Alice gave Bob two integers a and b (a > 0 and b ≥ 0). Being a curious boy, Bob wrote down an array of non-negative integers with \operatorname{MEX} value of all elements equal to a and \operatorname{XOR} value of all elements equal to b.

What is the shortest possible length of the array Bob wrote?

Recall that the \operatorname{MEX} (Minimum EXcluded) of an array is the minimum non-negative integer that does not belong to the array and the \operatorname{XOR} of an array is the [bitwise XOR](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitwise_operation#XOR) of all the elements of the array.

Input

The input consists of multiple test cases. The first line contains an integer t (1 ≤ t ≤ 5 ⋅ 10^4) — the number of test cases. The description of the test cases follows.

The only line of each test case contains two integers a and b (1 ≤ a ≤ 3 ⋅ 10^5; 0 ≤ b ≤ 3 ⋅ 10^5) — the \operatorname{MEX} and \operatorname{XOR} of the array, respectively.

Output

For each test case, output one (positive) integer — the length of the shortest array with \operatorname{MEX} a and \operatorname{XOR} b. We can show that such an array always exists.

Example

Input


5
1 1
2 1
2 0
1 10000
2 10000


Output


3
2
3
2
3

Note

In the first test case, one of the shortest arrays with \operatorname{MEX} 1 and \operatorname{XOR} 1 is [0, 2020, 2021].

In the second test case, one of the shortest arrays with \operatorname{MEX} 2 and \operatorname{XOR} 1 is [0, 1].

It can be shown that these arrays are the shortest arrays possible.
import java.io.OutputStream;
import java.io.IOException;
import java.io.InputStream;
import java.io.PrintWriter;
import java.util.InputMismatchException;
import java.io.IOException;
import java.io.InputStream;

/**
 * Built using CHelper plug-in
 * Actual solution is at the top
 *
 * @author dauom
 */
public class Main {
  public static void main(String[] args) {
    InputStream inputStream = System.in;
    OutputStream outputStream = System.out;
    InputReader in = new InputReader(inputStream);
    PrintWriter out = new PrintWriter(outputStream);
    BMEXorMixup solver = new BMEXorMixup();
    solver.solve(1, in, out);
    out.close();
  }

  static class BMEXorMixup {
    private static final int MAXN = (int) 3e5 + 5;

    public final void solve(int testNumber, InputReader in, PrintWriter out) {
      int[] xor = new int[MAXN];
      for (int i = 1; i < MAXN; i++) {
        xor[i] = i ^ xor[i - 1];
      }

      int t = in.nextInt();
      while (t-- > 0) {
        final int a = in.nextInt();
        final int b = in.nextInt();
        int xa = xor[a - 1];
        int ans = a;
        int cur = a + 1;
        while (xa != b) {
          ++ans;
          int target = xa ^ b;
          if (target == a) {
            xa ^= cur++;
          } else {
            break;
          }
        }
        out.println(ans);
      }
    }

  }

  static final class InputReader {
    private final InputStream stream;
    private final byte[] buf = new byte[1 << 18];
    private int curChar;
    private int numChars;

    public InputReader() {
      this.stream = System.in;
    }

    public InputReader(final InputStream stream) {
      this.stream = stream;
    }

    private int read() {
      if (this.numChars == -1) {
        throw new UnknownError();
      } else {
        if (this.curChar >= this.numChars) {
          this.curChar = 0;

          try {
            this.numChars = this.stream.read(this.buf);
          } catch (IOException ex) {
            throw new InputMismatchException();
          }

          if (this.numChars <= 0) {
            return -1;
          }
        }

        return this.buf[this.curChar++];
      }
    }

    public final int nextInt() {
      int c;
      for (c = this.read(); isSpaceChar(c); c = this.read()) {
      }

      byte sgn = 1;
      if (c == 45) { // 45 == '-'
        sgn = -1;
        c = this.read();
      }

      int res = 0;

      while (c >= 48 && c <= 57) { // 48 == '0', 57 == '9'
        res *= 10;
        res += c - 48; // 48 == '0'
        c = this.read();
        if (isSpaceChar(c)) {
          return res * sgn;
        }
      }

      throw new InputMismatchException();
    }

    private static boolean isSpaceChar(final int c) {
      return c == 32 || c == 10 || c == 13 || c == 9
          || c == -1; // 32 == ' ', 10 == '\n', 13 == '\r', 9 == '\t'
    }

  }
}

