Ramona T Pittman, Shuai Zhang, Emily Binks-Cantrell, Alida Hudson, R Malatesha Joshi
Teachers' knowledge about language constructs related to literacy skills and student achievement in low socio-economic status schools
Dyslexia (Chichester, England)
r byron birdr byron bird known bob friends well known pioneering research nonnewtonian fluid dynamics especially relates polymers well macromolecular kinetic theory transport phenomena coauthor four widely used books backgrounds described following retrospective approximately 125 research papers 50 review articles involve research areas professor bird received bs chemical engineering university illinois 1947 phd chemistry university wisconsin 1950 long career chemical engineering department wisconsin began 1953 became full professor 1957 department chairman 19641968 vilas research professor 1992 retired university also visiting professor kyoto university nagoya university university california berkeley huadong huagong xueyuan shanghai technische universiteit delft universite catholique de louvain technical university denmark lyngby outstanding research recognized worldwide resulting many honors awards among awards wm h walker award 1962 warren k lewis award 1974 founders award 1989 american institute chemical engineers bingham medal 1974 society rheology eringen medal 1983 society engineering science 1987 president reagan presented national medal science professor bird member national academy engineering since 1969 national academy sciences united states foreign member royal dutch academy sciences royal flemish academy belgium sciences arts fellow american physical society since 1970 american academy mechanics american academy arts sciences received honorary doctorates nine universities although professor bird retired officially university position nine years ago remains active research past five years published papers example statistical mechanics transport phenomena multicomponent diffusion polymeric liquids thermal conductivity chainlike polymer solutions interested languages published research papers several languages two dutch readers three books dealing translation technical japanese texts addicted wilderness canoe trips canada unforgettable 70 trips 3week 320mile trip coppermine river northwest territory 1971 ending arctic ocean arthur leissathe term transport phenomena used describe processes mass momentum angular momentum energy move matter thus includes diffusional phenomena fluid dynamics heat transport subject may treated molecular point view kinetic theory microscopic point view continuum mechanics macroscopic point view equipment description parts subject transport phenomena around long time inviscid fluid dynamics studied 1700s bernoulli euler newton enunciated comments momentum flux 1680s although 1820s navierstokes equations formulated fourier established equations heat flux heat conduction 1820s century followed equations heat convection thermal radiation established ficks first second laws diffusion date back 1850s halfcentury later convective mass transport studied hand many topics newer vintage 1930s onsager 1940s eckart 1950s kirkwood crawford hirschfelder curtiss prigogine others worked cross effects thermal diffusion diffusionthermo effect forced diffusion although theoretical bases transport phenomena virtually complete 1950s continuum theory transport phenomena much used chemical engineering apparent intractability equations relatively simple problems could solved analytically computing machines quite primitive todays standards similar development molecular theory transport phenomena maxwell boltzmann succeeded beginning 20th century drafting formal theories rigorous kinetic theory monatomic gases low density established connection equations change velocity concentration temperature second decade 20th century boltzmann integrodifferential equation solved independently chapman enskog late 1940s transport properties computed realistic intermolecular interactions 1950s kirkwood students hard work developing similar formal theory monatomic liquids yet used making numerical calculations 1990s curtiss bird showed extend kirkwoods formalism polymer solutions undiluted polymers fortunate studied chemical engineering undergraduate university maryland university illinois particularly lucky professor joseph hirschfelder mentor chemistry department graduate school university wisconsin become acquainted professor charles f curtiss young faculty member joe chuck worked many practical problems war flames combustion detonations effects atomic weapons etc among leaders emerging field theoretical chemistry knew apply knowledge solution complex physicochemical problems among joes academic descendants professors chemical engineering mechanical engineering aeronautical engineering fuel technology well physics chemistry attesting joes wide range interests probably important thing learned joe importance interactions among various branches science engineering boundaries various fields unimportant best ignored joes theoretical chemistry institute university wisconsin attracted talent corners world graduate students opportunity interact learn milieu spent graduate years 19471950 summer 1950 began working book summarizing various research activities joe chucka book would also influence strongly later research teaching bookwriting molecular theory gases liquids hirschfelder curtiss bird published john wiley sons 1954 corrected edition 1964 book would come referred simply mtgl 19501951 spent academic year professor jan de boer director institute theoretical physics amsterdam learned quantum theory transport phenomena also great deal technique presenting complicated scientific ideas beginners colleagues year amsterdam important part education 19511952 returned madison work full time one year manuscript mtgl completely reorganized rewrote manuscript grouping chapters three parts equilibrium properties nonequilibrium properties intermolecular forces fact book still print attests durability contents usefulness presentation galley proof page proof stages cornell university chemistry department september 1952 june 1953 summer months du pont experimental station wilmington delaware busy months contributed importantly scientific background cornell taught quantitative analysis quantum chemistry du pont introduced field polymer rheology du pont found many engineers inadequately prepared tackle assigned problems lack training transport phenomena one example make point clear time one current problems understand phenomenon viscous heating flowing polymers engineers puzzled origin heating effect describe unaware term equation change temperature accounts viscous heating term fact well known physicists time included chapter 11 mtgl 1953 returned university wisconsin teach chemical engineering department found much teaching fluid dynamics heat transfer mass transfer done means working number sample problems using charts formulas illdefined ancestry undergraduate taught way method teaching enable student solve fairly complex important problems often little real understanding situation exacerbated fact virtually fluid dynamics heat conduction taught physics department scant information diffusion given physical chemistry courses topics either discarded softpedaled order make way quite appropriately newer exciting areas involving nuclear physics quantum phenomena result changes disastrous chemical engineering undergraduate students therefore 1957 implemented juniorlevel course transport phenomena chemical engineering nuclear engineering students course academic year 19571958 prepared notes transport phenomena published 1958 john wiley sons preliminary edition tested four universities spring 1958 gave course technical university delft dutch try ideas entirely different audience period close contact professor hans kramers students learned much back university wisconsin fall 1958 began rewriting notes based teaching experiences also using comments users schools finally 1960 textbook transport phenomena bird stewart lightfoot emerged usually referred bsampl book enjoyed 60 printings little doubt influenced teaching chemical engineering us abroad summer 2001 saw publication second edition book authorship first edition might expected 42 years teaching material become acutely aware shortcomings first edition hence complete revision long overdue unique features book parallel presentation momentum energy mass transport emphasizing similarities also pointing differences b discussions three different scalesthe molecular scale microscopic continuum scale macroscopic scale describing process equipment also shied away use vector tensor notation differential equations intermediate topics mathematics main reason success transport phenomena textbook think fact three authors came quite different backgrounds strikingly different personalities ed lightfoot bs phd cornell imaginative iconoclastic firm believer usefulness theory must demonstrated realistic problems warren stewart bs ms university wisconsin scd mit brilliant student chemical engineering thorough training numerical analysis boundarylayer computations since developed powerful techniques solving transport reactionengineering problems extensive knowledge scientific engineering literature making valuable member writing enterprise contribution seems belief complex material taught undergraduates organized presented properly uniform approaches notation throughout also supplied feeling impatience without book manuscript completed many heated arguments writing book end reader profits resolving differences opinions made several attempts get second edition ground various activities interfered three us retired would become feasible work began january 1 1998 last page proofs corrected june 6 2001 preparing second edition without problems intervening years three us gone different directions research transport phenomena polymeric fluidsboth continuum point view molecular point view latter 15 years collaboration chuck curtiss absolutely unfazed extremely complex problems warren stewart worked wide variety problems including boundarylayer theory diffusion chemical reaction multicomponent mass transfer fourier analysis turbulent heat mass transfer parameter estimation statistics applied mathematics particular method orthogonal collocation ed lightfoot concerned separations processes biological systems electrochemical problems diffusion porous media metabolic pathways evolutionary science topics even afield closely associated biochemical biomedical processes end century us developed distinctive style prejudices favorite topics unique objectives seemed though project would workable perseverance loyalty subject goodnatured cajoling succeed establishing modus operandi enabling us contribute strengths without seriously offending others words portion career dealing polymers result brief experience du pont 1953 became aware field polymer rheology many unsolved problems addition 1970s 1980s regular consultant union carbide problems encountered provided constant source research ideas 1953 1968 worked largely continuum mechanics polymers emphasis fluid mechanics heattransfer problems early work polymer rheology found papers professor james g oldroyd university liverpool inspiring also particularly enjoyed interactions colleagues professor millard w johnson professor arthur lodge department engineering mechanics professor john l schrag professor john ferry chemistry department 1968 joined four colleagues form rheology research center still functioning today polymer fluid dynamics similar turbulence key problem lack knowledge stress tensor fields one forced back information experimental data different classes flows however polymers get additional informationand valuable information indeedby using crude molecular models elementary kinetic theories regard great advantage fluid dynamicists studying turbulence led 1968 serving four years department chairman reorient research efforts study polymer rheology molecular viewpoint polymer chemists active molecular theory time efforts largely restricted linear viscoelasticity nonlinear problems dr anton peterlin national bureau standards professor hanswalter giesekus universitat dortmund main contributors molecular theory nonlinear viscoelasticity studied works found interacting helpful 1971 started teamteaching course kinetic theory polymers jointly professor curtiss initially also johnson lodge activity continued 1990s numerous joint publications resulted cooperative activity 1974 two phd students robert c armstrong currently chairman chemical engineering department mit ole hassager professor technical university denmark announced wanted write book continuum molecular theories polymer rheology building set notes prepared later joined chuck curtiss effort result twovolume treatise dynamics polymeric liquids first edition appeared 1977 vastly revised edition 1987 years retirement 1992 became apparent seemingly intractable problems polymer kinetic theory could best solved molecular dynamics brownian dynamics simulation several students made good inroads area approach since developed exploited extensively others retirement 1992 chuck curtiss returned subject kinetic theory polymeric liquids earlier work developed kinetic theory polymers using general molecular models including models constraints beadrodspring structures could constant bond lengths constant bond angles necessitated use generalized coordinates 1994 decided eliminate constraints ie rods work beadspring models thereby simplifying formalism also decided study nonisothermal systems polymer processing problems involve nonisothermal flow well multicomponent mixtures polymeric fluids fact polydisperse therefore essentially multicomponent period 1994 1999 worked intensively formulating general theory expressions mass momentum energy fluxes including possible cross effects including effect velocity gradients heat flux mass fluxes using general theory thus developed able solve number important problems development equation change temperature derivation expression thermal conductivity dilute solutions beadspring chains showing generalization maxwellstefan equations describe multicomponent diffusion development spawned whole collection problems provide future workers supply research ideas doubt brownian dynamics molecular dynamics needed implement theory lesson learn work transport phenomena importance interplay industry academia connection continuum mechanics molecular theory crossfertilization experiment theory experimental work provides inspiration theoretical development theory provides guidance next stage experimentation