Walaa AlKasasbeh, Sofia Akroush
Investigating the interrelationships among food habits, sports nutrition knowledge, and perceived barriers to healthy eating: a study of adolescent swimmers
Frontiers in nutrition
goals study 1 assess examiner ratings american board surgery abs general surgery cetifying exam ce biased based gender race ethnicity candidate examiners 2 format delivering exams inperson virtual affects examiners rate candidates included every candidateexaminer combination first time takers general surgery oral exam total scores passfail outcomes based 4 scores given examiners candidates analyzed using multilevel models candidates random effects explanatory variables included gender race ethnicity candidates examiners format exam inperson virtual candidates first attempt scores abs general surgery qualifying exam qe also included models control baseline knowledge candidate three sets models evaluated demographic variable gender race ethnicity due missingness data pvalues coefficients determination r2 used quantify statistical practical significance model coefficients existent relationship explored variables ce scores considered statistically practically significant pvalue lower 001 r2 higher 1 firsttime takers american board surgery general surgery certifying exam 2016 2022 demographic data examiners participated exams number candidatesexaminers 3 sets models 8665514 gender 5906465 race 4678295 ethnicity demographic variables format exam interactions found significantly relate examinercandidate ratings passfail outcomes variable significantly related ce scores candidates qe scores added models measure candidates initial knowledge held models total scores f18659 106989 pvalue 001 r2 5 gender models f156963 58913 pvalue 001 r2 5 race models f144595 27833 pvalue 001 r2 5 ethnicity models passfail outcomes ci 161173 pvalue 001 r2 3 gender models ci 167185 pvalue 001 r2 3 race models ci 217290 pvalue 001 r2 3 ethnicity models study shows relationship candidate examiner gender race ethnicity exam outcomes based statistical models looking examinercandidate ratings passfail outcomes addition delivery certifying exam virtual format appears statistical impact outcomes compared inperson delivery suggests abs performing well demographic bias virtual space