Metin Ba?o?lu|Maria Livanou|C. Crnobari?
Torture vs Other Cruel, Inhuman, and Degrading Treatment
King's College London|University of London|Universidad de Londres|Klini?ko Bolni?ki Centar Zvezdara|King's College London|University of London|Universidad de Londres|Klini?ko Bolni?ki Centar Zvezdara|King's College London|University of London|Universidad de Londres|Klini?ko Bolni?ki Centar Zvezdara
reports human rights abuses us military guantanamo bay iraq afghanistan questions raised whether certain detention interrogation procedures amount tortureto examine distinction various forms ill treatment torture captivity terms relative psychological impacta crosssectional survey conducted populationbased sample survivors torture sarajevo bosnia herzegovina banja luka republica srpska rijeka croatia belgrade serbiaa total 279 survivors torture accessed linkage sampling community banja luka sarajevo rijeka among members 2 associations war veterans prisoners war belgradescores semistructured interview survivors war exposure torture scale structured clinical interview dsmiv clinicianadministered ptsd posttraumatic stress disorder scale dsmivpsychological manipulations humiliating treatment exposure aversive environmental conditions forced stress positions showed considerable overlap physical torture stressors terms associated distress uncontrollability regression analyses physical torture significantly relate posttraumatic stress disorder odds ratio 141 95 confidence interval 089225 depression odds ratio 141 95 confidence interval 071278 traumatic stress impact torture physical nonphysical torture ill treatment seemed determined perceived uncontrollability distress associated stressorsill treatment captivity psychological manipulations humiliating treatment forced stress positions seem substantially different physical torture terms severity mental suffering cause underlying mechanism traumatic stress longterm psychological outcome thus procedures amount torture thereby lending support prohibition international law