Alanna M Chamberlain, Erinn M Hade, Irina V Haller, Benjamin D Horne, Catherine P Benziger, Brent C Lampert, Kismet D Rasmusson, Kimberly Boddicker, Sheila M Manemann, Véronique L Roger
A large, multi-center survey assessing health, social support, literacy, and self-management resources in patients with heart failure
BMC public health
although student engagement intellectual work school important students achievement social cognitive development studies span two decades documented low levels engagement particularly classroom examining several theoretical perspectives attempt explain engagement comprehensive frameworks study evaluates effect engagement school reform initiatives consistent theories study also investigates whether patterns exist students engagement whether patterns consistent across grade levels whether class subject matter mathematics social studies differentially affects engagement sample includes 3 669 students representing 143 social studies mathematics classrooms nationally selected sample 24 restructuring elementary middle high schools nature nested data students nested within classrooms nested within schools analysis conducted using hierarchical linear modeling threelevel application hlm3l reform initiatives consistent theories eliminate personal background effects together classroom subject matter substantially influence engagement results generally consistent across grade levels