R Shanmuga Priya, K Vani
Vegetation change detection and recovery assessment based on post-fire satellite imagery using deep learning
Scientific reports
uncertainty extent even existence sex differences mean variability reasoning test scores jensen 1998 lynn 1994 mackintosh 1996 paper analyses cognitive abilities test cat scores large representative sample uk pupils determine extent sex differences nationally representative uk sample 320000 school pupils aged 1112 years assessed cat third edition september 2001 august 2003 cat includes separate nationally standardized tests verbal quantitative nonverbal reasoning size recency sample unprecedented research issue sheer size sample ensures sex difference achieve statistical significance therefore effect sizes variance ratios vr employed evaluate magnitude sex differences mean scores score variability respectively mean verbal reasoning score girls 22 standard score points higher mean boys 03 standard points favour girls nonverbal reasoning nvr 07 points favour boys quantitative reasoning qr however three tests substantial sex differences standard deviation scores greater variance among boys boys represented relative girls top bottom extremes tests exception top 10 verbal reasoning given small differences means explanations sex differences wider domains examination attainment age 16 need look beyond conceptions ability boys tend lowest highest performers terms reasoning abilities warns danger stereotyping boys low achievers