Michael W Gach, Gilbert Lazarus, Daniel Martin Simadibrata, Robert Sinto, Yulia Rosa Saharman, Ralalicia Limato, Erni J Nelwan, H Rogier van Doorn, Anis Karuniawati, Raph L Hamers
Antimicrobial resistance among common bacterial pathogens in Indonesia: a systematic review
The Lancet regional health. Southeast Asia
excess bodyweight bmi 25 kgm2 midlife age 4065 years linked future cognitive decline increased risk dementia whether chronic exposure excess bodyweight early decades life 40 years associated compromised cognitive function midlife however remains unclear study therefore aimed test potential bidirectional direct indirect pathways linking cumulative exposure excess bodyweight cognitive function early decades life longitudinal analysis harmonised measures bmi cognitive function available 19 742 participants aged 4753 years recruited 1946 national survey health development n2131 1958 national child development study n9385 1970 british cohort study n8226 individual bmi trajectories spanning three decades age 1040 years created participant excess bodyweight duration bmi change ages cumulative excess bodyweight exposure calculated harmonised measures verbal nonverbal ability mathematical ability reading ability used create latent factor childhood cognitive function immediate delayed recall animal naming lettersearch speed tests used midlife cognitive function multivariable linear regression structural equation models sem used test potential bidirectional relationships cognition excess bodyweight individual cohorts pooled datasets accounting potential earlylife confounders increases bmi adolescence greater cumulative exposure excess bodyweight across early life associated lower midlife cognitive function cohorts eg pooled difference cognitive function per 10 years excess bodyweight duration 010 95 ci 012 008 p0001 adjustment childhood cognitive function attenuated many associations towards null eg pooled difference cognitive function per 10 years excess bodyweight duration 004 95 ci 006 002 p0001 however remaining associations fully attenuating adjusted earlylife factors eg pooled difference cognitive function per 10 years excess bodyweight duration 0 003 001 p038 reverse direction low childhood cognition associated greater cumulative exposure excess bodyweight next four decades although much relationship found probably explained via potentially modifiable upstream earlylife factors childhood disadvantage sem cohorts suggested presence modest direct indirect pathways connecting earlier cognitive function later excess bodyweight scarce evidence effect earlylife excess bodyweight cognitive function midlife association cumulative exposure excess bodyweight early life lower cognitive function midlife probably confounded persistently lower cognitive function childhood initiatives improve earlylife factors childhood disadvantage education however might exert dual independent benefits factors old age alzheimers research uk diabetes research wellness foundation diabetes uk british heart foundation medical research council