Alice gave Bob two integers a and b (a > 0 and b ≥ 0). Being a curious boy, Bob wrote down an array of non-negative integers with \operatorname{MEX} value of all elements equal to a and \operatorname{XOR} value of all elements equal to b.

What is the shortest possible length of the array Bob wrote?

Recall that the \operatorname{MEX} (Minimum EXcluded) of an array is the minimum non-negative integer that does not belong to the array and the \operatorname{XOR} of an array is the [bitwise XOR](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitwise_operation#XOR) of all the elements of the array.

Input

The input consists of multiple test cases. The first line contains an integer t (1 ≤ t ≤ 5 ⋅ 10^4) — the number of test cases. The description of the test cases follows.

The only line of each test case contains two integers a and b (1 ≤ a ≤ 3 ⋅ 10^5; 0 ≤ b ≤ 3 ⋅ 10^5) — the \operatorname{MEX} and \operatorname{XOR} of the array, respectively.

Output

For each test case, output one (positive) integer — the length of the shortest array with \operatorname{MEX} a and \operatorname{XOR} b. We can show that such an array always exists.

Example

Input


5
1 1
2 1
2 0
1 10000
2 10000


Output


3
2
3
2
3

Note

In the first test case, one of the shortest arrays with \operatorname{MEX} 1 and \operatorname{XOR} 1 is [0, 2020, 2021].

In the second test case, one of the shortest arrays with \operatorname{MEX} 2 and \operatorname{XOR} 1 is [0, 1].

It can be shown that these arrays are the shortest arrays possible.
import java.io.*;
import java.util.ArrayList;
import java.util.Arrays;
import java.util.StringTokenizer;
import java.util.List;
 import java.util.*;
public  class realfast implements Runnable 
  {
    private static final int INF = (int) 1e9;
    long in= 1000000007;
    long fac[]= new long[1000001];
    long inv[]=new long[1000001];
    public  void solve() throws IOException 
    {
       
       int t = readInt();
       int xor[]=new int[1000000];
       xor[0]=0;
       for(int i=1;i<1000000;i++)
       {
         xor[i]= (xor[i-1]^(i-1));
       }
       for(int f =0;f<t;f++)
       {
        int a = readInt();
        int b = readInt();
        int g = xor[a];

        int xor1 =g;
        

        if(g==b)
            out.println(a);
        else if((g^b)==a)
            out.println(a+2);
        else
            out.println(a+1);

       }




       

    }
    

   
   
    public long query(long seg[] , int left, int right , int index, int l , int r)
    {   
         long inf = 100000000;
         inf = inf*inf;
        if(left>=l&&right<=r)
        {
            return seg[index];
        }
        if(l>right||left>r)
            return inf;
        int mid = left+(right-left)/2;
        return Math.min(query(seg,left,mid,2*index+1,l,r),query(seg,mid+1,right,2*index+2,l,r));

    }
    
    public int value (int seg[], int left , int right ,int index, int l, int r)
    {
            
            if(left>right)
            {
              return -100000000;
            }
            if(right<l||left>r)
                return -100000000;
            if(left>=l&&right<=r)
                return seg[index];
            int mid = left+(right-left)/2;
            int val = value(seg,left,mid,2*index+1,l,r);
            int val2 = value(seg,mid+1,right,2*index+2,l,r);
            return Math.max(val,val2);

    }
   
    public int gcd(int a , int b )
    {
      if(a<b)
      {
        int t =a;
        a=b;
        b=t;
      }
      if(a%b==0)
        return b ;
      return gcd(b,a%b);
    }
    public long pow(long n , long p,long m)
    {
         if(p==0)
            return 1;
        long val = pow(n,p/2,m);;
        val= (val*val)%m;
        if(p%2==0)
            return val;
        else
            return (val*n)%m;
    }
    
    
    ///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        new Thread(null, new realfast(), "", 128 * (1L << 20)).start();
    }
 
    private static final boolean ONLINE_JUDGE = System.getProperty("ONLINE_JUDGE") != null;
    private BufferedReader reader;
    private StringTokenizer tokenizer;
    private PrintWriter out;
 
    @Override
    public void run() {
        try {
            if (ONLINE_JUDGE || !new File("input.txt").exists()) {
                reader = new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(System.in));
                out = new PrintWriter(System.out);
            } else {
                reader = new BufferedReader(new FileReader("input.txt"));
                out = new PrintWriter("output.txt");
            }
            solve();
        } catch (IOException e) {
            throw new RuntimeException(e);
        } finally {
            try {
                reader.close();
            } catch (IOException e) {
                // nothing
            }
            out.close();
        }
    }
 
    private String readString() throws IOException {
        while (tokenizer == null || !tokenizer.hasMoreTokens()) {
            tokenizer = new StringTokenizer(reader.readLine());
        }
        return tokenizer.nextToken();
    }
 
    @SuppressWarnings("unused")
    private int readInt() throws IOException {
        return Integer.parseInt(readString());
    }
 
    @SuppressWarnings("unused")
    private long readLong() throws IOException {
        return Long.parseLong(readString());
    }
 
    @SuppressWarnings("unused")
    private double readDouble() throws IOException {
        return Double.parseDouble(readString());
    }
}
class edge implements Comparable<edge>{
    int u ;
    int v;
    
    edge(int  u, int v)
    {
       this.u=u;
       this.v=v;
    }
    public int compareTo(edge e)
    {
        return this.v-e.v;
    }
}