Samane Shirahmadi, Salman Khazaei, Marjaneh Meschi, Amir Farhang Miresmaeili, Shagaeg Barkhordar, Ali Heidari, Saeid Bashirian, Ensiyeh Jenabi, Neda Dadae, Shahnaz Farzian, Abdollah Gafari
Dental caries experience in primary school-age children following "Students' Oral Health Promotion Program," Iran
International journal of dental hygiene
terrorist attacks israeli society ongoing since september 2000 however studies examined impact terrorism nationally representative population samples study examined psychological impact ongoing terrorism israelto determine level exposure terrorist attacks prevalence traumatic stressrelated tsr symptoms symptoms posttraumatic stress disorder ptsd sense safety 19 months terrorism israel identify correlates psychological sequelae modes coping terrorismtelephone survey conducted aprilmay 2002 using strata sampling method 902 eligible households representative sample 742 israeli residents older 18 years 82 contact rate final participation 512 57number tsr symptoms rates symptom criteria ptsd acute stress disorder assessed stanford acute stress reaction questionnaire selfreported feelings depression optimism sense safety helpseeking modes copingof 512 survey participants 84 164 directly exposed terrorist attack 191 373 family member friend exposed 510 participants responded questions tsr symptoms 391 767 least 1 tsr symptom mean 40 sd 45 range 023 mean intensity 08 range 04 symptom criteria ptsd met 48 participants 94 criteria acute stress disorder 1 participant 299 586 reported feeling depressed majority respondents expressed optimism personal future 421512 822 future israel 307509 668 expressed selfefficacy regard ability function terrorist attack 322431 746 expressed low sense safety respect 307509 604 relatives 345507 679 reported need professional help 27506 53 female sex sense safety use tranquilizers alcohol cigarettes cope associated tsr symptoms symptom criteria ptsd level exposure objective risk prevalent coping mechanisms active information search loved ones social supportconsidering nature length israeli traumatic experience psychological impact may considered moderate although survey participants showed distress lowered sense safety develop high levels psychiatric distress may related habituation process coping mechanisms