Sarah R Fairfax, Shu Yang
Distributional imputation for the analysis of censored recurrent events
Statistics in medicine
frequent consumption excess amounts sugarsweetened beverages ssb risk factor obesity type 2 diabetes cardiovascular disease dental caries environmental interventions ie interventions alter physical social environment individuals make beverage choices advocated means reduce consumption ssb assess effects environmental interventions excluding taxation consumption sugarsweetened beverages sugarsweetened milk dietrelated anthropometric measures health outcomes reported unintended consequences adverse outcomes searched 11 general specialist regional databases inception 24 january 2018 also searched trial registers reference lists citations scanned websites relevant organisations contacted study authors included studies interventions implemented environmental level reporting effects direct indirect measures ssb intake dietrelated anthropometric measures health outcomes reported adverse outcome included randomised controlled trials rcts nonrandomised controlled trials nrcts controlled beforeafter cba interruptedtimeseries studies implemented realworld settings combined length intervention followup least 12 weeks least 20 individuals intervention control groups excluded studies participants administered ssb part clinical trials multicomponent interventions report ssbspecific outcome data excluded studies taxation ssb subject separate cochrane review two review authors independently screened studies inclusion extracted data assessed risks bias included studies classified interventions according nourishing framework synthesised results narratively conducted metaanalyses two outcomes relating two intervention types assessed confidence certainty effect estimates grade framework low low moderate high presented summary findings tables identified 14488 unique records assessed 1030 full text eligibility found 58 studies meeting inclusion criteria including 22 rcts 3 nrcts 14 cba studies 19 studies total 1180096 participants median length followup 10 months studies included children teenagers adults implemented variety settings including schools retailing food service establishments judged studies high unclear risk bias least one domain studies used nonrandomised designs studies examine broad range interventions present results separatelylabelling interventions 8 studies found moderatecertainty evidence trafficlight labelling associated decreasing sales ssbs lowcertainty evidence nutritional rating score labelling associated decreasing sales ssbs menuboard calorie labelling reported effects ssb sales variednutrition standards public institutions 16 studies found lowcertainty evidence reduced availability ssbs schools associated decreased ssb consumption found lowcertainty evidence improved availability drinking water schools school fruit programmes associated decreased ssb consumption reported associations improved availability drinking water schools student body weight variedeconomic tools 7 studies found moderatecertainty evidence price increases ssbs associated decreasing ssb sales price discounts lowcalorie beverages reported effects ssb sales variedwhole food supply interventions 3 studies reported associations voluntary industry initiatives improve whole food supply ssb sales variedretail food service interventions 7 studies found lowcertainty evidence healthier default beverages childrens menus chain restaurants associated decreasing ssb sales moderatecertainty evidence instore promotion healthier beverages supermarkets associated decreasing ssb sales found lowcertainty evidence urban planning restrictions new fastfood restaurants restrictions number stores selling ssbs remote communities associated decreasing ssb sales reported associations promotion healthier beverages vending machines ssb intake sales variedintersectoral approaches 8 studies found moderatecertainty evidence government food benefit programmes restrictions purchasing ssbs associated decreased ssb intake unrestricted food benefit programmes reported effects varied found moderatecertainty evidence multicomponent community campaigns focused ssbs associated decreasing ssb sales reported associations trade investment liberalisation ssb sales variedhomebased interventions 7 studies found moderatecertainty evidence improved availability lowcalorie beverages home environment associated decreased ssb intake highcertainty evidence associated decreased body weight among adolescents overweight obesity high baseline consumption ssbsadverse outcomes reported studies may occur circumstances included negative effects revenue compensatory ssb consumption outside school availability ssbs schools reduced reduced milk intake stakeholder discontent increased total energy content grocery purchases price discounts lowcalorie beverages among others certainty evidence adverse outcomes low low outcomeswe analysed interventions targeting sugarsweetened milk separately found low moderatecertainty evidence emoticon labelling small prizes selection healthier beverages elementary school cafeterias associated decreased consumption sugarsweetened milk found lowcertainty evidence improved placement plain milk school cafeterias associated decreasing sugarsweetened milk consumption evidence included review indicates effective scalable interventions addressing ssb consumption population level exist implementation accompanied highquality evaluations using appropriate study designs particular focus longterm effects approaches suitable largescale implementation