Stephen V. Cameron|James J. Heckman
The Nonequivalence of High School Equivalents
article analyzes causes consequences growing proportion highschoolcertified persons achieve status exam certification rather high school graduation examcertified high school equivalents statistically indistinguishable high school dropouts whatever differences found among examcertified equivalents high school dropouts high school graduates accounted years schooling completed cheap substitute schooling payoff exam certification arises value opening postsecondary schooling training opportunities completion rates examcertified graduates much lower activities ordinary graduates