Martin Ravallion
Troubling tradeoffs in the Human Development Index
World Bank Group
20th human development report introduced new version famous human development index hdi aggregates countrylevel attainments life expectancy schooling income main change relax past assumption perfect substitutability components users however realize new hdi also greatly reduced implicit weight longevity poor countries relative rich ones contrast new hdis valuations extra schooling highmany times economic returns alternative index proposed embodies less troubling tradeoffs still allowing imperfect substitution