Kevin O’Rourke|Jeffrey G. Williamson
Around the European periphery 1870-1913: Globalization, schooling and growth
University College Dublin|Harvard University Press
average poor european periphery converged rich industrial core four five decades prior first world war like three scandinavian economies used industrialization achieve spectacular convergence leaders especially real wages living standards like ireland seemed without industrialization like italy underwent less spectacular catchup limited industrializing north like iberia actually fell back accounts variety role trade tariff policy play emigration capital flows schooling offer tentative assessment contending explanations conclude globalization far dominant force accounting convergence divergence around periphery exploited well badly