Pablo Rodríguez-Feria, Martina Paric, Luis Jorge Hernández Flórez, Suzanne Babich, Katarzyna Czabanowska
Critical route for development of medical student leadership competencies in 35 Pan American Health Organization member states: A scoping review and thematic analysis
The International journal of health planning and management
hospital pharmacists participate activities may considered diagnostic two reasoning approaches diagnosis described nonanalytic analytic 6 analytic traditions probabilistic tradition shown improve diagnostic accuracy reduce unnecessary testing authors knowledge pharmacists attitudes toward diagnostic role diagnostic knowledge skills never studied describe pharmacists attitudes toward role diagnosis pharmacotherapeutic problemsolving characterize extent pharmacists knowledge skills related diagnostic literacy pharmacists working within lower mainland pharmacy services british columbia spent least 33 time direct patient care invited participate prospective observational survey survey sought information demographic characteristics attitudes toward diagnosis diagnostic knowledge skills tested means 3 case scenarios analysis included simple descriptive statistics inferential statistics evaluate relationships responses experience training 266 pharmacists invited participate 94 responded attitudes section survey completed 90 pharmacists 80 89 agreed definition diagnosis proposed survey 83 92 agreed important pharmacists diagnosisrelated skills respondents preferred analytic nonanalytic approach diagnostic decisionmaking probabilistic tradition preferred method 3 cases evaluating 5 clinical scenarios might require diagnostic skills average 84 respondents agreed involved assessing problems respondents knowledge ability apply probabilistic diagnostic tools highest test sensitivity average 61 respondents correct answers lower test specificity average 48 correct answers likelihood ratios average 39 correct answers respondents survey strongly believed diagnostic skills important solving drugrelated problems demonstrated low levels knowledge ability apply concepts probabilistic diagnostic reasoning opportunities expand pharmacists knowledge diagnostic reasoning exist findings reported indicate pharmacists would consider professional development valuable