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passages: Economic burden of childhood autism spectrum disorders . OBJECTIVE To estimate the associations between autism spectrum disorder ( ASD ) diagnoses and service use , caregiver time , and cost outcomes . METHODS We used national data from the Medical Expenditure Panel Survey linked to the National Health Interview Survey and a study-specific survey to estimate the annual utilization and costs for health care , school , ASD-related therapy , family-coordinated services , as well as caregiver time in children aged 3 to 17 years , with and without parent-reported ASD . Regression analyses estimated the association between ASD diagnosis and cost , controlling for child gender , age , race/ethnicity , insurance status , household income , country region and urban/rural classification , and non-ASD-related illnesses . RESULTS Children with parent-reported ASD had higher levels of health care office visits and prescription drug use compared with children without ASD ( P < .05 ) . A greater proportion of children in the ASD group used special educational services ( 76 % vs. 7 % in the control group , P < .05 ) . After adjusting for child demographic characteristics and non-ASD-associated illnesses , ASD was associated with $ 3020 ( 95 % confidence interval [ CI ] : $ 1017- $ 4259 ) higher health care costs and $ 14,061 ( 95 % CI : $ 4390- $ 24,302 ) higher aggregate non-health care costs , including $ 8610 ( 95 % CI : $ 6595- $ 10,421 ) higher school costs . In adjusted analyses , parents who reported that their child had ASD did not have significantly higher out-of-pocket costs or spend more time on caregiving activities compared with control parents . CONCLUSIONS The economic burden associated with ASD is substantial and can be measured across multiple sectors of our society . Previous analyses that focused on health care underestimated this economic burden , particularly for school systems .
entities: 2950
entities: Outcome_Other
entities: service use
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entities: Outcome_Other
entities: caregiver time
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entities: Outcome_Other
entities: cost outcomes
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entities: Outcome_Other
entities: annual utilization
entities: 2954
entities: Outcome_Physical
entities: and
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entities: Outcome_Other
entities: costs
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entities: Outcome_Other
entities: health care
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entities: Outcome_Other
entities: school
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entities: Outcome_Other
entities: ASD-related therapy
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entities: Outcome_Other
entities: family-coordinated services
entities: 2960
entities: Outcome_Other
entities: caregiver time
entities: 2961
entities: Outcome_Other
entities: cost
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entities: Outcome_Other
entities: health care office visits
entities: 2963
entities: Outcome_Other
entities: prescription drug use
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entities: special educational services
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entities: Outcome_Other
entities: health care costs
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entities: Outcome_Other
entities: non-health care costs
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entities: Outcome_Other
entities: higher school costs
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entities: Outcome_Physical
entities: .
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entities: Outcome_Other
entities: out-of-pocket costs
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entities: Outcome_Other
entities: time on caregiving activities
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entities: Participant_Age
entities: childhood
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entities: Participant_Condition
entities: autism spectrum disorders
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entities: Participant_Condition
entities: autism spectrum disorder ( ASD )
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entities: Participant_Age
entities: children aged 3 to 17 years
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entities: Participant_Condition
entities: parent-reported ASD
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entities: Participant_Condition
entities: Children with parent-reported ASD