Doctrine of Harmonious Construction: A Comprehensive Analysis
By | December 21, 2020
Doctrine of Harmonious Construction
The Doctrine of Harmonious Construction: The Parliament makes a separate set of statutes, rules and legislation as well as constitutional provisions under their well-defined powers. While the framing of these provisions has to be done very carefully, conflict still occurs sometimes due to overlapping in their enforcement. This is because there are chances of certain gaps being left while framing of these provisions, which could not have been foreseen by legislators. To deal with such conflicts, certain doctrines and rules are propounded by courts that are used in the interpretation of statutes. One such rule of interpretation is the Doctrine of Harmonious Construction.
This article provides an overview of the doctrine along with case laws.
I. Meaning of the Doctrine of Harmonious Construction
The Doctrine of Harmonious Construction is considered as the thumb rule to the rule of interpretation of statutes. The doctrine states:
"Whenever there is a case of conflict between two or more statutes or between two or more parts or provisions of a statute, then the statute has to be interpreted upon harmonious construction. It signifies that in case of inconsistencies, proper harmonization is to be done between the conflicting parts so that one part does not defeat the purpose of another."
The doctrine is based on a cardinal principle in law that every statute has been formulated with a specific purpose and intention and thereby should be read as a whole. The normal presumption is that what Parliament has given by one hand is not sought to be taken away from another. The essence is to give effect to both the provision. To avoid conflict, the adopted interpretation of the statute should be consistent with all its provisions.
If there seems an impossibility to harmoniously construe or reconcile the parts/provisions, then the matter rests with the judiciary to decide and give final judgment. The aim of the courts is to do interpretation in a manner that it resolves the repugnancy or inconsistency between the provisions and enables the statute to become consistent as a whole and read accordingly.
II. Origin of the Doctrine
The Doctrine of Harmonious construction was originated through interpretations given by courts in a number of cases. The evolution of the doctrine can be traced back to the very first amendment made in the Constitution of India with the landmark judgment of Shankari Prasad v. Union of India [1]. The case dealt upon the conflict between part III (Fundamental Rights) and IV (Directive Principles of State Policy) that form as basic features of the Indian Constitution.
The court applied the rule of Harmonious Construction and held that Fundamental rights being rights given against the state can be taken away in certain situations and can be amended as well by the Parliament to bring them in conformity with constitutional provisions. Preference was given to both and it was decided that FRs and DPSPs are just two different sides of the same coin that requires working together for the public good.
Historically, this doctrine was evolved through the rule of conciliation first propounded in the case of C.P and Berar Act [2]. The court applied this rule of interpretation to avoid overlapping or inconsistency between entry 24 and entry 25 of State list and read them harmoniously by determining the extent of the concerned subjects.
III. Applicability of the Doctrine
To quote courts view on the application of the doctrine of harmonious construction:
"When there are in an enactment two provisions which cannot be reconciled with each other, they should be so interpreted that; if possible, the effect should be given to both." [3]
It is a well-settled principle that a statute must be read as a whole and in a manner that one part/provision of the act is harmoniously construed in reference to the other provisions of the same Act so as to provide a consistent enactment of the whole statute. [4]
There are five principles of this Doctrine as laid down by the apex court of India in the case of CIT v. Hindustan Bulk Carrier:
 1. "While interpreting, the court has a duty to avoid a "head-on clash" at all cost between two sections of the same act
 2. The interpretation should be done such that the provision of one section doesn't defeat the purpose of another unless it is impossible to effect a reconciliation between them
 3. When it is impossible to reconcile the contradictory provisions, then courts must interpret in a way to give as much as possible effect to both provisions
 4. A Construction that reduces one of the provisions to a "useless lumber" or "dead letter" is not harmonious construction
 5. Lastly, to harmonize is not to destroy any other statutory provisions." [5]
The aforesaid principles give the basic yet clear explanations on the usage of the rule of Harmonious Construction while interpreting parts of any statute.
Moreover, when two provisions of a statute are in apparent conflict with each other, then both must be interpreted in a way that it gives effect to both and no such construction should be adopted that renders either of the provisions useless or inoperative except in the last resort. The Supreme Court has clearly illustrated the use of this principle in Raj Krushna v. Binod Kanungo [6] case.
Section 33(2) and 123(8) of ROPA, 1951 were in apparent conflict. Where section 33(2) talks about the power of a government servant to nominate or second a person in an election, the other section 123(8) specifies that a government servant cannot assist any candidate in the election except by casting his vote [7]. The court interpreted both sections harmoniously and held that a government servant has both the right to nominate or second a candidate but forbidden to assist in any other manner and he also has the right to vote.
IV. Relevant Case Laws
To have a fair understanding of the concept of this interpretation rule, it is important that we read upon its actual applicability in relevant case laws.
The first is the landmark judgment in the history of the Indian Constitution, M.S.M Sharma v. Krishna Sinha. The Petitioner in the case was alleged with that he has breached the privileges of the speaker for publishing a speech which was delivered by the member. A show-cause notice was issued to the Petitioner for why action should not be taken against him.
Issue of the case: Whether the privileges under Art. 194(3) prevail over the fundamental right under Art. 19 (1)(a)? [8]
Petitioner's Contention: The action taken by the Committee and the notice sent stands in violation of his fundamental rights under Art 19 (1)(a) and Art. 21. However, since the respondent relied on the Art. 194(3), the rule of interpretation was involved as to which provision shall prevail.
Held: The Supreme Court applied the rule of harmonious construction and held that though Art. 194 (3) is subordinate to Art. 21 but Indian Constitution is the supreme law in the country and therefore, a person can be expunged from publishing the official records of the Assembly. This is not a complete prohibition on FR of that person.
Further, in the case of M. Nanavati vs. State of Bombay [9], the matter was related to the power conferred to the Governor under Art 161 and the court has to interpret the scope of Art 161 and Art 142 (1) of the constitution. In the present case, Bombay HC passed sentence against the accused. The petitioner then approached the Governor who passed a suspension order against the sentence of Bombay HC.
When the matter reached before Hon'ble Supreme Court, the court applied the rule of Harmonious Construction and held that the absolute power of granting suspension to the Governor under Art 161 becomes absolved when the matter becomes sub judice. In such situations, there is a complete scope of interference with the judicial power of the court under Art 142.
Recently in the case of Department of Customs vs Sharad Gandhi [10], the Hon'ble Supreme Court has again applied the principle of Harmonious construction to resolve the inconsistency between the Antiquities and Art Treasures Act, 1972 and Customs Act, 1962. The Bench observed the "inconsistency" found in Article 254 of Indian Constitution between laws made by Parliament and state legislatures stating: If the law made by the state is repugnant to the law made by the parliament, then law made by the parliament shall prevail to the extent of repugnance [11]. However, in the present case, the court observed that both the said act have been made by Parliament.
V. Conclusion
It is clear that there is always a possibility of ambiguity or gaps in the laws made by the legislature. To fill those gaps, Harmonious construction as a rule of interpretation of statutes plays a huge role in giving maximum effect to the statutory provisions. Today, considered as a chief tool in hands of our Judiciary, the rule helps two confronting laws work together harmoniously in delivering justice to society at large.
[1] Shankari Prasad v. Union of India, AIR (1951) SC 455.
[2] Re C.P. and Bera Act, AIR (1939) FC 1.
[3] Venkataramana Devaru v. State of Mysore, 1958 AIR 255.
[4] Justice GP Singh, Principles of Statutory Interpretation, 9th edn (2004) 131.
[5] CIT v. Hindustan Bulk Carriers (2003) 3 SCC 57.
[6] Raj Krushna Bose v. Binod Kanungo & ors, 1954 AIR 202.
[7] Representation of People Act, 1951 Section


text:
Meaning of muskmelon
Pronunciation: (musk'mel"un), [key]
- a round or oblong melon, occurring in many varieties, having a juicy, often aromatic, sweet, yellow, white, or green, edible flesh.
- the plant, Cucumis melo reticulatus, of the gourd family, bearing this fruit.
- cantaloupe (def. 1).
- muskmelon (Thesaurus)

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


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Converting the FileSystemObject's Column Property
Windows PowerShell
Definition: When reading through a line in a text file one or more characters at a time, Column contains the current character position within the line.
PowerShell reads file contents into an array, so the character position can be determined by the array item.
This example returns the character at column 4 (item 3 in the array):
$b = "a string"
An example that more closely maps to the intent of Column would be an example that reads through a line in the text file. Again, the column will be the array index plus 1 (because arrays start at 0).
$a = get-content c:\scripts\test.txt -totalcount 1
for ($i = 0; $i -lt $a.length; $i++)
 "Column is " + ($i + 1)
Note that this solution works only on a single line at a time.
See conversions of other FileSystemObject methods and properties.
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© 2014 Microsoft


text:
We study the efficient allocation of a divisible asset when reallocation is costly. Two players initially divide an asset between them. At the time of this initial division the players' valuations for the asset are uncertain. After the uncertainty resolves, costly reallocation may take place. We first establish that the surplus associated with efficient reallocation monotonically increases or decreases in the concentration of the initial division for a wide range of cost specifications. We then characterize how the budget necessary to implement the efficient reallocation changes with the initial division. (JEL D11, D63, D81)
"Reallocation Costs and Efficiency."
American Economic Journal: Microeconomics,
Consumer Economics: Theory
Equity, Justice, Inequality, and Other Normative Criteria and Measurement
Criteria for Decision-Making under Risk and Uncertainty


text:
Rules and Regulations for Hiking _EMAIL_>
- Trails are managed as part of the natural environment.
- Visitors must be prepared to meet and accept nature on its own terms.
- Please stay on designated trail.
- Trail is open from sunrise to sunset.
- Do not hike alone.
- Proper footwear recommended. Help preserve the trail's natural resources.
- Practice "LEAVE NO TRACE PRINCIPLES"
The following activities are prohibited on Kentucky State Parks hiking trails, unless otherwise noted:
- MOTORIZED VEHICLES
- Horseback Riding
- Alcoholic Beverages
- Rappelling and rock climbing.
- Hunting or disturbing wildlife.
- Collecting or digging for artifacts.
- Picking flowers or harming plants.
- Carving or damaging rock formations and trees.
- Unleashed Pets (must be on leash). Pets are not allowed on trails dedicated as Kentucky State Nature Preserve Lands.
Pets are not permitted on the Hiking Trails at Natural Bridge, except for the Henson Arch and Whittleton Trails. Most Trails at Natural Bridge are within a dedicated Kentucky State Nature Preserve, and pets are not permitted as a part of the management guidelines. Also, pets are not permitted within the McCreary County side of Cumberland Falls State Resort Park as this area is within a dedicated Kentucky State Nature Preserve.


IELTS Writing Task 2 Sample 389 - Some countries have introduced a law to limit working hours for employees
IELTS Writing Task 2/ IELTS Essay:
You should spend about 40 minutes on this task.
Some countries have introduced a law to limit working hours for employees. Why is this law introduced? Do you think it is a positive or a negative development?
You should write at least 250 words.
Sample Answer:
There has been a drastic increase in working hours in some developing countries. Employees have been pushed to work harder and longer without any additional incentives than their wages. Therefore, many countries have passed new laws to control and legitimate duty hours. This will send a good message to workers and will lift their morale and dedication towards work.
There have been numerous examples, where companies are making their employees work longer than normal duty hours. The primary advantage of this is to increase their production by spending the same expenditure. However, this has led to severe problems. Employees are feeling immense pressure from their employers to meet targets and deadlines. This is one of the pivotal reasons that employees are more susceptible to illness. Therefore, some legislation required in working hours.
Newly introduces rules have substantial impacts on workers performance and health. They have become more responsible and productive. The quality of the work has also increased after applying these rules. In addition to this, people health conditions have significantly improved. Now they have more time to spend with their family that helped them tremendously mitigate their stress and tensions. Additional time also provides opportunities to make themselves social with their peer group.
To sum up, I would like to say that excessive works from workers have detrimental effects on their physical and psychological health. Limiting work hours will bring several changes in their lifestyle that would lead them towards better and successful life. However, in many countries employees are obliged to follow longer hours, as there is no law to protect them.
[Written by - Fahad Sultan ]
Sonam Gyamtsho
This essay topic was given in IELTS on 3/6/2017, though I didn't come through before. But when I went through it, It was ok with the similar information.
Thanks for letting others know that. This is why an IELTS test takers should review some of the essays from this website before taking the exam. Essay topics often repeat.
Marina Atef
This same topic came to my IELTS exam today (3/6/2017) in Egypt.
Nirav Soni
Today in my IELTS exam I was asked to write about this topic. Thank you, IELTS Mentor. Exam date is - 03-06-2017.


League (unit)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
A league is a unit of length (or, rarely, area). It was long common in Europe and Latin America, but it is no longer an official unit in any nation. The word originally meant the distance a person could walk in an hour.[1] Since the Middle Ages, many values have been specified in several countries.
In nautical usage, a league of 3 nautical miles (5.5 km) is roughly how far an observer of average height (around 6 ft. or 1.8 m) can see when standing at sea level.[2] Thus, a ship travelling one "league" has reached what was previously the farthest visible distance on the horizon. The lack of an historical and global standard for the exact measure of a "league" can be accounted for by the variable elevation of the observer. For example, a crow's nest mounted atop a 50 ft. (15.2 m) mast extends the visible range to 9.35 miles (15.1 km).[3]
Different definitions[edit]
English-speaking world[edit]
On land, the league was most commonly defined as three miles, though the length of a mile could vary from place to place and depending on the era. At sea, a league was three nautical miles (about 5.6 km). English usage also included any of the other leagues mentioned below (for example, in discussing the Treaty of Tordesillas).
Ancient Rome[edit]
The Argentine league (legua) is 5.572 km (3.462 mi) or 6,666 varas: 1 vara is 0.83 m (33 in).[5]
Brazil and Portugal[edit]
In Portugal, Brazil and other parts of the Portuguese Empire, there were several units called league (Portuguese: légua):
 - Légua of 18 by degree = 6,172.4 metres
 - Légua of 20 by degree = 5,555.56 metres (Maritime légua)
 - Légua of 25 by degree = 4,444.44 metres
The names of the several léguas referred to the number of units that made the length corresponding to an angle degree of a meridian arc.
As a transitory measure, after Portugal adopted the metric system, the metric légua, of 5.0 km, was used.
In Brazil, légua is still used occasionally in the country, where it has been described as about 6.6 km.
The French lieue – at different times – existed in several variants: 10,000, 12,000, 13,200 and 14,400 French feet, about 3.25 km to about 4.68 km. It was used along with the metric system for a while but is now long discontinued.
As used in Jules Verne's Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Sea, a league is four kilometres.[6][7]
In Yucatán and other parts of rural Mexico, the league is still commonly used in the original sense of the distance that can be covered on foot in an hour, so that a league along a good road on level ground is a greater distance than a league on a difficult path over rough terrain.
The Danish or Swedish mil was defined as a suitable walking distance between rests, or between inns. While etymologically similar to a mile, the definition shares origin with a that of a league. An old Scandinavian mil ranges from 7.5 km to 12 km depending on nation or region, but has since metrification been defined as 10 km in Norway and Sweden.
The Spanish League or legua was originally set as a fixed unit of distance of 5 000 varas (0.84 m each), about 4.2 km (2.6 miles). Contemporary writers also show it as three millas (miles of 4 566 feet (1 392 meters) each making a total of 13 698 feet (4 175 m or 2.594 miles).[8] Officially the league was abolished by Philip II of Spain in 1568, but it is still in use unofficially in parts of Latin America, with exact meaning varying in different countries.
 - Legua nautica (nautical league): Between 1400 and 1600 the Spanish nautical league was equal to four Roman miles of 4 842 feet, making it 19 368 feet (5 903 meters or 3.1876 modern nautical miles). That seems pretty straight forward until one realizes that the accepted number of Spanish nautical leagues to a degree varied between 14 1/6 to 16 2/3 so in actual practice the length of a Spanish nautical league was 25 733 feet (7 843 meters or 4.235 modern nautical miles) to 21 874 feet (6 667 meters or 3.600 modern nautical miles) respectively.[8]
 - Legua de por grado (league of the degree): From the 15th century through the early 17th century, the Spanish league of the degree was based on four Arabic miles. Although most contemporary accounts used an Arabic mile of 6 444 feet (1 964 meters), which gave a Spanish league of the degree of 25 776 feet (7 857 meters or 4.242 modern nautical miles) others defined an Arabic mile as just 6 000 feet making a Spanish league of the degree 24 000 feet (or 7315 meters, almost exactly 3.950 modern nautical miles).[9]
 - Legua geographica or geográfica (geographical league): Starting around 1630 the Spanish geographical league was used as the official nautical measurement and continued so through the 1840s. Its use on Spanish charts did not become mandatory until 1718. It was four millias (miles) in length. From 1630 to 1718 a millia was 5 564 feet (1696 meters), making a geographical league of four millias to be 22 256 feet (6784 m or 3.663 modern nautical miles). But from 1718 through the 1830s the millia was defined as the equivalent of just over 5 210 feet, giving a shorter geographical league of just over 20 842 feet (6353 m or 3.430 modern nautical miles).[8]
 - Legua marítima (maritime league): From around 1840 through the early 20th century, a Spanish marine league equaled 18 263.52 feet (5566.72 meters or 3.005 79 modern nautical miles), i.e. about 35 feet (10 meters) longer than our modern maritime league.[8]
In the early Hispanic settlements of New Mexico, Texas, and Colorado, a league was also a unit of area, defined as 25 million square varas or about 4,428.4 acres (1 792.110 hectares).[10] This usage of league is referenced frequently in the Texas Constitution. So defined, a league of land would encompass a square that is one Spanish league on each side.
Comparison table[edit]
A comparison of the different lengths for a "league", in different countries and at different times in history, is given in the table below. Miles are also included in this list because of the linkage between the two units.
Length (m) Name Where used From To Definition Remarks
01,482 mille passus, milliarium Roman Empire Ancient Roman units of measurement
01,486.6 miglio[11] Sicily
01,500 Persian mile Persia
01,524 London mile England
01,_PHONE_ (statute) mile USA 1893 today 1760 yards From 1959 also called the U.S. Survey Mile. From then its only utility has been land survey, before it was the standard mile. From 1893 its exact length in metres was: 3600/3937 x 1760
01,820 Italy
01,852.3 (for comparison) 1 meridian minute
01,853,181 nautical mile Turkey
02,065 Portugal
02,470 Sardinia, Piemont
02,622 Scotland
02,880 Ireland
03,780 Flanders
04,000 general or metric league
04,000 legue Guatemala
04,190 legue Mexico[13] = 2500 tresas = 5000 varas
04,444.8 landleuge 1/25° of a circle of longitude
04,513 legue Paraguay
04,513 legua Chile,[13] (Guatemala, Haiti) = 36 cuadros = 5400 varas
04,808 Switzerland
04,828 English land league England 3 miles
Germanic rasta, also doppelleuge
(double league)
05,000 légua nova Portugal[13]
05,196 legua Bolivia[13] = 40 ladres
05,152 legua argentina Argentina, Buenos Aires[13] = 6000 varas
05,154 legue Uruguay
05,200 Bolivian legua Bolivia
05,370 legue Venezuela
05,500 Portuguese legua Portugal
05,510 legue Ecuador
05,510 Ecuadorian legua Ecuador
05,532.5 Landleuge
(state league)
05,540 leg


text:
experiment uses a two-stage approach. The first stage is a pilot
study conducted of military public affairs practitioners to identify if
they felt their office was properly utilized. The second stage uses
a pre-test, treatment, post-test to study PA perceptions and treatment
effects at military leadership schools.
Stage I: Pilot study
The pilot study (see Table 1) is a convenience sample of 15 public affairs
practitioners in the Department of Defense Joint Communications Course.
The participants represented members of the Army, Navy, Air Force, Marine
Corps, and Army National Guard. The study consisted of a survey intended
to determine how members of the military public affairs community felt
they were viewed by military leaders and servicemembers.
The survey consists of
1. Leadership Four questions
were used to determine if public affairs practitioners felt that leadership
understood the role of public affairs. The questions attempted to
see if leadership saw PA as a valuable tool, whether leaders understood
PAs roles and responsibilities and seriously accepted input from their
public affairs staff.
2. Utility Three
questions were used to determine if public affairs practitioners felt that
non-public affairs service members viewed Public Affairs as a viable tool
in planning. The questions focused on whether PA was used proactiviely,
included in the entire planning stage of an operation, and if public affairs
practitioners were accorded the same amount of respect as other professions
within the military.
3. Training Three questions
concerned the level of training required and available to the public affairs
practitioners. These questions ranged from how much training is available,
if PA training is required prior to being assigned to a public affairs
position, and whether service members are given PA responsibilities as
a secondary job.
Procedures & Design

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


text:
Apollo 11 moon rocks to be transferred to Minnesota Historical SocietyApollo 11 moon rocks are scheduled to be transferred Wednesday from the Minnesota National Guard to the Minnesota Historical Society in front of an audience of children at Science and Technology Academies Reinforcing Basic Aviation and Space Exploration (STARBASE) Minnesota.
Apollo 11 moon rocks are scheduled to be transferred
Wednesday from the Minnesota National Guard to the Minnesota Historical
Society in front of an audience of children at Science and Technology
Academies Reinforcing Basic Aviation and Space Exploration (STARBASE)
"The Apollo 11 moon rocks were found amongst military artifacts in a storage
area at the Veterans Service Building in St. Paul," said Army Maj. Blane R.
Iffert, former state historian for the Minnesota National Guard.
"When I searched the internet to find additional information about the moon
rocks, I knew we had to find a better means to display this artifact," said
Iffert. "It is stated on some websites that approximately 180 are currently
unaccounted for of the 270 moon rocks from the Apollo 11 and Apollo 17
missions. We've just lowered that number by one."
"We are honored to have this in our collection to preserve for future
generations," said Pat Gaarder, Minnesota Historical Society Deputy Director.
"Space exploration is an important part of our shared history. It is also
exciting to think that our collection includes artifacts from across the
globe and now with these moon rocks, the galaxy."
"These students will one day be the scientists, engineers and astronauts to
first set foot on Mars," said Kim Van Wie, executive director of STARBASE
Minnesota. "We're excited they'll be able to see, first hand, evidence of
this historic Apollo mission to the moon and how that has paved the way for
future exploration that they could eventually be a part of."
"The purpose of STARBASE is to educate and inspire urban youth in science,
technology, engineering and math (STEM)," said Van Wie. "STARBASE
Minnesota's hands-on curriculum, unique aerospace resources, state of the art
technology and exciting environment that immerses students in STEM has
inspired 41,000 youth since 1993."


text:
Furth Family History
14-Day Free Trial
Furth Name Meaning
German (also Fürth): topographic name for someone living at a ford, Middle High German vurt 'ford', 'path', or a habitational name from any of several places called Fürth, for example near Nuremberg. Jewish (western Ashkenazic): habitational name of the same origin as 1. Possibly also a variant spelling of Firth.
Source: Dictionary of American Family Names ©2013, Oxford University Press
Similar surnames: Forth, Firth, North, Warth, Burt, Horth, Worth, Borth, Garth, Kurth


text:
Kintu created the kingdom of Buganda by forcefully taking over the five clans that lived in the region. To signify his victory over a clan, he would sleep in the conquered leader's home; tradition says that Buganda was the name of the first house that he slept in after his victory over Bemba and his tribe. Buganda was later used to refer to the entire area he subdued.
Kintu Kato is not to be confused with Kintu, the first person on the earth according to Buganda legend. Kato Kintu gave himself the name Kintu, a name that he knew the Baganda associated with the father of all people.


text:
How do I Become a Landscape Industry Certified Technician/Certified Retail Horticulturist?
Steps to Getting Started
- Complete the registration form
- Purchase a study manual
- Receive your test book, plant list and description of the testing stations and STUDY.
- Remember Safety is the key to success. (please read our SAFETY POLICY)
- Enjoy your status as one of North America's Qualified, Trusted, Recognized horticultural professionals.
Prior Industry Experience:
It is strongly recommended that candidates have at least 2,000 hours (1 year) of landscape via showbox for ios industry experience.
The certification of an individual's competency is accomplished through a series of written and hands-on evaluations.
- Written exams are designed to measure an overall showbox comprehension of the trade.
- The written portion of the exam is usually taken just prior to the hands-on test and is generally 2.5 hours long. All written portions are also usually offered by your provincial association at industry events.
- The hands-on tests measure an individual's level of competence through a series of stations.
- The candidate is required to successfully perform specific tasks within a specified period of time in the presence of a qualified industry judge.
- Depending on the industry sector, a total of up to 11 stations must completed successfully.
- A minimum grade of 70% is required for all problems before certification status can be obtained.
A pre-evaluating orientation process is also available in most provinces.


text:
Definition: 'Markov Process'
Markov processType: Term
1. a stochastic process such that the conditional probability distribution for the state at any future instant, given the present state, is unaffected by any additional knowledge of the past history of the system.
The information shown above for Markov process is provided by Stedman's.
* Stedman's, part of Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, provide a comprehensive line of health-science publications for healthcare professionals and medical students.


text:
Madagascan Hissing Cockroach|
This insect is 3 inches (8 cm) long.
See main text for more information.
Ref: ITIS _PHONE_-11
Notes on the picture:
The Madagascan Hissing Cockroach is a large flightless insect from the forests of Madagascar. It lives under the bark of trees or in leaf litter, feeding on plant matter including leaves and fallen fruit.
Any predator that catches one of these cockroaches is in for a double shock. The legs of this insect are covered in needle sharp spines and the cockroach can make a loud hissing sound. It does this by forcing air out of the breathing holes that runs along the side of its body.
This is one of the largest cockroaches in the world and can reach 8 cm (3 inches).
Although they live in the forest they are attracted by house lights and will sometimes creep through open windows. However they are harmless and will soon leave when disturbed.
The Masagascan Hissing Cockroach is often used in television and films where a large scary looking insect is required, giving this harmless creature an undeserved reputation.


text:
Meaning of wheel horse
- Also calleda horse, or one of the horses, harnessed behind others and nearest the front wheels of a vehicle.
- the left-hand horse of a pair hitched to a wagon or plow.
- a reliable, diligent, and strong worker.
- wheel horse (Thesaurus)


text:
A worker at a McDonald's branch in Japan died of "karoshi" — the Japanese term for death from overwork — according to officials at the local government labor bureau. The employee, a 41-year-old woman, had put in about 80 hours a month in overtime for six months before she died. "We determined her work caused the illness," said an official at the agency.
The worker died in October 2007, after collapsing during a company training program. McDonald's Japan has yet to comment on the case, saying the company hadn't been contacted by authorities and needed to confirm the labor bureau's findings. In an earlier karoshi-related case, McDonald's paid a worker $75,000 in back overtime wages after his doctor warned him he was risking a stroke by working too hard.
The term "karoshi" is used by the Japanese government to refer to deaths — usually from heart attack or stroke — that are connected to excessive work. Approximately 150 workers die of karoshi each year, according to government data. Companies in Japan are increasingly being held liable for karoshi-related deaths and illnesses; earlier this year, a judge ruled that a man's suicide was due to his working conditions, and ordered his employer to pay $1.2 million to his surviving relatives.
(Photo: hassan abdel-rahman)


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I want to know what exactly is different in the verbs "mischen" and "vermischen". Both of them mean to mix.
Is there any example where they can mean a specific thing? Are they interchangeable?
share|improve this question
Depends on context. A generic answer might be that vermischen is rather "to mix up, muddle, and/or confuse" while mischen is more deliberate. However, there certainly quite a many contexts that proves me wrong on that. – Em1 Apr 22 '14 at 12:58
4 Answers 4
up vote 9 down vote accepted
An example where only one of the options is appropriate: Shuffling a deck of cards is always "mischen", never "vermischen". As a rule of thumb use "mischen" on countable sets and "vermischen" when the result is homogenous.
Beware: "mixing a drink" is neither: the correct translation is "einen Drink mixen".
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well "einen Drink mischen" is not unheard of... – Vogel612 Apr 28 '14 at 16:50
Maybe its helpful that "vermischen" indicates that there are at least 2 components while "mischen" can be of one substance. Also look for the Noun " das Gemisch" there is no noun of "vermischen".
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I upvoted because the 2-component-point is very pertinent, but I have to contest the last sentence: "Vermischung" and "Vermischtes" exists. – Phira Apr 24 '14 at 23:52
According to the german wiktionary the preposition "ver-" has several meanings (well it's an old complicated language) amongst these is the notion of a "prcess that is hard to reverse" like in to fall in love sich ver-lieben. I guess that might be a good explanation. So it wants to emphasize a process of mixing that is irreversible. So if you mix water you sill end up with water. but if you mix water and sugar (so two or more components) and you "vermisch" them then they are really mixed without an easy way to separate them. this is opposed to the deck of cards that would be easy to demix if you shuffled it.
From my feeling as a native these two words can be interchanged quite frequently without a drastic change. So if someone told me "ich vermische die Karten" I would not feel compelled to correct him ;-)
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Very good points about the irreversibility, but "ich vermische die Karten" for a professional act of shuffling feels very wrong. – Phira Apr 24 '14 at 23:58
I agree it is not the really right thing, however if someone would say that I would not feel compelled to correct him in the same way as if he said "ich vermenge die Karten" for example. Also if you say "ich vermische die roten mit den grünen Karten" it would feel right again, wouldn't you say? – Magellan88 Apr 25 '14 at 8:56
"Kannst du die Karten noch einmal mischen, damit Herz und Treff besser vermischt werden?" would sound alright. – Phira Apr 25 '14 at 23:42
Yes that's sounds exactly right to me. Just note that treff is usually Kreuz in German (I know people playing bridge usually use the French words) – Magellan88 Apr 26 '14 at 11:31
Karten vermischen? Nope! Da VERwechselst du wohl etwas. – DisplayName Apr 28 '14 at 15:14
mischen - shuffle (bring chaos into some order) vermischen - mix together (mix more than one substance together) Gemisch - Mixture - mixture of more than one component (fertig) gemischt - done mixing something (fertig) vermischt - done mixing two or more components
Yes! Der Mischvorgang ist beendet. No! Der Vermischvorgang ist beendet.
mischen --> generally increasing the entropy somewhere
vermischen --> mixing two or more things of different character together
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the signal dispatcher. An easier solution to this particular problem is for create_permissions to clear the content types cache before it recreates permissions, that way the necesarry content types will be created as needed (see attached patch). Results #10933: Avoid " TypeError: Cannot convert Decimal("0.0000") to Decimal " when the decimal module has been reloaded Mon, 27 Apr 2009 09:54:32 GMT gagravarr If for some reason the decimal module gets reloaded (seems fairly easy to trigger when using runserver, but we've seen it once or twice wiht apache + mod_python too), then calling on a model with a decimal field will blow up (see for example) One workaround is to have extra code in the decimal field logic in django, to detect when the value is no longer being recognised as a Decimal but is one, and port it over to the new decimal object. --- django/db/models/fields/ (revision 9643) +++ django/db/models/fields/ (working copy) @@ -579,6 +579,11 @@ def to_python(self, value): if value is None: return value + # Work around reload(decimal) problems + if not isinstance(value, decimal.Decimal) and \ + len(str(value.__class__).split("'")) == 3 and \ + str(value.__class__).split("'")[1] == 'decimal.Decimal': + return decimal.Decimal( value.to_eng_string() ) try: return decimal.Decimal(value) except decimal.InvalidOperation: I'm not sure if this is an ideal fix or not, but it'd be great to have this (or something like it) in django to help avoid the issue Results #10941: Add querystring helper methods to Page class Tue, 28 Apr 2009 00:57:52 GMT benspaulding Working with pagination and query strings within a template can be painful. Personally, I have never had a situation when I was paginating using a GET parameter where there were not other parameters that needed to be preserved through out the various pages. Take search, for example. There may be parameters for searching within one or more models, for a particular author and sorting by date. Maintaining all of these parameters within the pagination links takes some serious template logic. {# Linebreaks added for readability. In real life this would need to be one, long line. #} Next page That kind of logic shouldn't be in a template. I have created a patch that would allow for something much simpler, like so: Next page Though there has been much talk of creating template tags which would produce all-out pagination bars, I believe this particular functionality should be an actual method on the page object for two reasons: This is basic functionality whose end result is hard to dispute (as opposed to a full pagination bar where markup and features could be disputed eternally), This does not require the request context processor to be installed. Note that this patch includes documentation. Tests are still needed. I am not married to the exact implementation, but I and others I have discussed this and feel that this simplicity and fuctionality belong in Django's pagination. Results #11072: Add Info Window Html to GMarker Mon, 11 May 2009 17:07:03 GMT Ubercore I did a quick search for this and didn't find any previous work. It allows you to set HTML for a GInfoWindow on an instance of a GMarker. No support for options on the info window yet, this is just the simplest case. I did see that it's possible to accomplish this using the GEvent class in, but I think there's value in being able to set it directly on the marker. google-map.js uses bindInfoWindowHtml() to add the info window when the marker is added. A more complete solution might involve implementing GInfoWindow and GInfoWindowOptions, but I didn't want to implement them since they have no public constructor in the Google Maps API. Maybe represent the info window as a tuple of (html, { options})? Anyway, this tackles the simplest case. Example usage: marker = GMarker(object.location, title=object.address) marker.infowindowhtml = "
Info Window!
"; Results #11074: syncdb should execute custom field SQL separately from initial model SQL Mon, 11 May 2009 19:42:12 GMT psmith Currently, if I have exception-throwing SQL in a <app>/<model>.sql file, this breaks GeoDjango's creation of geometry fields and indexes on./ syncdb. You wind up with a database table that has the regular Django fields but is missing geometry fields at the end of the syncdb command. This is because GeoDjango's field-specific post-table-creation SQL which actually creates the geometry fields (from the post_create_sql() hook) is lumped in with the initial model SQL. I am proposing that custom field post-table-creation SQL like GeoDjango emits and user-specified initial model SQL in *.sql files be run in separate transactions. Arguably if my custom initial model SQL is broken then I shouldn't expect syncdb to work cleanly. But it may be surprising that my probably unrelated initial model SQL leaves my GeoDjango model tables (or any model with a custom field that implements post_create_sql()) in an incomplete or undefined state because it happens to be executing in the same transaction as the custom field SQL. syncdb does charge ahead and create as much as possible despite exceptions, so I think one could argue that leaving the database in as consistent a state as possible despite errors is a decent goal. Results #11111: WSGIRequest should not make PATH_INFO and SCRIPT_NAME unicode Thu, 14 May 2009 01:01:30 GMT mgood The WSGI spec requires the standard environment values to be str, not unicode types, but the WSGIRequest object updates the environ (via self.META which is a reference), setting PATH_INFO and SCRIPT_NAME to unicode objects. These unicode values led to some issues with WebTest which checks to ensure that the environ only contains str values. Results #11156: Unnecessary savepoints with Oracle Wed, 20 May 2009 10:24:55 GMT Richard Davies Savepoints are implemented in the Postgresql and Oracle backends, and provide a useful features to users of both. In addition, the framework itself wraps various calls in savepoints (e.g. inside django/db/models/ This is to work around a Postgresql-specific oddity that the open transaction needs to be rolled back to a prior savepoint if it experiences a database exception. This oddity is not present on Oracle, so the extra savepoints are not required. We probably need to split the current single backend flag uses_savepoints into two: can_savepoint and needs_savepoint_after_exception. See Results #11265: ForeignKey/OneToOneField should support user-defined id attribute name Fri, 05 Jun 2009 12:03:46 GMT dstora Currently, when defining a ForeignKey/OneToOneField field XXX, Django automatically defines a XXX_id attribute to store the id value. However, it is sometimes desirable to decide of the name as XXX_id may not be the most appropriate. Let's take the following example: I initially have a table "Payment" with a "ccy_code" field designating a 3-letter currency code. My model definition looks like:


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Tom Wessels, MA
Department of Environmental Studies
Frost pockets generally occur in concave landscapes such as basins or topographic depressions where nighttime temperatures may be substantially lower than the surrounding landscape as a result of downward drainage of cool air and radiational cooling. Such local variation in temperature may have important effects on species composition and structure, flower and fruit production, herbivory and morphological variability. I conducted a study on Mantague Plain in central New England in order to determine whether similar frost pockets may occur in topographically level areas dominated by scrub oak (Quercus ilicifolia). Although the site selected for investigation is nearly level, it exhibits a dramatic change in the height of scrub oak when moving from the edge to the center of scrub oak-dominated stands. Weekly measurements of maximum/minimum temperatures and leaf development indicate that location and minimum temperature are strongly correlated with variation in leaf phenology in scrub oak. Te results of these analyses support the hypothesis that microclimate and location have an effect on leaf phenology of scrub oak in shrub thickets on Montague Plain.


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The rtc skippatch command excludes load objects, object files and functions from being instrumented by runtime checking. The effect of the command is permanent to each dbx session unless the load object is unloaded explicitly.
Since dbx does not track memory access in load objects, object files, and functions affected by this command, incorrect rui errors might be reported for functions that were not skipped. dbx cannot determine whether an rui error was introduced by this command, so such an error was not suppressed automatically.
Exclude the specified load objects from being instrumented.
Exclude the specified object files and functions in the specified load object from being instrumented.
load_object is the name of a load object or the path to the name of a load object.
object_file is the name of an object file.
function is the name of a function.


text:
You can make miniature lapel pins that resemble the flags of the world with safety pins and seed beads. Because the beaded pins hang freely from a larger pin, any motion gives the illusion of a proudly waving flag.
1 - 1 1/2 inch safety pin
12 - 7/8 inch safety pins
seed beads of various colors, as needed
small paring knife or nail file
pair of pliers
Use the point of the paring knife or nail file to gently separate the circle of the larger safety pin, then set aside. Slip seed beads onto the smaller pins, following the chosen pattern. Follow the charts from top to bottom when you are arranging the beads. For example: to make the flag of Chile: arrange the first pin with: 4 blue then 8 white beads (row 1)
When all 12 small pins have beads arranged, slip the circle end of the small pin (Row 1) onto the larger pin. Work it around the larger pin's circular loop and slide it to the head of the larger pin. Continue with the other 11 smaller pins. When all 12 pins have been arranged in place, squeeze the larger pin's loop shut with the pliers.
The large pin can now be opened and closed without the risk of the smaller pins slipping off. Fasten your pin to your shirt, jacket or hat and watch it "wave" with each motion you make.
I'm adding patterns and making the patterns easier to read. Click on the button to go to the new page:


text:
Frozen iPod is nothing new for most users. In fact, it is something that is being experienced from time to time. iPod Touch is in a way durable even if they could experience freezing at some point. Fixing it could be simple, although in severe cases, the iPod Touch might be replaced.
One of the reasons leading to iPod frozen is the presence of corrupted files. When this happens, the operating system is not likely to know what to do with the file causing a freeze. Other reasons include lack of memory, physical freezes and in some cases, no battery.
Part 1 How to Fix Frozen iPod
1 Steps to Fix iPod Touch Frozen
iPod Touch is prone to freeze from time to time. However, when it happens, follow the steps below to fix it.
- First, you have to hold down the Wake/Sleep button that is found on the top of iPod Touch till a red slider comes up to the screen. Slide your finger across the slider to turn off your iPod Touch. Then restart your iPod Touch. (If the red slider never comes up even by pressing the button for 25 seconds, you need to reset it.)
- Reset the iPod Touch by holding down the Wake/Sleep button and Home button at the same time for about 10 seconds, then the Apple logo will appear.
- Connect your iPod Touch to an adapter and wait for it to charge.
- Press the Home button to check your iPod Touch's battery status.
- Update the iPod Touch's firmware through iTunes as you connect it to your computer.
- If the Home button is still unresponsive, restore your iPod Touch to factory settings through iTunes.
2 Steps to Fix Click-Wheel iPod frozen
Is your clickwheel iPod Touch frozen? Don't worry, the following steps will fix it.
- Check Hold switch, move it to On position and then to Off position.
- Restart the iPod by holding down the Menu button on the click – wheel as well as the center button at the same time.
- Repeat the steps above if it fails.
- Then plug iPod to a power source and charge it appropriately.
- If all these steps fail to fix it, then it is possible you may need an upgrade.
3 Steps to Fix 1st/2nd Generation iPod Frozen
The following steps will help you fix a frozen 1st and 2nd generation iPod.
- You have to move the Hold switch first to On position and then to the Off position.
- Simultaneously hold down the Menu and Play/Pause buttons on the iPod for about 6 to 10 seconds.
- When this does not work, you may have to plug it to power source and charge it.
- Use one finger to push down each button if it does not work.
- If it still fails, then it is advisable to contact Apple support.
Part 2 Get Enough Storage to Avoid iPod Touch Frozen
iMyFone iPod Touch Cleaner (Windows version /Mac Version) has the capability of preventing iPod Touch frozen by ensuring you have enough storage in the first place. It works specifically for your iPod Touch 4 and iPod Touch 5. It is regarded as one of the most efficient iPod Touch cleaner that can free up tons of storage space. More space means that the chances of having your iPod Touch frozen are eliminated and you can make more fun out of your device.
- Clean up as much as 30+ junk files at the same time.
- Clear massive temporary files by one click.
- Compress photos losslessly to save up 75% of space.
- Back up and delete photos in abundance.
- Back up before deleting large files especially videos over 5MB.
- Manage a bunch of unwanted apps.
Steps to Use iMyFone iPod Touch Cleaner
Using iMyFone Umate is just easy as you do not need any technical skills but you are only required one click. It can be done in just few steps as seen below.
Step 1: Fisrtly, install iMyFone Umate on the computer, then connect iPod Touch to PC and the program will detects it.
Step 2: Click "Quick Scan" on the home interface. When scan finished, how much storage can be freed up on your iPod Touch will be shown.
Step 3: Click on "Clean" of the specific item and it will clear the storage space for you.


the world's most spectacular roads
Cerro de la Muerte is a high mountain pass at an elevation of 3,451 m (11,322 ft) above the sea level filled with steep curves and potholes. It's the highest point in the Costa Rican section of the Inter-American Highway, the Central American section of the Pan-American Highway.
The name of the pass means "Mountain of Death", since many travelers succumbed to the cold and rain in the past. This part of the highway has excessive potholes, steep, narrow curves, and plenty of fog.
Due its climb in elevation over thousands of feet, and pass through remote areas, it is important when driving in these conditions to be prepared. This road goes through different various climates and temperatures.
This road is usually open all year long. But flash floods and landslides as well as narrow curves and steep cliffs make the pass extremely dangerous.


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Calculations with different methods
- 938.188 miles
- 1509.867 kilometers
- 815.263 nautical miles
Vincenty's formula calculates the distance between latitude/longitude points on the earth's surface, using an ellipsoidal model of the earth.Haversine formula
- 935.419 miles
- 1505.411 kilometers
- 812.857 nautical miles
The haversine formula calculates the distance between latitude/longitude points assuming a spherical earth (great-circle distance).
Estimated flight time from Fort Albany Airport (YFA) to Wollaston Lake Airport (ZWL) is 2 hours 16 minutes.
Time difference and current local times
The time difference between Fort Albany and Wollaston Lake is 2 hours. Wollaston Lake is 2 hours behind Fort Albany.
Carbon dioxide emissions
Estimated CO2 emissions per passenger is 135 kg (297 pounds).
Fort Albany to Wollaston Lake flight map.
Frequent Flyer Miles Calculator
Fort Albany (YFA) → Wollaston Lake (ZWL).


The radiator cap actually increases the boiling point of your coolant by about 25 C. How does this simple cap do this? The same way a pressure cooker increases the boiling temperature of water. The cap is actually a pressure release valve, and on cars it is usually set to 15 psi. The boiling point of water increases when the water is placed under pressure.


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If you have problems reducing the colors on a raster image try the following.
Combine automatic and manual reduction
Use a combination of automatic and manual color reduction.
For example, if you have a 256 color image that you want to reduce to 16 colors, you could try reducing it to 32 colors automatically and then making the final reduction manually using Palette Menu > View/Edit Palette.
Rescan the drawing
Color reduction will not work well on muddy, wishy-washy colors.
Experiment with your scanner's brightness and contrast settings and rescan the drawing so that the colors on the raster image are as high contrast, vibrant and saturated as possible.
Thin the raster image before reducing the colors
Some raster images have lines with "haloes" that are not the same color as the main line. To resolve this problem, try thinning the image before you reduce the colors.
Despeckle the raster image after reducing the colors
Despeckle the raster image after reducing the colors to make the reduced color areas more uniform.
Vectorize the image using the Vector Colors to Raster Colors method
If you can't reduce the colors acceptably or it is taking too long, try vectorizing the raster image using the Vector Colors to Raster Colors method.
Troubleshooting Color reduction
Have questions on this topic? Talk to us


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- freely available
Long-Term Evolution of Cones of Depression in Shallow Aquifers in the North China Plain
AbstractThe North China Plain (NCP) is one of the places where the groundwater is most over-exploited in the world. Currently, our understanding on the spatiotemporal variability of the cones of depression in this region is fragmentary. This study intends to simulate the cones of depression in the shallow aquifer across the entire NCP during the whole period from 1960 to 2011. During the simulation, the dominant role of anthropogenic activities is emphasized and carefully taken into account using a Neural Network Algorithm. The results show that cones of depression in the NCP were formed in 1970s and continuously expanded. Their centers were getting deeper with an increasing degree of groundwater exploitation. This simulation provides valuable insights for developing more sustainable groundwater management options after the implementation of the South-to-NorthWater Diversion Project (SNWDP), which is a very important surface water project in China in the near future. The numerical model in this paper is built by MODFLOW, with pumpage data completed by neural network algorithm and hydrogeological parameters calibrated by simulated annealing algorithm. Based on our long-term numerical model for regional groundwater flow in the NCP, one exploitation limitation strategy after the implementation of SNWDP is studied in this paper. The results indicate that the SNWDP is beneficial for groundwater recovery in the NCP. A number of immense groundwater cones will gradually shrink. However, the recovery of the groundwater environment in the NCP will require a long time.
Share & Cite This Article
Zhang, Y.; Li, G. Long-Term Evolution of Cones of Depression in Shallow Aquifers in the North China Plain. Water 2013, 5, 677-697.View more citation formats
Zhang Y, Li G. Long-Term Evolution of Cones of Depression in Shallow Aquifers in the North China Plain. Water. 2013; 5(2):_URL_ Style
Zhang, Yuan; Li, Guomin. 2013. "Long-Term Evolution of Cones of Depression in Shallow Aquifers in the North China Plain." Water 5, no. 2: 677-697.


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Generating Cubemaps from Spherical Maps using 3ds Max
Written by: Pablo Vezzini, KiSP Technical Services
This guide explains how to generate cube maps from spherical maps with 3DS Max®. You can use these cube maps to make a cubemap or to view in virtual reality with Yulio.
Step 1: In 3ds Max, open the "Environments and Effects" dialog. (Rendering > Environment or shortcut 8)
Step 2: Click and add the spherical map you want to convert as the new "Environment Map"
Step 3: Create any object and make sure it's positioned at the origin of the scene [ 0,0,0 ]
Step 4: Create a new Standard Material
Step 5: Add a Reflect/Refract Map to the diffuse channel
Step 6: Set up the following options for the Reflect/Refract Map:
– Source: From File
– Size: 1536 or other
– Use Environment Map: On
– Blur: Off
– Select Save Path
Step 7: Set up "Default Scanline Renderer" as the Production renderer in the Render Setup Dialog
Step 8: Select "Pick Object and Render Maps" and then click the object in the scene
Step 9: Now you have the maps to create the final image: filename_LEFT, filename_RIGHT, filename_TOP, filename_BOTTOM, filename_FRONT, filename_BACK
Step 10: Assemble the cubemaps in Photoshop in the following format to create a cubemap
Step 11: Assemble a cubemap in Photoshop by duplicating this cube map and stitching them together in the format below. You can view this scene in virtual reality by uploading this cubemap to Yulio.
Sign in to your account at _URL_ to create your VR project using this cubemap. Check out our article on creating VR projects for more information!
Check out our YouTube channel for more info & tutorials.


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Progression to secondary school, female (%)
Definition: Progression to secondary school refers to the number of new entrants to the first grade of secondary school in a given year as a percentage of the number of students enrolled in the final grade of primary school in the previous year.
Description: The map below shows how Progression to secondary school, female (%) varies by country. The shade of the country corresponds to the magnitude of the indicator. The darker the shade, the higher the value. The country with the highest value in the world is Belarus, with a value of 100.00. The country with the lowest value in the world is Burundi, with a value of 30.60.
Source: United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) Institute for Statistics.


Second Annual Cora Weiss Fellowship for Young Women Peacebuilders
Second Annual Cora Weiss Fellowship for Young Women Peacebuilders
The Global Network of Women Peacebuilders is pleased to announce its second annual Cora Weiss Fellowship for Young Women Peacebuilders. The Fellowship aims to support the development of young women peacebuilders and ensure that more young people share Cora's vision for sustainable peace and gender equality as strong and integral parts of our global culture. Applications must be submitted in English, and emailed to .
Eligibility requirements
 To be eligible for the Cora Weiss Fellowship, applicants must meet the following criteria:
1. At least one year experience of volunteering or employment in a women's rights/human rights/peace advocacy organization;
2. One year experience in policy advocacy on women's rights, human rights, peace and other social justice issues, including understanding of the UN Security Council Resolution 1325 on Women, Peace and Security, and related laws and policies;
3. A Bachelor's degree in international relations, women/gender studies or the social sciences; and
4. Has lived or worked in a developing country for at least one year.
5. Since the fellowship will take place in New York where the international community is mainly congregated, proficiency in the English language is a must.
 Selection criteria
 Applicants will be evaluated based on the following criteria:
1. Ability to use the skills and networking opportunities gained from this Fellowship in a similar undertaking, such as working with a civil society organization that advocates for women, peace and security, for at least 2 years after completion of the Fellowship;
2. Ability to communicate effectively on women, peace and security issues; and
3. Ability and willingness to travel to conflict-affected countries.
 (Note: GNWP closely monitors the security situation in all the countries it works in to ensure that it is safe for its staff and members and partners to travel. However, some of the countries where GNWP implements its work are still experiencing violent conflicts or are still impacted by the aftermath of conflict. The Cora Weiss Fellow will have to sign a contract agreeing to travel.)
 The successful applicant will have the opportunity to work with GNWP for one year on its global advocacy in the UN to promote the implementation of the UN Security Council Resolutions (UNSCR) 1325 and 1820 on Women, Peace and Security, and related laws and policies. In addition, the applicant will also have the opportunity to participate in GNWP's national and local initiatives such as the Localization of UNSCR 1325 and 1820, and Girl Ambassadors for Peace.
The Fellowship year will commence in May 2017 and end in May 2018. It will cover roundtrip airfare from the country of origin to New York, room and board, health insurance, local transportation, and other personal expenses of the fellow.
 Checklist of required documents
1. Completed application form in English. Please note that while GNWP has released this advertisement in different languages, submission of a completed application in English is essential. The application form is available here.
2. An essay of no more than 3 pages that explains why you are applying for the Cora Weiss Fellowship
3. Two letters of reference. Reference letters should include how long the writer has known the applicant and in what capacity, comments on the applicant's potential to make an impact in the field of women, peace and security, and any relevant prior experience.
Applications may be sent to: All required application materials should be complete and submitted together in one e-mail. Documents sent separately will not be reviewed and application will be considered incomplete. Deadline for application is November 1, 2016.
Focus areas:


text:
Northern Beaches Flood Information Network
A number of rainfall and water level gauges are located across the northern beaches. These provide information on actual rainfall and water levels in the area and will provide an indication if flooding is likely.
Keep an eye out for the following rainfall that will cause localised flooding and start to flood some roads:
- 70mm in 3 hours (approx 20mm / hour) or
- 150mm in 24 hours


How to delete a module from Vtiger CRM (5.0.4. to 6.x)
~ 0 min
12-05-2015 04:54
Here I am showing an example of how to delete a module named as testModule from Vtiger 5.0.4.
Simply deleting the files from modules folder associated with a particular module won't delete it completely. But deleting the files is also required. The best way to realize that is, try to reinstall the module, you will get the message that the module exists. In order to delete a module follow the steps given below.
Create a file named delete_testModule.php and put it in the root directory of Vtiger CRM.
Paste the following code into that file delete_testModule.php:
 $Vtiger_Utils_Log = true;
 $module = Vtiger_Module::getInstance('testModule');
Execute the file delete_testModule.php. Once it is done delete the files associated with the testModule from modules folder in the root directory.
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text:
Why Fingers & Toes Get Pruney in Water
Those pruney toes may have helped our ancestors get better footing in wet conditions, and today the wrinkles help us grip objects, scientists have found.
CREDIT: Brian Chase | Shutterstock
Fingers may wrinkle when wet to help people grip wet objects, find researchers, who say the pruney feature may have helped human ancestors do the same in wet conditions.
When a person's hands and feet are soaked in water, wrinkles eventually develop on the tips of fingers and toes. Scientists once thought this puckering resulted from the outermost layer of skin absorbing and swelling with water, but recent studies revealed the nervous system actively controlled this wrinkling by constricting blood vessels below the skin.
That the nervous system controls this behavior suggests these wrinkles served a purpose. Now researchers find these wrinkles could help fingers and toes grip wet surfaces.
"A phenomenon that everybody is familiar with is not just some kind of side effect of the nature of the skin on fingers and toes, but a functional feature that has very likely been selected for by evolution," researcher Tom Smulders, an evolutionary biologist at Newcastle University in England, told LiveScience.
Smulders and his colleagues had 20 volunteers pick up wet marbles and small lead weights of different sizes. Volunteers attempted the task either with normal, dry hands or after their fingers had wrinkled following a 30-minute soak in warm water. The participants picked up wet items 12 percent faster with wrinkled fingers. [10 Odd Facts About the Human Body]
"We have shown that wrinkled fingers give a better grip in wet conditions," Smulders said. "It could be working like treads on your car tires, which allow more of the tire to be in contact with the road, [which] gives you a better grip." Another possibility is that wrinkling causes changes in skin properties, such as its flexibility or stickiness, which help the fingers and toes perform better when wet.
"The most surprising thing to me was how the effect was there in all 20 participants, independent of how fast they were on average," Smulders said. "I never expected the effect to be so strong and obvious."
As a potential explanation of why this effect might have evolved, Smulders said, "it could have helped with gathering food from wet vegetation or streams. And as we see the effect in our toes, too, this may have been an advantage as it may have meant our ancestors were able to get a better footing in the rain."
Wrinkled fingers apparently made no difference when it came to picking up dry objects.
"This raises the question of why we don't have permanently wrinkled fingers, and we'd like to examine this further," Smulders said. "Our initial thoughts are that this could diminish the sensitivity in our fingertips or could increase the risk of damage through catching on objects."
Future research should analyze what other primates or non-primate animals might also show this phenomenon to shed light on when and why it evolved, Smulders said.
"Which other animals share this trait? And is the link among species that share it phylogenetic — that is, they're all related — or environmental — that is, they all deal with submerged objects, for example?" Smulders said.
The scientists detailed their findings online Jan. 9 in the journal Biology Letters.
MORE FROM LiveScience.com


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Definition of metaphysically
adv. - In the manner of metaphysical science, or of a metaphysician. 2
The word "metaphysically" uses 14 letters: A A C E H I L L M P S T Y Y.
No direct anagrams for metaphysically found in this word list.
Words formed by adding one letter before or after metaphysically (in bold), or to aacehillmpstyy in any order:
t - sympathetically
All words formed from metaphysically by changing one letter
Browse words starting with metaphysically by next letter


1. Home
 2. Transact
 3. Features and Functions
 4. Administrator Role and Features
 5. Administrator Overview
Administrator Overview
Administrators using Ephesoft Transact are responsible for managing batch classes and batch instances. They also create regular expressions to identify what information in the documents is extracted and validated for the operator to process and review.
Overview of Administrator Navigation Menu
This navigation menu contains the same options as the login screen, with additional access to System Configuration for super-admins. This menu appears:
Figure 1. Administrator Menu
The following table provides a brief overview of each administrator page and its functions.
Feature Overview
Batch Class Management Primary configuration area where workflows, classification and extraction are configured and managed
Batch Instance Management Real-time screen that shows all current batches that are being processed along with a history of finished batches
System Configuration Area for user security, database connection manager, regular expression repository, license info, etc.
Reports Reporting dashboard that will display standard and advanced reports
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What is Thermocouple Compensation Wire?
What is Thermocouple Wire?
Wire that is used in a thermocouple from the point of sensing to the point of cold junction compensation (cjc end) where the signal is measured. A thermocouple is a sensor for measuring temperature, which consists of two dissimilar metals that are joined together at the sensing end.
Different thermocouple types (e.g. J, K, T, E, etc) use different mixtures of metals in the wire. At the cjc end, the millivolt value provided by the thermocouple represents the difference in temperature of the sensing end as compared to the cjc end (also called the reference end).
What is the difference between Thermocouple grade and Extension grade wire?
Thermocouple grade wire is wire that is used to make the sensing point (or probe part) of the thermocouple. Extension grade wire is only used to extend a thermocouple signal from a probe back to the instrument reading the signal. The extension grade wire typically will have a lower ambient temperature limit in which the wire may be used.
Namely, it may pass a signal representing a higher temperature as received from the probe, but the wire physically may not be exposed to higher temperatures. Thermocouple wire may be used as extension wire, but extension grade wire may not be used in the sensing point (or probe part) of the thermocouple. Part numbers for extension wire typically begin with an "EX" prefix.


SQL Anywhere 11.0.1 » QAnywhere » QAnywhere Reference » QAnywhere transmission and delete rules
Rule variables
QAnywhere rule variables can be used in the condition part of rules. You can use the following as rule variables:
Using properties as rule variables
Message properties and message store properties can be used as transmission rule variables. In both cases you can use pre-defined properties or you can create custom properties. If you have a message property and a message store property with the same name, the message property is used. To override this precedence, you can explicitly reference the property as follows:
 - Preface a message store property name with ias_Store.
 - Preface a message property name with ias_Message.
For example, the following automatic transmission rule selects all messages with the custom message property urgent set to yes:
automatic = ias_Message.urgent = 'yes'
The following automatic transmission rule selects messages when the custom message store property transmitNow is set to yes:
automatic = ias_Store.transmitNow = 'yes'
Variables defined by the rule engine


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Drivers of red cars are more likely to find themselves cleaning off bird poop than those who drive a different color car, according to research reported in the Daily Mail.
Commissioned by the car accessory company Halfords, scientists looked at 1,140 vehicles in British cities like Brighton, Glasgow, Leeds, Manchester and Bristol.
They found that red cars were most often found covered in bird droppings - 18 percent - while green cars were the least likely – 1 percent.
The scientists say there isn't a concrete reason why red cars are the most-dropped on, but it might be because birds see the red as something representing danger.
· Red - 18 %
· Blue - 14 %
· Black - 11 %
· White - 7 %
· Grey/Silver - %
· Green - 1 %
The study also looked at how quick drivers were to clean the droppings off.
Only 17 percent said they wiped the poo off as soon as they saw it. Twenty percent said they cleaned it within a couple of days, while 55 percent said they waited until it was time for their next regular car wash.
Eight percent said they never wash their cars.


text: Irregular Pyramids are defined as a stack of successively reduced graphs. Each vertex of a reduced graph is associated to a set of vertices in the base level graph named its receptive field. If the initial graph is deduced from a planar sampling grid its reduced versions are planar and each receptive field is a region of the initial grid. Combinatorial Pyramids are defined as a stack of successively reduced combinatorial maps. Combinatorial maps are based on half edges named darts and the receptive field of a dart is a sequence of darts in the base level combinatorial map. We present in this paper preliminary results showing how to define regions from the receptive fields of the darts.


text:
Can Chickens Fly
Many people want to know if chickens can fly, and what to do with backyard chickens in regards to flight. So, can chickens fly? In short, yes they can. However, they cannot fly very far or very high, and are not known for their flying abilities. We will cover a few common questions about chicken flight, including how high they can go, how far, and what to do with a flighty bird.
The chicken flight records show that chickens don't have a great ability to fly. The longest recorded flight of a chicken was 13 seconds, and the farthest distance recorded was over 301 feet. Although these are impressive by chicken standards, consider that birds like eagles can fly over 125 miles without landing.
Different breeds and birds have different abilities. One breed that is known for being able to fly well is the Wyandotte. These birds start flying at a young age and are known to be more flighty birds, although they don't fly well. On the other hand, frizzle chickens often cannot even jump up onto a perch due to their funny feathering!
Let's look at why chickens fly. There are many reasons your poultry may take to the air, but a few are most common. First, chickens will often fly when being chased or when they feel like they are in danger. Flight is a great survival mechanism, helping your flock get away from a predator or threat.
Chickens also fly out of curiosity and perseverance. If they see literal or proverbial greener grass, they may go to investigate. Chickens are extremely determined birds, and will do what they can to see what is going on on the other side of a fence. If there are good pickins on the other side of the fence, your birds may want to see what they can find.
Finally, chickens may fly to find a place to roost. Some breeds may be more prone to this than others. Ameraucanas, for example, love to perch up in trees. They may do this at dusk, or during the day to take a nap. They may jump from branch to branch and get pretty high up there! We've seen our ladies up ten feet or more in the tree.
How Far Can Chickens Fly?
So, can chickens fly long distances? They cannot. When they do fly, it tends to be just a few feet at a time. Many lighter breeds are able to fly a few meters at a time, but this is rare. During a scuffle with another chicken or a predator, you may see your flock taking a low and quick flight a few meters away. In more dramatic cases when a chicken is really trying to escape something, they often will travel over fifty feet in the air.
How High Can Chickens Fly?
This is another common question we hear quite a bit. People ask can chickens fly over fences, walls, or onto roofs. Like many other questions related to chicken flight, it really depends on the breed. Heavier chickens may top out at four feet, while lighter chickens often can reach up to seven feet. Chickens will jump up into trees, onto fences, or onto roofs often in steps. If there is something near a fence for a chicken to jump up to first, they may be able to get over. However, they can be trained to not clear fences or the roof.
According to Live Science, the most simple explanations are that chickens have too small of wings, and they are too large and heavy to fly. However, they were not always that way as we point out in our post 19 Interesting Facts about Chickens. Through selective breeding, we have domesticated chickens today that are larger and less flight-prone than their ancestors, the jungle fowl.
Clipping Your Chicken's Wings
Clipping a chicken's wings is considered harsh by some, while many choose to do it. It does not harm your chicken, but will dramatically impact their ability to fly. By clipping just the flight wings, the birds are prevented from gaining lift. They can still fly and escape danger, but it is much more difficult for them to get good air. Do your research to see if this is right for you. If you're interested in clipping your chickens' wings, make sure you do it right. You can find a good guide to clipping chicken wings from Permaculture.
For more information on chickens, check out our Chicken Keeping Resource Guide with FAQ's, book recommendations, information about different breeds, and all you need to know about coops


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Engage in a life-changing four-day experience by participating in the Barranquilla Young Leaders Scholarships organized by the One Young World for the academic year 2022-2023.
The scholarship program not only allows young people's participation but also encourages the participation of the whole community, promoting citizen engagement through neighbourhood interventions. Winners will be provided with all possible expenses and benefits from accommodation to translation services for their convenience in understanding things better.
Nice chance for students in the UK.
User Review( votes)
One Young World is the world's most significant and impactful youth leadership Summit. The summit is the landmark event of the year for young leaders. It is a chance for the individuals responsible for shaping the future of our world to come together to confront humanity's biggest challenges.
Application Deadline: Interested students must apply by 20th July 2022.
- University or Organization: One Young World
- Department: NA
- Course Level: Short programme
- Award: Varies
- Number of Awards: 3
- Access Mode: Online
- Nationality: International and Domestic
- The award can be taken in the United Kingdom.
- Eligible Countries: Barranquilla.
- Eligible Course or Subjects: Students can apply to participate in One Young World's scholarship programme.
- Eligibility Criteria: To be eligible, the applicants must meet all the following/given criteria:
- The applicants must live in Barranquilla.
- The applicants must be aged 18 – 28.
- The applicants must take part or have been part of the programs developed by the District of Barranquilla for the benefit of the youth population, be an active member of volunteer programs, or work with a focus on youth. For example: "Voluntariado cívico", "Consejeros de Juventud", "Inglés para el trabajo", "Universidad al barrio", among others.
- The applicants must have a proven track record in social leadership.
- The applicants must have a track record of creating a positive impact in Barranquilla.
- The applicants must be willing to commit to work for the causes of Barranquilla's Civic Culture Volunteering program ("Voluntariado cívico") and OYW goals after the summit.
- The applicants must have a basic English level.
How to Apply
- How to Apply: To participate in the scholarship programme, students must apply by completing and submitting a scholarship application form. All eligible candidates will be considered automatically.
- Supporting Documents: The students are required to a motivational video, not longer than 2 minute, answering the following:
- 'WHY DO YOU WISH TO ATTEND THE ONE YOUNG WORLD SUMMIT 2022, SPECIFICALLY THROUGH THE BARRANQUILLA YOUNG LEADERS SCHOLARSHIP? HOW DO YOU THINK THE EXPERIENCE WILL HELP TO ADVANCE YOUR WORK?'
- Admission Requirements: Students must meet the eligibility requirement for the programme.
- Language Requirement: The students will be expected to know English.
The winners selected by One Young World will be provided with the following benefits:
- Access to the One Young World Summit 2022 in Manchester Lifetime membership to the OYW community
- Hotel accommodation between 5 – 8 (inclusive) September 2022 for the Summit
- One night of hotel accommodation (if required) for the visa application process
- Additional night on the 4th of September pre-summit
- The cost of travel to and from Manchester (flights in economy)
- Domestic travel costs to the airport to take the international flight (flight in economy)
- Travel to the visa application process (if required)
- Visa costs, if applicable (including visa costs and required travel for visa appointment)
- Catering which includes breakfast at the hotel accommodation and lunch and dinner at the Summit
- Transport between the Summit accommodation and the Summit venue
- 7 days of daily expenses (£20 per day)
- Travel Insurance between 5 – 8 September 2022
- Translation services for the Opening Ceremony, Plenary Sessions and Closing Ceremony


text:
The early years
The origins of Coats can be traced to the families that created the weaving and textile industries of Paisley, Scotland during the late 18th century.
- Henry Milward established needle manufacture at Redditch, UK and hand sewing begins to flourish
- James and Patrick Clark move to the thriving town of Paisley, Scotland as young boys to begin work in the weaving trade
- The Clarks will eventually set up a business in Cotton Street making thread for use in 'heddles', which were an integral part of weaving looms at the time
- James Coats born in 1774 to a family of Paisley weavers. The early part of his life was spent serving in the British Army before returning to Paisley to marry and set himself up in business in the early 1800s
- Sir Richard Arkwright built Masson Mills in Derbyshire, England


text:
Many users are facing Gmail Server Error 007. The error usually occurs while sending mail to someone. The Gmail doesn't respond, and the user fails to send the message, and error is shown on the user's screen "server error encountered..". We have figured different causes of why the Gmail Error 007 occurs and ways to resolve it. So, you can look at the solutions mentioned below.
Howw to Fix Gmail Server Error 007
Don't worry; there are easy fixes to solve the Gmail server error 007. So, to fix the error, follow the below solutions:
1. Clear Cookies and Cache
Clearing the Cache and Cookies from Chrome is a straightforward process and can help you to fix Gmail Server Error 007. So, follow the below-given steps to clear out cookies and cache:
Step 1: At first, click on the three dots at the top, on the right side of your browser window. After that, click on Settings.
Step 2: Settings tab will appear. Now, scroll down until you find Show Advanced Settings option and then click on it.
Step 3: The next step is to click on the Content Settings option under the section Privacy and security.
Step 4: Now, click on the Cookies option. Now, under the section Cookies, click on See all cookies and site data.
Step 5: At last, click on the button. Clear Data and then the Done button.
Now check if the Gmail error 007 resolves or not.
2. Disable Browser's Extensions
Extensions can cause the Gmail Server Error 007, in case you have installed extensions just before getting the error 007. Also, if you have not installed any extension, the already existing extension can cause failure. Maybe the extension needs to be updated. So, by disabling the extension, you can fix the error. Follow the below steps to fix error:
Step 1: At first, open your Google Chrome. Now, click on the three dots at the top, on the right side of your browser window.
Step 2: After that, click on More tools and then select the option Extensions.
Step 3: The last step is to Disable all your extensions.
Now, if the error resolves, it means one of the extensions is causing the Gmail Server Error 007.
3. Disable Background Send
Another reason for Gmail Server Error 007 is that 'Background send' is not disabled. Background send means even you have exited from your Gmail window; your account continues to send an email that may cause server error. So, to disable it follow the below easy steps:
Step 1: Start with Signing in your Gmail account.
Step 2: Now, click on the gear type icon present at the top on the right side of the window.
Step 3: Next is to click on Settings and then search for the Lab tab.
Step 4: Look for Background send and click to Disable it.
After looking at the reports sent in by the users, this solution usually works for 95% of the time, and then you can freely send any email to anyone in the world without the need to worry about the Gmail Server Error 007.
4. Check for Browser Update and Virus
Another reason for Gmail Server Error is viruses in your system. Virus degrade the performance of your system and also harm the system. So, it's better to scan your system regularly for viruses. Hence, you always need to have an Antivirus Program in your system to protect it from harm.
The browser also needs to be up-to-date. Thus, whenever an update is received, you should update your browser for its proper functioning. Although Chrome updates automatically, but make sure it is up-to-date. In the case of any other browser, go to the browser's settings window and look for a 'check for updates' option.
Tips to Solve "Oops… a server error occurred and your email was not sent. (#007)"
If you have tried all the above-mentioned methods and still you got nothing. These few google technicians have encountered cases when none of the previous remedies seem to work.
1. As mentioned above, you need to disable the "Background send" lab, and if you have already done it. You just need to wait some time for it actually to come into practice.
2. Moreover, you can also try to restart and refresh your web browser page to get rid of the error. The background sends lab settings that are actually disabled.
3. The executing files may or may not harm your computer. So, you should always check for any kind of bug or virus in the files. Nevertheless, make sure that the trojan you are dealing with is the Gmail error 007. There is a time when we have similar problems. But, they have different causes and solutions.
4. However, if you are able to use the same account that you are using on your PC to send emails but on some other device. Then this means that your Gmail is working perfectly fine, but there is some issue with your PC.
5. Make sure that you are sending an email to someone, and you have some attached files along with it. Make sure that its limit is under 25MB. Else, the mail will report an error.
How to Prevent Gmail Server Error 007
Not to mention, if this problem is not resolved even after following the above-mentioned steps, you need to ensure some additional safety measures for the proper functioning of this application on your PC.
1: Make sure that you are using the updated web browser because sometimes using an older browser may cause some problems.
2: In order for the smooth and fast working of your PC, you should definitely delete all of your cache and the cookies on your PC.
3: Moreover, you can also disable the add-ons present on your web browser along with the browser extensions.
4: After completing the above steps, you should close your browser and then try re-opening it.
5: Then, you can try to open the Gmail application without any labs.
6: Lastly, you should also make sure that your virus scanner is disabled. And if the 007 server error is gone after this step, you should try and contact the parent company of the anti-virus that is used on your computer, and they may guide you better regarding this error.
Gmail Server Error 007 can easily be resolved by following the above solutions. Also, try closing your browser window and relaunching it to fix the error. Some sites ask to install their software. However, this is not authentic, so do not fall off their trap. As there can be some Trojan or Malware in their software that may hack your server. This can delete your personal data or even access it. So, try to avoid such fake sites that make such claims.


text:
The Richboro Elementary Meadow Project
Students in the Richboro Elementary Ecology Club have been planting a meadow each year since 2008. We were the first school in Council Rock School District to do so, and our project has inspired the District to plant four acres of meadows at several other Council Rock school locations.
Why plant meadows? Meadows provide habitats for more insects and other animals than green lawns. The first year we planted the meadow, we found two praying mantids had moved in! Additionally, meadows do not need to be mowed more than once a year, so they save fossil fuel. Below are photos and descriptions of our current meadow as well as meadows from previous years.
The Fourth Planting of
Richboro Elementary School's Meadow
Students in the Richboro Elementary School Ecology Club planted its fourth meadow this spring. Students sowed the flower seeds harvested last fall in the newly prepared plot. Additional native seeds, including sunflower and asters, were planted. Students and teachers look forward to seeing what surprises await when returning to school in the fall.
The Third Planting of
Richboro Elementary School's Meadow
The Ecology Club at Richboro Elementary School planted its meadow for a third growing season this April. Using seeds harvested from the meadow last fall, the club members, ranging from grades two through five, took turns planting seeds in a grid-like pattern across the meadow plot. Sunflower seeds were pushed into the ground with planting sticks, and the soil was raked to cover the seeds. As the club ended, the clouds gathered and watered the meadow, as if on cue. We look forward to watching our garden bloom as the seasons turn.
Richboro Elementary School's Meadow
The Ecology Club at Richboro Elementary School planted its meadow for a second growing season this April. The club, with over 40 students and 5 teachers, worked together to sow seeds on a drizzly, windy day. The seeds had been harvested by the students last fall from the meadow's first dried flowers. The charming sign, including drawings by 13 children, will be posted at the front of the meadow.
Richboro Elementary School's Meadow Blooms
and Seeds are Harvested
Last spring the Ecology Club at Richboro Elementary School planted seeds to create a meadow in the front of the building. Not certain how successful the meadow would be, the club members were greeted at the beginning of this school year by a surprisingly full field of colorful blooms. This fall the flowers matured to produce seeds. To complete the cycle, the Ecology Club plans to plant the seeds next spring.
The Earth Laughs in Flowers
Richboro Elementary School's Meadow Project
The Ecology Club at Richboro Elementary School planted a meadow for their final big project of the school year. Ecology Club students pulled out clumps of grass, and then teachers gave students seeds to plant in the plot. The students zig-zagged their way across the plot to ensure even coverage of the seeds. At the end of the day, each child received a small bag of seeds to plant at home with the saying, "The Earth Laughs in Flowers." The seeds had been sorted and packaged by students in the Autistic Support classes at Richboro Elementary.
The flowers hopefully will grow throughout the summer. In addition to adding beauty to the school, the meadow will reduce the fossil fuel needed to mow the grass all summer and will help insects gain a new home. The students and teachers look forward to seeing a wildflower meadow in full bloom at the beginning of the new school year in September.


text:
Metode Konsolidasi Tanah untuk Pengadaan Tanah yang Partisipasif dan Penataan Ruang yang Terpadu. Ida Nurlinda. Journal article Ius Quia Iustum Law. 1) This peer reviewed paper was presented at the FIG Working Week in Christchurch, New Zealand, May This paper takes a closer look at the. Metode Konsolidasi Tanah untuk Pengadaan Tanah yang Partisipasif dan Penataan Ruang yang Terpadu.
|Published:||17 December 2015|
|PDF File Size:||42.84 Mb|
|ePub File Size:||43.2 Mb|
Laporan hasil akhir konsolidasi tanah tahun
This paper takes a closer look at the post-disaster re-development plan for urban areas, with a particular focus on reconsolidating historical social memory and preservation of konsolidasi tanah. This is done using two well-documented cases of urban disasters: Consequently, a post-disaster re-development plan may need to rely on different land consolidation approaches.
An associated dilemma is to re-establish the konsolidasi tanah area in its original formal shape, or to innovate the urban design partially or completely. An important consideration in the allocation of new land and konsolidasi tanah rights is whether to restitute former rights or allocate new rights.
Participation of former residents and firm owners alongside overcoming the immense social trauma are crucial elements of this process. The aim is to derive new land consolidation optimization criteria which could support urban post disaster konsolidasi tanah consolidation. The guiding hypothesis hereby is that consolidation of memory and identity are two important aspects which need to be incorporated in land consolidation design and implementation procedures in order to ensure ownership of the consolidation result and to help overcoming the social trauma.
Land consolidation theory has primarily been rooted in agricultural economics and land management. The concept of optimization during the consolidation processes can however be critically konsolidasi tanah from the perspective of social disaster mitigation experiences.
In this body of literature it is argued that the return to daily life after a disaster requires both a sufficient acknowledgement konsolidasi tanah humans tend to want to re-install historically known artefacts in order konsolidasi tanah be able to reintegrate into regular new social routines.
This is summarized by the concepts of memory consolidation and preservation of identity.
Post Disaster Consolidation of Land, Memory and Identity
These concepts provide an analytical way to question contemporary urban land consolidation konsolidasi tanah. Two relatively recent specific cases were used to assess the degree to which elements of memory consolidation and identity preservation are incorporated in post disaster land consolidation: These konsolidasi tanah were chosen because sufficient documentation has been collected, and it was still possible to acquire additional data from konsolidasi tanah who had experienced both the previous and post disaster situation.
Both cases exhibited considerable attention for the simultaneous processes of reconstruction and participation in the land consolidation processes.
Participation is often framed as a process which konsolidasi tanah to be stimulated during a technical land consolidation and reconstruction process.
In some instances it is however an endogenous social process whereby citizens claim ownership of the process prior to the technical reconstruction. Where conventional consolidation approaches in rural areas tend to emphasize the need to optimize agricultural production or environmental protection, optimization indicators in post disaster consolidation need to be adapted.
Especially procedures and tools to incorporate memory consolidation and identity preservation need to be incorporated. konsolidasi tanah
Metode Konsolidasi Tanah untuk Pengadaan Tanah yang Partisipasif dan Penataan Ruang yang Terpadu
This can be done theoretically, but still requires further research and actual implementation experiences into how to consolidate that into current institutional procedures and operational software packages.
Besides the natural disasters there is also an increase in mand-made disasters, usually due to an increase in traditional hazards such as fires konsolidasi tanah explosions, or due to human konsolidasi tanah, terrorism, war, human errors, irresponsible settlement or mismanagement in planning.
Both natural and man-made disasters manifest themselves with loss of lives and usually severe loss of buildings. Sustainable reconstruction after disasters takes place when the immediate threat of the disaster event has disappeared. In this phase there is an urgent need to rehabilitate livelihoods, reconstruct buildings and infrastructure and reallocate land and building rights.
Here, spatial planners, land managers, architects and civil engineers play a crucial role. For both types of disaster a key characteristic of urban disasters is that they - konsolidasi tanah the loss of lives and severe destruction of buildings - are accompanied a konsolidasi tanah of access to land and real estate property.
In the process of reconstruction, a post-disaster re-development plan may needs to rely on different land consolidation approaches.
Not only may previous owners and occupants of land and buildings have died as a result konsolidasi tanah the disaster or do the buildings no longer exist as a result of which reallocation of ownership konsolidasi tanah be necessaryalso the entire infrastructure may prevent the immediate reconstruction of the area in exactly the same shape.