passages: 480
passages: document
passages: Oral contraceptive use is associated with increased cardiovascular reactivity in nonsmokers . Women who smoke and take oral contraceptives ( OCs ) have significantly increased risk of cardiovascular disease , but the exact mechanismsfor the increased risk are not known . Cardiovascular reactivity to psychological stress may be one mechanism for the enhanced risk , but the small number of studies examining whether OC users who smoke have greater reactivity have produced mixed results . The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of chronic cigarette smoking , acute nicotine administration , and OC use on cardiovascular and lipid reactivity . Sixty healthy women , half of whom had been using OCs for at least the previous 6 months , participated in the study . Approximately two thirds were smokers and were randomized to be tested after either a 12-hr nicotine deprivation or administration of nicotine gum . One third were nonsmokers . Heart rate , blood pressure , and lipid measures were taken at rest , during a videotaped speech task , and during recovery from the task . Results indicated that , among OC nonusers , there was no effect of smoking status or nicotine administration on cardiovascular reactivity . However , among OC users , nonsmokers had significantly greater heart rate and diastolic blood pressure reactivity to stress . These data show that acute nicotine administration , in the form of nicotine gum , has no effect on cardiovascular or lipid stress reactivity in women . However OC use among nonsmoking women is associated with greater cardiovascular reactivity to stress .
entities: 481
entities: Intervention_Pharmacological
entities: Oral contraceptive
entities: 482
entities: Intervention_Pharmacological
entities: oral contraceptives ( OCs )
entities: 483
entities: Intervention_Pharmacological
entities: nicotine
entities: 484
entities: Intervention_Pharmacological
entities: nicotine
entities: 485
entities: Intervention_Pharmacological
entities: OC
entities: 486
entities: Intervention_Pharmacological
entities: nicotine
entities: 487
entities: Intervention_Pharmacological
entities: OC
entities: 488
entities: Intervention_Pharmacological
entities: nicotine
entities: 489
entities: Intervention_Pharmacological
entities: nicotine
entities: 490
entities: Intervention_Pharmacological
entities: OC
entities: 491
entities: Outcome_Physical
entities: cardiovascular reactivity
entities: 492
entities: Outcome_Physical
entities: cardiovascular and lipid reactivity .
entities: 493
entities: Outcome_Physical
entities: Heart rate , blood pressure , and lipid measures
entities: 494
entities: Outcome_Physical
entities: heart rate and diastolic blood pressure reactivity
entities: 495
entities: Outcome_Physical
entities: cardiovascular or lipid stress reactivity
entities: 496
entities: Outcome_Physical
entities: cardiovascular reactivity
entities: 497
entities: Participant_Sample-size
entities: Sixty
entities: 498
entities: Participant_Condition
entities: healthy women , half of whom had been using OCs for at least the previous 6 months
entities: 499
entities: Participant_Condition
entities: two thirds were smokers
entities: 500
entities: Participant_Condition
entities: One third were nonsmokers .