Alice gave Bob two integers a and b (a > 0 and b ≥ 0). Being a curious boy, Bob wrote down an array of non-negative integers with \operatorname{MEX} value of all elements equal to a and \operatorname{XOR} value of all elements equal to b.

What is the shortest possible length of the array Bob wrote?

Recall that the \operatorname{MEX} (Minimum EXcluded) of an array is the minimum non-negative integer that does not belong to the array and the \operatorname{XOR} of an array is the [bitwise XOR](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitwise_operation#XOR) of all the elements of the array.

Input

The input consists of multiple test cases. The first line contains an integer t (1 ≤ t ≤ 5 ⋅ 10^4) — the number of test cases. The description of the test cases follows.

The only line of each test case contains two integers a and b (1 ≤ a ≤ 3 ⋅ 10^5; 0 ≤ b ≤ 3 ⋅ 10^5) — the \operatorname{MEX} and \operatorname{XOR} of the array, respectively.

Output

For each test case, output one (positive) integer — the length of the shortest array with \operatorname{MEX} a and \operatorname{XOR} b. We can show that such an array always exists.

Example

Input


5
1 1
2 1
2 0
1 10000
2 10000


Output


3
2
3
2
3

Note

In the first test case, one of the shortest arrays with \operatorname{MEX} 1 and \operatorname{XOR} 1 is [0, 2020, 2021].

In the second test case, one of the shortest arrays with \operatorname{MEX} 2 and \operatorname{XOR} 1 is [0, 1].

It can be shown that these arrays are the shortest arrays possible.
import java.util.*;
import java.lang.*;
import java.io.*;

public class Solution {
    static int N = 300005;
    static int[] arr = new int[N];
    public static void main(String[] args) throws java.lang.Exception {
        out = new PrintWriter(new BufferedOutputStream(System.out));
        sc = new FastReader();
        int test = sc.nextInt();
        for (int i = 1; i < N; i++) {
            arr[i] = arr[i - 1] ^ (i - 1);
        }
        for (int t = 0; t < test; t++) {
            solve();
        }
        out.close();
    }

    private static void solve() {
        int a = sc.nextInt();
        int b = sc.nextInt();
        int count = arr[a];
        if (b == count) {
            out.println(a);
        }else if (a == (count ^ b)) {
            out.println(2 + a);
        }else {
            out.println(1 + a);
        }
    }

    public static FastReader sc;
    public static PrintWriter out;
    static class FastReader
    {
        BufferedReader br;
        StringTokenizer st;

        public FastReader()
        {
            br = new BufferedReader(new
                    InputStreamReader(System.in));
        }

        String next()
        {
            while (st == null || !st.hasMoreElements())
            {
                try
                {
                    st = new StringTokenizer(br.readLine());
                }
                catch (IOException  e)
                {
                    e.printStackTrace();
                }
            }
            return st.nextToken();
        }

        int nextInt()
        {
            return Integer.parseInt(next());
        }

        long nextLong()
        {
            return Long.parseLong(next());
        }

        double nextDouble()
        {
            return Double.parseDouble(next());
        }

        String nextLine()
        {
            String str = "";
            try
            {
                str = br.readLine();
            }
            catch (IOException e)
            {
                e.printStackTrace();
            }
            return str;
        }
    }
}