Steven Ongena|Alexander Popov
Gender Bias and Credit Access
University of Zurich|European Central Bank
extract exogenous measure gender bias survey responses descendants us immigrants questions role women society use data around 6000 small business firms 17 countries find highgenderbias countries female entrepreneurs likely opt loan application process resort informal finance even though banks appear actively discriminate results driven credit risk differences female maleowned firms idiosyncrasies set countries sample