Steve Graham|Xinghua Liu|A. Angelique Aitken|Clarence Ng|Brendan John Bartlett|Karen R. Harris|Jennifer Holzapfel
Effectiveness of Literacy Programs Balancing Reading and Writing Instruction: A Meta?Analysis
Australian Catholic University|Arizona State University|Shanghai Jiao Tong University|Arizona State University|Australian Catholic University|Australian Catholic University|Australian Catholic University|Arizona State University|Arizona State University
abstract reading writing critical students success outside school draw common sources knowledge cognitive processes involve meaning making used conjointly accomplish important learning goals often recommended reading writing taught together metaanalysis tested proposition examining experimental intervention studies preschool high school students determine whether literacy programs balancing reading writing instruction strengthen students reading writing performance included review 60 instruction could devoted either reading writing predicted programs improved students reading resulting statistically significant effects reading measures averaged study effect size es 39 assessed measures reading comprehension es 39 decoding es 53 reading vocabulary es 35 programs also statistically enhanced writing measures averaged study es 37 assessed via writing quality es 47 writing mechanics es 18 writing output es 69 findings demonstrated literacy programs balancing reading writing instruction strengthen reading writing two skills learned together profitably