Kamal K Verma
Understanding and Managing Cognitive Distortions in Individuals With Schizophrenia
Cureus
framework relating degree bilingualism aspects linguistic awareness presented metalinguistic tasks described terms demands analysis knowledge control processing two studies reported children differing level bilingualism given metalinguistic problems solve made demands either analysis control hypotheses bilingual children would perform better monolingual children metalinguistic tasks requiring high levels control processing fully bilingual children would perform better partially bilingual children tasks requiring high levels analysis knowledge results largely consistent predictions findings discussed terms implications bilingualism cognitive linguistic development research investigating effects bilingualism variety academic linguistic intellectual achievements traditionally led conflicting results many early studies warned disastrous effects bilingualism cognitive development see darcy 1963 review later found lack proper controls undermining interpretation findings later work revealed promising intellectual prognosis bilingual children peal lambert 1962 example showed careful selection subjects bilingual population could produce evidence bilingual superiority intelligence tests relation bilingualism intelligence depended factors social class degree language proficiency type bilingualism cummins 1976 similar debate surrounds examination relation bilingualism linguistic awareness evidence facilitating effect ben zeev 1977 cummins 1978iancoworrall 1972 inhibiting effect palmer 1972 effect rosenblum pinker 1983 bilingualism reported investigators found effects directions studying different samples bilingual children ben zeev 1977 cummins 1978 early research intellectual effects bilingualism failed account relevant factors problem requires consideration wider range issues reconcile diverse findings detailed examination two factors bilingualism linguistic awareness required claim proposed study relation bilingualism linguistic awareness must stated terms degree type bilingualism well degree type linguistic awareness