You are given two integers n and m. Find the \operatorname{MEX} of the sequence n ⊕ 0, n ⊕ 1, …, n ⊕ m. Here, ⊕ is the [bitwise XOR operator](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitwise_operation#XOR).

\operatorname{MEX} of the sequence of non-negative integers is the smallest non-negative integer that doesn't appear in this sequence. For example, \operatorname{MEX}(0, 1, 2, 4) = 3, and \operatorname{MEX}(1, 2021) = 0. 

Input

The first line contains a single integer t (1 ≤ t ≤ 30 000) — the number of test cases.

The first and only line of each test case contains two integers n and m (0 ≤ n, m ≤ 10^9).

Output

For each test case, print a single integer — the answer to the problem.

Example

Input


5
3 5
4 6
3 2
69 696
123456 654321


Output


4
3
0
640
530866

Note

In the first test case, the sequence is 3 ⊕ 0, 3 ⊕ 1, 3 ⊕ 2, 3 ⊕ 3, 3 ⊕ 4, 3 ⊕ 5, or 3, 2, 1, 0, 7, 6. The smallest non-negative integer which isn't present in the sequence i. e. the \operatorname{MEX} of the sequence is 4.

In the second test case, the sequence is 4 ⊕ 0, 4 ⊕ 1, 4 ⊕ 2, 4 ⊕ 3, 4 ⊕ 4, 4 ⊕ 5, 4 ⊕ 6, or 4, 5, 6, 7, 0, 1, 2. The smallest non-negative integer which isn't present in the sequence i. e. the \operatorname{MEX} of the sequence is 3.

In the third test case, the sequence is 3 ⊕ 0, 3 ⊕ 1, 3 ⊕ 2, or 3, 2, 1. The smallest non-negative integer which isn't present in the sequence i. e. the \operatorname{MEX} of the sequence is 0.
//package Codeforces.CF735;

import java.io.BufferedReader;
import java.io.IOException;
import java.io.InputStreamReader;
import java.io.PrintWriter;
import java.util.Arrays;
import java.util.PriorityQueue;
import java.util.StringTokenizer;

public class C {

    static final long mod = (long) 1e9 + 7l;

    private static void solve(int t) {
        int n = fs.nextInt();
        int m = fs.nextInt();
        int arr[] = new int[m];
        for (int i = 0; i < m; i++) {
            arr[i] = n ^ i;
        }
        System.out.println(firstMissingPositive(arr));
    }

    public static int firstMissingPositive(int[] nums) {
        PriorityQueue<Integer> pq = new PriorityQueue<>();
        for (Integer val : nums) {
            pq.add(val);
        }
        int a = 0;
        while (!pq.isEmpty()) {
            if (pq.peek() > a) break;
            if (pq.peek() == a) a++;
            pq.remove();
        }
        return a;
    }

    static class pair {
        int a;
        int b;

        public pair(int a, int b) {
            this.a = a;
            this.b = b;
        }

        @Override
        public String toString() {
            return "pair{" +
                    "a=" + a +
                    ", b=" + b +
                    '}';
        }
    }

    public static void main(String[] args) {
        fs = new FastScanner();
        out = new PrintWriter(System.out);
        long s = System.currentTimeMillis();
        int t = fs.nextInt();
        for (int i = 1; i <= t; i++) solve(t);
        out.close();
//        System.err.println( System.currentTimeMillis() - s + "ms" );
    }

    static boolean DEBUG = true;
    static PrintWriter out;
    static FastScanner fs;

    static void trace(Object... o) {
        if (!DEBUG) return;
        System.err.println(Arrays.deepToString(o));
    }

    static void pl(Object o) {
        out.println(o);
    }

    static void p(Object o) {
        out.print(o);
    }

    static long gcd(long a, long b) {
        return (b == 0) ? a : gcd(b, a % b);
    }

    static int gcd(int a, int b) {
        return (b == 0) ? a : gcd(b, a % b);
    }

    static void sieveOfEratosthenes(int n, int factors[]) {
        factors[1] = 1;
        for (int p = 2; p * p <= n; p++) {
            if (factors[p] == 0) {
                factors[p] = p;
                for (int i = p * p; i <= n; i += p)
                    factors[i] = p;
            }
        }
    }

    static long mul(long a, long b) {
        return a * b % mod;
    }

    static long fact(int x) {
        long ans = 1;
        for (int i = 2; i <= x; i++) ans = mul(ans, i);
        return ans;
    }

    static long fastPow(long base, long exp) {
        if (exp == 0) return 1;
        long half = fastPow(base, exp / 2);
        if (exp % 2 == 0) return mul(half, half);
        return mul(half, mul(half, base));
    }

    static long modInv(long x) {
        return fastPow(x, mod - 2);
    }

    static long nCk(int n, int k) {
        return mul(fact(n), mul(modInv(fact(k)), modInv(fact(n - k))));
    }

    static class FastScanner {
        BufferedReader br = new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(System.in));
        StringTokenizer st = new StringTokenizer("");

        public String next() {
            while (!st.hasMoreElements())
                try {
                    st = new StringTokenizer(br.readLine());
                } catch (IOException e) {
                    e.printStackTrace();
                }
            return st.nextToken();
        }

        int nextInt() {
            return Integer.parseInt(next());
        }

        int[] readArray(int n) {
            int[] a = new int[n];
            for (int i = 0; i < n; i++)
                a[i] = nextInt();
            return a;
        }

        long nextLong() {
            return Long.parseLong(next());
        }
    }
}
