You are given two integers n and m. Find the \operatorname{MEX} of the sequence n ⊕ 0, n ⊕ 1, …, n ⊕ m. Here, ⊕ is the [bitwise XOR operator](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitwise_operation#XOR).

\operatorname{MEX} of the sequence of non-negative integers is the smallest non-negative integer that doesn't appear in this sequence. For example, \operatorname{MEX}(0, 1, 2, 4) = 3, and \operatorname{MEX}(1, 2021) = 0. 

Input

The first line contains a single integer t (1 ≤ t ≤ 30 000) — the number of test cases.

The first and only line of each test case contains two integers n and m (0 ≤ n, m ≤ 10^9).

Output

For each test case, print a single integer — the answer to the problem.

Example

Input


5
3 5
4 6
3 2
69 696
123456 654321


Output


4
3
0
640
530866

Note

In the first test case, the sequence is 3 ⊕ 0, 3 ⊕ 1, 3 ⊕ 2, 3 ⊕ 3, 3 ⊕ 4, 3 ⊕ 5, or 3, 2, 1, 0, 7, 6. The smallest non-negative integer which isn't present in the sequence i. e. the \operatorname{MEX} of the sequence is 4.

In the second test case, the sequence is 4 ⊕ 0, 4 ⊕ 1, 4 ⊕ 2, 4 ⊕ 3, 4 ⊕ 4, 4 ⊕ 5, 4 ⊕ 6, or 4, 5, 6, 7, 0, 1, 2. The smallest non-negative integer which isn't present in the sequence i. e. the \operatorname{MEX} of the sequence is 3.

In the third test case, the sequence is 3 ⊕ 0, 3 ⊕ 1, 3 ⊕ 2, or 3, 2, 1. The smallest non-negative integer which isn't present in the sequence i. e. the \operatorname{MEX} of the sequence is 0.
import java.util.*;
import java.io.*;

public class Main {
	public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception {

		
		
		
		int t=sc.nextInt();
		while(t-->0) {
			long n=sc.nextInt();
			long m=sc.nextInt();
			if(m<n) {
				pw.println(0);
			}else {
				long low=0;
				long high=Integer.MAX_VALUE/2;
				long mid=low+high>>1;
				while(low<=high) {
					long temp=mid;
					long pos=1;
					long v=n;
					while(temp>0) {
						while((n&pos)!=0) {
							pos<<=1;
						}
						if((temp&1)!=0) {
							v|=pos;
						}
						temp>>=1;
						pos<<=1;
					}
					if(v>m) {
						high=mid-1;
					}else {
						low=mid+1;
					}
					mid=low+high>>1;
				}
				long temp=low;
				long pos=1;
				long v=n;
				while(temp>0) {
					while((n&pos)!=0) {
						pos<<=1;
					}
					if((temp&1)!=0) {
						v+=pos;
					}
					temp>>=1;
						pos<<=1;
				}
				pw.println(v^n);
				
			}
		}
		
		pw.close();
	}

	static class Scanner {
		StringTokenizer st;
		BufferedReader br;

		public Scanner(InputStream s) {
			br = new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(s));
		}

		public Scanner(FileReader r) {
			br = new BufferedReader(r);
		}

		public String next() throws IOException {
			while (st == null || !st.hasMoreTokens())
				st = new StringTokenizer(br.readLine());
			return st.nextToken();
		}

		public int nextInt() throws IOException {
			return Integer.parseInt(next());
		}

		public long nextLong() throws IOException {
			return Long.parseLong(next());
		}

		public String nextLine() throws IOException {
			return br.readLine();
		}

		public double nextDouble() throws IOException {
			String x = next();
			StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder("0");
			double res = 0, f = 1;
			boolean dec = false, neg = false;
			int start = 0;
			if (x.charAt(0) == '-') {
				neg = true;
				start++;
			}
			for (int i = start; i < x.length(); i++)
				if (x.charAt(i) == '.') {
					res = Long.parseLong(sb.toString());
					sb = new StringBuilder("0");
					dec = true;
				} else {
					sb.append(x.charAt(i));
					if (dec)
						f *= 10;
				}
			res += Long.parseLong(sb.toString()) / f;
			return res * (neg ? -1 : 1);
		}

		public long[] nextlongArray(int n) throws IOException {
			long[] a = new long[n];
			for (int i = 0; i < n; i++)
				a[i] = nextLong();
			return a;
		}

		public Long[] nextLongArray(int n) throws IOException {
			Long[] a = new Long[n];
			for (int i = 0; i < n; i++)
				a[i] = nextLong();
			return a;
		}

		public int[] nextIntArray(int n) throws IOException {
			int[] a = new int[n];
			for (int i = 0; i < n; i++)
				a[i] = nextInt();
			return a;
		}

		public Integer[] nextIntegerArray(int n) throws IOException {
			Integer[] a = new Integer[n];
			for (int i = 0; i < n; i++)
				a[i] = nextInt();
			return a;
		}

		public boolean ready() throws IOException {
			return br.ready();
		}

	}

	static class pair implements Comparable<pair> {
		long x;
		long y;

		public pair(long x, long y) {
			this.x = x;
			this.y = y;
		}

		public String toString() {
			return x + " " + y;
		}

		public boolean equals(Object o) {
			if (o instanceof pair) {
				pair p = (pair) o;
				return p.x == x && p.y == y;
			}
			return false;
		}

		public int hashCode() {
			return new Long(x).hashCode() * 31 + new Long(y).hashCode();
		}

		public int compareTo(pair other) {
			if (this.x == other.x) {
				return Long.compare(this.y, other.y);
			}
			return Long.compare(this.x, other.x);
		}
	}

	static class tuble implements Comparable<tuble> {
		int x;
		int y;
		int z;

		public tuble(int x, int y, int z) {
			this.x = x;
			this.y = y;
			this.z = z;
		}

		public String toString() {
			return x + " " + y + " " + z;
		}

		public int compareTo(tuble other) {
			if (this.x == other.x) {
				if (this.y == other.y) {
					return this.z - other.z;
				}
				return this.y - other.y;
			} else {
				return this.x - other.x;
			}
		}
	}

	static long mod = 1000000007;
	static Random rn = new Random();
	static Scanner sc = new Scanner(System.in);
	static PrintWriter pw = new PrintWriter(System.out);
}