Jonathan T Macy, Kyle Kercher, Jesse A Steinfeldt, Keisuke Kawata
Fewer US Adolescents Playing Football and Public Health: A Review of Measures to Improve Safety and an Analysis of Gaps in the Literature
Public health reports (Washington, D.C. : 1974)
professional helpers working adverse circumstances risk developing psychosocial stress signs primary secondary trauma eg anxiety hyperarousal used modelling investigate whether extent personal resources ie posttraumatic growth sense coherence wellbeing palestinian helpers affected experience psychological distress trauma symptoms eligible participants professional healthcare providers working gaza west bank occupied palestinian territory june october 2018 used following quantitative measures well index who5 general health questionnaire ghq12 impact event scale ies13 sense coherence scale soc3 posttraumatic growth index ptgi10 data analysed multivariate structural equation modelling latent empirical indicators test fit constructs empirical data model specified evaluate whether extent mental resources may interpreted set protective factors mitigating risk factors study approved ethics board university milanobicocca milan italy written consent obtained participants 181 participants enrolled ranging age 18 65 years mean 311 sd 87 135 75 men mean ghq12 score 177 sd 75 revealing medium high degree psychological trauma 60 33 participants reported low mood although necessarily depression who5 structural model showed excellent fit 2 24 318 p0132 root mean square error approximation 0043 90 ci 00190077 stronger personal resources associated lower levels psychological distress 025 p001 trauma 016 p001 personal resources especially associated reduced levels anxiety 023 p001 intrusion symptoms 022 p001 integrated model showed despite heavy psychological burden perceptions posttraumatic growth coherence wellbeing associated reduced psychological distress targeted training healthcare providers focused selfawareness personal skills survival resources could improve psychological health study limited crosssectional research design outcomes structural model read terms probabilistic associations rather causeeffect relationships second limitation concerns kind data collected research instruments yielded selfreported quantitative scores meaning standardised weights model could potentially artifact common method variance ie attributable measurement method rather constructs none