Alice gave Bob two integers a and b (a > 0 and b ≥ 0). Being a curious boy, Bob wrote down an array of non-negative integers with \operatorname{MEX} value of all elements equal to a and \operatorname{XOR} value of all elements equal to b.

What is the shortest possible length of the array Bob wrote?

Recall that the \operatorname{MEX} (Minimum EXcluded) of an array is the minimum non-negative integer that does not belong to the array and the \operatorname{XOR} of an array is the [bitwise XOR](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitwise_operation#XOR) of all the elements of the array.

Input

The input consists of multiple test cases. The first line contains an integer t (1 ≤ t ≤ 5 ⋅ 10^4) — the number of test cases. The description of the test cases follows.

The only line of each test case contains two integers a and b (1 ≤ a ≤ 3 ⋅ 10^5; 0 ≤ b ≤ 3 ⋅ 10^5) — the \operatorname{MEX} and \operatorname{XOR} of the array, respectively.

Output

For each test case, output one (positive) integer — the length of the shortest array with \operatorname{MEX} a and \operatorname{XOR} b. We can show that such an array always exists.

Example

Input


5
1 1
2 1
2 0
1 10000
2 10000


Output


3
2
3
2
3

Note

In the first test case, one of the shortest arrays with \operatorname{MEX} 1 and \operatorname{XOR} 1 is [0, 2020, 2021].

In the second test case, one of the shortest arrays with \operatorname{MEX} 2 and \operatorname{XOR} 1 is [0, 1].

It can be shown that these arrays are the shortest arrays possible.
/*
stream Butter!
eggyHide eggyVengeance
I need U
xiao rerun when
 */
import static java.lang.Math.*;
import java.util.*;
import java.io.*;
import java.math.*;

public class x1567B
{
    static final int MAX = 300005;
    public static void main(String hi[]) throws Exception
    {
        int[] xors = new int[MAX];
        for(int i=1; i < MAX; i++)
            xors[i] = xors[i-1]^i;
        BufferedReader infile = new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(System.in));
        StringTokenizer st = new StringTokenizer(infile.readLine());
        int T = Integer.parseInt(st.nextToken());
        StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder();
        while(T-->0)
        {
            st = new StringTokenizer(infile.readLine());
            int A = Integer.parseInt(st.nextToken());
            int B = Integer.parseInt(st.nextToken());
            int res = A;
            int xor = 0;
            if(A > 0)
                xor = xors[A-1];
            if(xor != B)
            {
                res++;
                if((xor^B) == A)
                    res++;
            }
            if(A == 0)
                res = B == 0 ? 2 : 1;
            sb.append(res+"\n");
        }
        System.out.print(sb);
    }
    public static int[] readArr(int N, BufferedReader infile, StringTokenizer st) throws Exception
    {
        int[] arr = new int[N];
        st = new StringTokenizer(infile.readLine());
        for(int i=0; i < N; i++)
            arr[i] = Integer.parseInt(st.nextToken());
        return arr;
    }
}