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Recall a tranverse metric on a (regular) foliated manifold $(M,F)$ is a positive symmetric $C^\infty (M)$-bilinear form $g$ such that
1) $Ker(g_x)=T_x F$
2) It is invariant with respect to lie derivtives along vector fields tangent to the foliation.
I know that not every foliation $(M,F)$ admits such a tranverse metric, however, I would like to know some simple examples of when this fails. I do know that if the foliation arises as the fibers of a sumbersion, then it always admits a transverse metric, however I would also like to know some examples of foliations not of this form which DO admit a tranverse metric. Thank you!
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You can take a foliation of a 2-torus by lines of an irrational slope. – Ian Agol Feb 7 '12 at 3:48
3 Answers 3
For your second kind of example, consider the foliation of the unit $3$-sphere that is the integral curves of the vector field $$ X = p\left(x^1\frac{\partial\ }{\partial x^0 } -x^0\frac{\partial\ }{\partial x^1 }\right) + q\left(x^2\frac{\partial\ }{\partial x^3 } -x^3\frac{\partial\ }{\partial x^2 }\right), $$ where $p$ and $q$ are relatively prime integers. This has a transverse metric, but it is not the fibers of any submersion from the $3$-sphere to a $2$-manifold.
As for things that don't admit transverse metrics at all, you want a foliation such that the holonomy of the leaves (actually, it's enough to have one such leaf) is not compact. A good example of this is the foliation of the unit circle bundle of a compact surface of negative curvature by the tangential lifts of geodesics of the metric.
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The holonomy group of any leaf is a discrete group, so what do you mean by compact? Did you mean finite? By the way, do you have a reference for this non-existence claim? Thanks! – David Carchedi Feb 7 '12 at 11:59
_USER_: Yes, the holonomy of each leaf is discrete in this case. If the leaf isn't closed, it's trivial and, if the leaf is closed, it's generated by a single element. However, that single element will not preserve any metric if it has a real eigenvalue of modulus greater than $1$, which is the case for closed geodesics on a surface of negative curvature. This is is thoroughly discussed under the topic of Anosov flows, which you should Google for a full explanation. The Wikipedia page on this is quite explicit. – Robert Bryant Feb 7 '12 at 12:58
_USER_: I am a little confused. The holonomy group of any leaf of any (regular) foliated manifold is discrete, by definition, since it is a quotient of the fundamental group. Are you speaking of something else? Are you claiming that if I have a foliated manifold $\left(M,F\right)$ and a leaf which is not compact (and I am working here without corners or boundaries) then its holonomy group has to have a single generator? If so, why is this true and where can I read this? – David Carchedi Feb 7 '12 at 14:14
Also, are you claiming that if there is such a non-compact leaf such that the generator of the holonomy group induces an endomorphism of the tangent space with a real eigenvalue with modulus greater than 1, then there cannot be a tranverse metric on the foliated manifold? Any references, or clarifications would be most helpful. Thank you! – David Carchedi Feb 7 '12 at 14:15
_USER_: You have misread what I wrote or aren't taking into account the fact that I'm talking about the particular example that I gave, in which the leaves are $1$-dimensional and thus are either circles or copies of $\mathbb{R}$. In the former case, the holonomy is generated by a single element (corresponding to the generator of $\pi_1$), in the later case, the holonomy is trivial, in this particular example. The claim about a generator with real eigenvalue greater than $1$ obstructing a transverse metric seems obvious to me, so I'm not sure what you are not getting. – Robert Bryant Feb 7 '12 at 15:55
Another (actually quite close) example of a foliation without a transverse metric: the stable foliation of the geodesic flow on the unit tangent bundle of a negatively curved manifold.
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Could you please give a reference for this claim? and also, why is that it does not have a transverse metric? – Camilo Angulo Feb 7 '12 at 15:51
By the corollary to theorem 4 in Kaimanovich's two page paper "Brownian motion on foliations: Entropy, Invariant measures, mixing" any foliation by leaves of sub-exponential volume growth must have a transverse invariant measure. An example of this is the foliation of the unit tangent bundle of $d$-dimensional hyperbolic space by the normal vectors to each horocycle (i.e. the strong stable foliation of the geodesic flow).
There is a $3$ dimensional manifold foliated by $2$-dimensional leaves without any transverse invariant measures which I think is due to Hirsch (I like it because because one can visualize it in Euclidean $3$ space easily).
To construct it take a solid torus $T = D \times S$ ($D$ a disk and $S$ the unit circle in the complex plane) and a solenoid map $f: T \to T$ which we take to be $s \mapsto s^2$ in the $S$ coordinate. Consider the foliation of $T \setminus f(T)$ by sets of the form $D \times \{s\}$ (each of these is a disk minus two smaller disks). Then identify the outer and inner boundaries of $T \setminus f(T)$ using $f$.
You get a compact foliated manifold (without boundary). Depending on whether the the $S$ coordinate of a point is eventually periodic under $s \mapsto s^2$ or not, the leaf the point belongs to can look like a $2$-sphere minus a Cantor set or a Torus minus a Cantor set. All leaves are dense.
The pasting you did makes is so that each time you want to go through a boundary torus you either square or take a square root of the $S$ coordinate.
In particular the holonomy along any curve which crosses the outer torus exactly once from the inside towards the outside is $s \mapsto s^2$ in the $S$ coordinate. Using this fact you can show there is no transverse invariant measure.
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I am using selenium, C# at this point I am able to compile word document and then need to save as a pdf on desktop and then validate the links in the downloaded document with original parsed document, so what are different approaches to reach at this goal. Specific answers are most welcome. Using IE browser
Thanks in advance
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I am very confused at what the question is. Can you expand? What do you mean by "compile word doc"? When you're talking about saving as pdf do you mean saving from a browser somehow? If you are talking about comparing links in a word doc to links in a pdf then Selenium is definitely not the right tool for the job since it will only automate interacting with web elements within a browser. – Sam Woods Nov 1 '13 at 19:58
Sam you got the question in correct way, I am downloading the document from internet but before downloading, I am sending document in word form and then downloading it in pdf/tex/doc. type(depends). Now the new document I got having links and I need to validate that links with original document – Tami Nov 4 '13 at 15:39
1 Answer 1
This is how I approached a similar situation in validating a PDF creation service.
 1. Convert the doc -> PDF using an automated method you control. This will be your oracle.
 2. Use your conversion process under test
 3. Do a file comparison between the two PDFs
That method seems to me the easiest to implement, but it may not meet your test needs.
Another approach could be to parse both the doc and the pdf, then use regex to grab the URLs and do a comparison.
For parsing a Word doc, check out this stack overflow post: How to parse text from MS Word document to string
For testing\parsing PDFs check out: jpdfunit and PDFParser
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Does there exist a prime 3-manifold such that its mapping class group has an abelian representation in which the 2$\pi$ rotation is represented by -1?
In detail: Let $M$ be a closed orientable prime 3-manifold. Let $D_F(M,p)$ be the group of diffeomorphisms of $M$ that fix a point $p$ of $M$ and a frame there. Define the mapping class group (MCG) of $M$ to be the zeroth homotopy group of $D_F(M,p)$. Then the $2\pi$ rotation is an element of MCG that is the equivalence class of the following diffeo, $R_{2\pi}$: Consider a coordinate ball of radius 2, $B2$, centred on $p$. $R_{2\pi}$ fixes the ball of radius 1, $B_1$, centred on $p$ and everything outside the sphere of radius 2. In between $B_1$ and $B_2$ the $R_{2\pi}$ maps $(x,y,z)\rightarrow(x\cos\theta+y\sin\theta,y\cos\theta−x\sin\theta,z)$ where $\theta$ is a function of $r=\sqrt(x^2+y^2+z^2)$ which increases smoothly and monotonically from 0 to 2$\pi$ as $r$ increases from 1 to 2. The square of the 2$\pi$ rotation is the identity in MCG. A manifold is spinorial if $\[R_{2\pi}\]$ is non-trivial in MCG.
Background motivation:
This question is interesting because of the possibility that fermions can be built on non-trivial spatial topology. $M$ is the manifold of a 3-D spatial hypersurface in spacetime. The fixed point is the point at infinity (where the metric is asymptotically flat) and fixing a frame there has the same effect on $\pi_0(D_F)$ as requiring some falloff conditions on the diffeomorphisms at infinity or requiring them to be the identity outside some ball. The configuration space of General Relativity in this asymptotically flat setting is (space of asymptotically flat metrics on $M$)/$D_F$ and its first homotopy group is isomorphic to (what I called above) MCG, see _URL_ (I know it is not the usual definition of MCG). The quantum state, on canonical quantisation of General Relativity, carries a unitary irreducible representation (UIR) of the MCG and different choices of UIR give different physics. Prime 3-manifolds are potentially candidates for elementary particles built from pure geometry: topological geons (this is speculative!). A prime 3-manifold can be the basis for a spinorial particle (i.e. spin 1/2, spin 3/2....) if $R_{2\pi}$ is nontrivial. Because particles must be able to be pair produced and annihilated, topology change must be allowed in the theory which means that the theory should be quantised in a sum-over-histories framework rather than a canonical quantisation framework. Within the sum-over-histories framework it is challenging to realise nonabelian reps of MCG. Abelian reps on the other hand are more easily accommodated by attaching phases to topologically distinct sectors of the path integral. Moreover certain rules that would result in a spin-statistics correlation for topological geons would also force the reps to be abelian, _URL_ (hence the need for abelian reps). However, if there were no spinorial primes with abelian reps this would rule out spinorial geons and therefore fermions.
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What do you mean by 'the' $2\pi$ rotation? – HJRW May 16 '11 at 12:21
Please edit the question statement to put in the clarifications. You're also presumably assuming that the manifold is spin, and looking at the spin mapping class group. – Dylan Thurston May 16 '11 at 13:25
1. This is not the usual definition of MCG. 2. By the belt trick, the $2\pi$ rotation squares to be the identity. 3. The $2\pi$ rotation is central. 4. I don't know what you mean when you say "abelian representation" or "represented by -1". – Sam Nead May 16 '11 at 13:28
Even with the edit, "represented by -1" is not clear. Are you asking for this element of the mapping class group to map onto the generator of an infinite cyclic group? That's how I read your question. – Ryan Budney May 16 '11 at 19:33
1 Answer 1
up vote 8 down vote accepted
Yes, there exists such a manifold $M$. This follows if there exists aspherical $M$ with $Diff(M)\simeq 0$ (contractible) and $H^2(M;\mathbb{Z}/2\mathbb{Z})=0$. I claim there exists such manifolds. Let's see why such $M$ suffice.
There are two fibrations: $$ D_F(M,p) \to Diff(M,p) \to GL(3,\mathbb{R})$$ and $$ Diff(M,p) \to Diff(M) \to M.$$
The first comes from considering the derivative at $p$ of a diffeomorphism fixing $p$. The second comes from considering the image of $p$ under a diffeomorphism of $M$.
From the long exact sequence of homotopy for a fibration (e.g. 4.41 Hatcher), we have the exact sequence $$0=\pi_2(M) \to \pi_1(Diff(M,p)) \to \pi_1(Diff(M))=0 \to \pi_1(M)\to $$ $$\pi_0(Diff(M,p))\to \pi_0(Diff(M))=0.$$ We see that $\pi_0(Diff(M,p))=\pi_1(M)$, and $\pi_1(Diff(M,p))=0$. Similarly, $$0=\pi_1(Diff(M,p))\to \mathbb{Z}/2\mathbb{Z}=\pi_1(GL(3,\mathbb{R})) \to \pi_0(D_F(M,p))\to \pi_0(Diff(M,p))\to 0.$$
From the second sequence, we see that $\pi_0(D_F(M,p))$ is therefore a $\mathbb{Z}/2\mathbb{Z}$ extension of $\pi_1(M)$. These are classified by $H^2(\pi_1(M);\mathbb{Z}/2\mathbb{Z})=H^2(M;\mathbb{Z}/2\mathbb{Z})=0$ (since any such extension is central). Thus, it is a trivial extension, so $\pi_0(D_F(M,p))=\mathbb{Z}/2\mathbb{Z}\times \pi_1(M)$. The $\mathbb{Z}/2\mathbb{Z}$ factor is generated by $[R_{2\pi}]$ in your notation, so clearly the desired abelian representation exists.
Now we need to see that a closed orientable aspherical manifold $M$ with $Diff(M)\simeq 0$ and $H^2(M;\mathbb{Z}/2)=0$ exists. In fact, we may assume $M$ is a hyperbolic homology sphere. For example, take a hyperbolic knot complement with trivial isometry group. Perform Dehn filling of slope $1/k$ for $k$ large to get a closed hyperbolic manifold. This manifold will be an aspherical homology sphere and will have trivial isometry group for $k>>0$ (this follows from Thurston's Dehn surgery theorem and the Margulis lemma, since the isometries must preserve the short core geodesic of the Dehn surgery). By a result of Gabai, $Diff(M)$ will be contractible.
One can work in somewhat greater generality with hyperbolic 3-manifolds $M$ which have the property that $H^2(Aut(\pi_1(M));\mathbb{Z}/2\mathbb{Z})=0$, since the first exact sequence implies that $\pi_0(Diff(M,p))=Aut(\pi_1(M))$. I'm not sure what happens if $H^2(Aut(\pi_1(M));\mathbb{Z}/2\mathbb{Z})\neq 0$; I assumed it $=0$ as a convenient way to see that the group $\pi_0(D_F(M,p))$ splits.
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Thank you for your answer. I'm still reading through it to try and understand it all but it looks like it's what I'm looking for. Do you mean that $\pi_0(D_F(M,p))$ (as opposed to $\pi_0(Diff(M,p))$) is a $\mathbb{Z}/2\


text:
Hartford Hospital has recently discovered an original "Mrs. Chase"… (STEPHEN DUNN, Hartford…)
Long before there was "Annie," the iconic doll used for CPR-training classes, there was "Mrs. Chase."
Created in 1911, the lifesize Mrs. Chase doll is the first known doll to have been designed specifically for training health care workers. The original was built in Rhode Island for Hartford Hospital, which — to the surprise of just about everyone at the hospital — still has it.
A few weeks ago Steven Donahue, director of the hospital's Center for Education, Simulation and Innovation, was putting together a brochure about the hospital's training mannequins. A Google search he did revealed that simulation mannequins began with the Mrs. Chase doll and that Hartford Hospital had the very first.
It was the first that Donahue ever had heard of Mrs. Chase, and he doubted the doll was still in the hospital after 101 years.
"I figured, no way could we still have it around," he said, but he mentioned it to Steven Lytle, the hospital's archivist. Lytle confirmed that there was a Mrs. Chase in the hospital's archives and retrieved it, which was wearing an original, hand-stitched Hartford Hospital gown.
Aside from a few paint chips, the mannequin is surprisingly well-preserved. It will be part of an exhibit at the hospital on the history of medical training mannequins. Rebecca Stewart, spokeswoman for the hospital, said the exhibit is tentatively scheduled for May.
The mannequin was created by Martha Jenks Chase, of Pawtucket, R.I., who went into business making dolls as children's toys in 1901. Her dolls were popular because they were lightweight and sturdy but still had some of the realistic features of porcelain dolls sold in stores. Within a few years, Chase's dolls were advertised nationally and sold at Macy's and FAO Schwartz.
At the request of A. Lauder Sutherland, principal of the Hartford Hospital Training School, Chase made an adult-sized mannequin for nurse training in 1911. Sutherland, who had gotten tired of the makeshift, straw-filled dummies her nurses had been using, was impressed by Chase's lightweight and durable dolls.
Chase jokingly named the doll Miss Demon Strator, but eventually the handful of training dolls she made became known as "Mrs. Chase." In 1914, Chase created "Arabella," an upgraded version that allowed nurses to practice arm injections. Chase died in 1925, but the M.J. Chase Co. continued in business until 1981.
Most of what is known about the origins of Mrs. Chase is from the research of Eleanor Krohn Herrmann, a professor emeritus of nursing at UConn. She started researching the doll about 15 years ago after she happened to mention Mrs. Chase to a nursing student.
"She looked at me like I had four foreheads," said Herrmann, who lives in Wallingford. Although the Mrs. Chase doll was once ubiquitous in nurses' training classes, Herrmann said very little was known about the doll or her creator.
"So I wanted to know where this Mrs. Chase came from, and began looking," she said.
Mrs. Chase was used to train nurses how to dress a patient, turn her over and transfer her from bed to bed. Outfitted with movable joints at the hips, arms and legs, the dolls were designed with some help from Chase's husband, who was a doctor.
Next to today's simulation medical dolls, Mrs. Chase is decidedly low-tech. You can't give her CPR or injections. Compare that to SimMan 3G, better known to Hartford Hospital staff as "Tommy," who can sweat, bleed and have seizures. In the next room is "Jennifer," another state-of-the-art mannequin who "delivers" a simulation of a newborn baby. The robotic mother-to-be even screams to make the scenario more realistic. Donahue said the next-generation software might include cursing as well, "although we're trying to be sensitive about it."
These medical training mannequins all were made by Laerdal, a Norwegian company, which has dominated the market for decades. Jon Laerdal, a strategic marketing manager for the company, got a chance to see the Mrs. Chase doll when he visited Hartford Hospital last month to present some new software. As amedical mannequin cognoscente, Laerdal long had known of Mrs. Chase but had never seen one of the dolls.
"It was unbelievable how good look she looked for a 100-year-old doll," he said.
The Laerdal company began in the 1940s, with the creation of Resusci Annie, now the well-known CPR doll. Legend within the small community of CPR historians has it that Annie's likeness was based on the death mask of a young woman from Paris who drowned herself in the Seine River after a love affair went sour.
"My grandfather, the founder of the company, saw the death mask hanging on the wall of his parents-in-law when he was searching for the face of Resusci Annie," Laerdal said. "Now she's referred to as the mannequin that went from the mask of tragedy to the kiss of life."
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text:
We consider the collisions of plane gravitational and electromagnetic waves with
distinct wavefronts and of arbitrary polarizations in a Minkowski background. We
first present a new, completely geometric formulation of the characteristic initial
value problem for solutions in the wave interaction region for which initial data are
those associated with the approaching waves. We present also a general approach to
the solution of this problem which enables us in principle to construct solutions in
terms of the specified initial data. This is achieved by re-formulating the nonlinear
dynamical equations for waves in terms of an associated linear problem on the
spectral plane. A system of linear integral "evolution" equations which solve this
spectral problem for specified initial data is constructed. It is then demonstrated
explicitly how various colliding plane wave space-times can be constructed from
given characteristic initial data.
This pre-print has been submitted, and accepted, for publication in the journal, Classical and quantum gravity. The definitive version: ALEKSEEV, G.A, and GRIFFITHS, J.B., 2004. Collision of plane gravitational and electromagnetic
waves in a Minkowski background: solution of the
characteristic initial value problem. Classical and quantum gravity, 21(23),pp.5623-5654 is available at _URL_.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


text:
Background: Flavonoids such as naringenin and naringin are suggested to affect lipid metabolism by modulating the activity of ∆6 and ∆5 fatty acid desaturases and other key genes and enzymes. Consequently, the biosynthesis of n-3 LC-PUFA from ALA is likely to be modulated in the presence of flavonoids.
Aim: To investigate the effect of naringenin and naringin on n-3 LC-PUFA biosynthesis from ALA in hepatocytes.
Methods: FaO hepatocytes were seeded in 30 small flasks then incubated for 5 days with or without 100 µM ALA (3 flasks each) with no added flavonoids. Other flasks received 100 µM ALA in addition to either naringenin (6 flasks, 50 µg/mL of culture medium) or naringin (6 flasks, 20 µg/mL of culture medium). Also, 6 flasks received naringenin and 6 other flasks received naringin but without adding ALA. Two-way ANOVA tested the differences and interaction between groups.
Results: EPA content was marginally but significantly enhanced in hepatocytes incubated with naringenin and ALA (1.0±0.1µg/mg of cells) and naringin with ALA (0.9±0.1µg/mg of cells). Flavonoids without ALA did not change EPA content in the cells. Also, the flavonoids did not significantly improve DPA or DHA content in the cells regardless of ALA supplementation.
Conclusions: Naringin and naringenin, flavonoids from citrus peel, have a potential in improving n-3 LC-PUFA biosynthesis from ALA in hepatocytes in vitro. Further studies can confirm this effect in vivo and provide an insight into functional foods interaction with fatty acid metabolism.
Funding Source: None.


The importance of establishing personalities in esports teams
Are you looking for ways to optimize your team in esports? Do you want to become a well-organized team? A team that can work together despite different personalities? Then this article may be just for you. In this article, we take a look at how understanding your teammates' (and your own) personality can strengthen your team. However, we will not be covering all areas of personalities and how they affect your teamwork. Instead, this article intends to explain the importance of establishing personalities in esports teams and what you can do to become aware of these personalities.
Why personalities in esports matter
When playing games in teams, whether it be League of Legends (LoL) or Dota 2, there are always different roles on your team. Examples of roles could be Top-laner, AD Carry and Support in LoL, or Hard Carry, Mid and Offlaner in Dota 2. The more different roles you have on your team, the better the team becomes. It's the same outside the game, when working as a team in esports.
No one is identical and let's appreciate that. But we can have similar personality traits that helps understanding what kind of personality we have. Our personality affects everything we do and therefore, it's tied to how we act in a team. Understanding your different personalities in a team helps your team to work together on becoming aware of your strengths and weaknesses you possess. And that leads to creating common goals, which leads to better communication, which leads to optimized teamwork, which is important in esports.
What kind of personalities do your team possess?
It can seem difficult to write all your personality traits down and understand their meaning. Luckily, there are tools like personality tests that can help you define your personality. An example of that, is 16Personalities. This site gives you the opportunity to take a personality test. It also contains articles and theories about personality traits.
16Personalities divides personality into 4 categories (Analysts, Diplomats, Sentinels and Explorers) and each category is divided into 4 sub-categories. Understanding your own personality opens the door to objective self-awareness. It helps you see aspects of yourself that could be improved and how you can optimize your strengths. This is important in a team in esports. By developing self-awareness, we become better at communicating with others. That helps you work on your teamwork, motivate each other, create common goals and help you understand how every person plays a part in your team, despite different personalities.
To sum it all up, understanding your team's different personalities is a vital factor in esports. Taking a personality test ( and talking about it with your team is a good start. This creates self-awareness which helps understand our own weaknesses and strengths. This leads to better communication, which leads to better teamwork, creating common goals, increased motivation. And that leads to better team performance in esports.
Take the test:
Kyle (2020). Is It Important to Know My Personality Type for Work?
Darrel (2020). How to Create a Better Team Using Personality Traits.
Tang, W. (2018). Understanding esports from the perspectives of team dynamics. The Sport Journal Vol 21. United States Sports Academy. ISSN: _PHONE_
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Brett Anderson's Height
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What is a price floor? Examples of binding and non-binding price floors.
Price floors are common government tools used in regulating. A price floor means that the price of a good or service cannot go lower than the regulated floor. A minimum wage law is the most common and easily recognizable example of a price floor.
To intuitively understand a price floor, imagine dropping a rock in your house. The rock cannot go lower than the floor because it will hit it and stop. The same concept holds with prices and a price floor. The price cannot go lower than the price floor. Where this gets tricky is that a BINDING price floor occurs ABOVE the equilibrium price. It may be confusing to have a floor above something, but if you think it through it makes sense. If a rock wants to fall from an altitude of 50 meters to an altitude of 20 meters, than the floor must be above 20 meters in order to be effective. If the floor is at 10 meters, the rock (price) can fall to 20 meters with no problem.
Economics classes want students to be able to recognize the difference between binding and non binding price floors. Consider the example of a minimum wage law in California. Imagine the minimum wage is $8.00 per hour. If a company wants to pay someone $10.00 per hour, than there is no problem because this price is above the floor. However, if a company wants to pay an employee $6.00 per hour, than the there is a problem because this amount is below the price floor. The latter example would be a binding price floor, while the former would not be binding.
Note that the price floor is below the equilibrium price so that anything price ABOVE the floor is feasible. Another way to think about this is to start at a price of 100, and go down until you the price floor price or the equilibrium price. If you hit the price floor first, it is binding. However, if you hit the equilibrium price first, the price floor is not binding is not.
Since our original price floor of $4.00 was ineffective, what happens if we increase the price floor to $10.00? This will raise the price floor line on the graph above the equilibrium price level. You can now see that the equilibrium price is BELOW the price floor, so it is not possible for the equilibrium price to be attained. This means that suppliers (labor) are willing to supply a higher quantity than originally supplied (because of the higher price) and consumers (firms) are going to demand a lower quantity than originally demanded. This results in a surplus (unemployment) because quantity supplied is higher than quantity demanded. As long as the price floor is present, there will be a surplus in the market, and some of the suppliers that are willing and supply their labor will not be able to find a job (a firm willing and able to hire them at the price floor price).
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text:
The Chinook Arch
November 14, 2001
The above photo was taken at evening twilight in Calgary, Alberta by Jeff McIntosh. On the lee (eastern) side of the Rocky Mountains in Colorado, Wyoming, Montana, and the province of Alberta in Canada, chinook winds occasionally bring respite from cold weather. Chinook is an Indian name meaning "snow eater." These warm, westerly winds result from downslope winds - air moving across the Rocky Mountains and down onto the prairies. During those cold, dull gray winter days, Albertans sometimes look toward the mountains for the Chinook Arch, a curved patch of blue sky (as shown above) that indicates that warm winds are approaching. Over this past weekend, a strong chinook was felt in Alberta and Montana. Chinooks typically occur from early November to late March.


text:
Term: Rosendale Township [origin of place name]
Definition: In an early day the name of Rosendale was the most appropriate that could have been given to the tract of land constituting the town of that name. It was suggested by Mrs. George C. Curtis because it was such a perfect vale of roses.
[Source: Butterfield History of Fond du Lac Co., p. 767.]


text:
This study evaluates initial construction costs of a four-story building in the Portland area. It compares construction cost estimates of six different structural systems all with brick veneer as the exterior cladding. Click here to view the full study.
Based on the construction cost estimates prepared for this study, the cost associated with using a noncombustible compartmentalized construction method including concrete-based construction materials was very favorable with both conventional wood frame and light gage steel frame construction costs. The load-bearing masonry system was only 3 percent more than the cost of conventional wood frame and 3 percent less than steel frame construction.
The minimal increase in construction cost can help pay for itself over the life of the structure. Materials such as concrete masonry have many other advantages beyond their inherent fire resistance including durability, resistance to mold growth, resistance to damage from vandalism, structural integrity, and minimal damage caused by water and water pressure in the event of building fire. In many cases, with concrete-based construction that will never burn, the damage outside of the fire compartment is minimal. This provides for reduced cleanup costs and quicker reoccupation of the structure.
This study determined that truly resilient buildings can be constructed affordably. We can keep the residents in our communities safe by using the principles of balanced design. We recommend that a similar study be undertaken to evaluate the use of similar construction systems and their associated construction cost impact on other typical building types such as schools, retail establishments, and commercial buildings.


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How big should a slice be for a DVD, assuming that the file system restricts the size?
should slices be 1GB or so? What's an efficient slice size?
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1 Answer
up vote 1 down vote accepted
According to the Wikipedia article,
It is, however, possible to circumvent this limitation by using the multi-extent (fragmentation) feature of ISO 9660 Level 3 and create ISO 9660 filesystems and single files up to 8 TB. With this, files larger than 4 GB can be split up into multiple extents (sequential series of sectors), each not exceeding the 4 GB limit. For example, the free software such as InfraRecorder and mkisofs as well as Roxio Toast are able to create ISO 9660 filesystems that use multi-extent files to store files larger than 4 GB on appropriate media such as recordable DVDs.
So a slice can be as large as a DVD (about 4.3 GB binary for a single-layer disc).
Limited file size
If, for whatever reason, you need to limit the file size to no more than max_file_size and the disk holds disk_size, make your slice size the largest disk_size / s less than max_file_size, where s is an integer. That way, you can fit s slices on the disk exactly (ignoring round-off error), wasting no space. For disk_size ≈ 4.3 GB and max_file_size = 1 GB, you could then make each slice 880 MB, fitting 5 slices per disc.
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pardon, I meant to state assuming that the file system prevents large files, what's the optimum slice size? – Thufir Sep 16 '12 at 0:22
_USER_: Okay. Edited. – Mechanical snail Sep 16 '12 at 0:41
I haven't tried that, so I've accepted the answer assuming your arithmetic is correct :) – Thufir Sep 19 '12 at 20:33
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text:
view a plan
Here is a jazz musician's crossword puzzle idea
9, 10, 11, 12
Title – Jazz Musician Crossword
By – Stacey Tyler
Primary Subject – Music
Grade Level – 9-12
Students will find this either very simple or at least fun. If you a have a method of creating a crossword puzzle on your PC, pick at least 16 – 20 jazz legends to enter. Here are some suggestions:
Note from lessonplanspage.com: we took Stacey's suggestions and entered them at the Discovery School site: _URL_ with the following results.
8. Wynton Marsalis's instrument
Give the puzzle to students as a fun sheet or have them to go to swingmusic.net to find the answers.This is a great extra credit activity.This is a great site for research papers for black history month also.
E-Mail Stacey Tyler!


text:
Noun: covering kú-vu-ring
Verb: cover kú-vu(r)
- A natural object that covers or envelops
"under a covering of dust";
- natural covering, cover
- An artifact that covers something else (usually to protect, shelter or conceal it)
- The act of concealing the existence of something by obstructing the view of it
"the covering concealed their guns from enemy aircraft";
- cover, screening, masking
- The act of protecting something by covering it
- The work of applying something
"the doctor prescribed a topical covering of iodine";
- application, coating
- Provide with a covering or cause to be covered
"cover her face with a handkerchief"; "cover the child with a blanket"; "cover the grave with flowers"
- Form a cover over
"The grass covered the grave";
- spread over
- Span an interval of distance, space or time
"The period covered the turn of the century"; "This farm covers some 200 acres";
- continue, extend
- Provide for
"The grant doesn't cover my salary"
- Act on verbally or in some form of artistic expression
"The course covered all of Western Civilization";
- treat, handle, plow [N. Amer], deal, address, plough [Brit, Cdn]
- Include in scope; include as part of something broader; have as one's sphere or territory
"this should cover everyone in the group";
- embrace, encompass, comprehend
- Travel across or pass over
"The caravan covered almost 100 miles each day";
- traverse, track, cross, pass over, get over, get across, cut through, cut across
- Be responsible for reporting the details of, as in journalism
"The cub reporter covered New York City";
- Hold within range of an aimed firearm
- To take an action to protect against future problems
"Count the cash in the drawer twice just to cover yourself"
- Hide from view or knowledge
"The President covered the fact that he bugged the offices in the White House";
- cover up
- Protect or defend (a position in a game)
"he covered left field"
- Maintain a check on; especially by patrolling
"The second officer covered the top floor"
- Protect by insurance
"The insurance won't cover this";
- insure, underwrite
- Make up for shortcomings or a feeling of inferiority by exaggerating good qualities
"he is covering for being a bad father";
- compensate, overcompensate
- Invest with a large or excessive amount of something
"She covered herself with glory"
- Help out by taking someone's place and temporarily assuming his responsibilities
"She is covering for our secretary who is ill this week"
- Be sufficient to meet, defray, or offset the charge or cost of
"Is this enough to cover the check?"
- Spread over a surface to conceal or protect
"This paint covers well"
- Cover as if with a shroud
"The origins of this civilization are covered in mystery";
- shroud, enshroud, hide
- (animal husbandry) copulate with a female, used especially of horses
"The horse covers the mare";
- Put something on top of something else
"cover the meat with a lot of gravy";
- (card game) play a higher card than the one previously played
"Smith covered again"
- Be responsible for guarding an opponent in a game
- Sit on (eggs)
"The female covers the eggs";
- brood, hatch, incubate
- Clothe, as if for protection from the elements
"cover your head!";
- wrap up
Derived forms: coverings
Type of: adjoin, apparel, artefact [Brit], artifact [N. Amer], ascertain, assure, be, broach, check, clothe, compensate, conceal, concealing, concealment, contact, control, copulate, correct, counterbalance, couple, deputise [Brit], deputize, dress, empower, enclose, enclothe, endow, endue, enfold, ensure, envelop, enwrap, even off, even out, even up, fit out, fulfil [Brit, Cdn], fulfill [N. Amer], garb, garment, gift, go across, go through, guarantee, habilitate [archaic], hide, hiding, include, indue, inform, initiate, insure, invest, live up to, make up, manual labor [US], manual labour [Brit, Cdn], mate, meet, multiply, natural object, pair, pass, play, procreate, protect, protection, raiment [archaic], reproduce, satisfy, see, see to it, step in, sub, substitute, tog, touch, warrant, wrap
Encyclopedia: Covering Cover, Protective, Individual


text:
|Species count by game|
|Species count by type|
Birds are a species of villager in the Animal Crossing series. The term does not refer to any bird specifically, but these birds resemble typical passerines. There are only six females in this group, making this group predominantly male. There are 21 bird villagers so far, of which two are islanders, and three special characters.
Other bird-type villagers
Special Character bird-types
Special characters tend to be a different species from normal villagers. Here is a list of those that are birds:


Item Pipeline
After an item has been scraped by a spider, it is sent to the Item Pipeline which process it through several components that are executed sequentially.
Each item pipeline component (sometimes referred as just "Item Pipeline") is a Python class that implements a simple method. They receive an Item and perform an action over it, also deciding if the Item should continue through the pipeline or be dropped and no longer processed.
Typical use for item pipelines are:
 - cleansing HTML data
 - checking for duplicates (and dropping them)
 - storing the scraped item in a database
Writing your own item pipeline
Writing your own item pipeline is easy. Each item pipeline component is a single Python class that must implement the following method:
process_item(item, spider)
This method is called for every item pipeline component and must either return a Item (or any descendant class) object or raise a DropItem exception. Dropped items are no longer processed by further pipeline components.
 - item (Item object) – the item scraped
 - spider (BaseSpider object) – the spider which scraped the item
Additionally, they may also implement the following methods:
This method is called when the spider is opened.
Parameters:spider (BaseSpider object) – the spider which was opened
This method is called when the spider is closed.
Parameters:spider (BaseSpider object) – the spider which was closed
Item pipeline example
Price validation and dropping items with no prices
Let's take a look at the following hypothetic pipeline that adjusts the price attribute for those items that do not include VAT (price_excludes_vat attribute), and drops those items which don't contain a price:
from scrapy.exceptions import DropItem
class PricePipeline(object):
 vat_factor = 1.15
 def process_item(self, item, spider):
 if item['price']:
 if item['price_excludes_vat']:
 return item
Write items to a JSON file
The following pipeline stores all scraped items (from all spiders) into a a single items.jl file, containing one item per line serialized in JSON format:
import json
class JsonWriterPipeline(object):
 def __init__(self):
 self.file = open('items.jl', 'wb')
 def process_item(self, item, spider):
 return item
Activating an Item Pipeline component
To activate an Item Pipeline component you must add its class to the ITEM_PIPELINES list, like in the following example:
Item pipeline example with resources per spider
Sometimes you need to keep resources about the items processed grouped per spider, and delete those resource when a spider finishes.
An example is a filter that looks for duplicate items, and drops those items that were already processed. Let say that our items have an unique id, but our spider returns multiples items with the same id:
from scrapy.xlib.pydispatch import dispatcher
from scrapy import signals
from scrapy.exceptions import DropItem
class DuplicatesPipeline(object):
 def __init__(self):
 self.duplicates = {}
 dispatcher.connect(self.spider_opened, signals.spider_opened)
 dispatcher.connect(self.spider_closed, signals.spider_closed)
 def spider_opened(self, spider):
 self.duplicates[spider] = set()
 def spider_closed(self, spider):
 del self.duplicates[spider]
 def process_item(self, item, spider):
 if item['id'] in self.duplicates[spider]:
 return item


text: The stability of cooperation contract is the result of abandon opportunistic behavior in the process of repeated games among the enterprise and the other subjects in the supply chain from long-term interests, and is also the foundation of healthy development for the whole supply chain. But in real life cooperation contract instability everywhere for a variety of reasons, such as ethical considerations, institutional factors, cultural factors and special reasons during the transition period and so on. From the perspective of information economics and game theory, the main game process of cooperation between enterprise and the other subjects in supply chain is not only the game of information, but also the game of interests. Information structure and the interesting structure are the important factors for the subjects of the game of the implementation of decisions and the basic contractual constraints for cooperative game equilibrium. Cooperation behaviors among the enterprise and the other subjects in the supply chain were studied on the basis of game theory, and the stability of cooperation contract is also being discussed in this paper.


text:
There are Amnesty Groups and Action Circles spread out in communities across Canada. Each group in Saskatchewan is different.
Amnesty groups engage in many types of human rights campaigns and activities.
- We raise awareness about human rights issues in our communities by talking to the local media
- Lobby local politicians and government officials,
- Organize educational events with guest speakers, videos, and webcasting
- Group members write letters, hold vigils, organize demonstrations and other public events, and
- Work on specific long-standing appeal cases of individuals whose human rights are at risk.
In Saskatchewan there are Amnesty Groups in Saskatoon, Regina and Moose Jaw.
If you would like more information about starting a community group or action circle in your community email: _EMAIL_


text:
The British Postal Museum in London houses a collection of objects, archives and works of art which trace back over 400 years of postal heritage. This historical collection is designated as being of outstanding national importance by the Arts Council and is on UNESCO's Memory of the World Register. The museum's archives are protected by a pressurised watermist fire protection system, designed, installed and maintained by Fireworks.
Why use pressurised watermist for archives?
Fireworks' watermist solutions are ideal for archives, as they offer the fastest, safest protection against fire and smoke. Automatic systems incorporate sensors that detect heat and/or smoke, long before fire is noticeable by the human eye. Pressurised water is then emitted exactly at the point of fire, to provide a highly effective, localised solution. The spread of harmful smoke is dramatically reduced and unlike traditional sprinkler systems, watermist only uses very small amounts of water.
The watermist fire protection system
The watermist solution designed for the British Postal Museum comprises a compact, powerful pump unit and a series of watermist nozzles. In the event of a fire been detected, the pump drives pressurised water through a system of fine diameter stainless steel pipes to the affected nozzle. Water is released through the nozzle, in the form of mist. These atomised water droplets are drawn directly to the point of fire, lowering the temperature and suppressing the fire in seconds.
A unique property of watermist is its ability to reduce the spread of smoke – the biggest cause of casualties and damage to assets during fire. Because of the minute size of water droplets, watermist is airborne and is able to bond with smoke particles, which then fall harmlessly to the floor.
Contact 0800 _PHONE_ for advice on fire protection for your library, museum or archive.
To learn how Fireworks' solutions protect architecturally important heritage buildings visit
For more information, contact _EMAIL_


text:
It is known that thiol-containing compounds form monolayer membranes on a gold surface via chemisorption from organic solvents in terms of a strong connection ability between thiol and the metal. Here we prepared different kinds of thiol-containing lipids and fabricated monolayer membranes on the gold disk electrode whose surface structures were similar to biological membranes. Responses of this lipid-coated electrode to odor substances were examined by an electrochemical method of a cyclic voltammetry. Blocking ability for the redox reaction of Fe(CN)63− was found to change upon adsorption of odor substances into monolayer membranes. The order of threshold values to detect the odorants was β-iononeβ-citralβchloroform≦n-amyl acetate; this order was the same as that in the human olfactory sense. The present study indicates that the monolayer membrane of thiol-containing lipids can be useful as a transducer of an odor sensor.
All Science Journal Classification (ASJC) codes
- Physics and Astronomy(all)


text:
DEK Electroform Variable Aperture Height Technology (VAHT)
Variable aperture height allows localized paste volume control
PCBs that incorporate both miniaturized and large components can often be difficult to print in one stroke due to the different paste volume requirements. DEK Electroform variable aperture height technology (VAHT) solves this issue with aperture-specific gasket overgrowths that create more height for larger paste volume deposits. Around defined apertures, gasket height can be 1 to 2 mils higher than the base stencil thickness.
- Optimum solution for challenging heterogeneous assemblies
- Greater throughput due to one-pass printing capability
Interested? Talk to our team about DEK Electroform VAHT.


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How to Tighten a Rattling Heat Shield
A car heat shield. Learn when to worry about a rattling heat shield.
For the most part, we associate a quiet car with a healthy car. Loose parts usually mean something is wrong, and could affect the reliability and safety of your vehicle. While some see a rattling heat shield as a mere annoyance, others may find it embarrassing. In some cases, a loose heat shield could be a major problem.
Because the primary purpose of the exhaust system is to route superheated gases away from the engine, everything around the exhaust manifolds, catalytic converter, exhaust pipes and muffler gets hot. Catalytic converters are particularly hot — they only begin functioning between 400 and 600 degrees Fahrenheit, and normally range between 1,200 and 1,600 degrees Fahrenheit. The rest of the exhaust system typically measures 300 to 500 degrees Fahrenheit.
Exhaust Heat Shields — What Are They Rattling For?
These heat shields were mounted to the body over the exhaust.Many car parts cannot manage such heat. Plastic and rubber parts can melt or become brittle, electric motors and sensors can fail, and dry grass or paper can spontaneously combust. Made of thin metal sheets, heat shields deflect much of the extreme heat, some affixed to the exhaust system and others affixed to parts needing protection.
Exhaust heat shields fail for a couple of reasons: rust and vibration. Fittingly, the parts the heat shields are designed to protect often cause their failure. All metal exposed to the atmosphere corrodes, but heat speeds up the process, so clamps, bolts or welds can rust to nothing, leading to a loose heat shield. Vibrations can weaken the metal, causing a heat shield to fall off, rattling against the exhaust or some other part of the vehicle.
How to Fix a Rattling Heat Shield
Some don't see much use for a rattling heat shield, so they simply remove them and discard them, but this can be a problem. Because the heat shields are designed to protect other car parts from the extreme heat of the exhaust, removing them completely could cause premature failure of other components or even fire. The best way to fix a rattling heat shield is to replace it or reaffix it. Here are a few ways to fix your rattling heat shield:
 - Weld: If you have access to a welder, you may be able to tack the heat shield to the exhaust. Be careful, as both the thin metal heat shield and exhaust pipe may burn through.
 - Bolt: In some cases, you may be able to install new nuts and bolts to reaffix a bolt-on heat shield. If the holes are too wide, fender washers can make up for that extra space.
 - Clamp: Stainless steel screw clamps can be used in some situations, such as where a heat shield was welded or clamped to an exhaust pipe.
 - Tie: Another way to fix a loose heat shield is with a stainless steel tie, which won't rust after installation. Link several together for larger components, such as muffler heat shields.
If a loose heat shield has you worried, you may not need new exhaust pipes, but one of these quick fixes can restore your sanity and protect your vehicle from the heat. Of course, if you're going to get under the vehicle, be sure it is securely lifted and supported by jack stands.
Check out all the exhaust parts and accessories available on NAPA Online or trust one of our 17,000 NAPA AutoCare locations for routine maintenance and repairs. For more information on heat shields, chat with a knowledgeable expert at your local NAPA AUTO PARTS store.
Photo courtesy of Flickr.
Benjamin Jerew View All
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Quick Answer: Can I Withdraw All The Money From A Joint Account?
Can one person take all the money out of a joint account?
So if a relationship sours, one owner could legally take all the money out..
Can my husband take me off our joint account?
Can my wife withdraw money from my account?
As long as you are alive, your spouse will not be able to withdraw funds from that account. … There are benefits to adding your spouse to your bank account, even though it offers full rights to withdraw the money without your permission. A joint account means your spouse can deposit and withdraw money for you.
Does a joint account need both signatures?
Who owns the money in a joint bank account UK?
What are the disadvantages of joint account?
Who owns the money in a joint bank account when one dies?
Can my husband close our joint account?
Can my husband freeze my joint bank account?
Couples usually freeze a joint account when they go through a marital dispute. However, they also freeze their account for other reasons, such as irresponsible spending by one or both people. Freezing joint accounts is simple and fast. … Ask them either over the phone or in person to freeze your joint account.
Are joint accounts a good idea?
Can you take money out of joint account before divorce?
You can legally withdraw up to half of the money in a joint bank account before the divorce is filed. It is extremely important that this is done before the divorce is filed; otherwise you are violating the law. Once divorced, all of your joint bank accounts must be liquidated and split between the two parties.
Who owns the funds in a joint account?
The actual ownership of the money in a joint account is determined by the doctrine of resulting trusts. The doctrine of resulting trusts holds that where one person deposits money into the name of a joint account with another person, the person who deposits the money remains the owner of the funds in the joint account.
Is my wife entitled to half my savings?
Can someone contest a joint bank account?
What happens to the money in your bank when you die?


HomeDefinitionsCareer DictionaryLoudermill Rights
Loudermill Rights
The term Loudermill Rights refers to those due process requirements that are followed when a tenured public employee is involuntarily terminated. Loudermill Rights are based on a U.S. Supreme Court decision: Cleveland Board of Education v. Loudermill (1985).
Tenured public employees were granted Loudermill Rights following a Supreme Court decision, which determined that most public employees have a property interest in their job. For this reason, they are afforded due process rights before removing or impacting their property interest in their job. This "property right" means non-probationary public employees can only be terminated for cause. They may also be entitled to certain rights in cases of severe discipline.
Generally, the following steps are followed when a tenured public employee is involuntarily terminated:
 1. Loudermill Letter: employees are entitled to proper notice, indicating why they are being fired as well as any specific evidence supporting the employer's decision to terminate the employee. The letter will also inform the employee of their right to a hearing.
 2. Pre-Termination Hearing: also referred to as a Loudermill Hearing, this is a relatively informal meeting that provides an opportunity to determine if there are reasonable grounds to terminate after the employee addresses the evidence of the case. Individuals attending this meeting typically include the employee, their direct supervisor, a member of the human resources department, and a union representative.
 3. Post-Termination Hearing: if the employee is subsequently terminated, they are entitled to a full evidentiary hearing. The purpose of this meeting is to verify the facts presented against the employee, and whether or not the involuntary termination is justified.
Note: If the employee does not attend the pre-termination hearing, the employer can still proceed with termination.
Related Terms
termination benefits, contractual termination benefits, special termination benefit, constructive discharge, voting rights


10 Tiny Countries With Enormous Natural Beauty
Clear, turquoise water laps against a palm tree-covered island in the Maldives
With nearly 200 countries on Earth, the public imagination often confines our planet's awe-inspiring formations and wildlife to those wonders located within the borders of large and powerful nations. Immense natural beauty, however, can be found in some of the world's smallest countries. Whether one looks to the delicate coral reefs of the Maldives or the steep, cragged mountains of Liechtenstein, breathtaking vistas can be found in the most unlikely of places.
Here are 10 tiny countries, from Andorra to Niue, with enormous natural beauty and wonder.
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The rocky, grassy slope of a mountain with a road stretching into the background of snow-capped mountains
Faer Out / Shutterstock
The Kingdom of Lesotho, a landlocked country slightly smaller than the state of Maryland and enveloped completely by South Africa, boasts a dramatic mountainous landscape of immense appeal. Sometimes referred to as the kingdom of the sky, Lesotho sits entirely above 1,400 meters (4,593 feet). The country's peak, the summit of the mountain Thabana Ntlenyan, reaches 3,481 meters (11,423 feet) in elevation. Lesotho also lays claim to the spectacular 211-meter (692-foot) waterfall Maletsunyane Falls.
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A boardwalk staircase ascends into the canopy of a tropical rainforest in Brunei
Ngotoh / Flickr / CC BY-ND 2.0
A small Southeast Asian country, 5,765 square kilometers (3,582 square miles), located on the northern coast of the island of Borneo, Brunei has increasingly become a destination for ecotourism. Ulu Temburong National Park features vast tropical rainforests that stretch from the hilly lowlands up toward peaks like that of the country's highest point, Bukit Pagon. Small stilt-house river villages that sit directly over the water are a common sight, even near the modern capital of Bandar Seri Begawan.
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Lush green fields in the foreground give way to small valley of quaint buildings and a towering mountain in the background
Boris Stroujko / Shutterstock
The Principality of Liechtenstein is a small German-speaking nation that appears on the map as a small dot between Austria and Switzerland and is only about one-tenth the size of Washington D.C. Known for its beautiful mountain scenery and quaint alpine villages, the country draws a large number of tourists throughout the year. Liechtenstein is home to medieval fortresses like the stunning Gutenberg Castle and breathtaking views like those found on Drei Schwestern mountain, or The Three Sisters Mountain.
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A sunbeam casts light upon an autumnal wooded scene in Mullerthal, Luxembourg
Tristan Schmurr / Flickr / CC BY 2.0
Another European kingdom, Luxembourg, sits between France, Germany, and Belgium, and is relatively large in size, 2,856 square kilometers (1,606 square miles), making it one of the larger nations on this list. Luxembourg's Mullerthal region, or Little Switzerland as it is often called, offers picturesque country landscapes of rolling hills, wooded highlands, and towering rock formations, and is perhaps best experienced by hiking trail. The northern region of Éislek, or Ardennes, showcases the country's sweeping valleys and majestic forests, dotted with the historic remains of medieval castles.
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Blue skies with a few clouds hover above snow-capped mountains on the horizon
Leon G / Flickr / CC BY 2.0
Andorra, a principality of more than 85,000 people and covering 468 square kilometers (290 square miles), is nestled in the Pyrenees mountains between Spain and France. In the southeastern region, the Madriu-Perafita-Claror Valley offers exceptional glacial vistas and is as noteworthy for its cultural importance as it is for its captivating beauty. The higher reaches of the valley are composed of cliffs and exposed rock glaciers that slope down to woodlands and a gorge below. The Madriu-Perafita-Claror Valley was deemed a World Heritage Site in 2006 for its microcosmic display of Pyrenees mountain culture over the millennia.
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The sun sets of a beach with silhouetted palm trees in the Maldives
Giuseppe Milo / Flickr / CC BY 2.0
Dispersed along the Arabian Sea in the Indian Ocean is the breathtaking nation Maldives, consisting of islands combined into a chain of 26 atolls, or ring-shaped coral reefs. The country has a combined landmass of about 298 square kilometers (185 square miles) and its islands span a distance of 871 kilometers (541 miles). The highly protected Baa Atoll Biosphere Reserve is brimming with wildlife, like manta rays, marine turtles, and the endangered tawny nurse shark, which are part of a diverse and delicate interplay between coral reef systems and the many species that live there.
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A large rock formation rises above a lush valley of green in Eswatini
mbrand85 / Shutterstock
Gorgeous landscapes and impressive wildlife are at the forefront of the tourism industry in the Kingdom of Eswatini (formerly Swaziland as of April 2018), which rests on the border between South Africa and Mozambique. Vast tracts of protected land, like Hlane Royal National Park, Mlawula Nature Reserve, and Malolotja Nature Reserve, exhibit white rhinos, lions, zebras, and elephants, among other animals native to the region. The Kingdom of Eswatini is also a birdwatcher's paradise, with nearly 500 species of birds recorded within the country, including the national bird, the purple-crested turaco.
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An arched rock formation extends over clear, tropical waters
vuorikari / Flickr / CC BY-SA 2.0
Niue, a remote tropical island in the South Pacific, is known for its elaborate cave systems, magnificent arches, and its beautiful clear waters. A small country, roughly 260 square kilometers (161 square miles), Niue features remarkable limestone cliffs that soar above the water's surface to form the island's central plateau. The magnificent Humpback whale migration comes to Niue annually from July to October, as mothers seek a safe location to feed their calves.
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A lush green hill in the foreground with hills stretching back into the horizon
Chris Favero / Flickr / CC BY-SA 2.0
North of Trinidad and Tobago, between the Caribbean Sea and the Atlantic Ocean, lies the small island of Grenada. The tiny nation, just 344 square kilometers (213 square miles), is home to the dormant volcano Mount Saint Catherine, whose peak is the highest point on the island at 840 meters high (2,775 feet), and an active volcano called Kick 'em Jenny that lies off the coast on the ocean floor. Grenada also lays claim to extensive nature preserves like the Grand Etang and Annandale Forest Reserves.
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San Marino
A castle sits atop a cliff looking over a vast valley town below in San Marino
Leonid Andronov / Shutterstock
San Marino, an enclave of central Italy about one-third the size of Washington D.C., features a rugged mountainous landscape of breathtaking beauty and wonder. The third smallest country in Europe, San Marino is home to the visually striking Monte Titano, or Mount Titan, which lies just southeast of the capital city of San Marino. The three towering peaks of Monte Titano house centuries-old fortresses and other notable structures, including a 19th century basilica, and the illustrious locale has been honored with the demarcation as a World Heritage Site.


Webhooks and Eventhandling
In order to keep your shop up-to-date with any changes concerning your payments you can register a webhook to several different events as described here.
Single Webhook actions
Register a Webhook event
$heidelpay = new \heidelpayPHP\Heidelpay('s-priv-xxxxxxxxxx');
$webhook = $heidelpay->createWebhook(
Fetch and update a Webhook
The URL of a webhook can be updated as shown in the following example.
// fetch
$webhook = $heidelpay->fetchWebhook('s-whk-1533');
// update
It is not possible to update the event a webhook is registered for at the moment.
Delete an existing Webhook
You can delete a webhook either by passing its id or the corresponding webhook object to the heidelpay::deleteWebhook method.
// delete a webhook by id
// delete a webhook by object
Multiple webhooks actions
Register multiple webhooks at once
In order to register multiple webhooks at once you can pass an array containing all desired events.
It will return an array containing all created webhooks as \heidelpayPHP\Resources\Webhook instances.
// register several webhooks at once
$registeredWebhooks = $heidelpay->registerMultipleWebhooks(
Fetch all registered Webhooks at once
$registeredWebhooks = $heidelpay->fetchAllWebhooks();
Delete all Webhooks at once
Handle incoming events
Whenever an event is triggered the corresponding URL is called. The POST request contains the json-information about the event which you can use to fetch the corresponding resource which in turn can be used to update the state of the order/payment in your shop.
Just add the following code to the controller of the URL you registered, fetch the json from the event payload and inject it to the method heidelpay::fetchResourceFromEvent.
The method will fetch the corresponding resource object and return it.
$resource = $heidelpay->fetchResourceFromEvent($jsonRequest);
After that you can determine the type of the resource and handle it accordingly.
Please refer to the latest integration examples for a working example implementation of webhooks and the event handling.
Acknowledging an event
In order to releave our webhook servers and message queues from your events, we need you to acknowledge them by returning the HTTP success code (200). This will tell the server that you have successfully received the event and there is no need to send it again.
We recommend you to use one of the following ways to handle and acknowledge incoming events.
 1. Store the event, acknowledge it and handle it later (e. g. via cron job) …
 2. … or handle the event right away and return a HTTP error code (>= 400) if something goes wrong. The Webhook server will place the event in its queue taking care of resending it again later.
What ever way you choose please do not place the event handling into a loop to try again after an error. This can create a great amount of traffic when our servers suffer a high load and add even more. In addition this can lead to a timeout where the webhook server stops the request and retries sending the event later on while your event handler retries fetching the resource from us.
Security Considerations
To make sure nobody can meddle with your payments or find out your private key please make sure to remember the following rules concerning the event handling.
don't...
…use the event name as indicator for the state of a resource
Since there is no guarantee an event has actually been sent by our API you should always fetch the resource using the SDK. This way you make sure a hacker can not inject a false payment state into your shop. In Addition there is no guarantee the events arrive in the same order they have been sent in. Fetching the resource to an event always gives you the latest state.
don't...
…use the events retrieveUrl to fetch the event resource without making sure the domain is legit.
A hacker could send an event with a retrieveUrl which contains his own domain to spy out your private key or to return fake data to make you believe a payment has been completed when it actually has not. Please use the method fetchResourceFromEvent(...) of the Unzer facade to retrieve the resource from an event to make sure nobody can feed you false data. This method omits the possibly manipulated domain and just uses the path to the corresponding resource, making sure you are calling a save Unzer domain.


Mismatch of "Baseline Usage" between PPM and DWH
Article ID: 5338
Updated On:
Clarity PPM On Premise
The "Baseline Usage" values in PPM and DWH do not match under certain circumstances.
Steps to Reproduce:
1. Create a Project
2. Allocate a team member
3. Assign this resource to a task, say Task 0
4. Assign this same resource to another task, say Task 1
5. Create a baseline
6. Lets say the "Baseline Usage" shown at this point is 250 (under the "Team" tab)
7. Running the Load Data Warehouse job will put Baseline Usage = 250, in the DWH
8. Go ahead and delete the assignment made on Task 1 at step 4
9. The PPM UI (under "Team" tab) will still report Baseline Usage at 250
10. But on running the Load Data Warehouse job, the Baseline Usage available in the DWH will be, say 150
11. This results in users seeing different values in the PPM UI (under "Team" tab) and in the DWH.
Caused by DE31586
Release: All PPM Releases
This happens because Load Data Warehouse job picks up Baseline Usage by filtering for "PRJ_BASELINE_DETAILS.OBJECT_TYPE" = "TEAM", but the Load Data Warehouse gets the Baseline Usage data by filtering for "PRJ_BASELINE_DETAILS.OBJECT_TYPE" = "ASSIGNMENT"


Instruction fur die Beobachter an den meteorologischen Stationen im Preussichen Staate
Collection Name: Scott Skinner Collection
Creation Year: 1847
Summary: This is a collection of three training documents, instruction for the observers at the meteorological stations in the Prussian state, a how to use equipment and record data. From what we can tell, there are three versions, the first in "old German" which is not dated, the second in 1847, with a commentary by Dr. Wilhelm Malmann, and the third (which appears to be a revision of the other two, dated 1858. Written in German, collected by Hans Snoek.
Type: Document
PDF Files:
Geographic: Germany
Significance: Scientific


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Indonesia Sea Ports
What is the meaning of Sea port code?
Every Sea port has a unique sea port code in its country and provide trade services. Through sea ports there can be two types of trade services that are processed, first is the export of goods and other is export services, If any of the above is conducted and some bill number is generated which is of 13 numbers, first 6 digits are sea port codes and remaining 7 digits are of bill number of that transaction.
What is the importance and functions of sea ports?
The main functions of seaports are:
1: To ensure safety for seagoing vessels coming in.
2: Operation in entering and leaving the seaport.
3: To manage facilities and equipment necessary for seagoing vessels to anchor.
4: Proper management of loading and unloading of cargo.
5: helpful in embark and disembark of passengers.
What are the benefits of Sea ports?
Sea Ports are also one of the factor to rise the economy and benefits to the economy of country as they are responsible for economic activity in coastal areas. The increase in throughput of goods and passengers on yearly basis induces more provisions, jobs and advanced infrastructure required to cope with trade industry and helpful in bringing profits to economy and helpful in trade relations with other countries and are boon to economy and trade.
UN LOCODE or Sea Port Codes are the United Nations Code for Trade and Transport Locations are the codes created by UNECE (United Nations Economic Commission for Europe). These codes are assigned for trade and transport to the seaports, airports and Railways. UNLOCODE consists of 5 characters and first 2 characters are for country code. Seaports are the major facility for trade through ships which load and discharge of passengers and cargo.
Indonesia Sea Port Details - IDIBL
Country Name (Country Code)
Country Name and Country Code
Indonesia (ID)
Region Name
State or Province or Territory of Sea Port
Region Code
State or Province or Territory Code of Sea Port
Sea Port Name
Name of Sea Port
Sea Port Code (LOCODE)
5 digit Code (LOCODE) for Sea Port
Sea Port Status
Status of Sea Port
(Recognised location - location name confirmed by nominated gazetteer)
IATA Linkage
IATA Code for Sea Port
Latitude/Longitude of Sea Port
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text: This rare instrument, combining a transverse flute and an oboe in the form of a walking stick, is made of narwhal tusk, a precious material once valued higher than gold and believed to be from the horn of the mythological unicorn. Georg Henrich Scherer was the last and most important member of a well-known eighteenth-century family of German woodwind makers. Among his clients was Frederick the Great, who played and owned a small collection of flutes. The king pursued a scientific interest in testing the acoustical attributes of different materials, which may account in part for the use of narwhal tusk. This instrument is said to have been a gift from Frederick to his finance minister. Scherer made a similar instrument, now in the Landesmuseum, Darmstadt. Walking-stick instruments became fashionable in the first half of the nineteenth century, but were usually conceived as a single instrument, be it a recorder, a fiddle, or a flute.


text:
Keywords: pro-poor, climate change, mitigation, adaptation, economic growth, energy, United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, UNFCCC, Millennium Development Goals, MDGs, low carbon development, LCD, poverty reduction, green economics
Pro-poor low carbon development and the role of growth
Climate change adaptation and mitigation need to cut across all poverty reduction efforts, including any post-2015 architecture. However, low carbon development (LCD) debates to date have been mainly about high and middle-income countries. There are good reasons why even the poorest countries with low emissions might be interested in pursuing LCD. This article assesses the controversial role of growth for LCD. The article argues that we need to link up pro-poor policy debates with the low carbon debates as part of a post-MDG agenda. The paper explores several policy responses to LCD and analyses how pro-poor these policy responses are.


text:
Reloads of QlikView Documents are failing with the following error:Invalid custom connector QvSAPConnector.dll
Used QVConnect: D:\PROGRA~1\QlikView\QvConnect64.EXE
CUSTOMCONNECT TO "Provider=QvSAPConnector;ASHOST=test.host.com;SYSNR=32;CLIENT=700;Log=1;KeepCasing=1;NullDate=1;XUserId=ENCRYPTEDUSERID;XPassword=ENCRYPTEDPASSWORD;"Note: The error above can be seen in also when using other Qlik Connectors (e.g. GeoAnalytics), and the solution follows the same reasoning discussed below. The.dll part of the error and customconnect string would reflect the specific connector related to the error.
The SAP Connector DLLs do not show in the Edit Script window in QlikView although they are definitely installed.Environment:
- Qlik Connectors all versions
QVconnect64.exe performs a search for the Qlik SAP DLL files when you launch QlikView. If for some reason it cannot locate or load the DLLs, they do not appear in QlikView.
By running Process monitor and filtering only processes with the name QV.exe and QVconnect64.exe you can see where the process is looking for the DLLs and whether it successfully finds them:Process Monitor Filter settings
In this example you can see a SAP DLL has been located in the QvBexConnector folder:
In this example you can see that the DLL has not been located and will therefore not appear in QlikView:


text:
Knowledge-based system for group technology
International Journal of Production Research
DOI of Published Version
In this paper, a knowledge-based system (KBGT) for solving the group technology problem is presented. The formulation of the group technology problem involves constraints related to machine capacity, material handling system capability, and machine cell dimensions. The KBGT has been developed for an automated manufacturing environment. It takes advantage of the developments in expert systems and optimization. Two basic components of the knowledge-based system, namely the knowledge-based subsystem and the heuristic clustering algorithm are discussed. Each partial solution generated by the clustering algorithm is evaluated for feasibility by the knowledge-based subsystem which modifies search directions of the algorithm. The KBGT is illustrated with a numerical example.
This document is currently not available here.


Cheese Party Chinese Podcast Review
Name of Podcast: Cheese Party Podcast（知识派对pinyin: zhī shí pài duì）
What topics are covered? This is a podcast about knowledge. It has one themed podcast every week aimed at telling people useful knowledge.
Why is it good to listen to?
This is a podcast which has 3 podcasters: 何峰 (pinyin: hé fēng), a mathematician, 王宇 (pinyin: wáng yǔ), a international financial reporter, and 简丽丽 (pinyin: jiǎn lì lì), a psychologist. All of them speak very standard Mandarin without any obvious accent. The podcast is very conversational and has some jokes. The podcasters speak with the correct (academic) terminology all the time especially for the psychological episodes where you can hear many big medical terms.
To listen or subscribe to the podcast, you can search 知识派对 in iTunes or it can be listened to at:
How often are the podcasts updated? Programs are updated on a weekly basis, but released in several parts (so one podcast might have 4 parts labelled as 01, 02 etc.) but they follow on.
Length of each podcast: Each release of the podcast is about 10-20 minutes long.
Description of the podcast:
知识(meaning knowledge) and 芝士 (pinyin: zhī shì, meaning cheese) are homonymic in Chinese, and there comes the English name of this podcast: Cheese Party. In this podcast, people are not sharing cheese but knowledge. Three professional podcasters talk about things they know well, which listeners can learn and make use of in our lives.
In one podcast, psychological discussion comes from 简丽丽, a psychological consultant,and he describes several psychological illnesses with interesting facts about these illnesses and how to cope with these illnessese. There are many podcasts dedicated to different areas of knowledge. This podcast is a "study" podcast but the information is given in an accesible way with some humour.
知识派对 is a very good podcast to improve your knowledge.
Learn Chinese with Free Podcasts
Please Note


Ultrastrong topology
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
In functional analysis, the ultrastrong topology, or σ-strong topology, or strongest topology on the set B(H) of bounded operators on a Hilbert space is the topology defined by the family of seminorms
p_\omega(x) = \omega(x^{*} x)^{1/2}
for positive elements \omega of the predual L_{*}(H) that consists of trace class operators. [1]:68
It was introduced by von Neumann in 1936. [2]
Relation with the strong (operator) topology[edit]
The ultrastrong topology is similar to the strong (operator) topology. For example, on any norm-bounded set the strong operator and ultrastrong topologies are the same. The ultrastrong topology is stronger than the strong operator topology.
One problem with the strong operator topology is that the dual of B(H) with the strong operator topology is "too small". The ultrastrong topology fixes this problem: the dual is the full predual B*(H) of all trace class operators. In general the ultrastrong topology is better than the strong operator topology, but is more complicated to define so people usually use the strong operator topology if they can get away with it.
The ultrastrong topology can be obtained from the strong operator topology as follows. If H1 is a separable infinite dimensional Hilbert space then B(H) can be embedded in B(HH1) by tensoring with the identity map on H1. Then the restriction of the strong operator topology on B(HH1) is the ultrastrong topology of B(H). Equivalently, it is given by the family of seminorms
x \mapsto \left( \sum_{n=1}^\infty ||x\xi_n||^2 \right)^{1/2},
where \sum_{n=1}^\infty ||\xi_n||^2 < \infty.[1]:68
The adjoint map is not continuous in the ultrastrong topology. There is another topology called the ultrastrong* topology, which is the weakest topology stronger than the ultrastrong topology such that the adjoint map is continuous.[1]:68
See also[edit]
 1. ^ a b c Takesaki, Masamichi (2002). Theory of operator algebras. I. Berlin: Springer-Verlag. ISBN 3-540-42248-X.
 2. ^ von Neumann, John (1936), "On a Certain Topology for Rings of Operators", Annals of Mathematics. Second Series 37 (1): 111–115


text:
Astronomy - Why Marathons' Skies Are So Special!
Marathon is a Scale 1 on the Bortle Light Pollution Scale. What does that mean? It's dark! As a matter of fact, as dark as it gets without going to space!
Bortle Scale 1 properties:
Title:Excellent dark-sky site
Naked-eye limiting magnitude:7.6 - 8.0
Stellar limiting magnitude (with 12.5" reflector):17.5
- the Zodiacal light (sunlight reflecting off space dust and comet debris after sunset) is visible
- the gegenschein is visible
- the zodiacal band is visible
- M33 is a direct vision naked-eye object
- Scorpius and Sagittarius regions of the Milky Way cast obvious shadows on the ground
- airglow is readily visible
- Jupiter and Venus affect dark adaptation
- surroundings are basically invisible.
Southwest Texas Light Pollution Map:
NOAA Water Vapor (Updated every 30 minutes) - Courtesy of NOAA.GOV:
Marathon Clear Sky Chart:
Current Weather in Marathon, Texas


text:
Subsidy vs. Installment Models-Economic Impacts
The key difference between wireless subsidized and financing/installment models is that a sizable portion of the phone price is carried by the carrier in the subsidized model. In the installment model, the full price is split monthly in equal installments over the full period of the plan with no subsidization. With the installment plan model, the wireless courier makes a marginally higher incremental margin. In both Canada and the United States, major wireless carriers no longer offer subsidized contracts. In addition, the cost of wireless phones is rising, resulting in a decline in subscriber growth. Below, we discuss this topic in more detail.
- A wireless subsidized model or contract bears a sizable portion of the cost of the phone paid by the carrier up front. The result is a smaller contract price for the consumer.
- To protect the initial cost of acquisition (COA) by the courier, the consumer must sign a contract for a period of months. This is typically 24 months in both Canada and the United States.
- The subsidized price is recovered over the length of the contract.
- In the installment model, the full retail price (FRP) is shown up front to the consumer.
- The FRP price is divided over the term of the plan into monthly repayments. Most plans are 24 months.
- In Canada, the installment plan can include a payment up front. If there is payment up front, it will reduce monthly repayments.
- Interest is not charged over the repayment period of the wireless phone.
- The phone belongs to the consumer at the end of the plan.
Model Cost Comparison
- When comparing the purchase of a wireless device of around $600 in value between a subsidy and outright payment contract model, the following applies:
- The following items are charged for in the subsidized model, a monthly service charge, activation and retention ETF/EU waiver.
- Total monthly cost of the $600 phone is $46.33.
- The following items are charged for in the outright payment model, a monthly service charge, activation, retention and the outright cost of the wireless phone.
- The total monthly cost of the phone on the installment plan is $69.99.
- From this exercise completed by NPI, the cost of an outright payment contract model is more expensive than a subsidized contract model. This is primarily because a subsidized phone contract has a reduced cost on the phone model bought.
- The idea of a subsidized model is about retention, keeping the consumer in the carriers stable for as long as possible, increasing your profit per client over time.
- In an installment model, there is a general incremental profit over subsidized contracts.
- Wireless carriers raise the finance for the phones through bank loans and public security.
- Because the cost of an ever-improving wireless phone is increasing constantly, the risks to profit margins are high for the carriers and have dropped the subsidized model.
- All the leading carriers in Canada and the United States only offer the installment model now. AT&T stopped using the subsidized contract model in 2016.
- The 24-months installment contract is the normal contract length, but longer installment contracts are now being explored by carrier companies. This will keep the consumer locked in for longer with increased profit margins.
- According to Verizon, their previous consumer subscribers are not replacing their phones. This indicates both the subscriber and profit margins are down.
- An article by the New York Intelligencer supports Verizon's findings and that a smartphone plateau has been reached. United States wireless sales are in a decline across the board. This is expected to continue into 2022.


text:
Board member - Friends of the Earth
Volunteer status: No salary, reasonable travel expenses covered
Duration: initially 3 years – expected commitment of four board meetings per year plus annual away days
Location: Northern Ireland – usually 3 meetings are held in London and 2 outside London
As we strive to protect the environment and tackle the climate emergency at this critical time, we are seeking to appoint a Board member based in Northern Ireland to join the Friends of the Earth Board.
About Friends of the Earth
Friends of the Earth is a global environmental movement standing with anyone who cares about the world we live in. We work with local groups, experts, business leaders and politicians to campaign for change on a wide range of environmental issues. Over the course of Friends of the Earth's history, we have been at the forefront of exciting and crucial campaigns, from pioneering recycling in the 1980s to challenging road building in the 1990s, and more recently to standing up against fracking and plastic pollution. Our new campaigns are directed towards achieving urgent climate action in order to prevent catastrophic damage to our planet. Our organisational strategy highlights that, in order to do this, we must support and enable a wide range of communities across England, Wales and Northern Ireland. We are therefore looking to appoint someone with a strong understanding of Northern Ireland to complement existing board members based in England and Wales.
About the role
Sharing responsibility with other Board members, this role involves scrutiny of our strategy and its delivery. It includes overseeing the organisation in making a long-term, sustainable impact on the environment and helping ensure that a perspective from Northern Ireland is held within our governance structure. We are particularly interested in individuals who have expertise in senior leadership and/or financial experience.
The role involves the following key areas, working with fellow Board members under the direction of the Chair:
- Supporting and guiding the mission and values of Friends of the Earth
- Providing strategic direction and advice for the organisation
- Fulfilling legal responsibilities as a director under company law
- Fundraising, financial management and compliance
- Assessing risks and mitigating actions
- Supporting and constructively challenging our senior leadership team
Key skills and attributes
The key attributes for this role are:
- Strong interest in and commitment to Friends of the Earth's values and environmental goals
- Understanding of the socio-political landscape in Northern Ireland
- Based in Northern Ireland
The ideal candidate would hold some of or a combination of the following skills and experiences:
- Financial experience, including accountancy or a similar qualification
- Experience at the senior management level of organisational effectiveness and delivery in a large organisation (whether public, private or third sector)
- Governance / Board experience of medium to large organisations
- Experience of people management / human resources
- Understanding or experience of environmental protection in Northern Ireland
- Involvement with community action
Being a member of the Friends of the Earth Board is a highly rewarding experience and you'll play a vitally important role.
If you feel you have the skills required to add value to the Board and to help Friends of the Earth achieve its environmental objectives, then we invite you to send your CV, along with a supporting statement explaining how you could make a difference, to _EMAIL_
Applications will be reviewed up submission.
If invited to interview, we are happy to reimburse travel expenses.
Friends of the Earth is an equal opportunities employer and we welcome applications from all suitably qualified persons. We are keen to encourage applications from people currently under represented in the environment movement and on our Board, including BAME, disabled people and LGBTQI+ people.


Difference Between Talent and Skill (With Table)
There are so many people having different talents and skillsets. And talent is something that is inborn, but skills are developed by a person later. Talent can be improved later by taking classes and guidance, but talent is something that develops within it just only need to be smoothened.
Talent can be developed, but mostly it is an inborn ability. Skills are gained by hard work and dedication with proper guidance. For example, a talented person born gifted with a good voice can become a singer, but a person who does not have a good voice but wants to become a singer needs to develop skills in cantando.
Talent vs Skill
The difference between Talent and Skill is that talent is inborn, or we can say that a person is born with a talent they do not need to learn from outside. And Skill is what a person needs to develop, by hard work and dedication one can develop good skill in any topic they want.
Talent is the ability or potential that is given by God to some people, or we can say that it is a congenital ability of a person that can be improved with time. Talent development does not take much time and hard work because it is a built-in potential of a person. Only a few people have this ability. The rest need to develop it.
Skill is expertise in something, or it is an ability to do something expertly and with perfection. Anyone in the world can develop skills by learning and taking guidance from experts. Skill development needs hard work and strong efforts. Then, only one can gain achievement in a particular topic.
Comparison Table Between Talent and Skill
Parâmetros de comparaçãoTalentHabilidade
DefiniçãoTalent is the built-in ability of a person which can be improved with time, and it does not need much effort.Skill is developed by people. It needs hard work and effort.
Propriedade deOwned by only a few people because it is god gifted.It can be developed by anyone with the help of proper guidance and hard work.
Development processSelf-acknowledgment is best for finding out your hidden talent.Skill development needs hard work and dedication with proper guidance from experts.
NecessidadeSelf-Realization is needed. Development is needed to gain a specific skill set.
Instructions It only requires improvement from the right person.Proper guidance and training are required.
What is Talent?
Talent does not need much hard work and effort for its development; instead, it only needs improvement or clearness for development. It is gifted by God to only a few peoples, and for finding it out, people need self-acknowledgment and self-realization.
Talent in a person can be recognized at an early age only, and further, it just needs to be improved. For example, some people are inborn singers they only need is guidance, people who have very good sketch making talent, etc. Talent should be recognized and should be praised because only a few people have this.
Talent is unknown until it is recognized or acknowledged. It needs proper guidance from the right people to make it uncovered and developed. And people who have particular talent are considered to be lucky because of their inborn ability.
O que é habilidade?
Skill is acquired by those who do hard work, and it can be achieved by anyone in the world with proper training from certified institutions. A person is said to be an expert if he or she has mastered in their skills and they can train other people too with their knowledge.
Skill is not hidden like talent. Rather, it is known because one chooses to develop a specific skill set, and for that, they take proper training. For example, a person develops the coding skills they are not inborn with it, Communication in the proper way needs to be developed it is not natural, etc.
People make money by developing other people's skills with their knowledge and expertise. Skill development requires more time than developing talent because people start from the ground level. People develop a specific skill for getting a job and for becoming an expert in a particular topic.
Main Differences Between Talent and Skill
 1. Talent is the built-in ability of a person which can be improved with time, whereas Skill needs to be developed with proper training and guidance by an expert.
 2. Talent does not require much time and effort for its development, but Skill development needs hard work, more time, and dedication.
 3. Skill can be gained by anyone out there, But on the other hand, Talent is god-gifted and is owned by very few peoples who need to be recognized.
 4. Talents need recognition because it is covered within people's personality While, Skills are known, and the person who wants to develop their skill knows that in which topic he or she needs training.
 5. A person who is talented in a particular thing can teach others for developing others skills, While a person who is not talented needs to develop their skills for gaining expertise in a particular topic.
A person with talent should be praised because it is gifted by God to them, and only a few people have this. But people who do not have any inborn talent can develop their knowledge in a particular topic, and that is called gaining skills. Skills are very important if you want a good job and want to impress others. Talent does not require much time because it just needs to be improved.
Skill development takes more time than Talent development, and more hard work is needed for developing a particular skill set. One can develop several types of Skills, but as Talent is god-gifted, it is unique. Talent needs self-realization for its acknowledgment. But a person who wants to develop skills already knows that in what topic he or she wants to get expertise. There are so many institutions or training centers from where a person can gain skills and can achieve success in their life.
 1. _URL_
 2. _URL_