Aleda M.H. Chen|Anastasia L. Armbruster|Beth Buckley|Jennifer A. Campbell|Devra K. Dang|Radhika Devraj|Imbi Drame|Akesha Edwards|Sally Haack|Qing Ma|Natasha Petry|Lourdes G. Planas|Cheryl A Sadowski|Jennifer Santee|Latasha Wade|Nancy Borja?Hart
Inclusion of Health Disparities, Cultural Competence, and Health Literacy Content in US and Canadian Pharmacy Curriculums
Cedarville University|University of Health Sciences and Pharmacy|Concordia University Wisconsin|Manchester University|University of Connecticut|Southern Illinois University Edwardsville|Howard University|University of Findlay|Drake University|University at Buffalo, State University of New York|North Dakota State University|University of Oklahoma|University of Alberta|University of Missouri–Kansas City|University of Maryland Eastern Shore|University of Tennessee Health Science Center
objective determine us canadian pharmacy schools include content related health disparities cultural competence health literacy curriculum well review assessment practicesmethods crosssectional survey distributed 143 accredited candidatestatus pharmacy programs united states 10 canada three phases statistical analysis performed assess interinstitutional variability relationships institutional characteristics survey resultsresults stratification institutional characteristics significant differences found 72 50 responding institutions united states eight 80 canada core group faculty typically taught health disparities cultural competence content andor health literacy health disparities cultural competence primarily taught multiple courses across multiple years preappe curriculum health literacy primarily taught multiple courses one year preappe curriculum canada 750 delivery health literacy varied united states including single course 200 multiple courses one year 171 multiple courses multiple years 486 health disparities cultural competence health literacy mostly taught introduction reinforcement level activelearning approaches mostly used united states whereas canada active learning frequently used teaching health literacy 625 health disparities cultural competence 375 institutions reported providing professional preceptor developmentconclusion majority responding pharmacy schools united states canada include content health disparities cultural competence content health literacy varying degrees however less required implemented within experiential programs cocurriculum opportunities remain expand apply information health disparities cultural competence content health literacy content particularly outside didactic curriculum well identify barriers integration