Christina D Economos, Megan P Mueller, Nicole Schultz, Julie Gervis, Gabrielle F Miller, Russell R Pate
Investigating best practices of district-wide physical activity programmatic efforts in US schools- a mixed-methods approach
BMC public health
identify disparities sociodemographic factors associated major lower limb amputation patients peripheral arterial disease pad systematic review literature performed identify studies reported major lower limb amputation rates patients pad among different sociodemographic groups data compared amputation rates basis sex race ethnicity income insurance geography hospital type collected described outcomes aggregated standardized metaanalysis performed synthesis data single odds ratios ors fortyone studies included review association found males females 095 95 confidence interval ci 090100 compared whites higher rates amputation seen among blacksafrican americans 202 95 ci 181226 native americans 122 95 ci 104145 significant association found whites asians native hawaiians pacific islanders 115 95 ci 100133 hispanics higher rates amputation compared nonhispanics 136 95 ci 122152 compared private insurance higher rates amputation seen among medicare patients 138 95 ci 127150 medicaid patients 159 95 ci 144176 noninsured patients 141 95 ci 102195 compared richest income quartile higher rates amputation seen among second income quartile 110 95 ci 105115 third income quartile 120 95 ci 107135 bottom income quartile 136 95 ci 124149 association found rural urban populations 135 95 ci 092197 teaching nonteaching hospitals 101 95 ci 091112 study identified number disparities quantified influence sociodemographic factors major lower limb amputation rates owing pad groups believe findings used better target interventions aimed decreasing amputation rates although research needed better understand mechanisms behind findings