You are given two integers n and m. Find the \operatorname{MEX} of the sequence n ⊕ 0, n ⊕ 1, …, n ⊕ m. Here, ⊕ is the [bitwise XOR operator](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitwise_operation#XOR).

\operatorname{MEX} of the sequence of non-negative integers is the smallest non-negative integer that doesn't appear in this sequence. For example, \operatorname{MEX}(0, 1, 2, 4) = 3, and \operatorname{MEX}(1, 2021) = 0. 

Input

The first line contains a single integer t (1 ≤ t ≤ 30 000) — the number of test cases.

The first and only line of each test case contains two integers n and m (0 ≤ n, m ≤ 10^9).

Output

For each test case, print a single integer — the answer to the problem.

Example

Input


5
3 5
4 6
3 2
69 696
123456 654321


Output


4
3
0
640
530866

Note

In the first test case, the sequence is 3 ⊕ 0, 3 ⊕ 1, 3 ⊕ 2, 3 ⊕ 3, 3 ⊕ 4, 3 ⊕ 5, or 3, 2, 1, 0, 7, 6. The smallest non-negative integer which isn't present in the sequence i. e. the \operatorname{MEX} of the sequence is 4.

In the second test case, the sequence is 4 ⊕ 0, 4 ⊕ 1, 4 ⊕ 2, 4 ⊕ 3, 4 ⊕ 4, 4 ⊕ 5, 4 ⊕ 6, or 4, 5, 6, 7, 0, 1, 2. The smallest non-negative integer which isn't present in the sequence i. e. the \operatorname{MEX} of the sequence is 3.

In the third test case, the sequence is 3 ⊕ 0, 3 ⊕ 1, 3 ⊕ 2, or 3, 2, 1. The smallest non-negative integer which isn't present in the sequence i. e. the \operatorname{MEX} of the sequence is 0.
import java.util.*;
import java.io.*;

public class C {

	private static FastScanner fs = new FastScanner();

	public static void main(String[] args) throws IOException {
		int cases = fs.nextInt();
		while (cases-- > 0)
			solve();
	}
	static void solve() throws IOException {
		int n = fs.nextInt();
		int m = fs.nextInt();
		int min = m+1;
		int r = 0;
		for (int i = 31; i >= 0; i--) {
			if (getBit(min, i) == 1 && getBit(n,i) == 0) {
				r = setBit(r, i);
			} else if (getBit(min, i) == 0 && getBit(n,i) == 1) {
//				r = setBit(r, i);
				break;
			}
		}
		System.out.println(r);
	}

	static int getBit(int n, int position)
	{
		return (n >> position) & 1;
	}
	static int setBit(int n, int position)
	{
		return n | (1 << position);
	}
	static int unsetBit(int n, int position)
	{
		return n & ~(1 << position);
	}

	static class FastScanner
	{
		//I don't understand how this works lmao
		private int BS = 1 << 16;
		private char NC = (char) 0;
		private byte[] buf = new byte[BS];
		private int bId = 0, size = 0;
		private char c = NC;
		private double cnt = 1;
		private BufferedInputStream in;

		public FastScanner() {
			in = new BufferedInputStream(System.in, BS);
		}

		public FastScanner(String s) {
			try {
				in = new BufferedInputStream(new FileInputStream(new File(s)), BS);
			} catch (Exception e) {
				in = new BufferedInputStream(System.in, BS);
			}
		}

		private char getChar() {
			while (bId == size) {
				try {
					size = in.read(buf);
				} catch (Exception e) {
					return NC;
				}
				if (size == -1) return NC;
				bId = 0;
			}
			return (char) buf[bId++];
		}

		public int nextInt() {
			return (int) nextLong();
		}

		public int[] nextInts(int N) {
			int[] res = new int[N];
			for (int i = 0; i < N; i++) {
				res[i] = (int) nextLong();
			}
			return res;
		}

		public ArrayList<Integer> nextIntsArrayList(int N) {
			ArrayList<Integer> res = new ArrayList<>(N);
			for (int i = 0; i < N; i++) {
				res.add((int) nextLong());
			}
			return res;
		}

		public long[] nextLongs(int N) {
			long[] res = new long[N];
			for (int i = 0; i < N; i++) {
				res[i] = nextLong();
			}
			return res;
		}

		public long nextLong() {
			cnt = 1;
			boolean neg = false;
			if (c == NC) c = getChar();
			for (; (c < '0' || c > '9'); c = getChar()) {
				if (c == '-') neg = true;
			}
			long res = 0;
			for (; c >= '0' && c <= '9'; c = getChar()) {
				res = (res << 3) + (res << 1) + c - '0';
				cnt *= 10;
			}
			return neg ? -res : res;
		}

		public double nextDouble() {
			double cur = nextLong();
			return c != '.' ? cur : cur + nextLong() / cnt;
		}

		public double[] nextDoubles(int N) {
			double[] res = new double[N];
			for (int i = 0; i < N; i++) {
				res[i] = nextDouble();
			}
			return res;
		}

		public String next() {
			StringBuilder res = new StringBuilder();
			while (c <= 32) c = getChar();
			while (c > 32) {
				res.append(c);
				c = getChar();
			}
			return res.toString();
		}

		public String nextLine() {
			StringBuilder res = new StringBuilder();
			while (c <= 32) c = getChar();
			while (c != '\n') {
				res.append(c);
				c = getChar();
			}
			return res.toString();
		}

		public boolean hasNext() {
			if (c > 32) return true;
			while (true) {
				c = getChar();
				if (c == NC) return false;
				else if (c > 32) return true;
			}
		}
	}
}