Alice gave Bob two integers a and b (a > 0 and b ≥ 0). Being a curious boy, Bob wrote down an array of non-negative integers with \operatorname{MEX} value of all elements equal to a and \operatorname{XOR} value of all elements equal to b.

What is the shortest possible length of the array Bob wrote?

Recall that the \operatorname{MEX} (Minimum EXcluded) of an array is the minimum non-negative integer that does not belong to the array and the \operatorname{XOR} of an array is the [bitwise XOR](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitwise_operation#XOR) of all the elements of the array.

Input

The input consists of multiple test cases. The first line contains an integer t (1 ≤ t ≤ 5 ⋅ 10^4) — the number of test cases. The description of the test cases follows.

The only line of each test case contains two integers a and b (1 ≤ a ≤ 3 ⋅ 10^5; 0 ≤ b ≤ 3 ⋅ 10^5) — the \operatorname{MEX} and \operatorname{XOR} of the array, respectively.

Output

For each test case, output one (positive) integer — the length of the shortest array with \operatorname{MEX} a and \operatorname{XOR} b. We can show that such an array always exists.

Example

Input


5
1 1
2 1
2 0
1 10000
2 10000


Output


3
2
3
2
3

Note

In the first test case, one of the shortest arrays with \operatorname{MEX} 1 and \operatorname{XOR} 1 is [0, 2020, 2021].

In the second test case, one of the shortest arrays with \operatorname{MEX} 2 and \operatorname{XOR} 1 is [0, 1].

It can be shown that these arrays are the shortest arrays possible.
//package MyPackage;
import java.io.*;
import java.util.*;
public class MyClass {
    final static long mod = 1_000_000_007;
    final static int mini = Integer.MIN_VALUE;
    final static int maxi = Integer.MAX_VALUE;
    static long gcd(long a, long b) {
        if (b == 0) return a;
        return gcd(b, a % b);
    }
    static long ncr(long n, long r) {
        if (r > n - r) r = n - r;
        long[] C = new long[(int) r + 1];
        C[0] = 1;
        for (int i = 1; i <= n; i++) {
            for (long j = Math.min(i, r); j > 0; j--)
                C[(int) j] = (C[(int) j] + C[(int) j - 1]) % mod;
        }
        return C[(int) r];
    }
    static boolean isPrime(long n) {
        if (n <= 1)
            return false;
        else if (n == 2)
            return true;
        else if (n % 2 == 0)
            return false;
        for (int i = 3; i <= Math.sqrt(n); i += 2) {
            if (n % i == 0)
                return false;
        }
        return true;
    }
    static boolean isPalindrome(String s, int k) {
        int i = 0, j = s.length() - 1;
        while(i < k) {
            if(s.charAt(i) != s.charAt(j)) return false;
            i++;
            j--;
        }
        return true;
    }
    static long lcm(long a, long b) {
        return (a / gcd(a, b)) * b;
    }
    static void sort(long[] a) {
        ArrayList<Long> l = new ArrayList<>();
        for (long value : a) {
            l.add(value);
        }
        Collections.sort(l);
        for (int i = 0; i < l.size(); i++)
            a[i] = l.get(i);
    }
    static int ceil(int a, int b) {
        return a % b == 0 ? a / b : a / b + 1;
    }
    static void sort(int[] a) {
        ArrayList<Integer> l = new ArrayList<>();
        for (int value : a) {
            l.add(value);
        }
        Collections.sort(l);
        for (int i = 0; i < l.size(); i++)
            a[i] = l.get(i);
    }
    static void reverse(int[] arr) {
        int l = 0;
        int h = arr.length - 1;
        while (l < h) {
            swap(arr, l, h);
            l++;
            h--;
        }
    }
    static String reverse(String s) {
        StringBuilder res = new StringBuilder(s);
        return res.reverse().toString();
    }
    static void swap(int[] arr, int i, int j) {
        int temp = arr[i];
        arr[i] = arr[j];
        arr[j] = temp;
    }
    static class FastReader {
        BufferedReader br;
        StringTokenizer st;

        public FastReader() {
            br = new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(System.in));
        }

        String n() {
            while (st == null || !st.hasMoreElements()) {
                try {
                    st = new StringTokenizer(br.readLine());
                } catch (IOException e) {
                    e.printStackTrace();
                }
            }
            return st.nextToken();
        }

        int nint() {
            return Integer.parseInt(n());
        }

        long nlong() {
            return Long.parseLong(n());
        }

        double ndouble() {
            return Double.parseDouble(n());
        }

        int[] narr(int n) {
            int[] a = new int[n];
            for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) a[i] = nint();
            return a;
        }
        int[][] narr(int n, int m) {
            int[][] a = new int[n][m];
            for (int i = 0; i < n; i++)
                for (int j = 0; j < m; j++)
                    a[i][j] = nint();
            return a;
        }

        String nline() {
            String str = "";
            try {
                str = br.readLine();
            } catch (IOException e) {
                e.printStackTrace();
            }
            return str;
        }
    }
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        FastReader sc = new FastReader();
        PrintWriter out = new PrintWriter(System.out);
        // int t = 1;
        int t = sc.nint();
        while(t-- > 0) {
            int a = sc.nint();
            int b = sc.nint();
            int res = xor(a - 1);
            if(res == b) out.println(a);
            else if((res ^ b) != a) out.println(a + 1);
            else out.println(a + 2);
        }
        out.flush();
        out.close();
    }
    static int xor(int n) {
        if (n % 4 == 0) return n;
        if (n % 4 == 1) return 1;
        if (n % 4 == 2) return n + 1;
        return 0;
    }
}