Ariane Baye|Christian Monseur
Gender differences in variability and extreme scores in an international context
University of Liège|University of Liège
study examines gender differences variability student performance reading mathematics science twelve databases iea pisa used analyze gender differences within international perspective 1995 2015 effect sizes variance ratios computed main results follows 1 gender differences vary content area students educational levels students proficiency levels gender differences extreme tails distribution often substantial gender differences mean 2 exploring extreme tails distributions shows situation weakest males reading real matter concern mathematics science males frequently among highest performing students 3 greater male variability hypothesis confirmed