Bahie Ezzat, Eugene I Hrabarchuk, Alexander J Schupper, Addison Quinones, Muhammad Ali, Michael B Lemonick, Benjamin Rodriguez, Alex Gometz, Mark Lovell, Tanvir Choudhri
Return to play after head injury in adolescent sports: evaluating football versus other sports
Journal of neurosurgery. Pediatrics
review examined oral health interventions developed elementary school age children involvement children intervention studies eight randomised controlled trials involving 3232 children analysed using deductive content analysis two authors child involvement categorised using typology youth participation empowerment type model eight studies interventions designed researchers adultled without involvement children studies participatory research methodology recommended better understand role involvement children oral health educationdata sources data search carried april 2018 using pubmed cinahl embase scopus databases search focused elementary age school children 612 years involved oral health education intervention studies exclusion criteria studies involving children mental physical impairment undergoing hospital orthodontic treatment preventative treatments solely targeted towards parentscaregivers teachersstudy selection systematic review method randomised controlled trials rcts selected titles abstracts included excluded full text analysis eligibility carried studies assessed two authors third author consulted cases disagreementdata extraction synthesis study sample intervention duration content selection use educational methods including use theoretical framework outcomes extracted data child involvement categorised using typology youth participation empowerment type pyramid wong et al 20101 quality studies assessed using consort checklist cochrane risk bias tool methodological quality studies relatively low score 1422 36 three studies rated fair quality terms risk bias remaining five rated either unclear high risk biasresults eight rcts selected review sixtyfive articles assessed eligibility 57 articles excluded due nonrct design excludedunreported ages full text unavailability nine different methods oral health education identified lecture printed material demonstration toothbrushing diary game video workshop discussion oral hygiene training none reported studies demonstrated rationale selecting educational method four reports described theoretical framework development intervention social learning theory parcel baranowski 1981 used haleem et al 2012 health belief model becker 1974 yekaninejad et al 2012 wolfs health learning capacity 2009 freeman et al 2016 ajzens theory planned behaviour 1991 simpriano mialhe 2017 however use theories limited attempts introduce childrens perspectives theoretical framework identifiedfive outcomes measure effectiveness found clinical oral health status oral healthrelated behaviour oral health knowledge attitudes towards oral health oral health related quality life clinical oral health status commonly used outcome seven eight studies positive outcomes found eight studies none reports considered potential enhancing intervention effects involving children actively childrens role interventions mostly vessel type participation type pyramid model partially symbolic participation detected two studies haleem et al 2012 trained children conduct oral health education role peer educators simpriano mialhe 2017 trained children create plans daily toothbrushing overcome situations preventing task reports consultation collaboration children perspectives interventions interventions appear created researchers aloneconclusions included studies children involved intervention implementation phase interventions adult designed adult led lack detail reports meant reported positive outcomes could clearly attributed activities carried children studies participatory research methodology recommended better understand potential role children oral health education research