An important meeting is to be held and there are exactly n people invited. At any moment, any two people can step back and talk in private. The same two people can talk several (as many as they want) times per meeting.

Each person has limited sociability. The sociability of the i-th person is a non-negative integer a_i. This means that after exactly a_i talks this person leaves the meeting (and does not talk to anyone else anymore). If a_i = 0, the i-th person leaves the meeting immediately after it starts.

A meeting is considered most productive if the maximum possible number of talks took place during it.

You are given an array of sociability a, determine which people should talk to each other so that the total number of talks is as large as possible.

Input

The first line contains an integer t (1 ≤ t ≤ 1000) — the number of test cases.

The next 2t lines contain descriptions of the test cases.

The first line of each test case description contains an integer n (2 ≤ n ≤ 2 ⋅ 10^5) —the number of people in the meeting. The second line consists of n space-separated integers a_1, a_2, ..., a_n (0 ≤ a_i ≤ 2 ⋅ 10^5) — the sociability parameters of all people. 

It is guaranteed that the sum of n over all test cases does not exceed 2 ⋅ 10^5. It is also guaranteed that the sum of all a_i (over all test cases and all i) does not exceed 2 ⋅ 10^5.

Output

Print t answers to all test cases.

On the first line of each answer print the number k — the maximum number of talks possible in a meeting.

On each of the next k lines print two integers i and j (1 ≤ i, j ≤ n and i ≠ j) — the numbers of people who will have another talk.

If there are several possible answers, you may print any of them.

Example

Input


8
2
2 3
3
1 2 3
4
1 2 3 4
3
0 0 2
2
6 2
3
0 0 2
5
8 2 0 1 1
5
0 1 0 0 6


Output


2
1 2
1 2
3
1 3
2 3
2 3
5
1 3
2 4
2 4
3 4
3 4
0
2
1 2
1 2
0
4
1 2
1 5
1 4
1 2
1
5 2
//package contest.CodeforcesRound744;

import java.io.*;
import java.util.*;

public class D1579 {

    InputStream is;
    FastWriter out;
    String INPUT = "";

    //提交时注意需要注释掉首行package
    //基础类型数组例如long[]使用Arrays排序容易TLE,可以替换成Long[]
    //int 最大值2**31-1,2147483647;
    //尽量使用long类型,避免int计算的数据溢出
    //String尽量不要用+号来,可能会出现TLE,推荐用StringBuffer
    //注意对象类型Long,Integer相等使用equals代替== !!!
    void solve() {
        int t = ni();
        for (; t > 0; t--) {
            go();
        }
    }

    void go() {
        int n = ni();
        PriorityQueue<int[]> priorityQueue = new PriorityQueue<>((o1, o2) -> o2[0] - o1[0]);
        int[][] a = new int[n][2];
        for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {
            a[i][0] = ni();
            a[i][1] = i + 1;
            priorityQueue.add(a[i]);
        }
        List<int[]> ans = new ArrayList<>();
        while (priorityQueue.size() > 1) {
            int[] first = priorityQueue.poll();
            if (first[0] == 0) {
                continue;
            }
            int[] second = priorityQueue.poll();
            if (second[0] == 0) {
                continue;
            }
            int[] res = new int[]{second[1], first[1]};
            ans.add(res);
            first[0]--;
            second[0]--;
            priorityQueue.offer(first);
            priorityQueue.offer(second);
        }
        out.println(ans.size());
        for (int[] x : ans) {
            out.println(x);
        }
    }

    void run() throws Exception {
        is = System.in;
        out = new FastWriter(System.out);

        long s = System.currentTimeMillis();
        solve();
        out.flush();
        //debug log
        //tr(System.currentTimeMillis() - s + "ms");
    }

    public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception {
        new D1579().run();
    }

    private byte[] inbuf = new byte[1024];
    public int lenbuf = 0, ptrbuf = 0;

    private int readByte() {
        if (lenbuf == -1) {
            throw new InputMismatchException();
        }
        if (ptrbuf >= lenbuf) {
            ptrbuf = 0;
            try {
                lenbuf = is.read(inbuf);
            } catch (IOException e) {
                throw new InputMismatchException();
            }
            if (lenbuf <= 0) {
                return -1;
            }
        }
        return inbuf[ptrbuf++];
    }

    private boolean isSpaceChar(int c) {
        return !(c >= 33 && c <= 126);
    }

    private int skip() {
        int b;
        while ((b = readByte()) != -1 && isSpaceChar(b))
            ;
        return b;
    }

    private double nd() {
        return Double.parseDouble(ns());
    }

    private char nc() {
        return (char) skip();
    }

    private String ns() {
        int b = skip();
        StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder();
        while (!(isSpaceChar(b))) { // when nextLine, (isSpaceChar(b) && b != ' ')
            sb.appendCodePoint(b);
            b = readByte();
        }
        return sb.toString();
    }

    private char[] ns(int n) {
        char[] buf = new char[n];
        int b = skip(), p = 0;
        while (p < n && !(isSpaceChar(b))) {
            buf[p++] = (char) b;
            b = readByte();
        }
        return n == p ? buf : Arrays.copyOf(buf, p);
    }

    private Integer[] na(int n) {
        Integer[] a = new Integer[n];
        for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {
            a[i] = ni();
        }
        return a;
    }

    private Long[] nal(int n) {
        Long[] a = new Long[n];
        for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {
            a[i] = nl();
        }
        return a;
    }

    private char[][] nm(int n, int m) {
        char[][] map = new char[n][];
        for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {
            map[i] = ns(m);
        }
        return map;
    }

    private Integer[][] nmi(int n, int m) {
        Integer[][] map = new Integer[n][];
        for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {
            map[i] = na(m);
        }
        return map;
    }

    private int ni() {
        return (int) nl();
    }

    private long nl() {
        long num = 0;
        int b;
        boolean minus = false;
        while ((b = readByte()) != -1 && !((b >= '0' && b <= '9') || b == '-'))
            ;
        if (b == '-') {
            minus = true;
            b = readByte();
        }

        while (true) {
            if (b >= '0' && b <= '9') {
                num = num * 10 + (b - '0');
            } else {
                return minus ? -num : num;
            }
            b = readByte();
        }
    }

    public static class FastWriter {

        private static final int BUF_SIZE = 1 << 13;
        private final byte[] buf = new byte[BUF_SIZE];
        private final OutputStream out;
        private int ptr = 0;

        private FastWriter() {
            out = null;
        }

        public FastWriter(OutputStream os) {
            this.out = os;
        }

        public FastWriter(String path) {
            try {
                this.out = new FileOutputStream(path);
            } catch (FileNotFoundException e) {
                throw new RuntimeException("FastWriter");
            }
        }

        public FastWriter write(byte b) {
            buf[ptr++] = b;
            if (ptr == BUF_SIZE) {
                innerflush();
            }
            return this;
        }

        public FastWriter write(char c) {
            return write((byte) c);
        }

        public FastWriter write(char[] s) {
            for (char c : s) {
                buf[ptr++] = (byte) c;
                if (ptr == BUF_SIZE) {
                    innerflush();
                }
            }
            return this;
        }

        public FastWriter write(String s) {
            s.chars().forEach(c -> {
                buf[ptr++] = (byte) c;
                if (ptr == BUF_SIZE) {
                    innerflush();
                }
            });
            return this;
        }

        private static int countDigits(int l) {
            if (l >= 1000000000) {
                return 10;
            }
            if (l >= 100000000) {
                return 9;
            }
            if (l >= 10000000) {
                return 8;
            }
            if (l >= 1000000) {
                return 7;
            }
            if (l >= 100000) {
                return 6;
            }
            if (l >= 10000) {
                return 5;
            }
            if (l >= 1000) {
                return 4;
            }
            if (l >= 100) {
                return 3;
            }
            if (l >= 10) {
                return 2;
            }
            return 1;
        }

        public FastWriter write(int x) {
            if (x == Integer.MIN_VALUE) {
                return write((long) x);
            }
            if (ptr + 12 >= BUF_SIZE) {
                innerflush();
            }
            if (x < 0) {
                write((byte) '-');
                x = -x;
            }
            int d = countDigits(x);
            for (int i = ptr + d - 1; i >= ptr; i--) {
                buf[i] = (byte) ('0' + x % 10);
                x /= 10;
            }
            ptr += d;
            return this;
        }

        private static int countDigits(long l) {
            if (l >= 1000000000000000000L) {
                return 19;
            }
            if (l >= 100000000000000000L) {
                return 18;
            }
            if (l >= 10000000000000000L) {
                return 17;
            }
            if (l >= 1000000000000000L) {
                return 16;
            }
            if (l >= 100000000000000L) {
                return 15;
            }
            if (l >= 10000000000000L) {
                return 14;
            }
            if (l >= 1000000000000L) {
                return 13;
            }
            if (l >= 100000000000L) {
                return 12;
            }
            if (l >= 10000000000L) {
                return 11;
            }
            if (l >= 1000000000L) {
                return 10;
            }
            if (l >= 100000000L) {
                return 9;
            }
            if (l >= 10000000L) {
                return 8;
            }
            if (l >= 1000000L) {
                return 7;
            }
            if (l >= 100000L) {
                return 6;
            }
            if (l >= 10000L) {
                return 5;
            }
            if (l >= 1000L) {
                return 4;
            }
            if (l >= 100L) {
                return 3;
            }
            if (l >= 10L) {
                return 2;
            }
            return 1;
        }

        public FastWriter write(long x) {
            if (x == Long.MIN_VALUE) {
                return write("" + x);
            }
            if (ptr + 21 >= BUF_SIZE) {
                innerflush();
            }
            if (x < 0) {
                write((byte) '-');
                x = -x;
            }
            int d = countDigits(x);
            for (int i = ptr + d - 1; i >= ptr; i--) {
                buf[i] = (byte) ('0' + x % 10);
                x /= 10;
            }
            ptr += d;
            return this;
        }

        public FastWriter write(double x, int precision) {
            if (x < 0) {
                write('-');
                x = -x;
            }
            x += Math.pow(10, -precision) / 2;
            //		if(x < 0){ x = 0; }
            write((long) x).write(".");
            x -= (long) x;
            for (int i = 0; i < precision; i++) {
                x *= 10;
                write((char) ('0' + (int) x));
                x -= (int) x;
            }
            return this;
        }

        public FastWriter writeln(char c) {
            return write(c).writeln();
        }

        public FastWriter writeln(int x) {
            return write(x).writeln();
        }

        public FastWriter writeln(long x) {
            return write(x).writeln();
        }

        public FastWriter writeln(double x, int precision) {
            return write(x, precision).writeln();
        }

        public FastWriter write(int... xs) {
            boolean first = true;
            for (int x : xs) {
                if (!first) {
                    write(' ');
                }
                first = false;
                write(x);
            }
            return this;
        }

        public FastWriter write(long... xs) {
            boolean first = true;
            for (long x : xs) {
                if (!first) {
                    write(' ');
                }
                first = false;
                write(x);
            }
            return this;
        }

        public FastWriter writeln() {
            return write((byte) '\n');
        }

        public FastWriter writeln(int... xs) {
            return write(xs).writeln();
        }

        public FastWriter writeln(long... xs) {
            return write(xs).writeln();
        }

        public FastWriter writeln(char[] line) {
            return write(line).writeln();
        }

        public FastWriter writeln(char[]... map) {
            for (char[] line : map) {
                write(line).writeln();
            }
            return this;
        }

        public FastWriter writeln(String s) {
            return write(s).writeln();
        }

        private void innerflush() {
            try {
                out.write(buf, 0, ptr);
                ptr = 0;
            } catch (IOException e) {
                throw new RuntimeException("innerflush");
            }
        }

        public void flush() {
            innerflush();
            try {
                out.flush();
            } catch (IOException e) {
                throw new RuntimeException("flush");
            }
        }

        public FastWriter print(byte b) {
            return write(b);
        }

        public FastWriter print(char c) {
            return write(c);
        }

        public FastWriter print(char[] s) {
            return write(s);
        }

        public FastWriter print(String s) {
            return write(s);
        }

        public FastWriter print(int x) {
            return write(x);
        }

        public FastWriter print(long x) {
            return write(x);
        }

        public FastWriter print(double x, int precision) {
            return write(x, precision);
        }

        public FastWriter println(char c) {
            return writeln(c);
        }

        public FastWriter println(int x) {
            return writeln(x);
        }

        public FastWriter println(long x) {
            return writeln(x);
        }

        public FastWriter println(double x, int precision) {
            return writeln(x, precision);
        }

        public FastWriter print(int... xs) {
            return write(xs);
        }

        public FastWriter print(long... xs) {
            return write(xs);
        }

        public FastWriter println(int... xs) {
            return writeln(xs);
        }

        public FastWriter println(long... xs) {
            return writeln(xs);
        }

        public FastWriter println(char[] line) {
            return writeln(line);
        }

        public FastWriter println(char[]... map) {
            return writeln(map);
        }

        public FastWriter println(String s) {
            return writeln(s);
        }

        public FastWriter println() {
            return writeln();
        }
    }

    public void trnz(int... o) {
        for (int i = 0; i < o.length; i++) {
            if (o[i] != 0) {
                System.out.print(i + ":" + o[i] + " ");
            }
        }
        System.out.println();
    }

    // print ids which are 1
    public void trt(long... o) {
        Queue<Integer> stands = new ArrayDeque<>();
        for (int i = 0; i < o.length; i++) {
            for (long x = o[i]; x != 0; x &= x - 1) {
                stands.add(i << 6 | Long.numberOfTrailingZeros(x));
            }
        }
        System.out.println(stands);
    }

    public void tf(boolean... r) {
        for (boolean x : r) {
            System.out.print(x ? '#' : '.');
        }
        System.out.println();
    }

    public void tf(boolean[]... b) {
        for (boolean[] r : b) {
            for (boolean x : r) {
                System.out.print(x ? '#' : '.');
            }
            System.out.println();
        }
        System.out.println();
    }

    public void tf(long[]... b) {
        if (INPUT.length() != 0) {
            for (long[] r : b) {
                for (long x : r) {
                    for (int i = 0; i < 64; i++) {
                        System.out.print(x << ~i < 0 ? '#' : '.');
                    }
                }
                System.out.println();
            }
            System.out.println();
        }
    }

    public void tf(long... b) {
        if (INPUT.length() != 0) {
            for (long x : b) {
                for (int i = 0; i < 64; i++) {
                    System.out.print(x << ~i < 0 ? '#' : '.');
                }
            }
            System.out.println();
        }
    }

    private void tr(Object... o) {
        System.out.println(Arrays.deepToString(o));
    }
}
