Knut Hestad|J. Anitha Menon|Robert Serpell|Lisa Kalungwana|Sidney O. C. Mwaba|Norma Kabuba|Donald Franklin|Anya Umlauf|Scott Letendre|Robert K. Heaton
Do neuropsychological test norms from African Americans in the United States generalize to a Zambian population?
Norwegian University of Science and Technology|University of Zambia|University of Zambia|University of Zambia|University of Zambia|University of Zambia|University of California, San Diego|University of California, San Diego|University of California, San Diego|University of California, San Diego
healthy zambian adults n 324 evaluated determine degree western neuropsychological np test battery african american norms adjusted age gender education could used healthy zambians including 157 men 4846 167 women 5154 average age 3848 sd 1280 years average education level 1102 sd 258 years np battery included tests attentionworking memory executive function verbal fluency processing speed verbal visual episodic memory fine motor skills zambian achievement test zat us wide range achievement test4 wrat4 reading subtest also administered assess literacy quality education similar findings western countries zambian results show substantial age education effects tests smaller less consistent effects gender beyond basic demographic effects urbanrural background small effects cognitive variables zat wrat4 reading level robust predictor performance many np tests even background characteristics controlled women united states tend outperform men tests processing speed episodic memory however zambian women showed modest statistically significant disadvantages versus male counterparts results show tests developed united states may used zambia nevertheless development use local cultural norms remains important must new demographically corrected norms developed cohort examined