Dorothy L Espelage, Jun Sung Hong, Mrinalini A Rao, Robert Thornberg
Understanding Ecological Factors Associated With Bullying Across the Elementary to Middle School Transition in the United States
Violence and victims
verify relationship behavioral dysphonia current depressive episodes municipal elementary school teachers hypothesize teachers behavioral dysphonia susceptible psychiatric disorders crosssectional study quantitative conducted across municipal schools rural urban regions pelotas fivehundred seventyfive teachers urban rural areas brazilian state included full version voice handicap index validated brazilian portuguese used determine presence behavioral dysphonia profile vocal behaviors also used quantify number phonotraumatic events addition miniinternational neuropsychiatric interview used determine current episodes depression data analyzed via correlative studies using chisquare poisson regression analyses across teachers prevalence dysphonia 339 55 reported already taken leave voice teachers current depressive episode higher rate dysphonia compared without depression prevalence ratio pr 166 p 0000 teachers presented risk serious vocal problems prevalence ratio 258 indicating greater proportion dysphonia whereas teachers classified champions abuse five times likely compared teachers behaved candidates voice problems association behavioral dysphonia current depressive episodes elementary school teachers