Nora Kilcullen
An analysis of the experiences of clinical supervision on Registered Nurses undertaking MSc/graduate diploma in renal and urological nursing and on their clinical supervisors
Journal of clinical nursing
primary purpose study examine relationship age enrollment intervention language outcomes 5 years age group deaf hardofhearing childrenvocabulary skills 5 years age examined group 112 children hearing loss enrolled various ages comprehensive intervention program verbal reasoning skills explored subgroup 80 children participants evaluated using peabody picture vocabulary test criterionreferenced measure preschool language assessment instrument administered individually professionals skilled assessing children hearing loss rating scale developed characterize level family involvement intervention program children studya statistically significant negative correlation found age enrollment language outcomes 5 years age children enrolled earliest eg 11 months age demonstrated significantly better vocabulary verbal reasoning skills 5 years age laterenrolled children regardless degree hearing loss earlyenrolled children achieved scores measures approximated hearing peers attempt understand relationships among performance factors age enrollment family involvement degree hearing loss nonverbal intelligence multiple regression models applied data analyses revealed 2 factors explained significant amount variance language scores obtained 5 years age family involvement age enrollment surprisingly family involvement explained variance controlling influence factors r 615 f change 5870 underscoring importance variable age enrollment also contributed significantly explained variance accounting variables regression r 452 f change 1924 importantly interactions factors family involvement age enrollment influenced outcomes early enrollment benefit children across levels family involvement however successful children study high levels family involvement enrolled early intervention services lateidentified children whose families described limited average involvement scored 2 standard deviations hearing peers 5 years age even best circumstances eg early enrollment paired high levels family involvement children study scored within low average range abstract verbal reasoning compared hearing peers reflecting qualitative language differences groups childrenconsistent findings yoshinagaitano et al1 significantly better language scores associated early enrollment intervention high levels family involvement correlated positive language outcomes conversely limited family involvement associated significant child language delays 5 years age especially enrollment intervention late results suggest success achieved early identification paired early interventions actively involve families