Brian A’Hearn|Jörg Baten|Dorothee Crayen
Quantifying Quantitative Literacy: Age Heaping and the History of Human Capital
University of Oxford|University of Tübingen|University of Tübingen
age data frequently display excess frequencies attractive numbers multiples five use age heaping measure cognitive ability quantitative reasoning numeracy construct database age heaping estimates exceptional geographic temporal coverage demonstrate robust correlation literacy numeracy observed extending temporal geographic range knowledge human capital show western europe already diverged east reached high numeracy levels 1600 long rise mass schooling onset industrialization