You are given two integers n and m. Find the \operatorname{MEX} of the sequence n ⊕ 0, n ⊕ 1, …, n ⊕ m. Here, ⊕ is the [bitwise XOR operator](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitwise_operation#XOR).

\operatorname{MEX} of the sequence of non-negative integers is the smallest non-negative integer that doesn't appear in this sequence. For example, \operatorname{MEX}(0, 1, 2, 4) = 3, and \operatorname{MEX}(1, 2021) = 0. 

Input

The first line contains a single integer t (1 ≤ t ≤ 30 000) — the number of test cases.

The first and only line of each test case contains two integers n and m (0 ≤ n, m ≤ 10^9).

Output

For each test case, print a single integer — the answer to the problem.

Example

Input


5
3 5
4 6
3 2
69 696
123456 654321


Output


4
3
0
640
530866

Note

In the first test case, the sequence is 3 ⊕ 0, 3 ⊕ 1, 3 ⊕ 2, 3 ⊕ 3, 3 ⊕ 4, 3 ⊕ 5, or 3, 2, 1, 0, 7, 6. The smallest non-negative integer which isn't present in the sequence i. e. the \operatorname{MEX} of the sequence is 4.

In the second test case, the sequence is 4 ⊕ 0, 4 ⊕ 1, 4 ⊕ 2, 4 ⊕ 3, 4 ⊕ 4, 4 ⊕ 5, 4 ⊕ 6, or 4, 5, 6, 7, 0, 1, 2. The smallest non-negative integer which isn't present in the sequence i. e. the \operatorname{MEX} of the sequence is 3.

In the third test case, the sequence is 3 ⊕ 0, 3 ⊕ 1, 3 ⊕ 2, or 3, 2, 1. The smallest non-negative integer which isn't present in the sequence i. e. the \operatorname{MEX} of the sequence is 0.
import sys, os, io
def rs(): return sys.stdin.readline().rstrip()
def ri(): return int(sys.stdin.readline())
def ria(): return list(map(int, sys.stdin.readline().split()))
def ws(s): sys.stdout.write(s + '\n')
def wi(n): sys.stdout.write(str(n) + '\n')
def wia(a): sys.stdout.write(' '.join([str(x) for x in a]) + '\n')
import math,datetime,functools,itertools,operator,bisect,fractions,statistics
from collections import deque,defaultdict,OrderedDict,Counter
from fractions import Fraction
from decimal import Decimal
from sys import stdout
from heapq import heappush, heappop, heapify ,_heapify_max,_heappop_max,nsmallest,nlargest
sys.setrecursionlimit(111111) 
INF=999999999999999999999999
alphabets="abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz"
class SortedList:
    def __init__(self, iterable=[], _load=200):
        """Initialize sorted list instance."""
        values = sorted(iterable)
        self._len = _len = len(values)
        self._load = _load
        self._lists = _lists = [values[i:i + _load] for i in range(0, _len, _load)]
        self._list_lens = [len(_list) for _list in _lists]
        self._mins = [_list[0] for _list in _lists]
        self._fen_tree = []
        self._rebuild = True
 
    def _fen_build(self):
        """Build a fenwick tree instance."""
        self._fen_tree[:] = self._list_lens
        _fen_tree = self._fen_tree
        for i in range(len(_fen_tree)):
            if i | i + 1 < len(_fen_tree):
                _fen_tree[i | i + 1] += _fen_tree[i]
        self._rebuild = False
 
    def _fen_update(self, index, value):
        """Update `fen_tree[index] += value`."""
        if not self._rebuild:
            _fen_tree = self._fen_tree
            while index < len(_fen_tree):
                _fen_tree[index] += value
                index |= index + 1
 
    def _fen_query(self, end):
        """Return `sum(_fen_tree[:end])`."""
        if self._rebuild:
            self._fen_build()
 
        _fen_tree = self._fen_tree
        x = 0
        while end:
            x += _fen_tree[end - 1]
            end &= end - 1
        return x
 
    def _fen_findkth(self, k):
        """Return a pair of (the largest `idx` such that `sum(_fen_tree[:idx]) <= k`, `k - sum(_fen_tree[:idx])`)."""
        _list_lens = self._list_lens
        if k < _list_lens[0]:
            return 0, k
        if k >= self._len - _list_lens[-1]:
            return len(_list_lens) - 1, k + _list_lens[-1] - self._len
        if self._rebuild:
            self._fen_build()
 
        _fen_tree = self._fen_tree
        idx = -1
        for d in reversed(range(len(_fen_tree).bit_length())):
            right_idx = idx + (1 << d)
            if right_idx < len(_fen_tree) and k >= _fen_tree[right_idx]:
                idx = right_idx
                k -= _fen_tree[idx]
        return idx + 1, k
 
    def _delete(self, pos, idx):
        """Delete value at the given `(pos, idx)`."""
        _lists = self._lists
        _mins = self._mins
        _list_lens = self._list_lens
 
        self._len -= 1
        self._fen_update(pos, -1)
        del _lists[pos][idx]
        _list_lens[pos] -= 1
 
        if _list_lens[pos]:
            _mins[pos] = _lists[pos][0]
        else:
            del _lists[pos]
            del _list_lens[pos]
            del _mins[pos]
            self._rebuild = True
 
    def _loc_left(self, value):
        """Return an index pair that corresponds to the first position of `value` in the sorted list."""
        if not self._len:
            return 0, 0
 
        _lists = self._lists
        _mins = self._mins
 
        lo, pos = -1, len(_lists) - 1
        while lo + 1 < pos:
            mi = (lo + pos) >> 1
            if value <= _mins[mi]:
                pos = mi
            else:
                lo = mi
 
        if pos and value <= _lists[pos - 1][-1]:
            pos -= 1
 
        _list = _lists[pos]
        lo, idx = -1, len(_list)
        while lo + 1 < idx:
            mi = (lo + idx) >> 1
            if value <= _list[mi]:
                idx = mi
            else:
                lo = mi
 
        return pos, idx
 
    def _loc_right(self, value):
        """Return an index pair that corresponds to the last position of `value` in the sorted list."""
        if not self._len:
            return 0, 0
 
        _lists = self._lists
        _mins = self._mins
 
        pos, hi = 0, len(_lists)
        while pos + 1 < hi:
            mi = (pos + hi) >> 1
            if value < _mins[mi]:
                hi = mi
            else:
                pos = mi
 
        _list = _lists[pos]
        lo, idx = -1, len(_list)
        while lo + 1 < idx:
            mi = (lo + idx) >> 1
            if value < _list[mi]:
                idx = mi
            else:
                lo = mi
 
        return pos, idx
 
    def add(self, value):
        """Add `value` to sorted list."""
        _load = self._load
        _lists = self._lists
        _mins = self._mins
        _list_lens = self._list_lens
 
        self._len += 1
        if _lists:
            pos, idx = self._loc_right(value)
            self._fen_update(pos, 1)
            _list = _lists[pos]
            _list.insert(idx, value)
            _list_lens[pos] += 1
            _mins[pos] = _list[0]
            if _load + _load < len(_list):
                _lists.insert(pos + 1, _list[_load:])
                _list_lens.insert(pos + 1, len(_list) - _load)
                _mins.insert(pos + 1, _list[_load])
                _list_lens[pos] = _load
                del _list[_load:]
                self._rebuild = True
        else:
            _lists.append([value])
            _mins.append(value)
            _list_lens.append(1)
            self._rebuild = True
 
    def discard(self, value):
        """Remove `value` from sorted list if it is a member."""
        _lists = self._lists
        if _lists:
            pos, idx = self._loc_right(value)
            if idx and _lists[pos][idx - 1] == value:
                self._delete(pos, idx - 1)
 
    def remove(self, value):
        """Remove `value` from sorted list; `value` must be a member."""
        _len = self._len
        self.discard(value)
        if _len == self._len:
            raise ValueError('{0!r} not in list'.format(value))
 
    def pop(self, index=-1):
        """Remove and return value at `index` in sorted list."""
        pos, idx = self._fen_findkth(self._len + index if index < 0 else index)
        value = self._lists[pos][idx]
        self._delete(pos, idx)
        return value
 
    def bisect_left(self, value):
        """Return the first index to insert `value` in the sorted list."""
        pos, idx = self._loc_left(value)
        return self._fen_query(pos) + idx
 
    def bisect_right(self, value):
        """Return the last index to insert `value` in the sorted list."""
        pos, idx = self._loc_right(value)
        return self._fen_query(pos) + idx
 
    def count(self, value):
        """Return number of occurrences of `value` in the sorted list."""
        return self.bisect_right(value) - self.bisect_left(value)
 
    def __len__(self):
        """Return the size of the sorted list."""
        return self._len
 
    def __getitem__(self, index):
        """Lookup value at `index` in sorted list."""
        pos, idx = self._fen_findkth(self._len + index if index < 0 else index)
        return self._lists[pos][idx]
 
    def __delitem__(self, index):
        """Remove value at `index` from sorted list."""
        pos, idx = self._fen_findkth(self._len + index if index < 0 else index)
        self._delete(pos, idx)
 
    def __contains__(self, value):
        """Return true if `value` is an element of the sorted list."""
        _lists = self._lists
        if _lists:
            pos, idx = self._loc_left(value)
            return idx < len(_lists[pos]) and _lists[pos][idx] == value
        return False
 
    def __iter__(self):
        """Return an iterator over the sorted list."""
        return (value for _list in self._lists for value in _list)
 
    def __reversed__(self):
        """Return a reverse iterator over the sorted list."""
        return (value for _list in reversed(self._lists) for value in reversed(_list))
 
    def __repr__(self):
        """Return string representation of sorted list."""
        return 'SortedList({0})'.format(list(self))
    
class SegTree:
    
    def __init__(self, n):
        self.N = 1 << n.bit_length()
        self.tree = [0] * (self.N<<1)
    
    def update(self, i, j, v):
        i += self.N
        j += self.N
        while i <= j:
            if i%2==1: self.tree[i] += v
            if j%2==0: self.tree[j] += v
            i, j = (i+1) >> 1, (j-1) >> 1
    
    def query(self, i):
        v = 0
        i += self.N
        while i > 0:
            v += self.tree[i]
            i >>= 1
        return v

def SieveOfEratosthenes(limit):
    """Returns all primes not greater than limit."""
    isPrime = [True]*(limit+1)
    isPrime[0] = isPrime[1] = False
    primes = []
    for i in range(2, limit+1):
        if not isPrime[i]:continue
        primes += [i]
        for j in range(i*i, limit+1, i):
            isPrime[j] = False
    return primes


def main():

    mod=1000000007
    # InverseofNumber(mod)
    # InverseofFactorial(mod)
    # factorial(mod)
    starttime=datetime.datetime.now()
    if(os.path.exists('input.txt')):
        sys.stdin = open("input.txt","r")
        sys.stdout = open("output.txt","w")
                    
    tc = ri()
    
    for _ in range(tc):     
        n,m=ria()
        # n^0,n^1,.....,n^m
        # find MEX of this array
        # let say we k as sequence term
        # n^i=k for all 0<=i<=m
        # n^i=k == n^k=i for all 0<=i<=m
        # n^k<=m
        # now MEX is not part of this array which means
        # let MEX be s
        # n^s>=m+1
        # we have to generate smallest s such that the above condition holds
        # we have binary representation of n and (m+1)
        # let say m+1=M and n=N and s=S
        # we traverse from RSB to LSB
        # Below are conditions to what we will do
        # N     M     S             Reasom to assign Sth bit as 
        # 0     0     0             let it be zero we dont want to increase S  
        # 1     0     0 and break   N^S is already greater than M so fuck it break and assign all k till lsb 0 we got the answer
        # 0     1     1             M is greater and to counter it we have make S bit 1 coz N bit is 0 
        # 1     1     0             Both are equal dont make S bit 1 as it will cancel N bit
        
        N=['0']*(30-len(bin(n))+2)+list(bin(n)[2:])
        M=['0']*(30-len(bin(m+1))+2)+list(bin(m+1)[2:])
        ans=0
        for i in range(30):
            if N[i]!=M[i]:
                if N[i]=='1':
                    break
                else:
                    ans+=2**(30-i-1)
                    
        wi(ans)
        
        
         
        
    
        
        
                 
            
            
            

        
                                    
        
                
                    

        
        
 
                
        
        
        
        
        
        

                    
                
                
                
        
        
        
            
        
                        
            
 
            


                

        
        
        
        
        
       
        
       

        
        

            
            
            
                
            

            
            
        
        
           
        
        
                 
                
        
        

        
        

        
        
        
            
        
        
            
                

            
            
                
            
            
            
            
        
        
       
         
        

        
        
                    
                        

                    
           
                     
            
        
                
        
        
            
        
        
        
        
        

    
        
        
        
                
                
        
        
        
    

        
        
        

        
                             
        
        
        
            
        
        
                     
        
        
                    
        
                     
                    
                    
                
                
                    
                
        
        
            
                   
        
                    

        
        
                
            
            
    
            
                        
        
    

        
    #<--Solving Area Ends
    endtime=datetime.datetime.now()
    time=(endtime-starttime).total_seconds()*1000
    if(os.path.exists('input.txt')):
        print("Time:",time,"ms")  
    
                
class FastReader(io.IOBase):
    newlines = 0

    def __init__(self, fd, chunk_size=1024 * 8):
        self._fd = fd
        self._chunk_size = chunk_size
        self.buffer = io.BytesIO()

    def read(self):
        while True:
            b = os.read(self._fd, max(os.fstat(self._fd).st_size, self._chunk_size))
            if not b:
                break
            ptr = self.buffer.tell()
            self.buffer.seek(0, 2), self.buffer.write(b), self.buffer.seek(ptr)
        self.newlines = 0
        return self.buffer.read()

    def readline(self, size=-1):
        while self.newlines == 0:
            b = os.read(self._fd, max(os.fstat(self._fd).st_size, self._chunk_size if size == -1 else size))
            self.newlines = b.count(b"\n") + (not b)
            ptr = self.buffer.tell()
            self.buffer.seek(0, 2), self.buffer.write(b), self.buffer.seek(ptr)
        self.newlines -= 1
        return self.buffer.readline()


class FastWriter(io.IOBase):

    def __init__(self, fd):
        self._fd = fd
        self.buffer = io.BytesIO()
        self.write = self.buffer.write

    def flush(self):
        os.write(self._fd, self.buffer.getvalue())
        self.buffer.truncate(0), self.buffer.seek(0)


class FastStdin(io.IOBase):
    def __init__(self, fd=0):
        self.buffer = FastReader(fd)
        self.read = lambda: self.buffer.read().decode("ascii")
        self.readline = lambda: self.buffer.readline().decode("ascii")


class FastStdout(io.IOBase):
    def __init__(self, fd=1):
        self.buffer = FastWriter(fd)
        self.write = lambda s: self.buffer.write(s.encode("ascii"))
        self.flush = self.buffer.flush


if __name__ == '__main__':
    sys.stdin = FastStdin()
    sys.stdout = FastStdout()
    main()
    