Brian A. Primack|James E. Bost|Stephanie R. Land|Michael J. Fine
Volume of Tobacco Advertising in African American Markets: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
University of Pittsburgh|University of Pittsburgh|University of Pittsburgh|University of Pittsburgh|VA Pittsburgh Healthcare System
african americans currently bear greatest burden morbidity mortality due smoking exposure protobacco media messages predicts smoking study compared concentration proportion media messages tobacco density protobacco media messages per person protobacco media messages african american caucasian marketswe searched medline 1966 june 2006 psychinfo 1974 june 2006 cinahl 1982 june 2006 studies peerreviewed journals directly comparing volume protobacco media messages african american caucasian markets study extracted number total media messages number tobaccorelated messages number residents living market area calculated concentration density tobacco advertising marketout 131 studies identified 11 met eligibility criteria including seven comparing billboardsignage african american caucasian markets four comparing magazine advertising african american caucasian markets metaanalysis estimated pooled odds ratio 17 95 confidence interval ci 11 26 given billboard smokingrelated african american vs caucasian market areas ie concentration pooled rate ratio density smokingrelated billboards 26 95 ci 15 47 african american vs caucasian market areas magazine data insufficient metaanalysisavailable data indicated african americans exposed higher volume protobacco advertising terms concentration density findings important implications research policy measures educational interventions involving racial disparities due tobacco