Sixto González-Víllora, Manuel Jacob Sierra-Díaz, Juan Carlos Pastor-Vicedo, Onofre Ricardo Contreras-Jordán
The Way to Increase the Motor and Sport Competence Among Children: The Contextualized Sport Alphabetization Model
Frontiers in physiology
study examined phonological sensitivity 238 children middle upperincome families 118 children lowerincome families across different levels linguistic complexity children ranged age 2 5 years overall results indicated children increased age phonological sensitivity increased absolute terms became stable significant social class differences growth phonological sensitivity also obtained phonological sensitivity different levels linguistic complexity eg syllables phonemes substantially interrelated age predicted word reading ability older children independently language skills letter knowledge results indicate phonological sensitivity assessed young preschool children lower levels phonological sensitivity may serve developmental precursors higher levels phonological sensitivity development phonological processing important precursor acquisition early reading skills eg adams 1990 wagner torgesen 1987 phonological processing refers use phonological information ie sounds ones language processing written oral language growing body research indicates individual differences one form phonological processing phonological sensitivity causally related normal acquisition beginning reading eg bryant maclean bradley crossland 1990 wagner torgesen 1987 wagner torgesen rashotte 1994 children better detecting manipulating syllables rhymes phonemes quicker learn read relation present even variability reading skill due factors iq receptive vocabulary memory skills social class partialed bryant et al 1990 wagner torgesen 1987 wagner et al 1994 majority evidence linking phonological sensitivity prereaders development reading come studies assessed childrens phonological sensitivity point school entry prior formal reading instruction example share jorm maclean mathews 1984 found childrens phonological sensitivity measured beginning kindergarten phoneme segmentation task single best predictor