Alice gave Bob two integers a and b (a > 0 and b ≥ 0). Being a curious boy, Bob wrote down an array of non-negative integers with \operatorname{MEX} value of all elements equal to a and \operatorname{XOR} value of all elements equal to b.

What is the shortest possible length of the array Bob wrote?

Recall that the \operatorname{MEX} (Minimum EXcluded) of an array is the minimum non-negative integer that does not belong to the array and the \operatorname{XOR} of an array is the [bitwise XOR](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitwise_operation#XOR) of all the elements of the array.

Input

The input consists of multiple test cases. The first line contains an integer t (1 ≤ t ≤ 5 ⋅ 10^4) — the number of test cases. The description of the test cases follows.

The only line of each test case contains two integers a and b (1 ≤ a ≤ 3 ⋅ 10^5; 0 ≤ b ≤ 3 ⋅ 10^5) — the \operatorname{MEX} and \operatorname{XOR} of the array, respectively.

Output

For each test case, output one (positive) integer — the length of the shortest array with \operatorname{MEX} a and \operatorname{XOR} b. We can show that such an array always exists.

Example

Input


5
1 1
2 1
2 0
1 10000
2 10000


Output


3
2
3
2
3

Note

In the first test case, one of the shortest arrays with \operatorname{MEX} 1 and \operatorname{XOR} 1 is [0, 2020, 2021].

In the second test case, one of the shortest arrays with \operatorname{MEX} 2 and \operatorname{XOR} 1 is [0, 1].

It can be shown that these arrays are the shortest arrays possible.
import java.io.BufferedReader;
import java.io.IOException;
import java.io.InputStreamReader;
import java.io.File;
import java.io.*;
import java.util.*;

public class Main {

    // static final File ip = new File("input.txt");
    // static final File op = new File("output.txt");
    // static {
    //     try {
    //         System.setOut(new PrintStream(op));
    //         System.setIn(new FileInputStream(ip));
    //     } catch (Exception e) {
    //     }
    // }

    static int computeXOR(int n) {

        if (n % 4 == 0)
            return n;

        if (n % 4 == 1)
            return 1;

        if (n % 4 == 2)
            return n + 1;

        return 0;
    }

    public static void main(String[] args) {
        FastReader sc = new FastReader();
        int test = sc.nextInt();
        while (test-- != 0) {
            int a = sc.nextInt();
            int b = sc.nextInt();
            int xor = computeXOR(a - 1);
            if (xor == b)
                System.out.println(a);
            else if ((xor ^ b) == a)
                System.out.println(a + 2);
            else
                System.out.println(a + 1);
        }
    }

    static long power(long x, long y, long p) {
        long res = 1;
        x = x % p;
        if (x == 0)
            return 0;
        while (y > 0) {
            if ((y & 1) != 0)
                res = (res * x) % p;
            y = y >> 1;
            x = (x * x) % p;
        }
        return res;
    }

    public static int countSetBits(long number) {
        int count = 0;
        while (number > 0) {
            ++count;
            number &= number - 1;
        }
        return count;
    }

    private static <T> void swap(int[] a, int i, int j) {
        int tmp = a[i];
        a[i] = a[j];
        a[j] = tmp;
    }

    static class pair {
        long a, b;

        pair(long x, long y) {
            this.a = x;
            this.b = y;
        }
        // public boolean equals(Object o) {
        // if (this == o) return true;
        // if (!(o instanceof pair)) return false;
        // pair key = (pair) o;
        // return a == key.a && b == key.b;
        // }

        // @Override
        // public int hashCode() {
        // int result = a;
        // result = 31 * result + b;
        // return result;
        // }

        // public int compare(pair p1, pair p2) {
        // if(p1.a - p2.a > 0) return -1;
        // if(p1.a - p2.a < 0) return 1;
        // return 0;
        // }
    }

    static class comparator implements Comparator<pair> {

        public int compare(pair p1, pair p2) {
            if (p1.a - p2.a > 0)
                return 1;
            if (p1.a - p2.a < 0)
                return -1;
            if (p1.a == p2.a) {
                if (p1.b > p2.b)
                    return -1;
                else if (p1.b < p2.b)
                    return 1;
            }
            return 0;
        }
    }

    private static long getSum(int[] array) {
        long sum = 0;
        for (int value : array) {
            sum += value;
        }
        return sum;
    }

    private static boolean isPrime(Long x) {
        if (x < 2)
            return false;
        for (long d = 2; d * d <= x; ++d) {
            if (x % d == 0)
                return false;
        }
        return true;
    }

    static int[] reverse(int a[], int n) {
        int i, k, t;
        for (i = 0; i < n / 2; i++) {
            t = a[i];
            a[i] = a[n - i - 1];
            a[n - i - 1] = t;
        }
        return a;
    }

    private static boolean isPrimeInt(int x) {
        if (x < 2)
            return false;
        for (int d = 2; d * d <= x; ++d) {
            if (x % d == 0)
                return false;
        }
        return true;
    }

    public static String reverse(String input) {
        StringBuilder str = new StringBuilder("");

        for (int i = input.length() - 1; i >= 0; i--) {
            str.append(input.charAt(i));
        }

        return str.toString();
    }

    private static int[] getPrimes(int n) {
        boolean[] used = new boolean[n + 1];
        used[0] = used[1] = true;
        int size = 0;
        for (int i = 2; i <= n; ++i) {
            if (!used[i]) {
                ++size;
                for (int j = 2 * i; j <= n; j += i) {
                    used[j] = true;
                }
            }
        }
        int[] primes = new int[size];
        for (int i = 0, cur = 0; i <= n; ++i) {
            if (!used[i]) {
                primes[cur++] = i;
            }
        }
        return primes;
    }

    private static long lcm(long a, long b) {
        return a / gcd(a, b) * b;
    }

    private static long gcd(long a, long b) {
        return (a == 0 ? b : gcd(b % a, a));
    }

    static void sortI(int[] arr) {
        int n = arr.length;
        Random rnd = new Random();
        for (int i = 0; i < n; ++i) {
            int tmp = arr[i];
            int randomPos = i + rnd.nextInt(n - i);
            arr[i] = arr[randomPos];
            arr[randomPos] = tmp;
        }
        Arrays.sort(arr);
    }

    static void shuffleList(ArrayList<Long> arr) {
        int n = arr.size();
        Random rnd = new Random();
        for (int i = 0; i < n; ++i) {
            long tmp = arr.get(i);
            int randomPos = i + rnd.nextInt(n - i);
            arr.set(i, arr.get(randomPos));
            arr.set(randomPos, tmp);
        }
    }

    static void factorize(long n) {
        int count = 0;
        while (!(n % 2 > 0)) {
            n >>= 1;

            count++;
        }
        if (count > 0) {
            // System.out.println("2" + " " + count);
        }
        long i = 0;
        for (i = 3; i <= (long) Math.sqrt(n); i += 2) {
            count = 0;
            while (n % i == 0) {
                count++;
                n = n / i;
            }
            if (count > 0) {
                // System.out.println(i + " " + count);
            }
        }

        if (n > 2) {
            // System.out.println(i + " " + count);
        }
    }

    static void sortL(long[] arr) {
        int n = arr.length;
        Random rnd = new Random();
        for (int i = 0; i < n; ++i) {
            long tmp = arr[i];
            int randomPos = i + rnd.nextInt(n - i);
            arr[i] = arr[randomPos];
            arr[randomPos] = tmp;
        }
        Arrays.sort(arr);
    }

    static class FastReader {
        BufferedReader br;
        StringTokenizer st;

        public FastReader() {
            br = new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(System.in));
        }

        public boolean hasNext() {
            return false;
        }

        String next() {
            while (st == null || !st.hasMoreElements()) {
                try {
                    st = new StringTokenizer(br.readLine());
                } catch (IOException e) {
                    e.printStackTrace();
                }
            }
            return st.nextToken();
        }

        int nextInt() {
            return Integer.parseInt(next());
        }

        long nextLong() {
            return Long.parseLong(next());
        }

        double nextDouble() {
            return Double.parseDouble(next());
        }

        String nextLine() {
            String str = "";
            try {
                str = br.readLine();
            } catch (IOException e) {
                e.printStackTrace();
            }
            return str;
        }
    }
}