Grandfather clause
Grandfather clause,
Definition of Grandfather clause:
 1. A clause exempting certain classes of people or things from the requirements of a piece of legislation affecting their previous rights, privileges, or practices.
 2. Provision that exempts certain entities from the full impact of an agreement, rule, or statute on the basis of preexisting arrangements or practices. A firm, for example, may decide to raise its prices from a certain date but charge the old price to existing customers.
 3. The origin of the term refers to statutes put in place after the Civil War by seven Southern states in an attempt to block African Americans from voting while exempting white voters from taking literacy tests and paying poll taxes required to vote. In the statutes, white voters whose grandfathers had voted before the end of the Civil War were exempt from taking the tests and paying the taxes under the grandfather clause. The statute was deemed to be unconstitutional by the Supreme Court in 1915 because it violated equal voting rights, but the use of the term indicating rights prior to rule changes carries on.
 4. A grandfather clause is an exemption that allows persons or entities to continue with activities or operations that were approved before the implementation of new rules, regulations, or laws. Generally speaking, a grandfather clause only exempts people or entities engaged in specified activities before new rules being put in place, while all other parties must abide by the new rules. However, these clauses effectively place two sets of rules or regulations on otherwise similar businesses or circumstances, which can create unfair competitive advantages for grandfathered parties. In these situations, grandfather clauses may only be granted for a set period.
How to use Grandfather clause in a sentence?
 1. A grandfather clause is a provision that allows people or entities to follow old rules that once governed their activity instead of newly implemented ones, often for a limited time.
 2. Grandfather clauses can be permanent, temporary, or instituted with limits.
 3. The term originated during the US Civil War era and referred to statutes enacted in the South to suppress African American voting.
 4. Grandfather clauses often apply to zoning laws, when the purpose of a development changes.
Meaning of Grandfather clause & Grandfather clause Definition


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[–]Hygienicnerd 0 points1 point (0 children)
One method would be to subtract year from year and classify the resultant raster as a delta temp map (values around 0 being no change, larger changes being classified with warmer or cooler temperatures). Alternatively, find the mean value of the dataset: raster1+raster2+raster3...raster(n) / n. Reclassify each as to a function of being above/below mean.


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Judy Port wants to change the text color in desktop icon captions.
Microsoft doesn't provide that option, but there's a trick to turning the default white text to black. You can also turn off the drop shadows.
In fact, you have to turn off the drop shadows before you can change the color: Select Start, then Run, type sysdm.cpl, and press ENTER. Click the Advanced tab. In the Performance box, click the Settings button. Scroll down to and uncheck Use drop shadows for icon labels on the desktop. Click OK for each box.
Now that the drop shadows are gone, you can turn the letters black by selecting a light background color. If you're saying "What background color? I have wallpaper!" don't worry. There's a background color behind your wallpaper (or desktop background in Vista); you don't see it, but it effects the color of your text.
To change this color in Vista, right-click the desktop and select Personalize. Click Desktop Background. Pull down the Location menu and select Solid Colors. Click the white square (if you want white text, pick the black square). Don't worry if the desktop suddenly turns ugly. You're about to fix that.
Now return to the Location menu and select the location where you'd find your wallpaper. Select the wallpaper, then click OK.
Although the same principles apply in XP, there's one big difference. Once you turn off the drop shadows, potentially ugly boxes appear around the captions. If you pick white as your background color (like I recommended with Vista), they look particularly ugly. Choosing the right background color will improve the look of the desktop..
Right-click the desktop and select Properties. Click the Desktop tab. Pull down the Color menu in the lower right corner and select a background color. Pick one that blends in well with your wallpaper, but if you want black text, it must be a light color. Click Apply to see how it looks.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


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2434 Stone Rd, Apt 11
Lansing, MI 48917
Job Objective Environmental Analyst position in an established company.
Highlights of Qualifications:
- Sound knowledge of DoD
- Ability to handle multiple tasks simultaneously and switch between tasks quickly
- Proficient in Microsoft Office-Excel, Visio, Power Point, Word and Access
- Profound knowledge of working with company environmental services and procedures
- Proficient in working with federal environmental regulations, policies and compliance procedures
- Excellent written and oral communication skills
Bettis Atomic Power Laboratory, Lansing, MI
August 2005 – Present
- Scheduled and organized team of analysts, scientists and other personnel in the research of complex environmental.
- Provided and advised recommendations on environmental matters in conjunction.
- Recommended changes to processes and procedures as appropriate.
- Performed and conducted problem management and escalation to support staff and management.
- Ensured that problems are handled in an expedited and efficient manner.
- Recommended resolution and implemented changes as approved.
Junior Environmental Analyst
Rio Tinto, Lansing, MI
May 2000 – July 2005
- Conducted and performed studies on the methodology and equipment used to meet environment and health standards.
- Ensured that company and client environmental concerns are addressed.
- Investigated and performed complex environmental compliance issues,
- Evaluated corrective action options to ensure that analysis is accurate and solutions are feasible and appropriate.
- Designed and implemented projects and managed long-term compliance.
- Managed long term compliance to ensure that environmental guidelines are adhered to.
Masters Degree in Environmental Science
University of California, Berkeley, CA
Bachelors Degree in Environmental Science
University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ


Conduction Error: What is conduction error?
Conduction error is a fault in a temperature sensor reading when heat is conducted along the temperature sensor body. The most common reason for conduction error is inadequate immersion into the application.
There are a number of ways to mitigate conduction error which are discussed here: Conduction Error in Temperature Sensors


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Hi all, here is the wine bottle that I share with you previously. Wish to know how to create a ring surrounding the bottle? Actually is very simple, you just need to do the follwoing steps:
1. Create an angle plane that intersect with the bottle body. Here, I will refer the angle plane to the current TOP Plane. Open a sketch on the TOP plane and draw a construction line as shown in the picture.
2. Then, when using the Reference geometry > Plane funtion, select the construction line to define the plane position and also the TOP plane as the reference to measure the angle.
3. With the angle plane, now we can create the path of the ring by using the "Intersection Curve" function. Basically, intersection is a function under "Tools> Sketch Tools> Intersection Curve which enable the user to define 3D curve to represent the intersection between 2 surfaces/solidbodies/planes.
4. Now, we can prepare the plane for the sweep profile. You just need to select the 3D curve and pick a point in order to create a plane normal to the curve. Then just draw a circle on the plane as the sweep profile.


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Italian in character or appearance: an Italianate staircase with triple loggia
More example sentences
- Their interpretations ooze with the music's Italianate nature, and the elegance and grace they convey is exceptional.
- As its fresco-like nature suggests, much of the finished painting appears Italianate in conception.
- Unfortunately, Guleghina can't muster their Italianate style, and her portrayal has less character than those mentioned above.
late 16th century: from Italian italianato, from Italia 'Italy'.
Definition of Italianate in:
- The US English dictionary


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Picture of Dr. Stephen Babcock with his butterfat tester.
Dr. Stephen Babcock pictured with a butterfat tester
Dr. Stephen Moulton Babcock (_PHONE_), a professor at the University of Wisconsin in Madison, invented a test in 1890 that permitted farmers to measure the fat content of their milk. This enabled them to systematically produce cream, butter, cheese, ice cream, and other dairy products that met specific market standards. He is shown in this photograph in the mid-1920's, with a butterfat tester.
Mining, Logging, and Agriculture|
The Rise of Dairy Farming
|Creator: ||Diemer, Melvin E.
|Pub Data: ||Original photograph in the visual materials collection of the Wisconsin Historical Society Archives.
|Citation: ||Diemer, Melvin E. Untitled photograph of Dr. Stephen Babock in the visual materials collection of the Wisconsin Historical Society Archives.
Online facsimile at:
Visited on: 5/25/2013

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


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Use the tool below to see how much money each presidential candidate received from Connecticut residents. This data, from the Federal Election Commission, does not include candidates who did not declare their candidacy before June 30 filing deadline.
There are two primary ways to explore the data:
- Select a candidate by using the red pulldown.
- Click on the map or a row in any table. This will give you details on each contribution.


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Thursday, March 02, 2006
"The Oldest Road In St. Louis County"
"St. Charles Rock Road, the first road through St. Louis County, was laid out in 1772 as "The Road to St. Charles" by the Spanish. The road began in St. Louis (where it was called "Kings Road"), followed in a general direction the route now used and led to the bank of the Missouri River opposite St. Charles. In 1819, St. Charles Road was established as a post and stage road; in 1837 it was first incorporated as a turnpike. In 1865, St. Charles Road was rebuilt with macadam (successive layers of small broken stones) and renamed St. Charles Rock Road. In 1921, it became the first concrete state highway in St. Louis County."
Excerpted from the official website for the City of St. John, St. Louis County, Missouri.


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Definition of Stichoi
1. stichos [n] - See also: stichos
Click the following link to bring up a new window with an automated collection of images related to the term: Stichoi Images
Lexicographical Neighbors of Stichoi
Literary usage of Stichoi
Below you will find example usage of this term as found in modern and/or classical literature:
1. A Commentary on the Psalms from Primitive and Mediæval Writers: And from the by John Mason Neale, Richard Frederick Littledale, Miles Coverdale (1879)
"I cannot help giving, as the best commentary on this part of the Psalm,- the stichoi of Great Thursday with their..."
2. History of the Sacred Scriptures of the New Testament by Eduard Reuss (1884)
"The stichoi were numbered and summed up at the end of each book, as was done in the Hebrew Bible also. Yet it is still a question whether these..."
3. The Coptic version of the New Testament in the northern dialect, otherwise by George William Horner (1905)
"T the number of its stichoi hundred five and twenty, and its chapters six.... I. Ep. ends with'Was finished the second epistle of Peter, its stichoi..."
4. A History of the Holy Eastern Church by John Mason Neale (1850)
"It frequently happens that proper stichoi are given in the... The number of stichoi varies; when any are given in the..."
5. The Catholic Encyclopedia: An International Work of Reference on the by Charles George Herbermann (1913)
"... and stichoi, the Nunc dimittis, the trisagion, and the apolytikion. Greater Vespers, which are said after sunset, begin with the invitatory,..."
6. The New Schaff-Herzog Encyclopedia of Religious Knowledge: Embracing by Johann Jakob Herzog, Philip Schaff, Albert Hauck (1910)
"The and 1600 stichoi, the last testified by Septuagint a number of manuscripts, for which Text the number of the corresponding imShorter proved text is..."
7. An Introduction to the Critical Study and Knowledge of the Holy Scriptures by Thomas Hartwell Horne (1852)
"The stichoi, however, not only assisted the public reader f the New Testament to determine its sense ; they also erved to measure the size of books ; thus,..."
8. An Introduction to the Critical Study and Knowledge of the Holy Scriptures by Thomas Hartwell Horne (1840)
"At the end of each manuscript it was usual to specify the number of stichoi which it contained. When a copyist was disposed to contract his space,..."
Other Resources Relating to: Stichoi


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Stunt is defined as to slow down or stop the growth of something.(verb)
An example of to stunt is to stop feeding a plant, thereby causing its growth to stop.
The definition of a stunt is the process that causes someone or something to stop growing, or something outrageous which is done to get attention.(noun)
See stunt in Webster's New World College Dictionary
Origin: < dial., short and thick, stunted < ME, dull, stupid (with sense infl. by ON stuttr, short) < OE < IE *(s)teud- < base *(s)teu-, to strike > stock
Origin:


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Green Your Sports: Eco-Friendly Skiing
Tip #3: Ski Green
Though skiing isn't the greenest of sports (resorts guzzle freshwater for artificial powder and electricity for lifts), some destinations have opted to use wind power and recycled snow instead. Help green the sport by strapping on eco-skis when hitting the slopes. Grab an old pair from a friend, buy used, or invest in skis from an earth-conscious company. Lokomotiv Skis, for example, plants a tree for every pair they produce, and make their gear from bamboo.
Tell us: How do you green your ski trip?


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Mahad Name Meaning
|"One who is great" or "One who is praised"
Mahad is a name that carries significant cultural and historical weight. It is not merely a collection of syllables; rather, it holds profound meaning across various contexts. From its roots in different religious traditions to its usage in contemporary society, Mahad embodies a rich tapestry of symbolism and significance.
The name Mahad originates from Arabic and Urdu, derived from the root word "Mahid," which means "one who is great" or "one who is praised." In its essence, Mahad encapsulates the idea of greatness, importance, and reverence.
In Islamic tradition, Mahad holds particular importance as it signifies the greatness and praise of Allah. It is often used as a name for boys, reflecting the parents' aspiration for their child to embody noble qualities and virtues.
One of the notable figures bearing the name Mahad is Mahad Abdiaziz Abdirahman, a Somali politician who served as the Minister of Education, Culture, and Higher Education of Somalia. His dedication to education and public service exemplifies the values associated with the name Mahad.
Throughout history, individuals named Mahad have left their mark in various fields, from literature and academia to politics and religion. Their contributions have shaped societies and inspired generations, further cementing the name's significance.
While specific data on the population of individuals named Mahad is not readily available, it is evident that the name maintains a presence in communities worldwide, particularly in regions with significant Muslim populations.
For those who believe in astrology, individuals named Mahad may fall under different zodiac signs depending on their date of birth. Each sign carries its own characteristics and traits that may complement or contrast with the inherent qualities of the name Mahad.
|March 21 – April 19
|April 20 – May 20
|May 21 – June 20
|June 21 – July 22
|July 23 – August 22
|August 23 – September 22
|September 23 – October 22
|October 23 – November 21
|November 22 – December 21
|December 22 – January 19
|January 20 – February 18
|February 19 – March 20
The lucky stone associated with the name Mahad is the Sapphire. This precious gemstone is believed to bring wisdom, prosperity, and spiritual enlightenment to those who possess it.
The lucky metal for Mahad is Silver. Symbolizing purity and strength, silver is associated with qualities that resonate with the essence of the name Mahad.
Friday is considered the lucky day for individuals named Mahad. It is a day associated with blessings, abundance, and opportunities, aligning with the auspicious nature of the name.
The lucky number for Mahad is 7. This number symbolizes spiritual growth, intuition, and divine guidance, reflecting the journey towards greatness and enlightenment.
Green is the lucky color for Mahad. Representing harmony, renewal, and prosperity, green embodies the positive energies associated with the name and augments its auspicious nature.
In conclusion, the name Mahad transcends mere linguistic significance to become a symbol of greatness, reverence, and divine blessings. Whether rooted in religious beliefs, cultural heritage, or personal aspirations, Mahad resonates with individuals across diverse backgrounds, guiding them on a path towards fulfillment and success. Its timeless appeal and profound meaning continue to inspire and uplift generations, cementing its place as a name of enduring significance.


Implementing Improved Slicing in ndarray 0.11
Implementation of combined slicing and subviews as a single operation in ndarray 0.11.0
ndarray 0.11 has a convenient new feature: combined slicing and subviews as a single operation. ndarray is a Rust crate that provides an n-dimensional array type and associated functionality for general elements and for numerics.
This article discusses the implementation of the new feature. It's a story of type hacking: zero-sized types, associated types, traits for compile-time type manipulation, and pointer casting.
The primary type in ndarray is the ArrayBase container type, which is represented internally as:
 - the data representation (e.g. a contiguous memory block for owned arrays),
 - a pointer to the first element,
 - a sequence of n axis lengths, and
 - a sequence of n axis strides.
The two generic type parameters in ArrayBase are:
 - S: the data ownership (owned arrays own the block of data; array views only have a pointer to it)
 - D: the dimensionality of the array (e.g. Ix1 for 1-D arrays, Ix2 for 2-D arrays, etc.)
ArrayBase is used for both owned arrays and views of arrays. Note that the number of dimensions of the array is typically fixed at compile time, although there is a dynamic dimension type IxDyn if needed.
Slicing methods such as.slice() create a view a subset of the data in an array. With a step other than 1, it's also possible to do things such as view every third index along an axis or reverse the order of an axis.
For example, let's say you have a 3-dimensional array of shape 2 × 2 × 3 (i.e. 2 submatrices of 2 rows and 3 columns):
let arr = array![[[ 1, 2, 3],
 [ 4, 5, 6]],
 [[ 7, 8, 9],
 [10, 11, 12]]];
assert_eq!(arr.shape(), &[2, 2, 3]);
You could create a slice with
 - Both of the submatrices, but in reverse order: 0..2;-1
 - The first row in each submatrix:..1
 - The even-index columns in each submatrix:..;2
let slice = arr.slice(s![0..2;-1, 0..1,..;2]);
 array![[[7, 9]],
 [[1, 3]]]
assert_eq!(slice.shape(), &[2, 1, 2]);
Here, slice is a view of a subset of arr (without copying).
Subview methods such as.subview() create a view restricted to a single index along an axis, and then remove that axis from the view. This produces a view with one dimension less than the input array.
For example, let's select the first (index 0) row in each submatrix (axis 1) of arr. The new shape is [2, 3] because axis 1 was removed from the view.
let subview = arr.subview(Axis(1), 0);
 array![[1, 2, 3],
 [7, 8, 9]]
assert_eq!(subview.shape(), &[2, 3]);
Combining slicing and subviews
ndarray 0.11 makes it possible to combine slicing and subviews in a single operation. To get the same result in earlier versions of ndarray, you'd have to chain together multiple.slice() and.into_subview() calls while being careful about their order. For example,
let arr = Array4::::zeros((12, 10, 6, 9));
// old
let slice = arr.slice(s![3..7,..,..;2,..]).into_subview(Axis(3), 5).into_subview(Axis(1), 4);
// new
let slice = arr.slice(s![3..7, 4,..;2, 5]);
In this example, 3..7 and..;2 indicate slices of axes 0 and 2, and 4 and 5 indicate subviews of axes 1 and 3. The new version is more concise and is easier to use correctly than a series of.slice() and.into_subview() calls.
Implementing this feature was interesting because so much needed to be handled at compile time. The goals were:
 1. Allow a combination of slicing and subviews in a single operation.
 2. Provide compile-time checking of the number of dimensions in the slicing argument. For example, it should be a compile-time error to call Array1::zeros(5).slice(s![..,..]).
 3. Determine at compile time the number of dimensions of the output array/view after slicing. (Otherwise, we'd always have to return a dynamic-dimensional array.)
 4. Provide a representation of slicing information that can be passed around or stored in a variable.
 5. Minimize the use of generic type parameters.
One option was to create a macro that expands to a series of.slice() and.into_subview() calls, like this:
slice!(arr, [3..7, 4,..;2, 5])
This approach was backwards-compatible, but it didn't address goal 4 (providing an object that could represent the slicing information). Additionally,
slice_move!(5 + &slice!(arr, [3..7, 4]) - 9, [..;2])
wasn't quite as easy to read as
(5 + &arr.slice(s![3..7, 4]) - 9).slice_move(s![..;2])
So, I decided to focus on modifying the s![] macro to support subviews.
Representing slicing information
The first step was to define a representation of the information necessary to perform a slice.
In earlier versions of ndarray, this was &[Si; n], where each instance of Si
pub struct Si(pub Ixs, pub Option, pub Ixs);
represented a slice of one axis. The signature of.slice() was
impl ArrayBase
 S: Data,
 D: Dimension,
 pub fn slice(&self, indexes: &D::SliceArg) -> ArrayView;
where D::SliceArg was [Si; n] for fixed-dimension arrays and [Si] for dynamic-dimension arrays. The s![] macro simply provided a compact way to construct a &[Si; n] instance.
In ndarray 0.11, the replacement for Si had to be able to represent either a range with step (slice) or an index (subview). Rust made this easy with an enum:
pub enum SliceOrIndex {
 Slice {
 start: isize,
 end: Option,
 step: isize,
Now that.slice() could take subviews in addition to slicing axes, the dimension of the output array/view could be different from the dimension of self. As a result, the function signature needed to have a generic parameter Do:
pub fn slice(&self, info: &SOMETHING_HERE) -> ArrayView
 Do: Dimension;
So, s![] couldn't just return &[SliceOrIndex; n]; it needed to include Do. The slicing information had two parts: the output dimension and the actual sequence of SliceOrIndex. I combined these in a struct
pub struct SliceInfo {
 out_dim: PhantomData,
 indices: T,
where T was [SliceOrIndex; n] when the SliceInfo was produced by s![].
Constructing SliceInfo
In order to construct a SliceInfo instance, the s![] macro had to build an array [SliceOrIndex; n] and determine the output dimension type after slicing. Both problems were solved with traits:
 - Use Into to convert each argument to SliceOrIndex.
 - Use a new trait SliceNextDim to determine the output dimension type.
The SliceNextDim trait provided a way to update the output dimension while iterating over the arguments.
pub trait SliceNextDim {
 fn next_dim(&self, PhantomData) -> PhantomData;
Starting with $dim = PhantomData (0-dimensional) and calling SliceNextDim(&$arg, $dim) on each argument $arg to update $dim determined the output dimension. The implementation of SliceNextDim for index (subview) arguments specified that D2 = D1 since the corresponding axes were not included in the output, while the implementation for range (slice) arguments specified that D2 = D1::Larger since the corresponding axes were included in the output.
This was great because all the types are determined automatically at compile time! The return type from s![] was &SliceInfo<[SliceOrIndex; n], D>.
Argument coercions
The signature for.slice() was now
pub fn slice(&self, info: &SliceInfo) -> ArrayView
 Do: Dimension;
where D::SliceArg was [SliceOrIndex; n] for fixed dimensions and [SliceOrIndex] for the dynamic dimension (IxDyn). Automatic coercion of


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The feasibility of square-pulsed thermography nondestructive testing for the detection of defects in one ceramic material sample has been carried out by finite element (FE) analysis. In particular, a ceramic plate containing defects of different diameters, depths, locations, nature, and shapes has been numerically investigated by means of Comsol® Multiphysics computer program, taking into account the results coming from both a MATLAB™ script and the infrared thermography (IRT) technique. Indeed, the FE method simulates through a 3D model the heat transfer process induced into the ceramic material by two halogen lamps that have been applied in order to provoke an optimum thermal stress. Moreover, further defects like cracks arose beneath the surface of the plate due to the shrinkage process, have been discovered, and contrasted using a non-usual segmentation algorithm that when correlated in the time to IRT data simulates the thermo-elastic effect. Following the non-direct procedure proposed, both the depth of each defect and its main dimensions have been retrieved into a satisfactory accuracy.
- Infrared thermography
- Nondestructive testing
- Segmentation algorithm
- Thermal properties of the pottery
ASJC Scopus subject areas
- Condensed Matter Physics
- Physical and Theoretical Chemistry


The 2020 Production Assistant Jobs Report
We surveyed different production assistant jobs to better understand the current state of the industry for career seekers.
So if you've been looking for how to get a film production assistant job and profit from the movie industry, this article is for you.
In this report you'll learn:
 - How much production assistants earn.
 - Duties and responsibilities of a production assistant.
 - Basic skills, education, and certification required to become a production assistant.
 - Why people decide to become production assistants.
 - Lots more.
So without further ado, let's get right in.
Who is a Production Assistant (PA)?
A production assistant is a member of a film crew usually attached to individual actors or filmmakers to carry out odd jobs and support tasks in the process of production.
Production assistant jobs are basically entry-level jobs within the film production industry. It is the first step to a long career in Hollywood and movie production in general.
PAs do the jobs that no one else wants to do in a movie production set!
Here's a shortlist of some odd jobs a production assistant could be assigned to do:
 - Organizing food or catering
 - Making copies of movie scripts
 - Managing paperwork (contracts, scripts, timesheets, etc.)
 - Controlling crowds and fans
 - Answering important phone calls
 - Moving equipment around
 - Transporting casts and crews between locations
 - Many more…
Why Do People Decide to Become Production Assistants?
film production assistant job
From our recent survey, we were able to discover the following as major reasons why people decide to become production assistants:
1. The Love of Media
Most people aim at getting a production assistant job just because they are passionate about a particular medium (movie, TV or radio).
Randolph Bookman once stated in his article titled: Being a Production Assistant that:
It was a love of the film industry that drew him closer to his job as a film production assistant.
Randy is now a producer/production manager known for his works on Forced Alliance (2007), Poseidon (2006) and Terminator 3 (2003).
2. Connecting with Talents
Becoming a production assistant creates an opportunity to connect with top celebrities in the film production industry.
And it doesn't have to be all about connecting with celebrities!
Production assistants also have the chance to work with leading film producers and directors.
3. Learning the Craft
This is one of the major reasons why people decide to take-up production assistant jobs.
The willingness to view the job as a hand-on education is a huge advantage for every production assistant.
4. Union Benefits
Randy also pointed out that the job of a production assistant is part of a union with strong benefits attached, and protection against termination without cause.
Also, a production assistant may earn some residual income especially on movies or shows that earn a significant income.
Working as a production assistant is a great way to get to know all the various departments on a movie set and figure out what a person wants to do. It's also an excellent way to finally getting hired in those departments.
No matter what you think, there's little glory attached for being a production assistant.
But, is it really that easy to get a production assistant job?
Basic Skills and Requirements to Become a Production Assistant
The good news about production assistant jobs is that they are all entry-level positions and require the least number of years of experience.
Education, Certification, and Training
Production assistant jobs don't necessarily require a particular educational background or qualification.
But in order to be a bit ahead of your other job applicants, you may require an associate's or bachelor's degree with classes like theater, television and film production, communications, or an artistic field such as graphic design or costume would be helpful.
But basically, the minimal level of education you may require is a high school diploma or GED.
While working as a production assistant, you can work to prepare yourself for a better position. You can take up other side-gigs like working for your college radio station, local television stations or signup for internship programs.
You can also learn more about the movie industry business by participating in production assistant boot camps.
All these will help to expand your knowledge of filmmaking and learn how to handle different positions in the industry.
Required Skills
Although your level of education isn't a major criterion when applying for a production assistant job, recruiters still lookout for certain skills to qualify an applicant.
These skills include:
1. A good listener
Normally speaking, no employer likes to have to repeat themselves. So, for you to become a production assistant you must be a really good listener at all times, listening to the directions you are given.
2. Responsibility
Production assistants are really easy to replace.
So for you to retain your production assistant job, you must be really hardworking and try as much as possible not to be late and lazy at work.
3. Social skills
Surprisingly, this is one of the most important parts of a production assistant's job description.
Anyone working in the entertainment or film industry will at some point of his career comes to deal with some eccentric personalities. And for production assistant jobs, you need to be extra kind, polite and hospitable.
You also need to have confidence in yourself not to back down just because a director tries to bully you.
Your social skills will also be helpful in getting new jobs and moving your career up the ladder.
The movie industry is more about who you know to help you move forward. So, you will need to really put yourself out there, attend networking events, join as many Facebook groups as possible just to create a reliable network for your future gigs.
4. Always willing to learn
Production assistants are there to help and not become an obstacle to the completion of a film production process. Do as much as you can to learn more about every job on the set without getting in the way.
You are there as a production assistant both to help and to learn. Be open-minded to whatever you're asked to do on the set.
5. Patience
You must understand that it takes time to grow. And once you're the best at what you do, someone will definitely notice you.
N.B: A driver's license and clean driving record may be required of you because production assistant jobs often require you to make deliveries and run errands.
Production Assistant Jobs Economic & Career Outlook
movie production assistant role
Most production assistant jobs are typically short-term and lack any benefit or raise.
According to
"The average salary production assistants earn as of May 31, 2019, is $31,404. The job may last a few days or extend several months, all depending on the type of production."
Production assistants are usually paid by the week, with daily pay between $150 – $250, all depending on the job and your level of experience.
TV series and other returning shows may have the most potential for a longer-term of employment and promotion from within.
Production assistants can expect to work long hours, nights and even weekends. Set-based production assistants tied to a production schedule usually work hours that are typically more erratic.
The average work-time for a production assistant job is 10-12 hours daily.
How to Apply for Production Assistant Jobs?
Production assistant jobs are available anywhere in the country, but most opportunities can be found in Los Angeles and New York City.
You can get updated on production assistant job openings from sites like:
The same questions often come up during a production assistant job interview. You can prepare by reading these questions and getting acquainted with the best answers for them.
Film Production Assistant Job Alternatives?
Some production assistant career alternatives include the following:
Producer & Director
According to the United States Bureau of Labor Statistics:
The projected growth for employment positions of producer and director positions from 2016-2028 is 5%, which is faster than average.
The average salary of producers and directors is $71,680, though some producers and directors may earn portions from ticket sales.
Producers and directors working in advertising and public relations usually earn top wages than those just performing the arts.
Announcers are in charge of presenting news, music, and sports updates. They also interview guests and help to provide commentary.
Another report by the BLS shows that:
There's an expected decline for employment positions for announcers from 2016-2028 by 5%.
The average salary announcers earn is $31,990.
Being a production assistant, there are countless other job opportunities available for you. You may ultimately land into other jobs like a costume attendant which pays an average salary of $41,190.
Wrapping Up
I hope this survey helped you get a better understanding of how the production assistant job industry feels like in 2019.
And now I'd love to hear from you:
What did you really learn from today's survey?
Or maybe you have a question that has been bothering you from what you just read. Either way, feel free to leave a comment below with your thoughts and I'd be happy to get back to you.
2 thoughts on "The 2020 Production Assistant Jobs Report"
Comments are closed.


How a sensory garden can improve your wellbeing
Thursday, 18th June 2020, 9:00 am
Updated Thursday, 18th June 2020, 9:01 am
Sensory gardens are great for helping to reduce anxiety and stress, providing a natural retreat to relax in and offering us a place that encourages wellbeing and mindfulness, writes Sara Milne.
A sensory garden is really just a collection of plants and materials with different textures, shapes, colours, scents and heights that are laid out in such a way to stimulate our senses through smell, sound, touch, taste and sight.
Adding visual interest to a garden can be easily achieved by being clever and selective with your planting.
Use flowering perennials, layer plants at different heights, use screens or hedges to form backdrops and plant rows of the same species to elongate areas.
You can also make sure your planting has the desired effect by using colour to provide focal points and ambience.
For stimulating, invigorating areas use hot, vibrant colours - reds, pinks and yellows.
Think sunflower, echinacea, marigold, salvia, dahlia even ornamental vegetables such as swiss chard with its multi-coloured stems and leaves.
For a more gentle, calm effect use cool, relaxing colours such as whites, blues and greens.
Lavender, foxglove, hydrangea, delphinium and climbers that also provide height such as jasmine and honeysuckle.
Plants and trees that change colour through the seasons also provide interest with blossoms and berries and leaves that turn to shades of gold, red and brown in the autumn.
Changes in colour and appearance of materials like paved and pebble pathways when they get wet also add colour and visual appeal.
Shapes are also important in a sensory garden, so try using materials like crazy paving and rough-cut flagstones.
You can also create interesting routes and pathways through the garden to promote a sense of discovery and orientation.
Movement catches the eye, so think about trees that wave in the wind such as willow or grasses that sway in the breeze.
Water features provide wonderful focal points and also attract wildlife.
Make sure you have a variety of plants that attract pollinators such as bees and butterflies as well, lovely to watch of a summer's afternoon.
Our general wellbeing is intrinsically linked to the natural world which is why Thrive - the gardening for health charity - has developed the Thrive Gardening Club.
Fortnightly tips on getting the most out of your garden, whatever you age or ability, and information on how gardening can keep you healthy and feeling good.
For more details, click here.


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The Zoo's three olive baboon babies are now 16 months old and have started to develop some great talents! Because of their constant curiosity and motivation, the baboon babies have learned how to paint and partake in the University of Rochester cognitive research study.
So how do you teach a baboon to paint? Cheerios were placed underneath the door frame, shown in the picture to the right, behind a dot of paint. In order to get to the Cheerio, the baboons had to reach under the door frame and pull towards them. Every time they "finger painted," a Cheerio was given as a reward. Once this concept was figured out, getting paint on them and everywhere else was fun!
Baby baboon Pico de Limon, shown in the picture to the left, was the first baby to join the study with the University of Rochester that many of our adult baboons have been working on for the last two years. He is progressing very quickly, learning that choosing the cup that held the most peanuts meant that he got to eat them! In just a few weeks, he now has three cups placed on the board and has been able to choose successfully that three peanuts going into one cup is more than one peanut going into another.
We are very excited to see what level his counting skills are at compared to the adults as well as getting some insight as to what age these skills start to develop.
- Jenna Bovee, Zoo Keeper


Constructive notice
Constructive notice,
Definition of Constructive notice:
 1. The law that is required (or required) by law and that one can obtain through general and reasonable research. For example, the buyer of a property (or a property affiliated with a registered or incorporated company) is required to know the legal status of the property (or business) from the documents available for public inspection.
 2. Notice of litigation in newspapers which is considered by law to be an appropriate notice for interested parties. See also actual and implicit information.
How to use Constructive notice in a sentence?
 1. ABC was constructively disappointed to learn that the car had been purchased from shift car dealers, Inc.
 2. You want to make sure you know what the construction review says and what the details are.
 3. The client constructively stated the time of arrival to inspect the property.
Meaning of Constructive notice & Constructive notice Definition


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The Emergency Management Act 2013 (the Act) establishes Emergency Management Victoria (EMV) which consists of :
- The Emergency Management Commissioner (EMC) who is responsible for coordinating the response to major emergencies (including ensuring appropriate control arrangements are in place) and operating effectively during Class 1 and Class 2 emergencies. The EMC is also responsible for co-ordinating consequence management and recovery for all major emergencies.
- The Chief Executive of Emergency Management Victoria who is responsible for the day to day management of Emergency Management Victoria, and the coordination of investment planning for large scale strategic projects for the responder agencies including major procurement and communications and information systems
The Act also:
- Establishes the State Crisis and Resilience Council; which is responsible for providing emergency management policy and strategy advice to the Victorian Government. Its membership consists of the secretaries of all Government Departments, the Chief Executive Officer of the Municipal Association of Victoria, the EMC, the Chief Executive of EMV and the Chief Commissioner of Victoria Police.
- Establishes the Inspector-General for Emergency Management; whose functions include developing and maintaining a monitoring and assurance framework, and evaluating the performance of the sector.
- Provides for the development of: the State Emergency Response Plan and the State Emergency Recovery Plan.
The 2013 Act operates concurrently with the Emergency Management Act 1986 with the intention that the 1986 Act will ultimately be repealed.
Both pieces of legislation can be found at _URL_


text: Measuring long-term care (LTC) outcomes is challenging – not only conceptually but also in terms of implementation. The aim of this presentation is to discuss three examples for LTC outcome measurement based on ASCOT in Austria. The first example will deal with the Home Visit and Counselling Programme run by the Austrian Ministry of Social Affairs. It will show how outcomes for a very large number of care recipients can be assessed by a mix of methods and what needs to be considered to obtain reliable results. The second example illustrates how LTC outcomes are used for supervising home care service provision in Vienna. Finally, a qualitative study of outcomes in day care centres in Vienna demonstrates that it is more than just being in company or occupied that people could gain from such services. Taken together these three examples provide insights into processes and results of LTC outcome measurement and discuss further options for development and implementation.


Caribbean Netherlands Age of Consent & Sex Laws Age of Consent in Caribbean Netherlands
What is the Caribbean Netherlands Age of Consent?
The Age of Consent in Caribbean Netherlands is 16 years old. The age of consent is the minimum age at which an individual is considered legally old enough to consent to participation in sexual activity. Individuals aged 15 or younger in Caribbean Netherlands are not legally able to consent to sexual activity, and such activity may result in prosecution for statutory rape or the equivalent local law.
Caribbean Netherlands statutory rape law is violated when an individual has consensual sexual intercourse with a person between 12 and 16, and the act takes place out of wedlock.
Because there is no close-in-age exemption in Caribbean Netherlands, it is possible for two individuals both under the age of 16 who willingly engage in intercourse to both be prosecuted for statutory rape, although this is rare. Similarly, no protections are reserved for sexual relations in which one participant is a 15 year old and the second is a 16 or 17 year old.
Age of Consent across the world
Age of Consent Map:
Must be married
< 13 years old
14 years old
15 years old
16 years old
17 years old
18 years old
> 19 years old
** This Document Provided By **


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Labour market information tells you about the workplace or labour market. Labour market information describes the condition of the labour market, past and present, as well as future projections. It makes clear where work opportunities are increasing or decreasing, what occupations exist, what you need to study to become a professional in that occupation, what is required to take up an occupation, how one can find a job, change job or progress in a career.
And what about labour market intelligence? Labour market intelligence refers to labour market information that has been analysed and interpreted before presenting it to the public. Essentially most careers information is labour market intelligence. In this toolkit we use the notion of labour market information referring to both labour market information and labour market intelligence.
You can discover the definition of labour market information for lifelong guidance here:
DEFINITION OF LMI FOR LIFELONG GUIDANCE
The labour market information for lifelong guidance is defined as information about the following items:
- Labour market profile and trends including employment, unemployment and earnings outlooks by sector, occupation. Data should be available at a national, regional and local dimension where statistically reliable information and non-disclosive data are available. Basic principles of labour market regulation, laws and labour market policies.
- Trends in skills, including skills needs and mismatches, skills gaps, together with current and future skill demands. The regional and local dimension should be included if statistically reliable and non-disclosive information is available.
- Information on occupations including information on skills requirements, educational background, interests, working conditions, skills shortages, pay and earnings.
- Entry and progressions routes into and through occupations including job vacancies
- Entry and progression routes in education and training in order to gain skills for an occupation, or bridge a skills gap for a desired occupation.
- Career planning information on where to find information and assistance
- Equal opportunities and diversity issues (support measures), and changing workforce profile
What is good labour market information?
The quality standards for labour market information should be high because labour market information has many dimensions (as was shown in the definition) and is not easy to work with. You can find the quality criteria for labour market information for lifelong guidance here.
What is good labour market information for lifelong guidance?
High quality labour market information should have the following characteristics:
- Accuracy (eg statistically reliable)
- Completeness eg in terms of sectors, regions
- Timeliness: recent data, frequently updated
- Relevance to user needs and adapted needs of different user groups
- Attractive and available in different formats (i.e. pictures, infographics, tables, charts, graphs and videos)
- Accessibility: taking into account different capabilities and backgrounds, easy to understand text, access without registration, at low cost or free of charge as much as possible, plus available in electronic and hard copy
- Impartial: the information provided is in accordance with the user's interest only, is not influenced by provider, institutional and funding interests, and does not discriminate on the basis of gender, age, ethnicity, social class, qualifications, ability.
- Have authority
- Comparability of data over time, over different geographical levels
- Include local or regional information in order to show the possibilities in the region where one lives but at the same time in other regions (can encourages mobility)
- Transparent: sources of data are indicated
- Be easy to update
- Forward looking
Some specific points of attention are the following:
- Individuals users expect attractive labour market information. It is important that the labour market information is presented in a visually appealing way in websites, infographs, online tools, brochures, …Moreover, the LMI should be presented in different ways in order to meet different information needs and learning styles (and abilities) of clients. In addition to this, users like to try things out, to experiment, to do something, to have access to inspiring activities at employer's premises.
- In your work, it can be challenge to find a balance between providing neutral and objective career advice based on impartial labour market information and the aim and strategy of the organization you are working for.
- Example 1: career guidance and education by a sector federation is focussing on only one sector whereas opportunities usually exist in a number of sectors;
- Example 2: employment counsellors in public employment services may be forced to seek a balance between case load objectives and fast activation targets on one hand and individual preferences or untapped potential of jobseekers on the other hand.
- Example 3: there is a risk for biased or selective information in brochures promoting educational programmes
- Labour market information can be acquired formally and informally. Formal labour market information is spread over many different sources. There is a wealth of labour market information available online in websites, databases, apps, social media, video's, ….. More specific information on ICT and LMI can be found here
The complexity of labour market information requires good navigation skills. For many clients, it is necessary that career practitioners play a role as an interface between labour market information sources and the clients. Career practitioners adapt, interpret, repack labour market information and use it in to educate, inform, advice and guide clients. How can you do this? Learn more about integration of LMI in lifelong guidance in the next chapter


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An airboat ride is a ride on a small, flat-bottomed boat with a large caged propeller. These boats are usually used in the tourism industry to explore the Florida Everglades and other waterways where the water is too shallow for a traditional propeller boat. They are also called fanboats.Continue Reading
Airboats propel themselves forward by using the fan to create a jet of air that shoots out behind the boat. The propeller is purposely placed in a cage to prevent people or wildlife from injuring themselves and damaging the propeller. The operator of the boat sits on a raised platform to improve their visibility and allow them to steer. To steer the vessel, rudders in the rear of the boat are attached to a stick at the operator's side. Airboats do not have brakes, and can reverse only for short distances.
The first airboat was developed in 1905 in Canada by Dr. Alexander Graham Bell. Airboats were first registered in Florida in the 1920s and homemade boats were used for fishing and hunting. Today they are often used as part of ecotourism excursions. These boats are often used in the Indian River Lagoon of Florida, the Kissimmee River, the St. John's River, and the Louisiana bayous.Learn more about Vehicles


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As you know, prone can take either an infinitive or a gerund as its object:
Originally Posted by micaelo
infinitive: prone to get headaches
verb + verb's object
meaning, hasn't had headaches before
gerund: prone to getting headaches
noun + noun's object
meaning, might have had headaches before
gerund's object: prone to headaches With that said, your example sentence, This plant is prone to be attacked by insects, has an infinitive verb, so it should work, but its verb is BE + a past participle, which makes it look like a passive verb, and which is why it reads awkward--or rather, it doesn't seem to fit the pattern prone to + infinitive + noun.
noun's object / ellipsis
default meaning, has had headaches before
=> Is it ungrammatical? No.
infinitive: This plant is prone to attack by insects.
meaning, insects might attack the plant.
gerund: This plant is prone to being attacked by insects.
meaning: insects have attacked the plant or like plants before.
BE + past participle: This plant is prone to be attacked by insects.
meaning, the plant will definitely be attacked by insects.


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Serve up drinks at a Halloween party with these spooky spiderweb coasters!
- Two colors crafts felt (we used green and purple)
- Black and green embroidery floss
- Tissue paper
Assemble the Coaster:
1. Download the coaster pattern below. Lay the tissue paper over your pattern. Use a pen or marker to trace the spiderweb pattern onto the tissue paper. Cut out the tissue paper circle and set aside.
2. Pin the coaster pattern to one piece of your crafts felt. Cut the circle shape out. (See tips for pinning and cutting patterns here.) Repeat with your second piece of crafts felt. You will now have two circles.
3. Pin the tissue paper circle to the felt circle you want on top of your coaster (we used green felt). Pin in place.
4. With black embroidery floss, start sewing the spiderweb through both the felt and tissue paper from the center using a backstitch. See how to backstitch here. Continue until all drawn lines are covered with stitches. Tie a knot on the back when done to hold stitches in place.
5. Tear the tissue paper off. The stitches should perferate the tissue paper so it comes off easily in pieces.
6. Stack the two felt circles on top of each other with the embroidered side facing up. Pin in place.
7. Use coordinating embroidery floss to sew a running stitch around the outside of the two felt circles. See how to do a running stitch here.


Practise Bird & Bird Watson Glaser & Assessment Day - JobTestPrep
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Bird and Bird Application Process
The Bird & Bird recruitment process can be difficult due to the popularity of the Bird and Bird training contract. The PrepPack™ is a well-known and trusted resource when it comes to job recruitment preparation. Once you have submitted your Bird and Bird online application, you will be requested to complete an online test. This test is the Watson Glaser Critical Thinking Appraisal, also known as the Watson Glaser. Once completed, the application form and Bird and Bird online test will be evaluated. Successful candidates are invited to the next stage in the process, which is the Bird and Bird video interview. Selected candidates are then invited to the Bird and Bird assessment day. Unfortunately, Bird and Bird candidates who have applied previously in the same recruitment year, but have been unsuccessful at either application or interview, need to wait till the next recruitment year before submitting another Bird and Bird application.
Bird and Bird Watson Glaser Tests
The Bird & Bird Critical Thinking test is divided into five sections – Inference, recognizing assumptions, deduction, interpretation and evaluation of arguments. Each section has its own question type that assesses a particular critical thinking ability. This Bird and Bird test is verbal and requires a deep and concise understanding of when and to what extent of certainty can one draw conclusions, based on given data; the ability to determine whether certain assumptions have been made in a text, be they true or not; and objectively assessing the validity of arguments, regardless of prejudice or personal experience. The short version, which is commonly used today, includes 40 questions and takes between 20 to 30 minutes to complete. Practising these types of questions before taking the test is critical, because the differences between some of the sections are minute and the rules of deduction of the Watson Glaser test are different from other known deduction tests.
Bird and Bird Video Interview
Just as the assessment name suggests, the Bird & Bird video interviews are interviews via video. This means that staff will interview you via Skype, or send you a link to an interview platform that contains pre-determined Bird and Bird interview questions. Here, you will have a chance to briefly view the question before you record and submit your answer. Although seemingly easier, this method of interviewing means you do not have a chance to expand upon your answers or explain yourself further. Bird and Bird video interviews are not like in-person interviews. They require you to keep several unique and challenging aspects in mind while recording your Bird and Bird interview answers. The PrepPack™ provides preparation packs for video interviews.
Bird and Bird Assessment Day
The Bird and Bird assessment centre is used to evaluate and screen large numbers of applicants not only in key areas associated with the job description, but also for their specific working environment. During the course of the Bird & Bird assessment day, you will be met with a variety of tests, group exercises and interviews. This mix of activities was designed to assist the company in building a more precise outline of your strengths and weaknesses as they pertain to the available position.
How Are Bird & Bird Watson Glaser Tests Scored?
Bird & Bird Watson Glaser aptitude tests are usually comprised of multiple-choice questions. The possible marks for each question are correct, incorrect and unanswered. When you submit a Bird & Bird aptitude test, your answers are first measured against the correct answers. Then, your correct answers are counted and the rate of correct answers is calculated.
What is the Bird & Bird's Video Interview?
There are several different types of questions you may face during your interviews. Most interviews consist of competency-based questions, but some include job-related questions, maths problems, or riddles. You can also expect to be asked about your CV and your motivation regarding the position for which you are applying. To help you prepare for your interview and other assessments, a unique preparation pack, with all the resources you need, has been created. The pack features a detailed interview guide written by accredited psychologists. This guide covers various aspects of interviews and offers important tips. It discusses, among other things, competency-based questions and how to use the STAR method when answering them. It also provides advice on how to answer common interview questions. Going over these principles and reading the guide can help you prepare for your interviews.
What Will I Face in Bird & Bird Assessment Centre?
There are a lot of different exercises that you will face during the Bird and Bird assessment day. It is therefore really important that you get a good night's sleep if possible. Remember, a relaxed mind is the best mind. Try to be friendly even if you are nervous. It is often the interaction between candidates and workers that convince the assessors that you are the right choice for the job.
Bird & Bird Subsidiaries
Bird & Bird AARPI Bird & Bird Maciej Gawronski sp.k. Bird & Bird (International) LLP Bird & Bird Advokatpartnerselskab
Bird & Bird Advokat KB Gedda & Ekdahl Bird & Bird Attorneys Ltd. Bird & Bird LLP, Belgium
Bird & Bird LLP, Hong Kong Studio Legale Bird & Bird Bird & Bird ATMD LLP Bird & Bird, s.r.o. advokatni kancelar
Bird & Bird LLP, Australia Knight Bird & Bird Iroda Bird & Bird LLP, Netherlands Bird & Bird LLP, Asset Management Arm
Bender von Haller Dragsted Bird & Bird LLP, Germany Bird & Bird (MEA) LLP Bird & Bird (Services) Limited
Bird and Bird, Watson Glaser and other trademarks are the property of their respective trademark holders. None of the trademark holders are affiliated with JobTestPrep or this website.
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Shipping address plays a major role in business as it sends products and services to a specific location of a client or customer. However, there can be instances when you have to edit or change the Ship To address for a particular customer in QuickBooks. If you want to know the same, learn with us how to change Ship To address in QuickBooks. Along with this, we will teach you to edit or change the default Ship To address in QuickBooks. So, let's get straight to the guide.
How to Edit Ship To Address in QuickBooks?
There can be different reasons for which you may need to change the Ship To address However, now everyone is aware of the right procedure. If you want to learn how to change Ship To address in QuickBooks, we will teach you.
To change the shipping address on a purchase order, all you have to do is open the Vendor menu, select the Create Purchase Order, look for the Ship To option, and pick your customer whom you wish to edit the shipping address.
You can pursue these instructions to edit the Ship To address on a purchase order in QuickBooks Desktop:
- First of all, open the "QuickBooks" program on your computer.
- Then, go through the "Vendor" menu.
- After this, you have to click the "Create Purchase Order" menu.
- Here, you can find the "Ship To" or "Drop Ship To" fields. Make sure you locate them in the "Purchase Order" category.
- Once you found the shipping address, you can choose the relevant customer by clicking on the drop-down menu. Make sure you pick the customer to whom you are changing this address.
- After you pick your customer, move to the "Ship To" field and add the updated address.
After saving the new address in the Ship To field, you can close the tabs. Thereafter, you will be using the updated address and the orders will be shipped to that address only as long as you are not changing it.
How to Change Default Ship To Address in QuickBooks?
A lot of users prefer to add multiple addresses to one account. However, one of the addresses is usually being used the most. If it is required then you can set that address as the default one so that you don't need to choose an address every time you send the product.
If you wish to change the default Ship To address, you have to navigate through the Lists menu. Thereafter, you can open the purchase order template. This can be found in the Templates section. After this, look for the Transaction and Company Information tab. Here, you are required to update the address in the Ship To Address section.
One has to ensure that the details you are entering are correct; the Ship To address should match your Company Information.
Now, in order to change the default Ship To address, you can follow these steps:
- Launch the "QuickBooks" program on your computer.
- Move to the "Lists" menu.
- Then, go to the "Templates" tab.
- Now, you can start looking for the "Purchase Order" template.
- After you spot the purchase order template, double click on it.
- Now, switch to the "Company and Transaction Information" tab.
- Here, select the "Update Information" option.
- At this point, you can choose the "Ship To Address" option. You can find it on the right side of the screen.
- After this, you can check if the "Ship To Address" detail is the same as your "Company Information". If required then update the information.
- Once done, press the "OK" button to update the details.
As you follow these aforementioned steps, the default shipping address will be changed successfully. Now, you can continue using the updated address as your default address.
A shipping address is basically a location to where one sends the product or would like to get their order shipped. If you ever wish to change the address, you can do that easily. In this guide, we have shared easy steps for how to change Ship To address in QuickBooks. We also learned to change the default Ship To address in QuickBooks. Hope you find this blog useful.


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Definition of Teratogen, warfarin as
Teratogen, warfarin as:The anticoagulant warfarin (COUMADIN) is a known teratogen, an agent that can disturb the development of the embryo and fetus and lead to birth defects.
Warfarin taken by a woman during pregnancy can cause bleeding into the baby's brain (cerebral hemorrhage), underdevelopment (hypoplasia) of the baby's nose and stippling of the ends (the epiphyses) of the baby's long bones.
Last Editorial Review: 6/14/2012
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What Moves Aussie Dollar Currency Futures?
audusd price study
The Aussie dollar currency futures is very popular in the currency futures markets. If you plan to trade with this currency, it is important to have a look at its background.
The Australian decimal currency was introduced in 1966 to replace the Australian pound. The exchange rate at that time was set at $2.50 to the sterling pound. In 1967, Australia stopped pegging its currency to the sterling pound and pegged to the US dollar at a rate of 1 Australian dollar=1.12 US dollars.
It is worth noting that the paper currency is made from polymer, which makes counterfeiting difficult.
Daily Australian Dollar Prices (CME)
Chinese Economy Affects Aussie Dollar Currency Futures
The Australian economy is highly dependent on the extraction of mineral resources. 43 percent of mineral trading is done with north Asia while Southeast Asia accounts for 15 percent. The Chinese are also the biggest investors in the mineral extraction industry in Australia.
This demand from China has been used by many traders as a signal to trade in Aussie dollar currency futures.
Price Of Commodities
The rise of commodity prices leads to inflationary pressures in most developed countries. This is because the manufacturing sector is expected to suffer as raw commodities inputs became more expensive. The Australian dollar gains from currency futures traders taking long positions in Aussie dollar currency futures and shorting the currencies of affected countries.
audusd point and figure chart
Carry Trades
Because of the high interest rates, the Aussie dollar currency futures are a favorite of carry traders. Carry trades are taking long positions in the Aussie dollar versus a currency of a lower interest rate. Most of these are in Japanese yen, which has the lowest interest rate.
The carry trader profits from the interest gained overnight, and the gains in the Aussie dollar. Held over a long term, this is a simple strategy that guaranteed respectable profits.
Trade Balances
The flow of money out or into Australia affects the exchange rate of the Australian dollar. The outflow of Australian dollars puts downward pressure on the currency. This leads to a weakening of the currency on the global market. The opposite is true for the Australian dollar.
Inflationary Forces
High rates of inflation would make imported goods cheaper than locally produced goods. This would result in huge outflows of the Australian dollar as foreign goods are being purchased, leading to negative impact on the exchange rate.
Speculation On The Aussie Dollar Currency Futures
Speculation can affect the exchange rate significantly. In a situation where speculators are convinced the economy will falter, the Australian dollar will be sold. This will exert negative pressure on the currency leading to its value falling.
Regional Economies
Due to its strong ties to Asian economies, it is important to look at the demand of resources in India, Japan, and China. In the past, demand for commodities in these regions has an effect in the state of the Australian dollar.
Active Hours To Trade In The Aussie Dollar
In general, the most active trading hours are between the opening of the London markets at 8:00 GMT and the closing of the US market at 22:00 GMT. During this period the markets are busiest from 13:00 GMT to 16:00 GMT.
Government Intervention On The Aussie Dollar Exchange Rate
The reserve bank of Australia has raised interest rates by 0.25 percent. Analysts however expect the rates to be further raised to between 4.5 percent and 6 percent. The RBA expects to keep inflation between 2-3 percent. In addition the unemployment rate has fallen to 5.3 percent. This is good news for the Aussie dollar currency futures.


Gama Essenza | Máquinas de Café | Nespresso
Skip to content
 VarB: "Null"
The essential of the Nespresso Range
 - Key benefits
 Coffee size: Espresso & Lungo
 - Fast heat up
 - Automatic off mode after 9 minutes
A revolution in the coffee world
Essenza intelligently combines a compact design and rare simplicity of use, to make each tasting a real work of art.
Make your Espresso and Lungo
with a simple pressure.
Warm up ultra fast water to a constant
temperature, cup after cup.
The iconic timeless
design of Nespresso
 - How to take care of my machine?
 ADD A LINK TO: Order a descaling kit now"
 2. Eject your capsules after each use
 3. Frequently change the water tank with fresh drinking water
 4. Regularly empty and clean the capsule container and drip tray
 - How high is the percentage of recyclable material used in Nespresso machines?
 On average, our machines have a 60% recyclability potential.
 And today, Nespresso Club Members can bring their machines back to wherever they bought them or in any electrical appliance store. In Europe,, the European Union's Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment (WEEE) has been in force since 2003. It provides a framework in which consumers can return their used electrical and electronic appliances for recycling.
 - What does it mean 19 bars?
 - What does it mean the blinkings (or no light) of my Essenza machine?
 1. If slow and alternate blinkings (every 2 seconds) mean that the machine is in power save mode (stand-by). This mode is activated after 9 minutes of non-use.
 To exit mode, press on any coffee button. The machine is ready when buttons will stop blinking.
 It is possible to deactivate/activate the stand-by mode.
 - switch off the machine
 - press the 2 coffee buttons and hold them pressed while switching on the machine
 - stand-by mode is deactivated (buttons are blinking alternatively 3x) or activated (buttons are blinking alternatively 5x)
 2. If fast and regular blinking, it may indicate that the machine is in the descaling mode or the emptying system is activated. Please check the user manuals or go on the machine assistance videos ( ADD the link)
 3. Irregular blinking, please call the call center"
 - My Essenza machine has a poor or no coffee flow?
 1. If no coffee flow, please check that:
 - the mains supply cord is not trapped between the water tank and the machine
 - the water tank is sufficiently filled and properly positioned
 - your machine is turned on (lights ON)
 2. If poor flow, it means you need to descale your machine "
Do you have any other questions?
Aeroccino Milk Frother


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The easiest way to determine the proper diameter bushing is to measure the neck diameter of several loaded or dummy cartridges with an accurate micrometer. (These dummy cartridges can be loaded with your old set of dies or a borrowed set.) Then, simply subtract 0.001" from the cartridge that had the smallest average measurement. This will allow for a slight amount of spring back and create a proper press fit for the bullet.
Another method of determining bushing size, is to measure the neck wall thickness of the cartridge cases with a ball type or tubing micrometer. Double this measurement and add the bullet diameter to calculate the neck diameter of a loaded cartridge. As above, subtract 0.001" from this figure to determine bushing size. This method is the least desirable of the two, as a ball micrometer is fairly expensive and more difficult to read consistently than a conventional micrometer.


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Before beginning the steps below, confirm that a GL Account Number has been assigned to "Bad Debt Account" on the GL Defaults List. If you have any questions regarding this system parameter setting, please contact your Veracross account manager for assistance.
To write off an unpaid AR Invoice Item, perform the following steps:
- On the Accounts Receivable homepage, locate the invoice by running a report or query with criteria that will cause the invoice to be included in the results.
- Click on the Invoice Number to open the detail display of the invoice.
- Locate the item to be written off and click on the item "detail" icon.
- Once on the invoice item detail, click in its "General Ledger" tab.
- Enter a "Tent. Adj. Date:" (typically around the current date).
- Select the Reason, "Write-off".
- Press the "Update AR Invoice Item" button.
- Close the invoice item detail, and return to the AR Invoice Header.
- Press the "Update AR Invoice Header" button.
- A new unposted line item is created (note that it reflects a zero $ amount).
- Click on this new item's "detail" and view the amount that appears in the "Write Off Amount" box.
- After confirming that all looks good, click on the Action button and select the option "Post Invoice/Items"
- Review the invoice and the JE generated by posting operation to confirm all looks good.
Please watch the video below demonstrating How to Write Off an AR Item by clicking directly on the screen. You can make the video larger by clicking on the Full-screen button.


An Expert Explains Why Your Hair Gets Greasy Overnight and What to Do About It
Do you fall asleep with freshly-washed strands only to wake up to them being oily in the morning? Are you struggling to understand why hair gets greasy overnight? This incredibly frustrating problem is all too common for some.
Kate Holden, consultant trichologist, has some answers and advice for you. The founder of Kate Holden Clinic in Manchester can tell you why your hair gets greasy when you sleep and what you should do about it.
Keep scrolling to read what she had to say!
Why does hair get greasy overnight?
"Our hair gets greasy when there is a build up of a natural oil on the scalp called sebum," Kate shares. "Sebum is produced by our sebaceous glands and functions to lubricate and waterproof the skin and hair, which is essential for maintaining a healthy hair and scalp. Our sebaceous glands are working all the time. But if you're noticing that your hair gets greasy overnight, that indicates that your glands may be overactive or you need to adjust your haircare routine."
There is also a laundry list of more common reasons for this problem. An increase in extra oil can be caused by "hormones (think puberty, periods and menopause), diet, genetics, medications, changes in the environment, and your haircare routine."
Sleeping habits can often be to blame for greasy hair. This is especially true "if you're not washing your pillowcases often enough."
There are also a number of ways your hair washing routine contributes to extra oil production.
"How you wash your hair can definitely contribute to an oily scalp," Kate says. "Washing your hair too often can cause your scalp to overproduce sebum. Not washing your hair enough will cause a buildup. Washing your hair two to three times per week is recommended to get a good balance."
You should even be weary of how hot the water is.
"Washing your hair in hot water also stimulates the sebaceous glands, so turn the temperature down on your shower to prevent this," Kate notes.
And though it feels amazing, Kate mentions massaging your hair for too long can contribute to oily strands.
"Massaging the scalp can activate the sebaceous glands too so try not to massage for longer than one minute," she notes.
Woman looking at the camera while laying on her bed and running her fingers through her hair
(via Unsplash)
Could it be a sign of a major underlying condition?
Kate assures us that "most of the time, greasy hair is nothing to worry about." There is one instance, however, when it should raise a bit of concern.
"If you are dealing with greasy hair every day, no matter what you try, then it might be a symptom of an underlying hormone imbalance such as PCOS. If you are worried that your greasy hair is a symptom of a medical condition, speak to your general practitioner, trichologist, or dermatologist."
What can you do to prevent hair from getting greasy overnight?
Luckily, there are a number of things you can do to decrease overnight oil production.
"I would recommend avoiding hot showers or baths before bed; using a shampoo designed for greasy hair; applying dry shampoo to the roots; tying your hair up to prevent the sebum traveling down the hair shaft; and making sure you're washing your pillowcases regularly to prevent buildup of grime and sweat," Kate shares.
Kate also recommends a few products that'll help with yoru problem.
"When you're looking for a clarifying shampoo, you need a stronger surfactant (cleaner) to remove the oil from the hair and scalp," she says. "In terms of dry shampoo, Batiste is my usual go-to. If you find aerosol-based dry shampoos too drying, you can get them in powder form. For example Lush does a powder dry shampoo. When you tie your hair up at night, I'd recommend a soft scrunchie, fabric hair tie, or head scarf to reduce friction on the hair shaft."
It's also important to look at your diet as a cause for excess oil production.
"If you have a diet which is high in refined carbs and saturated fats, then this might be contributing to your greasy hair," Kate mentions. "Swap out the refined carbs to wholegrain and the saturated fats with unsaturated fats. Also, make sure you're eating lots of fruits and vegetables."
After making these changes, you should quickly notice your hair being less greasy when you wake up. If the problem does persist, be sure to reach out to a professional.
Girl sleeping on a blue pillow
(via Unsplash)
Struggling with freshly-washed strands that look greasy? HERE is what you should do to fix that problem.
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Definition of magnetic :
1. A magnet.
2. Alt. of Magnetical
3. Any metal, as iron, nickel, cobalt, etc., which may receive, by any means, the properties of the loadstone, and which then, when suspended, fixes itself in the direction of a magnetic meridian.
electrical (part of speech: adjective)
attractive (part of speech: adjective)
- Campfellowship inspired all the great captains and established the magnetic current between the leader and the soldier. - "Diary from March 4, 1861, to November 12, 1862", Adam Gurowski.
- 16. If you would be magnetic in personal relations, you must splendidly believe both in yourself and in other people. - "Mastery of Self", Frank Channing Haddock.
- In R. F. becomes black and magnetic. - "The Elements of Blowpipe Analysis", Frederick Hutton Getman.


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This innovative exhibition brings together the works of artists Rachel Armstrong, Robert Lisney and Imogen Stidworthy. 'Common Ground' examines a sense of community and the evolution of this 'sense' in a world where influences; invited and uninvited, work to redefine it. This 'sense' is built as much upon experiences of difference as it is by place, language and lives in common. This understanding is reflected in the host venue, The Liverpool Climbing Hangar. The three artists are all engaged at different levels with activities at The Hangar and its emerging communities.
June 1st/6.30-9.30/The Climbing Hangar, 6 Birchall St, L20 8PD/0151 _EMAIL_
DJ: Liam Greene


careertrend article image
Terry Vine/DigitalVision/GettyImages
Responsibilities of a Nursing Assistant for a Diabetic Patient
Growth Trends for Related Jobs
Nursing assistants work under the supervision of registered nurses and are often the person who is most involved in the day-to-day care of the patient. A nursing assistant may have contact with the diabetic patient in a clinic, in the community, or in a hospital. Much of his role involves monitoring the patient's condition, and helping her to manage it as effectively as possible. The nursing assistant can play a crucial part in helping the person with diabetes to maximize her quality of life.
The nursing assistant together with the RN helps educate and inform the patient about effective diet management. Diet, particularly carbohydrate control, is central to diabetes. Many diabetic patients struggle with this aspect of their condition. Some patients may instinctively reject some of this advice. The nursing assistant can often form a trusting relationship with the patient, where such issues can be discussed in a constructive way.
The nursing assistant monitors all aspects of the diabetic patient's care. She may carry out routine urinalysis, record the results, and immediately report any abnormailitie. The nursing assistant often carries out blood glucose monitoring and reports and records the results. Any changes in the patient's level of consciousness, or behavior will also be noted and reported by the care assistant. Some nursing assistants are trained to assist with insulin pump therapy.
The nursing assistant should be trained to recognize complications and to act immediately, informing the nurse in charge or the physician. The obvious acute complications occur when there is an imbalance between the glucose and insulin levels. Good care can help the patient avoid some of these complication. The nursing assistant should help the patient with hygiene needs, ensuring that he regularly attends the podiatry clinic and has regular eye tests.


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area surface conversion
Amount: 1 square pole (sq pole) of area
Equals: 0.000025 Chinese píngfāng gōnglǐ (平方公里) in area
Converting square pole to Chinese píngfāng gōnglǐ value in the area surface units scale.
TOGGLE : from Chinese píngfāng gōnglǐ into square poles in the other way around.
CONVERT : between other area surface measuring units - complete list.
Conversion calculator for webmasters.
Area units calculator
Main area or surface units converter page.
Convert area surface measuring units between square pole (sq pole) and Chinese píngfāng gōnglǐ (平方公里) but in the other reverse direction from Chinese píngfāng gōnglǐ into square poles.
|conversion result for area surface:|
|1 square pole||sq pole||=||0.000025||Chinese píngfāng gōnglǐ||平方公里|
Converter type: area surface units
This online area surface from sq pole into 平方公里 converter is a handy tool not just for certified or experienced professionals.
First unit: square pole (sq pole) is used for measuring area.
Second: Chinese píngfāng gōnglǐ (平方公里) is unit of area.
0.000025 平方公里 is converted to 1 of what?
The Chinese píngfāng gōnglǐ unit number 0.000025 平方公里 converts to 1 sq pole, one square pole. It is the EQUAL area value of 1 square pole but in the Chinese píngfāng gōnglǐ area unit alternative.
How to convert 2 square poles (sq pole) into Chinese píngfāng gōnglǐ (平方公里)? Is there a calculation formula?
First divide the two units variables. Then multiply the result by 2 - for example:
2.529285264E-5 * 2 (or divide it by / 0.5)
1 sq pole =? 平方公里
1 sq pole = 0.000025 平方公里
Other applications for this area surface calculator...
With the above mentioned two-units calculating service it provides, this area surface converter proved to be useful also as a teaching tool:
1. in practicing square poles and Chinese píngfāng gōnglǐ ( sq pole vs. 平方公里 ) values exchange.
2. for conversion factors training exercises between unit pairs.
3. work with area surface's values and properties.
International unit symbols for these two area surface measurements are:
Abbreviation or prefix ( abbr. short brevis ), unit symbol, for square pole is:
Abbreviation or prefix ( abbr. ) brevis - short unit symbol for Chinese píngfāng gōnglǐ is:
One square pole of area surface converted to Chinese píngfāng gōnglǐ equals to 0.000025 平方公里
How many Chinese píngfāng gōnglǐ of area surface are in 1 square pole? The answer is: The change of 1 sq pole ( square pole ) unit of area surface measure equals = to 0.000025 平方公里 ( Chinese píngfāng gōnglǐ ) as the equivalent measure for the same area surface type.
In principle with any measuring task, switched on professional people always ensure, and their success depends on, they get the most precise conversion results everywhere and every-time. Not only whenever possible, it's always so. Often having only a good idea ( or more ideas ) might not be perfect nor good enough solution. If there is an exact known measure in sq pole - square poles for area surface amount, the rule is that the square pole number gets converted into 平方公里 - Chinese píngfāng gōnglǐ or any other area surface unit absolutely exactly.
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Analysis of Different Routing Techniques for Opportunistic Data Transfer
This paper deals with various routing techniques for efficient data transfer in MANET. MANET is a wireless infrastructure-less network where mobile devices communicate through wireless links. To make the communication of wireless network as good as that of the wired ones is the challenging issue. The high link quality involves best path selection and it leads to throughput improvement. Higher layer like network layer is used to provide an efficient data transfer in dynamic environment. To make routing efficient, the authors need to know the topographical information of the wireless network. Based on which they can improve the routing process and packets are transmitted efficiently with high packet delivery ratio.


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Galaxy Diamond Glitter Lamp
- Low stock - 2 items left
- Inventory on the way
About This Product
- Ages 12+ with adult supervision
- Size: 36 cm
- Keep upright
- Turn off regularly
- Some assembly is required
- Light bulb is included
- Voltage: 230-240V, 50Hz
- Wattage: Max 30W
WARNING: The glass lamp surface is hot when in use. For indoor use only. Keep out of reach of children.
The Lava lamp was invented by British accountant Edward Craven-Walker in 1963 after watching a homemade egg timer, which was made from a cocktail shaker filled with liquids, as it was bubbling on a stove top in a pub.
There are two liquids in the lamp that are insoluble together and have similar densities. The heat from the light bulb heats the heavier liquid at the bottom of the lamp. It absorbs the heat, expands and becomes less dense.
This change in density is small but enough for the once heavier liquid to float to the top of the lamp. As the blob of liquid moves away from the lamp it cools. This increases the density and it sinks back to the bottom of the lamp. This motion is repeated over and over again creating the continuous motion of the liquid in the lamp.
The interactions between wax and liquid are not an exact science. Your colouring may differ from the image depicted, and may change throughout use.
|Order Value||Shipping & Delivery Cost|
For more information please visit our Shipping & Delivery Page


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.95 0.067 0.188 Turnips 0.93 0.034 0.130 Watermelons 0.94 0.034 0.110
Although a bushel of apples weighs about 45 pounds, we will assume a weight of 50 pounds to take into account the weight of the container, which must also be cooled. The amount of field heat that must be removed is:
0.87 Btu/lb X (80 F - 32 F) X 200 bu X 50 lb/bu = 417,600 Btu
Since the apples are to be cooled to 32 F in one day, the hourly field heat load is 417,600 Btu divided by 24 hours, or 17,400 Btu per hour.
On the last day of harvest, the storage facility will contain 1,800 bushels of cool apples and 200 bushels of fieldwarm apples. At this time the respiration heat load generated by the stored crop will be the largest. Table 5 shows that field-warm summer apples pro-duce about 0.340 Btu per pound per hour, whereas properly cooled summer apples produce only 0.018 Btu per pound per hour. Thus field-warm apples pro-duce nearly 19 times as much heat by respiration as do cool apples. Since the freshly harvested (warm) apples will be cooled to their proper storage temperature within one day, the heat of respiration used in the calculation will be the average of the values. The average is:
0.340 + 0.018 ------------- = 0.179 Btu/lb/hr 2
The weight, W, of the 1,800 bushels of cool apples is approximately:
W = 1,800 bu X 50 lb/bu = 90,000 lb
The heat of respiration of the cool apples, HRc, is:
HRc = 90,000 lb X 0.018 Btu/lb/hr = 1,620 Btu/hr
The weight, W, of the 200 bushels of warm apples is approximately:
W = 200 bu X 50 lb/bu = 10,000 lb
The average respiration rate, as given previously, is 0.179 Btu per pound per hour. Therefore the heat of respiration for the warm apples, HRw, is:
HRw = 10,000 lb X 0.179 Btu/hr = 1,790 Btu/hr
To obtain the total heat of respiration, HRt, we add the value for cool and warm apples:
HRt = 1,620 Btu/hr + 1,790 Btu/hr = 3,410 Btu/hr
SL = 0.10 X (6,504 + 17,400 + 3,410 Btu/hr) = 2,731 Btu/hr
The total heat load is the sum from all four sources, as shown in Table 6.
Table 6. Total Heat Load for Example Cooling Facility
1. Heat conductance Walls 3,864 Ceiling 1,534 Floor 1,106 6,504 Btu/hr 2. Field heat 200 bushels per day at 80 F 17,400 Btu/hr 3. Heat of respiration 200 bushels warm apples 1,790 1,800 bushels cold apples 1,620 3,410 Btu/hr Subtotal 27,314 Btu/hr 4. Service load 10% of subtotal 2,731 Btu/hr Total heat load 30,045 Btu/hr
The approximate proportion of the total heat load contributed by each of the four sources is:
Heat conduction.... 21.6 percent Field heat....... 57.9 percent Heat of respiration.. 11.3 percent Service load...... 9.1 percent
As discussed previously, refrigeration systems are rated by how much heat they will move or displace in a given length of time. The standard unit of rating is the ton. Since 1 ton of refrigeration equals 288,000 Btu per 24 hours, or 12,000 Btu per hour, the refrigeration capacity, RC, for a unit that would just handle the heat load in the previous example under the conditions described would be:
30,061 Btu/hr RC = ----------------- 12,000 Btu/hr ton = 2.51 tons
A 2.51-ton refrigeration unit would need to run continuously to keep the temperature in this storage facility at 32 F under the conditions listed above. If the conditions used in this calculation were changed, a 2.51-ton unit could be either too large or too small to maintain the desired storage temperature. The capacity needed to maintain a temperature of 32 F would increase if:
For example, if harvesting were increased to 400 bushels of apples per day, the total heat load would increase to nearly 51,000 Btu per hour. A 4 1/4-ton unit running continuously would be required to maintain a storage temperature of 32 F under these conditions.
In practice, it is advisable in selecting a refrigeration system to add reserve capacity to the calculated rating as a protection against overloads. Of particular interest is the fact that refrigeration systems, for reasons to be discussed later, are operated for a total of only 16 to 20 hours per day. The total capacity of the system must be increased, therefore, to compensate for the "off time." For example, if the system described in the example were to operate for only 16 hours per day, it would need to be 24/16, or 1.5 times as large--that is, 3.77 tons instead of 2.51 tons.
Furthermore, it is good practice to increase the capacity of the system by a chilling rate factor. The rate at which heat is removed from the produce is not constant during the cycle but is greatest at the beginning. If the capacity of the system is not sufficient to overcome the thermal inertia of the produce, cooling time may increase above the specified limits for the product. To compensate, a chilling rate factor of 1.5 is applied to most fresh fruits and vegetables. This factor is applied in addition to the on-time factor. Thus the actual refrigeration system capacity, RC, required for the example facility would be:
RC = 2.51 X 1.5 X 1.5 = 5.65 tons
In the example, field heat accounts for 58.9 percent of the total heat load. Once field heat has been removed from the crop, much less refrigeration capacity is required to maintain the storage temperature. While 5.65 tons of refrigeration are needed to cool the apples in the example, about 2 1/2 tons are needed to maintain a constant temperature after they have reached 32 F. Therefore, anything that can be done to lower the temperature of the crop brought into the storage facility will significantly reduce the initial heat load, thus reducing the cost of the refrigeration equipment needed and the electrical energy to operate it.
Harvesting early or late in the day or even at night helps reduce refrigeration cost. Some large growers of highly perishable crops have started harvesting "under the lights" to reduce cooling costs and preserve quality. Although not usable for all crops, hydrocooling is an effective way to remove the first 20 to 30 degrees of heat quickly, lessening the load on the system. Even cooling with well water is a very energy efficient method of precooling produce before it is placed in the cooling room. Note, however, that some types of produce are sensitive to wetting, which encourages the growth of microorganisms.
If the 200 bushels of apples in the example facility were cooled just 20 F before entering the cooling room, the total heat load would be reduced to about 22,080 Btu per hour, or 26 percent. In this case, only 4.14 tons of refrigeration would be required instead of 5.65. Table 7 shows the calculations involved.
Table 7. Total Heat Load at a Field Temperature of 60 F
1. Heat conductance6,504 Btu/hr 2. Field heat 10,158 Btu/hr 3. Heat of respiration 3,410 Btu/hr ------------- Subtotal 20,072 Btu/hr 4. Service load 2,007 Btu/hr ------------- Total heat load 22,079 Btu/hr
Although doubling the insulation value in the walls, ceiling, and floor would reduce the heat conductance by one-half from 6,504 to 3,252 Btu per hour, the percentage reduction of the total heat load would be small. The only way to reduce the heat load substantially is to start the refrigeration cooling process with fruit as cool as possible.
Condensation and Humidity. The cooling coils of the refrigeration system (Figure 4) must be colder than the air in the room if the air is to be cooled. The larger the temperature difference, the greater the rate of heat transfer and the smaller (and less expensive) the cooling coils. However, the colder the coil surface, the more water vapor from the air will condense on the coils, either as a liquid or as ice. Evaporator coil condensation represents wasted refrigeration capacity and should be minimized. Allowing hot, humid air to enter the cooling room is particularly costly because the refrigeration system must not only cool the air but also condense the additional water


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How to trigger a workflow during termination of Contingent Worker?
"Image/data in this KBA is from SAP internal systems, sample data, or demo systems. Any resemblance to real data is purely coincidental."
Employee Central - Contingent Worker
Step 1: Create a Business Rule with Work Order as base object.
Step 2: Assign this rule to Work Order object under Configure Object Definition > Save Rule
Step 3: Go to Employee's Profile > Take Action > Edit Work Order Information and change the End date. Workflow will get triggered.
Workflow for Contingent Worker, Termination of Contingent Worker, Work order workflow, End of Work order Workflow, Work Order, workorder, KBA, LOD-SF-EC-CWF, Contingent Workforce, Problem