Divera Twisk, Simone Wesseling, Willem Vlakveld, Jan Vissers, Geertje Hegeman, Nikki Hukker, Erik Roelofs, Wilma Slinger
Higher-order cycling skills among 11- to 13-year-old cyclists and relationships with cycling experience, risky behavior, crashes and self-assessed skill
Journal of safety research
schizophrenia associated major cognitive deficits conceptualized neurodevelopmental neurodegenerative disorder however deficits develop change course illness uncertain trace cognition elementary school old age test neurodevelopmental neurodegenerative theories psychotic disorders data taken suffolk county mental health project firstadmission longitudinal cohort study individuals psychotic disorders participants recruited 12 inpatient psychiatric facilities suffolk county new york analysis concerns 428 participants least 2 estimates general cognitive ability data collected september 1989 october 2019 data analyzed january 2020 october 2021 psychiatric hospitalization psychosis preadmission cognitive scores extracted school medical records postonset cognitive scores based neuropsychological testing 6month 24month 20year 25year followups 428 included individuals 212 schizophrenia 216 psychotic disorders 254 596 male mean sd age psychosis onset 27 9 years three phases cognitive change observed normative declining deteriorating first phase cognition stable fourteen years psychosis onset schizophrenia began experience cognitive decline rate 035 intelligence quotient iq points per year 95 ci 029042 p 001 significantly faster decline psychotic disorders 015 iq points per year 95 ci 008022 p 001 22 years onset groups declined rate 059 iq points per year 95 ci 025094 p 001 cohort study cognitive trajectories schizophrenia consistent neurodevelopmental neurodegenerative pattern resulting loss 16 iq points period observation cognitive decline began long prior psychosis onset suggesting window primary prevention earlier previously thought window secondary prevention emerges third decade illness cognitive declines accelerate individuals schizophrenia psychotic disorders