You are given two integers n and m. Find the \operatorname{MEX} of the sequence n ⊕ 0, n ⊕ 1, …, n ⊕ m. Here, ⊕ is the [bitwise XOR operator](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitwise_operation#XOR).

\operatorname{MEX} of the sequence of non-negative integers is the smallest non-negative integer that doesn't appear in this sequence. For example, \operatorname{MEX}(0, 1, 2, 4) = 3, and \operatorname{MEX}(1, 2021) = 0. 

Input

The first line contains a single integer t (1 ≤ t ≤ 30 000) — the number of test cases.

The first and only line of each test case contains two integers n and m (0 ≤ n, m ≤ 10^9).

Output

For each test case, print a single integer — the answer to the problem.

Example

Input


5
3 5
4 6
3 2
69 696
123456 654321


Output


4
3
0
640
530866

Note

In the first test case, the sequence is 3 ⊕ 0, 3 ⊕ 1, 3 ⊕ 2, 3 ⊕ 3, 3 ⊕ 4, 3 ⊕ 5, or 3, 2, 1, 0, 7, 6. The smallest non-negative integer which isn't present in the sequence i. e. the \operatorname{MEX} of the sequence is 4.

In the second test case, the sequence is 4 ⊕ 0, 4 ⊕ 1, 4 ⊕ 2, 4 ⊕ 3, 4 ⊕ 4, 4 ⊕ 5, 4 ⊕ 6, or 4, 5, 6, 7, 0, 1, 2. The smallest non-negative integer which isn't present in the sequence i. e. the \operatorname{MEX} of the sequence is 3.

In the third test case, the sequence is 3 ⊕ 0, 3 ⊕ 1, 3 ⊕ 2, or 3, 2, 1. The smallest non-negative integer which isn't present in the sequence i. e. the \operatorname{MEX} of the sequence is 0.
import java.lang.*;
import java.util.*;
import java.io.*;
import java.math.*;

public class Main {
    static void deal(int n,int m) {
        int l = 0;
        while(n>=(1<<l)) l++;
        int d = (1<<l);
        int m1 = m %d;
        m = m>>l;
        m = m<<l;
        if(m1<n) {
            out.println(m);
            return;
        }
        int res = 0;
        while(n<=m1) {
            int n1 = n;
            int index=0;
            while(n1<=m1) {
                n1 = n1|(1<<index);
                index++;
            }
            if(index ==0) {
                out.println(m+res);
                return;
            } else {
                index--;
                m1 -= (1<<index);
                res += (1<<index);
            }
        }
        out.println(m+res);
    }

	public static void main(String[] args) {
        MyScanner sc = new MyScanner();
        out = new PrintWriter(new BufferedOutputStream(System.out));
        int t = sc.nextInt();
        for(int i=0;i<t;i++) {
            int n = sc.nextInt();
            int m = sc.nextInt();
            deal(n,m);
        }
        out.close();
    }
    
    //-----------PrintWriter for faster output---------------------------------
    public static PrintWriter out;
    
    //-----------MyScanner class for faster input----------
    public static class MyScanner {
        BufferedReader br;
        StringTokenizer st;
        
        public MyScanner() {
                br = new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(System.in));
        }
        
        String next() {
                while (st == null || !st.hasMoreElements()) {
                        try {
                                st = new StringTokenizer(br.readLine());
                        } catch (IOException e) {
                                e.printStackTrace();
                        }
                }
                return st.nextToken();
        }
        
        int nextInt() {
                return Integer.parseInt(next());
        }
        
        long nextLong() {
                return Long.parseLong(next());
        }
        
        double nextDouble() {
                return Double.parseDouble(next());
        }
        
        String nextLine(){
                String str = "";
    try {
            str = br.readLine();
    } catch (IOException e) {
            e.printStackTrace();
    }
    return str;
        }
        
    }
}