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I have a huge log file of around 3.5 GB and would like to sample random sections in the middle of say 10 MB for the purpose of debugging what my application is doing.
I could use head or tail commands to get the beginning or end of the file, how can I grab an arbitrary portion from the middle of the file? I guess I could do something like head -n 1.75GB | tail -n 10MB but that seems clumsy and I'd need to determine line numbers for the midpoint of the file to get 1.75GB and 10MB line counts.
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3 Answers 3
up vote 6 down vote accepted
$ dd if=big_file.bin skip=1750 ibs=1MB count=10 of=big_file.bin.part
You might want to spend some time reading and understanding dd.
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As dd is not aware of lines, you may want to trim of the first and last one, so as only complete lines are included, e.g.: dd... | head -n-1 | tail -n+2 or with sed: dd... | sed '1d; $d'. – Thor Feb 22 '13 at 10:19
You can use use tail, but by specify a byte offset.
tail -c +$START_BYTE $file | head -c $LENGTH > newfile
That way tail can jump directly to the starting point (without counting new lines) and once head matches the correct length, it stops running.
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Nice one. This works with arbitrary byte offsets and sizes, which dd can't do. – Mike Jan 9 at 0:06
You just have to write a little program to seek to some random spot and read some amount of lines.
An example in Python (reads one line, but you can modify it):
def get_random_line():
 """Return a randomly selected line from a file."""
 import random
 fo = open("/some/file.txt")
 point = random.randrange(fo.size)
 c =
 while c!= '\n' and fo.tell() > 0:
 , 1)
 c =
 line = fo.readline().strip()
 return line
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text:
According to the list of "Top-notch Students in Basic Subjects Cultivation Program 2.0 Bases (2020)" released by the Ministry of Education, four bases of ECNU were selected. They are, the top-notch bases for mathematics, for physics, for geoscience and for psychology of "Yaoxiang Class".
The national top-notch bases will establish and improve its systems and mechanisms to cultivate cutting-edge students majoring in basic subjects of different fields, guide outstanding students into basic scientific research, and create a favorable atmosphere for the development of top-notch talents in basic subjects. The purpose is to reform and innovate educational concepts and models, as well as teaching content and methods. Moreover, these bases will explore in this field and accumulate experience and excellent cases that can be popularized, so as to form a world-level top-notch talent cultivation system for basic disciplines with Chinese characteristics. They are expected to cultivate a number of outstanding talents who can scale the height of scientific research and promote scientific and cultural development.
Source: Academic Affairs Office
Copy editor: Philip Nash
Editor: Yuan Yiwei

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


Old School
*Since 2021*
Welcome to Old School CAFÉ
Literally: Old \' ōld, 'ōl\ 1. dating from the remote past, advanced in years or age AND School \'skül \ 1. an institution for the teaching of children.
The building at 196 N Main St was built around 1870 as an early primary school, School #1, for the Naples village children. It has served many purposes since that time, including library, office, retail, residence…Our intent was to restore the Old School vibe, celebrating its earliest history with original photos and classroom artifacts, both reproduced and authentic!
Merriam-Webster: Old School \'ol(d)-,skül\ 1. adhering to traditional policies or practices 2. evocative or characteristic of an earlier or original style, manner, or form
Urban Dictionary: Old-school 1. anything that refers to a previous generation; back in the day. 2. the way things used to be done; classic
Best Will Ferrel movie EVER! Just kidding…Old School today is a pop-culture phrase meaning something done in ways of the past, and thus given credibility, or highly regarded or respected. We make old school espresso, homespun baked goods, classic cocktails and cooked to order food that focuses on superior ingredients and traditional methods. What's an immersion circulator? Who cares – we don't use one!
café or ca•fe [ ka-fey, kuhor French ka-fey ]
noun, plural ca•fés [ka-feyz, kuhor, especially for 2, French ka-fey]
a small, unpretentious restaurant, often with exterior seating on a patio or extending onto the sidewalk.
Good food is the foundation of genuine happiness.
- Auguste Escoffier
Why Old School?
In the modern culinary world, the dining experience has evolved in many ways. Our goal is to return to a meal that is reminiscent, familiar and accessible. Food everyone understands, in an atmosphere where everyone feels welcome…
Join our email list
for updates on the café, events and specials


Author Topic: Finding a Good IP Range for Streamyx (Read 47667 times)
Offline Reuben
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Finding a Good IP Range for Streamyx
« on: September 18, 2008, 08:19:34 PM »
This guide is only applicable to Streamyx users.
1. Introduction to the Problem
Not all Streamyx connections are created equal.
You can be experiencing extremely slow speed and poor performance while the guy next door is blazing away at max speed.
Why is this the case?
Streamyx spreads its connections over different routers. This is done automatically on TM's side. However certain routers may be overloaded or faulty or subject to an attack or under maintenance.
Our task here is to find a way to get to those functioning, wonderful (at least relatively) spankingly fast routers!
2. What is an IP Range?
IP addresses (often shortened to IP) are the internet's version of addresses. Instead of a real world address:
Mr Lim's Personal Computer
No 24, Jalan 20/9, Paramount Garden,
46300, Petaling Jaya, Selangor.
which is meaningless, we get assigned addresses in a numerical format.
For example:
You can find out what your IP is (which changes everytime you reconnect to the internet) by visiting
An IP range (as how we define it), is a range of addresses. We find that with Streamyx, the most important digits to look for in an IP address are the FIRST TWO DIGITS.
It is suspected that each router governs an IP range and everyone on the same IP range goes through the same router.
In human language:
"The first two digits of your Streamyx Internet Address determines which router you go through."
As long as these first two digits are the same (which means you are within the same IP range), all performance within that IP range will be the same.
So for example if you are unsatisfied with your speed/performance on 124.82.x.x, you will have to find an IP that does not begin with 124.82, but something else like 60.54, 124.13, 118.100, etc etc. and then retest and evaluate if it's a good one (see Part 4).
3. How to get a new IP Range
There is unfortunately no easy way about this. This is assigned on TM side and for our purposes is more or less random.
The only way to get a new IP is to disconnect and reconnect your connection and then recheck what IP you are on (you can do so by surfing to if you forgot). We do find that different times of the day gives different sets of IP ranges.
However some tips:
1) Do not disconnect and reconnect too fast in rapid succession
Do it in perhaps of intervals of 5-10 seconds, taking breaks in between. If done too fast, TM blocks you from connecting for a few minutes, and increases this time with every subsequent attempt. Take it slow and steady.
2) Be patient
It is not uncommon to try 10-20 times until you find the desired IP range you want. Be patient and stay at it.
4. Evaluating an IP Range - Yay or Nay
Now that we know what is an IP range, why it is important to find the right one and how to get new ones, let's find out how to evaluate if an IP range is good or bad!
We will use a free program called Pingplotter for this which may be downloaded here.
This program traces the path of your internet connection all the way to its intended destination and reveals any problems in the route.
After installing Pingplotter, start up the program. Under Address to Trace:, put or to test your connectivity to our US server ( Set the trace delay to 1 second, and Samples to Include to 1000. Click on TRACE and let it run for a minute or two.
We are testing as BBC is a renowned UK-based news site which we have identified as being closely equivalent to where we host our UK servers. It is also a neutral party so there's no accusation that the fault lies with us. Please note that pings to google and yahoo may NOT be accurate as they have special arrangements to prioritize their traffic.
There is a lot of information coming out of pingplotter, but we shall only focus on two statistics:
1) The AVG Ping which means average ping (the time it takes for a packet to reach to its destination) Lower is better
2) The PL% which means packet loss percentage (the packets that do not reach their destination and get lost) Lower is better
Below is a sample ping report generated from Pingplotter. You do this by clicking on Edit and then Copy as text (statistics only)
Target Name:
 Date/Time: 18/9/2008 7:52:15 PM to 18/9/2008 7:54:35 PM
Hop Sent Err PL% Min Max Avg Host Name / [IP]
 1 139 0 0.0 0 0 0 mygateway1.ar7 []
 2 137 77 56.2 7 233 19 []
 3 139 0 0.0 6 83 8 []
 4 139 0 0.0 6 19 6 []
 5 139 0 0.0 23 109 25 []
 6 139 0 0.0 29 216 38 []
 7 139 0 0.0 28 251 39 []
 8 139 0 0.0 29 205 30 []
 9 139 0 0.0 28 175 30 []
10 139 0 0.0 222 339 223 []
11 139 0 0.0 304 513 317 []
12 137 40 29.2 314 320 317 []
13 139 57 41.0 316 345 318 []
I have highlighted in red the parts that i want to focus on. This was taken from a particularly bad day and on a particularly bad IP range.
The AVG ping is 318 ms which isn't too bad. In general you want a ping that is below 400.
However what is bad here is the loss percentage which is at 40-50 %. This means for every two pieces of data you send, only one gets through! This affects the speed and stability of your VPN and other bandwidth sensitive apps such as video streaming and downloads. In extreme scenarios, even surfing becomes laggy.
Generally you don't want any loss at all though a loss of less than 10% should be still good enough for decent performance.
Keep on trying new IP ranges till you can find one that has the lowest loss and a decent ping.
A low loss is more important than a low ping! So even if an IP range has a fantastically low ping, but high loss percentage, then that IP will not be as good as one with a higher ping and a low loss percentage.
Hopefully now you have found a good IP range! Don't get disconnected if you want to retain it!
« Last Edit: February 15, 2009, 02:38:21 PM by Reuben »


text:
Approximately 185 students from
two high schools in Maine participated in the pilot Local
Fisheries Knowledge (LFK) Project during the 2003-2004
academic year, and another 159 during 2004-2005 academic
Each school created an overarching theme to guide
students' LFK interviews. Students organized into
teams to conduct interviews.
Ellsworth High School
ME. Hancock County.
What does the fishing industry have
to do with Ellsworth High School's communities?
Ellsworth HS. Photo by Grey
At Ellsworth High School, all 10th
grade students in English, science, and
social studies participated
during the 2003/2004 and 2004/2005 academic years
Jonesport-Beals High School
Jonesport, ME. Washington County.
What is our place in the changing face
of Jonesport-Beal's marine culture?
Jonesport-Beals HS. Photo
by Jennifer Isé,
High School, 12th grade students
technology and enterpreneurship classes participated
during the 2003/2004 and 2004/2005 academic years.
The 2005/2006 students include 9 th graders and 12
The communities of Ellsworth and Jonesport are located
in the Downeast region of Maine. This area has
heritage, though fishing has influenced each community to different
degrees. The community of Ellsworth has developed around regional
fisheries by providing support services such as fish processing
Many families in Jonesport and on neighboring
Beals Island have been fishing for a living for over 200
years. Some students
High School will carry on this tradition. During the first
pilot year, 35 of the 125 students at the school
had commercial fishing licenses.
Three of this year's participants already have their lobster permits. Other
students may go on
to work in fisheries related fields, such as fishing
gear construction, boat building, fisheries science, or aquaculture.
The commercial fishing profession and fishing communities,
however, face an uncertain future in Maine. More
about regional fishing issues…

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


text:
Solve Blocks in Mathad
The Solve Blocks feature can be found in the Math tab within Prime. This allows you to find a solution for variables within a simultaneous system of mathematical requirements, equations constraints. You can also optimize solutions and solve for design variables. Optimization refers to maximizing or minimizing the output of a function and allowing Mathcad to tell us what the input variables to that function should be while satisfying additional requirements at the same time. Solve Blocks also allow you to solve for an object's dimensions.


text:
The Goddess Blessing is one of the most unique characteristics of Shaiya. Each side of the war seeks the Blessing of their Goddess. Points for the Goddess Blessing are awarded when you slay a member of the opposing faction or when you destroy an enemy relic. The Goddess Blessing is bestowed not only upon you, but the entire realm. The blessing has a multitude of positive effects on you and your faction.
Benefits of Goddess Blessing
- Increased success rate for upgrading weapons.
- Increase in attack power.
- Increase of maximum HP, MP, SP.
- Increase of HP, MP, SP restoration during rest.
- Increase of MP, SP power restoration during the major battle.
- Increase of Magic Attacking Power.
- Increase of Defending Power (physical, shooting, magic).
- Reduced experience value loss during resurrection.
- Reduced repair costs of damaged equipment.
- Reduce cool-down time when consuming items.


The Happy Challenge - Cape Agulhas, Western Cape
The Happy Challenge - Cape Agulhas, Western Cape
Published: 14. June 2019
By: Eric
'Cape Agulhas' is the most southern tip of Africa. This official meeting point of the Indian Ocean and Atlantic Ocean is also the point of convergence of the Mozambique and Benguela currents.The Agulhas bank is a unique geographical formation which bears the title 'Graveyard of Ships' due to this challenging crossing resulting in numerous shipwrecks. When seafaring Portuguese vessels rounded this Cape tip in the 15th century their compass needles would swing unable to determine True North from Magnetic North. As a result, in 1488 the Portuguese navigator, Bartholomew Dias, named this ocean site 'Capo das Agulhas' translating to 'Cape of Needles'.....
The location?
Google Maps
How to get there?
Follow the N2 from from Cape Town to Bredasdorp and then due south down to Agulhas. The distance is approximately 210 km / 2 hours drive.
Things to do?
Climbing the lighthouse and breathing in the salty, clean air is a must. You've come a long way so why not!
Best place for your photo?
At the marker close to the lighthouse which indicates the official dividing line between the Atlantic Ocean and Indian Ocean.
Blog home


text:
Hydrogels comprised of alginate and gelatin have demonstrated potential as biomaterials in three dimensional (3D) bioprinting applications. However, as with all hydrogel-based biomaterials used in extrusion-based bioprinting, many parameters influence their performance and there is limited data characterising the behaviour of alginate-gelatin (Alg-Gel) hydrogels.
Here we investigated nine Alg-Gel blends by varying the individual constituent concentrations. We tested samples for printability and print accuracy, compressive behaviour and change over time, and viability of encapsulated mesenchymal stem cells in bioprinted constructs. Printability tests showed a decrease in strand width with increasing concentrations of Alg-Gel. However due to the increased viscosity associated with the higher Alg-Gel concentrations, the minimum width was found to be 0.32mm before blends became too viscous to print. Similarly, printing accuracy was increased in higher concentrations, exceeding 90% in some blends. Mechanical properties were assessed through uniaxial compression testing and it was found that increasing concentrations of both Alg and Gel resulted in higher compressive modulus.


Shelf Life of
How Long Does Salmon Last?
How Long Does Salmon Last?
Salmon Shelf Life
How long does salmon last? The shelf life of salmon depends on a variety of factors, such as the sell by date the preparation method and how the salmon was stored. Because of its abundance, mild flavor, appealing color, proven health benefits and concentration of protein, salmon is a great main dish choice. Salmon contains omega-3 fatty acids (also known as the good cholesterol) which are proven to lower the risk of heart disease and help with numerous other health problems. Salmon is the #3 best seller in the U.S. in the seafood category, topped only by shrimp (#1) and tuna (#2) for ten years running.
So, how long does salmon last? When properly stored, the shelf life of salmon past its sell by date is approximately …
Pantry Fridge Freezer
Past Printed Date Past Printed Date Past Printed Date
Fresh Salmon lasts for 1-2 Days 6-9 Months
Smoked Salmon lasts for 1-2 Weeks* 5-7 Days 6-9 Months
Canned Salmon lasts for 6-8 Months 6-8 Months 9-12 Months**
Cooked Salmon lasts for 5-6 Days 6-9 Months
Frozen Salmon lasts for 4-5 Days 6-9 Months
Of course, salmon lasts for a shorter period of time if it is not stored properly. But remember, salmon, like a lot of other proteins, usually has a sell by date and not a use by date or expiration date. Because of this distinction, you may safely use foods even after the sell by date has lapsed if they have been stored properly.
How to tell if salmon is bad, rotten or spoiled?
Practicing proper hygiene and food safety discipline will help prevent food borne illness. Although not a perfect test, your senses are usually the most reliable instruments to tell if your salmon has gone bad. Some common traits of bad salmon are a slimy, milky flesh (a thick, slippery coating) and a fishy smell. Although this is tricky because it is smelly and slimy by nature, these traits become more pronounced when salmon has gone bad and just opening the package of spoiled fish should alert your nose right away that something is wrong.
How to store salmon to extend its shelf life?
Proper food storage is the key to extending the expiration date of salmon. You can help salmon keep fresh longer by storing it in your refrigerator immediately after use. Once prepared, salmon should be stored in a tightly closed container to keep out moisture and other contaminants and returned to the fridge.
*Smoked salmon should only be kept in the pantry if it was purchased on the grocery shelf, if purchased in the refrigerator section it should be placed in the fridge at home. But once opened, both options must be placed in the fridge in a tightly sealed container.
**If freezing or refrigerating canned salmon, transfer the salmon to a freezer safe container first. Never freeze cans. They can be refrigerated only if they are unopened.
For a long-term option, you can freeze your salmon while preserving its taste if you use a freezer safe container. If you purchased your salmon frozen, be sure to keep it frozen until the day or day before you are going to use it.
Always defrost salmon in the refrigerator or still wrapped and submerged in a large bowl of cold water if you want to use it sooner.
How long is salmon good for when prepared in a dish?
How long does salmon last? That depends. How long does rice last? In general, foods lasts only as long as the quickest expiring ingredient in the dish. To find out how long those other ingredients are good for, please visit the Dairy, Drinks, Fruits, Grains, Proteins, Vegetables and Other sections of Eat By Date or search below!
Search the Shelf Life Guide!
What are our shelf life resources?
Our content for how long does salmon last incorporates research from multiple resources, including the United States Department of Agriculture and the United States Food & Drug Administration. In addition, we scoured the web for informative articles and reports related to food safety, food storage and the shelf life of salmon.
*An important note about expiration dates …
So, how long will food last? Let's find out!


text:
Silence removes a minion's card text and eliminates any other effects present on the card. However, the minion can still have effects applied to it after.
- If a minions is silenced, you can still buff it, including buffs that come from other minions, such as, whose +1 attack to adjacent minions will renew immediately following a neighboring minion being silenced.
- You can also place spell buffs on a minion after it has been silenced.
- Silence will not reverse effects of ownership, such as a minion being returned to its original owner.
- It does not reverse effects of card identity either, for example a when silenced will not revert to its 3/3 form.
- Silence will remove other spell effects cast by you or by your opponent, including freeze.
- When a minion is silenced it returns to its original health if its current health is above its original health; however, if its current health is below its original health, its health will not change.
- A card with the Silence ability removes all buffs and all effects (even those written on the card) from the target while the target remains in play.
- The only way to reverse a silence is to put the card back into your hand and play it again via cards like or.
Below is a list of all cards with the silence mechanic.
- Note: For the purposes of this list, only collectible cards are listed.


text:
A transposition is an operation that exchanges two adjacent substrings. When it is restricted so that one of the substrings is a prefix, it is called a prefix transposition. The prefix transposition distance between a pair of strings (permutations) is the shortest sequence of prefix transpositions required to transform a given string (permutation) into another given string (permutation). This problem is a variation of the transposition distance problem, related to genome rearrangements. An upper bound of n-1 and a lower bound of n/2 are known. We improve the bounds to n-log8 n and 2n/3 respectively. We also give upper and lower bounds for the prefix transposition distance on strings. For example, n/2 prefix transpositions are always sufficient for binary strings. We also prove that the exact prefix transposition distance problem on strings is NP complete.
Dr. Bhadrachalam Chitturi and Sudborough, I. H., "Bounding Prefix Transposition Distance for Strings and Permutations", in Proceedings of the 41st Annual Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences (HICSS 2008), 2008.


text:
Rates of antipsychotic drug prescribing among people with dementia increased substantially in six high-income countries during the initial months of the pandemic and remained elevated through 2021, researchers reported yesterday in JAMA Psychiatry.
To examine trends in antipsychotic drug prescribing among people with dementia before and during the pandemic, a team led by researchers from the University of Hong Kong analyzed electronic health record and claims data from eight databases in Germany, France, Italy, South Korea, the United Kingdom, and the United States from 2016 through November 2021. The study included all patients aged 65 years and older who had a diagnosis of dementia, and 365 days of observation, within the study period.
The study identified a total of 857,238 people (58% female) with a diagnosis of dementia. Although reductions were observed in the incidence of dementia and the total number of people with dementia prescribed antipsychotic drugs in the early phase of the pandemic in all countries except Germany, rates of antipsychotic drug prescribing for people with dementia increased markedly in six databases representing all countries.
Notably, the antipsychotic drug prescribing rates at the latest available months in 2021 were still among the highest compared with previous years.
Compared with the corresponding month in 2019, the most pronounced increase was observed in May 2020 in South Korea (rate ratio [RR], 2.11; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.47 to 3.02) and June 2020 in the United Kingdom (RR, 1.96; 95% CI, 1.24 to 3.09).
The rates of antipsychotic drug prescribing in these six databases remained high in 2021. Interrupted time series analyses revealed immediate increases in the prescribing rate in Italy (RR, 1.31; 95% CI, 1.08 to 1.58) and in the US Medicare database (RR, 1.43; 95% CI, 1.20 to 1.71) after the introduction of COVID-19 restrictions.
"Notably, the antipsychotic drug prescribing rates at the latest available months in 2021 were still among the highest compared with previous years," the study authors wrote. "This suggests that the burden of unmet needs in people living with dementia was substantial and that this population faced continued challenges in care even after the acute phase of the COVID-19 pandemic."


Self-reinforcing Mechanisms in a Multi-technology Industry: Understanding Sustained Technological Variety in a Context of Path Dependency
Artikel i vetenskaplig tidskrift, 2015
This paper studies self-reinforcing mechanisms in multi-technology industries, i.e. industries in which technological lock-in does not occur and several technologies continue to coexist. The purpose of this paper is to investigate what kind of self-reinforcing mechanisms can be present in such industries and explain how multiple paths can coexist and interact in a context of self-reinforcement and, ultimately, path dependency. Building on the empirical example of the lighting industry, the paper shows that all previously recognized types of self-reinforcing mechanisms can be present in a multi-technology industry. However, in addition to the path-internal positive feedbacks and cross-path negative externalities identified in single-path settings, multi-technology industries also experience positive cross-path externalities that create a symbiotic relationship between alternatives and allow for the reproduction of the same development pattern across technologies. Due to the existence of such non-negative technology interactions, multi-technology industries can be path dependent while still retaining technological variety.
multi-technology industries
path dependency
Self-reinforcing mechanisms
lighting industry
Ksenia Onufrey
Industry and Innovation
_PHONE_ (ISSN) _PHONE_ (eISSN)
Vol. 22 6 523-551
Annan maskinteknik
Innovation och entreprenörskap
Mer information


text:
Simplify Linear Scan Path Creation
When you create sequences to CNC scan just certain areas of large parts, one approach is to create a linear scan path for each area, which can result in a large number of steps. Starting with PolyWorks Metrology Suite 2018 IR9, you can scan all the different areas using a single scan path, and define segments where scanning is disabled that only serve to displace the machine. In this way, you can simplify sequence creation and maintenance by combining several steps into one, without sacrificing the measurement speed.
Step by step: To create a linear scan path containing segments where scanning is disabled:
- Make sure the desired CAD model is visible in the 3D Scene and the CNC CMM Scanner plug-in has been activated.
- Open the Scan dialog box.
- In the Parameters section, click the Create Path button. The Create Scan Path dialog box is displayed, and an interactive picking mode is launched.
- Set Type to Linear.
- Click on the CAD model to define a linear scan path. Clicking creates dark-blue segments that will be scanned and clicking while holding the CTRL key creates light-blue segments where scanning is deactivated.
Right-click to end the scan path and exit the interactive mode.


text:
Technical Report Number
We present a surface reconstruction technique that constructs a smooth analytic surface from scattered data. The technique is robust to noise and both poorly and non-uniformly sampled data, making it well-suited for use in medical applications. In addition, the surface can be parameterized in multiple ways, making it possible to represent additional data, such as electromagnetic potential, in a different (but related) coordinate system to the geometric one. The parameterization technique also supports consistent parameterizations of multiple data sets.
Grimm, Cindy and Ju, Tao, "Smooth Surface Reconstruction using Charts for Medical Data" Report Number: WUCSE-2006-29 (2006). All Computer Science and Engineering Research.


text:
Where the trees are naturally musical
For centuries, the spruces of the Violin's Forest have been used in the world's finest instruments
Geography and climate have conspired to produce extraordinary trees in the forests east of Predazzo. Managed for 900 years by the Magnifica Comunità di Fiemme, their timber resonates with an unusually clear and consistent tone, and they have inspired both instrument makers and musicians for centuries.
In winter, all forests feel magical. Hushed and white beneath their mantles of snow, they're beautiful places in which to strap on a pair of snowshoes, and go for a walk.
But for music lovers no forest is more bewitching than la Foresta dei Violini, just east of Paneveggio in the Val di Fiemme. Called, in English, the Violin's Forest, it was colonized long ago by red Italian spruces, and they grow straight and slow along its chilly and sheltered slopes. As a result, their wood is dense and consistent, and makes near-perfect soundboards for musical instruments. Stradivarius used it, and it's still sought after for the world's finest violins, cellos, pianos and guitars. In fact, 10% of the trees here are suitable for this sacred purpose, compared with an average of 0.8%.
The Violin's Forest is just east of the visitor centre of the Nature Park of Paneveggio–Pale di San Martino, which has a small museum dedicated to these musical trees. It also offers guided walks, where you'll learn about the history of the forest, and its careful management. It is, for example, thought that trees intended for soundboards are best harvested during a waning moon in early winter, so that there is less sap in the timber.
The more adventurous should also seek out il Bosco che Suona – "the Valley of Harmony" – which is a 5km walk from the car park at the Miola restaurant, in the Valmaggiore. Here too there is a near-perfect micro-climate for musical trees, and in a remarkable new project, musicians are being invited to adopt a tree, and play a piece of music inspired by it. Download the app "Il Bosco che Suona", on Google Play before you go, and you can listen to the results as you walk through the forest.


Take the 2-minute tour ×
While listening to a podcast from SpanishPod recently, I came across this section where they were discussing the Spanish for various computer-related terms and one of the hosts gave liga as the Spanish for link, the stuff that when clicked leads to a different web page.
Elsewhere, I have also heard two other words for the same term: vínculo and enlace. Do all three really mean the exact same thing? I want to know if there's any, just any, difference among the three whatsoever. Any subtle difference?
And if they are all really the same thing, which is the preferred word in which region? Which of the three is preferred in Mexico? What about other parts of the world?
share|improve this question
Vínculo, that evil word from Microsoft... – JoulSauron Jun 13 at 12:53
5 Answers 5
up vote 3 down vote accepted
In México we can use vínculo or enlace but it is more common to use liga.
The later is used in a day to day conversation, vínculo and enlace are more formal.
By the way... ligar as a verb is used here when referring to flirting.
 ¿Cuál es la liga para comprar esa bolsa en ebay?
 Pásame la liga para entrar a tu sitio.
share|improve this answer
The original meaning of link, IIUIC, is each of the rings of a chain. That is Spanish is eslabón. (cf. The missing link / El eslabón perdido).
Then, in English, link is also used to mean conection or even relation. That in Spanish would be conexión, enlace or relación.
In Internet, link is actually a short form of the original hyperlink (remember that HTTP stands for HyperText Transfer Protocol). That was usually translated as hiper-enlace or hiper-vínculo (with our without dashes). Then, when the English form shortened to link the Spanish one did the same to vínculo or enlace.
As a new meaning for an old word, I don't think that neither vínculo or enlace are better than the other. Personally, I prefer enlace. It just sounds better to me (I'm from Spain).
However, about the other word you comment, liga, I think it is used solely because it sounds similar to the English one, so would be it better avoided. Ligar means tie or bind, only somewhat similar to link.
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I agree enlace is really the only thing that works, but vínculo makes sense as well. – Cayetano Gonçalves Jun 13 at 15:17
_USER_: The thing is that enlace sounds nice, but the older hiperenlace sounds a bit weird to Spanish ears, maybe because of the syllabification: it would be natural to do it as hi-pe-ren-la-ce, but the speaker tries to keep the prefix separated as hi-per--en-la-ce. Hipervínculo does not have this issue so it may have been preferred in the early days of Internet. – rodrigo Jun 13 at 15:45
Here in Chile, we say link, vínculo or enlace.
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Link, in the meaning you describe, is indistinctly translated in Spain and Mexico as vínculo or enlace.
There are no nuances when using one or the other, so probably is a matter of habitude in using one or the other.
For example, Microsoft uses vínculo exclusively for their software localized in Spanish from Spain (es_es), and vínculo or enlace, depending of the package, when in Spanish from Mexico (es_mx). However, enlace is as widely used as vínculo in Spain.
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Though, looking to Microsoft for translations is probably not the best idea. They after all translated English font as fuente (tipografía or tipo being the words actually used by typographers) and refuse to fix it even after I've reported it many times. – guifa Jun 26 at 3:00
Yes, that's true, they used to use "mouse" as spanish translation for "mouse". But the fact is that sometimes the wide use of a translation makes it more understandable; even bad uses of words have become accepted because of its wide use. Think of the use of "incierto" as synonym for "false" (which is incorrect as "incierto" means "uncertain"), widely used by spanish politicians as a more politically correct way to say "falso". Finally, "incierto" is now accepted by the Real Academia Española de la Lengua as synonym for "false". – Roberto Jun 27 at 8:56
The three words are exatly the same, but enlace and vínculo are for the formal speech and text while liga and link are the "informal" ones but ther's no problem for using both words in formal talking. Personally I've never said liga, me and my environment use link. I'm from México.
 1. That's the link.
 2. Ese es el enlace.
 3. Ese es el vínculo.
 4. Esa es la liga.
 5. Ese es el link.
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How To Make Au Jus Without Beef Broth? (Explained)
how to make au jus without beef broth
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how to make au jus without beef broth
Au Jus
Au jus is a term that means "with juice" of the meat. It is most commonly found in French cuisine. Au jus can be found in beef or any meat dishes that are prepared or served along with light gravy, or bouillon that is made from all the fluids dripped out of the meat when it is being cooked.
Au Jus is one of the natural ways to enhance the flavor of meat and sauces. It mainly enhances chicken dishes because the chicken has a light taste, or it can be used with veal and lamb as well. French cuisine prefers having Au Jus in most of their meat dishes.
How To Make Au Jus Without Beef Broth?
Recipe of Au Jus Without Beef Broth
Beef Au jus Gravy
This recipe is perfect for a French dip sandwich. The preparation time of this recipe is 5-minutes and the cooking time requires about 10-11minutes. The total time required in the recipe is 15 minutes. The recipe requires a few steps that are mentioned below.
 1. First of all, you must take a saucepan and boil beef stock (not in the beef broth) in the pan.
 2. You must maintain the heat of the pan to medium-low and whisk the beef base.
 3. Add in Worcestershire sauce along with garlic, salt, and pepper.
 4. To make a thick gravy, add corn starch.
 5. Your beef Au jus gravy without beef broth is all ready to be served.
Substitute of Beef Broth
It's okay if you don't want to use beef broth! There are various substitutes for it. A lot of your favorite recipes are using beef broth, however, you need substitutes that can work well in all your daily recipes. We have mentioned below a few substitutes for beef broth.
1. Beef Stock
If using beef is not a problem for you then you can switch between beef broth and beef stock. Both of these ingredients taste almost the same, however, the difference is majorly in the extracting materials. The difference between beef-broth and beef-stock is, beef broth is made from an extract that is taken out of both meat and bones attached to that meat.
While the beef stock is made with vegetables and beef bones. Most people, in case of running out of beef broth, use beef stock because it is the best replacement for beef broth in any recipe.
2. Bouillon Cubes
Bouillon cubes are also beef extracts but in a different state. Beef broth exists in a liquid form and bouillon cubes are found as a dried extract in cubes form. You can use bouillon cubes by dissolving them in cups of water, and it can replace a cup of beef broth in any recipe if one cube is dissolved in one cup of water.
These cubes of beef bouillon are concentrated to give an enhanced taste when they are dissolved in water.
However, if you are trying to maintain a pure vegan meal, then you can use Vegetable Broth, which tastes a little bit different however it's a great vegan replacement for beef broth.
Hopefully, this blog helped you in making an Au Jus recipe without the use of beef broth.
Read: Au Jus Substitutes
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Baby Name Neall meaning and Astrology
baby names > Neall
Baby Name : Neall
Gender : Boy
Origin : gaelic
Neall Meaning: champion
Variant: no variations
Number : 8
Moon Sign (Rashi) : Scorpio (Brischik)
Star (Nakshtra) : Anuradha
baby Neall Name Neall is combinations of, one occurrence of A, one occurrence of E, two occurrences of L and one occurrence of N has a lots of significance in Astrology.
Energetic, as they are, In Moon sign based Vedic Astrology, person with name Neall are always ready to do one more thing. Their brimming energy takes them higher in their life. A proper education is what they think necessary for them. These people have endearing personality. Natives with this name have balanced sense of food and dresses. In these cases, they never overdo. In other aspects too, these individuals prefer to portray themselves as balanced, unbiased, and neutral. On the other hand, due to the name effect, these people may overreact to some extent. This name has an impact of making its natives spiritually inclined. These people also have a fetish for splendid cars. They can create anything with their mastery. It is expected that they will come across some important person in their respective lives who will assist them to have a great success. With the power of creativity, they can make films as well. With these people grace is the ultimate thing. And with this quality they can solve any problem that comes their way.
Name Neall or (no variations) means champion.
Person with name Neall have the effect of material success with any individuals who having name number as 4, 8, 13 and 17. Therefore, these natives have luck in monetary term. They are likely to earn a lot of money in their lives. The people with this name can try their luck at corporate sector. They would be fairly successful as a teacher. These people may have a certain goal in life, but they should be ambitious and centred on their goal. They are intelligent enough to stand apart among the multitude. They really want to be the piece of attention of everyone. They are also capable of making people understand themselves very well. Individuals with the effect of this name are sly enough to make multiple sources of revenue. They can also be leading personalities of political teams at a national level. In this way they can draw attention of people and have a manpower of their own. While running for money and rank they should also be conscious that their activities are not creating problem for anyone.
The natives with name Neall have an immense hunger for newer things in life. There is a unique thirst in their character to get hold of knowledge. This hunger for growth will be an agreeable one and would help them to prosper in life, even if they try to apply it in negative ways. These folks may not welcome sudden changes warmly. It is normally seen that these natives crave for a place of authority and that even at the cost of other people's harm. They do not have a fluid character that can be easily modified. Their life may be tragic somehow. They could have many obstacles in their path of life. Life will pose continuous hazard for them. However, for this dominating sensitivity, they will suffer too with huge difficulties in their career. Neall is a person of very friendly in nature. They love to serve society and help people with all their hearts. Nevertheless, people take long time to recognize their talent. Even when these natives do welfare to society, they are hardly appreciated. But a big fault in them is their gullible nature.
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text:
In San Jose, California, stands an unlived-in mansion, a Victorian pile with 160 rooms, 40 staircases, 467 doors, and 10,000 windows. The house's eccentric chambers, tortuous hallways, and stairways to nowhere today stand as testament to the damaged, bereaved psyche of the lonely widow who designed it. Built on the tragic fortune of "the gun that won the West," this is the Winchester Mystery House, the inspiration and setting for Jeremy Blake's Winchester film trilogy. Melding Blake's signature digital abstractions with footage of the mansion, the work interrogates traditional cinematic modes of storytelling; cultural mythologies surrounding guns, violence, and the American West; and the relationship between physical and simulated reality in the digital age.
In this publication, curator Benjamin Weil considers the Winchester trilogy in the context of the artist's career, and architecture critic Mitchell Schwarzer examines the San Jose mansion and its surroundings as a peculiar convergence of three built environments: the Winchester house, the aging Century Theatres complex across the street, and the Mediterranean-style Santana Row commercial development. Lush plates presenting sequences from all three works are accompanied by artist statements that provide insight into Blake's myriad motivations and rich symbolic vocabulary.


A Sapper's Lullaby
Introduced by Virginia Haussegger, ABC News presenter, Canberra.
But it's his second career as a musician that came to the fore in Uruzgan province, when he wrote a song about the death of Australian soldier Ben Ranaudo.
"Dust in Uruzgan" captured the hearts of many serving in Afghanistan and a second song, "Sapper's Lullaby" has become an anthem for soldiers and their families.
Now, with Australian forces about to depart Afghanistan, this is the story of a diplomat with a difference.
A Sapper's Lullaby - Transcript


text:
Precision Time Align is a high precision sub-sample delay that can slide a track forward or backwards in time. It will help you get perfectly synchronized double-tracked recordings completely eliminating timing anomalies and phase issues from your mix, especially on multi-miked drums, vocals and instruments:
- Synchronize signals to microsecond accuracy, up to 1/64th of a sample.
- Phase Invert button fixes mirror-image acoustical phasing.
- Precise Coarse and Fine controls optimize time shift in recordings.
- Perform negative delays, moving the track up in time relative to other tracks in the recording.
- Four different methods for calibrating the signal to achieve perfect signal matching.
- Precision Time Delay also included for use with D.A.W.s lacking delay compensation.
- Much faster and more accurate workflow than trying to manually align in your D.A.W.


I am a bit puzzled by the sequence of events that are observed when a set of nodes are added or removed. It appears that if a parent node and a child node are added, they are in inverse sequence (child first, parent second). In my case, I have an event listener registered on a workspace, waiting for nodes to be added or removed. If a node is added, it transforms it and adds it in another workspace. If it is removed, it just removes from the destination workspace. The problem is that when a set of nodes is added, say for instance a nt:file/nt:resource pair, the nt:resource event come first, and the event listener cannot really add it to the destination workspace yet as the parent doesn't exists ( a PathNotFound exception is thrown). The workaround has been to copy all the add events in a LinkedList (and the remove in another) before starting looping, and to execute the "add" linked list in reverse order. Of course, using Workspace.clone is not an option because nodes need to be transformed before being added. I did not see anything in the current specs (and I did not have a chance yet to review JSR-283), but is there a reason for this inversion of order? Thanks. Alessandro.


There are three random variables, $x,y,z$. The three correlations between the three variables are the same. That is,
What is the tightest bound you can give for $\rho$?
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 $\begingroup$ Presumably by "pho", you mean rho ($\rho$). However, your question is not clear. What do you mean by "What's the tightest bound you can give"? $\endgroup$ – gung - Reinstate Monica Oct 15 '13 at 1:57
 - $\begingroup$ Well the name of the variable is just a dummy. By tightest bound, I mean something like [-1, 1] for a correlation, but this clearly isn't the tightest possible bound. $\endgroup$ – user1352399 Oct 15 '13 at 2:08
 - $\begingroup$ Do you mean that rho=cor(x,y)=cor(x,z)=cor(y,z), and what are the limits for rho? $\endgroup$ – user31264 Oct 15 '13 at 2:23
 - $\begingroup$ Yes I mean that rho=cor(x,y)=cor(x,z)=cor(y,z) and what are the limits for rho. Dilip, can you extend that to say that rho must be non-negative, ie >= 0? $\endgroup$ – user1352399 Oct 15 '13 at 2:44
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 $\begingroup$ A textbook to cite for this is Seber & Lee "Linear Regression Analysis" (At least it was in first edition...) $\endgroup$ – kjetil b halvorsen Nov 27 '18 at 18:46
The common correlation $\rho$ can have value $+1$ but not $-1$. If $\rho_{X,Y}= \rho_{X,Z}=-1$, then $\rho_{Y,Z}$ cannot equal $-1$ but is in fact $+1$. The smallest value of the common correlation of three random variables is $-\frac{1}{2}$. More generally, the minimum common correlation of $n$ random variables is $-\frac{1}{n-1}$ when, regarded as vectors, they are at the vertices of a simplex (of dimension $n-1$) in $n$-dimensional space.
Consider the variance of the sum of $n$ unit variance random variables $X_i$. We have that $$\begin{align*} \operatorname{var}\left(\sum_{i=1}^n X_i\right) &= \sum_{i=1}^n \operatorname{var}(X_i) + \sum_{i=1}^n\sum_{j\neq i}^n \operatorname{cov}(X_i,X_j)\\ &= n + \sum_{i=1}^n\sum_{j\neq i}^n \rho_{X_i,X_j}\\ &= n + n(n-1)\bar{\rho} \tag{1} \end{align*}$$ where $\bar{\rho}$ is the average value of the $\binom{n}{2}$correlation coefficients. But since $\operatorname{var}\left(\sum_i X_i\right) \geq 0$, we readily get from $(1)$ that $$\bar{\rho} \geq -\frac{1}{n-1}.$$
So, the average value of a correlation coefficient is at least $-\frac{1}{n-1}$. If all the correlation coefficients have the same value $\rho$, then their average also equals $\rho$ and so we have that $$\rho \geq -\frac{1}{n-1}.$$ Is it possible to have random variables for which the common correlation value $\rho$ equals $-\frac{1}{n-1}$? Yes. Suppose that the $X_i$ are uncorrelated unit-variance random variables and set $Y_i = X_i - \frac{1}{n}\sum_{j=1}^n X_j = X_i -\bar{X}$. Then, $E[Y_i]=0$, while $$\displaystyle \operatorname{var}(Y_i) = \left(\frac{n-1}{n}\right)^2 + (n-1)\left(\frac{1}{n}\right)^2 = \frac{n-1}{n}$$ and $$\operatorname{cov}(Y_i,Y_j) = -2\left(\frac{n-1}{n}\right)\left(\frac{1}{n}\right) + (n-2)\left(\frac{1}{n}\right)^2 = -\frac{1}{n}$$ giving $$\rho_{Y_i,Y_j} = \frac{\operatorname{cov}(Y_i,Y_j)}{\sqrt{\operatorname{var}(Y_i)\operatorname{var}(Y_j)}} =\frac{-1/n}{(n-1)/n} = -\frac{1}{n-1}.$$ Thus the $Y_i$ are random variables achieving the minimum common correlation value of $-\frac{1}{n-1}$. Note, incidentally, that $\sum_i Y_i = 0$, and so, regarded as vectors, the random variables lie in a $(n-1)$-dimensional hyperplane of $n$-dimensional space.
 - $\begingroup$ I'm a little confused by this answer. I think it correctly shows that the p >= -1/(n-1) bound is necessary and sufficient for the variance of a sum of variables to be non-negative, but it doesn't seem to actually be necessary and sufficient for positive-definiteness of the correlation matrix in general. $\endgroup$ – user49404 Feb 3 '20 at 19:08
 - 1
 $\begingroup$ _USER_ Correlation matrices don't need to be positive definite; only positive semidefiniite (also called nonnegative definite by some people). Also, the OP's question only asked for a bound on the minimum value of the common correlation of the (three) variables and not about correlation matrices in general. Be that as it may, see this answer of mine for the general result. $\endgroup$ – Dilip Sarwate Feb 4 '20 at 17:37
The tightest possible bound is $-1/2 \le \rho \le 1$. All such values can actually appear--none are impossible.
To show there is nothing especially deep or mysterious about the result, this answer first presents a completely elementary solution, requiring only the obvious fact that variances--being the expected values of squares--must be non-negative. This is followed by a general solution (which uses slightly more sophisticated algebraic facts).
Elementary solution
The variance of any linear combination of $x,y,z$ must be non-negative. Let the variances of these variables be $\sigma^2, \tau^2,$ and $\upsilon^2$, respectively. All are nonzero (for otherwise some of the correlations would not be defined). Using the basic properties of variances we may compute
$$0 \le \text{Var}(\alpha x/\sigma + \beta y/\tau + \gamma z/\upsilon) = \alpha^2 +\beta^2+\gamma^2 + 2\rho(\alpha\beta+\beta\gamma+\gamma\alpha)$$
for all real numbers $(\alpha, \beta, \gamma)$.
Assuming $\alpha+\beta+\gamma\ne 0$, a little algebraic manipulation implies this is equivalent to
$$\frac{-\rho}{1-\rho} \le \frac{1}{3} \left(\frac{\sqrt{(\alpha^2+\beta^2+\gamma^2)/3}}{(\alpha+\beta+\gamma)/3}\right)^2.$$
The squared term on the right hand side is the ratio of two power means of $(\alpha, \beta, \gamma)$. The elementary power-mean inequality (with weights $(1/3, 1/3, 1/3)$) asserts that ratio cannot exceed $1$ (and will equal $1$ when $\alpha=\beta=\gamma\ne 0$). A little more algebra then implies
$$\rho \ge -1/2.$$
The explicit example of $n=3$ below (involving trivariate Normal variables $(x,y,z)$) shows that all such values, $-1/2 \le \rho \le 1$, actually do arise as correlations. This example uses only the definition of multivariate Normals, but otherwise invokes no results of Calculus or Linear Algebra.
General solution
Any correlation matrix is the covariance matrix of the standardized random variables, whence--like all correlation matrices--it must be positive semi-definite. Equivalently, its eigenvalues are non-negative. This imposes a simple condition on $\rho$: it must not be any less than $-1/2$ (and of course cannot exceed $1$). Conversely, any such $\rho$ actually corresponds to the correlation matrix of some trivariate distribution, proving these bounds are the tightest possible.
Derivation of the conditions on $\rho$
Consider the $n$ by $n$ correlation matrix with all off-diagonal values equal to $\rho.$ (The question concerns the case $n=3,$ but this generalization is no more difficult to analyze.)


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As I iterate through the rows of a mysql table, there are 2 values in each table (x,y) that I need to see what interval those two values fall between.
For example if x=-21.1 and y=52.4, x would be in the -30..-20 interval and y would be in the 50..60 interval.
So based on these intervals, I would have a hash or something containing that interval combination (-30..-20 and 50..60) and increment it by one. Then I would go through the rest of the rows in the mysql table and do the same so I have a count of all occurances of the interval combinations.
There will be 36X36 combinations (interval -180..180, divided in 10s). I think this is supposed to be done by using multidimensional hashes, but I'm not sure. Can anyone help me out?
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1 Answer 1
How about doing it in MySQL itself?
SELECT FLOOR(x/10)*10, FLOOR(y/10)*10, COUNT(*)
FROM yourTable
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Thank you so much! This works quite well and easily implementable in my Perl code :) – user1001715 Oct 18 '11 at 18:26
Your Answer


Programme overview - Doctoral programme in metabolism and endocrinology
The MetEndo doctoral program at KI is comprised of ~15 research groups from different departments with related research areas. The program was constituted by the Board of Doctoral Education, which also is the main financier. MetEndo program activities include doctoral courses, workshops, seminars, open lectures, annual symposia and poster exhibitions.
The program is designed to prepare doctoral students to develop and execute creative research by providing the foundational knowledge for solving complex problems within the fields of endocrinology and metabolism.
The program combines rigorous interdisciplinary coursework and laboratory training that utilizes cutting-edge technology to answer biologically important questions. The programme curriculum is designed to develop independent thinking, skills in oral and written presentation, proficiency of data analysis, and dissemination of scientific research through participation at institutional symposia and attendance at international congresses.
Within the MetEndo doctoral program, students have the opportunity to engage in a stimulating and interactive environment of world-class research, optimized for scientific collaboration and learning.
Target group
The MetEndo doctoral program targets doctoral students at the Karolinska Institutet who possess an interest in the fields of metabolism and endocrinology.
Programme Coordinator
Jurga Laurencikiene
Telefon:08-524 834 65
Head of Programme
Marie Björnholm
Telefon:0790 73 82 85
Programme Coordinator
Ulrika Widegren
Telefon:08-524 867 47


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Fighting Gravity Blog
Fighting Gravity: Assessing the True Cost of Lifting Decisions -Everything must come down, but needs some help to go up! The Fighting Gravity Series
Fighting Gravity:
Assessing the True Cost of Lifting Decisions
The Fighting Gravity Series
 The goal of the Fighting Gravity Series is to help operators, engineers and purchasers think through their requirements for lifting solutions, primarily in the lift range of loads of 1 tonne to 10 Tons, but many of the principles apply to all of your lifting decisions. Does a portable gantry solution make sense? What about an overhead gantry crane? When is a lightweight davit crane the appropriate tool?
In this edition of Fighting Gravity we will focus on a portion of your gantry crane planning: cost assessment. Having a framework to assess the costs is an important factor in arriving at the correct decision. There are a wide range of costs that aren't readily apparent at the time of purchase, so let's try and flush out a few of those hidden items below!
Assessing the Cost: Price vs Total Cost of Ownership (TCO)
Unfortunately most decisions start with the question "How much does that cost?" The correct question should really be "How much will this cost me over the life of the solution." It's often difficult to get an exact apples-to-apples comparison while evaluating competing products. Focusing exclusively on the up front price can miss the longer term cost of a solution. Rather than price, let's discuss the Total Cost of Ownership (TCO) of your lifting solution over the life span of the equipment. Products that appear slightly more expensive initially can often be very cost effective over the useful life of the equipment. Things to consider when assessing your TCO:
 - Cost to implement the solution
 - Annual costs
 - Product durability
 - Vendor reputation
 - Solution versatility
Costs to Implement the Solution
Certain solutions such as overhead gantry cranes will likely require extensive up-front planning, including engineering costs, a potential building review to ensure the structural integrity of the building, safety program planning, along with a number of other items depending on the situation. The number of service providers required to successfully implement the project can grow quickly, making organization and team management critical. You should also consider the cost of internal resources required to evaluate and manage the project. It can often require a diverse set of internal resources from engineering, finance, safety etc. to properly manage a project of that magnitude.
As a comparison, for lighter lifts, a 2 ton aluminum gantry crane would have no implementation costs aside from the purchase price, but different mobile gantry cranes come with different features. One question might be whether or not a beam trolley is included in the initial purchase price. Does it come with required safety documentation such as engineered stamped drawings or certificate of test? Is the manufacturer representing that it's been tested or will you need to that yourself (and take on that liability). These, plus other questions are important to consider at the outset of a purchase.
Annual Costs
Annual costs operating costs should be factored into the TCO calculation. These costs might involve annual maintenance or safety inspections, along with annual safety training or certification. It's critical for operator safety to know the Occupational Safety and Health Administration standard (OSHA) for each piece of equipment and operating environment.
While the upfront implementation cost might be less burdensome for portable gantry cranes, there are definitely hidden annual costs to evaluate. Legacy steel mobile gantry cranes may require large pieces of equipment such as a forklift or front loader to move them around a facility due to their heavy weights and limited mobility. The cost of an operator's time, the operating cost of the machinery, along with the opportunity cost of that piece of machinery not engaging in a higher value added activity should be seriously considered. With a forklift costing more than $30k and a front-loader at $100k the opportunity cost can become substantial. Many operators or purchasers are shocked at how high these hidden costs are on an annual basis, sometimes equaling the entire cost of a less than mobile gantry crane! A general rule of thumb is to multiply these annual operating costs by 10-20x to understand their true cost over a longer term time period (say 10+ years). So if you will incur an additional $3,000 per year in annual operating costs for one solution vs a competing solution, then over the life of the solution the cost is really closer to $30,000 to $60,000 greater than the alternative.
Lightweight, aluminum portable gantry cranes avoid the trappings of the older legacy steel gantry cranes. The aluminum portable gantry crane can be easily moved from location to location, due to its lightweight, either by quickly disassembling it to move it or by easily rolling it around a facility. As lifting capacity increases, the difference between the aluminum gantry crane and steel gantry crane can become significant. A 3 tonne to 10 ton aluminum gantry crane can be moved without additional machinery, such as the ones we produce at Easily Moved Equipment (eme). Avoiding the cost of specialized equipment to move or rig the portable aluminum gantry crane can result in substantial savings over the life of the product, reducing the TCO.
Product Durability
Most operators or purchasers will focus on direct repair costs. However, loss of productivity due to downtime is the real economic monster. Wasting time and resources to replace or repair a piece of lifting equipment that should be functional, can ripple its way through the production process or service workflow, costing multiples of the initial equipment cost.
You should also consider the environment that the equipment will be located. Is it outdoors where the elements will eventually cause degradation in either the structural or operating integrity of the asset? If so, then maybe a mobile solution has a lower TCO over the long-run.
Vendor Reputation
Understanding your equipment vendor is very important while analyzing the risk of hidden future costs. A poor assessment here regarding quality, service costs, etc. of the vendor could be costly down the road.
Understanding your equipment vendor's reliability track record is critical in this area. How quickly do they respond to service requests, if necessary? Can you obtain parts domestically or are they shipped in from overseas? What does the vendors track record of quality look like? Do they rigorously test the equipment before sending it out to a customer? These are important questions to ask of your equipment vendor to assess your TCO.
Is your vendor committed to your particular market? As an example, are you dealing with an overseas vendor that's new to your particular geography? Is there risk that vendor may decide to pack up and head home if it doesn't achieve the sales levels it requires to justify geographic expansion? What does that mean to you if you are in the unfortunate position of needing service or parts 2 or 3 years after purchasing the gear?
Understand your vendor's full product line-up. Is the model you are buying from them their core competency, or did they simply produce a couple of products for "marketing purposes" and aren't fully committed to that technology and type of product for their core lineup.
Has the ownership of your vendor changed? Sometimes this can put the historical track record such as service or quality levels at risk since new ownership may decide to focus on financial metrics rather than putting the customer first. In that situation you might not be factoring the risk and cost of repair correctly.
Solution Versatility
Certain solutions are likely purpose built, such as the overhead crane that we discussed above. You can't move it to other parts of the facility, but it's there to do a specific job!
 Other solutions can potentially serve multiple functions around a facility or worksite. If it's possible to substitute a mobile 10 ton gantry crane for a 10 ton overhead crane, the solution could have significantly lower TCO. A mobile gantry can take on many different forms. An older steel gantry crane, as discussed above, may have such limited mobility at heavier rated capacity loads of 3 tonne, 5 tonne, 7.5 tonne or 10 tonne, that it's effectively an overhead crane but on the ground. In order to use these gantry cranes at that rated capacity, you likely need to incur the cost of having multiple steel gantry cranes at each desired location, even if it has infrequent use. In contrast, the eme portable aluminum gantry crane at a 3 tonne, 5 tonne 7.5 tonne or 10 ton rated capacity can be disassembled and moved around a specific location or to another site. This may allow the operator to replace multiple legacy products with significantly fewer aluminum gantry cranes. Not only is this likely to save up-front costs, but it reduces the complexity of having to maintain or potentially certify a higher amount of equipment each year.
Lastly, understand if your equipment vendor's products are interoperable with other products in their lineup. For example, if your primary need is


Children of the Sun
by Julie, Poet
Julie is a poet from Ardwick, Manchester who uses poetry to make sense of what she is thinking. She writes sporadically in her poetry book.
We asked Julie to answer a few questions about writing poetry
Can you talk about what inspired you to write this poem?
This poem was written in the 70s, it was inspired by the TV programme Roots. You didn't get much about the slave trade on British television and not in a way that put the white people in the wrong.
This poem is not just about black and white, it's about all forms of slavery. In the days of slavery, in Britain all the people in the cotton mills, and those working in other people's houses were paid a pittance. I am not saying that they were slaves but they did not have free choice.


text:
Politics and tax morale. the role of trust, values, and beliefs, in shaping individual attitudes towards tax compliance.
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Traditional models of tax evasion cannot explain why most people comply with their taxes. It has been proposed that taxpayers may have an intrinsic motivation (or willingness) to comply with taxes - Tax Morale. Empirical studies found that trusting government, upholding religious beliefs, and supporting democratic regimes, increase individual Tax Morale. Based on those results and drawing from related literature in Political Science, this study tests the role of trusting government institutions delivering public goods to taxpayers, ideological beliefs, individual support for political regimes, and upholding post-materialist values, on Tax Morale. Results for individuals living in democratic countries show a positive relationship between trust in government institutions and upholding democratic values on Tax Morale; a negative relationship between upholding ideological (conservative) beliefs and Tax Morale, and no relationship between upholding post-materialist values and Tax Morale. Results for individuals living under non-democratic regimes differ in some respects; whereas support for democracy is related with higher Tax Morale, other results - trust in government and ideological beliefs - differ from theoretical expectations. Overall, higher trust in government increases willingness to comply with taxes, and support for democracy elicits higher Tax Morale.


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Proftpd is one of the most popular FTP server, secure and reliable for the Linux operating system. Proftpd using a single configuration file and it is very easy to set up. The purpose of this article is to show you how easy it is to install FTP Server Linux ProFTPd server in CentOS 6 Linux.
What is FTP Server Linux?
FTP, which stands for File Transfer Protocol is a standard for exchanging program and data files across a network. The network could be the World Wide Web or simply a local area network (LAN).
1. Simply run this command to install FTP server linux, ProFTPd on CentOS 6 :
# yum install proftpd -y
2. How to start proftpd service :
# /etc/init.d/proftpd start
3. How to stop proftpd service :
# /etc/init.d/proftpd stop
4. How to restart proftpd service :
# /etc/init.d/proftpd restart
5. Configure proftpd start at boot :
[root@centos62 ~]# chkconfig proftpd on
If you encountered any issues while installing FTP Server Linux using proftpd, you can put a few questions in the comments below.


Haze thickens around Sumatra
Jakarta: Authorities are warning ships travelling through Indonesia need to be highly vigilant as severe haze envelopes large parts of Sumatra.
The extreme pollution of the past fortnight has seen some ports in the area take extreme measures to ensure safety.
At Palembang port, for instance, odd dates are assigned for outgoing vessels and even dates for incoming vessels.
The Meteorology, Climatology and Geophysics Agency (BMKG) recorded 170 hot spots in South Sumatra on Monday, which was the highest number in Sumatra. Dense haze from forest fires in the province has spread to Jambi, Lampung, Riau, West Sumatra, Aceh and North Sumatra. [14/10/14]
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University of Cambridge > Talks.cam > Microsoft Research Cambridge, public talks > Structured Prediction Models for High-level Computer Vision Tasks
Structured Prediction Models for High-level Computer Vision Tasks
Rich statistical models have revolutionized computer vision research:
graphical models and structured prediction in particular are now commonly used tools to address hard computer vision problems. I discuss what distinguishes these computer vision problems from other machine learning problems and how this poses unique challenges.
I argue that most computer vision models are misspecified and discuss the consequences of popular estimators in this case, concluding that we either have to use non-parametric models or use estimators robust to misspecification.
As one possible solution, I propose a novel discrete random field model applicable to a large number of computer vision tasks. The model is conditionally specified, non-parametric, and able to represent complex label interactions, yet it can be trained from hundreds of images in minutes on a single machine.
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Child & Youth Support Worker
Posted: March 18, 2021
Job Title: Child & Youth Support Worker
The Child & Youth Support worker is responsible for maintaining a safe, secure environment for children and youth residing at the Shelter and JPH, or when using child care facilities. The position is also responsible for program development, administration and program delivery for children and youth within the Dr. Margaret Savage Crisis Centre.
The Child & Youth Support Worker will be responsible for providing care and support to children and youth who have been exposed to family and domestic violence or other crises. They must ensure the development and safety of these children in accordance with relevant federal and provincial legislation and policies. The Child & Youth Support Worker will be respectful of children, youth and parents, and ensure that equipment and facilities are clean, safe and well maintained.
Duties and Responsibilities
- Plan and provide age-appropriate programming for children residing at the shelter or JPH, as well as those attending shelter programs. Plan and implement activities to meet the physical, emotional, intellectual and social needs of the children/youth in the program.
- Provide scheduled child care activities on a weekly basis. Provide varying levels of care for the children of the center including: educational activities/reading, games, storytelling play and physical activity, arts/crafts/musical activities, etc. Assist school aged children with homework and school work. Ensure that children are NOT preoccupied by television/movies and that they are engaged in activities that will attribute to their learning and development.
- Develop youth programming while ensuring that a variety of counseling/educational activities, sports/recreation activities, cultural and other programming activities are planned according to program policies and requirements and ensure positive implementation. The goal is to develop varying levels of programming that are age appropriate.
- Ensure the communication of programming information is distributed to all involved.
- Establish trusting relationships with children, youth and mothers in the Shelter/JPH and communicate with these children, youth and their families to determine their needs and interests.
- Supervise and lead activities for children and youth and monitor the use of equipment and facilities.
- Create relevant educational/training programs for youth to develop their skills.
- Work with mothers to strengthen their understanding and ability to support their children. Offer appropriate parenting advice and support.
- Coordinate child and youth activities with other community organizations.
- Develop a database of child and youth related organizations and activities/workshops offered.
- Respond to the needs of children and youth by providing them support with compassion and understanding in a non-judgmental manner.
- Act as a role model, exhibiting appropriate parenting skills and provide advice and guidance to mothers.
- Voice concerns regarding children's mental and/or physical health to child's guardian and DMSCC Program Coordinator. Follow Child Welfare and Shelter protocol for reporting.
- Provide client transportation as required.
- Assist in orientation of staff and volunteers as to the special needs of children who have witnessed and are victims of family and domestic violence.
- Be an active team member and promote the team "vision." Be willing to assist/help co-workers when needed and encourage open communication amongst staff.
- Work with staffing by providing suggested strategies to best support participants (children, youth, parents/guardian).
- Perform other related work as assigned by the Program Coordinator and/or designate.
- Early Childhood Development Certificate Level I, II or III; Diploma in Child & Youth Care; degree preferred. Related education and training will be considered.
- 2-3 years at minimum of experience in child care or related area.
- Experience working with children who have been exposed to family and domestic violence, emotional and social challenges. Experience working with children from diverse backgrounds.
- High degree of resourcefulness, flexibility, adaptability, and crisis intervention skills.
- Excellent verbal and written communication skills, and strong computer skills.
- Clear Criminal Record Check and Child Welfare Check.
- Standard First Aid/CPR, ASIST Certification, and Non-Violent Crisis Intervention Training is considered an asset.
- Valid Class 5 driver's license, free from restrictions.


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Can anybody suggest an optimum algorithm for determining if two arrays are identical eg.,
I know that this can be solved using Arrays.sort but in that case the quicksort will be O(n logn). Again if we store the first list in a Hashtable then we will be using extra space as big as the array. Is there any solution that is both space and time efficient?
You mean if two arrays contain the same elements? That's a big difference.
I think first doing an Arrays.sort() and then an Arrays.equals() is your best option. It's simple, should be fast, and they are tried and tested methods.
It's impossible to say what space complexity they give, but I don't think they're in-place. Regardless, I think using these methods will be better than anything you or I can come up with without knowing exact speed and memory requirements.
Seetharaman Venkatasamy wrote:Use Hashtable. first insert elements that are in first array. and now loop through 2nd array and see this current element is there in Hashtable or not.
It's not quite that simple if there can be repeated values. If you can guarantee there aren't repeated values I'd throw both arrays in a HashSet and call Set.equals() to compare them.
If you can't, then I'd go with Stephan's approach (probably adding a check that the arrays are the same size first - if they aren't they can't be equal, and so there's no point wasting time) until it was proven that wasn't good enough for some specific reason.
Matthew Brown wrote:
It's not quite that simple if there can be repeated values.
Yeah.. you pointed out well. in that case what we can do is put the counter to 1 [key - element, value-count]. if you find the element again increase the count.
when you loop the second array if the current element is there in hashtable decrement it.. upon the job completion, iterate the hashtable and see if the element value has 0 counter else say not identical.
I did some very simple tests, and the choice between the hash and the sorting based approaches seems to strongly depend on whether you want to sort an int or an Integer (of course assuming all the elements are unique, otherwise the sort based approach is favored).
I added 10.000.000 unique integers to a list, shuffled it and then assigned all the integers to two different int objects in the same order. Then I started the test.
The sorting algorithm took around 2200 milliseconds to complete. The hashing algorithm took around 7000 milliseconds. The sorting algorithm was also consistently faster for smaller sets of data.
When I started with two Integer arrays, the tables were completely turned. The sorting algorithm seems to have a much harder time sorting objects than primitives. On my system the sorting algorithm took around 11.000 milliseconds, whereas the hash based approach took roughly 3500 milliseconds.
This is of course a worst-case scenario. I haven't tested the situation where the two sets of data are unequal. Here's the quick and dirty int test so you can get an idea of what I did:
Stephan van Hulst wrote:I added 1.000.000 unique integers to a list, shuffled it and then assigned all the integers to two different int objects in the same order. Then I started the test.
Interesting. Your results would tend to suggest that there's quite an overhead for boxing/unboxing.
_USER_: In answer to your initial question "Is there any solution that is both space and time efficient?", I would say that Arrays.sort() is likely to be the most space-efficient, since it sorts in place; however, in the process it also destroys your original data.
If the arrays are specifically integer arrays, and you're not worried about repeated values, another alternative might be to use a BitSet. It will be horribly space-hungry for small arrays; particularly if they contain large values, but for very large arrays, it may be quite efficient.
Yes, auto-boxing is fairly expensive. It should be noted though that the (quick-)sort on int primitives is still faster than the hashing on Integers. Merge-sort on Integer is significantly slower though, much more than the auto-boxing can account for. I don't know if this is a result of the difference between the quickand merge-sort algorithms, or that the merge-sort algorithm has to make calls to the compareTo() method.
I also corrected my last post a bit since you replied. I tested on 10.000.000 elements.
Because it is a test. It tests the methods testArrays() and testTables(). These two methods aren't supposed to know anything about the arrays passed to them (except that every element is unique), so they also don't know that the two arrays are already exactly the same.
The point is that the two arrays have the same elements, because this would constitute a worst-case-scenario: every element in the two arrays have to be inspected in order to find out whether the two arrays are really the same. This is to eliminate the possibility that either of the two proposed approaches terminates ahead of time. The downside is that this test says very little about the average-case-scenario.
The reason why I shuffled the first array was to make the difference between Arrays.sort(int) and Arrays.sort(T) more realistic. The merge-sort used for the generic case handles arrays that are already (almost) completely sorted much faster* than the quick-sort does for the primitive case. Shuffling the array gives merge-sort a realistic handicap. The reason why I *didn't* shuffle the second array, is because it in fact doesn't matter that the two arrays have the same order, as long as they're shuffled in the first place.
*: Faster in terms of time complexity. Not necessarily absolute speed.


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Microsoft is now promoting taskbar and action center advertisements more actively, some for Microsoft Edge, some for other services from Microsoft. Those are just one of Window 10's many kinds of ads. This notification can be disabled as well. In this article, we will guide you through the whole procedure to disable Windows 10's taskbar popup notifications.
Disable taskbar popup notifications in Windows 10
To disable the taskbar popup notifications in Windows 10, follow this procedure step by step:
Click the Search button. Type Settings in the search bar and select the option as the following image is showing:
As soon as you will select the Settings option, the following screen will appear:
Choose the System option from the Windows Settings as highlighted in the above image. Once you will choose the System option, the following screen will appear:
As you can see that the screen is divided into two parts. Select the Notifications & actions option from the left side of the screen as highlighted in the above image. As soon as you will select the Notifications & actions, the following screen will appear:
Turn off the toggle button named Get tips, tricks and suggestions as you use Windows. Taskbar popup notifications will be disabled.
By following this procedure you can disable the taskbar popup notifications in Windows 10.


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Absences & Make Up Lessons
We know that sometimes things come up – illness, injury, holidays, school events – and that you may not be able to make your scheduled lesson every week. But what should you do if you can't attend your lesson? Please just let us know and book a makeup lesson. (There is a 70c administration charge per makeup lesson booked).
Make up lessons are booked at a date and time that suits you. You can even use make ups for siblings providing they are in the program, and can do a makeup at either centre. It is very important that you let us know if your child cannot attend their regular lesson so that we can offer make ups to customers and ensure everyone gets the lessons they are entitled to. The best way to let us know if your child cannot make a lesson is via our app, Nepean Swim.
Have you downloaded our App yet? It is available at both the App Store and Google Play, just search for Nepean Swim. Its free, and allows you to access information and special features at your fingertips. Please use this app to inform us of your child's absence from their lesson, so that we can offer the space to someone else for a make up lesson! Thank you for your cooperation in this – we want everyone to be able to do both their lessons, and make ups, when life gets in the way of your regular lesson!


What is SpellDial?
 SpellDial is a technology that allows you to dial names instead of numbers. This is applicable only for those who have setup a spelldial account. Once you have checked the availability of your username you can register it to point to a specific number. So instead of dialing a number, you dial their username.
 For example, if Jonina's username is joninahottie and it points to (_PHONE_, simply spell out her username (joninahottie) and it will immediately connect you to her. So anyone who dials joninahottie will be dialing (_PHONE_.
 The great thing about SpellDial is if you have a change of number, all you have to do is change the number your username points to. This saves you from all the hassle of contacting your friends and telling them you have a new number.
Can I do this in my phone?
 If you own an iPhone or an Android, yes! Just download the SpellDial app, and you can start calling each other through your spelldial usernames, a.k.a. "spelldialing!"
I don't know anyone who has a spelldial. How can I use this?
 The best thing to do is to tell your friends about SpellDial so that they can create their own. Then you can easily call each other using SpellDial names.
I don't own an iPhone or an Android, can I use it on my phone?
 Currently, you cannot call others through their spelldial name if you're not using an iPhone or an Android. However, you can setup a spelldial account and people who use an iPhone or Android can contact you via your spelldial name. You can setup your account here.
The SpellDial app doesn't work when my phone is not connected to the internet. Why?
 SpellDial servers can only be accessed through the internet. Therefore, if the SpellDial app is not connected to the internet, then it cannot get the equivalent number of the spelldial you entered.
 We understand that only some parts of the world have constant internet access virtually everywhere. So we're also working to develop technology that will allow you to use SpellDial from an ordinary GSM mobile phone or even a PSTN landline. Although we don't know how long it would take, it could come sooner than you expect. So make sure that you get the SpellDial name that you want before someone else takes it.
When can I use SpellDial on my non-internet mobile phone or landline?
 Before you can use it on your non-internet mobile phone or landline, phone manufacturers and telephone networks need to add some equipment and configurations to their systems in order to provide SpellDial services. Realistically speaking, the more people who join SpellDial, the faster the companies will upgrade. Because the more people join SpellDial, the greater the demand will be on them to enable SpellDial on non-internet phones.
 So if you want to help to make this happen sooner, you can help by joining and telling more people about it. Be a part of this. Let's make this happen!
I'm a developer. Do you have an API?
 Yes, we do! You can read more about it here.


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Definitions of reredos
n. - A screen or partition wall behind an altar. 2
n. - The back of a fireplace. 2
n. - The open hearth, upon which fires were lighted, immediately under the louver, in the center of ancient halls. 2
The word "reredos" uses 7 letters: D E E O R R S.
No direct anagrams for reredos found in this word list.
Words formed by adding one letter before or after reredos (in bold), or to deeorrs in any order:
b - resorbed c - rescored h - redhorse l - resolder solderer n - endorser r - orderers reorders t - resorted restored
Shorter words found within reredos:
de dee deer deers dees dere do doe doer doers does dor dore dorr dorrs dors dorser dos dose doser dree drees ed eds er ere erode erodes eros erose err erred errs ers es od ode odes ods oe oes or order orders ore ores ors os ose re red rede redes redo redoes redos reds ree reed reeds rees rerose res resod rod rode rods roe roes rose rosed seder see seed seer ser sere sered serer so sod sord sore sorer
List shorter words within reredos, sorted by length
All words formed from reredos by changing one letter
Browse words starting with reredos by next letter


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The term "porcelain" appears occasionally in the Git documentation. What does it mean?
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7 Answers 7
up vote 151 down vote accepted
"Porcelain" is the material from which toilets are usually made (and sometimes other fixtures such as washbasins). This is distinct from "plumbing" (the actual pipes and drains), where the porcelain provides a more user-friendly interface to the plumbing.
Git uses this terminology in analogy, to separate the low-level commands that users don't usually need to use directly (the "plumbing") from the more user-friendly high level commands (the "porcelain").
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I think the answer makes sense to me, but then again, I'm assuming Linus was the one that coined the term, so I tend to adjust my brain to be a little more direct and crass when parsing his world. :) – Nick Klauer Oct 21 '11 at 4:16
Makes you wonder if Linus was imagining the potential streams of excrement his plumbing would be used to transport. Plumbing for open source code is a dirty job but someone's got to do it. – Evan Plaice Feb 18 '14 at 22:02
And a few of us feel that the actual git porcelain is more like a layer of paint over the plumbing. – hemflit Sep 20 '14 at 0:11
More importantly, the term "porcelain" applies to high-level commands, with output:
 - meant to be readable by human
 - not meant to be parsed
 - susceptible to changes/evolutions
That is key: if you script, you should use if possible plumbing commands, with stable outputs. Not porcelain commands.
However, you can use in script the output of a porcelain command which has a --porcelain option (see below), like:
git status --porcelain
git push --porcelain
git blame --porcelain
See "How do I programmatically determine if there are uncommitted changes?" as an example to using plumbing commands instead of porcelain ones.
Note: A porcelain command can have a --porcelain option.
For instance: git status --porcelain, which designates an output meant to be parsed.
The thread mentioned above details:
This is my fault, to some degree.
The "short-status" form is meant for human eyeballs, and was designed by Junio.
Some people wanted a scriptable status output, too, so I slapped a "--porcelain" on the same format that turns off configurable features like relative pathnames and colorizing, and makes an implicit promise that we won't make further changes to the format.
The idea was to prevent people from scripting around --short, because it was never intended to be stable.
So yeah, while --porcelain by itself is stable and scriptable, it is perhaps not the most friendly to parsers. The "-z --porcelain" format is much more so, and I would recommend it to anyone scripting around "git status"
That reflects the need, for git users, to using porcelain commands in their scripts!
But only with stable output (with --porcelain)
As commented by william-berg, the same goes for git push!
Produce machine-readable output.
The full symbolic names of the refs will be given.
As John Glassmyer proposes in the comments:
Perhaps the meaning of --porcelain here is "produce output suitable for consumption by porcelain scripts".
And that could be supported by the very first case of "--porcelain option" introduction
(before git status --porcelain, commit 6f15787, September 2009, git 1.7.0,
before git push --porcelain, commit 1965ff7, June 2009, git 1.6.4):
git blame --porcelain:
Show in a format designed for machine consumption.
Commit b5c698d, October 2006, git 1.4.4
The new option makes the command's native output format to emit output that is easier to handle by Porcelain.
share|improve this answer
+1 Nice answer, in particular for pointing out the oddity with git status --porcelain! – Mark Longair Aug 8 '11 at 8:41
_USER_: yes, that one kind of boggles my mind... – VonC Aug 8 '11 at 9:16
_USER_: thank you for the edits :) – VonC Mar 20 '12 at 16:42
I notice git push has a similarly anomalous machine-readable --porcelain. – william.berg May 1 '13 at 11:15
Perhaps the meaning of --porcelain here is "produce output suitable for consumption by porcelain scripts". – John Glassmyer Dec 5 '13 at 20:48
The coinage and usage of the term "porcelain" in git was actually by Mike Taht, while otherwise losing a heated argument with Linus Torvalds.
In fact, one of my hopes was that other SCM's could just use the git plumbing.
But then I'd really suggest that you use "git" itself, not any "libgit". Ie you take all the plumbing as real programs, and instead of trying to link against individual routines, you'd script it.
If you don't want it, I won't do it.
Still makes sense to separate the plumbing from the porcelain, though.
share|improve this answer
Interesting. +1. My own answer above is from using the product, but your link references what seems to be the origin of that term. – VonC Dec 8 '13 at 9:38
Porcelain is cute name for programs and program suites depending on core git, presenting a high level access to core git. Porcelains expose more of a SCM interface than the "plumbing".
--Porcelain, Git Wiki
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share|improve this answer
Porcelain commands are designed for human consumption, as opposed to commands whose output is easy for computers to parse. git status would be one example.
share|improve this answer
"Porcelain"... "for human consumption"... I can eat glass. (just kidding / noting mixed metaphor for anyone who may be easily confused) – ajm475du Apr 6 '14 at 15:20
Greg Hewgill's answer is exactly correct. Note that there are alternative porcelains available for Git, including Easy Git, yap, pyrite, and vng. Each is intended to make Git easier to learn/use for some part of the community. Links to all of these projects is on the Easy Git page: _URL_
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Saville Assessment
An international occupational psychology consultancy now part of Willis Towers Watson.
About Saville Assessment (a Willis Towers Watson company)
Founded by Peter Saville, co-foudner of SHL, Saville Assessment is an international occupational psychology consultancy. They are also a large player in test publishing of psychometric tests - which are used by companies large or small around the world. They personality questionnaires are particularly popular, as both these and their tests are known for their thorough research - making them well validated.
Formerly known as Saville Consulting, they rebranded themselves under the new name of Saville Assessment.
Prepare for Saville Assessment tests
Our practice test packs are suitable for preparing for Saville Assessment tests. Our practice tests come with solutions included.
Saville Assessment aptitude tests
Saville Assessment provide psychometric ability tests at most levels of position, and are known for their particular specification request. These tests include numerlca, verbal, abstract, mechanical and error checking. Given that Saville Assessment was founded under Peter Saville who also founded SHL, the tests are very similar. Saville Assesssment has tests with strong validity. We give a list here of the most commonly used Saville Assessment aptitude tests:
 - Verbal aptitude: Verbal reasoning tests will test your ability to understand and make logical deductions based on verbal/written data. Verbal psychometric tests used in selection usually take the form of a written passage followed by a series of questions with possible True, False or Cannot Say responses.
 - Numerical aptitude: The maths required in a numerical psychometric test is determined by the difficulty of GCSE level. The part required from you, is to interpret and figure out what calculation is required from the question, and under pressure of time. The topics are generally relevant to the workplace, meaning that the questions can be similar, and therefore realistic, to the role you are being recruited for.
 - Diagrammatic aptitude: Diagrammatic aptitude, oftentimes called inductive or abstract reasoning, involves noticing patterns as operations and applying them to diagrammatic situations. A candidate will typically be provided with a key and a set of diagrams and must fill in a missing operation in the sequence.
 - Error checking aptitude: Candidates will be provided with two sets of transposed data, with one set containing errors. These errors must be successfully identified by the candidate. Candidates will then be assessed on their ability to check and identify verbal, numerical and coding errors.
 - Spatial aptitude: Spatial aptitude is the ability to apply spatial judgement and visualise objects from multiple angles. These tests will assess candidates' ability to solve rotational and transformation problems, visualise objects and notice inconsistencies. This ability may be tested for positions requiring technical ability such as science and engineering.
 - Mechanical aptitude: The mechanical reasoning test measures a candidate's understanding of basic mechanical principles. This typically involves the use and application of devices such as gears, handles and pulleys.
Saville Assessment personality questionnaires
Saville Asssessment publish one of the most psychometrically valid personality questionnaires on the market, the Saville Wave ®. Their personality questionnaires assess personality and behavioural preferences in the workplace, and they generate a profile based on the self-reported data from the candidate themselves. These can be used to assess whether your personality is a good fit for the role being considered. Saville questionnaires include:
 - Wave ® Professional Styles: This 40 minute personality questionnaire gives an in-depth assessment of candidates' personality in the work place, providing a detailed report based on that profile, including strengths, areas for development and recommended culture-orientation fit.
 - Wave ® Focus Styles: The Focus styles is a shorter, 13 minute questionnaire, featuring the same questions as the professional styles, with the same objectives but with less questionnaire items.
Preparing for Saville Assessment psychometric tests
Saville Assessment have a dedicated webpage for test takers: Saville AssessmentThe company you are applying to should also be able to explain more about the test you will have to take.
Find out more about Saville Assessment
If you want to find out more, feel free to check out Saville Assessment website here: Saville Assessment
Other favored test publishers
You may also be interested in these popular tests sections.
AssessmentDay and its products are not affiliated with Saville Assessment (formerly Saville Consulting) or Willis Towers Watson. Our practice tests are for candidates to prepare for Saville Assessment tests; we do not sell tests for employers to select candidates.