Tomoki Kawahara, Satomi Kato Doi, Aya Isumi, Yusuke Matsuyama, Yukako Tani, Takeo Fujiwara
Impact of COVID-19 pandemic on children overweight in Japan in 2020
Pediatric obesity
persistent viscous middle ear effusion pediatric otitis media om contributes increased likelihood anesthesia surgery conductive hearing loss subsequent developmental delays biomarkers effusion viscosity hearing loss yet identified despite potential markers hold targeted therapy screening investigate association gelforming mucins aquaporin 5 aqp5 gene expression inflammation effusion viscosity hearing loss pediatric om effusion ome casecontrol study 31 pediatric patients aged 6 months 12 years ome undergoing tympanostomy tube placement control individuals aged 1 10 years undergoing surgery cochlear implantation february 1 2013 november 30 2014 1 episodes om previous 12 months immunologic abnormality anatomical physiologic ear defect omassociated syndrome ie syndrome cleft palate chronic mastoiditis history cholesteatoma excluded study patients ome 1 control recruited childrens hospital wisconsin milwaukee remainder controls recruited sick kids hospital toronto ontario canada two 3 middle ear biopsy specimens effusions preoperative audiometric data obtained 3 weeks surgery collected patients biopsy specimens collected controls expression mucin 2 muc2 mucin 5ac muc5ac mucin 5b muc5b aqp5 genes assayed middle ear biopsy specimens quantitative polymerase chain reaction one middle ear biopsy specimen sectioned histopathologic analysis reduced specific viscosity effusions assayed using rheometry 31 study participants 24 patients ome mean sd age 504 319 months 15 625 male 16 667 white 7 acted controls mean sd age 326 244 months 2 266 male 6 857 white mucins aqp5 gene expression significantly higher patients ome relative controls muc2 ratio 1276 95 ci 3374827 muc5ac ratio 37488 95 ci 558125 1784 muc5b ratio 4711 95 ci 130716974 aqp5 ratio 24 95 ci 1156 2fold increase muc5b correlated increased hearing loss airbone gap 745 db 95 ci 2651224 db sound field 666 db 95 ci 663669 db effusion viscosity 275 mlmg 95 ci 089462 mlmg middle ear epithelial thickness 35 95 ci 196513 neutrophil infiltration odds ratio 17 95 ci 107272 2fold increase aqp5 correlated increased effusion viscosity 194 mlmg 95 ci 008380 mlmg exploration role muc5b pathophysiology ome holds promise development novel targeted therapies reduce effusion viscosity facilitation effusion clearance prevention disease chronicity hearing loss patients ome