Hersh Attal, Zhilian Huang, Win Sen Kuan, Yanyi Weng, Hann Yee Tan, Eillyne Seow, Li Lee Peng, Hoon Chin Lim, Angela Chow
N-of-1 Trials of Antimicrobial Stewardship Interventions to Optimize Antibiotic Prescribing for Upper Respiratory Tract Infection in Emergency Departments: Protocol for a Quasi-Experimental Study
JMIR research protocols
sugarsweetened beverages ssb considered risk factor obesity objective current study investigate associations predictors beverage energy intakes mean adequacy ratios mars outcome body mass index bmi z scores birth cohort using longitudinal models longitudinal analysis secondary data participants iowa fluoride iowa bone development studies two beverage intake questionnaires completed ages 2 47 years 5 85 years one questionnaire ages 9 105 11 125 13 145 15 17 years n720 two food beverage diaries completed ages 2 47 years 5 85 years completion blocks kids food frequency questionnaires age 11 13 15 17 years n623 anthropometric measures corresponding age 5 9 11 13 15 17year examinations mean daily 100 juice milk ssb watersugarfree beverage energy intakes mars averaged ages 2 47 5 85 9 105 11 125 13 145 15 17 years predictors bmi z score outcome linear mixed models fit beverage energy mar variable beverage energy mar variable predictor bmi z score outcome beverage models adjusted energy mar baseline socioeconomic status ssb intake adjusted energy intake mar baseline socioeconomic status associated bmi z score additional 8 oz ssb consumedday throughout childhood adolescence increased bmi z score average 0050 units 95 ci 0022 0079 p0001 adjusted watersugarfree beverage intake 0026 units 95 ci 0006 0046 p0013 modestly associated bmi z score 100 juice 0001 units 95 ci 0059 0057 p097 milk 0022 units 95 ci 0007 0052 p013 intakes associated bmi z scores higher ssb intakes associated increased bmi z scores throughout childhood adolescence iowa fluoride study participants public health initiatives targeting ssb consumption childhood adolescence remain relevant