Snigdha Pattanaik, Vishnu Priya Veeraraghavan, Arun Kumar Dasari, Santosh R Patil, Saeed G Alzahrani, Mohammad Fareed
Orthodontic treatment in adults: Challenges, outcomes, and factors affecting compliance and satisfaction
Journal of orthodontic science
back pain major reason sick leaves disability pension primary health care prevalence back pain among adolescents young adults believed increasing back pain military service predicts unspecified back pain later life aim study investigate prevalence risk factors back pain among conscripts compulsory finnish military service period 19872005 finnish defence forces recruit men aged 18 years compulsory military service new conscripts enter service twice year entering service conscripts must pass medical examination conscripts entering service generally healthyhealth care finnish military service organized public garrison health center medical records stored part finnish health care operation plan study randomly selected 5000 men finnish population register centre according year birth five different age categories 1969 1974 1979 1984 1989 gathered 4029 documents analysis incidence back pain varied 18 21 remained unchanged examination period risk factors back pain smoking risk ratio 135 pvalue 001 elementary school education risk ratio 155 pvalue 001 back problems reported military service risk ratio 203 pvalue 002 half back pain incidences occurred first months service prevalence back pain among male finnish military service conscripts changed last 25 years twenty percent conscripts suffer backrelated problems military service majority visits health centers occurred first service months risk factors back pain include smoking low education level musculoskeletal disorders general educating young people harms tobacco supporting education way influence back pain prevalence strength study good generalized population sample young finnish adult males fact finnish military service compulsory men medical records visits garrison health care centre available conscripts filled preservice questionnaire minimizing possibility selection bias sample size also large weakness study service time changed study period latest conscript group born 1989 data collection data available cohort limited nearly half conscripts yet started service finnish military service compulsory men low number female conscripts excluded study diagnoses also missing 70 backrelated visits visits recorded back painrelated visits according reason seeking care