Alicja R. Rudnicka|Venediktos Kapetanakis|Andrea K Wathern|Nicola S Logan|Bernard Gilmartin|Peter H. Whincup|Derek G. Cook|Christopher G. Owen
Global variations and time trends in the prevalence of childhood myopia, a systematic review and quantitative meta-analysis: implications for aetiology and early prevention
St George's, University of London|St George's, University of London|St George's, University of London|Aston University|Aston University|St George's, University of London|St George's, University of London|St George's, University of London
aim review quantify global variation childhood myopia prevalence time taking account demographic study design factors systematic review identified populationbased surveys estimates childhood myopia prevalence published february 2015 multilevel binomial logistic regression log odds myopia used examine association age gender urban versus rural setting survey year among populations different ethnic origins adjusting study design factors 143 published articles 42 countries 374 349 subjects aged 118 years 74 847 myopia cases included increase myopia prevalence age varied ethnicity east asians showed highest prevalence reaching 69 95 credible intervals cri 61 77 15 years age 86 among singaporeanchinese blacks africa lowest prevalence 55 15 years 95 cri 3 9 time trends myopia prevalence last decade small whites increased 23 east asians weaker increase among south asians children urban environments 26 times odds myopia compared rural environments whites east asians sex differences emerge 9 years age late adolescence girls twice likely boys myopic marked ethnic differences agespecific prevalence myopia exist rapid increases myopia prevalence time particularly east asians combined universally higher risk myopia urban settings suggest environmental factors play important role myopia development may offer scope prevention