Heidrun Stoeger, Tobias Debatin, Michael Heilemann, Sigrun Schirner, Albert Ziegler
Online mentoring for girls in secondary education to increase participation rates of women in STEM: A long-term follow-up study on later university major and career choices
Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
empathy characterize health care professions despite advancement medical technology healing relationship physicians patients remains essential quality care propose physicians consider empathy emotional labor ie management experienced displayed emotions present certain image since publication hochschilds managed heart 1983 researchers management organization behavior studying emotional labor service workers flight attendants bill collectors article focus physicians professionals expected empathic caregivers engage emotional labor deep acting ie generating empathyconsistent emotional cognitive reactions empathic interactions patient similar methodacting tradition used stage screen actors surface acting ie forging empathic behaviors toward patient absent consistent emotional cognitive reactions although deep acting preferred physicians may rely surface acting immediate emotional cognitive understanding patients impossible overall contend physicians effective healersand enjoy professional satisfactionwhen engage process empathy urge physicians first recognize work element emotional labor second consciously practice deep surface acting empathize patients medical students residents benefit longterm regular training includes conscious efforts develop empathic abilities valuable physicians patients facing increasingly fragmented technological world modern medicine