David Clingingsmith|Asim Khwaja|Michael Kremer
Estimating the Impact of the Hajj: Religion and Tolerance in Islam's Global Gathering<sup>*</sup>
Case Western Reserve University|Harvard University Press|National Bureau of Economic Research|Harvard University|Brookings Institution
estimate impact pilgrims performing hajj pilgrimage mecca method compares successful unsuccessful applicants lottery used pakistan allocate hajj visas pilgrim accounts stress hajj leads feeling unity fellow muslims outsiders sometimes feared could accompanied antipathy toward nonmuslims find participation hajj increases observance global islamic practices prayer fasting decreasing participation localized practices beliefs use amulets dowry increases belief equality harmony among ethnic groups islamic sects leads favorable attitudes toward women including greater acceptance female education employment increased unity within islamic world accompanied antipathy toward nonmuslims instead hajjis show increased belief peace equality harmony among adherents different religions evidence suggests changes likely due exposure interaction hajjis around world rather changed social role pilgrims upon return