Steven Brooke|Neil Ketchley
Social and Institutional Origins of Political Islam
University of Louisville Hospital|University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill|The King's College
conditions first islamist movements organize social institutional contexts facilitated mobilization sizable literature points social demographic changes western encroachment muslim societies availability state economic infrastructure test hypotheses match listing muslim brotherhood branches founded interwar egypt contemporaneous census data 4000 subdistricts multilevel analysis shows muslim brotherhood branches likely subdistricts connected railway literacy higher branches less likely districts large european populations state administration extensive qualitative evidence also points railway key movements propagation findings challenge orthodoxy contact muslims west spurred growth organized political islam instead highlight critical role economic state infrastructure patterning early contexts islamist activism