Amjad Naveed, Aziza Zhuparova, Muhammad Ashfaq, Abdul Rauf
The effect of average scores in reading, mathematics and science on innovation and income: A quantitative analysis for a group of countries
Heliyon
efforts distribute naloxone equipped people ability reverse opioid overdoses people use drugs often reluctant call 911 due concerns legal repercussions rural communities face unique challenges reducing overdose deaths compared urban communities including limited access harm reduction services well greater concerns stigma privacy rural opioid initiative funded 2017 better understand healthrelated harms associated opioid crisis rural us communities consists eight studies spanning ten states 65 counties study conducted semistructured qualitative interviews people use drugs understand contextual factors influencing drug use health behaviors analyzed qualitative data seven studies data available time analysis understand peer response overdose 304 participants interviewed 55 men 70 white 80 reported current injection drug use 60 reported methamphetamine use similar found studies focused urban settings people use drugs rural communities use range strategies reverse overdoses including nonevidencebased approaches several reported multiple doses naloxone needed reverse overdose three themes emerged around willingness call 911 including 1 hesitancy call 911 fear legal consequences 2 negative perceptions experiences law enforcement officers 3 efforts obtain medical intervention avoiding identificationlaw enforcement involvement people use drugs employ multiple strategies attempt overdose reversal including nonevidencebased approaches greater education effective least harmful strategies needed reluctance call 911 rooted concerns potential legal consequences well perceptions law enforcement officers may heightened rural communities people use drugs easily identified law enforcement people use drugs go great strides connect peers needed medical services suggesting comprehensive interventions reduce interactions law enforcement officers eliminate legal consequences reporting overdoses critical