Raffaele Persico, Ilaria Catapano, Giuseppe Esposito, Gianfranco Morelli, Gregory De Martino, Luigi Capozzoli
GPR Mapping of Cavities in Complex Scenarios with a Combined Time-Depth Conversion
Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)
evidence longitudinal associations childhood weight status academic achievement remains unclear due considerable heterogeneity study design measures academic achievement appropriate categorization weight status examine longitudinal associations childhood weight status underweight healthy weight overweightobese academic achievement transition preschool primary elementary school among australian school children data healthy active preschool primary years study height weight calculating bmi measured baseline preschool age 35 years 20089 followup primary school age 68 years 201112 academic achievement measured age 9 years associations bmi zscore weight category preschool years later naplan scores found boys girls higher bmi zscore b 1368 95ci 2661 076 affected overweight b 3357 95ci 6150 524 preschool associated lower language scores remaining affected overweight preschool primary school associated lower numeracy b 2503 95ci 4974 033 spelling b 335 95ci 6343 358 language b 3789 95ci 7275 303 total achievement scores b 2424 95ci 4485 363 among girls boys becoming affected overweight associated lower spelling b 3876 95ci 7359 393 total achievement scores b 2770 95ci 5481 058 associations affected overweightobesity poorer academic achievement pronounced girls boys indicating potentially inequitable impacts excess weight highlighting greater need intervention among girls however stronger study designs needed confirm findings