You are given two integers n and m. Find the \operatorname{MEX} of the sequence n ⊕ 0, n ⊕ 1, …, n ⊕ m. Here, ⊕ is the [bitwise XOR operator](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitwise_operation#XOR).

\operatorname{MEX} of the sequence of non-negative integers is the smallest non-negative integer that doesn't appear in this sequence. For example, \operatorname{MEX}(0, 1, 2, 4) = 3, and \operatorname{MEX}(1, 2021) = 0. 

Input

The first line contains a single integer t (1 ≤ t ≤ 30 000) — the number of test cases.

The first and only line of each test case contains two integers n and m (0 ≤ n, m ≤ 10^9).

Output

For each test case, print a single integer — the answer to the problem.

Example

Input


5
3 5
4 6
3 2
69 696
123456 654321


Output


4
3
0
640
530866

Note

In the first test case, the sequence is 3 ⊕ 0, 3 ⊕ 1, 3 ⊕ 2, 3 ⊕ 3, 3 ⊕ 4, 3 ⊕ 5, or 3, 2, 1, 0, 7, 6. The smallest non-negative integer which isn't present in the sequence i. e. the \operatorname{MEX} of the sequence is 4.

In the second test case, the sequence is 4 ⊕ 0, 4 ⊕ 1, 4 ⊕ 2, 4 ⊕ 3, 4 ⊕ 4, 4 ⊕ 5, 4 ⊕ 6, or 4, 5, 6, 7, 0, 1, 2. The smallest non-negative integer which isn't present in the sequence i. e. the \operatorname{MEX} of the sequence is 3.

In the third test case, the sequence is 3 ⊕ 0, 3 ⊕ 1, 3 ⊕ 2, or 3, 2, 1. The smallest non-negative integer which isn't present in the sequence i. e. the \operatorname{MEX} of the sequence is 0.
#!/usr/bin/env python3
# from typing import *

import sys
import io
import math
import collections
import decimal
import itertools
import bisect
import heapq


def input():
    return sys.stdin.readline()[:-1]


# sys.setrecursionlimit(1000000)

# _INPUT = """5
# 5 4
# 5 5
# 5 6
# 5 7
# 5 8

# # """
# sys.stdin = io.StringIO(_INPUT)

INF = 10**10

def solve(N, M):
    if N > M:
        return 0
    ans = 0
    for i in reversed(range((M+1).bit_length())):
        n_i = (N & (1<<i)) >> i
        m_i = ((M+1) & (1<<i)) >> i
        if (n_i, m_i) == (1, 0):
            return ans
        elif (n_i, m_i) == (0, 1):
            ans |= (1<<i)
    return ans

T0 = int(input())
for _ in range(T0):
    N, M = map(int, input().split())
    print(solve(N, M))