You are given two integers n and m. Find the \operatorname{MEX} of the sequence n ⊕ 0, n ⊕ 1, …, n ⊕ m. Here, ⊕ is the [bitwise XOR operator](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitwise_operation#XOR).

\operatorname{MEX} of the sequence of non-negative integers is the smallest non-negative integer that doesn't appear in this sequence. For example, \operatorname{MEX}(0, 1, 2, 4) = 3, and \operatorname{MEX}(1, 2021) = 0. 

Input

The first line contains a single integer t (1 ≤ t ≤ 30 000) — the number of test cases.

The first and only line of each test case contains two integers n and m (0 ≤ n, m ≤ 10^9).

Output

For each test case, print a single integer — the answer to the problem.

Example

Input


5
3 5
4 6
3 2
69 696
123456 654321


Output


4
3
0
640
530866

Note

In the first test case, the sequence is 3 ⊕ 0, 3 ⊕ 1, 3 ⊕ 2, 3 ⊕ 3, 3 ⊕ 4, 3 ⊕ 5, or 3, 2, 1, 0, 7, 6. The smallest non-negative integer which isn't present in the sequence i. e. the \operatorname{MEX} of the sequence is 4.

In the second test case, the sequence is 4 ⊕ 0, 4 ⊕ 1, 4 ⊕ 2, 4 ⊕ 3, 4 ⊕ 4, 4 ⊕ 5, 4 ⊕ 6, or 4, 5, 6, 7, 0, 1, 2. The smallest non-negative integer which isn't present in the sequence i. e. the \operatorname{MEX} of the sequence is 3.

In the third test case, the sequence is 3 ⊕ 0, 3 ⊕ 1, 3 ⊕ 2, or 3, 2, 1. The smallest non-negative integer which isn't present in the sequence i. e. the \operatorname{MEX} of the sequence is 0.
import java.io.*;
import java.util.ArrayList;
import java.util.Arrays;
import java.util.StringTokenizer;
import java.util.List;
 import java.util.*;
 public class realfast implements Runnable 
  {
    private static final int INF = (int) 1e9;
    long in= 1000000007;
    long fac[]= new long[1000001];
    long inv[]=new long[1000001];
    public  void solve() throws IOException 
    {
         int t = readInt();
        for(int f =0;f<t;f++){
         int n = readInt();
         int m = readInt();

         if(m<n)
            out.println(0);
          else
          {
             ArrayList<edge> range = new ArrayList<edge>();
             int xor=0;
             for(int i=30;i>=0;i--)
             {
                 int c= 1<<i;
                 int xor1=xor;
                 if(((c&n)==c)&&((c&m)==c))
                 {
                    xor1=xor|c;
                 }


                 if((c&m)!=0)
                 {
                    range.add(new edge(xor1,xor1+c-1));
                   // out.println(xor1+" "+(xor1+c-1));
                 }
                 if((c&n)!=(c&m))
                 {
                    xor=xor|c;
                 } 
                            

             }
             range.add(new edge(n^m,n^m));
             Collections.sort(range);
             int prev =-1;
             int ans=-1;
            // out.println(range.size());
             for(int i=0;i<range.size();i++)
             {
                int u = range.get(i).u;
                int v = range.get(i).v;
                if(prev+1<u)
                {
                   ans= prev+1;
                   break;
                }
                prev=v;
             }
             out.println(ans);

          }
        }




    }
   
    public long query(long seg[] , int left, int right , int index, int l , int r)
    {   
         long inf = 100000000;
         inf = inf*inf;
        if(left>=l&&right<=r)
        {
            return seg[index];
        }
        if(l>right||left>r)
            return inf;
        int mid = left+(right-left)/2;
        return Math.min(query(seg,left,mid,2*index+1,l,r),query(seg,mid+1,right,2*index+2,l,r));

    }
    
    public int value (int seg[], int left , int right ,int index, int l, int r)
    {
            
            if(left>right)
            {
              return -100000000;
            }
            if(right<l||left>r)
                return -100000000;
            if(left>=l&&right<=r)
                return seg[index];
            int mid = left+(right-left)/2;
            int val = value(seg,left,mid,2*index+1,l,r);
            int val2 = value(seg,mid+1,right,2*index+2,l,r);
            return Math.max(val,val2);

    }
   
    public int gcd(int a , int b )
    {
      if(a<b)
      {
        int t =a;
        a=b;
        b=t;
      }
      if(a%b==0)
        return b ;
      return gcd(b,a%b);
    }
    public long pow(long n , long p,long m)
    {
         if(p==0)
            return 1;
        long val = pow(n,p/2,m);;
        val= (val*val)%m;
        if(p%2==0)
            return val;
        else
            return (val*n)%m;
    }
    
    
    ///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        new Thread(null, new realfast(), "", 128 * (1L << 20)).start();
    }
 
    private static final boolean ONLINE_JUDGE = System.getProperty("ONLINE_JUDGE") != null;
    private BufferedReader reader;
    private StringTokenizer tokenizer;
    private PrintWriter out;
 
    @Override
    public void run() {
        try {
            if (ONLINE_JUDGE || !new File("input.txt").exists()) {
                reader = new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(System.in));
                out = new PrintWriter(System.out);
            } else {
                reader = new BufferedReader(new FileReader("input.txt"));
                out = new PrintWriter("output.txt");
            }
            solve();
        } catch (IOException e) {
            throw new RuntimeException(e);
        } finally {
            try {
                reader.close();
            } catch (IOException e) {
                // nothing
            }
            out.close();
        }
    }
 
    private String readString() throws IOException {
        while (tokenizer == null || !tokenizer.hasMoreTokens()) {
            tokenizer = new StringTokenizer(reader.readLine());
        }
        return tokenizer.nextToken();
    }
 
    @SuppressWarnings("unused")
    private int readInt() throws IOException {
        return Integer.parseInt(readString());
    }
 
    @SuppressWarnings("unused")
    private long readLong() throws IOException {
        return Long.parseLong(readString());
    }
 
    @SuppressWarnings("unused")
    private double readDouble() throws IOException {
        return Double.parseDouble(readString());
    }
}
class edge implements Comparable<edge>{
    int u ;
    int v;
    
    edge(int  u, int v)
    {
       this.u=u;
       this.v=v;
    }
    public int compareTo(edge e)
    {
        return this.v-e.v;
    }
}