Suchana S Shet Shirodker, Najiya Sundus K Meethal, Deepmala Mazumdar, Rashima Asokan
Performance of perimetric glaucoma staging systems and their preference patterns among the Indian eye care practitioners
Indian journal of ophthalmology
differential item functioning dif analysis always indispensable methodology detecting item test bias arena language testing study investigated graderelated dif general english proficiency testkids geptkids listening section quantitative data test scores collected 791 test takers grade 5 398 grade 6 393 eight chinesespeaking cities qualitative data expert judgments collected two primary school english teachers guangdong province two r packages difr difnlr used perform five types dif analysis twoparameter item response theory 2pl irt based lords chisquare rajus area tests mantelhaenszel mh logistic regression lr nonlinear regression nlr dif methods test scores altogether identified 16 dif items shinyitemanalysis package employed draw item characteristic curves iccs 16 items rstudio presented four different types dif effect besides two experts identified reasons sources dif effect four items study therefore may shed light sustainable development test fairness field language testing methodologically mixedmethods sequential explanatory design adopted guide test fairness research using flexible methods achieve research purposes practically result indicates dif analysis necessarily imply bias instead serves alarm calls test developers attention examine appropriateness test items