You are given two integers n and m. Find the \operatorname{MEX} of the sequence n ⊕ 0, n ⊕ 1, …, n ⊕ m. Here, ⊕ is the [bitwise XOR operator](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitwise_operation#XOR).

\operatorname{MEX} of the sequence of non-negative integers is the smallest non-negative integer that doesn't appear in this sequence. For example, \operatorname{MEX}(0, 1, 2, 4) = 3, and \operatorname{MEX}(1, 2021) = 0. 

Input

The first line contains a single integer t (1 ≤ t ≤ 30 000) — the number of test cases.

The first and only line of each test case contains two integers n and m (0 ≤ n, m ≤ 10^9).

Output

For each test case, print a single integer — the answer to the problem.

Example

Input


5
3 5
4 6
3 2
69 696
123456 654321


Output


4
3
0
640
530866

Note

In the first test case, the sequence is 3 ⊕ 0, 3 ⊕ 1, 3 ⊕ 2, 3 ⊕ 3, 3 ⊕ 4, 3 ⊕ 5, or 3, 2, 1, 0, 7, 6. The smallest non-negative integer which isn't present in the sequence i. e. the \operatorname{MEX} of the sequence is 4.

In the second test case, the sequence is 4 ⊕ 0, 4 ⊕ 1, 4 ⊕ 2, 4 ⊕ 3, 4 ⊕ 4, 4 ⊕ 5, 4 ⊕ 6, or 4, 5, 6, 7, 0, 1, 2. The smallest non-negative integer which isn't present in the sequence i. e. the \operatorname{MEX} of the sequence is 3.

In the third test case, the sequence is 3 ⊕ 0, 3 ⊕ 1, 3 ⊕ 2, or 3, 2, 1. The smallest non-negative integer which isn't present in the sequence i. e. the \operatorname{MEX} of the sequence is 0.
import java.io.*;
import java.util.*;

public final class Main {

    static PrintWriter out = new PrintWriter(System.out);
    static FastReader in = new FastReader();
    static Pair[] moves = new Pair[]{new Pair(-1, 0), new Pair(1, 0), new Pair(0, -1), new Pair(0, 1)};

    //n^0,n^1,...n^m
    //MEX of the sequence of non-negative integers is the smallest non-negative integer that doesn't appear in this sequence. For example, MEX(0,1,2,4)=3, and MEX(1,2021)=0.
    //find the smallest non-negative integer 𝑘 such that 𝑛⊕𝑘≥𝑚+1.
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        int tt = i();
        int mod = 998244353;

        loop:
        while (tt-- > 0) {
            int n = i();
            int m = i();
            m++;

            int ans = 0;
            for (int k = 30; k >= 0; k--) {
                if (n >= m) {
                    break;
                }
                if ((n >> k & 1) == (m >> k & 1)) {
                    continue;
                }
                if ((m >> k & 1) == 1) {
                    n += 1 << k;
                    ans += 1 << k;
                }
            }

            out.println(ans);

        }
        out.flush();
    }

    static int[] pre(int[] a) {
        int[] pre = new int[a.length];
        pre[0] = a[0];
        for (int i = 1; i < a.length; i++) {
            pre[i] = pre[i - 1] + a[i];
        }
        return pre;
    }

    static void print(char A[]) {
        for (char c : A) {
            out.print(c);
        }
        out.println();
    }

    static void print(boolean A[]) {
        for (boolean c : A) {
            out.print(c + " ");
        }
        out.println();
    }

    static void print(int A[]) {
        for (int c : A) {
            out.print(c + " ");
        }
        out.println();
    }

    static void print(long A[]) {
        for (long i : A) {
            out.print(i + " ");
        }
        out.println();
    }

    static void print(List<Integer> A) {
        for (int a : A) {
            out.print(a + " ");
        }
    }

    static void printYes() {
        out.println("YES");
    }

    static void printNo() {
        out.println("NO");
    }

    static int i() {
        return in.nextInt();
    }

    static long l() {
        return in.nextLong();
    }

    static String s() {
        return in.nextLine();
    }

    static int[][] inputWithIdx(int N) {
        int A[][] = new int[N][2];
        for (int i = 0; i < N; i++) {
            A[i] = new int[]{i, in.nextInt()};
        }
        return A;
    }

    static int[] input(int N) {
        int A[] = new int[N];
        for (int i = 0; i < N; i++) {
            A[i] = in.nextInt();
        }
        return A;
    }

    static long[] inputLong(int N) {
        long A[] = new long[N];
        for (int i = 0; i < A.length; i++) {
            A[i] = in.nextLong();
        }
        return A;
    }

    static int GCD(int a, int b) {
        if (b == 0) {
            return a;
        } else {
            return GCD(b, a % b);
        }
    }

    static long GCD(long a, long b) {
        if (b == 0) {
            return a;
        } else {
            return GCD(b, a % b);
        }
    }

    static long LCM(int a, int b) {
        return (long) a / GCD(a, b) * b;
    }

    static long LCM(long a, long b) {
        return a / GCD(a, b) * b;
    }

    static void shuffleAndSort(int[] arr) {
        for (int i = 0; i < arr.length; i++) {
            int rand = (int) (Math.random() * arr.length);
            int temp = arr[rand];
            arr[rand] = arr[i];
            arr[i] = temp;
        }
        Arrays.sort(arr);
    }

    static void shuffleAndSort(int[][] arr, Comparator<? super int[]> comparator) {
        for (int i = 0; i < arr.length; i++) {
            int rand = (int) (Math.random() * arr.length);
            int[] temp = arr[rand];
            arr[rand] = arr[i];
            arr[i] = temp;
        }
        Arrays.sort(arr, comparator);
    }

    static void shuffleAndSort(long[] arr) {
        for (int i = 0; i < arr.length; i++) {
            int rand = (int) (Math.random() * arr.length);
            long temp = arr[rand];
            arr[rand] = arr[i];
            arr[i] = temp;
        }
        Arrays.sort(arr);
    }

    static boolean isPerfectSquare(double number) {
        double sqrt = Math.sqrt(number);
        return ((sqrt - Math.floor(sqrt)) == 0);
    }

    static void swap(int A[], int a, int b) {
        int t = A[a];
        A[a] = A[b];
        A[b] = t;
    }

    static long pow(long a, long b, int mod) {
        long pow = 1;
        long x = a;
        while (b != 0) {
            if ((b & 1) != 0) {
                pow = (pow * x) % mod;
            }
            x = (x * x) % mod;
            b /= 2;
        }
        return pow;
    }

    static long pow(long a, long b) {
        long pow = 1;
        long x = a;
        while (b != 0) {
            if ((b & 1) != 0) {
                pow *= x;
            }
            x = x * x;
            b /= 2;
        }
        return pow;
    }

    static long modInverse(long x, int mod) {
        return pow(x, mod - 2, mod);
    }

    static boolean isPrime(long N) {
        if (N <= 1) {
            return false;
        }
        if (N <= 3) {
            return true;
        }
        if (N % 2 == 0 || N % 3 == 0) {
            return false;
        }
        for (int i = 5; i * i <= N; i = i + 6) {
            if (N % i == 0 || N % (i + 2) == 0) {
                return false;
            }
        }
        return true;
    }

    public static String reverse(String str) {
        if (str == null) {
            return null;
        }
        return new StringBuilder(str).reverse().toString();
    }
}

class Pair {

    int i, j;

    Pair(int i, int j) {
        this.i = i;
        this.j = j;
    }
}

class FastReader {

    BufferedReader br;
    StringTokenizer st;

    public FastReader() {
        br = new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(System.in));
    }

    String next() {
        while (st == null || !st.hasMoreElements()) {
            try {
                st = new StringTokenizer(br.readLine());
            } catch (IOException e) {
                e.printStackTrace();
            }
        }
        return st.nextToken();
    }

    int nextInt() {
        return Integer.parseInt(next());
    }

    long nextLong() {
        return Long.parseLong(next());
    }

    double nextDouble() {
        return Double.parseDouble(next());
    }

    String nextLine() {
        String str = "";
        try {
            str = br.readLine();
        } catch (IOException e) {
            e.printStackTrace();
        }
        return str;
    }
}