An important meeting is to be held and there are exactly n people invited. At any moment, any two people can step back and talk in private. The same two people can talk several (as many as they want) times per meeting.

Each person has limited sociability. The sociability of the i-th person is a non-negative integer a_i. This means that after exactly a_i talks this person leaves the meeting (and does not talk to anyone else anymore). If a_i = 0, the i-th person leaves the meeting immediately after it starts.

A meeting is considered most productive if the maximum possible number of talks took place during it.

You are given an array of sociability a, determine which people should talk to each other so that the total number of talks is as large as possible.

Input

The first line contains an integer t (1 ≤ t ≤ 1000) — the number of test cases.

The next 2t lines contain descriptions of the test cases.

The first line of each test case description contains an integer n (2 ≤ n ≤ 2 ⋅ 10^5) —the number of people in the meeting. The second line consists of n space-separated integers a_1, a_2, ..., a_n (0 ≤ a_i ≤ 2 ⋅ 10^5) — the sociability parameters of all people. 

It is guaranteed that the sum of n over all test cases does not exceed 2 ⋅ 10^5. It is also guaranteed that the sum of all a_i (over all test cases and all i) does not exceed 2 ⋅ 10^5.

Output

Print t answers to all test cases.

On the first line of each answer print the number k — the maximum number of talks possible in a meeting.

On each of the next k lines print two integers i and j (1 ≤ i, j ≤ n and i ≠ j) — the numbers of people who will have another talk.

If there are several possible answers, you may print any of them.

Example

Input


8
2
2 3
3
1 2 3
4
1 2 3 4
3
0 0 2
2
6 2
3
0 0 2
5
8 2 0 1 1
5
0 1 0 0 6


Output


2
1 2
1 2
3
1 3
2 3
2 3
5
1 3
2 4
2 4
3 4
3 4
0
2
1 2
1 2
0
4
1 2
1 5
1 4
1 2
1
5 2
import java.io.*;
import java.util.*;
import java.math.*;
import java.lang.*;

public class D_Productive_Meeting implements Runnable {
    static class InputReader {
        private InputStream stream;
        private byte[] buf = new byte[1024];
        private int curChar;
        private int numChars;
        private SpaceCharFilter filter;
        private BufferedReader br = new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(System.in));

        public InputReader(InputStream stream) {
            this.stream = stream;
        }

        public int read() {
            if (numChars == -1)
                throw new InputMismatchException();

            if (curChar >= numChars) {
                curChar = 0;
                try {
                    numChars = stream.read(buf);
                } catch (IOException e) {
                    throw new InputMismatchException();
                }

                if (numChars <= 0)
                    return -1;
            }
            return buf[curChar++];
        }

        public String nextLine() {
            String str = "";
            try {
                str = br.readLine();
            } catch (IOException e) {
                e.printStackTrace();
            }
            return str;
        }

        public int nextInt() {
            int c = read();

            while (isSpaceChar(c))
                c = read();

            int sgn = 1;

            if (c == '-') {
                sgn = -1;
                c = read();
            }

            int res = 0;
            do {
                if (c < '0' || c > '9')
                    throw new InputMismatchException();
                res *= 10;
                res += c - '0';
                c = read();
            } while (!isSpaceChar(c));

            return res * sgn;
        }

        public long nextLong() {
            int c = read();
            while (isSpaceChar(c))
                c = read();
            int sgn = 1;
            if (c == '-') {
                sgn = -1;
                c = read();
            }
            long res = 0;

            do {
                if (c < '0' || c > '9')
                    throw new InputMismatchException();
                res *= 10;
                res += c - '0';
                c = read();
            } while (!isSpaceChar(c));
            return res * sgn;
        }

        public double nextDouble() {
            int c = read();
            while (isSpaceChar(c))
                c = read();
            int sgn = 1;
            if (c == '-') {
                sgn = -1;
                c = read();
            }
            double res = 0;
            while (!isSpaceChar(c) && c != '.') {
                if (c == 'e' || c == 'E')
                    return res * Math.pow(10, nextInt());
                if (c < '0' || c > '9')
                    throw new InputMismatchException();
                res *= 10;
                res += c - '0';
                c = read();
            }
            if (c == '.') {
                c = read();
                double m = 1;
                while (!isSpaceChar(c)) {
                    if (c == 'e' || c == 'E')
                        return res * Math.pow(10, nextInt());
                    if (c < '0' || c > '9')
                        throw new InputMismatchException();
                    m /= 10;
                    res += (c - '0') * m;
                    c = read();
                }
            }
            return res * sgn;
        }

        public String readString() {
            int c = read();
            while (isSpaceChar(c))
                c = read();
            StringBuilder res = new StringBuilder();
            do {
                res.appendCodePoint(c);
                c = read();
            } while (!isSpaceChar(c));

            return res.toString();
        }

        public boolean isSpaceChar(int c) {
            if (filter != null)
                return filter.isSpaceChar(c);
            return c == ' ' || c == '\n' || c == '\r' || c == '\t' || c == -1;
        }

        public String next() {
            return readString();
        }

        public interface SpaceCharFilter {
            public boolean isSpaceChar(int ch);
        }
    }

    public static void main(String args[]) throws Exception {
        new Thread(null, new  D_Productive_Meeting(), "Main", 1 << 27).start();
    }

    static class Pair {
        int f;
        int s;
       

        // int t;

        Pair(int f, int s) {
            // Pair(int f,int s, PrintWriter w){
            this.f = f;
            this.s = s;
            // this.p = p;
            // this.w = w;
            // this.t = t;

        }

        public static Comparator<Pair> wc = new Comparator<Pair>() {
            public int compare(Pair e1,Pair e2){

                // 1 for swap
                if(Math.abs(e1.f)-Math.abs(e2.f)!=0){
                    // e1.w.println("**"+e1.f+" "+e2.f);
                    return (Math.abs(e1.f)-Math.abs(e2.f));
                }
                else{
                    // e1.w.println("##"+e1.f+" "+e2.f);
                    return (Math.abs(e1.s)-Math.abs(e2.s));
                }


            }
        };
    }

    public Integer[] sort(Integer[] a) {
        Arrays.sort(a);
        return a;
    }

    public Long[] sort(Long[] a) {
        Arrays.sort(a);
        return a;
    }

    public static ArrayList<Integer> sieve(int N) {
        int i, j, flag;

        ArrayList<Integer> p = new ArrayList<Integer>();

        for (i = 1; i < N; i++) {

            if (i == 1 || i == 0)
                continue;

            flag = 1;

            for (j = 2; j <= i / 2; ++j) {
                if (i % j == 0) {
                    flag = 0;
                    break;
                }
            }
            if (flag == 1) {
                p.add(i);
            }
        }
        return p;
    }

    public static long gcd(long a, long b) {
        if (b == 0)
            return a;
        else
            return gcd(b, a % b);
    }

    public static int gcd(int a, int b) {
        if (b == 0)
            return a;
        else
            return gcd(b, a % b);
    }

    //// recursive dfs
    public static int dfs(int s, ArrayList<Integer>[] g, long[] dist, boolean[] v, PrintWriter w, int p) {
        v[s] = true;
        int ans = 1;
        // int n = dist.length - 1;
        int t = g[s].size();
        // int max = 1;
        for (int i = 0; i < t; i++) {
            int x = g[s].get(i);
            if (!v[x]) {
                // dist[x] = dist[s] + 1;
                ans = Math.min(ans, dfs(x, g, dist, v, w, s));
            } else if (x != p) {
                // w.println("* " + s + " " + x + " " + p);
                ans = 0;
            }
        }
        // max = Math.max(max,(n-p));
        return ans;
    }

    //// iterative BFS
    public static int bfs(int s, ArrayList<Integer>[] g, long[] dist, boolean[] b, PrintWriter w, int p) {
        b[s] = true;
        int siz = 1;
        // dist--;
        Queue<Integer> q = new LinkedList<>();
        q.add(s);
        while (q.size() != 0) {
            int i = q.poll();
            Iterator<Integer> it = g[i].listIterator();
            int z = 0;
            while (it.hasNext()) {
                z = it.next();
                if (!b[z]) {
                    b[z] = true;
                    // dist--;
                    dist[z] = dist[i] + 1;
                    // siz++;
                    q.add(z);
                } else if (z != p) {
                    siz = 0;
                }
            }

        }
        return siz;
    }

    public static int lower(int a[], int x) { // x is the target value or key
        int l = -1, r = a.length;
        while (l + 1 < r) {
            int m = (l + r) >>> 1;
            if (a[m] >= x)
                r = m;
            else
                l = m;
        }
        return r;
    }

    public static int upper(int a[], int x) {// x is the key or target value
        int l = -1, r = a.length;
        while (l + 1 < r) {
            int m = (l + r) >>> 1;
            if (a[m] <= x)
                l = m;
            else
                r = m;
        }
        return l + 1;
    }

    public static int lower(ArrayList<Integer> a, int x) { // x is the target value or key
        int l = -1, r = a.size();
        while (l + 1 < r) {
            int m = (l + r) >>> 1;
            if (a.get(m) >= x)
                r = m;
            else
                l = m;
        }
        return r;
    }

    public static int upper(ArrayList<Integer> a, int x) {// x is the key or target value
        int l = -1, r = a.size();
        while (l + 1 < r) {
            int m = (l + r) >>> 1;
            if (a.get(m) <= x)
                l = m;
            else
                r = m;
        }
        return l + 1;
    }

    public static long power(long x, long y, long m) {
        if (y == 0)
            return 1;

        long p = power(x, y / 2, m) % m;
        p = (p * p) % m;

        if (y % 2 == 0)
            return p;
        else
            return (x * p) % m;
    }

    public void yesOrNo(boolean f) {
        if (f) {
            w.println("YES");
        } else {
            w.println("NO");
        }
    }

    // Arrays.sort(rooms, (room1, room2) -> room1[1] == room2[1] ? room1[0]-room2[0]
    // : room2[1]-room1[1]);
    // Arrays.sort(A, (a, b) -> Integer.compare(a[0] , b[0]));
    //////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
    //////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
    // code here
    int oo = (int) 1e9;
    int[] parent;
    int[] dist;
    int[][] val;
    boolean[][] vis;
    ArrayList<Integer>[] g;
    // int[] col;
    // HashMap<Long, Boolean>[] dp;
    //char[][] g;
    // boolean[][] v;
    Long[] a;
    // ArrayList<Integer[]> a;
    // int[][] ans;
    long[][] dp;
    long mod;
    int n;
    int m;
    int k;
    long[][] pre;
    // StringBuilder[] a;
    // StringBuilder[] b;
    // StringBuilder ans;
    int[][] col;
    int[][] row;
    PrintWriter w = new PrintWriter(System.out);

    public void run() {

        InputReader sc = new InputReader(System.in);

        int defaultValue = 0;
        mod =  1000000007;

        int test = 1;
        test = sc.nextInt();
        while (test-- > 0) {
            int n = sc.nextInt();
        PriorityQueue<int[]>queue = new PriorityQueue<>((o1, o2) -> o2[1] - o1[1]);
        for(int i = 1;i <= n;i++){
            int cnt = sc.nextInt();
            if(cnt != 0)
                queue.add(new int[]{i,cnt});
        }
        List<int[]> ans = new ArrayList<>();
        while (!queue.isEmpty()){
            int[] p1 = queue.poll();
            if(queue.isEmpty())
                break;
            int[] p2 = queue.poll();
            p1[1]--;
            p2[1]--;
            ans.add(new int[]{p1[0],p2[0]});
            if(p1[1] != 0){
                queue.add(p1);
            }
            if(p2[1] != 0){
                queue.add(p2);
            }
        }
        w.println(ans.size());
        for(int[]i : ans){
            w.println(i[0] + " " + i[1]);
        }
        }

        w.flush();
        w.close();

    }
}
