You are given two integers n and m. Find the \operatorname{MEX} of the sequence n ⊕ 0, n ⊕ 1, …, n ⊕ m. Here, ⊕ is the [bitwise XOR operator](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitwise_operation#XOR).

\operatorname{MEX} of the sequence of non-negative integers is the smallest non-negative integer that doesn't appear in this sequence. For example, \operatorname{MEX}(0, 1, 2, 4) = 3, and \operatorname{MEX}(1, 2021) = 0. 

Input

The first line contains a single integer t (1 ≤ t ≤ 30 000) — the number of test cases.

The first and only line of each test case contains two integers n and m (0 ≤ n, m ≤ 10^9).

Output

For each test case, print a single integer — the answer to the problem.

Example

Input


5
3 5
4 6
3 2
69 696
123456 654321


Output


4
3
0
640
530866

Note

In the first test case, the sequence is 3 ⊕ 0, 3 ⊕ 1, 3 ⊕ 2, 3 ⊕ 3, 3 ⊕ 4, 3 ⊕ 5, or 3, 2, 1, 0, 7, 6. The smallest non-negative integer which isn't present in the sequence i. e. the \operatorname{MEX} of the sequence is 4.

In the second test case, the sequence is 4 ⊕ 0, 4 ⊕ 1, 4 ⊕ 2, 4 ⊕ 3, 4 ⊕ 4, 4 ⊕ 5, 4 ⊕ 6, or 4, 5, 6, 7, 0, 1, 2. The smallest non-negative integer which isn't present in the sequence i. e. the \operatorname{MEX} of the sequence is 3.

In the third test case, the sequence is 3 ⊕ 0, 3 ⊕ 1, 3 ⊕ 2, or 3, 2, 1. The smallest non-negative integer which isn't present in the sequence i. e. the \operatorname{MEX} of the sequence is 0.
'''
                ___                       ____                     
  ____ _____ _____/ (_)_  ______  ____ _____/ / /_  __  ______ ___  __
 / __ `/ __ `/ __  / / / / / __ \/ __ `/ __  / __ \/ / / / __ `/ / / /
/ /_/ / /_/ / /_/ / / /_/ / /_/ / /_/ / /_/ / / / / /_/ / /_/ / /_/ / 
\__,_/\__,_/\__,_/_/\__,_/ .___/\__,_/\__,_/_/ /_/\__, /\__,_/\__, /  
                        /_/                      /____/      /____/   
'''
import os.path
from math import gcd, floor, ceil
from collections import *
import sys
mod = 1000000007
INF = float('inf')
def st(): return list(sys.stdin.readline().strip())
def li(): return list(map(int, sys.stdin.readline().split()))
def mp(): return map(int, sys.stdin.readline().split())
def inp(): return int(sys.stdin.readline())
def pr(n): return sys.stdout.write(str(n)+"\n")
def prl(n): return sys.stdout.write(str(n)+" ")


if os.path.exists('input.txt'):
    sys.stdin = open('input.txt', 'r')
    sys.stdout = open('output.txt', 'w')


def solve():
    n, m = mp()
    ans = 0
    m += 1
    for i in range(30, -1, -1):
        if n >= m:
            break
        if (1 << i) & n == (1 << i) & m:
            continue
        if (1 << i) & m:
            ans |= (1 << i)
            n |= (1 << i)
    pr(ans)


for _ in range(inp()):
    solve()
