Katharine Zuckerman, Olivia Jasmine Lindly, Alison Elizabeth Chavez
Timeliness of Autism Spectrum Disorder Diagnosis and Use of Services Among U.S. Elementary School-Aged Children
Psychiatric services (Washington, D.C.)
reduce health inequities important identify intersections characteristics individuals subject privilege disadvantage different proposals recently published one approach 1 considers models specified first secondorder effects another 2 stratification based multiple covariates categorize continuous covariates simulation study conducted order review methods regard identification intersections showing true differences rate falsepositive results generalizability independent data compared established approach 3 backward variable elimination according bayesian information criterion bebic combined splines r software used simulate covariates age sex body mass index education diabetes examine association continuous frailty score osteoporosis using multiple linear regression setting 1 none covariates associated frailty score noise present data setting 2 covariates age sex interaction associated frailty score females 55 years formed intersection associated increased frailty score approaches compared varying sample sizes n 2003000 signaltonoise ratios snrs 054 1000 replications model evaluation bootstrap resampling used models fitted internal learning data used predict outcomes internal validation data mean squared error mse used comparison frequency falsepositive findings calculated setting 1 approaches 1 2 generated spurious effects 90 simulations across sample sizes smaller sample size approach 3 bebic selected 365 correct model larger sample size 898 always lower number spurious effects mse independent data generally higher approaches 1 2 compared 3 setting 2 approach 1 selected frequently correct interaction frequently showed spurious effects 75 across sample sizes snr approach 3 generated least often spurious results lowest mse independent data categorization continuous covariates detrimental studies intersectionality due high unrestricted model complexity approaches prone spurious effects often lack interpretability approach 3 bebic considerably robust spurious findings showed better generalizability independent data used statistical software intersectionality research consider important describe relevant differences intersections avoid nonreproducible spurious findings