You are given two integers n and m. Find the \operatorname{MEX} of the sequence n ⊕ 0, n ⊕ 1, …, n ⊕ m. Here, ⊕ is the [bitwise XOR operator](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitwise_operation#XOR).

\operatorname{MEX} of the sequence of non-negative integers is the smallest non-negative integer that doesn't appear in this sequence. For example, \operatorname{MEX}(0, 1, 2, 4) = 3, and \operatorname{MEX}(1, 2021) = 0. 

Input

The first line contains a single integer t (1 ≤ t ≤ 30 000) — the number of test cases.

The first and only line of each test case contains two integers n and m (0 ≤ n, m ≤ 10^9).

Output

For each test case, print a single integer — the answer to the problem.

Example

Input


5
3 5
4 6
3 2
69 696
123456 654321


Output


4
3
0
640
530866

Note

In the first test case, the sequence is 3 ⊕ 0, 3 ⊕ 1, 3 ⊕ 2, 3 ⊕ 3, 3 ⊕ 4, 3 ⊕ 5, or 3, 2, 1, 0, 7, 6. The smallest non-negative integer which isn't present in the sequence i. e. the \operatorname{MEX} of the sequence is 4.

In the second test case, the sequence is 4 ⊕ 0, 4 ⊕ 1, 4 ⊕ 2, 4 ⊕ 3, 4 ⊕ 4, 4 ⊕ 5, 4 ⊕ 6, or 4, 5, 6, 7, 0, 1, 2. The smallest non-negative integer which isn't present in the sequence i. e. the \operatorname{MEX} of the sequence is 3.

In the third test case, the sequence is 3 ⊕ 0, 3 ⊕ 1, 3 ⊕ 2, or 3, 2, 1. The smallest non-negative integer which isn't present in the sequence i. e. the \operatorname{MEX} of the sequence is 0.
import math
from sys import stdin, stdout
# from math import floor, gcd, fabs, factorial, fmod, sqrt, inf, log
from collections import defaultdict as df, deque
from heapq import merge, heapify, heappop, heappush, nsmallest
from bisect import bisect_left as bl, bisect_right as br, bisect
mod = pow(10, 9) + 7
mod2 = 998244353
S1 = 'abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz'
S2 = 'ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ'
def SieveOfEratosthenes(n):
    l=[]
    prime = [True for i in range(n+1)]
    p = 2
    while (p * p <= n):
        if (prime[p] == True):
            for i in range(p * p, n+1, p):
                prime[i] = False
        p += 1
    for p in range(2, n+1):
        if prime[p]:
            l.append(p)
    return l
def isprime(x):
    if x<=1: return False
    if x in (2, 3): return True
    if x%2 == 0: return False
    for i in range(3, int(sqrt(x))+1, 2):
        if x%i == 0: return False
    return True
for _ in range(int(input())):
    n,m=map(int,input().split())
    if n>m:
        print(0)
    else:
        # if n==m:
        #     print(1)
        # else:
        if n==0:
            print(m+1)
            # elif n==1:
            #     if m%2==0:
            #         print(m)
            #     else:
            #         print(m+1)
            # elif n==2:
            #     if (m-2)%4==0:
            #         print((n^(m-4+1))+1)
            #     else:
            #         print(n^(m-4+1))
        else:
            m=m+1
            mex=0
            cnt=32
            while(cnt>-1):
                a=n&(1<<cnt)
                b=m&(1<<cnt)
                if a<b:
                    mex+=b
                if b<a:
                    break
                cnt-=1
            print(mex)

        


            
        


# n,k=map(int,input().split())
# a=list(map(int,input().split()))

    # max1=-1
    # for i in range(1,len(a)):
    #     max1=max(max1,a[i]*a[i-1])
    # print(max1)

