Paul J Simeone, Ralf W Schlosser, Sarah E Frampton, Howard C Shane, Oliver Wendt
Miniature Linguistic Systems for Individuals With Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Journal of speech, language, and hearing research : JSLHR
metaanalysis north american studies indicates prevalence rate pathological gambling varies 44 74 among adolescents pathological gambling thus phenomenon suddenly appears youths reach adult age contrary significant contact gambling occurs childhood adolescence reason important develop effective gambling prevention program reduce risk youths develop gambling problems information promoted prevention program research team created evaluated teaches youths recognize traps gambling activities enabling make informed decision eventual participation activities program based knowledge recognition key indices easily identified warning signs loss control predicted youths participate prevention program improve knowledge gambling activities develop realistic attitude towards activities youths control group experimental groups problemsolving skills also expected improve experimental design pretest posttest followups control group used evaluate programs effectiveness overall 1193 youths participated study prevention program involves three 60minute meetings objectives meetings following meeting 1 improve youths knowledge gambling activities help acquire realistic attitude towards activities meeting 2 teach structured problemsolving approach resist peerpressure meeting 3 inform youths consequences may associated abusive participation gambling teach recognize warning signs loss control gambling habits knowledge attitudes towards gambling gambling activities b problemsolving skills c frequency participation gambling activities discussion relatives friends teachers regarding gambling activities attention paid towards gambling habits among close friends family participation gambling prevention program significantly improves youths knowledge real probabilities winning pitfalls included gambling activities favours development realistic attitude towards activities however participation prevention program help improve problemsolving skills nonetheless leads youths talk gambling parents teachers enables aware gambling habits friends family finally note impossible verify decrease gambling habits majority participants 62 non occasional gamblers however iatrogenic effect observed frequency participation gambling activities aside positive impact program attitudes knowledge students participation preventive sessions contributed create dialogue adults increased youths interest gambling habits friends family discussions enabled youths validate information received class consolidate learned prevention sessions favour dissemination knowledge beyond scope academic environment results obtained regarding youths attitudes knowledge demonstrate attitude modification takes place progressively however well assimilated new attitudes seem take hold fairly durable way hand acquisition knowledge seems take place immediately theoretical concepts taught yet slightly decreased stabilising months later suggests assimilation new knowledge may optimized addition intervention session couple months end intervention even impossible verify decrease participants gambling habits possible think impact participation gambling prevention program could observable measurable within years however longterm followup study would make possible assess whether participation program indeed contribute decreasing gambling habits number youths regularly participate gambling activities despite nonsignificant results observed problemsolving skills seems nonetheless important include component benefits great theoretical support especially within framework prevention programs targeting youths however teaching method must changed order maximize interventions effectiveness despite methodological limitations observed evaluation program results obtained clearly demonstrate participation prevention program significantly improves youths attitudes knowledge regarding gambling activities teaching accurate knowledge realistic attitudes towards gambling help youths recognize cognitive traps inherent gambling activities thus contribute long run decrease number youths gambling problems