Mahbobeh Faramarzi, Soraya Khafri
A causal model of critical thinking in a sample of Iranian medical students: associations with self-esteem, hardiness, and positive affect
GMS journal for medical education
present study aimed identify dietary patterns determine relationship dietary patterns cognitive ability among 12 13 yearold malay adolescents urban areas gombak district selangor malaysia data sociodemographic background obtained parents height weight measured bmiforage determined adolescents interviewed habitual dietary intakes using semiquantitative ffq cognitive ability assessed using wechsler nonverbal scale ability onetoone manner dietary patterns constructed using principal component analysis based thirtyeight food groups semiquantitative ffq urban secondary public schools district gombak selangor malaysia malay adolescents aged 12 13 years n 416 mean general cognitive ability score 1018 sd 124 four major dietary patterns identified labelled refinedgrain pattern snackfood pattern plantbased food pattern highenergy food pattern dietary patterns explained 391 variance habitual dietary intakes adolescents refinedgrain pattern negatively associated processing speed construct general cognitive ability highenergy food pattern negatively associated general cognitive ability perceptual reasoning processing speed monthly household income parents educational attainment positively associated cognitive measures multivariate analysis highenergy food pattern found contribute significantly towards general cognitive ability controlling socioeconomic status consumption foods highenergy food pattern contributed towards general cognitive ability controlling socioeconomic status however contribution small