James Fisher, Declan Leahy, Jun Jie Lim, Emily Astles, Jacobo Salvatore, Richard Thomson
Question banks: credit? Or debit? A qualitative exploration of their use among medical students
BMC medical education
immunologic milieu maternalfetal interface profound effects propelling development fetal brain however accessible epidemiological studies concerning association placental inflammatory cytokines intellectual development offspring humans limited therefore explored possible link mrna expression inflammatory cytokines placenta preschoolers cognitive performance study subjects obtained maanshan birth cohort mabc placental samples collected delivery realtime quantitative polymerase chain reaction rtqpcr utilized measure mrna expression levels il8 il1 il6 tnf crp ifn il10 il4 childrens intellectual development assessed preschool age using wechsler preschool primary scale intelligence fourth edition wppsiiv multiple linear regression restricted cubic spline models used statistical analysis total 1665 pairs mother child included analysis adjusting confounders correction multiple comparisons observed mrna expression il8 053 95 ci 092 015 il6 058 95 ci 097 019 tnf 037 95 ci 071 002 ifn 031 95 ci 061 003 placenta negatively associated preschoolers full scale intelligence quotient fsiq higher il8 il6 associated lower childrens low fluid reasoning index fri higher ifn associated lower childrens working memory index wmi adjusting confounders childrens age cognitive testing integrated index six proinflammatory cytokines index 2 found significantly negatively correlated fsiq subdimension verbal comprehension index vci visual spatial index vsi fri wmi processing speed index psi sexstratified analyses showed association il8 ifn index 2 childrens cognitive development mainly concentrated boys evidence association low cognitive performance high expression placental inflammatory cytokines il8 il6 tnf ifn found highlighting potential importance intrauterine placental immune status dissecting offspring cognitive development