Yongguang Gao, Na Chen, Xiaoye Jiang, Xiaochun Yang
Application of α-bromination reaction on acetophenone derivatives in experimental teaching: a chemical innovation experiment engaging junior undergraduates
BMC chemistry
assessment medical education changed time measure evolving skills required current medical practice physical biophysical markers assessment attempt use technology gain insight medical trainees knowledge skills attitudes authors conducted scoping review map literature use physical biophysical markers assessment medical training authors searched seven databases 1 august 2022 publications utilized physical biophysical markers assessment medical trainees medical students residents fellows synonymous terms used countries physical biophysical markers included heart rate heart rate variability visual tracking attention pupillometry hand motion analysis skin conductivity salivary cortisol functional magnetic resonance imaging fmri functional nearinfrared spectroscopy fnirs authors mapped relevant literature using blooms taxonomy knowledge skills attitudes extracted additional data including study design study environment novice vs expert differentiation february june 2023 6069 unique articles 443 met inclusion criteria majority studies assessed trainees using heart rate variability n 160 36 followed visual attention n 143 32 hand motion analysis n 67 15 salivary cortisol n 67 15 fmri n 29 7 skin conductivity n 26 6 fnirs n 19 4 pupillometry n 16 4 majority studies n 167 38 analyzed nontechnical skills followed studies analyzed technical skills n 155 35 knowledge n 114 26 attitudinal skills n 61 14 169 studies 38 attempted use physical biophysical markers differentiate novice expert review provides comprehensive description current use physical biophysical markers medical education training including current technology skills assessed additionally physical biophysical markers potential augment current assessment medical education remains significant gaps research surrounding reliability validity cost practicality educational impact implementing markers assessment