Frank Ellis|H. A. Freeman
Rural Livelihoods and Poverty Reduction Strategies in Four African Countries
paper compares contrasts rural livelihoods uganda kenya tanzania malawi view informing rural poverty reduction policies within poverty reduction strategy plans prsps low household incomes rural areas countries associated low land livestock holdings high reliance food crop agriculture low monetisation rural economy adverse factors instances made difficult land subdivision inheritance declining civil security rural areas deteriorating access proper agronomic advice inputs predatory taxation decentralised district councils better households distinguished virtuous spirals accumulation typically involving diverse livestock ownership engagement nonfarm selfemployment diversity onfarm nonfarm income sources lessons prsps centre creation facilitating rather blocking public sector environment multiplication nonfarm enterprises seeking creative solutions spread technical advice farmers examining critically necessity impact tax revenue collection district councils rural incomes enterprise