Ran Abramitzky|Leah Platt Boustan|Katherine Eriksson
Europe's Tired, Poor, Huddled Masses: Self-Selection and Economic Outcomes in the Age of Mass Migration
Stanford University|University of California, Los Angeles|University of California, Los Angeles
age mass migration 18501913 one largest migration episodes history united states maintained nearly open border allowing study migrant decisions unhindered entry restrictions estimate return migration accounting migrant selection comparing norwaytous migrants brothers stayed norway late nineteenth century also compare fathers migrants nonmigrants wealth occupation find return migration relatively low 70 percent migrants urban areas negatively selected sending population jel j11 j61 n31 n33