Jing Shen, Baoquan Wang, Li Jing, Tiancong Chen, Li Han, Weiwei Dong
Gender and race disparities in the prevalence of chronic kidney disease among individuals with hypertension in the United States, 2001-2016
Frontiers in endocrinology
conventional assessments outcomes deaf children cochlear implants cis focused primarily endpoint product measures speech language little attention devoted understanding basic underlying core neurocognitive factors involved development processing speech language study examined development factors related quality phonological information immediate verbal memory including immediate memory capacity verbal rehearsal speed sample deaf children 10 yrs ci use assessed correlations two process measures set speech language outcomes initial sample 180 prelingually deaf children cis assessed ages 8 9 yrs 3 7 yrs ci use 112 returned testing adolescence 10 years ci experience addition completing battery conventional speech language outcome measures subjects administered wechsler intelligence scale childreniii digit span subtest measure immediate verbal memory capacity sentence durations obtained mcgarr speech intelligibility test used measure verbal rehearsal speed relative norms normalhearing children digit span scores well average children cis elementary high school ages improvement observed 8yr period mean longest digit span forward score mean longest digit span backward score longest digit span forward scores ages 8 9 yrs significantly correlated speech language outcomes adolescence backward digit spans correlated significantly measures higherorder language functioning time period verbal rehearsal speed increased almost subjects elementary grades high school still slower rehearsal speed obtained control group normalhearing adolescents verbal rehearsal speed ages 8 9 yrs also found strongly correlated speech language outcomes digit span scores adolescence despite improvement 8 additional years ci use measures immediate verbal memory capacity verbal rehearsal speed reflect core fundamental information processing skills associated representational efficiency information processing capacity continue delayed children cis relative nh peers furthermore immediate verbal memory capacity verbal rehearsal speed 8 9 yrs age found predict speech language outcomes adolescence demonstrating important contribution processing measures speechlanguage development children cis understanding relations core underlying processes speechlanguage outcomes children cis may help researchers develop new approaches intervention treatment deaf children perform poorly cis moreover knowledge could used early identification deaf children may high risk poor speech language outcomes cochlear implantation well development novel targeted interventions focus selectively core elementary information processing variables