Razie Toghroli, Zahra Hosseini, Arash Ziapour, Asiyeh Yari, Seyyede Fateme Rahimi, Nafiul Mehedi
Explaining the Determinants of Pediculosis Control and Prevention: A Qualitative Study in Southern Iran
Inquiry : a journal of medical care organization, provision and financing
preterm infants born 37 weeks gestation often unable coordinate sucking swallowing breathing oral feeding immaturity cases initial nutrition provided orogastric nasogastric tube feeding feeding intolerance common delay attainment full enteral sucking feeds prolonging need nutritional support hospital stay smell taste play important role activation physiological preabsorptive processes contribute food digestion absorption however tube feeding milk bypasses nasal oral cavities limiting exposure smell taste milk provision smell taste milk tube feeds offers noninvasive lowcost intervention effective accelerating transition enteral feeds subsequently sucking feeds would bring considerable advantages infants families healthcare systems assess whether exposure smell taste breastmilk formula administered tube feeds accelerate transition full sucking feeds without adverse effects preterm infants conducted searches central medline embase cinahl epistemonikos 26 april 2023 also searched clinical trial databases conference proceedings included randomised quasirandomised studies evaluated exposure versus exposure smell taste milk immediately time tube feeds two review authors independently selected studies assessed risk bias extracted data according cochrane neonatal methodology performed metaanalyses using risk ratios rrs dichotomous data mean differences mds continuous data respective 95 confidence intervals cis used grade assess certainty evidence included eight studies 1277 preterm infants seven studies 1244 infants contributed data metaanalysis evidence suggests exposure smell taste milk tube feeds little effect time taken reach full sucking feeds md 107 days 95 ci 263 050 3 studies 662 infants lowcertainty evidence two studies reported adverse effects related intervention intervention may little effect duration parenteral nutrition md 023 days 95 ci 024 071 3 studies 977 infants lowcertainty evidence time reach full enteral feeds md 016 days 95 ci 045 012 1 study 736 infants lowcertainty evidence risk necrotising enterocolitis rr 093 95 ci 047 184 2 studies 435 infants lowcertainty evidence although evidence time reach full enteral feeds uncertain exposure smell taste milk tube feeds probably little effect risk late infection rr 114 95 ci 074 175 2 studies 436 infants moderatecertainty evidence data available assess feeding intolerance included studies small sample sizes methodological limitations including unclear lack randomisation four studies lack blinding participants personnel five studies unclear lack blinding outcome assessor eight studies different inclusion criteria methods administering interventions results metaanalyses suggest exposure smell taste milk tube feeds may little effect time reach full sucking feeds time reach full enteral feeds found clear difference exposure exposure smell taste milk safety outcomes adverse effects necrotising enterocolitis late infection results one ongoing study two studies awaiting classification may alter conclusions review future research examine effect exposing preterm infants smell taste milk tube feeds health outcomes hospitalisation attainment feeding skills safety feed tolerance infection growth future studies powered detect effect intervention infants different gestational ages sex separately also important determine optimal method frequency duration exposure