Marjean Taylor Kulp|Elise Ciner|Maureen G. Maguire|Bruce Moore|Jill M. Pentimonti|Maxwell Pistilli|Lynn Cyert|T. Rowan Candy|Graham E. Quinn|Gui?Shuang Ying
Uncorrected Hyperopia and Preschool Early Literacy
State University of New York College of Optometry|The Ohio State University|Salus University|University of Pennsylvania|New England College of Optometry|American Institutes for Research|University of Pennsylvania|Northeastern State University|Indiana University Bloomington|Children's Hospital of Philadelphia|University of Pennsylvania|Philadelphia University|University of Pennsylvania
compare early literacy 4 5yearold uncorrected hyperopic children emmetropic childrencrosssectionalchildren attending preschool kindergarten previously worn refractive correctioncycloplegic refraction used identify hyperopia 30 60 diopters hyperopic meridian least 1 eye astigmatism 15 anisometropia 10 emmetropia hyperopia 10 astigmatism anisometropia myopia 10 threshold visual acuity va cover testing ruled amblyopia strabismus accommodative response binocular near va near stereoacuity measuredtrained examiners administered test preschool early literacy topel composed print knowledge definitional vocabulary phonological awareness subtestsa total 492 children 244 hyperopes 248 emmetropes participated mean age 58 months mean standard deviation hyperopic meridian 378081 hyperopes 051048 emmetropes adjustment age raceethnicity parentcaregivers education mean difference hyperopes emmetropes 43 p 001 topel overall 24 p 0007 print knowledge 16 p 007 definitional vocabulary 03 p 039 phonological awareness greater deficits topel scores observed hyperopic children 40 emmetropes 68 p 001 total score 40 p 0003 print knowledge largest deficits topel scores observed hyperopic children binocular near va 2040 worse 85 p 0002 total score 45 p 0001 print knowledge 31 p 004 definitional vocabulary near stereoacuity 240 seconds arc worse 86 p 0001 total score 53 p 0001 print knowledge compared emmetropic childrenuncorrected hyperopia 40 hyperopia 30 60 associated reduced binocular near va 2040 worse reduced near stereoacuity 240 seconds arc worse 4 5yearold children enrolled preschool kindergarten associated significantly worse performance test early literacy