David Hammond|James F. Thrasher|Jessica L. Reid|Pete Driezen|Christian Boudreau|Edna Arillo Santillán
Perceived effectiveness of pictorial health warnings among Mexican youth and adults: a population-level intervention with potential to reduce tobacco-related inequities
University of Waterloo|University of South Carolina|Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública|University of Waterloo|Impact|University of Waterloo|Impact|University of Waterloo|Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública
pictorial health warnings cigarette packages prominent effective means communicating risks smoking however little research effective types message content sociodemographic effects study tested message themes content pictorial warnings mexico facetoface surveys conducted 544 adult smokers 528 youth mexico city participants randomized view 57 warnings two 15 different health effects warnings health effect included textonly warning pictorial warnings various themes graphic health effects lived experience symbolic images testimonials pictorial health warnings rated effective textonly warnings pictorial warnings featuring graphic depictions disease significantly effective symbolic images experiences human suffering adding testimonial information warnings increased perceived effectiveness adults female older lower education intended quit smoking rated warnings effective although magnitude differences modest interactions observed sociodemographics message theme graphic depictions disease perceived youth adults effective warning theme perceptions warnings generally similar across sociodemographic groups