Philip John M Joves, Melgar O Matulac, Rodolfo S Pagcatipunan
Barriers to Antiretroviral Medication Adherence in People Living with HIV (PLHIV) at the Time of the COVID-19 Pandemic in the Philippines
Tropical medicine and infectious disease
purpose study identify factors predictive successful english language outcomes adolescents received cochlear implant ci 2 5 yrs age 112 participants part previous study examining english language outcomes age 8 9 yrs cis participants given battery language verbal reasoning tests preferred communication mode along measures working memory digit span verbal rehearsal speed sentence repetition duration degree students language performance enhanced sign added spoken language estimated test sessions multiple linear regression analyses used document factors contributing overall language outcomes substantial proportion adolescents obtained test scores within 1sd compared hearing agemates tests normative samples 71 verbal intelligence test 68 measure language content 71 receptive vocabulary 74 expressive vocabulary improvement verbal intelligence scores 8yr interval exceeded expectation based agemates tests normative sample better english language outcomes associated shorter duration deafness cochlear implantation higher nonverbal intelligence higher family socioeconomic status longer digit spans faster verbal rehearsal speed measured sentence repetition rate students whose current receptive vocabulary scores enhanced addition signs also exhibited higher english language scores without sign enhancement however sign enhancement demonstrated elementary school years predictive later highschool language skills results study support provision cis children youngest age possible addition highlights substantial role cognition plays later language outcomes although students use sign enhance language skills elementary years appear negative impact later language skills students continue rely sign improve vocabulary comprehension high school typically exhibit poorer english language outcomes students whose spoken language comprehension parallels exceeds comprehension speech sign overall language results obtained teenagers 10 yrs ci experience reflect substantial improvement verbal skills exhibited adolescents similar levels hearing loss advent cis optimistic results observed teenagers among first united states canada receive ci anticipate use improved technology initiated even younger ages lead ageappropriate language levels even larger proportion children cis