Patricia Escobedo, Daniel Garcia, Liam Cascelli, Gabriela Chavira, Gilberto E Flores, Jodi L Constantine Brown, David Boyns, Andrew T Ainsworth
Comparing undergraduate research experiences before, during, and after the COVID-19 quarantine: The successful adaptation of the BUILD PODER Summer JumpStart program
PloS one
educational opportunities specific structures educational systems consequential mobility labor markets attributes individuals make careers markets conceptual empirical challenge understand individual environmental factors interactively affect mobility processes argument developed three steps first typology classification educational systems presented according typology educational systems distinguished along criteria standardization provision equal educational standards nationwide stratification selection procedures within systems second general hypotheses stated educational system characteristics shape labor market outcomes stratified educational system occupational status closely determined individual educational attainment unstratified system occupational status less determined educational attainment hand standardized system job changes occur less frequently unstandardized system third empirical evidence provided educational systems norway west germany united states evaluated according typology standardization stratification connection educational system attributes labor market outcomes analyzed basis retrospective life history data united states norway west germany