An important meeting is to be held and there are exactly n people invited. At any moment, any two people can step back and talk in private. The same two people can talk several (as many as they want) times per meeting.

Each person has limited sociability. The sociability of the i-th person is a non-negative integer a_i. This means that after exactly a_i talks this person leaves the meeting (and does not talk to anyone else anymore). If a_i = 0, the i-th person leaves the meeting immediately after it starts.

A meeting is considered most productive if the maximum possible number of talks took place during it.

You are given an array of sociability a, determine which people should talk to each other so that the total number of talks is as large as possible.

Input

The first line contains an integer t (1 ≤ t ≤ 1000) — the number of test cases.

The next 2t lines contain descriptions of the test cases.

The first line of each test case description contains an integer n (2 ≤ n ≤ 2 ⋅ 10^5) —the number of people in the meeting. The second line consists of n space-separated integers a_1, a_2, ..., a_n (0 ≤ a_i ≤ 2 ⋅ 10^5) — the sociability parameters of all people. 

It is guaranteed that the sum of n over all test cases does not exceed 2 ⋅ 10^5. It is also guaranteed that the sum of all a_i (over all test cases and all i) does not exceed 2 ⋅ 10^5.

Output

Print t answers to all test cases.

On the first line of each answer print the number k — the maximum number of talks possible in a meeting.

On each of the next k lines print two integers i and j (1 ≤ i, j ≤ n and i ≠ j) — the numbers of people who will have another talk.

If there are several possible answers, you may print any of them.

Example

Input


8
2
2 3
3
1 2 3
4
1 2 3 4
3
0 0 2
2
6 2
3
0 0 2
5
8 2 0 1 1
5
0 1 0 0 6


Output


2
1 2
1 2
3
1 3
2 3
2 3
5
1 3
2 4
2 4
3 4
3 4
0
2
1 2
1 2
0
4
1 2
1 5
1 4
1 2
1
5 2

import java.util.*;
import java.util.concurrent.CompletableFuture;

import javax.swing.text.Segment;


import java.io.*;
import java.math.*;
import java.sql.Array;



public class Main {
	  static class Reader{
		  
			BufferedReader br;
			StringTokenizer st;
			public Reader() {
				br = new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(System.in));
			}
			String next() 
		    { 
		        while (st == null || !st.hasMoreElements()) 
		        { 
		            try
		            { 
		                st = new StringTokenizer(br.readLine()); 
		            } 
		            catch (IOException  e) 
		            { 
		                e.printStackTrace(); 
		            } 
		        } 
		        return st.nextToken(); 
		    } 

		    int nextInt() 
		    { 
		        return Integer.parseInt(next()); 
		    } 

		    long nextLong() 
		    { 
		        return Long.parseLong(next()); 
		    } 

		    double nextDouble() 
		    { 
		        return Double.parseDouble(next()); 
		    } 

		    String nextLine() 
		    { 
		        String str = ""; 
		        try
		        { 
		            str = br.readLine(); 
		        } 
		        catch (IOException e) 
		        { 
		            e.printStackTrace(); 
		        } 
		        return str; 
		    } 
		}
	 
	  static long mod = (long)(1e9 + 7);
	 
	static void sort(long[] arr ) {
		 ArrayList<Long> al = new ArrayList<>();
		 for(long e:arr) al.add(e);
		 Collections.sort(al);
		 for(int i = 0 ; i<al.size(); i++) arr[i] = al.get(i);
	 }
	static void sort(int[] arr ) {
		 ArrayList<Integer> al = new ArrayList<>();
		 for(int e:arr) al.add(e);
		 Collections.sort(al);
		 for(int i = 0 ; i<al.size(); i++) arr[i] = al.get(i);
	 }
	static void sort(char[] arr) {
		ArrayList<Character> al = new ArrayList<Character>();
		for(char cc:arr) al.add(cc);
		Collections.sort(al);
		for(int i = 0 ;i<arr.length ;i++) arr[i] = al.get(i);
	}
	static void rvrs(int[] arr) {
		int i =0 , j = arr.length-1;
		while(i>=j) {
			int temp = arr[i];
			arr[i] = arr[j];
			arr[j] = temp;
			i++;
			j--;
		}
	}
	static void rvrs(long[] arr) {
		int i =0 , j = arr.length-1;
		while(i>=j) {
			long temp = arr[i];
			arr[i] = arr[j];
			arr[j] = temp;
			i++;
			j--;
		}
	}

	static long mod_mul(long a , long b ,long mod) {
		return ((a%mod)*(b%mod))%mod;
	}
	 static long gcd(long a, long b)
	  {      
	     if (b == 0)
	        return a;
	     return gcd(b, a % b); 
	  }
	 static boolean[] prime(int num) {
			boolean[] bool = new boolean[num];
		     
		      for (int i = 0; i< bool.length; i++) {
		         bool[i] = true;
		      }
		      for (int i = 2; i< Math.sqrt(num); i++) {
		         if(bool[i] == true) {
		            for(int j = (i*i); j<num; j = j+i) {
		               bool[j] = false;
		            }
		         }
		      }
		      if(num >= 0) {
		    	  bool[0] = false;
		    	  bool[1] = false;
		      }
		      
		      return bool;
		}

	 static long modInverse(long a, long m)
	    {
	        long g = gcd(a, m);
	       
	          return   power(a, m - 2, m);
	        
	    }
	   
	 static long power(long x, long y, long m){
	        if (y == 0) return 1; long p = power(x, y / 2, m) % m; p = (int)((p * (long)p) % m);
	        if (y % 2 == 0) return p; else return (int)((x * (long)p) % m); }
	   
     static class Combinations{
	    	 private long[] z;
	    	 private long[] z1;
	    	 private long[] z2;
	    	  public Combinations(long N , long mod) {
				z = new long[(int)N+1];
				z1 = new long[(int)N+1];
				z[0] = 1;
				for(int i =1 ; i<=N ; i++) z[i] = (z[i-1]*i)%mod;
			     z2 = new long[(int)N+1];
				z2[0] = z2[1] = 1;
			    for (int i = 2; i <= N; i++)
			        z2[i] = z2[(int)(mod % i)] * (mod - mod / i) % mod;
			    
			    
			    z1[0] = z1[1] = 1;
			    
			    for (int i = 2; i <= N; i++)
			        z1[i] = (z2[i] * z1[i - 1]) % mod;
			}
	    	  long fac(long n) {
	    		  return z[(int)n];
	    	  }
	    	  long invrsNum(long n) {
	    		  return z2[(int)n];
	    	  }
	    	  long invrsFac(long n) {
	    		  return invrsFac((int)n);
	    	  }
	    	  long ncr(long N, long R, long mod)
	    	  {		if(R<0 || R>N ) return 0;
	    		    long ans = ((z[(int)N] * z1[(int)R])
	    		              % mod * z1[(int)(N - R)])
	    		             % mod;
	    		    return ans;
	    		}
	      }
	      static class DisjointUnionSets {
			    int[] rank, parent;
			    int n;
			  
			    public DisjointUnionSets(int n)
			    {
			        rank = new int[n];
			        parent = new int[n];
			        this.n = n;
			        makeSet();
			    }
			  
			    void makeSet()
			    {
			        for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {
			          
			            parent[i] = i;
			        }
			    }
			  
			    int find(int x)
			    {
			        if (parent[x] != x) {
			        
			            parent[x] = find(parent[x]);
			  
			        }
			  
			        return parent[x];
			    }
			  
			    void union(int x, int y)
			    {
			        int xRoot = find(x), yRoot = find(y);
			  
			        if (xRoot == yRoot)
			            return;
			  
			        if (rank[xRoot] < rank[yRoot])
			  
			            parent[xRoot] = yRoot;
			  
			        else if (rank[yRoot] < rank[xRoot])
			  
			            parent[yRoot] = xRoot;
			  
			        else
			        {
			            parent[yRoot] = xRoot;
			  
			            rank[xRoot] = rank[xRoot] + 1;
			        }
			    }
			}
	      static int[] KMP(String str) {
	    	  int n = str.length();
	    	  int[] kmp = new int[n];
	    	  for(int i = 1 ; i<n ; i++) {
	    		  int j = kmp[i-1];
	    		  while(j>0 && str.charAt(i) != str.charAt(j)) {
	    			  j = kmp[j-1];
	    		  }
	    		  if(str.charAt(i) == str.charAt(j)) j++;
	    		  kmp[i] = j;
	    	  }
	    	  
	    	  return kmp;
	      }
	      
	      
/************************************************ Query **************************************************************************************/	  
	 
/***************************************** 		Sparse Table	********************************************************/
	      static class SparseTable{
	    		
	    		private long[][] st;
	    		
	    		SparseTable(long[] arr){
	    			int n = arr.length;
	    			st = new long[n][25];
	    			log = new int[n+2];
	    			build_log(n+1);
	    			build(arr);
	    		}
	    		
	    		private void build(long[] arr) {
	    			int n = arr.length;
	    			
	    			for(int i = n-1 ; i>=0 ; i--) {
	    				for(int j = 0 ; j<25 ; j++) {
	    					int r = i + (1<<j)-1;
	    					if(r>=n) break;
	    					if(j == 0 ) st[i][j] = arr[i];
	    					else st[i][j] = Math.min(st[i][j-1] , st[ i + ( 1 << (j-1) ) ][ j-1 ] );
	    				}
	    			}
	    		}
	    		public long gcd(long a  ,long b) {
	    			if(a == 0) return b;
	    			return gcd(b%a , a);
	    		}
	    		public long query(int l ,int r) {
	    			int w = r-l+1;
	    			int power = log[w];
	    			return Math.min(st[l][power],st[r - (1<<power) + 1][power]);
	    		}
	    		private int[] log;
	    		void build_log(int n) {
	    			log[1] = 0;
	    			for(int i = 2 ; i<=n ; i++) {
	    				log[i] = 1 + log[i/2];
	    			}
	    		}
	    	}
	      
	      
/********************************************************	Segement Tree	*****************************************************/
/**
	 	 static class SegmentTree{
			 long[] tree;
			 long[] arr;
			 int n;
			 SegmentTree(long[] arr){
				 this.n = arr.length;
				 tree = new long[4*n+1];
				 this.arr = arr;
				 buildTree(0, n-1, 1);
			 }
			 
			 
			  void buildTree(int s ,int e  ,int index ) {
					if(s == e) {
						tree[index] = arr[s];
						return;
					}
				
					int mid = (s+e)/2;
					
					buildTree( s,  mid, 2*index);
					buildTree( mid+1, e, 2*index+1);
					
					tree[index] = Math.min(tree[2*index] , tree[2*index+1]);
				}
			  
			 long query(int si ,int ei) {
				 return query(0 ,n-1 , si ,ei , 1   );
			 }
			 private long query( int ss ,int se ,int qs , int qe,int index) {
					
					if(ss>=qs && se<=qe) return tree[index];
					
					if(qe<ss || se<qs) return (long)(1e17);
					
					int mid = (ss + se)/2;
					long left = query( ss , mid , qs ,qe , 2*index);
					long right= query(mid + 1 , se , qs ,qe , 2*index+1);
					return Math.min(left, right);
				}
			 public void update(int index , int val) {
				 arr[index] = val;
				 for(long e:arr) System.out.print(e+" ");
				 update(index , 0 , n-1 , 1);
			 }
			 private void update(int id ,int si , int ei , int index) {
				 if(id < si || id>ei) return;
				 if(si == ei ) { 
					 tree[index] = arr[id];
					 return;
				 }
				 if(si > ei) return;
				 int mid = (ei + si)/2;
					
					update( id,  si, mid , 2*index);
					update( id , mid+1, ei , 2*index+1);
					
					tree[index] = Math.min(tree[2*index] ,tree[2*index+1]);
			 }
			  
		 }
		 */

/* ***************************************************************************************************************************************************/	 
	 
	      static Reader sc = new Reader();
	 static StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder();
	 public static void main(String args[]) throws IOException {
	
		 int tc = 1;
		  tc = sc.nextInt();

		 for(int i = 1 ; i<=tc ; i++) {

//			 sb.append("Case #" + i + ": "  );	// During KickStart && HackerCup
			 TEST_CASE();
			 
		 }
		 System.out.println(sb);
//		 System.out.println();
	 }
	
	static void TEST_CASE() {
		int n = sc.nextInt();
		int[] a = new int[n+1];
		for(int i = 1 ; i<=n ; i++) {
			a[i] = sc.nextInt();
		}
		Comparator<Integer> comp = new Comparator<Integer>() {
			
			@Override
			public int compare(Integer o1, Integer o2) {
				if(a[o1] == a[o2]) return -1;
				return Integer.compare(a[o1], a[o2]);
			}
		};
		TreeSet<Integer> set = new TreeSet<>(comp);
		for(int i =1 ; i<=n ; i++) {
			set.add(i);
		}
//		System.out.println(set.first());
//		System.out.println(set);
		int c = 0;
		StringBuilder ans = new StringBuilder();
		while(!set.isEmpty()) {
			while(!set.isEmpty() && a[set.first()] == 0 ) set.pollFirst();
//			System.out.println(set);
			if(set.size() >= 2) {
				int a1 = set.pollLast();
				int a2= set.pollLast();
				c++;
				a[a1]--;
				a[a2]--;
				ans.append(a1+" "+a2+"\n");
				set.add(a1);
				set.add(a2);
			}
			if(set.size()<2) break;
//			System.out.println(set);
		}
		sb.append(c+"\n");
		sb.append(ans);
				
	}
}

 



/*******************************************************************************************************************************************************/

/**

 */








