John Cawley, David Frisvold, Chad Meyerhoefer
The impact of physical education on obesity among elementary school children
Journal of health economics
study extends previous research teachers selfefficacy exploring reciprocal effects teachers selfefficacy instructional quality longitudinal panel study study design combined selfreport measure teacher selfefficacy teacher student ratings instructional quality assessing cognitive activation classroom management individual learning support students 2level crosslagged structural equation analyses conducted data collected 155 german secondary mathematics teachers 3483 grade 9 students 2 measurement points although crosssectional correlations selfefficacy beliefs characteristics instruction substantiated analyses partially confirmed causal effect teachers selfefficacy later instructional quality instead analyses revealed reverse effect instructional quality teachers selfefficacy students experience cognitive activation teachers ratings classroom management predicting teachers subsequent selfefficacy findings emphasize importance examining teachers selfefficacy cause also consequence educational processes future research teachers selfefficacy take longitudinal perspective varying time lags identify possible mediator variables consider aspects teacher competence beyond selfefficacy examining effects instructional quality