In a certain video game, the player controls a hero characterized by a single integer value: power. The hero will have to beat monsters that are also characterized by a single integer value: armor.

On the current level, the hero is facing n caves. To pass the level, the hero must enter all the caves in some order, each cave exactly once, and exit every cave safe and sound. When the hero enters cave i, he will have to fight k_i monsters in a row: first a monster with armor a_{i, 1}, then a monster with armor a_{i, 2} and so on, finally, a monster with armor a_{i, k_i}.

The hero can beat a monster if and only if the hero's power is strictly greater than the monster's armor. If the hero can't beat the monster he's fighting, the game ends and the player loses. Note that once the hero enters a cave, he can't exit it before he fights all the monsters in it, strictly in the given order.

Each time the hero beats a monster, the hero's power increases by 1.

Find the smallest possible power the hero must start the level with to be able to enter all the caves in some order and beat all the monsters.

Input

Each test contains multiple test cases. The first line contains the number of test cases t (1 ≤ t ≤ 10^5). Description of the test cases follows.

The first line of each test case contains a single integer n (1 ≤ n ≤ 10^5) — the number of caves.

The i-th of the next n lines contains an integer k_i (1 ≤ k_i ≤ 10^5) — the number of monsters in the i-th cave, followed by k_i integers a_{i, 1}, a_{i, 2}, …, a_{i, k_i} (1 ≤ a_{i, j} ≤ 10^9) — armor levels of the monsters in cave i in order the hero has to fight them.

It is guaranteed that the sum of k_i over all test cases does not exceed 10^5.

Output

For each test case print a single integer — the smallest possible power the hero must start the level with to be able to enter all the caves in some order and beat all the monsters.

Example

Input


2
1
1 42
2
3 10 15 8
2 12 11


Output


43
13

Note

In the first test case, the hero has to beat a single monster with armor 42, it's enough to have power 43 to achieve that.

In the second test case, the hero can pass the level with initial power 13 as follows: 

  * enter cave 2: 
    * beat a monster with armor 12, power increases to 14; 
    * beat a monster with armor 11, power increases to 15; 
  * enter cave 1: 
    * beat a monster with armor 10, power increases to 16; 
    * beat a monster with armor 15, power increases to 17; 
    * beat a monster with armor 8, power increases to 18. 
import java.io.*;
import java.util.*;

public final class Main {

    static PrintWriter out = new PrintWriter(System.out);
    static FastReader in = new FastReader();
    static Pair[] moves = new Pair[]{new Pair(-1, 0), new Pair(1, 0), new Pair(0, -1), new Pair(0, 1)};
    static int mod = (int) (1e9 + 7);

    public static void main(String[] args) {
        int tt = i();
        while (tt-- > 0) {
            solve();
        }
        out.flush();
    }
    
    private static void solve() {
        int n = i();
        int[][] m = new int[n][2];
        for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {
            int k = i();
            int[] a = input(k);
            int s = a[0] + 1;
            for (int j = 0; j < k; j++) {
                s = Math.max(s, a[j] - j + 1);
            }
            m[i] = new int[]{s, k};
        }
        Arrays.sort(m, Comparator.comparingInt(o -> o[0]));

        int ans = m[0][0];
        int p = 0;
        int d = 0;
        for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {
            if (ans + p + d < m[i][0]) {
                d = m[i][0] - ans - p;
            }
            p += m[i][1];
        }
        out.println(ans + d);
    }

    static int[] pre(int[] a) {
        int[] pre = new int[a.length];
        pre[0] = a[0];
        for (int i = 1; i < a.length; i++) {
            pre[i] = pre[i - 1] + a[i];
        }
        return pre;
    }

    static int[] preRev(int[] a) {
        int[] pre = new int[a.length];
        pre[a.length - 1] = a[a.length - 1];
        for (int i = a.length - 2; i >= 0; i--) {
            pre[i] = pre[i + 1] + a[i];
        }
        return pre;
    }

    static void print(char A[]) {
        for (char c : A) {
            out.print(c);
        }
        out.println();
    }

    static void print(boolean A[]) {
        for (boolean c : A) {
            out.print(c + " ");
        }
        out.println();
    }

    static void print(int A[]) {
        for (int c : A) {
            out.print(c + " ");
        }
        out.println();
    }

    static void print(long A[]) {
        for (long i : A) {
            out.print(i + " ");
        }
        out.println();
    }

    static void print(List<Integer> A) {
        for (int a : A) {
            out.print(a + " ");
        }
    }

    static void printYes() {
        out.println("YES");
    }

    static void printNo() {
        out.println("NO");
    }

    static int i() {
        return in.nextInt();
    }

    static long l() {
        return in.nextLong();
    }

    static String s() {
        return in.nextLine();
    }

    static int[][] inputWithIdx(int N) {
        int A[][] = new int[N][2];
        for (int i = 0; i < N; i++) {
            A[i] = new int[]{i, in.nextInt()};
        }
        return A;
    }

    static int[] input(int N) {
        int A[] = new int[N];
        for (int i = 0; i < N; i++) {
            A[i] = in.nextInt();
        }
        return A;
    }

    static long[] inputLong(int N) {
        long A[] = new long[N];
        for (int i = 0; i < A.length; i++) {
            A[i] = in.nextLong();
        }
        return A;
    }

    static int GCD(int a, int b) {
        if (b == 0) {
            return a;
        } else {
            return GCD(b, a % b);
        }
    }

    static long GCD(long a, long b) {
        if (b == 0) {
            return a;
        } else {
            return GCD(b, a % b);
        }
    }

    static long LCM(int a, int b) {
        return (long) a / GCD(a, b) * b;
    }

    static long LCM(long a, long b) {
        return a / GCD(a, b) * b;
    }

    static void shuffleAndSort(int[] arr) {
        for (int i = 0; i < arr.length; i++) {
            int rand = (int) (Math.random() * arr.length);
            int temp = arr[rand];
            arr[rand] = arr[i];
            arr[i] = temp;
        }
        Arrays.sort(arr);
    }

    static void shuffleAndSort(int[][] arr, Comparator<? super int[]> comparator) {
        for (int i = 0; i < arr.length; i++) {
            int rand = (int) (Math.random() * arr.length);
            int[] temp = arr[rand];
            arr[rand] = arr[i];
            arr[i] = temp;
        }
        Arrays.sort(arr, comparator);
    }

    static void shuffleAndSort(long[] arr) {
        for (int i = 0; i < arr.length; i++) {
            int rand = (int) (Math.random() * arr.length);
            long temp = arr[rand];
            arr[rand] = arr[i];
            arr[i] = temp;
        }
        Arrays.sort(arr);
    }

    static boolean isPerfectSquare(double number) {
        double sqrt = Math.sqrt(number);
        return ((sqrt - Math.floor(sqrt)) == 0);
    }

    static void swap(int A[], int a, int b) {
        int t = A[a];
        A[a] = A[b];
        A[b] = t;
    }

    static long pow(long a, long b, int mod) {
        long pow = 1;
        long x = a;
        while (b != 0) {
            if ((b & 1) != 0) {
                pow = (pow * x) % mod;
            }
            x = (x * x) % mod;
            b /= 2;
        }
        return pow;
    }

    static long pow(long a, long b) {
        long pow = 1;
        long x = a;
        while (b != 0) {
            if ((b & 1) != 0) {
                pow *= x;
            }
            x = x * x;
            b /= 2;
        }
        return pow;
    }

    static long modInverse(long x, int mod) {
        return pow(x, mod - 2, mod);
    }

    static boolean isPrime(long N) {
        if (N <= 1) {
            return false;
        }
        if (N <= 3) {
            return true;
        }
        if (N % 2 == 0 || N % 3 == 0) {
            return false;
        }
        for (int i = 5; i * i <= N; i = i + 6) {
            if (N % i == 0 || N % (i + 2) == 0) {
                return false;
            }
        }
        return true;
    }

    public static String reverse(String str) {
        if (str == null) {
            return null;
        }
        return new StringBuilder(str).reverse().toString();
    }

    public static String repeat(char ch, int repeat) {
        if (repeat <= 0) {
            return "";
        }
        final char[] buf = new char[repeat];
        for (int i = repeat - 1; i >= 0; i--) {
            buf[i] = ch;
        }
        return new String(buf);
    }

    public static int[] manacher(String s) {
        char[] chars = s.toCharArray();
        int n = s.length();
        int[] d1 = new int[n];
        for (int i = 0, l = 0, r = -1; i < n; i++) {
            int k = (i > r) ? 1 : Math.min(d1[l + r - i], r - i + 1);
            while (0 <= i - k && i + k < n && chars[i - k] == chars[i + k]) {
                k++;
            }
            d1[i] = k--;
            if (i + k > r) {
                l = i - k;
                r = i + k;
            }
        }
        return d1;
    }
}

class Pair {

    int i, j;

    Pair(int i, int j) {
        this.i = i;
        this.j = j;
    }
}

class FastReader {

    BufferedReader br;
    StringTokenizer st;

    public FastReader() {
        br = new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(System.in));
    }

    String next() {
        while (st == null || !st.hasMoreElements()) {
            try {
                st = new StringTokenizer(br.readLine());
            } catch (IOException e) {
                e.printStackTrace();
            }
        }
        return st.nextToken();
    }

    int nextInt() {
        return Integer.parseInt(next());
    }

    long nextLong() {
        return Long.parseLong(next());
    }

    double nextDouble() {
        return Double.parseDouble(next());
    }

    String nextLine() {
        String str = "";
        try {
            str = br.readLine();
        } catch (IOException e) {
            e.printStackTrace();
        }
        return str;
    }
}