Merel van Witteloostuijn|Paul Boersma|Frank Wijnen|Judith Rispens
Visual artificial grammar learning in dyslexia: A meta-analysis
University of Amsterdam|University of Amsterdam|Utrecht University|University of Amsterdam
literacy impairments dyslexia hypothesized partly due implicit learning deficit however studies implicit visual artificial grammar learning agl often yielded null results aim study weigh evidence collected thus far performing metaanalysis studies implicit visual agl dyslexia thirteen studies selected systematic literature search representing data 255 participants dyslexia 292 control participants mean age range 85368 years old 13 selected studies constitute random sample individuals dyslexia perform worse average nondyslexic individuals average weighted effect size 046 95 ci 014 077 p 0008 larger effect children adults p 0041 average weighted effect sizes 071 sig versus 016 nonsig however presence publication bias indicates existence missing studies may well null effect studies investigation demonstrate implicit visual agl impaired dyslexia children adults adults detected publication bias suggests effect might fact zero