Marcin Rybacki, Marta Szkiela, Magdalena Rybacka, Andrzej Marcinkiewicz
Attitudes regarding vaccination on the example of COVID-19 prevention
Medycyna pracy
despite existent gender parity undergraduate biology degree attainment gendered differences outcomes prevalent introductory biology courses less known whether disparities persist upperdivision level attrition assumed occurred report consistent presence gender equity gaps across 35 offerings 10 years largeenrollment upperdivision biology course researchintensive public university multilevel modeling showed womens grades lower mens regardless prior gpa gender gaps present even controlling students raceethnicity socioeconomic status firstgeneration collegegoing status international status transfer status class size gender representation classroom instructor gender significantly relate course grades student questionnaires subset offerings indicated gendered differences course anxiety science identity science selfefficacy correlated grade outcomes results suggest women experience differential outcomes upperdivision biology may negatively influence persistence stem fields postgraduation findings suggest gender disparities systemic problem throughout undergraduate biology degree underscore need examination transformation upperdivision courses support students even late stages degrees