Barbara Jane Cunningham, Steven E Hanna, Bruce Oddson, Nancy Thomas-Stonell, Peter Rosenbaum
A population-based study of communicative participation in preschool children with speech-language impairments
Developmental medicine and child neurology
present study investigates foreign language enjoyment fle foreign language classroom anxiety flca classroom participants 1746 current fl learners around world used measure fle based likert scale ratings 21 items dewaele amp macintyre 2014 measure flca based 8 items extracted flcas horwitz horwitz amp cope 1986 statistical analyses revealed levels fle significantly higher flca fle flca linked number independent variables participants perception relative level proficiency within fl classroom number languages known education level number fls study age group general level fl ranging lowerintermediate advanced female participants reported fle flca cultural background participants also significant effect scores participants views episodes enjoyment fl class revealed importance teachers professional emotional skills supportive peer group many participants mentioned moment realised long effort mastering aspect fl paid