Christophe Z. Guilmoto|Nandita Saikia|Vandana Tamrakar|Jayanta Kumar Bora
Excess under-5 female mortality across India: a spatial analysis using 2011 census data
Population and Development Center|Inserm|Institut de Recherche pour le Développement|Université Paris Cité|Jawaharlal Nehru University|International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis|Jawaharlal Nehru University|Indian Institute of Dalit Studies|Vienna University of Economics and Business
excess female mortality causes half missing women estimated deficit women countries suspiciously low proportion females population today globally avoidable deaths women occur childhood china india aimed estimate excess female under5 mortality rate u5mr indias 35 states union territories 640 districtsusing summary birth history method brass method derived districtlevel estimates u5mr sex 2011 census data used data 46 countries evidence gender bias mortality estimate effects intensity excess female mortality district level used detailed spatial statistical analysis highlight correlates excess mortality district levelexcess female u5mr 185 per 1000 livebirths 95 ci 131226 india 20002005 corresponds estimated 239 000 excess deaths 169 000293 000 per year 90 districts excess female mortality four largest states northern india uttar pradesh bihar rajasthan madhya pradesh accounted twothirds indias total number low economic development gender inequity high fertility main predictors excess female mortality spatial analysis confirmed strong spatial clustering postnatal discrimination girls indiathe considerable effect gender bias mortality india highlights need proactive engagement issue postnatal sex discrimination focus northern districts notably regions affected skewed sex ratio birthnone