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Conservation through Collusion: Antitrust Barriers to Cooperative Fishery Management
Jonathan H. Adler
Case Western Reserve University School of Law; PERC - Property and Environment Research Center
Antitrust law aims to protect consumers from anti-competitive conduct that can restrict output and increase price. Conservation, on the other hand, often requires restrictions on output in order to maintain resource consumption at a sustainable level. Thus, while antitrust and environmental law both seek to advance the public interest, in the context of resource conservation they can conflict. Collective arrangements among private firms to reduce output or allocate market shares are inherently suspect, even if the intent or effect is to conserve an otherwise threatened ecological resource. This paper examines the tension between resource conservation and antitrust in the context of marine fisheries. Beginning in the 1930s, fishing unions and cooperatives have been prosecuted for setting prices or restricting output, even where such arrangements have served conservation purposes. By limiting the sorts of cooperative arrangements that fishers or other common pool resource users may adopt to limit access or utilization of the underlying resource, antitrust law may inhibit the development of more effective self-governing institutions.
Number of Pages in PDF File: 30working papers series
Date posted: April 24, 2002
© 2014 Social Science Electronic Publishing, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
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Are you confused about when to use "taking" or "taken" in your sentences? It's a common dilemma for many English learners, but with a little knowledge, you can avoid making mistakes and sound more professional in your writing.
Let's start with the basics. "Taking" is the present participle of the verb "take," which means to hold, grasp, or receive something. On the other hand, "taken" is the past participle of "take," which means something that has been received, captured, or brought under control.
Here are some examples to help you distinguish between "taking" and "taken."
1. I am taking a shower
2. She has taken a shower
In the first example, "taking" is used because the action is ongoing, and the subject is currently in the process of taking a shower. In contrast, the second sentence uses "taken" because the subject has already completed the action of taking a shower.
Now, let's explore some other situations where "taking" or "taken" may be used.
When to use "taking"?
1. To express an ongoing activity:
"I am taking a class on literature."
2. To describe someone's behavior:
"He is taking his boss's advice."
3. To refer to medications or drugs being consumed:
"She is taking aspirin for her headache."
4. To indicate transportation:
"I am taking a taxi to the airport."
5. To define involvement or responsibility:
"I am taking responsibility for the project."
When to use "taken"?
1. To refer to the past:
"She has taken dance lessons since she was five."
2. To describe an action that has been completed:
"He has taken care of the paperwork."
3. To indicate a state of possession:
"They have taken ownership of the property."
4. To show that permission has been granted:
"I have taken permission from my boss to take a day off."
5. To show control over something:
"The police have taken the suspect into custody."
So, what are some tips that can help you use "taking" or "taken" correctly in your sentences? Here are a few suggestions:
1. Pay attention to the tense: If you're talking about something that is happening currently, use "taking." If you're discussing something that has already happened, use "taken."
2. Think about the context: Consider the situation or the event being described and choose the appropriate form of the verb.
3. Use an online grammar checker: There are several online tools available that can help you check your grammar and ensure that you're using the right form of the verb.
4. Read widely: To improve your grammar and sentence structure, read widely and pay attention to how other writers use "taking" or "taken."
Using "taking" and "taken" correctly may seem like a small detail, but it can make a big difference in how your writing is perceived. By following the guidelines presented here, you can avoid making mistakes and present yourself as a knowledgeable and competent writer. Happy writing!

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


Osiedle [ɔˈɕɛdlɛ] (Polish plural: osiedla) is a term used in Poland to denote a designated subdivision of a city or town, or of a dzielnica, with its own council and executive. Like the dzielnica and sołectwo, an osiedle is an auxiliary unit (jednostka pomocnicza) of a gmina. These units are created by decision of the gmina council, and do not have legal personality in their own right. In the case of an urban-rural gmina, it is also possible for a whole town to be designated an auxiliary unit.
Not all Polish cities or towns have osiedles in the above sense. However the word osiedle is also frequently used to denote any housing estate or development. (In this sense it sometimes appears in addresses, where the abbreviation "Os." is commonly used.)
This article is issued from Wikipedia - version of the 3/1/2014. The text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution/Share Alike but additional terms may apply for the media files.


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KANCHANPUR: Number of Siberian bird in the watersheds of Shuklaphanta Wildlife Reserve has deceased lately, officials and locals said.
The birds from Siberia arrive in the watersheds of Shuklaphanta Wildlife Reserve every year in search of warm habitat after the watersheds in the northern poles were covered with snow.
The Siberian birds return to their original habitats, thanks to lack of water and foods, and rise in temperature in the Shuklaphanta Wildlife Reserve.
Basically, the Siberian birds roam and collect their food around Ranital, Kalikich, Salgaudi, Sikarital, Pyaratal, Jhimlatal and other areas of the Reserve.
According to Reserve, more than 300 species of Siberian birds arrive here every year.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


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Google Maps includes the Cedar Area Transportation Service (CATS) routes for its users. This Google Maps feature can help you find the best way to utilize CATS busses to get from one place to another in Cedar City.
Following are step-by-step instructions to use this feature.
Step 1 - go to Google Maps
Once you are there, you will see this feature in the top left-hand corner of the screen:
If you click on the "Directions" link located on the right side of the lower box, you will be given a new box. Click on the icon that looks like the front of a bus (highlighted in blue below). Once you do, you will see the following text: "Choose a starting point, or click on the map" From here, you can choose your starting point.
Below that box, you can see a box with the following text: "Choose Destination"
This is what that box looks like:
This is what the box looks like when we type the City Office's address as our starting point and the bus stop on Providence Center Drive as our destination:
With the starting point and the destination in place, just click on the magnifying glass icon, and Google Maps will generate a CATS bus route and an estimated travel time to your destination, which looks like this:
This is a great tool to help you plan your trips via CATS


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|Digital Energy > Protection & Control > Voltage and Frequency Relays > STV Overexcitation Relay|
The Type STV relay is a single-phase static overexcitation relay. It consists of an overexcitation sensing unit which has a linear volts per hertz pickup characteristic, and a timing unit to provide a definite time before initiating some protective action. A target seal-in unit is also provided to protect the timing unit contacts during tripping duty.
The Type STV relay is designed specifically for equipment protection in case of overexcitation. Overexcitation of a generator or power transformer may occur during start-up, shutdown, or as result of remote load rejection. As as result, overheating due to core saturation within a very short time may cause severe damage. This relay, employing a constant volts per hertz pickup, recognizes overexcitation and initiates some appropriate action to protect the equipment.Features and Benefits
Target seal-in units
Transformer and generator protection
Alarm and backup protection
Adjustable pick-up voltage
Adjustable time delay


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After reading a book about dinosaurs, we found ourselves faced with explaining how fossils were made to our young daughter. So we decided it would be much easier if she was able to help us make our own version of fossils instead! Our toddler daughter loved every step of this craft - from making the salt dough, to rolling it out, to deciding what type of fossil to make. You can make a salt dough fossil by pressing your dinosaur toys into the dough, by pressing your own hands and feet into the dough, or by making your handprint look like a dinosaur footprint! The possibilities with this salt dough fossil craft are endless, so encourage your child to use their imagaination and have fun!
What you'll need:
#1: Press a dinosaur toy into the dough. Remove the toy to see the imprint or "fossil" left behind.
#2: Press the foot of a dinosaur into the dough to create a fossil.
#3: Have your own child press their foot into the dough to make their own fossil! This is a great way to preserve how little they are now!
#4: Press your child's hand into the dough so that their hands mimic a three-toed dinosaur footprint. See the photograph at right.
Please add a comment
Step One: Press dinosaur toy into dough
Step Two: Remove toy to show imprint behind
Step Three: Paint your baked fossil
Other ideas: multiple different dinosaur toys, just the footprint of a dinosaur toy, the footprint of your child, your child's hand pressed into dough to mimic a dinosaur footprint.
Please do not reproduce any of our content on your own site without direct permission. We welcome you to link directly to any pages on our site without specific permission. We also welcome any feedback, ideas or anything you want to share with us - just email us at _EMAIL_.


King's Road Meets Apalache Trail
King's Road Meets Apalache Trail (HM2JYW)
Buy flags at!
N 30° 19.781', W 81° 39.532'
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At this spot the Kings Road met the Apalache Trail, so connecting the English colonies and the Spanish settlements of the west with St. Augustine and New Smyrna
Year Placed1928
Placed ByJacksonville Chapter Daughters of the American Revolution
Marker ConditionNo reports yet
Date Added Monday, August 26th, 2019 at 8:01pm PDT -07:00
Locationbig map
UTM (WGS84 Datum)17R E 436664 N _PHONE_
Decimal Degrees30.32968333, -81.65886667
Degrees and Decimal MinutesN 30° 19.781', W 81° 39.532'
Degrees, Minutes and Seconds30° 19' 46.86" N, 81° 39' 31.92" W
Driving DirectionsGoogle Maps
Closest Postal AddressAt or near,,
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 1. What country is the marker located in?
 2. What historical period does the marker represent?
 3. What historical place does the marker represent?
 4. What type of marker is it?
 5. What class is the marker?
 6. What style is the marker?
 7. Does the marker have a number?
 8. This marker needs at least one picture.
 9. Can this marker be seen from the road?
 10. Is the marker in the median?


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We've been scratching our heads over how to tackle this for some time, and are no more illuminated than when we started. I hope you can help. Our task is thus: how to draw a lake with a solid outer perimeter line and no lines between internal wetlands, shoals and shallows? 'Tis a relatively straightforward process with Arcinfo coverages and Regions, but alas, that is no longer a viable option for us, the datasets we use now are too large and the lack coverage editing ability in Arcmap crucial. Can cartographic representation solve our dilemma? Is it possible to create something like the below without resorting to creating (and managing) duplicating, or triplicating, geometries whose sole purpose is better looking maps?
With a feature class: Boundary between river and lake is visible. Keeping them as distinct polygons in one feature class allows a name attribute (the river and laker differ). Elsewhere the heavy line implies a sharp boundary between lake and shallows/intermittent lake, however the actual edge is indeterminate, fluctuating with seasons and high-low water cycles. The line should be implied rather than drawn.
With regions: One geometry, multiple attribute tables, multiple representations.
- Outer perimeter (ordinary high water mark) is cleanly delineated
- No apparent division between lake and river, but they still know which is which
- Shallow/intermittent waters are symbolized appropriately, with river shallows distinguished from lake shallows.
EDIT, 2001-Apr-18 - see this page for a map package simulation of what we're trying to achieve and the source arcinfo region coverage from which it is built.


In Limble it is possible to share tasks with vendors or other people outside of your organization. This article will show you how to do that and teach you how the process works.
Share Task With Vendor
In the upper right corner of a task you will see a "Share" button. When you click it, a drop down menu will appear. Select the option to "Share Task Externally."
Next, you will need to choose a person or vendor to share the Task with. If you already have added your vendors to Limble you can select the green "Pick Vendor" button to select a vendor. (Click here to learn how to add vendors.) If you do not have the vendor added to Limble you can type their email in the field labeled "To:". The benefit of having your vendors entered into Limble is that all of their past tasks will be organized and you'll be able to look up their history.
Once you select the "Share Task" button, the Vendor will receive an email with a link to the task. When they click the link, a browser page will open and it will contain the task as if they were a Limble user at your organization. They will be able to follow the instructions on the task and complete them. They can also upload the invoice for their services. However, they will not be able to see anything else on your Limble account.
When the Vendor selects the "Finish" button, they will be logged out of the Limble task and the person who assigned the Task will be notified so they can review the work performed by the vendor.
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Is stunt driving a crime?
Fast and the Furious is a popular movie franchise that often features stunt driving. Though it may look cool on the screen, if a person were to do that in Canada they would likely find themselves either behind bars, or paying a hefty fine and losing demerit points.
What is stunt driving?
Stunt driving is defined by provincial law. For example, in Ontario stunt driving is defined as "driving a motor vehicle in a highway or race or contest, while performing a stunt or on a bet or wager."
Prince Edward Island has Racing and Stunt Driving Regulations in their Highway Traffic Act and a "stunt" while driving is described as:
 - While driving a vehicle one or more of its tires is lifted off the surface of the highway or road;
 - Driving in a way that some or all of the car's tires lose traction while turning, also known as drifting;
 - Causing the vehicle to spin or circle, also known as pulling donuts;
 - Driving a vehicle side by side with one or more vehicles where one of the vehicles is in the lane for oncoming traffic for a period of time longer than is needed to pass, also known as drag racing;
 - Driving a vehicle with someone in the trunk;
 - Driving a vehicle from a position other than the driver's seat;
 - Having a person or object to occupy the front seat in such a way that it prevents the driver from being able to control the vehicle;
 - Having a person ride in the vehicle in a way that interferes with the driver's control of the vehicle; or
 - Allowing a person or object to stick out of the vehicle through a window, moon roof, sun roof or other opening in the vehicle.
What is the law on stunt driving?
Stunt driving is forbidden in Canada. Though there is no individual charge for stunt driving under the Criminal Code of Canada, a person can be charged with dangerous driving.
Dangerous driving carries high penalties. If a person is convicted of a summary offence for dangerous driving they are liable to a fine and up to six month in prison, or both. However, if they are convicted of an indictable offence then they may face up to five years in prison. If the stunt driving caused injuries or even death, it's highly likely more charges will be added.
Many provincial highway traffic acts also forbid stunt driving.
For example, not only does the Ontario Highway Traffic Act forbid stunt driving but the person who is charged and is found to have violated that section of the act could face a fine of between $2,000 to up to $10,000, a license suspension for up to two years on a first conviction and up to 10 years for further convictions.
A person can face both federal criminal charges for stunt driving as well as provincial charges.
If you have been charged with stunt driving you should consult a criminal lawyer.
Read more:
Criminal Code of Canada Dangerous Driving


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Effects of the Mono Winds
August 30, 2012
Tioga Road near Mono Pass Trailhead
Dramatic evidence of the regional phenomenon known as the Mono Winds can be seen just off the Tioga road near the Mono Pass Trailhead. Numerous trees are down in this area, having been blown down last winter. When a high pressure system is over the Great Basin, the clockwise movement of air pushes up and over the Sierra and picks up speed as it rushes down the western slopes. The rugged topography funnels some of that air, further increasing the speed and intensifying localized effects. The Mono Winds can easily reach 50 mph and in extreme cases exceed 100 mph. It is likely that the wind that knocked these trees down was funneled by the Tioga pass and continued down the Tioga road. Most of the downed trees are near the road and lying parallel with the road. The weather patterns that cause the Mono Winds occur from October to April but are most common in December and January.


text:
- Explain the importance of Salesforce user records.
- Explain the difference between deactivating and freezing a user record.
- Explain how a user can become locked and unlocked.
- Explain the concept of record ownership.
- Describe the capabilities of queues.
- Describe which objects support queues.
- Explain the difference between user and feature licenses.
- Explain how licensing influences what actions a user can perform.
- Explain the implications of user localization settings.
- Describe the translation capabilities of Salesforce.
- Describe the different methods that can be used to authenticate to Salesforce.
- Describe identity verification, and under what conditions it occurs.
- Describe how to monitor and remove activations.
- Describe the security token, and under what conditions it is required.
- Describe the steps required to login as another user.
- Describe a session, and what settings influence sessions.
- Describe how to monitor and remove sessions.
- User Setup – Module Checkpoint
Explain how licensing influences what actions a user can perform.
The combination of a user's license(s) and permissions determine what data they can access and what actions they can perform within Salesforce.
For example, to create a campaign within Salesforce, the user must have the Salesforce user license (or similar), the Marketing User feature license, and the permission to create campaign records (discussed in Security and Access ).
Resources for this Objective
Overview of Salesforce.com User Records
Video Must 10m CertifiedOnDemand.com
ARVE Error: API endpoint returned a 403 error. This can occur when a video has embedding disabled or restricted to certain domains.


Share the knowledge
Using this simple and cheap method you can calculate the optimum hanging height for any grow light in any space without expensive tools or specialist equipment. We will show you how to use a free PAR meter App on your phone or a cheap lux meter to measure the PAR (Photosynthetically Active Radiation, the light that causes photosynthesis and growth) across the grow canopy. We show you how to map out the PAR intensity across your grow area at different heights, calculate the Average PAR for each height and the uniformity (how well the light is spread).
The first step is to hang the grow light at the height the manufacturer recommends or where you think it is probably the best setting taking care of the following:
 - Run the light for 30 minutes to warm it up.
 - Level the light fixture
 - Adjust to maximum power setting
Then you create a 'target surface' to take the measurements. You can use the bottom of the grow tent or a piece of board to simulate the plant canopy and setup as follows:
 - Use a dark surface which does not reflect much light so you do not get false readings from reflected light
 - Divide the area into squares – I suggest 15cm or 6″ squares (you can go smaller for more accuracy or larger but it will be less accurate)
Measure the light intensity across the grow area with a lux meter or PAR app
The next step is to use a lux meter or PAR meter to measure the intensity in each square and make a chart with the numbers in each square (Using a spreadsheet is ideal).
Find out how to calibrate a cheap Amazon Lux meter to a PAR meter here:
Or use the an iPhone and the IOS app, Photone for accurate PAR readings, link here:
This is your first PAR or LUX chart, congratulations!!
You can then calculate the average light intensity or PAR (if you use the lux meter calibration or Photone App) with the following calculation:
Grow light setup calculate par average
Grow light setup – calculate par average
Then take the readings again with the light lower and higher for comparison. This is trial and error but I would suggest lowering and raising in the same increments i.e. 10cm or 5″ each time. Take one lower than your first reading and two higher. You will then be able to compare the average and total light intensity reaching the plant canopy and also determine the most uniform or even spread (please note this example did not have reflective walls on the nearest side and the light intensity is lower, this was to enable filming of the process).
Grow light setup compare hanging heights to determine optimum setting
Grow light setup – compare hanging heights to determine optimum setting
You can clearly see the total amount of light increases as the fixture is lowered. The increase in lowering just 10cm or 5″ is nearly 10%!! This would equate to a yield increase of 10% also. However lowering too much will result in hot spots (readings over 1,000 µmols/m²/sec) and less even coverage, particularly in the corners.
By taking a reading of the power consumed by the light fixture you can also calculate the efficiency of the setup. First calculate the total PAR by multiplying the average PAR x the area in sq. meters. Then divide the total par by the power consumed to get the total efficacy of the lighting setup.
Grow light setup calc par total par and efficiency
Grow light setup – calculation of total par and system efficacy
Using this method you can now map out the light spread for any light in any space and optimise the setup by adjusting the grow light to the perfect height.
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On the missed opportunity cost, GUD, and estimating environmental quality
Publikation/Tidskrift/Serie: Israel Journal of Ecology & Evolution
Förlag: Science from Israel - LPPLtd. PO BOX 34299, Jerusalem 91341, Israel
The missed opportunity cost (MOC), i.e., all foregone alternatives while foraging in a patch, is an important aspect of the cost-benefit analysis of foraging patch use. When making between-environment comparisons it will often be the most important factor influencing behavior, but it has received less interest than other foraging costs. In this paper, we focus on differences between individuals living in different territories or home ranges and how giving-up densities of food (GUD) should reflect between-environment differences in habitat suitability. We then investigate the extent to which such differences depend on effects mediated through the cost of predation or MOC. We model different scenarios for individuals in different environments and review literature on empirical Studies that investigate such scenarios. The modeling results show that all three components of the MOC (survival rate, marginal value of energy, and marginal value of time) depend on average resource availability in the environment. This makes MOC, and thereby GUD, increase strongly with food availability. MOC increases only weakly with safety from predation, and moderately as travel distance between food patches declines. Also the cost of predation increases with richness of the environment, and notably it differs more between safe and risky patches in rich environments. These results are reflected in the GUDs, which are higher in environments with high food availability and short travel distances. In contrast, GUDs vary only marginally between safe and risky environments.
- Biology and Life Sciences
- ISSN: 0021-2210


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Want to beat your Scrabble friends no matter where you are?WordSolver Android App!
10 Definitions of Scenes
The definition of scenes, the meaning of the word Scenes:
Is scenes a scrabble word? Yes!
- n. - The place where some action occurs
- n. - An incident (real or imaginary)
- n. - The visual percept of a region
- n. - A consecutive series of pictures that constitutes a unit of action in a film
- n. - A situation treated as an observable object
- n. - A subdivision of an act of a play
- n. - A display of bad temper
- n. - Graphic art consisting of the graphic or photographic representation of a visual percept
- n. - The context and environment in which something is set
- n. - The painted structures of a stage set that are intended to suggest a particular locale
Scenes is worth 8 points in Scrabble, and 10 points in Words with Friends
There are 6 letters in scenes: C E E N S S
1 Anagram of Scenes
Words that can be created with an extra letter added to scenes:
24 words found using the letters in "Scenes"
6 Letter Words
5 Letter Words
4 Letter Words
3 Letter Words
2 Letter Words


Server Programmer vs. Graphics Programmer
Learn what a server programmer does versus a graphics programmer from gaming industry expert Anthony Castoro in this Howcast video.
The difference between a server programmer and a graphics programmer is a
good question because they're really on opposite ends of the spectrum on
programming. A server programmer is someone who works on the logic and code
in an online game that is in the server set, and controls everything that
happens behind the scenes. Whereas, a graphics programmer is someone who works on
the code that runs on your computer or on your console and displays all of the
different graphics: controls the special effects, the animations, all the rendering that's going on.
If you're looking to be a programmer in the game industry, you
have to ask yourself, What you really want to be involved in? Are you really
good at 3D math? Do you know what left hand versus right hand means when
it comes to mathematical formulas, or do you really like Linux and
distributive computing and you really want to be in that part of the
If you're really thinking about getting in, and you have some aptitude for
software programming, there are a wide variety of things that you can do. You should really play to your strengths. The good news is; the pay is really
good on either side of the spectrum.
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How to Keep Air Mattress from Deflating Overnight
How To
How to Keep Air Mattress from Deflating Overnight
You probably enjoy sleeping on an air mattress, but the popular phenomenon that most people experience with an air mattress is how it deflates overnight. This phenomenon continues to be a mystery for most people all over the globe. Most of the time you go to sleep on a mattress that is inflated to the full only to wake up in the morning with a deflated unit. Consumers become alarmed when this happens. You wonder if the air mattress is not of good quality, what you did wrong or if it was somehow punctured. After people trying almost all the methods on how to keep air mattress from deflating overnight with little or no success, here are tips you can use to keep your mattress from collapsing overnight.
Looking for the best camping air mattress, check out our previous review here.
How to Keep Air Mattress from Deflating Overnight
How to Keep Air Mattress from Deflating OvernightMake sure your surrounding is clean and checked before laying your mattress
Checking your surrounding is the most basic advice you will ever get. If you own an air mattress, before blowing it up, make sure the area or the surrounding is clean and free from objects. Ignore this, and you will be among the many who ignore and end up facing the consequences. To start with, follow these basic rules:
 - Make sure the room is big enough to accommodate your mattress after it's blown up.
 - Look for sharp objects that might be lying around. These objects can puncture your mattress if it is placed on them.
 - Check for sharp-edged pieces of furniture like sharp edge tables or cabinets. The Sharpe edges can puncture your mattress. If you get a puncture, you'll need to know how to repair an air mattress
 - The material used to construct the air mattress. If it's made of thin gauge materials, you need to be extra careful
Knowing what you need to check for before blowing up your mattress is the best way to avoid deflation. Make sure to avoid blowing your mattress over stones and anything that might puncture it. This is one of the first tips to consider from how to keep air mattress from deflating.
Let your air mattress stretch out
It is natural for an air mattress to stretch after it is fully inflated. It will stretch which will make you with a feeling like it has lost air after you sleep on it. In reality, it is just the expansion of the material and not that fact that it has lost air. It is natural. Other beds will stretch out a lot than others, so depending on your mattress, it can expand more or less.
For the first few nights, the material will naturally stretch. The reason behind this is the facts that the mattress only blew enough to make the bed firmer. If you wake up and find yourself not sunken or sunken slightly, you should not worry because of it naturally. A good thing to do is to inflate the mattress and leave it for a day or two without sleeping or adding any weight on it. This way you will allow the air bed to stretch and avoid any deflation.
Your mattress should be adjusted to the room temperature
An air mattress will always lose a bit of air every time the temperature in your room changes. Turning your heater off or on before you sleep or even opening or closing the window or door will lead to change in the room temperature and eventually affect the air mattress. When the air bed gets colder, it will most certainly lose air.
To help you prevent this, make sure your mattress is adjusted to the room temperature. Since temperature change is a source of air mattress leakage, make sure the temperature is best. If you don't want to keep your heating system running all night, you should consider getting a portable heater, which you can place near the mattress to keep it warm and avoid deflation. Another trick that might help you is blowing up the mattress hours before your bedtime. This way it will get used to the room temperature of your room.
Don't ignore the capacity of the mattress
Every air mattress has its maximum weight capacity. The weight capacity is usually available in the manual and other paperwork's that comes with the air bed. If you are in doubt, the manufacturer will always be happy to help you instead of overloading it. Once you know the capacity, always make sure you stick by them. Don't overload your mattress to avoid deflation.
While it seems like a simple rule to follow, most people flout this rule only to suffer the consequences. You should know that there is always a reason why their weight capacity is there.
Stop your kid from bouncing on the air mattress
Allowing your kids to bounce on the air mattress might be fun for most people, but turn out to be a costly fun. Kids bouncing will create a bubble and lumps on different areas. The bed will also experience consistent air loss in the process, which is something you want to avoid.
Deflate after use
Our last tip on how to keep air mattress from deflating would be deflating after use. If you are planning a camping trip and an air mattress is what you will use to sleep, then it's an idea to allow make sure you let the air out after use. Depending on your preferences, you can fully deflate or deflate a little bit after each night. Deflating help relieves pressure on the material and seams. The mattress will experience minimal pressure, which will help it be in tip-top shape when you use it next. Once you want to use it, you can always inflate it again to its maximum.
Final thoughts
Many people panic when they notice their air mattress deflated overnight. You should always remember that the cause of deflation is not only because of the puncture, but also a few things named above like overloading, allowing kids to bounce on it and much more. If there is no any faulty reason why your air mattress loses air, the above tips on how to keep air mattress from deflating will help you keep your air bed inflated overnight. However, if you notice your air mattress keeps deflating even after taking the precautions above, then check for what caused the leakage. Check for a tear or puncture and fix it to avoid deflating.
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Maternal and Child Health
Office of Capacity Building
The Office of Capacity Building, within the Maternal and Child Health (MCH) Program supports the application of best practices and standards of care in order to enhance the units at the state and local levels by providing continuous quality improvement and technical assistance through leveraging resources, eliminating duplication of effort, ensuring accountability and assuring a competent workforce.
Core functions and activities of the Office of Capacity Building is to assist with assuring quality program development and implementation by providing quality improvement, technical assistance and guidance in the following areas:
- Federal and state performance reviews
- Evaluate all functional programmatic line items annual work plans that include accountability and responsibility for compliance and improvement based on federal and state regulations
- Ensure monitoring tools are able to effectively evaluate program operations that identifies relevant variables and methods of measurement as identified in the federal and state regulations
- Review/monitor to ensure programs are clear on processes which include outcomes, deliverables, timelines and their relationship to federal and state regulations
- Ensure work process improvement is linked directly with improving client satisfaction and compliance
- Assess if the program has a vision for improving productivity processes that are beyond "just" cost reduction
- Identify technical assistance and training based on corrective action findings and MCH programs' needs.
- Provide technical assistance and training to MCH programs and community organizations in order to improve and strengthen services
- Provide oversight and directives to MCH programs in the development and implementation of TA work plans
- Identify technical assistance strategies based on best
- Collaborate with MCH programs in the development of building partnerships that will assist in achieving and implementing MCH goals


Average Weather Data for Mammoth Lakes, California
Monthly Averages
January February March April May June July August September October November December
Average Monthly high in °F: 40° 40° 44° 50° 60° 69° 78° 77° 69° 59° 47° 41°
Average Monthly low in °F: 15° 16° 20° 26° 33° 40° 45° 45° 38° 29° 21° 17°
Yearly Averages
What's The Average High Temp in Mammoth Lakes? 56.2 °F
What's the Average Low in Mammoth Lakes? 28.8 °F
What's the Average Temperature in Mammoth Lakes? 42.5 °F
How Many Inches of Rain per year does Mammoth Lakes get? N/A
How Many Rainy Days a year are there in Mammoth Lakes? N/A
How Much Sunshine each year is there in Mammoth Lakes (in hours)? N/A
How much, if any, snow falls each year in Mammoth Lakes? N/A
Mammoth Lakes Temperature and Rain Graphs
Average high in °F
Average low in °F
Average precipitation in inches


PLEASE, please leave comments so I feel more motivated to post XD. Lots of love!
Friday, 7 December 2018
Kurokami sama
What is Kurokami Sama?
It is the name of a ritual as well as of a god.*1
This ritual can be done when you have received unfair treatment, such as bullying and power harrassment*2, from others.
How to do it
1. Pull out a strand of your hair.
2. Holding the strand of your hair in your hand, intone the name of the person you want to get revenge on and what deeds this person has done to you. And say, "May my wrongs be avenged."
3. Go up to a high place like the top of a building, and say "Kurokami sama, please avenge my wrongs," and let go of the strand of the hair.
Make sure you tell no one about the ritual
There was once a girl called K who was being bullied at school. As soon as she performed the ritual, those who were bullying her met with misfortunes one by one; some had their families broken up, some fell victims to incurable disease, and others suffered severe mental breakdown. The bullying to her stopped, but one day K came across another bullying done to another girl, and she taught the girl about Kurokami sama ritual. Right after that, the fortunes of K's bullies gradually began to rise, and instead K's fortune quickly declined. K eventually disappeared. No one knows where she is now.
When is Kurokami sama active?
It is said that Kurokami sama begins to be active around two after midnight to fulfil the wish of those who seek the god's help. Kurokami sama appears in the form of "something that is covered competely by hair." If a "good person" happens to encounter Kurokami sama, it will bring luck to the person, but if a "bad person" encounters Kurokami sama, it will bring misfortune to the person. There has been sporadic reports of sightings of Kurokami sama in Kanto region. *3
*1Kurokami sama - Kuro (黒) means black, kami (髪) means hair and sama is a horonific for someone of a higher rank than yourself or for deities (Wikipedia).
*2 5 facts about Power Harassment: Workplace Bullying in Japan
*3 Kanto Region - an area encompasing Tokyo (Wikipedia)
Friday, 30 November 2018
Announcement from Saya (AGAIN)
Thank you everyone for your kind messages yesterday.
I'm not trying to create a confusion here, but yesterday I had a very, very, VERY bad day.
But today I feel better and I realise I want to keep this blog going and it's not such a good idea to leave it unupdated for too long.
So I have decided to update something next week.
I'm sorry to have confused you.
I love you all,
(P.S. I will reply to your comments soon)
Thursday, 29 November 2018
Announcement from Saya
Hi everyone! Thank you always for your support!
I would just like to let you know that I may not be updating the blog until Christmas.
I'm too busy and too tired right now. If I change my mind, I will let you know!
Take care and be happy! :)
Much Love,
Tuesday, 27 November 2018
Notsuke Peninsula, Hokkaido
Notsuke Peninsula in Hokkaido is Japan's longest sandspit, extending for 26 km (about 16 miles) in length. Withered pine trees stand all around on the wetland, giving the landscape a bleak and otherworldly appearance.
Todowara, Notsuke Peninsula, aka "The End of the World"
But it is rumoured that on a foggy day, this place truly becomes a gateway of anotherwold.
On such a day, people are warned not to walk towards the direction from which the sound of bells comes, or not to follow after a little girl wearing red dress.
Sunday, 25 November 2018
Emergency Shelter
(Translated by Saya)
This is a cryptic story! :)
A certain countryside region was hit by earthquake.
I headed to the nearest elementary school building, which was a designated emeregency shelter, and decided to spend a night in there; but as turned out, it was too crowded and therefore too noisy and too warm.
When I went outside to get some fresh air, I noticed there was another building with the lights out on the same premises.
I walked over to it and went inside. It was cool, quiet and a lot of people were lying down on the floor.
I felt so lucky to have found the place and lay down in the same way as the others to go to sleep. But after a while I realised there was something wrong with the place. It was far too quiet.
I dashed out of the building.
Monday, 19 November 2018
Yokai or Ghost? A Creepy Woman Appears in Hokkaido, Japan
 A creepy woman appears in Sapporo, Hokkaido, who stands in the middle of a pedestrian crossing and keeps staring ahead even after traffic lights have changed.
(Translated by Saya)
1: Anonymous 2018/11/11(Sun) 23:12:14.45 ID:jBrM7swNd
Pure horror
3: Anonymous 2018/11/11(Sun) 23:12:55.85 ID:HwScmoOB0
OK scary
6: Anonymous 2018/11/11(Sun) 23:13:31.28 ID:PPuJ216O0
Frightened the living daylights out of me!
8: Anonymous 2018/11/11(Sun) 23:13:53.64 ID:8D5sQ8j50
This is like a materialised ghost
12: Anonymous 2018/11/11(Sun) 23:14:21.56 ID:bQohlaqe0
I thought she was going to attack the car, but she just keeps standing there. That makes it even creepier.
Wednesday, 14 November 2018
The Suspension Bridge
(Translated by Saya)
This is a true story that really happened to my friend, although he never told me the exact location where it took place.
The incident caused two deaths, and he himself had to be quesitoned by the police over and over again.
I heard the story in question from my friend while we were still at college...
It happened when my friend and his six coworkers at his part-time job went for a drive to a suspension bridge in a certain prefecture in the Chugoku region.*1
They split off and drove separately in two cars.
My friend was the driver of the second car.
In the first car which drove ahead of him, there were the manager and a couple, and in his own car there were the remaining four people including himself.
Although they set off in the morning, due to the many stops they made on the way, the sun was already setting when they arrived at the suspension bridge.
The suspension bridge ran across a deep valley in the middle of a mountain.
As they approached the bridge, it began to drizzle, and fog started swirling around them.
There was an open space in front of the bridge, and if the weather were fine, they would have parked their cars in there and crossed the bridge to the other side on foot and come back.
(The other side of the bridge was a dead end. The bridge was left there for sight-seeing.)
However, the moment they reached the open space, the first car came to an abrupt halt.
"What are they doing...?"
The four people, who were inside the second car which also stopped about 10 metres behind the first car, had no clue as to why the manager stopped his car. For some minutes, those in the second car just sat there looking on.
Sunday, 11 November 2018
Full Moon
(Translated by Saya)
The following is the account of my mother's experience...
Five years ago, my mother was working for my father's business partner.
Her boss, the company director, would become very irritable at times, and lose his temper at the slightest provacation.
Someone would tell him, "please make sure you look through these documents," and he would somehow blow up, and start taking his anger on the objects around him, and sometimes even start throwing them around.
One day, my mother was on her way home thinking "he was in a bad mood today too," when she noticed the full moon in the sky.
The same thing happened the following month, and the month after that; and she realised that when her boss became irritable it was invariably on a full moon day.
In time, she started thinking, "I don't want to go to work tomorrow because it's a full moon day."
But the boss died suddenly, and it was not because of illness or an accident. He had seemed perfectly robust and healthy up until the time of his death.
Apparently, he had a heart attack. People conjectured that perhaps he had been working too hard.
Friday, 9 November 2018
(Translated by Saya)
When I told this to a friend, he froze for a second, and then burst out laughing...
But to me, it was a quite creepy experience.
This story involves my daughter, who turned three last June.
My daughter has some


Homework Help
 What is the style of the play Lion in the Streets by Judith Thompson
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Lion in the Streets is a two-act play with sometimes violent and terrifying incidents engulfing the audience with its representations. Isobel, a ghost, must watch as others make life-altering mistakes in an urban setting. The imaginative style of the narrative, as each twist and turn becomes painfully obvious, accentuates the repetitive cycle of an urban lifestyle.
Judith Thompson conceived this play as a radio play and invites the audience to experience each extract as it occurs. The seemingly detached, even random occurrences are linked as Thompson uses Isobel to wander between scenes much as she would if she was passing-by. In this way, the play develops its purpose as Isobel seeks to find her murderer and thus "ascend" into heaven.
The "lion" is in everyone and, when exposed, has the potential to explode or "roar" when internal and external forces collide. The metaphor of the lion in the streets - it can threaten but it is also representative of the power within us to overcome indicates stark contrasts. The contrasts also indicate Thompson's style. The living Isobel was an immigrant child who did not blend into her surroundings and ultimately pays the price for that and the deceased Isobel - a ghost - goes sometimes noticed and sometimes unnoticed.
This style of Thompson's in Lion in the Streets exposes the conflict between the inner self and that which people expose to the outside world. Thompson effectively destroys any illusion of a safe environment. The audience is drawn in to the play, willingly or otherwise and the theatrical and dramatic representations complete the picture.
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text:
Sunday Times Brain Teaser 777 – Feeler Gauges
by L Poulter
I have half-a-dozen feeler gauges on a ring like keys on a key ring. They are attached in a certain order and by selecting a single gauge or combinations of adjacent gauges it is possible to measure from 1 to 31 thousandths of an inch (thou) inclusive in steps of 1 thou. If I remove two adjacent gauges, replace them with a single gauge and rearrange the five on the ring I can now measure from 1 to 21 thou inclusive in steps of 1 thou with these five gauges by again selecting a single gauge or combinations of adjacent gauges.
What are the thicknesses of the gauges and the order of arrangement on the ring in each case? (start with gauge of unit thickness and then its thinner neighbour for the sets).


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What are some alternatives to using acetate strips? I'm not interested in a specific application here, so feel free to give ideas for all types of techniques. Under what culinary circumstances, if any, can they be substituted with a silpat? Parchment paper? Other types of plastic?
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1 Answer 1
up vote 2 down vote accepted
Rarely. Acetates are usually used when you need a thin, flexible backing for whatever you're making. Silpats aren't nearly as flexible, and don't have a uniformly smooth surface; you will impart a texture to whatever you're making. And you can't really cut them into whatever shape you want. Parchment paper doesn't have the strength of acetate; you can't make rings out of it. Plus it will absorb some liquid, lowering its strength further.
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Your Answer


Nigerian banks asked to remove ATM's
April 16, 2009 • Hardware, Security
ATM_machine.jpgNigeria's central bank has commended the efforts of most Nigerian banks to reach the un-banked segment of its population through the deployment of Automated Teller Machines (ATMs) across the nation.
However, the Automated Teller Machines Director of Banking Operations, James Olekah, reminded banks that the deployment of the electronic gadgets in public places is beyond the mandate given to banks as stipulated in the policies guiding the operations of ATM Consortium (ATMC).
He noted that banks are competing with ATMC in its sole mandate of deploying ATMs in public places.
The CBN expressed concern at indiscriminate deployment of bank's ATMs in public places (particularly hotel lobbies and airports).
Consequently, banks are directed to restrict further deployment of ATMs to their premises and to withdraw bank ATMs in public places to their premises before June 30, 2009.
The CBN also officially made public its decision to begin the licensing process for an additional ATM Consortium with the sole mandate to deploy ATMs in public places thereby bringing to two the number of ATM consortia in the economy.
The ATMs have brought a new dimension to banking in Nigeria, making banking services and its delivery convenient and accessible. There is a growing demand for more ATMs across the country as the present distribution of bank ATMs are concentrated in Lagos and Abuja regions.
While bank customers are likely to feel the adverse effect of the withdrawal of bank's ATMs from public places, it is expected that the present policy would give the ATM consortia in the country a business environment conducive to profitable deployment of their resources.
Hence, the number of ATMs and Point of Sales (POS) systems available in the country is expected to increase significantly. This technological development is also likely to boost other sectors of the economy that rely on ATMs and POS as business electronic distribution channels and payment systems. Such prospective beneficiaries include the telecommunication (recharge code distribution) and lottery (ATM/POS lotteries) industries.
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4 Responses to Nigerian banks asked to remove ATM's
 1. gun pos says:
 2. This article is an interesting and informative. Could you please send me the names of the present ATM Consortium in Nigeria.
 3. mmyk says:
 mmyk ; if the ATMc are unable to deploy these machines to where they are needed most -public placeslet the banks do it for them after-all what is important is accessing cash wherever and whenever and not some cabal in whatever names making monies from nigerians and giving them the height of inconvenience as if ATM AND POS are rocket science.
 4. Tunde says:
 It might sound nice, but ATMs are actually suppose to be at points where it will be convenient for the public to use. So if the banks decide to place at strategic points, so be it.
 These so called consortium, what will be their charges be? If it is above the normal bank charges, which is deducted once a month by the more sane banks, then its cool, but anything other than that, please let it be.
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La Dance MacabreHolbein
Skeletons love dancing.
There are two types of skeletons. The first is the useless pile of bones that make up a vertebrate. The second is the more useful animated skeleton which are commonly found in computer games which are the weakest monster that have other types based off them.
Skeletons having sex.
Skeletons in the Halloween.
edit Do skeletons actually exist?
The simple answer to this question is no, scientists have been researching for hundreds of years into the existence of the 'Skeletal system' and have recently discovered that it is a hoax. The scientist Paul Chuckle that said he had originally discovered the skeletal structure was a raging drunked homosexual who made it up one night in the pub to impress a local queer. 'Real' scientists have actually discovered that the human body is made up of genetically modified vegetables that float around in nineteen pints of gravy.
edit Physical attributes
Skeletons can have almost any number of hit points, from 1 to several thousand, depending on what game you're playing. Their damage is usually between 0.1 and 0.5 times their hit points, but this can also change in different games. Skeletons are also known for being undead, which means certain weapons and spells have different effects on them. In general, though, the basic skeleton is pretty easy to kill, although there are tougher versions, often recognizable by either wielding overlarge weapons, being a different color or having their bones on fire. Skeletons usually drop weapons, gold pieces or ammunition clips when killed. The two most dangerous kind of skeleton would be the Warcraft variety or the Dungeon Keeper variety.
Skeleton AI is also pretty bad. Because of their weakness, they tend to swarm players in large groups, with little respect for their own safety. They are, however, faster than many monsters, and for weak players are best dealt with at long range (longbows, grenades, fireballs and plasma cannons, depending on your game, all do fairly well). PSSome Skeletons may actually be dead, making them much harder to kill.
Kingdom Animalia
Phylum Chordata
Class Mortis
Order Primates
Family Automata
Genus Homo
Species Os
Binomial Name Homo Os
Primary Armament varies, though scimitars are popular
Secondary Armament Typically none. Some have shields though
HP: Between 1 to 5000
Mana Points: Little ot none
Strength: Weak
Intelligence: AI very low
Weight Typically below 30kg
Length Typically up to 2 metres
Special Attack None
Conservation Status None
edit Habitat
The natural habitat of skeletons is in tombs, mausoleums, crypts and pyramids, although they can also be found in caves and occasionally out in the open (but only when it's either dark or foggy). Beware; they often inhabit the same kind of areas as grues, which are much faster and more deadly.
edit Types of Skeleton
Skeletons can also be found in old people's homes and retirement facilities. These are different type of skeleton, these skeletons actually eat, and sleep and drink like normal human beings. These skeletons are no work of witchcraft or are they the work of Harry Potter, they are created through age. Any person over the age of fifty-nine automatically becomes one of these skeletons; they are often referred too as 'old people', 'coffin dodgers' or 'the walking dead'. You can recognise one of these 'old people' by the stench of stale piss that follows them around, and by the bland clothing that they insist on wearing.
edit Use
Skeletons are cheap. They are so cheap that they can be used to fill out an army. Typically they are in the ranks of evil, I don't know why, they just are. They are also in the service of necromancers, who need a cost effective soldier.
Because they are already dead they are annoying in battle, continuing to fight even when their heads are chopped off. The closest living equivalent is the Black Knight, although he would die when his head is chopped off.
Pudgy Hippies can be used to distract skeletons.
edit What to do if you see them
There are a couple of ways to deal with a skeleton, fight or run.
Remember that you should only fight a skeleton if you know you can win.
Skeletons are more dangerous as their numbers increase, so you should only consider fighting them if you have the right equipment.
If you decide to run, it is probably best that you knock its head off. That way you will buy yourself a few minutes while it looks for its head.
Let your dog off the lead.
Ask if it is a member of the Skull and Bones.
Have some common sense and call the police.
Ask if it has a boner and run while the skeleton is looking down.
edit Ones to watch out for
The Warcraft variety commonly carry ranged weapons and can kill from afar.
If you see a DK variety then look for the 'flower thingy'. If there is any number apart from a 2 then it is probably best to run like hell because they don't stop for anything.
The Final Fantasy variety of skeleton can be destroyed by throwing any common house hold medicine at it.
edit Weaknesses of Skeletons
 - Some breeds, like the Zelda variety are weak to light although the Ikana subspecie is also weak to rank, so if you can pull any rank on them they will willingly bugger off. The larger ones like to race.
 - If you are a magician and are facing the Warcraft variety then dispelling them is the easiest way to go.
 - Ones that live near grues don't need dealing with because they are never there.
 - In battle, look out for a necromancer. The easiest way to deal with battle skeletons is to kill that guy.
 - Note this does not work with the Warcraft variety.
edit See Also
Personal tools


text: Exact or similar copies of code fragments in a code base are known as code clones. Code clones are considered as one of the serious code smells. Stability is a widely investigated perspective of assessing the impacts of clones on software systems. A number of existing studies show that clones are often less stable than non-cloned code. This suggests that clones change more frequently than non-cloned code and thus may require comparatively more maintenance efforts. Again, frequent changes to clones may increase the likelihood of missing change propagation to the co-change candidates leading to inconsistencies or bugs. However, none of the existing studies investigate whether stability of clones is related to the bug-proneness. In this paper, we present an empirical study that analyzes the relationships between stability and bug-proneness of clones. We identify bugfix commits by analyzing the commit messages from software repositories. We then identify the clones those are changed in the bug-fix commits as bug-prone clones. We then compare the stability of buggy and non-buggy clones considering the finegrained syntactic change types and their significance. Our experimental results based on five open-source Java systems of different size and application domains show that (1) stability and bug-proneness of code clones are related and this relationship is statistically significant, (2) for both exact (Type 1) and near-miss (Type 2 and Type 3) clones, buggy clones tend to have higher frequency of changes than non-buggy clones, (3) the bug-proneness of Type 2 and Type 3 clones tend to be strongly related with their stability compared to Type 1 clones, and (4) the relation between the stability and the bug-proneness of clones with respect to fine-grained change types is likely to be influenced by the changes of low to medium significance. We believe that our findings are important and potentially useful in identifying and prioritizing candidate clones for management.


text:
Tools & Supplies > Clay Drape and Slump Molds|
See Lesson Plan #21 for a project using a drape mold.
These plaster drape, hump, and slump molds are widely used in schools, institutions, the military and are particularly useful in the occupational therapy departments of hospitals. Available in 19 shapes and sizes, they can be used to make an unlimited number of forms including bowls, platters, planters, vases, masks, dishes, etc. Just drape a slab of clay over the top of the mold and let your originality do the rest.
Brent Slab Rollers create a perfect clay slab every time, click here to learn more!


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We are using Selenium webservices for our automated functional testing.
I have a test which tests creation of some objects. If I run the same test again, I need to make sure that each test has a different business key - else it will run into unique-constraint violation.
One way, I can fix this is to reset the database before\after every run of test suite so that each test suite doesn't conflict with another. However my individual tests within the same run are not isolated from each other.
How do I get to the point, where all my tests are isolated and do not conflict with each other?
Right now we query the databse to generate random IDs which do not exist in the database. But I am sure there must be a more elegant way of solving this.
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You've got several options here. One is, as you mentioned, to reset the database before each run. That's probably a good idea anyway to ensure that you've got the same starting condition and the beginning of the run.
For the individual tests within the run, you can operate a simple counter through the run and use that to generate your business key - that is, your list of objects includes an object number in its data, and your key is generated using that object number.
Some possible options are a timestamp to milliseconds (e.g. 201112081110526) which you save for the test to allow you to check the saved object against your input. An iterator of 1, 2, 3... etc will also give you the same result.
Using something like this will give you a set of tests that aren't going to conflict with each other. Unless you have tests that depend on another object having been created in an earlier test, they should also be independent of each other. Whether your end-of-run database will match your baselines if one test fails will depend on how intelligent your baseline checking is - if you check each object individually after creation, one failed test won't impact baselines, where if all the object checks occur at the end of all creation tests, one failed test could have a major impact. Either way, you'll still have a cleaner test set with known unique IDs that you don't have to run a SQL query to generate.
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Kate's answer was very good. Instead of a simple counter, you could generate a GUID to ensure uniqueness if needed. – Joe Strazzere Dec 8 '11 at 20:24
I like the GUID idea! – RN. Dec 9 '11 at 1:36
One possibility is to reset the database before every test, not only before every run of the suite.
This will likely make each run take longer. If you can tolerate the increased duration, that's they way I'd go.
And it may require adding setup to tests that now depend on earlier tests to establish their initial conditions. But that's another way of saying that it makes the tests independent, which is your stated goal.
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A part of me thinksthis would be too extreme, but then it would get me the isolation that I am trying to achieve. But honestly, not sure if that level of isolation is necessary or even a good idea. – RN. Dec 9 '11 at 1:40
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text:
Definition: 'Sodium Chromate Cr 51'
sodium chromate Cr 51Type: Term
1. anionic hexavalent radioactive chromium in the form of sodium chromate (Na2
The information shown above for sodium chromate Cr 51 is provided by Stedman's.
* Stedman's, part of Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, provide a comprehensive line of health-science publications for healthcare professionals and medical students.


text:
Meteor is a skill located in the Mages Guild (which can be found in the Guild skill tree). Meteor is an ultimate. Meteor is a base skill, and can be morphed into Ice Comet
or Shooting Star
Meteor deals the following types of damage: Flame Damage. Which means that it gets buffed by the following blue champion point trees: Elemental Expert, Elf Born, Master at Arms, Spell Erosion, Thaumaturge. Also the following red champion point trees protect against this skill: Elemental Defender, Iron Clad, Thick Skinned.


text:
After repair or maintenance, hydrostatic testing Singapore is also applied to existing equipment and pipelines for inspection. Around the period during the plant the number of hydrostatic jobs increases. Because at that time, most devices are opened to check, inspection, cleanup, repair, replace some parts or do internal research.
The use of high pressure is the main source of risk associated with hydrostatic pressure testing. Hydrostatic testing does power stores. High pressure facilities are harmful and there is a risk of worker safety. You can include it in your risky identification.


What is the origin of the phrase shit-eating grin? How did it come to mean showing smugness or self-satisfaction of an individual's actions?
From the Urban Dictionary:
...these uses are documented in the Oxford English Dictionary no earlier than 1957
There have been similar expressions used quite far back:
In Book XXI of his History of Rome, Livy describes a Carthaginian sect of coprophages, the risus faecivorus, or shit-eating grin, being commonly displayed by its adherents.
Although, its origin is undetermined, they may have been incidents which caused the invention of this phrase. Below is an excerpt:
"1944 Jrnl. Nerv. & Mental Dis. XCIX. 959 Among demented patients in advanced stages of their illness,..it is not rare to see some of them grasp their own feces, chew them and eat them often with great pleasure and satisfaction (coprophagia).
 - I can recall, about 40 years ago, hearing some nurses who worked at a hospital for mentally disabled discuss various traits of patients, including the eating of feces. So there may indeed be a literal connection. – Hot Licks Mar 6 at 23:07
 - The quote about Livy XXI is pure hogwash -- you shouldn't believe everything you read in the Urban Dictionary! – Gareth Rees Mar 18 at 15:35
The phrase in slang dictionaries
The earliest slang dictionary coverage of the expression that I've been able to find is from Robert Chapman, New Dictionary of American Slang (1986), which offers this entry:
shit-eating grin n phr An expression of satisfaction; a gloating look: Go ahead, sit there with that shit-eating grin on your face—Earl Thompson/ stood there with a smug shiteating grin on his face—Fingered City
Nine years later, Robert Chapman & Barbara Kipfer, Dictionary of American Slang, third edition (1995) changes that basic definition only slightly:
shit-eating (or turd-eating) grin n phr by 1960s An expression of smug satisfaction; a stupid gloating look: [citations omitted]
Jonathon Green, Chambers Slang Dictionary (2008) provides a similar interpretation:
shit-eating grin n. (also cat-eating grin, crud-eating grin, shit-eating smile) {[from] shit-eating [1940s+, "1 a general term of disparagement 2 sly, duplicitous 3 toadying, subservient"} {1950s+} (orig. US) a smug, self-satisfied smile.
On the other hand, Tom Dalzell & Terry Victor, The New Partridge Dictionary of Slang and Unconventional English (2006) counters with this rather different entry:
shit-eating grin noun a broad smile, ingratiating and unctuous US, 1957 [Citations omitted.]
The Earl Thompson quotation in Chapman's 1986 dictionary seems likely to come from his novel A Garden of Sand (1971), while The Fingered City (1975) is a book by Denison Hatch. If these dates are correct, neither instance that Chapman cites is particularly close to the earliest reported occurrences in print of "shit-eating grin."
Early instances of'shit-eating grin' and allied phrases, 1957–1961
The earliest confirmed matches for the phrase that I've been able to find in various database searches are from the period 1957–1961. I think it's worthwhile to consider several less taboo versions of the expression from this same period, since these may be instances of censorship-enforced euphemism. Readers can judge for themselves whether these are in fact euphemisms or simply weakly related (or totally unrelated) similar-looking phrases.
From Len Giovannitti, The Prisoners of Combine D (1957) [combined snippets]:
Both men looked up from their potato-peeling job as Bob Rawlins came into the combine and sat down on the bench opposite. He had a a queer grin on his face and Storch and Zukerman knew he was set to spring the latest rumor. Rawlins was the hottest fighter pilot ever born; he was also from Texas. Everybody knew this two seconds after meeting him; and three seconds after meeting him, everyone knew he was the biggest liar ever born. He loved rumors, good or bad, and spent his days living on each new one he heard or could dream up.
"Okay, what's the shit-eating grin for? What's up now?" Storch asked, winking at Zukerman.
Rawlins kept the grin. "You mean you ain't heard?"
"No, we ain't heard, so tell us before you choke," Storch said.
The expression here could very well mean "self-satisfied grin," although it is not altogether clear what sort of "queer grin" the author actually imagines is playing on the character's face. It seems entirely possible that the aspect of the grin that the author is focusing on in this passage is its artificiality, unnaturalness, or forcedness.
From Gene Brown, The Locust Fire (1957) [combined snippets]:
"'Hold up there, Tom," says Pappy.
"The colonel stops like he's been shot in the back. He's a damn fine figure of a man, especially in the dress pinks, with them squared-off shoulders. 'Well?' he says.
" Old Pappy walks around in front of him. I guess the colonel got a good whiff of the juice, because he kind of sways back on his heels. But Pappy steps up close, with a big dirt-eating grin on his face, and starts running his hands up and down the lapels. Then he flicks a little imaginary dust off the colonel's epaulets and moves back a pace. "That's a real pretty suit, Tom,' he says. 'Ain't it a pity all these poor hungry boys here can't be wearing one just like it?'"
Whatever the "dirt-eating grin" looks like here, a grin of satisfaction or gloating doesn't fit the context particularly well. Pappy is drunk, so his grin may be good-humored in a sloshed way, or it may be simply goofy, or it may be inappropriately familiar. Certainly, his conduct is insubordinate and highly offensive to the colonel.
From Hubert Selby, Last Exit to Brooklyn (1957):
He [Spook] picked up a old police bike for few bucks and fixed it up. You know, threw some paint on it and stole a wildass buddyseat all covered with fur and chrome, and was fulla piss and vinegar ta go. We toldim ta play it cool and relax and celebrate Tommys marriage. But he flipped when someone tried ta get that goddamn hat off his head so we said OK, wed go downstairs and look at his bike. So we looked. Big deal. Yaknow, when the cops is finished with a bike, man, its had it. But it was a bike and it moved. I think that sonofabitch woulda used it even if he had ta push it or pedal it like a kiddy car. So he kicks it over after 5 minutes and we listen to it cough and miss and Spook went puttin off with a shiteatin grin on his face and we went back up stairs and a few minutes later he comes back. Smilin all over the goddamn place and the strap of his hat under his chin. I tellya man, it was a pissa.
This is may be the 1957 quotation that most sources have in mind when they date "shit-eating grin" to 1957, although it is not the only instance from that year (as noted bove). Still, the sense of the phrase aligns reasonably well with the definition in Dalzell & Victor: "a broad smile, ingratiating and unctuous"—with the "broad smile" part, anyway.
From Evan Hunter, Strangers When We Met (1958):
Altar was smiling, but the smile was a crud-eating one, and Larry's years in the service had taught him to recognize the crud-eating grin and to know what it usually preceded. He felt himself stiffening.
"Sit down," Altar said. "Want a drink?"
"No." Belatedly, he added. "Thanks."
"Well, sit down anyway."
"Sure." Larry sat in the easy chair to the left of the bar unit, facing the blue couch upon which Altar still sprawled.
"I don't like to do this," Altar said. "I don't like it when it's done to me, and Christ knows it's done often enough. But I think there's a difference here, and if I'm wrong I'll apologize. Can I talk to you like man, Larry? Or do I have to give you the schmaltz?"
Here, the "crud-eating grin" seems to be a kind of grimace of forced conviviality preceding the imparting of bad news (in this case, the bad news is that Altar thinks that Larry's rough sketches "stink").
From Thomas Williams, Town Burning (1959):
"...A man killed my dog, that's all I know! Daisy, she was the sweetest little dog you ever see. She never hurt nobody, except rabbits. She was all hell on rabbits. Shot forty rabbits front of Daisy one year. I damn near lived on rabbits that year. You ought to heard Daisy on


text:
Free Surface Tank Filling CFD Simulation
This animation, created by Caedium Professional, shows a transient multiphase CFD simulation of water filling a tank that is initially filled with air. The free surface is shown as blue for the air-side surface and red for the water-side surface. Each frame of the animation was automatically rendered by POV-Ray (a ray-tracer) through Caedium.
Try CFD Yourself
Are you ready for a 30-day free trial of Caedium Professional?
For such a simple geometry it is worth the extra effort to produce a multi-block hexahedra mesh. This means constraining the geometry during construction to be volumes with 6 faces. Once complete the multiple volumes can then be connected at common faces to form a continuous flow domain.
With a constrained multi-block topology the meshing can then produce hexahedra cells. Typically hexahedra are more accurate for CFD simulations compared to other element shapes.
Rather than post process a huge amount of flow data (there were 600 frames in the movie) after the simulation was finished to create the movie, Caedium simultaneously initiated each frame render in POV-Ray while the simulation was running.
For comparison a native (non-ray traced) render of the same frame is shown below:
Checkout Caedium tutorials on:
- Multi-block topology construction at "Water Tank"
- Movie creation for a tank filling simulation at "Transient Water and Air Flow in a Tank"
See "POV-Ray" for instructions on using it to render movie frames in Caedium.
Recent blog posts
- Perfect Gifts for CFDers
- Intuition and Fluid Dynamics
- Turbulence Model Selection
- Double Diffusers and F-Ducts Explained
- Fluid Dynamics News: Hydraulic Capsule Pipelines and Fish Farming Sea Cages
- Symmetry for CFD to the Rescue
- Amazing 3D Maze Solved by CFD
- Amazing CFD
- In Search of The Remaining 20 in The Pareto 80-20 Rule
- Never Settle For Facets


text:
CDR Sample for Civil Engineer
According to the report released by Engineers Australia (EA), civil engineers are in a strong demand in Australia with highest vacancies in NSW, Victoria, South Australia, Tasmania and the Australian Capital Territory (ACT), as compared to the other disciplines. The reason behind such a high demand of Civil Engineers in Australia are major infrastructure projects in NSW such as Metro Trains Project in Victoria, the Sydney Rapid Transit Project, the West Connex Project, and the large-scale solar projects.
Australia has witnessed a major growth of jobs during recent years. The industrial growth has bestowed due to upsurge in economy as well as in the state of technology. It leads to the abundance engineer jobs in Australia. The requirement of civil engineers has hastily rose with the increase of infrastructure projects which is the main factor that contributes to the overall development of the country. Hence, many skillful professionals are invited from all over the world, which gives civil engineers a good opportunity to improve their future.
CDR sample for Civil Engineers comprises all the required reports like Curriculum Vitae (CV), continuing Professional Development (CPD), three Career Episodes (CE) and Summary Statement. The CDR Report Samples includes following contents:
Curriculum Vitae (CV): CV / Resume for Engineers Australia Assessment based on a professional template.
Continuing Professional Development (CPD): CPD for Engineers Australia Migration Skills assessment clarifies the Engineering Knowledge of the applicant – 250 words.
Civil Engineer Career Episode Sample 1: "Design and Analysis of Multi-Storey Building" – 1800 words
Civil Engineer Career Episode Sample 2: "Demolition Former Caltex Depot" – 1750 words
Civil Engineer Career Episode Sample 3: "Design of Campus Local Structure Plan" – 1765 words
Civil Engineer Summary Statement Sample: Summary Statement for Competency Demonstration Report Australia is a Detail explanation of all the competency element – 1770 words.
Civil Engineer CDR Sample: Career Episode 1
Project Name: Design and Analysis of Multi-Storey Building
The first Career Episode is related to the project the author carried out for the fulfillment of the degree of Civil Engineering. The project's name was "Design and Analysis of Multi-Storey Building" and his roles were:
- To collect the necessary information regarding the required procedure to design a multi-storey building and the theory involved behind that.
- To design the slabs: roof slab and floor slab for the building.
- To select the materials required for designing the building's beams.
- To calculate the superimposed load for designing the building's columns.
- To determine the bearing capacity of the soil for the foundation of the building to hold the structure above it.
- Lastly, to design a staircase for accessing different floors of the building.
Civil Engineer CDR Sample: Career Episode 2
Project Name: Demolition Former Caltex Depot
In second Career Episode, the author discusses the project entitled "Demolition Former Caltex Depot" which he performed for Master's Degree in Civil Engineering. The major tasks performed in this project are:
- To collect all the relevant information for the depot in a safe.
- To develop the methodology of the project and workflow diagram to implement the work in accordance with the time frame.
- To generate the demolition and remediation management plan for a safe working environment and to draw site mapping with the use of AutoCAD software.
- To perform the mathematical calculations in order to estimate the budget of project and analyze its economic feasibility.
- To use tracking equipment for tracking the resources implied in the demolition site.
To monitor and supervise the project work to make sure that it is completed in the given time frame.
Civil Engineer CDR Sample: Career Episode 3
Project Name: Design of Campus Local Structure Plan
In the third Career Episode, the author explains the project he was involved in during his undergraduate program and was entitled "Design of Campus Local Structure Plan". His roles were:
- To perform a site survey of the area so as to understand its complex aspects.
- To linear the task flow of the project through the development of methodology.
- To carry out the orientation of street which was based on loosely defined north-south grid across the subject land and designed subdivisions for construction of Wall.
- To prepare the landscape design.
- To design public transport.
- To design the connector streets for the neighborhood.
- To carry out water management and tabulate the results of the project in the report.
CDR Sample for Civil Engineer: Consolidated Summary Statement
This Summary statement sample, one of the section of competency demonstration report CDR sample, consist of a consolidated report to describe all the 16 competencies element that accurately summarizes how the author/engineer fulfills the required competencies, based on the mentioned career episodes (one, two and three).
CDR Sample for Civil Engineer: CPD (statement)
A one page document that shows how the author/engineer has developed his /her career track so that he/she should be assessed by Engineers Australia for Migration Skills Assessment in the engineering occupation he/she desires.


Thursday, January 19, 2012
Creating a Spring _USER_ Annotation
Spring Formatters and Converters make it easy to annotate fields for conversion from Objects to Strings, and are especially useful in web apps. But there is no easy or straightforward way to strictly validate the String before parsing into an object, without creating a custom Formatter. Here is a reusable solution that uses a RegexParserDecorator to decorate any Spring Formatter to apply a regex pattern, in turn creating a _USER_ annotation as an example implementation.
A little background: Spring 3.0 brought the Converter and Formatter framework with a concise _USER_ annotation, simplifying the Date to Object conversion that previously took custom binders or other wiring code. With _USER_ you can easily supply a String pattern used to parse and print a Date (or joda DateTime) object. However, the annotation does not strictly validate the String before converting to a Date. For instance, supplying a MM/dd/yyyy pattern does NOT enforce a 4 digit year. Instead a 2 digit year will be accepted and parsed using the SimpleDateFormat rules. Similar loose checking goes for 1 digit days and months, and also the slash character used as a separator. It would be easy to just throw the _USER_ tag onto your Date field except that _USER_ is only allowed on String fields. Combining _USER_ and _USER_ is what drove the creation of _USER_:
//sample usage using defaults for regex and pattern
private DateTime birthday;
Read more below for a discussion and snippets of code, and the entire codeset with comments is available on github.
The RegexParserDecorator: The first step is to create a Regex Parser class that will apply a regex pattern to validate a String for us. Creating this as a Decorator gives the added benefit that you can easily wrap any Spring Formatter to apply Regex patterns. The constructor takes a Parser to wrap and a regex to apply; and the parse method first validates against the regex before passing onto the decorated Parser:
public RegexParserDecorator(Parser parser, String regex) {
 this.parser = parser;
 this.regexPattern = Pattern.compile(regex);
public T parse(String text, Locale locale) throws ParseException {
 if (!regexPattern.matcher(text).matches()) {
 throw new IllegalArgumentException("Text does not match regex: " + text);
 return parser.parse(text, locale);
The _USER_ Annotation: Next step is to setup the annotation interface class. It is very similar to DateTimeFormat but adds the field to hold a regex. The default regex allows 1 or 2 digit days and months, requires a forward slash as the separator, and enforces a 4 digit year. This can be easily overriden when applying the annotation to a field by supplying your own (regex="", pattern="") extension. A pattern is still required so make sure your pattern and regex are paired appropriately.
_USER_({ElementType.METHOD, ElementType.FIELD, ElementType.PARAMETER})
public _USER_ StrictDateTimeFormat {
 public static final String REGEX_DEFAULT = "^(0?[1-9]|1[012])/(0?[1-9]|[12][0-9]|3[01])/dddd$";
 public static final String PATTERN_DEFAULT = "MM/dd/yyyy";
 String regex() default REGEX_DEFAULT;
 String pattern() default PATTERN_DEFAULT;
Spring then requires a StrictDateTimeFormatAnnotationFormatterFactory to wire the annotation with the parser. Nothing fancy here as it borrows heavily upon Spring's own JodaDateTimeFormatAnnotationFormatterFactory. The getParser method applies our regex to the DateTimeFormat functionality:
public class StrictDateTimeFormatAnnotationFormatterFactory implements
 AnnotationFormatterFactory {
 public Parser getParser(StrictDateTimeFormat annotation, Class fieldType) {
 DateTimeParser parser = new DateTimeParser(forPattern(annotation.pattern()));
 return new RegexParserDecorator(parser, annotation.regex());
 private DateTimeFormatter forPattern(String pattern) {
 return org.joda.time.format.DateTimeFormat.forPattern(pattern);
Hooking it all together: Here is the snippet from my applicationConfig.xml showing how the annotation is registered into Spring:

Hopefully this information is helpful in creating a reusable regex validating DateTime formatter for use in your own web application.
 Originally published by me on the Object Partners blog:
No comments:


text:
Leopard cat activity is higher with increased understory vegetation in oil palm plantations, which seems to result in reduced rat numbers
Leopard cats are known to use oil palm plantations as a hunting ground for rats, and have been proposed as a possible biological control for rodent pests in plantations. Related to this, there have been questions raised regarding how understory vegetation management in oil palm plantations [many places consider these weeds and clear them] may influence leopard cat use of these sites. Finally, a study examines these unknowns.
A recently published study by Hood et al. (2019) showed that leopard cat habitat use is higher with increased understory vegetation. They also demonstrate reduced rat numbers with higher leopard cat activity. The authors suggest that the results indicate that how oil palm plantations are managed can affect leopard cat use, and possible rodent control possibilities. All these only possible with their manipulative experiments on understory vegetation management.
Curiously, there was no effect of understorey vegetation on rat numbers or rat damage on oil palm in this study. It could be that the rats benefit from more vegetation, but the higher activity of leopard cats in those environment leads to higher rat predation level, which nullified the benefits to rats. Neat if that could somehow be studied in future.
Hood et al. (2019) Understory vegetation in oil palm plantations promotes leopard cat activity, but does not affect rats or rat damage. Frontiers in Forest and Global Change 2: 51. doi: 10.3389/ffgc.2019.00051


text:
|Home \ Publications \ InProceedings Page||Login|
Bet without Looking: Studying Eyes-Free Interaction During Live SportsAbstract:
This paper presents a comparison study of three different interaction methods for an eyes-free interaction with a second screen application while watching a TV broadcast. These interaction methods were used in WeBet, a touch-based mobile game that prompts users to bet if a goal is about to happen during a football match. WeBet is one of the prototypes we have been developing to increase the remote users' emotional levels during live sports broadcasts, so that they feel like if they were scoring a goal with their team. However, that can only be achieved if the second screen application does not require the users' attention when a goal (key moment) is just about to happen, otherwise they would be frustrated to miss that exciting moment. To this end, we conducted user tests that allowed us to determine the usage patterns and users' preferences regarding three different interaction methods, as well as to identify important refinements to be considered in future developments.


text:
When importing tables into Cartographica using File > Import Table Data… Cartographica uses a sampling of the file to help determine the types of the data.
If the imported file is a DBF file, field information (name, length, and type) are taken directly from the schema in the file.
The process is as follows:
- First it scans the beginning of the file looking for delimiters to determine the end of line, field break, and field escape characters. Line breaks are expected to be either CR, LF, or CRLF.
- If you have marked the first line as containing the field names, they are taken as the field names and the line is skipped.
- A series of lines (usually 30) are read by Cartographica to sample the data for type information. All fields are originally presumed to be string (text) fields, but each of the fields in each of the lines is tested to see if they could also be another format, such as date or number.
- Once the lines are read and the testing is done, Cartographica makes a determination based on the data in the fields as to the type. If all read lines contain valid numbers, the field is presumed to be numeric; if all lines contain valid dates, the field is presumed to be dates; otherwise, it is taken as a string.
In versions prior to 1.4, if you encounter a situation where a field is mistakenly recognized as a date or number field, it is possible to remedy this by moving a line (or lines) that does not comply with that to the top of the file.


text:
You can add multiple sorting on the same field.
You can apply different sort as below.
1. Ascending/Descending by Data source/ Alphabetical order.
2. Using a field from data source.
3. Manual on sheet by drag the field and drop where required.
Select the field and sort using number as ascending order using ascending sort button below format tab. Now click on field for 2nd sort and choose field and select category to sort by category order.
Now your data is sorted by number wise and category wise.
Hope this helps you.


text:
To print a list of all the occurrences of a specified symbol, use whereis symbol, where symbol can be any user-defined identifier. For example:
(dbx) whereis table forward: 'Blocks'block_draw.cc'table function: 'Blocks'block.cc'table::table(char*, int, int, const point&) class: 'Blocks'block.cc'table class: 'Blocks'main.cc'table variable: 'libc.so.1'hsearch.c'table
The output includes the name of the loadable objects where the program defines symbol, as well as the kind of entity each object is: class, function, or variable.
Because information from the dbx symbol table is read in as it is needed, the whereis command registers only occurrences of a symbol that are already loaded. As a debugging session gets longer, the list of occurrences can grow (see Debugging Information in Object Files and Executables).
For more information, see whereis Command.


type: QgsProcessingParameterFeatureSink
## Accepted data types:
## - str: destination vector file
## e.g. d:/test.shp
## - str: memory: to store result in temporary memory layer
## - str: using vector provider ID prefix and destination URI
## e.g. postgres:… to store result in PostGIS table
## - QgsProcessingOutputLayerDefinition
## - QgsProperty
## Outputs
## OUTPUT:
## Vertices
In our case the tool to extract the vertices is simple and only has one input and one output. The function run_qgis() executes a QGIS tool indicating the algorithm and its arguments. The advantage of using the algorithm directly from R is that we can pass objects of class sf (or sp) and raster that we have imported or created in R. As output we create a geojson, it could also be of another vector format, and we save it in a temporary folder. At the same time we indicate to import the result directly into R (load_output = TRUE).
river_vertices <- run_qgis(alg = "native:extractvertices",
 INPUT = river_line,
 OUTPUT = file.path(tempdir(), "rivers_world_vertices.geojson"),
 load_output = TRUE)
## [1] "C:/Users/xeo19/AppData/Local/Temp/Rtmpa4DrCj/rivers_world_vertices.geojson"
Currently on Windows there seem to be problems with the proj library. In principle, if the function ends up creating the river_vertices object, you should not worry. Otherwise, I recommend looking at the discussion in the issue opened at gitbub.
Before continuing with the distribution estimation of the angles, we filter some rivers of interest. The functions of the tidyverse collection are compatible with the sf package. In the last post I made an introduction to tidyverse here.
river_vertices <- filter(river_vertices,
 NAME %in% c("Mississippi", "Colorado",
 "Amazon", "Nile", "Orange",
 "Ganges", "Yangtze", "Danube",
 "Mackenzie", "Lena", "Murray",
## Simple feature collection with 94702 features and 11 fields
## geometry type: POINT
## dimension: XY
## bbox: xmin: -_PHONE_ ymin: -_PHONE_ xmax: _PHONE_ ymax: _PHONE_
## geographic CRS: WGS 84
## Warning in st_is_longlat(x): bounding box has potentially an invalid value range
## for longlat data
## for longlat data
## # A tibble: 94,702 x 12
## NAME SYSTEM name_alt scalerank rivernum Length_km vertex_index vertex_part
## *
## 1 Nile 1 4 3344. 0 0
## 2 Nile 1 4 3344. 1 0
## 3 Nile 1 4 3344. 2 0
## 4 Nile 1 4 3344. 3 0
## 5 Nile 1 4 3344. 4 0
## 6 Nile 1 4 3344. 5 0
## 7 Nile 1 4 3344. 6 0
## 8 Nile 1 4 3344. 7 0
## 9 Nile 1 4 3344. 8 0
## 10 Nile 1 4 3344. 9 0
## #... with 94,692 more rows, and 4 more variables: vertex_part_index,
## # distance, angle, geometry
Estimate the distribution
To visualize the distribution we can use either a histogram or a density graph. But in the case of estimating the probability density function, we find a mathematical problem when applying it to circular data. For circular data we should not use the density() standard function of R since in our data a direction of 360º is the same at 0º, which would cause errors in this range of values. It is a general problem for different statistical metrics. More statistical details are explained in the circular package. This package allows you to define the characteristics of circular data (unit, data type, rotation, etc.) as an object class in R.
So what we do is to build a function that estimates the density and returns a table with the angles (x) and the density estimates (y). Since rivers have different lengths, and we want to see differences regardless of that, we normalize the estimates using the maximum value. Unlike the density() function, in which the smoothing bandwidth bw is optimized, here it is required to indicate it manually. It is similar to defining the bar width in a histogram.
dens_circ <- function(x){
 dens <- density.circular(circular(x$angle, units = "degrees"),
 bw = 70, kernel = "vonmises",
 control.circular = list(units = "degrees"))
 df <- data.frame(x = dens$x, y = dens$y/max(dens$y))
Finally, we estimate the density of each river in our selection. We use the split() function of R Base to get a table of each river in a list object. Then we apply our density estimation function to the list with the function map_df() from the purrr package. The suffix _df allows us to get a joined table, instead of a list with the results of each river. However, it is necessary to indicate the name of the column with the argument.id, which will contain the name of each river. Otherwise we would not know how to differentiate the results. Also here I recommend reading more details in the last post about tidyverse here.
dens_river <- split(river_vertices, river_vertices$NAME) %>%
 map_df(dens_circ,.id = "river")
# results
## river x y
## 1 Amazon 0.000000 0._PHONE_
## 2 Amazon 0.704501 0._PHONE_
## 3 Amazon 1.409002 0._PHONE_
## 4 Amazon 2.113503 0._PHONE_
## 5 Amazon 2.818004 0._PHONE_
## 6 Amazon 3.522505 0._PHONE_
Now we only have to make the graph through the famous ggplot package. First we add a new font Montserrat for it use in this plot.
# font download
font_add_google("Montserrat", "Montserrat")
# use of showtext
showtext_opts(dpi = 200)
In the next step we create two objects with the title and the plot caption. In the title we are using an html code to color part of the text instead of a legend. You can use html very easily with the ggtext package.
# title with html
title <- "Relative distribution of river flow direction in the world"
caption <- "Based on data from Zeenatul Basher, 20180215"
The background grid that creates ggplot by default for polar coordinates did not convince me, so we create a table with x axis background lines.
grid_x <- tibble(x = seq(0, 360 - 22.5, by = 22.5),
 y = rep(0, 16),
 xend = seq(0, 360 - 22.5, by = 22.5),
 yend = rep(Inf, 16))
Next we define all the styles of the graph. The most important thing in this step is the element_textbox() function of the ggtext package to be able to interpret our html code incorporated into the title.
theme_polar <- theme_minimal() +
 theme(axis.title.y = element_blank(),
 axis.text.y = element_blank(),
 legend.title = element_blank(),
 plot.title = element_textbox(family = "Montserrat",
 hjust = 0.5,
 colour = "white",
 size = 15),
 plot.caption = element_text(family = "Montserrat",
 colour = "white"),
 axis.text.x = element_text(family = "Montserrat",
 colour = "white"),
 strip.text = element_text(family = "Montserrat",
 colour = "white",
 face = "bold"),
 panel.background = element_rect(fill = "black"),
 plot.background = element_rect(fill = "black"),
 panel.grid = element_blank()
Finally we build the graph: 1) We use the geom_hline() function with different y intersection points to create the background grid. The geom_segment() function creates the x grid. 2) We create the density area using the geom_area() function. 3) In scale_x_continous() we define a negative lower limit so that it does not collapse at a small point. The labels of the eight main directions are indicated in the scale_y_continous() function, and 4) Finally, we change to a polar coordinate system and set the variable to create facets.
ggplot() +
 geom_hline(yintercept = c(0,.2,.6,.8,


text: Thermal stress can induce birefringence in a laser medium, which can cause depolarization of the laser. The depolarization effect will be very severe in a high-average-power laser. Because the depolarization will make the frequency doubling efficiency decline, it should be compensated. In this paper, the thermal characteristics of two kinds of materials are analyzed in respect of temperature, thermal deformation and thermal stress. The depolarization result from thermal stress was simulated. Depolarization on non-uniform pumping was also simulated, and the compensation method is discussed.