Katie Makar, Kym Fry, Lyn English
Primary students' learning about citizenship through data science
ZDM : the international journal on mathematics education
enhancing academic performance ap college students contribute overall scientific literacy among population thereby fostering societal progress study investigates correlation college students ap socioeducational environment see including family roommates teachers study motivation sm including selfefficacy study behaviors based research findings recommendations offered students educators school administrators utilizing stratified sampling approach data collected selecting sample 330 firstyear computer science students specific local university hebei province china data collected hierarchical sampling method using correlation analysis difference analysis structural equation modeling sem data analysis methods data passed reliability validity analysis cronbachs alpha 088 kmo 088 2df 149rmsea 004 independent sample ttest results showed female students higher academic performance male students p 0001 significant difference academic performance students single parent orphan families students normal families p 014 non urban areas urban areas p 067 results mediating effect analysis indicate sm exerts complete mediation association see ap mediating effect value 018 educational disparity urban rural areas china gradually narrowing support policies students impoverished families higher education institutions showing initial effectiveness conducive learning environment educational atmosphere students indirectly influence psychological state thus impacting academic performance university years