Noemí Merayo, Alba Ayuso
Analysis of barriers, supports and gender gap in the choice of STEM studies in secondary education
International journal of technology and design education
epidemiologists health geographers routinely use smallarea survey estimates covariates model areal even individual health outcomes american community survey acs estimates accompanied standard errors ses yet standard practice use evaluating modeling data reliability acs ses vary systematically across regions neighborhoods socioeconomic characteristics variables failure consider probable observational error may substantial impact large bodies literature relying smallarea estimates including inferential biases overconfidence results issue particularly salient predictive models employed prioritize communities service provision funding allocation leveraging tenets plausible reasoning bayes theorem propose conceptual framework workflow spatial data analysis areal survey data including visual diagnostics model specifications illustrate follow krieger et als 2018 call routinely use index concentration extremes ice monitor spatial inequalities health mortality construct examine ses ice use visual diagnostics evaluate observational error model ice estimate icemortality gradient incorporating latter model model sexspecific midlife ages 5564 allcause united states county mortality rates urge researchers consider data quality criterion variable selection prior modeling incorporate data reliability information models whenever possible