Linda S. Gottfredson
Skills gaps, not tests, make racial proportionality impossible.
University of Delaware
recent bans racial preferences states increased political pressure abandon cognitive testing raise rates minority hiring college admissions however general skills gaps tests major remaining impediment racial parity outcomes data size stability functional importance racial gaps cognitive skills show futility seeking racial parity without first closing skills gaps lowering mental standards blacks alone double standards races low common standards far enough produce blackwhite parity educational occupational outcomes would lead performance problems conspicuous severe force reversal effort achieve proportionality widespread reluctance acknowledge racial skills gaps serious national problem confronting energetically offers hope