Matthew D Hall, Gilberto Bento, Dieter Ebert
The Evolutionary Consequences of Stepwise Infection Processes
Trends in ecology & evolution
introduction traditional medical education leaned heavily memorization pattern recognition learned algorithmic thinking increasingly however creativity innovation becoming recognized valuable component medical education national survey association american medical colleges aamc member institutions seek examine current landscape exposure innovationrelated training within formal academic setting methods surveys distributed 168 171 aamcmember institutions remaining three excluded study lack publicly available contact information questions assessed exposure medical students among four defined innovation pillars follows 1 medical humanities 2 design thinking 3 entrepreneurship 4 technology transfer chisquared analysis used assess statistical significance schools comparing schools ranked top 20 us news world report nontop 20 respondents comparing schools serve national institutes health nih clinical translational science awards ctsa program hubs nonctsa schools heat maps geospatial visualization data created using arcgis arcmap 106 software redlands ca environmental systems research institute results overall response rate 942 161 schools responding among respondents 101 63 reported medical humanities curricula institution design thinking offerings noted 51161 32 institutions support entrepreneurship observed 51161 institutions 32 technology transfer infrastructure confirmed 42161 26 institutions statistically significant difference found top 20 schools lower 141 schools comparing schools innovation programs one innovation programs p0592 four innovation programs p0108 ctsa programs however show statistically significant difference p000001 comparing schools innovation programs vs one programs comparing schools four innovation programs p0639 conclusion study demonstrated overwhelming prevalence innovation programs todays aamc medical schools 75 surveyed institutions offering least one innovation program statistically significant trend seen presence zero programs one four programs top 20 programs remaining 141 ctsa hub schools however significantly likely least one program vs none compared nonctsa hub schools future studies would valuable assess longterm impact trend medical student education