Atsushi Miyawaki, Haruko Noguchi, Yasuki Kobayashi
Impact of medical subsidy disqualification on children's healthcare utilization: A difference-in-differences analysis from Japan
Social science & medicine (1982)
compared acquisition various dimensions fluency 28 students french studying three different learning contexts formal language classrooms home ah institution intensive summer immersion im program study abroad sa setting purpose oral data collection students participated oral interviews similar oral proficiency interview beginning end semester provided information regarding language use interactions analyses included comparisons gain scores function learning context function time reported using french outside class main findings reached statistical significance include im group made significant gains oral performance terms total number words spoken length longest turn rate speech speech fluidity based composite fluidity measures compared ah group sa group made statistically significant gains terms speech fluidity fewer gains im group ah group made significant gains b im students reported spoke wrote french significantly hours per week two groups sa group reported using english french although difference statistically significant reported using significantly english outofclass activities im group c multiple regression analyses revealed reported hours per week spent writing outside class significantly associated oral fluidity gainsappreciation expressed number organizations individuals without project would brought completion contributions funding technical support expertise acknowledged actfl elvira spender robert vicars carnegie mellon university office president bonnie youngs department modern languages natural sciences engineering research council canada concordia university international initiatives research program office dean faculty arts science concordia university randall halter eric buisson christine brassard eowyn crisfield nilmini de silva sarah frenkiel heather wilcox middlebury college clara yu michael katz beth karnes kara gennarelli paula schwartz carol rifelj jeanclaude redonnet guy spielmann beverly keim anna sun alex chapin authors also thank nicole lazar helpful statistical advice