You are given two integers n and m. Find the \operatorname{MEX} of the sequence n ⊕ 0, n ⊕ 1, …, n ⊕ m. Here, ⊕ is the [bitwise XOR operator](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitwise_operation#XOR).

\operatorname{MEX} of the sequence of non-negative integers is the smallest non-negative integer that doesn't appear in this sequence. For example, \operatorname{MEX}(0, 1, 2, 4) = 3, and \operatorname{MEX}(1, 2021) = 0. 

Input

The first line contains a single integer t (1 ≤ t ≤ 30 000) — the number of test cases.

The first and only line of each test case contains two integers n and m (0 ≤ n, m ≤ 10^9).

Output

For each test case, print a single integer — the answer to the problem.

Example

Input


5
3 5
4 6
3 2
69 696
123456 654321


Output


4
3
0
640
530866

Note

In the first test case, the sequence is 3 ⊕ 0, 3 ⊕ 1, 3 ⊕ 2, 3 ⊕ 3, 3 ⊕ 4, 3 ⊕ 5, or 3, 2, 1, 0, 7, 6. The smallest non-negative integer which isn't present in the sequence i. e. the \operatorname{MEX} of the sequence is 4.

In the second test case, the sequence is 4 ⊕ 0, 4 ⊕ 1, 4 ⊕ 2, 4 ⊕ 3, 4 ⊕ 4, 4 ⊕ 5, 4 ⊕ 6, or 4, 5, 6, 7, 0, 1, 2. The smallest non-negative integer which isn't present in the sequence i. e. the \operatorname{MEX} of the sequence is 3.

In the third test case, the sequence is 3 ⊕ 0, 3 ⊕ 1, 3 ⊕ 2, or 3, 2, 1. The smallest non-negative integer which isn't present in the sequence i. e. the \operatorname{MEX} of the sequence is 0.
import java.util.*;
import java.io.*;
public class Main {
	static BufferedReader br = new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(System.in));
	static StringTokenizer st;
	public static void main(String[] args) throws IOException {
		int t = readInt();
		for (int z = 0; z < t; z++) {
			int n = readInt(), m = readInt();
			int p = m+1;
			int ans = 0;
			for (int i = 31; i >= 0; i--) {
				if ((n >> i & 1) == (p >> i & 1)) {
					continue;
				}
				if ((n >> i & 1) == 1 && (p >> i & 1) == 0) {
					break;
				}
				if ((n >> i & 1) == 0 && (p >> i & 1) == 1) {
					ans |= 1 << i;
				}
			}
			System.out.println(ans);
		}
	}
	static String next () throws IOException {
		while (st == null || !st.hasMoreTokens())
			st = new StringTokenizer(br.readLine().trim());
		return st.nextToken();
	}
	static long readLong () throws IOException {
		return Long.parseLong(next());
	}
	static int readInt () throws IOException {
		return Integer.parseInt(next());
	}
	static double readDouble () throws IOException {
		return Double.parseDouble(next());
	}
	static char readCharacter () throws IOException {
		return next().charAt(0);
	}
	static String readLine () throws IOException {
		return br.readLine().trim();
	}
}