Felicitas M Schmidt, Jan M Zottmann, Maximilian Sailer, Martin R Fischer, Markus Berndt
Statistical literacy and scientific reasoning & argumentation in physicians
GMS journal for medical education
dual strategy model reasoning proposed verschueren schaeken dydewalle thinking reasoning 113 239278 2005a memory cognition 331 107119 2005b suggests people use either statistical counterexamplebased strategy make deductive inferences subsequent studies supported distinction investigated properties two strategies following examine hypothesis reasoners using statistical strategies vulnerable effects conclusion belief three studies participants given abstract problems used determine strategy use three different forms syllogism believable unbelievable conclusions responses response times feeling rightness measures taken results show participants using statistical strategy prone effects conclusion belief across three forms reasoning addition statistical reasoners took less time make inferences counterexample reasoners patterns variation response times ratings believable unbelievable conclusions similar strategies indicating statistical counterexample reasoners aware conflict conclusion belief premisebased reasoning