Siegmund Lang, Jacopo Vitale, Tamás F Fekete, Daniel Haschtmann, Raluca Reitmeir, Mario Ropelato, Jani Puhakka, Fabio Galbusera, Markus Loibl
Are large language models valid tools for patient information on lumbar disc herniation? The spine surgeons' perspective
Brain & spine
demographic ageing yields many societal consequences depend strongly health status population special indicators developed tracking assessing population health referred overarching term healthy life expectancy hle derivation hle intuitive easily comprehensible however overly simplistic interpretation hides extreme complexity inherent adding health dimension life table makes hle compared classic life expectancy le extremely sensitive certain conceptual methodological features article presented detail three aspects underlying definition health choice survey data basis estimating health status reporting behavior survey participants shown impact hle enormous leading considerable bias interpretation levels trends also analysis differences populations nevertheless extension classical le hle important achievement must abandoned therefore article also discusses ways hle indicator could made robust reliable achieved however high methodological sensitivity hle must ignored used assess health status populations basis health policy measures