Alice gave Bob two integers a and b (a > 0 and b ≥ 0). Being a curious boy, Bob wrote down an array of non-negative integers with \operatorname{MEX} value of all elements equal to a and \operatorname{XOR} value of all elements equal to b.

What is the shortest possible length of the array Bob wrote?

Recall that the \operatorname{MEX} (Minimum EXcluded) of an array is the minimum non-negative integer that does not belong to the array and the \operatorname{XOR} of an array is the [bitwise XOR](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitwise_operation#XOR) of all the elements of the array.

Input

The input consists of multiple test cases. The first line contains an integer t (1 ≤ t ≤ 5 ⋅ 10^4) — the number of test cases. The description of the test cases follows.

The only line of each test case contains two integers a and b (1 ≤ a ≤ 3 ⋅ 10^5; 0 ≤ b ≤ 3 ⋅ 10^5) — the \operatorname{MEX} and \operatorname{XOR} of the array, respectively.

Output

For each test case, output one (positive) integer — the length of the shortest array with \operatorname{MEX} a and \operatorname{XOR} b. We can show that such an array always exists.

Example

Input


5
1 1
2 1
2 0
1 10000
2 10000


Output


3
2
3
2
3

Note

In the first test case, one of the shortest arrays with \operatorname{MEX} 1 and \operatorname{XOR} 1 is [0, 2020, 2021].

In the second test case, one of the shortest arrays with \operatorname{MEX} 2 and \operatorname{XOR} 1 is [0, 1].

It can be shown that these arrays are the shortest arrays possible.
public class B {

	public Object solve () {
		int A = sc.nextInt(), B = sc.nextInt();

		int Y = X[A-1] ^ B;

		if (Y == 0)
			return A;

		if (Y != A)
			return A + 1;

		return A + 2;
	}

	private static final int CONTEST_TYPE = 2;

	static int Z = 300010;
	static int [] X = new int [Z];

	private static void init () {
		for (int i : rep(1, Z))
			X[i] = X[i-1] ^ i;
	}

	/**
	 * For every i in [0,N), bits[i] is the list of i's bits, in increasing order.
	 */
	int [][] bits (int N) {
		int M = 1 << N;
		int [][] res = new int [M][];
		for (int m = 0; m < M; ++m) {
			res[m] = new int [Integer.bitCount(m)];
			int t = m;
			for (int i = 0; i < res[m].length; ++i) {
				int j = (t & (-t));
				res[m][i] = Integer.numberOfTrailingZeros(j);
				t -= j;
			}
		}
		return res;
	}
	private static int [] rep (int S, int T) { if (S >= T) return new int [0]; int [] res = new int [T-S]; for (int i = S; i < T; ++i) res[i-S] = i; return res; }
	//////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// OFF
	private static IOUtils.MyScanner sc = new IOUtils.MyScanner();
	private static class IOUtils {
		public static class MyScanner {
			public String next () { newLine(); return line[index++]; }
			public int nextInt () { return Integer.parseInt(next()); }
			//////////////////////////////////////////////
			private boolean eol () { return index == line.length; }
			private String readLine () {
				try {
					int b;
					StringBuilder res = new StringBuilder();
					while ((b = System.in.read()) < ' ')
						continue;
					res.append((char)b);
					while ((b = System.in.read()) >= ' ')
						res.append((char)b);
					return res.toString();
				} catch (Exception e) {
					throw new Error (e);
				}
			}
			private MyScanner () {
				try {
					while (System.in.available() == 0)
						Thread.sleep(1);
					start();
				} catch (Exception e) {
					throw new Error(e);
				}
			}
			private String [] line;
			private int index;
			private void newLine () {
				if (line == null || eol()) {
					line = split(readLine());
					index = 0;
				}
			}
			private String [] split (String s) { return s.length() > 0 ? s.split(" ") : new String [0]; }
		}
		private static String build (Object o, Object ... A) { return buildDelim(" ", o, A); }
		private static String buildDelim (String delim, Object o, Object ... A) {
			java.util.List<String> str = new java.util.ArrayList<>();
			append(str, o);
			for (Object p : A)
				append(str, p);
			return String.join(delim, str.toArray(new String [0]));
		}
		//////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
		private static java.text.DecimalFormat formatter = new java.text.DecimalFormat("#.#########");
		private static void start () { if (t == 0) t = millis(); }
		private static void append (java.util.function.Consumer<Object> f, java.util.function.Consumer<Object> g, Object o) {
			if (o.getClass().isArray()) {
				int len = java.lang.reflect.Array.getLength(o);
				for (int i = 0; i < len; ++i)
					f.accept(java.lang.reflect.Array.get(o, i));
			}
			else if (o instanceof Iterable<?>)
				((Iterable<?>)o).forEach(f::accept);
			else
				g.accept(o instanceof Double ? formatter.format(o) : o);
		}
		private static void append (java.util.List<String> str, Object o) {
			append(x -> append(str, x), x -> str.add(x.toString()), o);
		}
		private static java.io.PrintWriter pw = new java.io.PrintWriter(System.out);
		private static void flush () { pw.flush(); System.out.flush(); }
		private static void print (Object o, Object ... A) {
			String res = build(o, A);
			if (DEBUG == 2)
				err(res, '(', time(), ')');
			if (res.length() > 0)
				pw.println(res);
			if (DEBUG == 1)
				flush();
		}
		private static void err (Object o, Object ... A) { System.err.println(build(o, A)); }
		private static int DEBUG;
		private static void exit () {
			String end = "------------------" + System.lineSeparator() + time();
			switch(DEBUG) {
			case 1: print(end); break;
			case 2: err(end); break;
			}
			IOUtils.pw.close();
			System.out.flush();
			System.exit(0);
		}
		private static long t;
		private static long millis () { return System.currentTimeMillis(); }
		private static String time () { return "Time: " + (millis() - t) / 1000.0; }
		private static void run (int N) {
			try { DEBUG = Integer.parseInt(System.getProperties().get("DEBUG").toString()); }
			catch (Throwable t) {}

			for (int n = 1; n <= N; ++n) {
				Object res = new B().solve();
				if (res != null) {
					@SuppressWarnings("all")
					Object o = CONTEST_TYPE == 0 ? "Case #" + n + ": " + build(res) : res;
					print(o);
				}
			}
			exit();
		}
	}
	////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
	public static void main (String[] args) {
		@SuppressWarnings("all")
		int N = CONTEST_TYPE == 1 ? 1 : sc.nextInt();
		init();
		IOUtils.run(N);
	}
}
