one or more disabilities, the reality of reaching this goal is quite difficult based on the VA's rating schedule. The reason for this difficulty is the fact that many disabilities do not have ratings criteria that reaches 100%, and for those disabilities that can be rated at 100%, the requirements to qualify are usually extremely narrow and subjective.
The formula used by the VA when combining more than one rating also makes the likelihood of reaching a 100% rating very difficult. For example, a veteran with one disability rated at 70% is considered by the VA as being 30% "non-disabled." Any further disability ratings affects only the remaining 30% portion of the veteran. Therefore a 70% rating combined with a 70% rating is not a 140% rating. It is 70% + 21% (30 X.70) = 90% (91% is rounded down to 90%). As one can see, as a veteran nears a 100% rating it will take higher and higher additional ratings to increase the veterans overall rating even by 1% on the combined scale.
Because a 100% schedular rating is so difficult to reach for most veterans, an alternative mechanism called TDIU is also used by the VA. TDIU helps veterans, who are no longer employable due to their service connected disabilities, to achieve a 100% service connected rating, even though their schedular disability rating is lower than 100%.
Although most disabled veterans have heard of TDIU, there exists many misconceptions about TDIU and how to utilize TDIU effectively. The most common misunderstanding about TDIU is that it is a separate claim. In fact, TDIU can be considered in conjunction with an underlying claim for an increased evaluation. An additional misconception is that TDIU only applies to individuals with particular disabilities or rating levels.
When determining TDIU, the VA can only consider service connected disabilities and their effect on a veteran's ability to obtain and maintain gainful employment. Any disability, no matter how severe, which is not service connected cannot be a basis for TDIU. Besides being determined solely upon service connected disabilities, TDIU traditionally can be considered only if:
- The veteran has one service connected disability rated at 60% or higher; or
- If the veteran has a combined service connected disability rating of 70% and at least one disability rated at 40%.
When considering the single disability rating requirement of 60% or 40% as discussed, the VA will often miss the fact that many types of disabilities can be grouped together and treated as a single disability. For example, disabilities to both arms or both legs can be combined and treated as a single disability for purposes of TDIU. In addition, multiple disabilities that arose out of a single disease or accident can also be combined into a single disability for the purpose of TDIU.
Beyond the "schedular" application of TDIU, which requires ratings of 60% for a single disability and 70% for multiple disabilities (at least one disability rated at 40%), VA regulations also provide for consideration of "extraschedular" TDIU, when there is a single disability that does not meet the minimum rating requirements but the veteran is still unable to maintain gainful employment. For example, a veteran who suffers a single disability of the back may have a rating of 40%. This rating on its own would not reach the rating requirements for schedular TDIU; however, this veteran may still not be able to stand, sit or walk for sufficient amounts of time to allow the veteran to maintain gainful employment. Because the rating criteria does not allow for a higher rating for the back, and the veteran cannot maintain gainful employment, the regulations provide an extraschedular mechanism for the VA to grant TDIU. In this example, the veteran does not meet the minimum rating requirement for traditional TDIU, however, because a veteran cannot maintain gainful employment due to a service connected disability, the VA may grant TDIU if the veteran files for a rating increase and proves he is unemployable.
The bottom line is that veterans have alternative pathways of achieving a 100% disability rating. Many times the VA does not adequately consider these alternatives and it is important that denied claims are appealed and the claim is developed properly with evidence showing how the veteran's disabilities prevent the veteran from obtaining and maintaining gainful employment. If a veteran cannot work due to one or more service connected disabilities, the veteran is entitled to Total Disability/Individual Unemployability (TDIU).


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Have you ever wished you had more concrete evidence of what was said in a text message? Maybe you need to prove a point, resolve a dispute, or record important information. I don't know.
Whatever the reason, printing text messages is a great way to save a hard copy of your conversations, which can be helpful if you need to go to court or simply hold someone accountable.
But how do you print text messages on your iPhone? It's not as simple as you think. Unlike some other phones, the iPhone doesn't have a built-in option to print messages directly from the Messages app. However, there are several options, depending on how many messages you want to print and whether you need physical or digital copies.
1. Using screenshots
The easiest and quickest way to print text messages on your iPhone is to take a screenshot of the conversation and print it from the Photos app. This method is suitable if you only have a few messages to print and you don't mind having them in image format. Here's how:
- going to message Select an app and conversation I want to print.
- To take a screenshot of a conversation, depending on the type of iPhone you have, lock button And that top volume button At the same time, or on some older iPhones, home button And that lock button at the same time.
- Then go to photograph App.
- Tap. album Click on the tab to select it screenshot.
Bill Gates says AI is 'pretty stupid' now, but predicts everyone will have a robotic 'agent' within five years
- click select and tap all screenshots Select the items you want to print (checkmarks will appear in blue circles).
- Then in the bottom left corner Share button.
- Then select Print.
- Please make sure you have wireless printer Now that it's in range and connected to your iPhone, adjust the settings as needed.
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- Tap Print Click in the top right corner and wait until the message prints.
You have successfully printed text messages on iPhone using screenshots. However, if you have a large number of messages to print, this method may not be very efficient as you will have to take multiple screenshots and print them one by one. In that case, you may want to try the following method.
2. Convert text messages to PDF on Mac
One way to save your entire text conversation is to convert the chat to PDF from your Mac. However, as you'll see in the steps below, if you want to download all the text messages you've exchanged with someone over a long period of time, you may have to scroll back and forth a lot. In some cases, the Messaging application may close automatically. This process works well for short-term printing/saving, but is somewhat unreliable for printing/saving conversations over long periods of time.
- open i-message Apps on Mac.
- choose text conversation I want to save it by Click on it.
- select File.
- Then select Print.
- From the drop-down menu, File type.
- please select Save as PDF.
- Now choose what you want save as, where If you want to save it, title, author and subject.
- then click keep.
- with this, PDF Conversation text and images.
3. Send a conversation to another phone number
Let's say you don't have access to a printer, but want to copy and export a text thread from your iPhone. You can send it to another number and print it later. This is great if you want to share parts of a conversation, but not the entire text thread you've been sharing with someone for years. To send a conversation, follow these steps:
- Start. iMessage app On your iPhone.
- find conversation What you want to save open it.
- Tap and hold message bubble In conversation.
- Tap more.. when the menu is displayed.
- Manual selection all messages Tap the circle to the left of the message bubble to save the message you want to save.
- select all messages Tap the circle to the left of the message bubble to save the message you want to save.
- Tap. share Options at the bottom right of the screen.
- Go ahead and choose. to People you want to share conversations with.
- click green circle up arrow To share.
4. Use of third-party apps
Another way to print text messages on iPhone is to use a third-party app: Eye-mazing. This app allows you to export your messages as PDF files that you can print from your computer or save as digital copies. This method is suitable if you have a long history of messages to print and want to save them in text format. Here's how:
- After downloading, Install the app on your computer, and launch that.
- Connecting Connect your iPhone to your computer using a USB cable.
- unlock Tap your iPhone trusted device When prompted.
- In the app's sidebar, device and click message.
- choose conversation I would like to export it.
- In the top right corner, select from and to The date of the conversation you want to print.
- Adjust settings as needed, printer Connect to your computer and click Print Also.
Alternatively, if you want to export your messages as a digital copy and save it to your computer, you can do the following:
- follow me same procedure The steps up to step 6 are the same as above.
- Instead of clicking "Print", Export to PDF.
- click Next, and select name and location Specify the location to save the PDF file.
- click export, Wait until the messages are exported.
Cart important points
Printing text messages on your iPhone can be useful for a variety of purposes, including recording evidence, documenting important information, and preserving memories. However, it's not that easy to do this directly from the Messages app, so you'll have to use some alternative methods, such as taking a screenshot or using a third-party app like iMazing.
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Main Article Content
Pulmonary Thromboembolism, Meteorological Parameters
Objective: The objective of this study is to find the relationship between incidence rate and mortality of acute pulmonary thromboembolism (PTE), and seasonal and meteorological factors. Materials and methods: The data from 234 patients who were hospitalized due to acute PTE in the emergency service or policlinics between 2001 and 2008 were investigated retrospectively. Cases that developed APE (acute pulmonary embolism) in the hospital were excluded. Seasons and months in which acute PTE was diagnosed were recorded. Mortality rates by months and seasons were evaluated. The mean pressure, temperature and humidity values were evaluated for periods of three days, seven days and one month before the day of presentation. The effects of meteorological factors on the severity (massive or non-massive) and mortality of APE were investigated. Results: The incidence rate of acute APE showed a significant difference according to seasons (p=0.000). APE was diagnosed most commonly in spring and winter. The mean pressure values for three days, seven days and one month and the mean humidity values for three days for the dead patients were found to be significantly lower than those of the survived ones (p<0.05). The mortality rate for patients admitted in summer was significantly higher than the rates for other seasons (p=0.02). There were no seasonal differences among the massive APE incidences. Mortality rates were higher in summer because of the nonmassive APE patients rather than the massive patients. Conclusion: Acute PE is a disease whose incidence and mortality rates are affected by meteorological factors.


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Excel LARGE Function (Example + Video)
When to use Excel LARGE Function
Excel LARGE function can be used to get the Kth largest value from a range of cells or array. For example, you can get the 3rd largest value from a range of cells.
What it Returns
It returns the value which is the Kth largest value from a range of cells.
- array – the array or range of cells from which you want to fetch the kth largest value.
- k – the rank or position (from the top) of number that you want to fetch.
- If array is empty, LARGE returns the _TAG_! error value.
- If k ≤ 0 or if k is greater than the number of data points, LARGE returns the _TAG_! error value.
- If n is the number of data points in a range, then LARGE(array,1) returns the largest value, and LARGE(array,n) returns the smallest value.
Examples – Excel LARGE Function
Here are six example of using Excel LARGE Function:
#1 Getting the largest value from a list
If you have a list of numbers (A2:A4) and you want to get the largest number from the list, you can use the following LARGE function: =LARGE(A2:A4,1)
Here the Kth value is 1, which would return the largest number from the range of numbers.
#2 Getting the second largest value from a list
To get the second largest value from the list (A2:A4), use the following formula: =LARGE(A2:A4,2)
Since the Kth value in the formula is 2, it returns the second largest values from the range of numbers.
#3 Using LARGE function when there are blank cells in the range
If there are any blank cells in the range, it is ignored by the LARGE function.
For example, in the above example, while we take the range of cells as A2:A5, the blank cell is ignored by the LARGE function while returning the largest value from this list.
#4 Using LARGE function when there are cells with text
Similar to blank cells, Excel LARGE function also ignores cells with text, alphanumeric characters, special characters, and logical values.
#5 Using LARGE function when there are cells with duplicates
If there are duplicates in the range used in the LARGE function, it will treat those duplicates as consecutive values. In the above example, two cells have the value 7. Now when you use LARGE function to return the largest and second largest value, it returns 7 in both the cases.
#6 Using LARGE function when there is Error in the cells
If there is an error in any of the cells used in the LARGE function, it will return an error.
Excel LARGE Function – Video Tutorial
Related Excel Functions:


National Criminal History Checks
Willyama makes it easy to conduct fast and accurate background checks on your current and potential employees.
Understanding a National Criminal History Check
A Nationally Coordinated Criminal History Check—or police check—is often required when applying for employment, Australian citizenship, an appointment to positions of trust and a variety of licensing and registration schemes.
It helps organisations make informed decisions about the suitability of applicants for employment in sensitive or otherwise specialist roles.
What's involved in completing an application?
Applicants will be required to provide personal information and documentation to prove their identity. Providing robust and accurate information will help ensure a timely and accurate assessment. Applicants must also provide informed consent.
Timely & Accurate Results
Willyama aims to provide 95% of national ciriminal and police history checks within 10 business days or less. Around 70% of checks are completed in minutes.
How long will a national criminal history check take?
Willyama aim's to process 95% of police checks within 10 business days, noting that:
 - around 70 per cent of police checks are completed in real-time with results being returned to the organisation that requested the check within minutes
 - around 30 per cent of police checks are referred to one or more police agencies because a 'potential match' is found. On limited occasions, this process can take longer than 10 business days to process, due to the complexity of the check.
A 'potential match' may be found if the applicant shares similar details with other individuals recorded in police systems, particularly if they have a common name. Processing of a police check in these instances can take longer to progress.
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History of Scotlandville High SchoolJanuary 3, 2013
By Peggy Carter.
This past school year, the students from a class at Scotlandville Magnet High School were assigned the task of writing the history of their school. They soon discovered that there was very little written information about their school. So Pamela Donaldson, a Library Technician who works with the Black Heritage Room at the East Baton Rouge Parish Scotlandville Branch Library, and Elva Jewel Carter (Peggy), the Reference Librarian at Scotlandville Branch Library, decided to research the subject so that we would have some written history about the school. We decided to create an InfoGuide on a useful topic.
We gathered information from a variety of sources: newspapers, newspaper archives, books, and people. It took a long time to get all the information and check for accuracy since the school began in 1952 and changed many times to fit the needs of the community. Scotlandville Magnet High School started as a junior high school, evolving into a junior/senior school, a senior high school, a magnet high school and finally a three-tier school with educational programs for magnet and community students as well as an engineering curriculum.
The final result of our research can be accessed through this The History of Scotlandville High School InfoGuide.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


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Spring gobbler season is coming up. Here are a few safety tips:
1. Positively Identify Your Target
Be certain the bird is fully and plainly visible before pulling the trigger. Do not shoot at sounds or movement.
2. Never Stalk a Turkey
Movement or sounds you think are a turkey may be another hunter. Be patient and let the bird come to you.
3. Protect your back
Select a large tree, rock or other natural barrier while calling. Hunt in open woods.
4. Shout "STOP" to alert approaching hunters
Never move, wave or make turkey sounds to alert others of your position.
5. Dress to be safe
Never wear red, white, blue or black clothing. These are the colors found on mature gobblers
6. Cover up
Don't carry harvested birds in the open. Cover them with fluorescent orange or completely conceal from view in a game bag.
7. Be seen
Fluorescent orange is not required for spring gobbler hunting. However, wearing fluorescent orange,especially while moving, is an added safety precaution


text:
Listen to war stories at the Fries Verzetsmuseum. Touching and confrontational stories that make you think.
War up close
Experience the impact World War II had on Friesland. In this museum, you will get to know the people that lived in Friesland in the early 1940s. Frisians and non-Frisians alike share their experiences of the war from the vantage point of the countryside of Friesland. They faced resistance and persecution but, luckily, did not have to deal with famine (Dutch famine of 1944–1945). However, Friesland saw many refugees that had traveled a long way to find milk and food.
Resisting the occupation
The museum focuses on topics such as the air war over Friesland, the resistance movement and hiding from the Germans. The history of the spectacular raid on the jail in Leeuwarden by the Frisian resistance plays a key role in the exhibition.
Netherlands Museum Pass valid
Would you like to purchase a Netherlands Museum Pass?
- Parkeergelegenheid voor auto's
Purchase a Netherlands Museum Pass or a ticket to a museum
Netherlands Museum Pass
Purchase the Netherlands Museum Pass to visit more than 400 museums in the Netherlands for one year.
|Type of Museum Pass
|Young Person Pass
Standard tickets Fries Verzetsmuseum
|Peuters 0-3 jaar, Kinderen 4-17 jaar
|free of charge
|Studenten / docenten


text:
This crossword clue is for the definition: Land of the banshee.
it's A 19 letters crossword puzzle definition.
Next time, when searching for online help with your puzzle, try using the search term "Land of the banshee crossword" or "Land of the banshee crossword clue". The possible answerss for Land of the banshee are listed below.
Did you find what you needed?
We hope you did!.
Possible Answers: EIRE.
Last seen on: LA Times Crossword 23 Nov 18, Friday
Random information on the term "EIRE":
The Proto-Celtic language, also called Common Celtic, is the reconstructed ancestor language of all the known Celtic languages. Its lexis can be confidently reconstructed on the basis of the comparative method of historical linguistics. As Celtic is a branch of the Indo-European language family, Proto-Celtic is a descendant of the Proto-Indo-European language. According to one theory, Celtic may be closest to the Italic languages, which together form an Italo-Celtic branch. The earliest archaeological culture that may justifiably be considered as Proto-Celtic is the Late Bronze Age Urnfield culture of Central Europe from the last quarter of the second millennium BC. By the Iron Age Hallstatt culture of around 800 BC, these people had become fully Celtic.


settings en Comparing Configuration Files Comparing configuration (i.e. ini, preferences, config, etc.) files is not as simple as comparing say C source file. Typically in a config file the order doesn't matter so Line A Line B...... Is the same as Line B Line A...... Hence all the usual Diff tools mistakenly say files are different when functionally they are the same. Comparing something like the /etc directory on two Linux machines thus involves a lot of hand checking of functionally identical files. One solution to this is to sort the lines in the files first. The different files listed by a Diff program are then only those with real difference (assuming you turn off whitespace difference). This can be done very simply with KDiff3 which has the option to include a file preprocessor before the compare. This is found in KDiff3 in settings, diff tab. So by adding a file preprocessor such as for example: perl -e 'print sort <>' We can sort the file lines before the compare. On linux and windows this can be even simpler as they have native sort commands which work too. So all that needs adding in this case to the preprocessor setting is just "sort". Click the image above to see a screenshot of the settings dialogue. Caveats Lines are reordered so editing in a separated editor is a better idea than merging in KDiff3. Single settings that span multiple lines and multiple settings on a single line may show as different when functionally the same Tags: iniconfigsettingsdiffkdiff Wed, 24 Sep 2014 16:55:10 +0000 Malc 33 at


Land of Whirlpools
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Revision as of 21:56, February 13, 2013 by Kunoichi101 (Talk | contribs)
The Land of Whirlpools (渦の国, Uzu no Kuni; Viz "Land of Eddies") is where the Uzumaki clan originates from. It no longer exists, having been destroyed and the rest of the survivors scattered across the world. The surname Uzumaki was very common in this country.[1] It was located on an island off of the coast of the Land of Fire.
Main article: Uzushiogakure Uzushiogakure (渦潮隠れの里, Uzushiogakure no Sato; English TV "Hidden Eddy Village"; Literally meaning "Village Hidden by Whirling Tides") was the shinobi village of the Land of Whirlpools. Its ninja were renowned for their fūinjutsu to the point that it led to its destruction in war.[2] Those who survived the village's destruction scattered across the globe to seek refuge.[3]
 - "Uzumaki" means "spiral" or "whirlpool".
 1. Third Databook, page 335
 2. Naruto chapter 500, page 4
 3. Naruto chapter 500, pages 3-4
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I'm having a hard time getting off the ground with this, and am trying to move away from ArcGIS / arcpy.
I have a shapefile with a network of polylines. I want to find/count all 2-way intersections, 3-way intersections, 4-way, etc. This would involve, I think:
 - splitting all lines at intersections
 - deleting identical segments (with some spatial tolerance)
 - create points at the end of each new line segment
 - buffer the line ends, and count the number of points near/at each line end
I would like to do this in a python script. Is this overall plan easily implementable in pyQGIS? An outline of the calls I would be using would be very helpful.
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Taking the first part, if it's of any help GRASS v.clean break (in the Sextante toolbox) will split polylines at line intersections, into new polylines. N. – nhopton Aug 14 '12 at 9:43
1 Answer 1
There are a number of ways to approach this and several different ready-to-go python modules at your disposal. However I cannot directly comment on the Qgis calls but am confident most if not all of these processes are available and documents in the API: _URL_
Going in order of your requests:
> splitting all lines at intersections
You can first test to see which lines intersect and then find the intersecting points between any two lines.
There is an excellent example of how to do this in python on compiledreams.com:
Part 1) Testing for line intersection Part 2) Finding the point of intersection
Alternatively you can use the python module Shapely that offers a robust set of geometric relationship methods including intersection. Fiona was also written to work very nicely with shapely and can provide a means of data-structure translation (assuming you will be using a friendly GDAL/ORG format)
Qgis does offer similar capabilities but depending on the size of the dataset could be rather time consuming.
> deleting identical segments (with some spatial tolerance)
I am not sure where you would be getting identical segments from because you are essentially breaking a line feature at the point and making what was one two separate line features.
> create points at the end of each new line segment
So if we break a line a = [(2,0),(2,1),(2,2),(2,3)] at the intersection point of line b = [(0,2),(1,2),(2,2),(3,2)] we would get a1 = [(2,0),(2,1),(2,2)] and a2 = [(2,2),(2,3)] as the return. There is no duplicated geometries and the endpoints of the lines would be the first and last vertices's in the array. So for a1 it would have endpoints e1 = (2,0) and e2 = (2,2).
>buffer the line ends, and count the number of points near/at each line
So again shapely offers a very easy method to do this by any number of units you choose (same units as the input data is in).
Alternatively, you would define a radius around each point and create a separate polygon feature that acts as the buffer. [I am going to forgo writing out the algorithm here because I doubt that this is what you really want to do].
Then you would test to see which points fall within the buffer polygon while keeping a simple count.
Similar to the testing if lines intersect example above you can test if a point is within a polygon using an algorithm like the one defined here: _URL_
You can however just find all of the intersection points within a certain distance of any given intersection with some threshold distance. This would also save the need to create buffer polygons and performing various tests.
Without knowing much about your specific end goal you can also treat the network of polylines just as that by treating it as a network graph. This could simplify the whole process by using Networkx, which also lets you read in shapefiles. Although the topological relationships between the line features must be accurate already (meaning having already broke lines at intersection points). The counting of intersections is then just a matter of calculating the network statistic of "degree", which again is a simple method call in Networkx.
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Whether it's due to a misspelled name, a legal name change, or other personal reasons, understanding the name change policy of your airline is crucial. In this article, we will explore Icelandair name change policy, providing you with guidelines and procedures to navigate the process smoothly.
What are the guidelines to request the name change/correction with Icelandair?
Here are the key guidelines that passengers should be aware of, including the timeframes within which the Icelandair name changes on tickets can be requested –
- When booking a flight with Icelandair, it is crucial to ensure that the passenger's name on the ticket must be identical to the name on the passport or government-issued photo ID.
- Altering both the first and last names is not permitted unless there are legal considerations.
- passengers cannot transfer their Icelandair flight booking to another person.
- As per icelandair name change correction policy, the following types of scenarios are not eligible for the name correction –
- Reservations that include codeshare agreement flight
- Group reservation that includes 10 or more passengers traveling on the same itinerary.
- Request which is made within 4 hours of scheduled departure.
- In the event that passengers need to transfer ownership of a ticket to another person, they must cancel the existing booking, request a refund, and then rebook the flight under the new passenger's name. For further details on cancellations, it is advised to refer to Icelandair flight cancellation policy.
What types of Name Correction Can Passenger Request With IcelandAir?
Passengers traveling with Icelandair are allowed to request specific types of name corrections.
- Misspelled name – Passengers can request Icelandair name correction up to 3 characters. This allows them to rectify any misspelled characters and ensure that their name matches their passport or government-issued photo ID accurately.
- Fix Abbreviation – If a passenger's name was abbreviated during the booking process, they can request to expand the abbreviation to its full form. For example, if the name "V. Smith" was entered, the passenger can request to change it to "Vincent Smith."
- Inverted name – In some cases, the order of a passenger's first and last name may have been entered incorrectly. They can request a correction to swap the positions of their first and last name.
- Middle Name Addition/Removal – If a passenger's middle name was incorrectly included or omitted during the booking process, you can request to add the name.
- Hyphen Correction – If a passenger's name includes hyphens or spaces, they can request corrections to ensure the correct placement of these characters. This is particularly relevant for passengers with hyphenated last names or multiple-word last names.
- Title Correction – Passengers can request a correction to their title, such as changing "Mr." to "Ms." or "Dr." to "Prof.," to reflect their correct gender or professional designation.
The aforementioned scenario applies for the name correction where you have to call the Icelandair airl customer and simply request.
Here are the following scenarios for the name change under legal guidelines –
- Marriage – If a passenger has recently married and legally changed their last name, they can request an IcelandAir name change.
- Divorce – In the case of divorce, where a passenger has legally reverted to their maiden name or a previous name, they can request a name change to update their booking accordingly.
- Court-Ordered Name Change – Passengers who have undergone a court-ordered name change can request a name change for their Icelandair flight booking to align with their legally recognized name.
The aforementioned scenario implies an Icelandair air name change fee. Also the ticket would be reissued to the existing or higher fare class, subject to availability.
How to request the name correction with IcelandAir?
To request a name correction with Icelandair, you can choose between two methods: online and over the phone. Here's how you can utilize each method:
- Online Method –
- Visit the official Icelandair website and navigate to the customer support or contact section.
- Look for the option 'My Journey'. Enter the Booking Reference and the passenger's Last Name.
- Attach any required supporting documentation such as a marriage certificate or legal name change document, if applicable.
- Review the information entered and submit the request.
- Pay the required Icelandair name change fee.
- The airline will send you the confirmation for the name corrections.
- Over the phone – Follow these steps to request the Icelandair name change on ticket through airline's customer service –
- Dial the customer service number and wait for a representative to assist you.
- Inform the representative that you would like to request a name correction for your flight booking.
- Provide the necessary information, such as your booking reference number and the passenger's last name.
- If required, be prepared to provide supporting documentation or details regarding the reason for the name correction.
- The airline will send you the updated flight confirmation and the itinerary on your registered email.
Promptly follow the instructions provided by Icelandair to facilitate a smooth and efficient IcelandAir name correction process.
How much is the fee to request the name change with Icelandair?
Passengers who need to request name correction/change within 24 hours of booking, no Icelandair name change fee is required.
Note: Icelandair Name Change Fee is applicable, but to know the accurate fee contact the airline's customer service.
In conclusion, understanding Icelandair name change policy is crucial when it comes to rectifying any errors or making necessary corrections to your flight booking. Remember to carefully review the requirements, gather the necessary documentation, and reach out to Icelandair's customer service for any additional assistance you may need.
Frequently Asked Questions
Yes. Icelandair provides an online platform for certain types of name corrections.
The required supporting documents may vary depending on the type of name correction. Common documents include a valid ID, marriage certificate, or legal name change documentation.
Icelandair name change policy allows 1 name correction per passenger.
Changing the name on a group booking with Icelandair may have different procedures and requirements. It's recommended to contact the airline's customer service.


seals of yeovil borough
Common seals of Yeovil
Examples of Portreeve's Seal 1815 and Borough Seal 1877
Yeovil was officially designated as a Borough in 1854 and at left is an example of the Seal of the Borough of Yeovil used by the Corporation. It is from a document in my collection dated 1877 and is based on the original fourteenth century town seal used by the town's Lord and his Portreeve.
The main shield depicts Saint John the Baptist, standing beneath an arch with trees either side. He is holding a shield with a representation of the Agnus Dei, the Lamb of God.
The seal is a device for making an impression in wax, or other medium, and is also the impression thus made. The purpose was to authenticate the document.
The sealing process is essentially that of a mould, with the final image represented on the device for making the impression by a mirror-image design, incised in sunken relief, or intaglio. The seal-making device is also referred to as the seal matrix or die; the imprint it creates as the seal impression.
The seal impression in this photograph measures three inches (75mm) across and is reproduced here almost actual size (depending on your screen resolution). Impressed into red candle wax, it was placed on a bright green silk square attached to the vellum (calfskin) document.
The Portreeve's Seal photographed below, is from a document of 1815.
From my collection


text:
Comparison of the Navy Working Capital Fund and mission funding as applied to Navy shipyards [electronic resource] /
Abstract (Summary)The dramatic political and economic events, both globally and within the United States, during the early 1990s led to significant changes to the Navy shipyard organizational structure. As part of the Navy maintenance regionalization and consolidation program, the financial management system used to manage these commands has been changed. Specifically, the Navy has shifted two of its four shipyards, with authorization to shift the other two in FY07, from the Navy Working Capital Fund to mission funding through direct congressional appropriations. This funding shift has raised questions about the advantages and disadvantages each financial system provides shipyards, the operating differences that occur due to the funding change, and the future financial consequences of funding Navy shipyards using direct appropriations. This thesis identifies the advantages and disadvantages of the Navy Working Capital Fund and the mission funding model in the context of a Navy shipyard environment and determines whether the change in financial structure provides an overall benefit that should be pursued for all shipyards.
School Location:USA - California
Source Type:Master's Thesis
Date of Publication:


Colombia, SC weather in August 1964
Temperature for August 1964
In August 1964 the average high temperature in Colombia, SC was 0.0°F, and this was 91.5°F cooler than the average of 91.5°F. The hottest day in August 1964 was 0 August when the temperature reached 0.0°F. Overnight the average temperature in August is 69.8°F and in 1964 the average overnight temperature was 69.8°F cooler at 0.0°F.
Precipitation for August 1964
In August the average monthly rainfall in Colombia, SC is 5.07 inches with rain usually falling on 11 days. In August 1964 there was a total of 0.00 inches of rain, that fell on 0 days.


text:
Offer: Alston Bannerman Fellowship Program (for U.S. activists)
The Alston Bannerman Fellowship Program was founded in 1988 to honor and support longtime activists of color by giving them the resources to take time out for reflection and renewal. Fellows receive a $25,000 award to take sabbaticals for three months or more.
To qualify for an Alston Bannerman Sabbatical Fellowship, you must:
- be a person of color
- have more than 10 years of community organizing experience
- be committed to continuing social change work in communities of color
- live in the United States, Puerto Rico, Guam, American Samoa,or US Virgin Islands
Beyond the basic eligibility criteria, the Alston/Bannerman Program seeks applicants whose work:
- Attacks roots causes of inequity by organizing those affected to take strategic collective action.
- Challenges the systems that perpetrate injustice and effects institutional and structural change.
- Builds community capacity for democratic participation and develops grassroots leadership.
- Acknowledges the cultural values of the community.
- Creates accountable participatory structures in which community members have decision-making power.
- Contributes to building a movement for social change by making connections between issues, developing alliances with other constituencies and collaborating with other organizations.
2010 Fellowship Application Deadline is April 13


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I'm writing a technical report and I want to emphasize that each sample that I have stored in a buffer has been collected before the following one. Can I say,
The samples from the buffer are known to have been captured consecutively in time?
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7 Answers 7
up vote 11 down vote accepted
Sounds redundant to me. I'd put a period after "consecutively". Alternatively, you might try "in chronological order".
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'In chronological order' does not mean the same as consecutively. A series of events can occur in chronological order, without being consecutive. – Dancrumb Apr 6 '11 at 16:05
_USER_: If a series of events are consecutive then they are also chronological, no? So, consecutive would be a more restrictive term than chronological? – MrHen Apr 6 '11 at 17:10
"Consecutively" implies some higher density; an ordering without gaps. The numbers [1, 2, 5] are not consecutive, but are in order. If I read that a list of samples were consecutive, I would assume that the list presented is all samples at some maximum sampling precision. (Either way, it is grammatical.) – user2400 Apr 6 '11 at 19:12
_USER_: Yes; I just wanted to make the point that 'consecutively' and 'in chronological order' are not equivalent, in case Jal is not a native speaker. – Dancrumb Apr 6 '11 at 21:38
I cannot definitively say that consecutively in time is incorrect, but the phrasing is awkward, at best. I would suggest the good old simple expression, one after other. More formally, you could also say, in succession:
 - The samples from the buffer are known to have been captured one after the other.
 - The samples from the buffer are known to have been captured in succession.
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I think consecutively should suffice; it's as if the 'in time' is an inelegant hint as to what consecutively actually means, to those who aren't sure.
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I think you could easily use the word, "sequentially."
From dictionary.com
se·quen·tial [si-kwen-shuhl]
1. characterized by regular sequence of parts.
2. following; subsequent; consequent.
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Well, it could be used to make a distinction if the word were also serving other meanings:
con·sec·u·tive (kn-sky-tv) adj.
 1. Following one after another without interruption; successive: was absent on three consecutive days; won five consecutive games on the road.
 2. Marked by logical sequence.
 3. Grammar Expressing consequence or result: a consecutive clause.
From theFreeOnlineDictionary
If you had just used the word in its logical or grammatical sense, you might add "in time" if you then wanted to be clear about which version a chronological statement was serving.
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Unless you are able to break a fundamental law of physics, consecutively in time is redundant.
If this is a technical report and you're discussing buffers, then your audience should/will probably understand FIFO.
A queue is FIFO, a stack is LIFO.
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Just one word: successively.
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text:
The authors analyzed commercially available data from five New Jersey communities to categorize food outlets based on the North American Industry Classification Codes. The authors integrated information from the databases with Internet searches and phone calls to refine the categorization of food outlets listed in the databases.
- There were substantial differences between the commercial food outlet database classifications and the researchers' revised database classifications.
- The reclassification found that there were three times as many convenience stores than indicated in the commercial database; one-seventh the number of supermarkets and grocery stores; and twice as many limited-service restaurants.
This research suggests that commercial food outlet databases provide a substantially healthier picture of community food sources than actually exists. The methodologies described may create a replicable approach to tailoring information from commercial databases for public health purposes.


text:
What does TWOC stand for?
TWOC stands for Trinity World Outreach Center (Louisville, KY)
This definition appears very rarely and is found in the following Acronym Finder categories:
- Organizations, NGOs, schools, universities, etc.
See other definitions of TWOC
We have 2 other meanings of TWOC in our Acronym Attic
- Teen Way Off Broadway
- Timeless Way of Building (book by Christopher Alexander)
- Total Waste of Bandwidth
- Taken Without Owner's Consent (UK theft)
- Termination without Cause (employment)
- Textile Workers Organizing Committee (Congress of Industrial Organizations)
- The Western Orthodox Church
- The Woodlands Operating Company (Texas)
- Training Wing Operations Center
- Trial Without Catheter


text:
Software-Type Wave Particle Interaction Analyzer (S-WPIA)
To understand energy exchange processes between plasma/particles and waves through wave-particle interactions, the newly developed S-WPIA system is installed in the ERG satellite. The time evolution of the kinetic energy of electrons via wave-particle interactions is determined as follows:
where m0 is the electron rest mass, c is the speed of light, γ is the relativistic factor, t is time, q is the charge of electrons, E is the instantaneous electric field vector of plasma waves, ν is the electron velocity, and θ is the relative phase between E and ν. The positive qE(t)⋅ν(t) indicates the acceleration of particles by waves, while the negative qE(t)⋅ν(t) means the growth of waves. The relative phase θ determines the direction of energy flow.
Recently, an innovative method for direct measurement of E⋅ν has been proposed [Fukuhara et al., 2009]. Based on this idea, S-WPIA directly calculates the relative phase θ for each event of particle detection by the onboard particle instruments. S-WPIA has the capability to identify the fraction in the v-θ phase space. The fraction corresponds to the so-called electron hole, which is theoretically expected [Omura et al., 2008]. Thus S-WPIA will quantitatively discriminate which electrons contribute to chorus generation and which electrons are actually accelerated by chorus waves. This will be the first observation to unambiguously identify how energy conversion takes place via wave-particle interactions in space.
Figure 1 schematically shows the data processing of S-WPIA onboard the ERG satellite. All velocity vectors v of particles caught by the particle detector as well as the waveforms E observed by the plasma wave receiver are stored in the onboard memory on the real-time basis. The onboard CPU reads out the stored data from the onboard memory and calculates the phase between a velocity vector and the corresponding instantaneous amplitude. Once the data are sorted according to θ, the distribution of the number of counts can be obtained as shown in Figure 1a. On the other hand, the time variation of ΣE⋅ν provides important information on the energy exchange due to wave-particle interactions. We can compare the energy exchange depending on different pitch angles (Figure 1b).


Dirt road
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Cattle on a dirt road in Paraguay.
A dirt road is an unpaved road made from the native material of the land surface through which it passes, known to highway engineers as subgrade material. Dirt roads are suitable for vehicles; a narrower path for pedestrians, animals, and possibly small vehicles would be called a dirt track—the distinction is not well-defined. Unpaved roads with a harder surface made by the addition of material such as gravel and aggregate (stones), might be referred to as dirt roads in common usage but are distinguished as improved roads by highway engineers. (Improved unpaved roads include gravel roads, laterite roads, murram roads and macadamized roads.)
Compared to a gravel road, a dirt road is not usually graded regularly to produce an enhanced camber to encourage rainwater to drain off the road, and drainage ditches at the sides may be absent. They are unlikely to have embankments through low-lying areas. This leads to greater waterlogging and erosion, and after heavy rain the road may be impassable even to off-road vehicles. For this reason, in some countries, such as Australia and New Zealand, they are known as dry-weather roads.
Dirt road in Switzerland for agricultural use.
Dirt roads take on different characteristics according to the soils and geology where they pass, and may be sandy, stony, rocky or have a bare earth surface, which could be extremely muddy and slippery when wet, and baked hard when dry. They are likely to become impassable after rain. They are common in rural areas of many countries, often very narrow and infrequently used, and are also found in metropolitan areas of many developing countries, where they may also be used as major highways and have considerable width.
Terms similar to dirt road are dry-weather road, earth road, or the "Class Four Highway" designation used in the People's Republic of China. A track, dirt track, or earth track would normally be similar but less suitable for larger vehicles.
Driving on dirt roads[edit]
Detail of a dry, loamy road.
While most gravel roads are all-weather roads and can be used by ordinary cars, dirt roads may only be passable by trucks or four-wheel drive vehicles, especially in wet weather, or on rocky or very sandy sections. It is as easy to become bogged in sand as it is in mud; a high clearance under the vehicle may be required for rocky sections.
Driving on dirt roads requires great attention to variations in the surface and it is easier to lose control than on a gravel road. In addition to the hazards already mentioned, and potholes, ruts and ridges, problems associated with driving on gravel roads include:
 - sharper and larger stones cutting and puncturing tires, or being thrown up by the wheels and damaging the underside, especially puncturing the fuel tank if not shielded
 - stones skipping up hitting the car body, lights or windshields when two vehicles pass each other
 - dust thrown up from a passing vehicle reducing visibility
 - 'washboard' corrugations cause loss of control or damage to vehicle systems such as suspension and steering
 - Skidding (loss of traction) on mud after rain.
Dirt road in Brazil
A dirt road showing a heavy amount of washboarding damage
This is an 1880's photo of 653 W Wrightwood (now 655 W Wrightwood) in the Lincoln Park Neighborhood of Chicago, Illinois. Note the wooden sidewalk, dirt road and lack of buildings surrounding the edifice.
Laterite and murram roads[edit]
In Africa parts of Asia, and parts of America, laterite soils are used to build dirt roads. However laterite, called murram in East Africa, varies considerably to earth and sand. It ranges from a hard gravel to a softer earth embedded with small stones. Not all laterite and murram roads are therefore strictly gravel roads. Laterite and murram which contains a significant proportion of clay becomes very slippery when wet, and in the rainy season, it may be difficult even for four-wheel drive vehicles to avoid slipping off very cambered roads into the drainage ditches at the side of the road. As it dries out, such laterite can become very hard, like sun-dried bricks.
See also[edit]


text:
Last week I wrote about my cracked iron and a desire for a tapered iron for my miter plane and J asked the following question:
I got similar queries from a few other people and the answer deserves a proper explanation:
A plane iron can be parallel, tapered so that the thick end is near the mouth, or tapered so that the thinner end is near the mouth (See picture).
If the iron is parallel the iron will stay put provided the force on the iron is less than the wedge force or the frictional force caused by the wedge bearing down on the iron. In general the friction force is going to be a lot less than the wedge force and depending on the iron and the fit of the wedge (very important) you might have to bang the wedge in pretty hard to keep the frictional force high enough so the iron stays put in use. The same force is needed to slide the iron in or out.
Japanese planes have a tapered iron with the cutting edge at the thin end. The iron is held by wedging it into notches at the side of the plane and it's the grain of the oak body that keeps the iron in place. This method of holding an iron in a plane is completely different from the Western approach.
The Western tapered iron is thicker at the cutting edge and works well because the iron is held in place by a mechanical interference between iron and wedge. There is no chance of the iron sliding so the force holding the iron in is purely a taper against the body of the plane, not parallel to the iron and is very strong. Most importantly the forces required to back off the iron are far greater than the force required to advance the iron. So a tap, tap on the back of the iron will advance the iron, and only a small tap on the wedge will lock it. Pushing back the other way takes more force. Try this and see - how hard it takes to advance a tapered iron vs the force needed to back it out.
Wedged infill planes pretty much disappear after the invention of the lever cap by Fenn in 1844. This allowed for using less expensive parallel irons, and it is far easier to fit a lever cap to a plane than a wedge. However I think adjusting a wedged plane is far easier. This changes again in 1913 when Norris introduced their adjuster. There is also an argument that a properly fitting wedge helps dampen vibration by clamping the iron over a much greater area than a lever cap. I want to think this is true but the thicker the plane iron is the less effect the wedge dampening would have.
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text:
Students will be given a yellow receipt that is a valid Instruction Permit until their hard-card photo permit comes in the mail. The yellow receipt is valid for 60 days. If the hard-card photo permit is not received within 60 days, it is your responsibility to call the Minnesota Department of Public Safety at the phone number shown on the yellow receipt.
The Instruction Permit allows the student to practice driving with a licensed driver who is age 21 or older. The student must have the Instruction Permit with them at all times while driving. The student is required to hold the Instruction Permit for a minimum of six months before attempting their Road Test. The Instruction Permit is valid for two years and is renewable.
To be eligible to take the Knowledge Test and apply for an Instruction Permit, students must:
- Be at least 15 years old
- Have complete 30 hours of classroom instruction and received their Blue Card from Safeway
- Bring a primary and secondary form of identification
Primary Forms: certified birth certificate or valid passport
Secondary Forms: school issued ID card or original Social Security card
- Present their Blue Card from Safeway
- Present their Minnesota ID card (if they have one)
- Know their Social Security number (must be provided on application)
- Pass a Vision Test
- Have their photo taken
- Pay the fee of $15.50 (credit cards not accepted)
- Have a parent or guardian available to sign the application


Getting Computer Names into a Cmdlet
Much of what folks do in PowerShell involves multi-computer management, and that means you need a way to tell commands (cmdlets) which computers to manage. Here are several techniques, all of which assume you're using a cmdlet that has a -computername parameter.
If you have a cmdlet whose -computername parameter binds pipeline input ByPropertyName, then you need to pipe in objects that contain a ComputerName property. You might start with AD Computer objects - but those have a name property instead. So you'll need to "rename" the property mid-pipeline:
Get-ADComputer -filter * | Select *,@{n='computername';e={$}} | Do-Whatever
You can use a CSV file, too. If the file contains a ComputerName column:
Import-CSV computers.csv | Do-Something
Again, that'll connect the "ComputerName" column to the -computername parameter of Do-Something (that is, whatever cmdlet you're using). What if your CSV has a "host" column instead? Use the same "renaming" trick as the first example:
Import-CSV data.csv | Select *,@{n='computername';e={$}} | Do-Something
Another trick is to use a parenthetical expression. The results of the expression are fed to the parameter. Here, I'll retrieve names from a text file, which lists one per line:
Do-Something -computername (Get-Content names.txt)
You can use that same parenthetical expression trick with any command that returns computer names. For example, let's go back to pulling them from AD. In this case, I'm getting Computer objects - but I don't want the entire object. I only want the contents of the Name properties. The -expandproperty parameter of Select-Object will take that one property and just returns its values:
Do-Whatever -computername (Get-ADComputer -filter * | Select -expandproperty Name)
With clever use of pipeline binding or parenthetical expressions, you can get computer names from almost any source and feed them to whatever cmdlet you like.
Discuss this Blog Entry 1
on Mar 10, 2011
There is also one more technique that I've learned on VUG (FreeNode _TAG_ IRC channel), that allows you to use scriptblock for parameters that read from pipe and use $_ there and properties of the object:
Get-ADComputer -Filter * | Test-Connection -ComputerName { $_.Name } -Count 1
Really nice for working with AD results. :)
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text: This paper proposes a route planning problem for sightseeing with fuzzy random variables based on constraints of required traveling times and satisfactions of the total sightseeing activity. In general, traveling times among sightseeing places and the satisfactions of activities depend on weather and climate conditions. Tourists will like to do their favorable route planning without drastically changing the tour route of usual condition such as fine even if the weather condition changes for the worse. Therefore, the fuzzy random variables for traveling times and satisfactions of activities derived from uncertainty conditions are introduced, and a new route planning problem is proposed to obtain the favorable route similar to the optimal route under the usual condition. As a basic case of fuzzy numbers, interval values and the order relation are introduced. From the order relation, the proposed model is transformed into an extended model of network optimization problems. A numerical example is provided to compare the proposed model with standard route planning problems for sightseeing.


Did you know?
notam - definition and synonyms
What are red words?
 1. From our crowdsourced Open Dictionary
 notice to airmen; an official announcement circulated to the aviation industry warning them of new high structures, such as cranes, that are being built
 If you want to erect a crane in London of any significant height... there is something called a Notam (Notice to Airmen)... it's a known value that the crane is there, they don't just erect them.
 Submitted from United Kingdom on 16/01/2013
BuzzWord Article
Open Dictionary
the activity of exploring abandoned buildings and other manmade structures
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text:
This is a truth that Japanese knives are most sharpen than Western.Yes! This is sourcing from demand by professionals. Western manufacturer are targeting to home kitchens. This is opinion from us! So! The major Western chef knife makers make a lot of compromises regarding the quality of the knife in order to please even the lowest common denominator of consumers. Just as modern tomatoes have been developed to be beautiful and uniform on the shelf, and have lost some of their original rich flavor, so too have the compromises made by Western knife brands hurt the performance of your knives.
The first and perhaps most significant compromise, is steel, which is the heart of the knife. The steels used by many leading European companies are steels designed to maximize rust resistance and deal with abuse on the part of the user (such as throwing into the sink, grinding in cheap appliances, spending the night in a glass of water, etc.) which severely impairs the performance of their knives. European steels are much softer than their Japanese counterparts. The harder the steel, the greater the sharpness of the blade that the knife can reach. But because harder steel is harder to grind at home and unprofessional and more vulnerable to damage as a result of abuse, Western manufacturers have compromised on performance and chosen to produce soft steel chef knives that offer much less performance. The Japanese knives, on the other hand, are built as a hard-cutting steel sandwich between two layers of shock-absorbing soft steel, a technology whose roots lie directly in forging the katana swords, thus enabling much better performance. Hardness is measured on the Rockwell scale - in the HRC ranks. The leading manufacturers in Europe produce knives with a grade of 52-58 HRC, while the Japanese manufacturers work with steels that reach grades of 60-65, and sometimes also 66+ HRC. To illustrate the difference - a Japanese knife with a rating of 62 HRC is more difficult than a Western knife with a rating of 58 HRC by 46%, a huge difference. As we have noted, it is important to remember that harder knives are more fragile and not built to withstand abuse and use with excessive force. It is therefore advisable for those switching from a western knife to a Japanese knife to exercise discretion while using the knife and re-learn the force required to make a cut, not to apply unnecessary force to the blade unnecessarily, nor to rotate the blade during cutting of hard raw materials like pumpkin for example. It is important to remember that harder knives are more fragile and not built to withstand abuse and use with excess force. It is therefore advisable for those switching from a western knife to a Japanese knife to exercise discretion while using the knife and re-learn the force required to make a cut, not to apply unnecessary force to the blade unnecessarily, nor to rotate the blade during cutting of hard raw materials like pumpkin for example.
The second major compromise is at an angle to which the western blade of the knife is sharpened. The blade usually comes at an angle of 25 degrees, and sometimes even duller. This means that if we connect the two sides of the blade, we get a total angle of 50 degrees. Western companies make a blade that is resistant to damage, which is why many of the unprofessional users who purchase these knives do not keep their knives - store them scattered in a drawer, sharpen them with cheap electrical appliances, cut them on a glass board and throw them into the sink at the end of work. Match the knives to the "worst" consumer, in order to maximize market share and reduce complaints and returns. A professional or in-house cook, looking for a knife with performance, will have a hard time enjoying such a knife., Cutting accuracy, The freshness and texture of food is an uncompromising issue in Japan. The Japanese mentality is aimed at maximum performance no matter what. Therefore, stainless steels that have conquered the West have not succeeded in Japan, certainly not in professional kitchens, where they are almost non-existent (For information on types of steels ). Japanese manufacturers make knives at a 12-degree angle, that is, 24 total angles.


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Connections Quiz Round - Oscar Winners
Oscar Winners 1
Oscar Winners Connections Round - The answer to question 10 is the connection between all 9 answers.
This is an Instant Download quiz
How Do I Get My Quiz?
The connections quiz round is a good way to test teams during a standard pub quiz night.
It features 9 general knowledge quiz questions and question 10 is "Guess the connection between all, or part of each answer"
The answer to this quiz is Oscar Winners
Example questions;
 - Which actress, once engaged to Leonard Cohen, played Peyton Flanders in The Hand That Rocks The Cradle?
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text:
The Basics of Utah Conservation Districts - District Supervisors
Conservation District Supervisors
When the residents of a conservation district elect a supervisor, they delegate the responsibility of directing the conservation needs of the district's natural resources to them. Supervisors are leaders, using their own operations and activities to set a good conservation example to others, demonstrating conservation benefits.
Conservation district supervisors have the opportunity to take an active role as stewards - safeguarding limited natural resources. To effectively nurture conservation in their communities, they should understand their role and responsibilities as a supervisor. Their success depends on their vision of the conservation district movement, their knowledge of natural resource conservation and the available means to accomplish conservation district objectives.
Roles of District Supervisors:
- Be aware of the different natural resource needs within the district and actively seek input for solutions.
- Be an example of conservation management by practicing applicable conservation methods.
- Promote the ethic of good resource stewardship among all residents.
- Be familiar with laws, policies and program concepts of importance to the district.
- Manage staff, finances and property of the district (through zone coordinator).
- Regularly attend district meetings and functions, take an active role in overseeing your employees' activities, and generally make conservation district business a priority.


Layered rendering part 2, it helps solve many problems… :-)
As part of Qt 4.5, we added QGraphicsItem::opacity. Which is great! But it doesn't work as well as it could. We're receiving a few comments about how this implementation could work better. Trouble is, in Qt 4.5 we only have two ways of rendering: direct, and indirect ("cached", e.g., ItemCoordinateCache). And in order to apply opacity, you really need full composition support... :-/
Here's a rundown of the trouble with today's opacity support:
 - The current behavior modifies the input opacity of the painter
 - you can override this opacity on a per-item basis (intentionally or not!)
 -...and each primitive (line, rect, pixmap) you draw with QPainter will be composed one at a time inside the item (which is bad!)
 - The behavior is slightly different depending on whether you cache an item or not.
 -...if you use caching, the offscreen pixmap is rendered with an opacity, whereas the item itself doesn't have any opacity set on its painter.
 - Each item applies opacity locally, and even though opacity propagates to children, each item is still rendered by itself, cause each item to be transparent (as opposed to rendering one subtree as a whole with an opacity)
All these problems could have been solved if we treated opacity as an effect that you can apply to one layer as a whole, instead of on each item. I think this is how opacity should work in the first place... but that's how it goes sometimes. But fear not, we can fix this in a later release! :-)
To illustrate the current behavior, here's what you get if you construct a scene with four items, each a child of the previous item, in colors red, then green, then blue, then yellow. Logical structure in hypothetical markup:
Rect {
 color: red;
 rect: QRectF(0, 0, 100, 100);
 child : Rect {
 color : green;
 pos: QPointF(25, 25);
 opacity: 0.5;
 child : Rect {
 color : blue;
 pos: QPointF(25, 25);
 rotation: 45;
 child : Rect {
 color : yellow;
 pos: QPointF(25, 25);
 scale: 2x2;
This will in Qt 4.5 render the following output:
Opacity, in Qt 4.5
What's important to notice here is how all elements are transparent; so you can see the blue through the yellow item, the green through the blue item, and the red item through the green item. But the yellow item doesn't actually have any opacity assigned. It inherits opacity from the green item (opacity: 0.5).
By rendering the "green sub-tree" into a separate layer, we can combine all items and apply one uniform opacity as part of composing these items together. In my last blog I wrote about off-screen rendering. This work has progressed and is in quite a usable state (although the code is really ugly). It works! The rendering output for the same application as the above looks like this:
Opacity, in Qt 4.6
The essential difference is how the "green sub-tree" is treated as if it had one _combined_ opacity. The yellow item, for example, isn't transparent by itself at all. You can't see the blue through the yellow. By "collapsing" the subtree into a single layer we can both avoid unnecessary rerendering of items (i.e., if you move the green item around, the children are not repainted, not even from cache). Which is pretty cool!
(We get this at the cost of allocating and spending an extra pixmap, and the first time we render there's an extra level of indirection.)
But there's even more applications to this technique... :-) With code for handling explicit composition of layers, we can now use pixmap filters and shaders to compose one layer onto another. And this is very useful for any future effects API we might add to Qt in general. Imagine applying a gaussian blur effect to the layer represented by the green item. The result is below:
Opacity w/blur, in Qt 4.6
The result is very neat; the whole layer is blurred before it's rendered. You don't get funny artifacts that might have occurred in overlapping regions if each of the items was blurred individually.
Now none of this gives any mind-blowing screenshots (at least not yet), but it's an important step that provides faster rendering of subtrees (as sliding and transforming a complex graph of items ends up just being matrix operations on a single pixmap/texture, and in software this prevents overdrawing), a more accurate processing of the opacity property of QGraphicsItem, and it makes it very easy to apply fancy composition effects to groups of items.
Questions: Should layers be explicitly defined, or implicitly handled by logics inside Graphics View? In the example above, I've used the opacity property to detect whether an item's subtree should be rendered into a separate layer or not. This is easy to do and very clear/unsurprising. But what if you want to collapse a subtree for performance reasons? An alternative, or possibly an additional approach would be to add an explicit setting: QGraphicsItem::setLayer(true) or setCacheMode(QGraphicsItem::DeepItemCoordinateCache). I'm torn. Experimentation and feedback will show (yes I know I need to push this code out, once our SCM goes public this will be much easier!).
There's also the problem with these darn flags QGraphicsItem::ItemIgnoresParentOpacity and QGraphicsItem::ItemDoesntPropagateOpacityToChildren. There's no way to make these flags work with a layered rendering approach. But are these flags very important, or could we just (*cough* *cough*) disable/deprecate them? ;-)
Finally I still haven't found out how to handle ItemIgnoresTransformations. The most probable solution is that these items are automatically rendered into a separate layer.
Happy hacking! :-)
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text:
Definition of Rootworm
1. Noun. A worm that tunnels through the roots of young plants. ¹
¹ Source: wiktionary.com
Definition of Rootworm
1. a beetle whose larvae feed on the roots of crop plants [n -S]
Click the following link to bring up a new window with an automated collection of images related to the term: Rootworm Images
Lexicographical Neighbors of Rootworm
Literary usage of Rootworm
Below you will find example usage of this term as found in modern and/or classical literature:
1. Pathogens of Maize Seeds: Bibliographyby Andrew Kalinski by Andrew Kalinski (1994)
"Mating behavioral studies of corn rootworm beetles are underway.... Additional studies examined the interactions of rootworm insecticides with post..."
2. Legumes in Crop Rotations--Bibliography, January 1990-December 1993 by Mary V. Gold (1994)
"The incidence of corn rootworm larval damage in corn after soybeans was greatest in the central, northeastern, and eastern regions of Illinois, where annual..."
3. Conservation Tillage by Jane P. Gates (1994)
"Corn rootworm infestations were applied at 0, 1650, 3300, or 6600 viable eggs m-1.... 4.1 Mg ha-1 with no rootworm eggs; 4.3 vs. 3.1 with 1650 eggs m-1;..."
4. Productive Soils: The Fundamentals of Successful Soil Management and by Wilbert Walter Weir (1920)
"Corn rootworm.—Corn growers in the Southern states, particularly, suffer much damage from the corn rootworm or "budworm." In some seasons it is difficult to..."
5. The Corn Crops: A Discussion of Maize, Kafirs, and Sorghums as Grown in the by Edward Gerrard Montgomery (1913)
"There are two insects that are most troublesome where continuous corn culture is practiced — the corn rootworm and the root-louse. Corn rootworm There are..."
6. IPM and Biological Control of Plant Pests: Field Crops: Bibliography January by DIANE Publishing Company (1995)
"... Feeding and toxic effects of floral sesquiterpene lactones, diterpenes, and phenolics from sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) on western corn rootworm...."
7. Farm Friends and Farm Foes: A Text-book of Agricultural Science by Clarence Moores Weed (1910)
"Consequently this Corn rootworm has been a blessing in disguise,... The discovery of the life history of the Northern Corn rootworm and the pointing out of..."


Brain injury turns Italian man into Frenchman with poor language skills
Article content
A brain injury has turned an Italian man French, even though he doesn't speak the language very well.
Scientists from the University of Edinburgh and the Somma Lombardo Hospital in Italy, detailed the man's odd condition in the medical journal Cortex.
The man, who is 50 and described only by his initials, JC, had a brain injury stemming from an arterial anomaly four years ago. Abruptly afterwards, he began to talk in French. He only reads French magazines, enjoys French movies and eats French food.
The researchers said JC's previous history with French amounted to high school language classes and a "fling" with a French woman while the man was in his 20s. This was the first time he had used the language in 30 years.
Despite his newfound desire to speak French -- what the scientists call a "compulsive foreign language syndrome" -- JC still can't speak it very well.
But what he lacks in accuracy, he makes up for in "exaggerated intonation," the scientists say.
And he doesn't let it get him down: "unjustified euphoria," they call it -- even offering to teach his neighbours how to speak French.
"When a trauma to the brain occurs -- due to a car accident or a stroke, tumour, or other causes -- some parts of the network may be spared while some others temporarily or irreversibly damaged," Regina Jokel, a speech-language pathologist told ABC News in 2010, after studying a Croatian teen who began speaking German.
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Ring Culture Pots
Traditional Ring Culture is where Bottomless Plant Pots are rested on a bed of porous aggregate (such as gravel). By following the Ring Culture method you avoid root diseases and you allow roots access to a large amount of moist material - this is why Ring Culture Pots are ideal when growing greenhouse crops such as tomatoes, peppers, and aubergines that are susceptible to soil-borne problems.
You can adapt the traditional method of ring culture to get the best crops from your grow bags. Simply position three Bottomless Pots on top of the grow bag - removing the polythene under each pot so the plants roots can grow straight into the bag. Plant into the Bottomless Pots. As your plants grow simply top up the pots with more compost - this encourages the growth of extra roots out of the covered stem - resulting in stronger plants. Growing plants in this way you can also create a two tier root system - by watering into the pot and into the grow bag.


text:
Miniature Fountain Grass is the smallest Pennisetum
A dense clump, with downy bottlebrush spikes and yellow autumnal colouring, Pennisetum alopecuroides 'Little Bunny' has the same traits as the very popular Pennisetum 'Hameln'.
The difference is that this miniature less than 40 cm in height and that it is the ideal ornamental grass for small gardens or pot growing.
Preferably grow in the sun in ordinary, well-drained soil.
- 9,5cm pot
- Hardiness zones : zone 7-10
- Height: 30 to 50cm
- Plant spacing: 40 cm
- Flower colour:
- Flowering period:
Easy to grow plant£3.99
This fountain grass forms vigorous clumps of straight, bluish leaves.from £3.49
Giant Fountain Grassfrom £3.99
A remarkable cultivar£4.29
For natural gardens.from £3.99
Oriental Fountain Grass or Designer's Dream!from £3.99
Synonyms: Pennisetum massaicum, Pennisetum 'Red Bunny Tails'£6.29


text:
It is well known that in a given $\delta$-hyperbolic group there are only finitely many conjugacy classes of finite subgroups. This is clearly false for relatively hyperbolic groups since we have no control over the parabolic subgroups. Fix a relatively hyperbolic group $\Gamma$ with parabolic subgroups $P_i$. Are there only finitely many conjugacy classes of finite subgroups $F<\Gamma$ with the property that $F$ is contained in a two-ended subgroup $H<\Gamma$ which is not conjugate into any $P_i$? Perhaps weaker: are there only finitely many isomorphism types of two-ended subgroups which are not conjugate into any parabolic? Weaker still: Is there an upper bound to the orders of elements in such subgroups $F$?
(Motivation: I am trying to find a law obeyed by non-parabolic two-ended subgroups of relatively hyperbolic groups, or at least a partition of them into finitely many families, each of which obeys a law.)


text:
Here's a video that will take you through the steps of making a storm glass; a smart device that can give you a weather update!
The storm glass or chemical barometer already exist in 1750 but was not popularly known and used until the 19th century. The crystals in a chemical barometer are made up of three solid components that were dissolved in the heat but somehow form a mass on their own as the climate conditions change every day. Note that the amount of each component used in making a storm glass may need to be adapted to your local climate, since storm-glass instruments were all intended for use in cold climate zones. Are you ready to predict the weather? Follow the instructions below, and start making your storm glass today!
- Vodka, 100 Proof (50% Ethanol) – 300 mL
- Camphor – 28g (1oz)
- Potassium Nitrate – 10g
- Ammonium Chloride – 10g
1. Pour in 300 ml of vodka in a jar
2. Add 1 cube of camphor to the vodka
3. Add 10 g potassium nitrate
4. Add 10 g ammonium chloride
5. In a pot lightly heat some water then immerse the jar to dissolve all the solid components. This will show you the degree to which one substance is able to dissolve in another
6. While heating, cover the jar lightly. Do not use a tight cover as this will cause pressure to build up inside the jar
7. Put a couple of ice cubes on the lid to reduce any alcohol that may evaporate
8. Turn off the burner once all the solids have dissolved and allow the water to cool down before you put the sealing ring of the jar
9. Place in a non-climate controlled area in your house
To reset your storm glass, place the jar in a bowl of warm water for 10 minutes. Wait for the old crystals to dissolve completely. Always loosen the jars' lid when reheating to prevent pressure build-up.


text:
Size-dependent vibration of bi-directional functionally graded microbeams with arbitrary boundary conditions
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© 2017 Elsevier Ltd In this paper, the free vibration behaviour of bi-dimensional functionally graded (BDFG) microbeams under arbitrary boundary conditions (BCs) is studied. Based on the frame work of the modified couple stress theory and Hamilton's principle, governing equations of motion are developed for the BDFG microbeams using a quasi-3D theory. The formula then can be reduced to a higher-order beam theory (HOBT) of conventional functionally graded (FG) microbeams with the material properties varying along the thickness direction only. Two types of BDFG microbeams with different patterns of material volume distribution are considered. The material properties used in this study are assumed to vary exponentially along both longitudinal and thickness directions of microbeams. Based on the state-space concept, the governing equations are solved for natural frequencies and vibration mode shapes of microbeams under various BCs. The effects of material distribution, geometric parameters and BCs are also investigated to examine the size-dependent behaviour of BDFG microbeams.
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