Vincenzo Scoppa
Quality of Human and Physical Capital and Technological Gaps across Italian Regions
University of Calabria
abstract scoppa v 2007 quality human physical capital technological gaps across italian regions regional studies 41 585599 paper evaluates relative contribution factor accumulation technology explaining output per worker differences across italian regions contributions physical human capital separately estimated variance decomposition output per worker whereas basic analysis development accounting crude data total factor productivity tfp emerges fundamental determinant accurate data used estimations human physical capital take account quality results change radically showing higher importance factor accumulation respect previous standard estimations scoppa v 2007 la qualit des capitaux humain et physique et les carts technologiques travers les rgions ditalie regional studies 41 585599 cet article cherche valuer la contribution relative de laccumulation de facteurs et de la technologie afin dexpliquer les carts de rendement par travailleur travers les rgions ditalie estime sparment la contribution des capitaux physique et humain par moyen de la variance dcompose du rendement par travailleur alors qu partir dune analyse de base de la comptabilit de dveloppement la tfp productivit globale des facteurs savre un dterminant essentiel quand emploie des donnes plus justes pour estimer les capitaux humain et physique pour tenir compte de leur qualit les rsultats sont radicalement transforms accordant une plus grande importance laccumulation de facteurs par rapport aux estimations standard antrieures qualit du capital humain amnagement du territoire productivit globale des facteurs scoppa v 2007 qualitt des humanen und physischen kapitals und technologische lcken verschiedenen italienischen regionen regional studies 41 585599 diesem aufsatz wird der relative beitrag der faktorenakkumulation und technologie zur erklrung der unterschiede zwischen verschiedenen italienischen regionen hinsichtlich der leistung pro arbeitnehmer untersucht die beitrge des physischen und humanen kapitals werden mit hilfe einer varianzdekomposition der leistung pro arbeitnehmer gesondert geschtzt bei einer grundanalyse der entwicklung mit hilfe roher daten erweist sich die gesamtfaktorproduktivitt als fundamentaler determinant werden jedoch genauere daten zur schtzung des humanen und physischen kapitals herangezogen um deren qualitt zu bercksichtigen ndern sich die ergebnisse radikal und weisen auf eine hhere bedeutung der faktorenakkumulation fr die frheren standardschtzungen hin qualitt des humankapitals regionalentwicklung gesamtfaktorproduktivitt scoppa v 2007 calidad del capital humano fsico vacos tecnolgicos en las regiones italianas regional studies 41 585599 en este documento se evala la contribucin relativa de la acumulacin de factores la tecnologa para explicar las diferencias de rendimiento por trabajador entre las regiones de italia se calculan por separado las contribuciones del capital humano fsico travs de la descomposicin de varianza del rendimiento por trabajador mientras que partir de un anlisis bsico de desarrollo mediante datos brutos la productividad total de los factores surge como un determinante fundamental cuando se utilizan datos ms exactos en las estimaciones de capital humano fsico para tener en cuenta su calidad los resultados cambian radicalmente muestran una mayor importancia de la acumulacin de factores con respecto las estimaciones estndares anteriores calidad del capital humano desarrollo regional productividad total de los factores keywords quality human capitalregional developmenttotal factor productivity tfp acknowledgements author would like thank helpful comments suggestions francesco aiello maria de paola two anonymous referees seminar participants 20th aiel conference rome italy 2223 september 2005 usual disclaimers apply notes 1 specifically differences tfp could caused adoption different technologies could due existence production externalities spillovers complementarity among production factors economies scale etc 2 technology tfp usually indicated formal models k represents capital accumulation 3 definition development accounting increasingly used refer analysis focusing levels rather rates growth instead traditionally defined growth accounting 4 hand klenow rodriguezclare 1997 klenow p rodriguezclare 1997 neoclassical revival growth economics gone far nber macroeconomics annual 12 73103 crossref google scholar hall jones 1999 hall r jones c 1999 countries produce much output per worker others quarterly journal economics 114 83116 crossref web science google scholar assume labouraugmenting technical progress express output per worker function ratio capital output ky shown caselli 2005 caselli f 2005 accounting crosscountry income differences handbook economic growth edited aghion p durlauf amsterdam north holland google scholar gundlach et al 2002 gundlach e rudman woessmann l 2002 second thoughts development accounting applied economic 34 13591369 taylor francis online web science google scholar substantial difference two approaches assumption harrod neutrality weight given technology since technological shock also causes variation capital attributed productivity instead capital since ky tends remain constant 5 caselli 2005 caselli f 2005 accounting crosscountry income differences handbook economic growth edited aghion p durlauf amsterdam north holland google scholar separate evaluation contribution physical human capital 6 source quota dei profitti lordi sul valore aggiunto al costo dei fattori rapporto annuale 2002 7 figures change according methods used attribute labour share selfemployed income 8 commenting klenow rodriguezclares paper mankiw 1997 mankiw g 1997 comment klenow rodriguezclare neoclassical revival growth economics gone far nber macroeconomics annual 12 103108 crossref google scholar warns kind analysis sensitive parameters whose values known well 9 labour force survey level education employed workers available 10 average education based 2001 census data similar correlation rate 095 11 hall jones 1999 hall r jones c 1999 countries produce much output per worker others quarterly journal economics 114 83116 crossref web science google scholar use piecewise linear function decreasing marginal return schooling however given relative homogeneity educational levels across regions using function would imply rate return regions 12 substantial migrations workers across regions could undermine analysis migration rates rather low recently 13 oecd currently carrying adult literacy life skills survey 14 unfortunately italian surveys usually contain results five macroareas northwest northeast centre south islands sardinia sicily surveys data particular regions available used present computations 15 according estimates improving skills worst performer sicilia best trentino corresponds less returns two years education 16 approach marginal return qtilde since average 109 qtilde 1100q approximately equivalent assuming 062 table 9 17 international level method affected measurement errors many countries reliable data measure rates return education confirmed huge differences countryspecific rates return review see psacharopoulos 1994 psacharopoulos g 1994 returns investment education global update world development 22 13251343 crossref web science google scholar 18 see also related work ciccone et al 2004 ciccone 2004 human capital factor growth employment regional level case italy mimeo google scholar 19 last part paper ciccione 2004 estimates private return schooling equal discount rate equalizes present value private costs benefits generated increase educational attainment present analysis rate less appropriate since includes among individual benefits probability finding employment related output per worker author interested explaining 20 education calculated among labour force contribution human capital ranges 32 40 21 caselli 2005 caselli f 2005 accounting crosscountry income differences handbook economic growth edited aghion p durlauf amsterdam north holland google scholar discusses line pritchett 2000 pritchett l 2000 tyranny concepts cudie cumulated depreciated investment effort capital journal economic growth 5 361384 crossref web science google scholar opportunity disaggregating public private investments however could carry analysis due lack reliable disaggregated data across countries 22 jorgenson griliches 1967 jorgenson griliches z 1967 explanation productivity change review economic studies 34 249283 crossref web science google scholar show importance growth accounting analysis disaggregating inputs quality classes 23 source conti pubblici territoriali del dipartimento per le politiche di sviluppo e coesione 24 sum categories beni e opere immobiliari beni mobili macchinari 25 category trasferimenti conto capitale imprese private 26 present analysis excludes valle daosta clearly represents outlier probably due geomorphology valle daosta extremely mountainous region makes public works extremely expensive particular comparison small size economy 27 regards human capital tables 15 16 05 57 assumed 28 analysis many distortions related public aids firms see scalera zazzaro 2000 scalera zazzaro 2000 incentivi agli investimenti rendite alle imprese una riflessione sulla procedura di allocazione dei sussidi prevista dalla legge 4881992 rivista di politica economica 69100 google scholar perotti 1999 perotti r 1999 e meglio che lo stato non investa la repubblica 5 july google scholar 2000 perotti r 2000 patti territoriali un freno per il sud il sole 24 ore 2 december google scholar