Magnus Lindwall|Vassilis Barkoukis|Caterina Grano|Fabio Lucidi|Lennart Raudsepp|Jarmo Liukkonen|Cecilie Thøgersen?Ntoumani
Method Effects: The Problem With Negatively Versus Positively Keyed Items
University of Gothenburg|Aristotle University of Thessaloniki|Sapienza University of Rome|Sapienza University of Rome|University of Tartu|University of Jyväskylä|University of Birmingham
abstract using confirmatory factor analyses examined method effects rosenbergs selfesteem scale rses rosenberg 1965 sample older european adults nine hundred forty nine communitydwelling adults 60 years age older 5 european countries completed rses well measures depression life satisfaction 2 models acceptable fit data included method effects method effects associated positively negatively worded items method effects models invariant across gender age across countries depression life satisfaction predicted method effects individuals higher depression scores lower life satisfaction scores likely endorse negatively phrased items notes significant differences across countries terms age f4 933 652 p 001 participants united kingdom oldest 7561 sd 771 participants italy youngest 7248 sd 771 also differences terms gender distribution across countries 24 n 949 6477 p 001 larger proportion women british finnish samples 75 compared swedish 65 italian 60 greek 42 samples moreover also differences terms highest level education 28 n 932 28799 p 001 largest proportion uk sample reported tertiary education highest level education swedish finnish samples however largest proportion reported secondary education italian greek samples participants reported primary education highest level finally significant differences selfesteem scores across countries f4 933 652 p 001 british sample reported significantly ps 05 higher selfesteem scores 255 sd 22 italian 248 sd 26 swedish 246 sd 26 finnish 230 sd 25 greek 225 sd 28 samples greek finnish samples reported significantly ps 001 lower scores countries found model 5 empirically underidentified hence similar procedure previous studies eg tomas oliver citation1999 constrained correlated uniqueness errors items 3 8 0 correlation nonsignificant complete results invariance analyses available first author request swedish sample included 47 participants choose use sample invariance analyses across countries thus invariance analyses across countries included four samples finland italy greece united kingdom