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note chapter begins introduction concludes summary 1 overview education deaf introduction influence public education definitions terms communication modes methods instruction educational programs services deaf community impact diversity 2 historical perspectives prehistoric times twentieth century ancient world middle ages spread islam beginnings education deaf twentieth century world war ii 3 historical perspectives united states eighteenth century world war ii early efforts establishment schools deaf spread education deaf first attempts oral education common school movement united states establishment oral schools united states late nineteenth century edward miner gallaudet alexander graham bell 1900 world war iistagnation 4 deafness causes prevention treatment early investigations causality early issues heredity deafness contemporary identified causes deafness current developments projections 5 deaf individuals additional conditions changing terminology incidence estimates major identified educational disabilities related deafness teacher morale modes communication mild impairments training academically lowachieving adults 6 families deaf members interpersonal relations diagnosis adulthood impact deaf child family periods stress facilitating satisfactory growth development need observational data naturalistic settings 7 deafness cognitive functioning development thought language nineteenthcentury views deafness thought assessment cognitive abilities relationship among thought language deafness recent developments 8 deafness socialemotional adjustment limitations research socialemotional development deaf individuals research personality characteristics deaf individuals establishment psychiatric mental health services deaf persons facilitation optimal development group counseling use interpreters 9 american sign language manual communication american sign language growth deaf community 10 early intervention infant preschool programs meeting problems early intervention nineteenth century early intervention infant preschool programs twentieth century research effectiveness programs methodology issue asl early intervention 11 acquisition english teaching training techniques instruction development grammatical structure teaching speech utilization residual hearing speech reading 12 literacy development reading writing reading writing literacy predictive factors 13 elementary secondary education educational programs deaf children academic achievement educational programs academic placement research academic achievement special curricular methods 14 postsecondary education economic status deaf individuals early efforts toward postsecondary education investigations vocational status deaf individuals deaf students colleges hearing students development programs deaf individuals postsecondary institutions hearing students