Mayu Hiraishi, Ke Wan, Kensuke Tanioka, Hiroshi Yadohisa, Toshio Shimokawa
Causal rule ensemble method for estimating heterogeneous treatment effect with consideration of prognostic effects
Statistical methods in medical research
fulfilling aesthetic norms imperative modern society accordingly aesthetics found important role dental medicine aim study whether difference perception tooth shade change anatomical variations anterior maxillary teeth among dental students depending level education gender experience assisting dental office research conducted among dental students via google forms platform students evaluated aesthetic acceptability smile unaltered reference photograph rp 28 photographs tooth shade lighter darker teeth length shortened central incisors elongated beveled lateral incisors elongated canines position atypical typical rotations diastemas upper maxillary teeth altered digital manipulation 110 assessment scale used statistical analysis comprised oneway kolmogorovsmirnov test x2 tests ttest 3way manova research 208 students participated 113 preclinical students 104 assisted dental office 175 females significant effects gender regarding length position modifications p 05 women stricter evaluation lighter shade p 05 clinical students stricter evaluating manipulated photographs mp except towards darker shade modifications assisting dental office dentist close family showed significant effects p 05 higher level targeted academic education dental students sharpen ability notice deviations aesthetic norms smile