Maria C Katapodi, Noreen C Facione, Janice C Humphreys, Marylin J Dodd
Perceived breast cancer risk: heuristic reasoning and search for a dominance structure
Social science & medicine (1982)
people diabetes likely hospitalized longer durations hospital stay without diabetes recent survey estimated 22 hospital inpatient days incurred people diabetes hospital inpatient care accounted half 174 billion usd total us medical expenditures disease 1 findings due part continued expansion worldwide epidemic type 2 diabetes us alone 16 million new cases diabetes year prevalence 236 million people 78 population onefourth cases remaining undiagnosed additional 57 million american adults high risk type 2 diabetes 2 although costs illnessrelated stress hyperglycemia known likely considerable light poor prognosis patients 36 substantial observational evidence linking hyperglycemia hospitalized patients without diabetes poor outcomes cohort studies well early randomized controlled trials rcts suggested intensive treatment hyperglycemia improved hospital outcomes 58 2004 evidence led american college endocrinology ace american association clinical endocrinologists aace collaboration american diabetes association ada medical organizations develop recommendations treatment inpatient hyperglycemia 9 2005 ada added recommendations treatment hyperglycemia hospitalto itsannual standards medical care 10 recommendations ace ada generally endorsed tight glycemic control critical care units patients general medical surgical units rct evidence regarding treatment targets lacking glycemic goals similar advised outpatients advocated 9