You are given two integers n and m. Find the \operatorname{MEX} of the sequence n ⊕ 0, n ⊕ 1, …, n ⊕ m. Here, ⊕ is the [bitwise XOR operator](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitwise_operation#XOR).

\operatorname{MEX} of the sequence of non-negative integers is the smallest non-negative integer that doesn't appear in this sequence. For example, \operatorname{MEX}(0, 1, 2, 4) = 3, and \operatorname{MEX}(1, 2021) = 0. 

Input

The first line contains a single integer t (1 ≤ t ≤ 30 000) — the number of test cases.

The first and only line of each test case contains two integers n and m (0 ≤ n, m ≤ 10^9).

Output

For each test case, print a single integer — the answer to the problem.

Example

Input


5
3 5
4 6
3 2
69 696
123456 654321


Output


4
3
0
640
530866

Note

In the first test case, the sequence is 3 ⊕ 0, 3 ⊕ 1, 3 ⊕ 2, 3 ⊕ 3, 3 ⊕ 4, 3 ⊕ 5, or 3, 2, 1, 0, 7, 6. The smallest non-negative integer which isn't present in the sequence i. e. the \operatorname{MEX} of the sequence is 4.

In the second test case, the sequence is 4 ⊕ 0, 4 ⊕ 1, 4 ⊕ 2, 4 ⊕ 3, 4 ⊕ 4, 4 ⊕ 5, 4 ⊕ 6, or 4, 5, 6, 7, 0, 1, 2. The smallest non-negative integer which isn't present in the sequence i. e. the \operatorname{MEX} of the sequence is 3.

In the third test case, the sequence is 3 ⊕ 0, 3 ⊕ 1, 3 ⊕ 2, or 3, 2, 1. The smallest non-negative integer which isn't present in the sequence i. e. the \operatorname{MEX} of the sequence is 0.
import java.util.*;
import java.io.*;
import static java.lang.System.out;
import java.util.Stack;
import java.util.Queue;

public class C1554
{

    static int mod=(int)(1e9+7);
    static long MOD=(long)(1e9+7);
    static FastReader in=new FastReader();
    static PrintWriter pr = new PrintWriter(new BufferedWriter(new OutputStreamWriter(System.out)));
        
    public static void main(String args[])
    {  

        int tc=1;
     
        tc=in.nextInt();
        tcloop: while(tc-->0)
        {
            
            int n=in.nextInt();
            int m=in.nextInt();

            if(n>m){
                pr.println(0);
                continue tcloop;
            }
            
            int num=0;
            int f=0;
            int p=m+1;
            for(int i=30;i>=0;i--)
            {
                int mask = 1<<i;
               // pr.println((mask&n)+" "+(mask&p));
                if((mask&n)!=(mask&p))
                {
                    if((mask&n)==0)
                    {
                        num+=mask;
                    }
                    else 
                    {
                        break;
                    }

                }

            }
            pr.println(num);





          
	

        }
        pr.flush();
        
    }

	static long gcd(long a,long b)
	{
		if(a==0)return b;
		return gcd(b%a,a);
	}

    

    static void sort(long[] a) {
		ArrayList<Long> l = new ArrayList<>();
		for (long i : a)
			l.add(i);
		Collections.sort(l);
		for (int i = 0; i < a.length; i++)
			a[i] = l.get(i);
	}
    
    
	static void sort(int[] a) {
		ArrayList<Integer> l = new ArrayList<>();
		for (int i : a)
			l.add(i);
		Collections.sort(l);
		for (int i = 0; i < a.length; i++)
			a[i] = l.get(i);
    }

    
    static class FastReader
    { 
        BufferedReader br; 
        StringTokenizer st; 

        public FastReader() 
        { 
            br = new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(System.in)); 
        } 

        String next() 
        { 
            while (st == null || !st.hasMoreElements()) 
            { 
                try
                { 
                    st = new StringTokenizer(br.readLine()); 
                } 
                catch (IOException  e) 
                { 
                    e.printStackTrace(); 
                } 
            } 
            return st.nextToken(); 
        } 

        int nextInt() 
        { 
            return Integer.parseInt(next()); 
        } 

        long nextLong() 
        { 
            return Long.parseLong(next()); 
        } 

        double nextDouble() 
        { 
            return Double.parseDouble(next()); 
        } 
        
        int[] readIntArray(int n)
        {
		int a[]=new int[n];
		for(int i=0;i<n;i++)a[i]=nextInt();
		return a;
	}
		
	long[] readLongArray(int n)
	{
		long a[]=new long[n];
		for(int i=0;i<n;i++)a[i]=nextLong();
		return a;
	}
	
        String nextLine() 
        { 
            String str = ""; 
            try
            { 
                str = br.readLine(); 
            } 
            catch (IOException e) 
            { 
                e.printStackTrace(); 
            } 
            return str; 
        } 
    } 
}



