Arif Hanafi Bin Jalal, Despoina Chatzopoulou, Hani J Marcus, Anand S Pandit
Aids to improve understanding of statistical risk in patients consenting for surgery and interventional procedures: A systematic review
World journal of surgery
2019 report quantified higher percentage potentially excess preventable deaths us nonmetropolitan areas compared metropolitan areas 20102017 report cdc compared national regional state estimates preventable premature deaths five leading causes death nonmetropolitan metropolitan counties 20102017 report provides estimates preventable premature deaths additional years 20102022 20102022 mortality data us residents national vital statistics system used calculate preventable premature deaths five leading causes death among persons aged 80 years cdcs national center health statistics urbanrural classification scheme counties used categorize deaths according urbanrural county classification level decedents county residence 1 large central metropolitan urban 2 large fringe metropolitan 3 medium metropolitan 4 small metropolitan 5 micropolitan 6 noncore rural preventable premature deaths defined deaths among persons aged 80 years exceeded number expected death rates cause states equivalent benchmark states ie three states lowest rates preventable premature deaths calculated separately six urbanrural county categories nationally 10 us department health human services public health regions 50 states district columbia 20102022 percentage preventable premature deaths among persons aged 80 years united states increased unintentional injury eg unintentional poisoning including drug overdose unintentional motor vehicle traffic crash unintentional drowning unintentional fall stroke decreased cancer chronic lower respiratory disease clrd remained stable heart disease percentages preventable premature deaths five leading causes death higher rural counties years 20102022 assessed six urbanrural county classifications percentages preventable premature deaths rural counties noncore consistently higher urban counties large central metropolitan fringe metropolitan five leading causes death study periodduring 20102022 preventable premature deaths heart disease increased noncore 95 micropolitan counties 91 decreased large central metropolitan counties 102 preventable premature deaths cancer decreased county categories largest decreases large central metropolitan large fringe metropolitan counties 1000 benchmark achieved county categories 2019 county categories preventable premature deaths unintentional injury increased largest increases occurring large central metropolitan 1475 large fringe metropolitan 975 counties preventable premature deaths clrd decreased large central metropolitan counties benchmark achieved 2019 increased slightly noncore counties 08 county categories preventable premature deaths stroke decreased 2010 2013 remained constant 2013 2019 increased 2020 start covid19 pandemic percentages preventable premature deaths varied across states urbanrural county classification 20102022 20102022 nonmetropolitan counties higher percentages preventable premature deaths five leading causes death metropolitan counties nationwide across public health regions states gap rural urban counties preventable premature deaths increased 20102022 four causes death cancer heart disease clrd stroke decreased unintentional injury urban suburban counties large central metropolitan large fringe metropolitan medium metropolitan small metropolitan experienced increases preventable premature deaths unintentional injury 20102022 leading narrower gap already high approximately 69 2022 percentage preventable premature deaths noncore micropolitan counties sharp increases preventable premature deaths unintentional injury heart disease stroke observed 2020 whereas preventable premature deaths clrd cancer continued decline clrd deaths decreased 20172020 increased 2022 increase percentage preventable premature deaths multiple leading causes death observed 2020 likely associated covid19related conditions contributed increased mortality heart disease stroke routine tracking preventable premature deaths based urbanrural county classification might enable public health departments identify monitor geographic disparities health outcomes disparities might related different levels access health care social determinants health risk factors identifying areas high prevalence potentially preventable mortality might informative interventions