Huan?Keat Chan|Mohamed Azmi Hassali|Ching Jou Lim|Fahad Saleem|Wenlong Tan
Using pictograms to assist caregivers in liquid medication administration: a systematic review
Hospital Sultanah Bahiyah|Universiti Sains Malaysia|Universiti Sains Malaysia|Universiti Sains Malaysia|Hospital Sultanah Bahiyah
known objective reported 80 outofhospital medication errors among young children involve liquid formulations usefulness pictorial aids improve communication medication instructions extensively investigated child health objective study determine effectiveness pictorial aids used assist caregivers administration liquid medications methods medline cinahl psycinfo sciencedirect scopus cochrane library searched articles published february 2015 studies used pictorial aids liquid medications measured least one following outcomes included dosing accuracy comprehension medication instructions recall information adherence caregivers two authors independently selected studies extracted data assessed methodological quality studies using cochrane collaborations tool results discussion five experimental studies four hospital based one community based total 962 participants included wide range liquid formulations studied including prescription overthecounter medications existing findings suggest pictographic interventions reduced dosing errors enhanced comprehension recall medication instructions improved adherence caregivers incorporating pictorial aids verbal medication counselling textbased instructions beneficial using single approach alone mixed results identified relationship health literacy caregivers effectiveness pictorial aids new conclusion evidence remains limited due small number studies found variations methodological quality review suggests pictorial aids might potential interventions highquality studies needed support routine use pictogrambased materials liquid medications clinical settings