Christopher Osterhaus, Susanne Koerber
The personal epistemology of parents predicts the development of scientific reasoning in children aged 6-10 years
Developmental science
study investigated prevalence low back pain lbp risk factors among elementaryschool students crosssectional study 693 elementary students hamadan city western iran selected multistage stratified cluster sampling data collected interviews using questionnaires posture psychosocial elements assessed using observational rapid upper limb assessment rula checklist standard strengths difficulties questionnaire respectively penalized logistic regression group smoothlyclipped absolute deviation regularization method used variable selection data analysis 005 chisquare test also used total 266 students 712 years old reported lbp last month older age odds ratio 308 95 confidence interval ci 180 526 watching tv 3 hours day 262 95 ci 146 468 short seat backrests 308 95 ci 161 590 excessively curved seat backrests 436 95 ci 208 913 short desks 344 95 ci 161 735 family history lbp 249 95 ci 158 391 carrying school bag one shoulder 191 95 ci 103 354 rula scores 3 226 95 ci 113 450 4 285 95 ci 137 591 associated lbp high prevalence lbp found among elementaryschool students study underscores importance recognizing vulnerable children teenagers developing interventional health promotion programs prevent lbp based appropriate consideration contributory factors