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Automation for Gates
What is gate automation?
Gate automation is a system that helps you to open and close your gate with ease and comfort, using a remote control and while remaining in the car. On Windowo you can find the kits to transform a traditional gate into an automatic gate.
The advantages of gate automatisms
What are the advantages and advantages of these gate automations? Here is a short list:
 - Gate automation is convenient : you can open the gate while being indoors, perhaps in rain or storm;
 - The automation for gates is safe : the gate stops when someone or something passes in front of the photocells;
 - There are automatic systems for every situation : for example for the home, condominium, or for companies, because the use of the gate is different;
 - The pieces are modular : if something breaks, you don't need to change the whole system. On Windowo you can find replacement accessories at discounted prices.
How does the gate automation work?
Let's take an example. Let's pretend you're in the car and it's raining...
 1. To open the gate, use a remote control (this is the most common method).
 2. When you press, a warning signal is sent to the control unit which communicates with the gate. The control unit is in fact the heart of the gate automation. Without that nothing can work.
 3. The control unit then tells the motor to open the gate, and this finally opens. It seems that the operation took a long time but, in reality, all these steps are very fast.
In summary: how is an automation system for gates made?
automation for gates online sale
Above you can see the example of an automatic swing gate.
The system for opening a gate is made up of a few but very important accessories that must work together and that cannot be missing in an automation system for gates. The main ones for sale online on Windowo are:
 - Engine
 - Electric unit
 - Sensors
 - Photocells
The motor for gates
The gate motor is directly proportional to the size of the gate. It can therefore be:
 - Single motor for small and light gates
 - Double motor for large and heavy gates
If we are talking about a house where aesthetics are important, you can use an underground gate motor. In fact, this is an excellent gate automation system that respects the external appearance.
Photocells for gates
Gate photocells are as small as they are important. They are in fact the eyes of a gate, that is, they see when a person, an animal or an object is passing in front of the gate. If the gate is closing, the photocells send a signal to the control unit which will block the motor.
Photocells are crucial for safety, which we had already seen among the advantages of gate automation. To work, 2 photocells are needed.
The electric control unit for gates
The control unit for gates is the heart of a gate automation kit. The control unit is the brain that receives the signal from the remote control and also from the photocells. The brain then tells the motor to open, close or lock the gate.
How many gate automations are there?
There are various types and can be chosen according to the building and use.
1. According to the type of opening
 - Gate automation with remote control : this is the most convenient and popular way to open an automatic gate;
 - Gate automation with key : to be inserted in the lock.
2. According to the type of building
 - Automation for house gates : it is small, light and is opened a few times a day;
 - Automation for condominium gate : it is heavier and is opened several times a day;
 - Automation for company gates : it is the largest and heaviest type, and is opened very often.
3. According to the type of gate
 - Swing gate automation : these are gates that open with 1 or 2 leaves, around a pin. They are comfortable when there is little space, or for houses or condominiums;
 - Sliding gate automation : these are gates that open by sliding on a rail. The advantage is that they can be much longer, so they are suitable for companies, parking lots and very large entrances.
Gate automatisms for sale online
Windowo is the shop specializing in the online sale of automation systems for gates, assembly kits and accessories to replace. You can find the best Italian brands, including Aprimatic. Now that you know everything about automatic gates, you just have to choose among the many products on sale.
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Can You Escape Tower is a new room-escape puzzle game from MobiGrow, creators of Can You Escape and Can You Escape 2. Like their other games, the purpose of this is to solve the puzzles and find all of the hidden objects that you have to use in order to break out of the room and advance to the next floor. Currently, Can You Escape Tower is available for Android devices, but will likely be heading to iOS soon.
Can You Escape Tower Room/Level 6 Walkthrough:
1. Tap the barrel on the left and take the shovel that's behind it.
2. Tap the sword rack and take a sword of the rack. Also take the mallet head next to the rack.
3. Take a spear off the rack against the back wall.
4. Use the spear tip to get the bow off the wall.
5. Use the shovel to remove the bricks. Take the wooden pole underneath.
6. Combine the wooden pole with the mallet head.
7. On the right wall, notice the off-colored spot. Use the mallet on that spot to break it open, revealing a clue (squares, triangles, and a bunch of circle targets).
8. Use the sword on the barrel to break it open and take the arrow tip. Combine the bow with the arrow tip.
9. Notice the shields on the wall. They show you clues for which targets to hit. The "X" indicates which target to shoot, while the shapes on the left and right show you the position of X.
10. Shoot the following targets:
- Row 2: 1st target (triangle)
- Row 1: 3rd target (triangle)
- Row 1: 4th target (circle)
11. Go back and the door will be open.
Congratulations! You've completed level 6 of Can You Escape Tower. Continue to level 7.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


Main Content
What are Functional Materials?
what are FM_1.jpg
Functional Materials play an ever-increasing role in our modern society. They form the basis for a wide range of technologies. Computation, communication, storage and displaying of information would not work without them, making them essential for the entire IT sector. The same is true for the generation of and the storage of energy, for mobility and for sensing.
The term functional materials covers different material classes ranging from semiconductors over polymers and molecular crystals to nanoparticles. It is their special electrical, optical and magnetic properties that make functional materials so important.
If you have any further questions please contact:


Quebec Pork Industry In Need Of Overhaul
by 5m Editor
15 March 2007, at 4:42pm
MONTREAL - The government should not increase public assistance to the pork sector but instead should encourage the industry to reorganize itself so as to raise productivity.
In an Economic Note released today by the Montreal Economic Institute, associate researcher Eric Grenon states that "reform is made necessary by the high and recurrent costs to taxpayers of aid to pork producers and by the serious deficiencies in the aid models that are applied."
An industry in crisis
In recent months, major problems in the Quebec pork industry have been making headlines. Many causes can explain this crisis, especially the higher Canadian dollar, industry cycles, increased rates of illness, a lack of competitiveness among slaughterhouses, environmental standards, and so on.
Against a background of greater worldwide competition and market integration in the North American pork industry, the production, slaughter and processing of pork products in Quebec is under threat, in particular by the U.S. industry that has made use of the last 20 years to consolidate and restructure.
A commission on the future of Quebec agriculture and agri-food, now starting a consultation tour, should be looking into the effectiveness of current public involvement in upholding and protecting farm income. The commission should ask if it is worth maintaining the Farm Income Stabilization Insurance program (known by the French acronym ASRA). With twice Ontario's subsidy level, Quebec is among the provinces with the most heavily subsidized agriculture and agri-food sectors.
The Farm Income Stabilization Insurance program
ASRA seeks to guarantee a positive net annual income to Quebec farm businesses. Seen as a pillar of the Quebec model in agriculture, the program was established in 1978 as an insurance policy against market risks. The pork industry receives substantial financial support from governments. From 1978 to 2006, total compensation paid through ASRA to the pork sector reached $1.84 billion. In the last 10 years, subsidies came to an average of $96 million per year. In the 29 years the program has existed, there have been only eight years without subsidies to the pork industry.
The program's weaknesses
The industry's difficulties are due more to structural than to cyclical factors. ASRA also makes the pork sector more fragile by keeping it from adapting to market realities. Its insurance mechanism guarantees all pork producers that they will be compensated for the difference between the market price and production costs, calculated using a theoretical model. Producers thus have less incentive to cut costs, to observe market signals and to remain competitive on domestic and export markets. ASRA impairs efforts to raise productivity and efficiency, helping maintain high production costs compared to competitors. It holds back industry consolidation by keeping unprofitable farms in business, with viability and business performance not among the eligibility criteria for the main programs. Another weakness of ASRA is that it calculates total compensation based on a theoretical model of a specialized farm. Since the 1990s, the Quebec auditor general has questioned the effectiveness and performance of programs based on this sort of production cost estimate. It was shown that taxpayers are contributing millions of dollars too much to producers because of these models. The auditor general has also challenged the updating of these models of specialized farm and has cast doubt as to whether they are representative.
The challenges of the pork industry
The competitiveness of the Quebec pork industry is fragile and is threatened by growing worldwide competition, both from traditional commercial rivals such as the United States and from emerging countries such as Brazil. ASRA has major flaws that get in the way of building a pork industry that can run profitably on a stable basis and be truly competitive in the long term on foreign markets.
5m Editor


Scop of MA English literature and linguistics in Pakistan
Pakistan is a progressing country. We have been teaching English as Second language to our students. So, Everyone is curious about the scope of the Master or BS level degree in English in Pakistan. I have explained in detail the concepts associated with the scope of bs in English or MA in English in Pakistan.
Bs and MA english literature and linguistics scope
Scope of BS English / MA English in Pakistan
The difference between MA English and BS English is very minor. BS in English Literature and Linguistics is equal to a Master in English literature and linguistics.
 So, both degrees have the same scope and importance in Pakistan.
Is BS English / MA English a good degree?
MA English is the best degree to choose at master level, it not only polishes your reading and writing abilities but also gives you the best options in your career.
It's not because it is an international language, the main reason is that it is our official language used at educational institutes and courts.
English is a mandatory language for almost every job and a master's degree in English opens several upcoming opportunities.
You can read details about MA English syllabus and subjects in a separate post on this blog.
The degree is of two years offered by several universities and you can attempt it as a private student. The admission criteria differ for each institution but it basically depends upon the graduation marks. You will cover both classical and modern English in these two years.
If you are not interested in English, you can choose a subject from a list of all subjects for Private MA and do an MA in any subjects you want.
Jobs and Careers after MA English
After getting a master's degree in MA English you can show excellence in various fields. A master of the English language is unbeatable in communication skills.
Many companies and firms demand persons to handle national and international communication with clients. If you are holding a degree in MA English following are the major careers you can adopt.
You can do the following jobs after MA English in Pakistan:
1. Teaching:
The first best career for a person who has his major in English is to be a teacher. You can try into the government sector after having a professional education degree.
Teaching at different levels like school, college or a coaching center is a very respectable job. You can attend international teaching seminars to get a job at the best educational institutes.
Instead of traditional teaching, you can work as a remote teacher to help out students in learning English. You can also start writing or spoken English program and teach students online.
This not only makes you in ease but also you can charge a handsome fee for international students.
2. Freelancing:
People are usually looking for a remote job. If you have an English degree your excellence in writing and communication gives you a high opportunity here.
You can work as a Virtual Assistant for different persons. All you need to make an account on a Freelancing platform, make a grabbing profile, get clients, and work anytime and from anywhere.
You can work more than a Virtual Assistant, a Freelance Writer, or a Rewriter, more than it you can do academic research for clients. If you have a good voice, you can also work as an English Voiceover artist.
3. Professional Writer:
Every proposal and record are present in a well-mannered written format in most companies. Different businesses and companies demand a proposal to be properly documented and written in a defined form.
Major companies hire specialists to write their letters, professional E-mails to the clients, and proposals to be documented. A person having a master's in English should try this job.
4. Articulate at a Company:
In the industry, companies need to communicate with each other and with clients. This communication not only confined to document sharing but sometimes it needs to have personal meetings and conversations to attend.
Employees having a high command of their work sometimes lose clients because of poor attitude in communication.
Companies then give jobs to specialists who can handle verbal communication at offices. An English degree holder is the best person to act as a verbal assistant at a company.
5. Content Writer:
This is the era of technology; everything is moving online. Business, firms, and associations are building their Websites and Webpages to reach out to more clients. They need persons to write their content on their websites, day by day changes and writings are required for several areas of a Website.
You can work as a content writer for more than one company. International companies also offer online jobs as Content Writer remotely.
These companies not only offer a good package but also you get experience and can reach out to more clients.
6. Civil Services Jobs and Tests
If you have enough command on English and good at writing skills you can go for a civil service exam like CSS and PMS.
A person with a strong background in English finds it a great option for their future as they have a good knowledge of literature and history. These White-Collar jobs are not only highly paid but also give you a strong position at working place.
BS English is good for CSS as it gives you an excellent writing skill in English. Moreover, you have a sound knowledge of English language and literature which helps you a lot in CSS.
You can read my other post on a Complete guide and information about CSS.
7. Editor:
If you have a high command of English you can work as an Editor at different places. Many offices, law firms, educational institutes, publishing houses, and newspaper publishing places requires a highly skilled and professional editor.
As a MA English degree holder, you can work as an Editor at these places.
Moreover, you can also work as a script editor, web content editor, and indifferent magazine publishing company. Many offices related to publishing also need editors to refine their work.
8. Journalist:
Another well-paid job is being a journalist or to join a media center either print or electronic media. As an MA English degree holder, you can well describe the facts using catching words than others.
You can do research, edit content, write news stories; for magazines, journals, newspapers, and for online media places. You can also join media places as an anchorperson as you have proficient skills in English.
But for journalism, you need to have a good vocabulary, high command on word usage, and expressive in your writing.
Related post: Scope of mass communication in Pakistan
9. English Learning Academy:
If you want to be a self-employer after getting a MA English degree, you have your option. Many people are searching for an English academy or a tutor.
Open your own academy, arrange classes for both English speaking and writing. Both courses are always in demand as people wanted to improve their English skills. You will get a handsome income from this self-employment job.
10. Translator, Proofreader etc
You can apply for this job. You also join Fivver to get you the order for this service. People will hire you to do the translation, proofreading and other content manipulation jobs. But being a success on Fivver is not easy. You can read our post which will help you get your first order on Fivver with simple tips and tricks
Benefits of MA English in Pakistan
The best advantage of having an English degree is that you have a hold on grammar and writing capabilities. This opens a lot of options as you can write whatever you want and covert your ideas in an efficient manner.
If you have some knowledge about SEO, you can also start your website or write articles for others. You can work as a reporter, an Urdu translator, proofreader, and much more.
MA English or BS English salary in Pakistan
The salary of MA English or BS English depends upon the nature of Job and the scope of the company in which you are working.
The salary of an English teacher at secondary level is usually between Rs 20,000 to Rs 30,000. But the colleges offer a higher salary between Rs 30,000-50,000 to English teachers.
Similarly, if you do content editing and translation and proofreading jobs, you may get Rs 30,000 to Rs 50,000 in a month easily.
I hope you will like this article as it covers all the major fields which well suited for a person having its major degree in English. The scope of BS English and MA English is good in Pakistan but it all depends upon your hard work and secondary skills.
You may like to read more about these topics by following the links below:
1. What to do after BA in Pakistan
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Label Image Question Type
When teachers can give assessments for learning on Edcite, students and teachers get feedback immediately. Teachers also get an instant report by standard, which helps teachers quickly plan next steps for improving student learning. Plus, Edcite allows teachers to assess with a choice of 60 technology-enhanced question types that engage students.
One of our most popular question types across subjects is our label image question.
Label Image (#120) asks students to label a diagram or image by dragging and dropping answers into the correct spots, selecting the answer from a drop-down menu, or typing the answer. This allows teachers to assess students at different DOK levels, and teachers can easily differentiate by creating different versions of the question. This question type is also auto-graded, no matter how students are asked to answer.
Check out these label image items that teachers have shared on Edcite!
💻 ATP Cycle Label Image
💻 Digestive System Labeling
💻 Parts of a Flower
💻 Two-Way Frequency Tables
💻 Landscape Label
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Scrubbing Sensitive Data
As with any third-party service it's important to understand what data is being sent to Sentry, and where relevant ensure sensitive data either never reaches the Sentry servers, or at the very least it doesn't get stored.
These are some great examples for data scrubbing that every company should think about:
 - PII (Personally Identifiable Information) such as a user's name or email address, which post-GDPR should be on every company's mind.
 - Authentication credentials, like your AWS password or key.
 - Confidential IP (Intellectual Property), such as your favorite color, or your upcoming plans for world domination.
We offer the following options depending on your legal and operational needs:
 - filtering or scrubbing sensitive data within the SDK, so that data is not sent to Sentry. Different SDKs have different capabilities, and configuration changes require a redeployment of your application.
 - configuring server-side scrubbing to ensure Sentry does not store data. Configuration changes are done in the Sentry UI and apply immediately for new events.
 - running a local Relay on your own server between the SDK and Sentry, so that data is not sent to Sentry while configuration can still be applied without deploying.
Personally Identifiable Information (PII)
Our newer SDKs do not purposefully send PII to stay on the safe side. This behavior is controlled by an option called send-default-pii.
Turning this option on is required for certain features in Sentry to work, but also means you will need to be even more careful about what data is being sent to Sentry (using the options below).
If you do not wish to use the default PII behavior, you can also choose to identify users in a more controlled manner, using our user identity context.
Scrubbing Data
SDKs provide a before-send hook, which is invoked before an event is sent and can be used to modify event data to remove sensitive information. Using before-send in the SDKs to scrub any data before it is sent is the recommended scrubbing approach, so sensitive data never leaves the local environment.
In Python a function can be used to modify the event or return a completely new one. If you return None, the event will be discarded.
import sentry_sdk
def strip_sensitive_data(event, hint):
 # modify event here
 return event
There's a few areas you should consider that sensitive data may appear:
 - Stack-locals → some SDKs (Python + PHP), will pick up variable values within the stacktrace. This can be scrubbed or disabled altogether, if necessary
 - Breadcrumbs → some SDKs (for example, JavaScript, Java logging integrations) will pick up previously executed log statements. Do not log PII if using this feature and including log statements as breadcrumbs in the event. Some backend SDKs will surface DB queries which may need to be scrubbed
 - User context → automated behavior is controlled via send-default-pii
 - HTTP context → query strings may be picked up in some frameworks as part of the HTTP request context
For more details, see Filtering Events.
Contextual information
Instead of sending confidential information in plaintext, considering hashing it:
Sentry.setTag("birthday", checksumOrHash("08/12/1990"));
This will allow you to correlate it within internal systems if needed, but keep it confidential from Sentry.
User details
Your organization may determine that emails are not considered confidential, but if they are, consider instead sending your internal identifier:
Sentry.setUser({ id: });
// or
Sentry.setUser({ username: user.username });
Doing this will ensure you still benefit from user-impact related features.
Logging integrations
As a best practice you should always avoid logging confidential information. If you have legacy systems you need to work around, consider the following:
 - Anonymize the confidential information within the log statements (for example, swap out email addresses -> for internal identifiers)
 - Use beforeBreadcrumb to filter it out from breadcrumbs before it is attached
 - Disable logging breadcrumb integration (for example, as described here)
Help improve this content


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Also, see How to Make:Peach Cobbler | Apple Crisp | Apple CrumbleApple Pandowdy | Apple Brown Betty | Blueberry Grunt | Peach Slump
A Buckle is a sweet dessert that is made from a cake batter traditionally topped with berries, which is topped with a streusel type topping.
Traditionally made in England during the 14th century to be served during Christmas, this dessert was originally prepared as porridge with a pudding-like consistency that was thickened with bits of dried fruits, spices, meat (beef or veal), wine or sherry, eggs, and breadcrumbs.
Common in Japan, this variety of plum is very popular for it health benefits. The ume plum is a fruit that is harvested when it is green before it ripens to be used as a pickled condiment, which is referred to as umeboshi.
A wrinkled shiny skinned fruit, which is native to America, Europe and Asia. There are many varieties of this fruit, which have flesh that ranges in flavor from tart to very sweet, but there are only a few varieties that are suitable for drying.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


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Historic buildings helping to cut carbon emissions
25 September 2007
Historic buildings are already helping to reduce Scotland's carbon emissions. That is one of the key messages delivered by Culture Minister Linda Fabiani MSP at the opening of the annual conference of the Historic Environment Advisory Council for Scotland today (Tuesday).
Speaking in Stirling, Ms Fabiani said: "Sustainability is about much more than the energy measured on an electricity meter. We have to think about the energy usage of the whole life of a building and the materials it is constructed from and make sure that the actions we take to control our carbon emissions are sustainable in the long term.
"Recent research shows that older buildings perform very well in energy terms because they have thick walls, smaller windows and passive ventilation systems - all of which contribute to the reduction of emissions."
The Historic Environment Advisory Council for Scotland provides independent strategic advice to Scottish Ministers on issues affecting the historic environment.
Ms Fabiani continued: "Climate change is a reality we can no longer ignore. The Scottish Government is committed to taking action to enforce reductions in carbon emissions. We are also determined to think creatively about the small changes that can make a big difference."
The Minister also set out the areas that the advisory council would be reviewing in the coming year. It will provide advice on:
·the economic impact of the historic environment;
·the conservation of the ecclesiastical heritage;
·engaging young adults with the historic environment;
·and the infrastructure of the historic environment
Notes to Editors
- Historic Scotland is an executive agency of the Scottish Government charged with safeguarding the nation's historic environment. The agency is fully accountable to Scottish Ministers and through them to the Scottish Parliament.
- The Historic Environment Advisory Council for Scotland provides independent strategic advice to Scottish Ministers on issues affecting the historic environment. More information can be found at _URL_.
- Members of the Historic Environment Advisory Council are appointed by the Culture Minister.


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Christening gowns came about during the Victorian era (which was around 1837 until the 1900's). History says that baptisms were occasions that were greatly celebrated as a child was accepted into the Christian world. The Church then insisted that babies during baptism wear white as a symbol of innocence and purity.
After the christening, Victorian families would carefully store the gown to be passed down to the next child. Thus the tradition of turning christening dresses into family heirlooms began.
|Ivory Angelic Organza Float Christening Dress|
Fast-forward to almost a hundred years later, and white is still the preferred color. Also, many families still keep the baptismal garment as a remembrance of a beautiful celebration. While that remains the same, there are differences that have been brought about by changing times.
|Satin with Embroidered Organza Christening Gown|
First, we add beige and off-white to the repertoire of colors that can be worn by a child during baptism. Add to this the many designs, style additions, and dress lengths than can be chosen from. Second, this generation has smaller families, and so passing down a christening gown might mean having a child wear it once every few years. That's why parents opt to just keep the original dress and purchase a new one for the next child.
|Traditional Christening Gown with Capsleeves|
But despite changing times, the essence of an heirloom remains the same. Being an heirloom no longer means passing it down from one generation to another. You can call a dress your family's heirloom because your most precious treasure (your child) wore it on her special day.
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from deep wells in of Bo Kluea District, Nan, has been carried out for many centuries by using traditional wood-based stoves. This study aims to improve thermal efficiency of traditional stoves, while tradition stove structures and salt making methods were maintained. The prototype and tradition stove were compared by thermal efficiency method. The tradition stove was constructed with clay. The prototype chimney stoves have been making from brick plastered with cement. The prototype chimney stove was insulated by filling rich hush in the gap of stove wall which has 3 cm. thicknesses and the end of the chimney. The stove can put 2 pans. Eucalyptus woods were used be fuel for testing the thermal efficiency. The prototype stove increases thermal efficiency approximately by 5.3 percents form normally 9.6 percents. This is achieved by using carbonized rice husk as stove insulating materials to reduce heat loss through stove walls. Salt production cycles are decreased by 25 minutes from 4.5-5 hours and the rate of fuel per day decreased 14-15 kilograms from 257 kg of firewood. Costs to improve salt production stoves 1,545 THB have a Pay-back period 107 days. The improved prototype chimney stove can help to decrease fuel costs and increase the salt production rate. This research is not only saving energy but also keep tradition of local living. © 2011 Published by Elsevier Ltd.
Ponglangka W.,Rajamangala University of Technology at Lanna
ICCAS 2015 - 2015 15th International Conference on Control, Automation and Systems, Proceedings | Year: 2015
The principle of the electrical capacitance properties to measure paddy rice moisture content is presented in this paper. The aim of this research is to design a low-cost paddy rice moisture content meter. Paddy rice was packed in a 600 cm3 cylindrical plastic container with the diameter of 9 centimeters and the length of 10 centimeters. The integrated circuit ICL8038 was applied to generate the frequency signal. After that, the capacitor in ICL8038 circuit was replaced by the cylindrical plastic container. Paddy rice capacitance was computed and applied to model the moisture content equation by using the second-order polynomial regression. The microcontroller (ATmega1280) was applied to calculate the moisture content and the calculation was demonstrated on 20 × 4 LCD display. Weight of each sample of paddy rice was 354 grams. The results of moisture content equation evaluated were 97.91% accurate. The examination results showed paddy rice moisture content was 97.83% accurate. The moisture content measurement range was 6% to 22% wet basis. © 2015 Institute of Control, Robotics and Systems - ICROS.
Intra P.,Rajamangala University of Technology at Lanna
Journal of Electrostatics | Year: 2012
A cylindrical triode charger for unipolar diffusion charging of aerosol particles was designed, constructed, and evaluated. The corona discharge characteristics were studied in this cylindrical triode charger. For the process the current-voltage characteristics were determined, as were the ion number concentration, the n it product, and the mean charge per particle as a function of particle diameter. The discharge and charging currents, and ion number concentration in the charging zone of the charger increased monotonically with corona voltage. The negative corona had a higher current than the positive corona. At the same corona voltage, the ion number concentration in the discharge zone was larger than the charging current for positive and negative coronas, with values of about 197 and 32 times and 645 and 99 times for the ion-driving voltages of 0 and 310V, respectively. The average ion penetration for positive and negative coronas was 0.64 and 0.19% and 3.62 and 1.93% for the ion-driving voltages of 0V and 310V, respectively. The higher flow rate, shorter residence time, gave a lower N it product. By calculation 14% of charged particles of 10nm in diameter were lost to the outer cylinder because of the electrostatic field effect. The charger does not use a sheath of air flow along the walls or the perforated screen opening, it has low diffusion and space charge losses due to the short column charging zone, and is a low complexity and inexpensive system. It worked as well as more sophisticated and expensive commercially available chargers. © 2011 Elsevier B.V.


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Broadheads kill by cutting blood vessels, unlike the high-energy shock of bullets. Hemorrhage is typically the result. A responsible bowhunter will use razor-sharp broadheads and only take shots that allow a clear, close shot to the vital area of the game animal.
Many archers' injuries come from broadheads. Broadheads must be kept razor-sharp for hunting, which creates a safety problem if they are handled carelessly.
To prevent injury:
- Use a special wrench to screw on broadheads. This device covers the blades while a broadhead is being tightened on an arrow. If a wrench isn't used, the slightest slip can cause a serious cut. When sharpening broadheads, always stroke the blade away from your hands and body.
- Keep broadheads covered with a quiver while traveling to and from the field. Many arrow injuries occur while loading or unloading equipment in vehicles.
- While dressing bow-killed game, remember that the broadhead may remain in the animal. Use great caution until all parts of the broadhead have been found.


As I was playing in the Summit Forest level (which has a 'Hitman' kind of vibe to it), trying to take down enemies as stealthily as possible, this got me thinking: How do the stealth elements of the game work and how does the enemy AI detect the player?
Specifically, I would like to know:
 - Do the sounds you make matter? (from gunfire, walking on different types of floor, or through water, knocking over objects or bumping wind chimes)
 - Will walking instead of running lessen sound and likelihood of detection?
 - Are some guns or weapons 'quieter' than others? Does the bow and arrow, and a silenced pistol have the same or different noise levels?
 - Does sight or light levels matter? Will having a lit torch make you easier to detect? Can I lurk in the shadows? Sneak behind people? Hide behind objects? Being on a different level (a floor up or down)?
 - Once you're spotted, is hiding effective, or will the enemies instantly and constantly know where you're hiding?
 - Do enemies alert each other when of them has spotted you?
 - Will enemies be alerted when they come across a body you killed? How does this change their behavior and their likelihood of detecting you?
 - Any enemies with unique behavior when it comes to player detection?
 - Does difficulty matter?
 - 1
 To the downvoter(s): Could you please comment on why you downvoted this question? This is so I (and others) would know what was wrong with it, and so I could address that concern or edit the question to improve it. When downvotes are left without comments and the reasons for doing so are unclear, you'll often see users (like myself) wanting to know the reason why. – galacticninja Mar 12 '13 at 3:59
I'll try to answer your questions based on my experience with the game.
 - Walking/running and different types of floor don't matter. Not sure about water though, but I don't think it would matter. Changing arrow from normal to flaming also doesn't matter (not sure about if they can see, but a guard didn't hear it yesterday when I accidentally switched arrows behind his back). I also managed to knock some objects quit near enemies and they didn't notice. However, gunfire matters, they will hear you and immediately know where you are. Also, hanging salvage boxes that you can ignite draw attention when they drop on the ground (this happened to me yesterday).
 - As for lightning and sneaking, the game seems to be pretty forgiving about those. As long as you don't run directly in front of enemies, they don't appear to notice you. Stay in cover if they walk your way. Sneaking on people is easy for as long as they look different direction (it's even possible partially from the side, although that's risky), but the sound of your movement doesn't attract attention.
 - if you are revealed, I didn't find a way how to get back into stealth mode. They are pretty much after you and won't stop until they see your corpse.
 - enemies alert each other when they spot you or when you injure them; they start yelling for help. One of the game tips says that you can see in survival instincts view which enemy will get help (should be marked red), but I never saw it working.
 - if enemies find a body, they will move in to investigate and then stay alert and search the immediate area, but they will remain oblivious to you. No idea what happens then sorry, maybe they'll go about their business shortly (can anyone confirm that?).
 - I believe there are areas where it is not possible to sneak around, they will detect you as soon as you enter which triggers gunfight. You will know it because enemies will shout "That's her, kill her!" In other areas you can sneak in, eavesdrop on conversations and try to remove the opposition silently.
 - I only played on Normal difficulty so far, cannot say if difficulty changes something
Additional tips:
 - Bow is silent, I use this for stealth kills. One headshot kills most enemies (you get a diamond-shaped headshot-crosshair), but there are enemies with armour that cannot be one-head-shot or at least I couldn't do it (even with fully charged headshot). They can probably be killed with melee sneak attack, I didn't try it yet.
 - Silenced weapons are also quiet enough for when the guards are not too close to your position
 - You must one-shot the enemies silently otherwise they start yelling for help. If you can sneak behind an enemy, use melee attack to kill them silently.
As for the Summit Forest, you can kill all guards silently there, just make sure to wait until the initial conversation ends. After a few first guards are taken care of, you can assume position in the trees, observe their patrol paths and kill them from up there. Good hunting.
 - 4
 Also (from a tip on the loading screen) when looking at enemies with survival instincts on a red glow means that killing that enemy will alert another enemy – Steven Cunningham Mar 11 '13 at 16:05
 - 4
 Worth noting, you'll only get the headshot reticule if you put a point into the Bow Expert skill. – Niro Mar 11 '13 at 17:39
 - 1
 I've opened a locker (the mash-X loot kind), and they could hear that. A mook came strolling up to where the locker was. – Twon-ha Mar 12 '13 at 14:40
 - 2
 The tip referred to by Martin and Steven Cunningham is: If you look at an enemy in Survival Insticnt mode, they will glow yellow or red. If they are yellow, you can kill them silently (such as with the bow) and other enemies won't be alerted. If they are red, killing them will alert other enemies (usually because they are close to your victim or looking at your victim). If you wait long enough, the enemy might wander off and both will turn yellow. – Colmarr Mar 13 '13 at 2:22
 - _USER_-ha What area did that happen in? – galacticninja Mar 30 '13 at 3:01
In addition to the first answer:
 - In certain parts of the game lighting your torch with alert the enemies. e.g. at:
... the Chasm Stronghold level, when there are dozens of enemies around and you have to remain undetected. Lighting your torch is a sure way to get killed. screenshot
 - Comments in the first answer mention that using your 'Survival Instinct' (Q by the default in the PC) will highlight enemies in yellow or red, where yellow won't alert anyone else when that enemy is killed while red will alert other nearby enemies. In my experience, this isn't true in all cases. I have successfully killed enemies highlighted in red in Survival Instinct mode without alerting anyone. Just be sure to check if the enemy you want to kill has no one facing him.
 - In the Summit Forest, I have missed an enemy with my pistol with silencer attached and hit a nearby surface instead, but no one was alerted. It seems that even the projectile effects themselves are silenced if you have the silencer attached.
 - Also, in the Summit Forest: enemies will utter something like "in the water!", if they hear you splashing around in the water, but I haven't noticed any behavior changes. They weren't alerted and I wasn't spotted.
Your Answer


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How an incident's due date is calculated
Answer ID 2215 | Last Review Date 01/03/2020
What is an incident's relative due date (incidents.rel_due) and how is it calculated?
Service Level Agreements, Response Time
When an incident is created, an initial due date is calculated. This value only changes when the response requirements associated with the incident are changed due to the application of a service level agreement (SLA) or if the RECALC_INCIDENT_DUE configuration is set.
The relative due date is calculated by taking the incident's time of creation and adding the response time (from response requirements) associated with the incident. In addition, the due date takes into account the work hours that are configured in the Default Response Requirements table or the hours configured in the applied SLA.
For example if RECALC_INCIDENT_DUE is set to 0, the incident's response time is 45 minutes and the incident comes into the system at 9:00am on 10/10/07, the due date will be 10/10/07 at 9:45. This value does not change regardless of customer updates to the incident and/or additional responses. The value only changes if the response requirements change.
Similarly, if the work interval is configured to be 8:00 to 17:00 on Monday through Friday, and the response requirement is 540 minutes (9 hours). If an incident comes in at 3:00pm on Friday, the date due will be 3:00pm on Monday because the work intervals are taken into account when calculating the date due.
When incidents are created outside of business hours, the time the incident remained in the queue until the business hours begin is not counted against the due date. For example: Business hours are M-F 8:00 to 17:00. The response time is three hours. An incident submitted on Saturday at 15:00 would be due Monday, 11:00 am.
Note that the Resolution Time that is configured for the response requirements or an SLA is never used in calculating the date due value. Both the Response Time and the Resolution Time are based on the created time stamp of when the incident is initially created in the system.
For examples of when the RECALC_INCIDENT_DUE is enabled, see Answer ID 4729: Description of RECALC_INCIDENT_DUE configuration setting
For additional information, refer to the 'Configuring resolution due calculations' section in online documentation for the version your site is currently running. To access Oracle B2C Service manuals and documentation online, refer to the Documentation for Oracle B2C Service Products.
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text:
WHAT IS FOUNDERGUARD®?
FOUNDERGUARD is a clinically proven preventative supplement for feed induced laminitis and founder. It has been formulated to ensure delivery of the active drug to the hind gut and proven to control the build up of lactic acid in the hind gut. A small daily dose of the palatable granules allows high grain diets to be fed safely.
- Horses on high grain diets e.g. gallopers, pacers, eventers and show hacks
- Horses grazing lush pastures particularly during spring and autumn when sugar levels in pasture are high
- Young horses being prepared for sales e.g. high grain/low exercise animals
- Horses that have suffered laminitis or founder in the past
- Horses undergoing a change in diet
- Horses with seedy toe, white line separation or poor-quality hooves
WHY CHOOSE FOUNDERGUARD?
The ONLY proven prevention for founder - FOUNDERGUARD has been scientifically developed specifically for the prevention of grain induced founder in horses and is the only product available to prevent this problem.
Prevents build-up of lactic acid – When excess carbohydrates are consumed, bacteria multiply rapidly in the hindgut. FOUNDERGUARD controls the build-up of lactic acid from this fermentation process, preventing damage to the gut lining and therefore laminitis.
- FOUNDERGUARD can be added to the daily feed as an effective daily management tool of horses at risk of founder and low-grade laminitis.
Scientifically formulated for performance – Helps prevent the onset of this silent 'performance killer' and help the performance horse reach their full potential.


text:
This article provides the instructions to create and configure a Google Slides card, which is ideal for displaying information from a Google Slides presentation file on a TV, by simply configuring the card with:
- a shareable public link to a file on Google Drive, for G Suite accounts without administrative authentication controls.
- a shareable private link to a file on Google Drive, for G Suite accounts with administrative authentication controls.
If your organization has administrative controls enabled for your G Suite accounts, then an Appspace account owner/administrator must configure the Google Slides card theme to input the Google authentication credentials in place. A user who wishes to display his Google Slides file via the card, must then make the file shareable and publish to the web, before adding the link in the card.
The new card also has the following features:
- Improved security via card authentication.
- Ability to customize the slide duration.
- New custom template and themes.
What's in this article:
- Ensure your device is compatible. Refer to Compatible Appspace Cards.
- Account Owner, Publisher, or Editor (author) role in Appspace required to create Google Slides card.
- Account Owner or administrator role in Appspace required to configure authentication on Google Slides card theme (optional).
- A shareable private/public link to the Google Slides file.
Configure Google Slides Card
To configure the card, follow the instructions below:
- Configure Google Authentication (Optional)
- Create a Google Shared Link
- Create and Configure Google Slides Card
Configure Google Authentication
Follow the instructions below to configure the Google Slides card theme with the G Suite account authentication. Appspace Account Owner role required.
- Navigate to System > Cards from the Appspace menu on the left navigation bar, and click the Themes tab.
- Select Google Slides from the Filter By drop-down menu, and click the Duplicate icon of the Base Theme.
- Enter in a name for the card theme, and click the Authenticate button.
- Select or enter in your G Suite credentials, and click Allow to enable Appspace to access the Google account.
- Click Save once the card is authenticated.
Create Shareable Link
Follow the instructions below to create a shareable link to your file on Google Drive:
- Follow the steps outlined in the Publish a file to the web section, from this Google Help site: _URL_
- Click the Publish button, and close the window.
- Follow the "Share a single file" instructions in the "Step 1: Find the file you want to share" section, from this Google Help site: _URL_
- In the "Step 2: Choose who to share with & how they can use your file" section ensure you select one of the following options:
- Share a link to the file – Select this option to get a shareable link to a secured Google file, to be used in an authenticated Google card.
- Share a file publicly – Select this option to get a shareable Google file, to be used in an unauthenticated Google card.
- Copy the shareable link to the Google file and proceed to the next section below.
Create and Configure Google Slides Card
Follow the instructions below to create and configure the card. Account Owner, Publisher, or Editor (author) role required.
- Click the QUICK ACTION menu on the top right and select Create Card, and proceed to step 3 below. Or click Library from the Appspace Menu navigation bar on the left, and proceed to step 2 below.
- Select the desired folder in the library, and click the ADD button, and select Create Card.
- Select Google Slides from the Filter by template menu, and select a desired card template.
- Enter in the Google Slides shareable URL obtained earlier.
- Select the interval duration between slides. Default is set to 8 seconds. If Manual is selected, user input (such as a mouse) is required to switch the slides, use the laser pointer, and jump to a specific slide.
- Once customizations have been made, click Next.
- In the Save tab, enter in the Title, as this is a mandatory field. Optionally, you may enter in the Article, Caption, Content Expiry, Content Tags and even upload a custom thumbnail for the content.
- Click Save to complete, and you may now proceed to add the card into a playlist channel.


text:
Nova Scotia Black Experience Through the Centuries By Bridglal Pachai
The Nova Scotia Black Experience Through the Centuries is a comprehensive account of the African Nova Scotian struggle to build a vital community in the face of racial discrimination. Originally published in two volumes as Beneath the Clouds of the Promised Land, this illustrated edition has been extensively updated and includes a new chapter tracing the experiences of Nova Scotia's black community into the twenty-first century. Author Bridglal Pachai profiles the individuals and organizations that fought for equality in education, business, politics, religion, and the arts, and carved a path for tomorrow's leaders. Covering more than four hundred years of a people's history, heritage, and culture, The Nova Scotia Black Experience Through the Centuries is a powerful record, indispensable to any study of the province's history.


rOpenSci | How much work is onboarding?
How much work is onboarding?
Our onboarding process, that ensures that packages contributed by the community undergo a transparent, constructive, non adversarial and open review process, involves a lot of work from many actors: authors, reviewers and editors; but how much work? Managing the effort involved in the peer-review process is a major part of ensuring its sustainability and quality. In this post, we'll take a look at the effort put in by participants in the review process, and also learn something about exploring GitHub data along the way.
🔗 Work done by authors
We can try to quantify the development work of authors by looking at the number of lines deleted and added in the git repo of the package before, during, and after review. By number of lines we mean number of lines in any file in the repo so it can be lines of actual code and lines of docs (in the README for instance). To do so, we link information from the package git repos (information about sizes and dates of commits) and information from the onboarding issue threads (start and end dates of the review process, as measured by open/close dates).
commits <- readr::read_csv("output/gitsum_reports.csv")
issues <- readr::read_csv("data/clean_data.csv")
issues <- dplyr::group_by(issues, package) %>%
 dplyr::summarise(opened = min(created_at),
 closed = max(closed_at))
commits <- dplyr::left_join(commits, issues, by = "package")
custom_transf <- function(x){
 pof <- log(x)
 pof[x == 0] <- 0
custom_exp <- function(x){
 pof <- exp(x)
 pof[x < 0] <- - exp(-x)
plot_commits <- function(package_name, commits){
 example <- dplyr::filter(commits, package == package_name,!is_merge)
 p <- ggplot(example) +
 geom_segment(aes(x = datetime, xend = datetime,
 y = 0, yend = custom_transf(total_insertions)),
 col = "salmon", size = 1) +
 geom_segment(aes(x = datetime, xend = datetime,
 y = 0, yend = - custom_transf(total_deletions)),
 col = "blue", size = 1) +
 ylab("lines") +
 x = min(example$datetime),
 xend = max(example$datetime),
 y = 0, yend = 0,
 col = "grey50",
 size = 0.2) +
 scale_y_continuous(breaks= seq(min(-custom_transf(example$total_deletions)),
 to = max(custom_transf(example$total_insertions)),
 by = 5),
 labels= round(custom_exp(seq(min(-custom_transf(example$total_deletions)),
 to = max(custom_transf(example$total_insertions)),
 by = 5))))+
 xmin = example$opened[1], xmax = example$closed[1],
 ymin = - custom_transf(max(example$total_deletions)),
 ymax = custom_transf(max(example$total_insertions)),
 fill = "grey80", alpha = 0.6,
 col = "grey10",
 size = 0.2) +
 ggtitle(package_name) +
Let's have a look at a few packages. The x-axis represents time, and the grey box the onboarding period (from issue opening i.e. submission to issue closing i.e. approval). The salmon lines above the y-axis are the number of lines added in one commit while the blue lines below the y-axis are the number of lines deleted in one commit.
plot_commits("opencage", commits = commits)
commits plot of the opencagepackage
plot_commits("charlatan", commits = commits)
commits plot of the charlatanpackage
When looking at all onboarded repos, we don't see a general pattern to commit histories. Commits have diffent sizes, and the activity frequency is highly variable. While we see the updates to packages that occur during review, there is just as often change again after onboarding, as packages continue to improve and be maintained. This highlights an important aspect of our peer review, which is that acceptance is not the end of the process. While we aim for the process to ensure high quality at acceptance, packages are not static moving forward. Not all deficiencies are detected by peer reviewers, and further improvements and maintenance will continue. This is why many of our standards are about maintainability, and our process is in part an approach to onboard authors into a community of dedicated and supportive package maintainers.
We do try to onboard mature packages, i.e. that are not drafts. Furthermore, the absence of general patterns in the previous figures could be due to different age at submission. How old are packages at submission?
age <- commits %>%
 dplyr::group_by(package) %>%
 dplyr::summarise(age = difftime(min(opened), min(datetime), units = "weeks")) %>%
 dplyr::filter(age > 0)
ggplot(age) +
 geom_dotplot(aes(age), binwidth = 5) +
 xlab("Age (weeks)") +
 scale_y_continuous(NULL, breaks = NULL) +
 hrbrthemes::theme_ipsum(base_size = 16,
 axis_title_size = 16)
age of packages atsubmission
On this dotplot, the x-axis represents age at submission and each dot is a package falling in that age bin. We say apparent age because the first commit might happen a long time after the package was created, although often one makes an initial commit not long after having started to work. We needed to filter positive age because in one case the GitHub repo of the onboarded package was apparently deleted and re-created without history after approval. Such things happen, thankfully the package wasn't lost, just its history!
Many packages are submitted while still very young which might indicate rapid development. It might also mean some authors viewed onboarding as a part of development, i.e. authors knew they intended to submit quite rapidly. For instance, Maëlle developed opencage in just a few days, then submitted it to get it ready for wider use by the community.
🔗 Work done by reviewers
How much effort is put in by reviewers in this process? Reviewer time and effort is one of our most precious resources (you can read more about reviewer motivations and perspectives in other blog posts by Mara Averick, Verena Haunschmid, Charles T. Gray and Miles McBain). We measure this effort by asking reviewers to self-report the hours spent reviewing. We do so to understand the amount of effort we are asking reviewers for, so we can let new reviewers know what to expect, and so hopefully in the future we can measure the success of efforts to automate some reviewer tasks.
# airtable data
# this is our private database of who's reviewed what
# and of reviewers' areas of expertise
airtable <- airtabler::airtable("appZIB8hgtvjoV99D", "Reviews")
airtable <- airtable$Reviews$select_all()
We have self-reported reviewing times for 136 of 184 reviews.
ggplot(airtable) +
 geom_boxplot(aes(y = review_hours, x = "")) +
 hrbrthemes::theme_ipsum(base_size = 16,
 axis_title_size = 16) +
 theme(axis.title.x=element_blank()) +
 ylab("Reviewing time (hours)")
hours spentreviewing
It appears to take our reviewers a similar amount of time to review R packages as scientists take to review a manuscript (5 hour median and 9 hour mean).
One potential question is whether reviewer time is affected by the size of the package reviewed as measured by for instance number of exports (classes and functions).
get_namespace <- function(package_name){
 local_path_archive <- paste0(getwd(), "/repos_at_submission/", package_name)
 if(length(fs::dir_ls(local_path_archive))!= 0){
 ns <- devtools::parse_ns_file(local_path_archive)
 tibble::tibble(package = package_name,
 exports = length(ns$exports) +
packages <- fs::dir_ls("repos_at_submission")
packages <- stringr::str_replace_all(packages, "repos_at_submission\\/", "")
purrr::map_df(packages, get_namespace) %>%
Interestingly, we find no relationship between the reviewing time and number of exports:
namespace_ro <- readr::read_csv("output/namespace.csv")
namespace_ro <- dplyr::left_join(namespace_ro, airtable, by = "package")
ggplot(namespace_ro) +
 geom_point(aes(exports, review_hours)) +
 hrbrthemes::theme_ipsum(base_size = 16,
 axis_title_size = 16) +
 ylab("Reviewing time (hours)") +
 xlab("No. of exports")
There are a few potential explanations to this that might be fruitful to explore. For instance, does this mean that there's only so much time, and so larger packages get less scrutiny per line of code or per export? Or does review time just depend more on the reviewer than the package?
🔗 Work done by editors
Editors manage the review process, performing initial package checks, identifying and contacting reviewers, and then moderating and cajoling the process forward. Our best measure for editor effort is the number of packages


text:
Geo can be used in combination with Object Storage (AWS S3, or other compatible object storage).
Currently, secondary sites can use either:
- The same storage bucket as the primary site.
- A replicated storage bucket.
- Local storage, if the primary uses local storage.
The storage method (local or object storage) for files is recorded in the database, and the database is replicated from the primary Geo site to the secondary Geo site.
When accessing an uploaded object, we get its storage method (local or object storage) from the database, so the secondary Geo site must match the storage method of the primary Geo site.
Therefore, if the primary Geo site uses object storage, the secondary Geo site must use it too.
- GitLab manage replication, follow Enabling GitLab replication.
- Third-party services manage replication, follow Third-party replication services.
Introduced in GitLab 12.4.
Secondary sites can replicate files stored on the primary site regardless of whether they are stored on the local file system or in object storage.
To enable GitLab replication:
- On the top bar, select Menu > Admin.
- On the left sidebar, select Geo > Nodes.
- Select Edit on the secondary site.
- In the Synchronization Settings section, find the Allow this secondary node to replicate content on Object Storage checkbox to enable it.
For LFS, follow the documentation to set up LFS object storage.
For CI job artifacts, there is similar documentation to configure jobs artifact object storage
For user uploads, there is similar documentation to configure upload object storage
If you want to migrate the primary site's files to object storage, you can configure the secondary in a few ways:
- Use the exact same object storage.
- Use a separate object store but leverage your object storage solution's built-in replication.
- Use a separate object store and enable the Allow this secondary node to replicate content on Object Storage setting.
GitLab does not currently support the case where both:
- The primary site uses local storage.
- A secondary site uses object storage.
When using Amazon S3, you can use Cross-Region Replication (CRR) to have automatic replication between the bucket used by the primary site and the bucket used by secondary sites.
For manual synchronization, or scheduled by


text:
Kinetics of pathogen destruction during storage of dewatered biosolids
The kinetics of pathogen destruction were determined during storage of digested and dewatered wastewater treatment biosolids to obtain relationships between temperature and duration of biosolids storage. Biosolids, seeded with Salmonella typhimurium, Yersinia enterocolitica, Campylobacter jejuni, bacteriophage f2, poliovirus, and Ascaris suum eggs were incubated at 5°, 22°, 38°, and 49.5°C, under both aerobic and anaerobic conditions for up to 62 days. Destruction of pathogens in stored biosolids occurred at all temperatures examined; however, rates increased with increasing temperature. There was no significant difference between the destruction of pathogens under aerobic or anaerobic conditions at all temperatures studied. At 50°C, the decay rate of S. typhimurium, Y. enterocolitica, bacteriophage f2, poliovirus, and A. suum eggs was estimated to be 1.13, 1.10, 1.54, 0.81, and 0.21 log10 reductions per day, respectively.


Environment Variables
1. Shared State
This feature is only available on macOS 10.15+. Prior to macOS 10.15, it might be crashed.
It's possible to share states from the onRequest() and the onResponse() from different scripts when the script is executed with the global object: sharedState
 - The sharedState is a JS Object (Dictionary), so you can assign any keys and values from onRequest(), then receiving it on the onResponse() or from different script.
The following code demonstrates:
 - Get the global counter and increase it as soon as the script is executed
 - Share data between Request and Response
function onRequest(context, url, request) {
// Save some state to sharedState
sharedState.url = url;
sharedState.data = "custom";
sharedState.info = {"username": "Proxyman"};
// Increase the global counter
var count = sharedState.count?? 0;
count += 1;
sharedState.count = count;
// Log
return request;
function onResponse(context, url, request, response) {
// Receive it
console.log("Custom data = " + sharedState.dataa);
console.log("sharedState.count = " + sharedState.count);
// Done
return response;
From Proxyman 2.25.0+, the sharedState is available across different scripts. It is only released when quitting Proxyman app or using 'clearSharedState()' function.
Prior to Proxyman 2.24.0, the sharedState is only alive on the current flow that executes the script and it's released when the script is run over.
To clear all data, please consider using 'clearSharedState' function.
// Clear all data from sharedState object
2. Environment Variables
Plan to support soon.


LM-Dance (1)
Gaia - Mysterious Rhythms is a dance-ritual performed by a young woman on the seashore. The dance unfolds a rite of passage and a process of transformation through the woman's interaction with the elements of the natural environment: the rhythms and features of the earth, sea, moon and sun.
In formal terms, Gaia was set out to explore the notion of screen choreography through a subtle, poetic and reflective interplay of images of the body and the environment. In terms of content, the woman's performance is perceived as a source of metaphoric and archetypal imagery that highlights the intricate relationship between body, psyche, and the world.
Dance on Screen PhD Thesis
Read the Abstract and Introduction below:


text:
Siebel Advisor Administration Guide > Working with Advisor Project Files > About the Advisor Project Files >
Advisor Project Structure
The organization in which Advisor presents the project objects reflects the organization of the associated application.
Project objects that define the overall appearance and functionality of the application are considered application-level objects. These application-level objects include the Application UI Definition file and a contents list table.
The application presents information related to one or more categories. Advisor groups all of the project objects related to a single category into a pageset.
Within each pageset, the project objects are organized into two categories: data objects and interface objects. Each data object is further classified as a feature data object or a configuration data object. The feature data and configuration data objects are Feature tables and Configuration tables respectively. The interface objects within a pageset are the Pageset UI Definition file and the Pageset UI Registry file.
Every pageset in an application, at a minimum, contains the following items:
- A Pageset UI Definition file (oc_default_ui.htm)
- A Pageset UI Registry file (pCar_i.htm)
- At least one Configuration table
- One or more Feature tables
- One or more display pages


text:
Who Procues for Whom in the World...
WHO PRODUCES FOR WHOM IN THE WORLD ECONOMY?
For nearly two decades, the share of trade in inputs, also called vertical trade, has dramatically increased. This paper suggests a new measure of international trade: "value-added trade". Like many existing estimates, "value-added trade" is net of double-counted vertical trade. It also reallocate trade flows to their original input-producing industries and countries and allows to answer the question "who produces for whom". In 2004, 27% of international trade were "only" vertical specialization trade. The sector repartition of value-added trade is very different from the sector repartition of standard trade. Value-added trade is less regionalized than standard trade.
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text:
|Synonyms:||Fanvid, Songvid, music video|
|See also:||Vidding, AMV, Machinima, Feral Vidders, Songtape Collection, VCR Vidding, Digital Vidding, Contape, YouTube, iMeem|
|Click here for related articles on Fanlore.|
A vid or fanvid is a fannish form of music video. Vidders take short clips of footage, generally from live-action source such as tv or movies, and arrange these clips over a song to make an argument or tell a story.
They were originally called "songvids"--to distinguish them from professional, MTV-style music videos--and collected on songtapes. The term was later shortened to just "vids".
History of Vidding
- Main article: Vidding
The earliest vids, circa 1975, were slideshows set to music; with the advent of VCRs, vids could be made by copying footage from one tape to another. Eventually, computer video-editing software became the standard, and today vids can be made by almost anyone with a computer, using the freeware supplied by Microsoft or Apple or other software.
Distinct fannish video-making traditions have arisen separately in other fandoms. Anime fans developed anime music videos, or AMVs, while MADs developed in Japan. Video gamers have also developed their own video tradition of machinima. Sites like YouTube also often feature remix and parody video art by fans who have little or no connection with these traditions.


Which city is located at the highest altitude in the world?
Cities with the highest altitudes in the world. The highest city in the world with a population of more than one million is La Paz. The Capital of Bolivia sits 3,869 meters above sea level, and is more than 1,000 meters higher than the second ranked city – Quito.
Is Machu Picchu the highest city in the world?
For reference, that's more than 100 meters higher than the world-famous Inca citadel Machu Picchu in Peru, which sits at a height of 2,430m.
Cities in the Sky.
Rank #1
Urban Center La Paz
Country Bolivia
Region South America
Average Elevation (m) 3,869
Where is the highest altitude?
The most high-altitude point on Earth is Mount Everest, in the Himalayan mountain range on the border of Nepal and the Chinese region of Tibet. Mount Everest is 8,850 meters (29,035 feet) tall. The urban area of El Alto, Bolivia, is the most high-altitude city on Earth.
Which is the lowest city in the world?
1. Baku is the world's lowest lying capital city. Believe it or not, Baku sits 28 metres below sea level, which makes it the world's lowest lying capital city. (In fact, it is one of only two capital cities with an elevation officially below sea level, the other being Amsterdam.)
READ Quick Answer: What Are The 50 Largest Companies In The World?
Which is the highest capital of the world?
La Paz, administrative and de facto capital of Bolivia, stands at an altitude of 3,631 m (11,913 ft) above sea level.
What is the lowest elevation on Earth?
The world's lowest place on earth is the Dead Sea located in Jordan and Israel, with an elevation amounting to approximately 414 meters below sea level.
Is Kilimanjaro taller than Everest?
Everest (29,035 feet / 8,850 m) in Asia. Aconcagua (22,829 feet / 6,962 m) in South America. Denali (20,320 feet / 6,190 m) in North America. Kilimanjaro (19,340 feet / 5,895 m) in Africa.
Is there anything taller than Mount Everest?
Measuring from the foot of the mountain to the summit, Hawaii's Mauna Kea is the tallest, but most is under the sea. As measured from the Earth's core, Ecuador's Mount Chimborazo is the world's highest, standing more than 2,072 metres higher than Everest.
Which city is closest to sea level?
Baku is the capital of Azerbaijan and is the lowest national capital in the world, sitting at 92 feet below sea level. Not only is it the lowest national capital by elevation, but it's also the biggest city found at levels this low with a total population of just over 2 million people as of 2016.
What is the lowest country in the world?
Places to go: Maldives is the world's lowest country
Not one of its 1,200 mostly uninhabited coral islands measure more than six feet (1.8 meters) above sea level. The Maldives – made up of a chain of nearly 1,200 mostly uninhabited islands in the Indian Ocean – is the lowest country in the world.
READ Frequent question: How old is the youngest star?
Which country is below sea level?
10) Salton Trough
Thirty-Three Countries with Land Areas Below Sea Level
Country Below Sea Level Location Elevation
Djibouti Lac Assal shoreline 155 meters below sea level
China Turpan Pendi 154 meters below sea level
Egypt Qattara Depression 133 meters below sea level
Which is highest lake in the world?
Highest: Lake Titicaca, Peru-Bolivia
By volume of water, Lake Titicaca is the largest lake in South America, and due to its surface elevation of 12,507ft above sea level, is the highest navigable lake in the world.
Which city is largest city in the world?
As the world's biggest urban area, Tokyo has a population that accounts for more than a quarter of all of Japan.
Which is world's lowest lying capital city?
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÷ Ω Ω Ω Ω Ω ÷
= = Ω
= Ω
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÷ Ω Ω Ω Ω Ω ÷
- or -
Wikipedia article
This article is about an older version of DF.
Bronze is a manufactured metal that does not occur naturally. Bronze bars can be used to make reasonable weapons and armor that are 75% effective compared to iron. Bronze can also be used to make furniture and other objects at a metalsmith's forge.
Bronze cannot be smelted from a single ore; it must be smelted using one of the following recipes:
Bronze has a value of 5 and uses the same ingredients as fine pewter (which also has a value of 5). If you find yourself short of tin, use this metal to make your objects of art instead of using fine pewter.
Another advantage of bronze is that, from ores, it only requires 1 fuel to smelt 2 bars of bronze. This is the best fuel:product ratio of any weapon-grade metal in the game*. This can be key in the early game, or on fuel-scarce maps, and/or if time is a critical factor.
(* of silver, copper, bronze, bismuth bronze, iron or steel.)
See Also:[edit]


text:
Finding aid prepared by Amanda M. Reeve
Willard Rouse Jillson
Geology of the Mintonville Dome
University of Kentucky Special Collections
Arranged by material type.
Collection is open to researchers by appointment.
62M78 : [identification of item], Willard Rouse Jillson Geology of the Mintonville Dome, 1962, University of Kentucky Special Collections.
0.23 Cubic feet
The Willard Rouse Jillson Geology of the Mintonville Dome collection contains the proofs and rough draft typescript of this book.
Willard Rouse Jillson (May 28, 1890 – October 4, 1975) was a Kentucky historian academic, and geologist who authored numerous books on Kentucky politicians and geology matters pertaining to the State. Jillson taught geology in Lexington at the University of Kentucky in 1918 and later at Transylvania University in 1947. He served in various government positions, notably as Kentucky State Geologist and director of the Sixth Kentucky Geological Survey. He died in 1975 and was buried in the Frankfort Cemetery in Frankfort, Kentucky.
"Willard Rouse Jillson." Wikiepdiea: The Free Encyclopedia. Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. 18 January 2011. Web 5 April 2011.
The Willard Rouse Jillson Geology of the Mintonville Dome collection contains the proofs and rough draft typescript of this book. The proofs and typescript are annotated by the author. The book was printed by the Roberts Printing Company in Frankfort Kentucky, 1962. This book discusses the location of the Dome, the field work done while at the Dome, and other geological surveying done of the Dome.


Navigation path
Beter onderwijs
Greece gifts new chances
Registrations are growing for the 'Second Chance Schools' initiative in Greece
The Second Chance Schools (SDE) initiative is an innovative lifelong learning programme from the Greek Ministry of Education supported by the ESF. Intended for individuals of 18 years and older who have only primary school leaving certificate levels of education, the project involves a public school that offers training to baccalaureate level to improve the employability and social inclusion of its graduates. Teaching covers many subjects, from languages and maths to computers and career counselling, and its approach is from the adult-learning perspective, focusing on active participation.


#73 Ignacio Nicknamed Nacho
Written by Food Non-Fiction October 20, 2020
This is the incredible true story behind the cheesy, crunchy dish that everyone loves - Nachos! This story of nachos was uncovered by children's book author, Sandra Nickel, who wrote the illustrated children's book titled "Nacho's Nachos The Story Behind the World's Favorite Snack".
Sandra found descendants of three key people involved in the creation of nachos and heard the nachos origin story directly from them. She corresponded with 1) Luis Ignacio Anaya (the grandson of the person who invented nachos), 2) Patricia Finan de los Santos (the granddaughter of the customer that nachos were first created for), and Rodolfo de los Santos Jr. (the son of the person who owned the restaurant where nachos were invented).
The story of nachos goes like this…In 1940, four women from Eagle Pass, Texas went to Piedras Negras, Coahuila to eat at the Victory Club. At least one of these women, Mamie Finan was a regular there. They asked Ignacio Anaya for a new snack. Always wanting to keep guests happy, Ignacio agreed even though he had no idea what to make. When he spotted a bowl of totopos (fried pieces of corn tortilla) he had the idea to add cheese and jalapeno strips on them. He popped this into the oven to melt the cheese. Years later when he reflected back on his inspiration for the dish he noted that his foster mother had often made him quesadillas.
Upon trying the delicious new snack that Ignacio brought out, Mamie asked him what the snack was called. Ignacio simply named the snack after himself, replying that it was called "Nacho's Special". As it turns out, "Nacho" is a common nickname for the name "Ignacio"!
While there is some confusion around whether Ignacio originally named the dish in English (Nacho's Special) or in Spanish (Nachos Especiales), Sandra has found evidence that points to the dish originally being named in English. This makes sense because the dish was made for an Mamie Finan who was an American. In an old ad written by Nacho himself, the ad referred to nachos as "Nacho's Special".
The Victory Club where nachos were born was closed down in 1961, and Nacho went on to open his own restaurant. His former employer, Rodolfo de los Santos, gave him kitchen equipment to thank him for his time at the Victory Club. Nacho passed away on November 9, 1974 at the age of 79. He is remembered as a generous family man.
Special Thanks to Our Interviewee:
Sandra Nickel - author of Nacho's Nachos The Story Behind the World's Favorite Snack


Richmond Landmarks
Main St. Station Richmond
Main Street Station
Richmond skyline
James River
Richmond Capitol Building
Richmond Capitol Building
US-China Peoples Friendship Association
Richmond VA Chapter
Developing and building lasting friendships based on mutual understanding through educational, cultural, technical, and commercial exchanges between the people of China and the United States
China, with nearly one quarter of the world's population, has emerged as a nation that plays a significant role in world affairs.
With the realization of full diplomatic relations between the governments of the U.S. and China in 1979, opportunities for the American and Chinese people to learn from each other have increased significantly. Cultural, scientific, educational, medical, and technological exchanges, which are of great value to both countries, are expanding rapidly. The US-China Peoples Friendship Association initiates and participates actively in these exchanges.
Exchanges and programs organized by USCPFA are helping to build a bridge of friendship between our countries. This bridge, based on personal knowledge of the two countries, can play an important role in maintaining world peace.
Richmond with bridge and river
Richmond's famous Railroad Bridge


text:
In the Gregorian calendar,the White Dew usually falls around September 7, and more often refers in particular to the day when the sun is exactly at the celestial longitude of 165°. It is the day when the temperature drops sharply, the rain never stops, and the duration of the sunshine decreases substantially. Therefore, the date reflects the transition from summer to autumn. Normally, a period of cloudy and rainy weather occurs after White Dew.
During the White Dew, there are different weather conditions in different parts of China. In the north, the hot summer has ended, dew begins to fall, wild geese begin to migrate to the south, and birds begin to stock food for the long winter. Yet, it may still be very hot in the south. The Yangtze River and Huaihe River valleys are usually very humid during this period. Customs related to the White Dew also vary greatly from one area to another. For example, people in Fuzhou Fujian Province often eat longans to build up their health on this day while residents living around Taihu Lake in Anhui Province hold a ceremony to worship Yu the Great (the legendary founder of the Xia Dynasty and the ancient hero who successfully controlled floods).


text:
Eligibility Criteria for MT-CET 2013
The general eligibility criteria for taking admission into various government medical colleges across Maharashtra through MT-CET are given below:
- The candidate must be an Indian Citizen.
- Persons of Indian Origin (PIO) / Non Resident Indian (NRI)/overseas citizen of India (OCI) are not eligible.
- The candidate must be born on or before 31st December 1995 to be eligible to appear for MT-CET 2013.
- The candidate must be medically fit and must submit a certificate of medical fitness at the time of Preference form filling as per perform.
- The candidate must have successfully cleared the SSC or equivalent examination from an Institution situated in the state of Maharashtra.
- The candidate must have passed the qualifying examination i.e. Higher Secondary Certificate (HSC / 12th Standard) or equivalent examination, from an Institution situated in the State of Maharashtra with English, Physics, Chemistry and Biology (Botany & Zoology) at the time of admission.
- A candidate belonging to open category must have obtained not less than 50% marks in Physics, Chemistry, Biology and English.
- A candidate belonging to constitutional reservation must have obtained not less than 40% marks in Physics, Chemistry, Biology and English.
- Candidate should have passed 12th class examination of Maharashtra State Board of Secondary and Higher Secondary Education or its equivalent exams with minimum 50% marks and in case of candidates of Backward categories (only for Maharashtra State) with minimum of 45% marks and Candidate should have a positive AIEEE Score.
- Completed State Board of Secondary and Higher Secondary Education or its equivalent examination with subjects English, Physics, Chemistry and Mathematics.
Paper Pattern for MT-CET 2013
The MT-CET is a single-stage entrance exam divided into 3 papers. Each paper is of 100 marks and the duration for the papers is one and half hour. The paper consists of different subjects, comprising of questions from physics, chemistry, botany, zoology and mathematics.
- Paper I: -It has a total of 100 marks and the paper consists of physics and chemistry.
- Paper II: -It has a total of 100 marks and the paper consists of botany and zoology.
- Paper III: -It has a total of 100 marks and the paper consists of mathematics.


Questions related to Suspend Mode, which is a special low-power mode often used on laptops that preserves the contents of RAM while using less power than normal. Questions related to suspending to disk should use the [hibernate] tag.
Suspend (to RAM) is a power saving mode. The machine state is held in RAM with the minimum of power needed to preserve all data. When the user wants to continue the session, they should be able to resume from suspend instantly.
Many laptops activate suspend mode automatically when the lid is closed while running on battery, or can be configured to do so. Suspend can also be activated through a GUI button or on the command line - for example, in versions of Ubuntu that use systemd, such as 16.04, suspend can be activated using the systemctl interface
A related tag is which refers to the open standard for power management interfaces. Suspend as defined by ACPI is "S3"


Main site sections:
Plants section links:
 - San Diego Zoo
Plants: Species
Sugarcane Saccharum officinarum
FAMILY: POACEAE (Grass Family)
Yo ho ho and a bottle of...sugarcane? Sugarcane transported from its home in the South Pacific to the Caribbean in the late 15th century led to the production of molasses, which later was distilled into rum. Native to tropical Asia and Polynesia, sugarcane is still the main source of the world's sugar and its foliage provides fodder for cattle.
This tasty member of the grass family is a favorite treat for some of our Zoo animals to munch on, including giant pandas and sun bears.


text:
IPCMS (University of Strasbourg and CNRS joint lab) has been certified ISO 9001 for the following activities:
– Elaboration and characterization of materials by several different techniques (SEM, XRD, TEM)
– Nanofabrication in STnano cleanrooms.
The shared research facilities of IPCMS implemented a quality management system (synergy between skills, know-how, people and scientific / technical equipment) that led to the ISO 9001 certification by AFNOR. This certificate guarantees the quality and traceability of the results obtained by researchers, external users and industrial partners on IPCMS platforms. The students teaching and training in the platforms also enter into the quality system and certification.
This certification confirms the commitment to quality in the research activities that IPCMS has been conducting since 30 years
The four shared facilities of the IPCMS are:
– Plateforme de nanofabrication STnano
– Plateforme de diffraction par rayon X
– Plateforme de microscopie électronique à balayage
– Plateforme de microscopie électronique à transmission


text:
The aims of this study were 1) to evaluate the current pilot test method and ascertain reliable measurements for a standard test method of mobility with personal protective equipment (PPE), such as physical performance and balance ability tests; 2) to compare two participant groups (firefighters versus non-firefighters) and to investigate whether non-firefighters are appropriate as a standard participant group in the field of PPE or not. Totally, 18 participants (nine professional firefighters and nine untrained males) performed the current pilot test method consisting of a balance test, completed prior to and after a performance test. Significant differences were found between PPE conditions and CON (the control clothing ensemble: T-shirt, shorts, and running shoes) for the functional balance test, physical performance test, heart rate, and subjective evaluations in firefighters group. Therefore, the present pilot test method is valid as a standard test method for assessing mobility while wearing PPE. Moreover, the present result shows that firefighters are more reliable than non-firefighters in testing of PPE with current test methods.
All Science Journal Classification (ASJC) codes
- Human Factors and Ergonomics
- Physical Therapy, Sports Therapy and Rehabilitation
- Safety, Risk, Reliability and Quality
- Engineering (miscellaneous)


text:
Cool For Boys
A wallpaper or background (also known as a desktop wallpaper, desktop background, desktop picture or desktop image on computers) is a digital image (photo, drawing etc.) used as a decorative background of a graphical user interface on the screen of a computer, smartphone or other electronic device. On a computer, wallpapers are generally used on the desktop, while on a mobile phone they serve as the background for the home screen. Though most devices come with a default background image, modern devices usually allow users to manually change the background image.


text:
Dear Teacher Columnists Win 2001 Journalism Award
Authors of the King Features Syndicate column "Dear Teacher," Peggy Gisler and Marge Eberts, received a 2001 Award for Excellence in news reporting from the Stuttering Foundation of America (SFA). The "Dear Teacher" columnists were one of 7 recipients chosen by the SFA for successfully enhancing the public's understanding of this complex speech disorder.
"Journalists have given unprecedented attention to the causes and treatment of stuttering over the past year," said Jane Fraser, president of the 54-year-old nonprofit foundation. "The entries from print, radio and electronic media have shown an increased sensitivity to a speech disorder that affects millions of people."
The "Dear Teacher" column recognized by the SFA was one that offered teachers resource information and timely tips for children who stutter in the classroom.
The Stuttering Foundation is a nonprofit organization based in Memphis, Tenn., that has worked toward the prevention and improved treatment of stuttering since 1947. For more information call the SFA toll free at _PHONE_ or log on to their Web site at _URL_.
Click here to learn more about "Dear Teacher" authors Peggy Gisler and Marge Eberts.


text:
The echo box performs exactly as its name implies. If you tap out a rhythm on the lid, it will tap the same thing back to you. Except it isn't tapping to make the sound, but vibrating.
The concept is similar to the Knock Block. In that hack, a piezo element detected a rapping on the wooden enclosure and repeated the rhythm by striking the lid with a solenoid. This iteration also uses a piezo element as the sensor. In the image above you can see a segment of PVC pipe in the upper corner. That houses the element, sandwiched between two pieces of wine bottle cork. That cork just touches the lid of the box, transferring the vibrations to the element.
The sound is created by a motor with an offset weight on its spindle. When the motor spins, it causes vibrations. The enclosure is one wood box inside of another, so the vibrating motor cause the inner box to shake against the outer one to make noise. Hear it for yourself in the clip after the break.


text:
This tutorial is going to show you how to activate a twitter widget (API 1.1) in JS animated templates. If your template comes with a twitter widget HTML code like:

In order to activate it,
- Go to _URL_
- Log in, if needed, into your twitter account.
- Click "Create New".
- On the next page under Configuration you can change the default settings, when needed (like height, theme, link color etc). The results of your manipulations can be seen on the right. Or you may skip the step if you wish to make changes to the widget later.
- Click "Create Widget". This will create a new field with some code highlighted.
- Copy the code.
- Open the.html file in Dreamweaver and paste the code where you would like to see your twitter widget.
- Save the changes and open the file in a web browser. The twitter widget should appear where you added the code.
- Using Firebug for Firefox you may change the default height/width etc of your widget to match the layout of your site.
Feel free to check the detailed video tutorial below:


pet products
parakeet in a nest box
Do Parakeets need a nest box? ( Rest, Sleep, Breeding )
If you're preparing to get a pet parakeet, you may be pondering over whether or not your parakeet needs a nest or nest box. Knowing what to buy and what not to buy for a new pet, especially a pet that is not as common as a cat or a dog, can be perplexing.
The question is, does a domestic parakeet that has all the comforts of life provided by a human caretaker really need a nest? Do they sleep in one, breed in one?
Parakeets need a nest for breeding, resting, and privacy. Domestic parakeets do not build nests, so one will need to be provided for them in captivity. In the wild parakeets will use hollow trees and other places to rest. Breeding parakeets need a special nesting box, a place where they can lay eggs and protect them.
What kind of nest does a parakeet need?
In the wild, the majority of parakeets build their nests in holes in trees. However, the Monk Parakeet builds a bulky stick nest in the branches of a tree, for sleeping in and for raising its young.
In captivity, nothing this elaborate—or traditionally nest-y—is necessary. Parakeets are low maintenance birds and do not require a conventional nest; they simply need somewhere for privacy and rest.
Your parakeet will be happy with a small enclosure inside its cage that it can go inside, be unseen, and get some sleep. An excellent choice is a small hut with a soft sleeping mat inside.
wild parakeet nesting
What does a pet Parakeet need besides a nest?
First, the bigger the parakeet cage, the better. Opt for the largest enclosure in your budget and that you have space for in your home. The cage should be no smaller than 18" x 18" x 24" and should have several perches for your parakeet to stand on.
We like the Prevue Hendryx Cage from Amazon ( Link )
Line the aviary with bedding made of recycled paper, or you can use a specific cage liner. Replace the lining no less than every other day; parakeets despise an untidy living environment.
Place your parakeet's cage below eye level and away from the kitchen and any windows. Parakeets have a sensitivity to smoke and strong odors, so they should be kept safely away from anywhere they could be exposed to such irritants. A nest box is another way to escape the bright light or sunshine.
Your parakeet also needs food, water, and toys in their cage.
A parakeet should eat a balanced diet of pellets, bird seed blend, fresh fruits and vegetables, treats, and plenty of water, which should be changed every day.
The types of toys parakeets enjoy playing with are bells, chew toys, puzzles, creative/fun perches, ladders, and swings.
A cuttlebone is also something important for a parakeet to have in their cage. Parakeets use cuttlebones to smooth their growing beak, almost like a nail file for humans. It also provides nutrients that are otherwise difficult for your parakeet to get in their diet.
Some people have concerns about letting their parakeets have cuttlebones, but it's a 100% natural product; it's the endoskeleton, or inner bone, of a cuttlefish. The Humane Society has ruled that it is entirely safe for parakeets to have cuttlebones.
Parakeets Sleeping Habits
In captivity, parakeets typically sleep on the same schedule as their caretakers and nap during the day, much like cats or dogs. However, parakeets are a bit finicky over sleeping conditions, and there are a few things that will affect the quality of a parakeet's sleep:
 - Parakeets don't like total darkness—Either get them a night light or don't cover their cage completely at night.
 - Parakeets scare easily by loud noises—Make sure they have somewhere quiet to rest and try not to make loud, abrupt sounds while they're sleeping.
 - Parakeets do not like messy cages—Clean their cage regularly, or you will get some sass from your parakeet.
 - Parakeets do not like it too cold or too hot—Keep the temperature in their cage environment from 70°-80°F.
Other than that, it's quite simple, parakeets like a quiet, private, warm place to cuddle up and sleep. As long as you've provided a comfortable nest for your parakeet and you make sure that it has prime sleeping conditions, your parakeet should rest easily.
You should make sure that your parakeet gets enough rest (9-12 hours per day) because it will get cranky if it doesn't. A soft sleeping nest like the Keeris Soft nest box on Amazon will provide a safe, warm, and dark place to rest or sleep.
parakeet in a nest
Do you need a nest or nest box to breed Parakeets?
Yes, parakeets can breed in captivity. It's not very difficult. Under the optimal conditions, parakeets will breed with little encouragement from their caretakers.
Two parakeets of the opposite sex in a cage together will typically pair up, but if it does not happen right away, give it a few days before intervening.
Some pairs of parakeets chosen to mate will fail to bond after having been stuck in a cage together. It's common for a fail-bond pair to be defensive and hostile towards one another. In this case, take a step back and reconsider your matchmaking. Re-pair your parakeets and try again.
Breeding Season
The parakeet mating season is during the wet spring season and the summer. Still, parakeets in the northern United States breed during the entire year. However, they do need daylight hours to trigger the mating instinct.
Breeding Age
Parakeets mature to breeding age at around six months, but you shouldn't breed them until at least ten months. You should not breed a parakeet at six months because they aren't ready to be good parents just because they have reached physical maturity; they still have brain development to finish, and they need to reach mental maturity, which doesn't happen until at least ten months.
Nesting Requirements
A parakeet breeding cage's dimensions should be no less than 25" x 15" x 15". The breeding pair should be in this cage alone, away from all the other parakeets. The breeding cage should have all of the cage amenities detailed in the sections above, plus a nesting box, which you should affix to the side of the cage.
Just as with nests, in the wild, parakeets breed in holes in trees. For successful breeding in captivity, you need to simulate a hole in a tree—nesting boxes made of wood with holes for the parakeets to enter and exit work perfectly for this.
PINVNBY Parakeet Nest Box Bird House Budgie Wood Breeding Box for Lovebirds, Parrotlets Mating Box (M: inch)
 in stock
as of August 5, 2021 08:18
You should line the inside of the nesting box with something for the female to lay her eggs on, such as soft nesting material.
Some parakeets won't use the nesting box and will lay eggs on the floor of their cage. You can teach your parakeet to use the nesting box by placing her eggs inside the nesting box to show her that's where she should lay her eggs in the future.
Parakeet Nesting Behaviors
When your parakeet becomes a parent, its behavior will likely change. Like any parent in the animal kingdom, parakeets experience the natural instinct to protect their young. Hormones that parakeets begin to release when protecting their eggs cause them to display increased aggression rather commonly.
You should avoid handling your parakeet during this stage of early parenthood. Over time, the hormones will subside. Your parakeet will return to the personality it had before becoming a parent; it may even allow you to play with its babies.
Final Thoughts
A nest is a place where your parakeet can feel safe and secure. They will not build one so remember to buy a suitable nest box or build one yourself if you want you parakeet to relax and enjoy their home.