Megan K Beckett, Denise D Quigley, Christopher W Cohea, William G Lehrman, Chelsea Russ, Laura A Giordano, Elizabeth Goldstein, Marc N Elliott
Trends in HCAHPS Survey Scores, 2008-2019: A Quality Improvement Perspective
Medical care
nicotine dependence significant public health issue understanding factors associated nicotine dependence population crucial developing effective interventions study examined association family functioning nicotine dependence levels smoking fathers based mcmaster model family functioning mmff providing evidence future interventions study selected fathers first fifthgrade students 10 pilot elementary schools qingdao whose families smoked used fagerstrom test assess nicotine dependence family assessment device evaluate family functioning performed univariate analysis compare differences among different levels nicotine dependence used ordinal logistic regression analysis investigate influences related nicotine dependence study included 874 smokers 785 mild nicotine dependence 117 moderate dependence 984 severe dependence univariate analysis showed smokers severe dependence lower education levels higher prevalence chronic diseases frequent alcohol consumption poorer family functioning compared mild moderate dependence ordinal logistic regression analysis showed poorer general functioning scores 1087 95 ci 10081173 p 0030 poorer behavioral control 1124 95 ci 10261232 p 0012 quit attempts frequent alcohol consumption longer smoking duration may associated higher likelihood developing severe nicotine dependence older age starting smoking higher education level may associated lower likelihood developing severe nicotine dependence however important note crosssectional nature study precludes determination causal relationships study finds heavy nicotine dependence smoking fathers associated risky behaviors demographics longer smoking duration frequent alcohol consumption targeted smoking cessation interventions crucial group taking specific factors consideration family functioning particularly general functioning behavioral control may also linked nicotine dependence indicating need research area