Mohammad Reza Farzanegan
Illegal trade in the Iranian economy: Evidence from a structural model
study investigates causes consequences import export smuggling estimates relative size iran 1970 2002 multiple indicatorsmultiple causes mimic modeling trade misinvoicing used compute latent variable smuggling results indicate penalty rate smuggling quality economic political institutions reduce smuggling tariffs black market premia increase incentives illegal trade trade openness associated greater illegal trade case iran average smuggling iran approximately 13 total trade