Berhanu Belay, Adane Abebaw
Genetic algorithmic based approach for multiple-objective probabilistic fractional programming problem involving discrete random variables
PloS one
lyme disease common vectorborne disease united states impacting northeast midwest highest rates recently become established southeastern southcentral regions canada regions lyme disease caused borrelia burgdorferi transmitted humans infected ixodes scapularis tick understanding parasitehost interaction critical whitefooted mouse one competent reservoir b burgdorferi cycle infection driven tick larvae feeding infected mice molt infected nymphs transmit disease another susceptible host mice humans lyme disease humans generally caused bite infected nymph main aim investigation study diapause delays demographic seasonal variability tick births deaths feedings impact infection dynamics tickmouse cycle model tickmouse dynamics fixed diapause delays realistic erlang distributed delays delay ordinary differential equations odes account demographic seasonal variability odes generalized continuoustime markov chain ctmc basic reproduction number parameter sensitivity analysis computed odes ctmc used investigate probability lyme disease emergence ticks mice introduced infected probability disease emergence highly dependent time infected species introduced infected mice introduced summer season result highest probability disease emergence