Alice gave Bob two integers a and b (a > 0 and b ≥ 0). Being a curious boy, Bob wrote down an array of non-negative integers with \operatorname{MEX} value of all elements equal to a and \operatorname{XOR} value of all elements equal to b.

What is the shortest possible length of the array Bob wrote?

Recall that the \operatorname{MEX} (Minimum EXcluded) of an array is the minimum non-negative integer that does not belong to the array and the \operatorname{XOR} of an array is the [bitwise XOR](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitwise_operation#XOR) of all the elements of the array.

Input

The input consists of multiple test cases. The first line contains an integer t (1 ≤ t ≤ 5 ⋅ 10^4) — the number of test cases. The description of the test cases follows.

The only line of each test case contains two integers a and b (1 ≤ a ≤ 3 ⋅ 10^5; 0 ≤ b ≤ 3 ⋅ 10^5) — the \operatorname{MEX} and \operatorname{XOR} of the array, respectively.

Output

For each test case, output one (positive) integer — the length of the shortest array with \operatorname{MEX} a and \operatorname{XOR} b. We can show that such an array always exists.

Example

Input


5
1 1
2 1
2 0
1 10000
2 10000


Output


3
2
3
2
3

Note

In the first test case, one of the shortest arrays with \operatorname{MEX} 1 and \operatorname{XOR} 1 is [0, 2020, 2021].

In the second test case, one of the shortest arrays with \operatorname{MEX} 2 and \operatorname{XOR} 1 is [0, 1].

It can be shown that these arrays are the shortest arrays possible.
//package com.company;

import java.math.*;
import java.util.*;
import java.io.*;

public class Main {

    public static void main(String[] args) {
        FastScanner in = new FastScanner();

        int t = in.nextInt();
        while (t-- > 0) {
            int a = in.nextInt();
            int b = in.nextInt();
            int x;
            a--;
            if (a % 4 == 0) {
                x = a;
            } else if (a % 4 == 1) {
                x = 1;
            } else if (a % 4 == 2) {
                x = a + 1;
            } else {
                x = 0;
            }
            if (x != b) {
                if ((x ^ b) == a + 1) {
                    System.out.println(a + 3);
                } else {
                    System.out.println(a + 2);
                }
            } else {
                System.out.println(a + 1);
            }
        }
    }

    static class FastScanner {
        public BufferedReader reader;
        public StringTokenizer tokenizer;

        public FastScanner() {
            reader = new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(System.in), 32768);
            tokenizer = null;
        }

        public String next() {
            while (tokenizer == null || !tokenizer.hasMoreTokens()) {
                try {
                    tokenizer = new StringTokenizer(reader.readLine());
                } catch (IOException e) {
                    throw new RuntimeException(e);
                }
            }
            return tokenizer.nextToken();
        }

        public int nextInt() {
            return Integer.parseInt(next());
        }

        public long nextLong() {
            return Long.parseLong(next());
        }

        public double nextDouble() {
            return Double.parseDouble(next());
        }

        public String nextLine() {
            try {
                return reader.readLine();
            } catch (IOException e) {
                throw new RuntimeException(e);
            }
        }
    }
}
