Christine M. Freitag|Luis Augusto Rohde|Thomas Lempp|Marcel Romanos
Phenotypic and measurement influences on heritability estimates in childhood ADHD
Goethe University Frankfurt|Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre|Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul|Goethe University Frankfurt|Universitätsklinikum Würzburg
twin studies described strongly heritable component attentiondeficithyperactivity disorder adhd children adolescents however findings varied considerably studies addition adhd presents high rate comorbid disorders associated psychopathology therefore literature review reports findings populationbased twin studies regarding influence subtypes assessment instruments rater effects sex differences comorbidity rates adhd heritability estimates addition genetic effects persistence adhd discussed reviewing relevant factors influencing heritability estimates homogeneous subtypes relevant molecular genetic studies elicited systematic search populationbased twin studies adhd performed using databases pubmed psycinfo results family studies added case insufficient contradictory findings obtained twin studies heritability estimates strongly influenced rater effects assessment instruments inattentive hyperactiveimpulsive symptoms likely influenced common well specific genetic risk factors besides persistent adhd adhd accompanied symptoms conduct antisocial personality disorder might another strongly genetically determined subtype however family environmental risk factors also established pattern comorbidity