Alice gave Bob two integers a and b (a > 0 and b ≥ 0). Being a curious boy, Bob wrote down an array of non-negative integers with \operatorname{MEX} value of all elements equal to a and \operatorname{XOR} value of all elements equal to b.

What is the shortest possible length of the array Bob wrote?

Recall that the \operatorname{MEX} (Minimum EXcluded) of an array is the minimum non-negative integer that does not belong to the array and the \operatorname{XOR} of an array is the [bitwise XOR](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitwise_operation#XOR) of all the elements of the array.

Input

The input consists of multiple test cases. The first line contains an integer t (1 ≤ t ≤ 5 ⋅ 10^4) — the number of test cases. The description of the test cases follows.

The only line of each test case contains two integers a and b (1 ≤ a ≤ 3 ⋅ 10^5; 0 ≤ b ≤ 3 ⋅ 10^5) — the \operatorname{MEX} and \operatorname{XOR} of the array, respectively.

Output

For each test case, output one (positive) integer — the length of the shortest array with \operatorname{MEX} a and \operatorname{XOR} b. We can show that such an array always exists.

Example

Input


5
1 1
2 1
2 0
1 10000
2 10000


Output


3
2
3
2
3

Note

In the first test case, one of the shortest arrays with \operatorname{MEX} 1 and \operatorname{XOR} 1 is [0, 2020, 2021].

In the second test case, one of the shortest arrays with \operatorname{MEX} 2 and \operatorname{XOR} 1 is [0, 1].

It can be shown that these arrays are the shortest arrays possible.
import sys
testing = len(sys.argv) == 4 and sys.argv[3] == "myTest"
interactive = False
if testing:
    cmd = sys.stdout
    from time import time
    start_time = int(round(time() * 1000)) 
    readAll = open(sys.argv[1], 'r').read
    sys.stdout = open(sys.argv[2], 'w')
else:
    readAll = sys.stdin.read

# ############ ---- I/O Functions ---- ############

class InputData:
    def __init__(self):
        self.lines = readAll().split('\n')
        self.n = len(self.lines)
        self.ii = -1
    def input(self):
        self.ii += 1
        assert self.ii < self.n
        return self.lines[self.ii]

flush = sys.stdout.flush
if interactive and not testing:
    input = sys.stdin.readline
else:
    inputData = InputData()
    input = inputData.input

def intin():
    return(int(input()))
def intlin():
    return(list(map(int,input().split())))
def chrin():
    return(list(input()))
def strin():
    return input()
def lout(l, sep="\n", toStr=True):
    print(sep.join(map(str, l) if toStr else l))
def dout(*args, **kargs):
    if not testing: return
    if args: print(args[0] if len(args)==1 else args)
    if kargs: print([(k,v) for k,v in kargs.items()])
def ask(q):
    sys.stdout.write(str(q)+'\n')
    flush()
    return intin()
    
# ############ ---- I/O Functions ---- ############

# from math import ceil
# from collections import defaultdict as ddict, Counter
# from heapq import *
# from Queue import Queue
# ? ^ (c^b) = 0
# x^y = c^b, x and y > a
arr = range(3*10**5)
for i in xrange(1,len(arr)):
    arr[i] ^= arr[i-1]
dout(arr[:10])
def main():
    a,b = intlin()
    # dout(b=format(b, 'b'))
    c = arr[a-1]
    # dout(c^b)
    if c^b == 0:
        return a
    if c^b != a:
        return a+1
    return a+2


anss = []
for _ in xrange(intin()):
    anss.append(main())
    # anss.append("YES" if main() else "NO")
lout(anss)

if testing:
    sys.stdout = cmd
    print(int(round(time() * 1000))  - start_time)