You are given two integers n and m. Find the \operatorname{MEX} of the sequence n ⊕ 0, n ⊕ 1, …, n ⊕ m. Here, ⊕ is the [bitwise XOR operator](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitwise_operation#XOR).

\operatorname{MEX} of the sequence of non-negative integers is the smallest non-negative integer that doesn't appear in this sequence. For example, \operatorname{MEX}(0, 1, 2, 4) = 3, and \operatorname{MEX}(1, 2021) = 0. 

Input

The first line contains a single integer t (1 ≤ t ≤ 30 000) — the number of test cases.

The first and only line of each test case contains two integers n and m (0 ≤ n, m ≤ 10^9).

Output

For each test case, print a single integer — the answer to the problem.

Example

Input


5
3 5
4 6
3 2
69 696
123456 654321


Output


4
3
0
640
530866

Note

In the first test case, the sequence is 3 ⊕ 0, 3 ⊕ 1, 3 ⊕ 2, 3 ⊕ 3, 3 ⊕ 4, 3 ⊕ 5, or 3, 2, 1, 0, 7, 6. The smallest non-negative integer which isn't present in the sequence i. e. the \operatorname{MEX} of the sequence is 4.

In the second test case, the sequence is 4 ⊕ 0, 4 ⊕ 1, 4 ⊕ 2, 4 ⊕ 3, 4 ⊕ 4, 4 ⊕ 5, 4 ⊕ 6, or 4, 5, 6, 7, 0, 1, 2. The smallest non-negative integer which isn't present in the sequence i. e. the \operatorname{MEX} of the sequence is 3.

In the third test case, the sequence is 3 ⊕ 0, 3 ⊕ 1, 3 ⊕ 2, or 3, 2, 1. The smallest non-negative integer which isn't present in the sequence i. e. the \operatorname{MEX} of the sequence is 0.
#include <bits/stdc++.h>
using namespace std;
template <typename T>
inline void read(T &a) {
  T w = 1;
  a = 0;
  char ch = getchar();
  for (; ch < '0' || ch > '9'; ch = getchar())
    if (ch == '-') w = -1;
  for (; ch >= '0' && ch <= '9'; ch = getchar())
    a = (a << 3) + (a << 1) + (ch ^ 48);
  a *= w;
}
template <typename T>
inline void ckmax(T &a, T b) {
  a = a > b ? a : b;
}
template <typename T>
inline void ckmin(T &a, T b) {
  a = a < b ? a : b;
}
int main() {
  int cases;
  read(cases);
  while (cases--) {
    int n, m;
    read(n);
    read(m);
    m++;
    int Ans = 0;
    for (int i = 30; i >= 0; --i) {
      if (!(n & (1 << i)) && (m & (1 << i))) Ans += 1 << i;
    }
    cout << Ans << endl;
  }
}
