You are given two integers n and m. Find the \operatorname{MEX} of the sequence n ⊕ 0, n ⊕ 1, …, n ⊕ m. Here, ⊕ is the [bitwise XOR operator](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitwise_operation#XOR).

\operatorname{MEX} of the sequence of non-negative integers is the smallest non-negative integer that doesn't appear in this sequence. For example, \operatorname{MEX}(0, 1, 2, 4) = 3, and \operatorname{MEX}(1, 2021) = 0. 

Input

The first line contains a single integer t (1 ≤ t ≤ 30 000) — the number of test cases.

The first and only line of each test case contains two integers n and m (0 ≤ n, m ≤ 10^9).

Output

For each test case, print a single integer — the answer to the problem.

Example

Input


5
3 5
4 6
3 2
69 696
123456 654321


Output


4
3
0
640
530866

Note

In the first test case, the sequence is 3 ⊕ 0, 3 ⊕ 1, 3 ⊕ 2, 3 ⊕ 3, 3 ⊕ 4, 3 ⊕ 5, or 3, 2, 1, 0, 7, 6. The smallest non-negative integer which isn't present in the sequence i. e. the \operatorname{MEX} of the sequence is 4.

In the second test case, the sequence is 4 ⊕ 0, 4 ⊕ 1, 4 ⊕ 2, 4 ⊕ 3, 4 ⊕ 4, 4 ⊕ 5, 4 ⊕ 6, or 4, 5, 6, 7, 0, 1, 2. The smallest non-negative integer which isn't present in the sequence i. e. the \operatorname{MEX} of the sequence is 3.

In the third test case, the sequence is 3 ⊕ 0, 3 ⊕ 1, 3 ⊕ 2, or 3, 2, 1. The smallest non-negative integer which isn't present in the sequence i. e. the \operatorname{MEX} of the sequence is 0.

import java.io.*;
import java.util.*;

public class MainC {
    static class InputReader {
        public BufferedReader reader;
        public StringTokenizer tokenizer;
        public InputReader(InputStream stream) {
            reader = new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(stream), 32768);
            tokenizer = null;
        }
        public String next() {
            while (tokenizer == null || !tokenizer.hasMoreTokens()) {
                try {
                    tokenizer = new StringTokenizer(reader.readLine());
                } catch (IOException e) {
                    throw new RuntimeException(e);
                }
            }
            return tokenizer.nextToken();
        }
        public int nextInt() {
            return Integer.parseInt(next());
        }
        public long nextLong() {
            return Long.parseLong(next());
        }
        public boolean hasNext() {
            try {
                String string = reader.readLine();
                if (string == null) {
                    return false;
                }
                tokenizer = new StringTokenizer(string);
                return tokenizer.hasMoreTokens();
            } catch (IOException e) {
                return false;
            }
        }
    }
    static InputReader in = new InputReader(System.in);
    static PrintWriter out = new PrintWriter(new OutputStreamWriter(System.out));

    static int[] pow = new int[31];
    static void ini () {
        pow[0] = 1;
        for (int i = 1; i < 31; i++) {
            pow[i] = 2 * pow[i-1];
        }
    }

    public static void main(String[] args) {
        int t = in.nextInt();
        ini();
        while (t -- > 0) {
            solve();
        }
        out.close();
    }
    static void solve() {
        int n = in.nextInt();
        int m = in.nextInt();
       
        int res = 0;
        m ++;
        for (int i = 30; i >= 0; i--) {
            int a = (n >> i) & 1;
            int b = (m >> i) & 1;
            if (a > b) {
                out.println(res);
                return;
            }
            if (a < b) {
                res |= (1 << i);
            }
        }
        out.println(res);
        
    }
}