You are given two integers n and m. Find the \operatorname{MEX} of the sequence n ⊕ 0, n ⊕ 1, …, n ⊕ m. Here, ⊕ is the [bitwise XOR operator](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitwise_operation#XOR).

\operatorname{MEX} of the sequence of non-negative integers is the smallest non-negative integer that doesn't appear in this sequence. For example, \operatorname{MEX}(0, 1, 2, 4) = 3, and \operatorname{MEX}(1, 2021) = 0. 

Input

The first line contains a single integer t (1 ≤ t ≤ 30 000) — the number of test cases.

The first and only line of each test case contains two integers n and m (0 ≤ n, m ≤ 10^9).

Output

For each test case, print a single integer — the answer to the problem.

Example

Input


5
3 5
4 6
3 2
69 696
123456 654321


Output


4
3
0
640
530866

Note

In the first test case, the sequence is 3 ⊕ 0, 3 ⊕ 1, 3 ⊕ 2, 3 ⊕ 3, 3 ⊕ 4, 3 ⊕ 5, or 3, 2, 1, 0, 7, 6. The smallest non-negative integer which isn't present in the sequence i. e. the \operatorname{MEX} of the sequence is 4.

In the second test case, the sequence is 4 ⊕ 0, 4 ⊕ 1, 4 ⊕ 2, 4 ⊕ 3, 4 ⊕ 4, 4 ⊕ 5, 4 ⊕ 6, or 4, 5, 6, 7, 0, 1, 2. The smallest non-negative integer which isn't present in the sequence i. e. the \operatorname{MEX} of the sequence is 3.

In the third test case, the sequence is 3 ⊕ 0, 3 ⊕ 1, 3 ⊕ 2, or 3, 2, 1. The smallest non-negative integer which isn't present in the sequence i. e. the \operatorname{MEX} of the sequence is 0.
import java.util.*;
import java.io.*;

public class Solution {
    static FastScanner sc;
    static PrintWriter pw;
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        sc = new FastScanner();
        pw = new PrintWriter(System.out);
        int t = sc.ni();
        while(t>0){
            int n = sc.ni();
            int m = sc.ni();
            int answer = 0;
            for (int i = 30; i >= 0 && n < m; i--) {
                if ((n >> i & 1) == (m >> i & 1)) {
                    continue;
                }
                else if ((n >> i & 1) == 1 && (m >> i & 1) == 0) {
                    break;
                }
                else if ((n >> i & 1) == 0 && (m >> i & 1) == 1) {
                    answer += 1 << i;
                }
            }
            pw.println(answer);
            t--;
        }
        pw.close();
    }

    static class FastScanner {
        BufferedReader br;
        StringTokenizer st;

        public FastScanner() {
            br = new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(System.in), 32768);
            st = null;
        }

        String next() {
            while (st == null || !st.hasMoreElements()) {
                try {
                    st = new StringTokenizer(br.readLine());
                } catch (IOException e) {
                    e.printStackTrace();
                }
            }
            return st.nextToken();
        }

        int ni() {
            return Integer.parseInt(next());
        }
        long nl() { return Long.parseLong(next());}
    }
}