David Birdsong
Plasticity, Variability and Age in Second Language Acquisition and Bilingualism
The University of Texas at Austin
much known outcome second language acquisition bilingualism summarized terms interindividual variability plasticity age present review looks variability plasticity respect underlying sources age modulating factor variability plasticity context consider critical period effects vs bilingualism effects early late bilingualism nativelike nonnativelike l2 attainment cognitive aging individual differences learning linguistic dominance bilingualism nonuniformity inherent characteristic early late bilingualism review shows plasticity age connect biological experiential sources variability underscores value research reveals explains variability ways review suggests plasticity variability age conspire frame fundamental research issues l2 acquisition bilingualism provides points reference discussion present frontiers psychology research topic