Sari Sulkunen|Kari Nissinen|Antero Malin
The role of informal learning in adults’ literacy proficiency
University of Jyväskylä|University of Jyväskylä|University of Jyväskylä
study used piaac dataset compare effects informal literacy learning adults literacy proficiency formal nonformal learning study participants nordic adults aged 3565 years statistical method regression analysis results indicate informal literacy learning significant effect nordic adults literacy proficiency nonformal adult education clearly smaller effect formal adult education seemed negative effect background factors controlled informal learning particularly reading outside work significant effect independent adults backgrounds indicating offers also lesseducated unemployed adults opportunity develop literacy proficiency