T R Taylor, J Aitchison, E M McGirr
Doctors as decision-makers: a computer-assisted study of diagnosis as a cognitive skill
British medical journal
reign error hoax privatization movement danger americas public schools diane ravirch new york knopf 2013 416 pages 1434 usdpaperbac diane ravitch spent decades advocating metrics alternatives elementary secondary public school reform including years government implementing current assessmentasaccountability regime 2006 doubted prescription public school ills itch mind turned two books life death great american school system careful mea culpa regarding testing datadriven attack datafixation recently reign error new york university research professor education also founded organization network public education npe efforts aimed fundamentally primary secondary educational systems us arguments relevant community colleges particularly obama administration community colleges today face questions reformravitch often puts word doubtful quotesand community college may fall hoax ravitch outlines view reformers chapters 38 life death chapters 24 1420 reign error seeing schools preparing children become participants societys economy vision argues ravitch emphasizes two elements standardized tests social engineering standardized tests first social modality academic competition exercised level child getting practice developing skills suit one competitive economy selfcontrol efficient use instrumental reason calculations utility innovation initiativetaking specifically jobrelevant skills come along eventually assessing disaggregated skills instead aggregated judgment grades make system precisely sort future workers educational services deliverers get grade outputfrom scores students make assessed time element comparative testing emphasizes social engineering aspect people differential abilities aptitudes sorted testing career academic pathways comparatively advantagedon adam smith david ricardo model less market utility appropriate standard judgment individual according reformers view standard judgment collectivity strength corporations bottom line countries military gdp similarly assessed quantitatively advanced societies citizen labor force stratified according performance measured one earning one deservesby differential monetary life outcomes wellformed education system thus prepares person slot economy apt attain greatest comparative advantagethat among measurable outcomes result maximum lifetime incomeearning potential privatization melds public private interest view allows maximum room competitive pressures sort desired level detail efficient producers societyspecific needed workforce skills assessing student learning disaggregated skill performance facilitates tracking students contributory pathways prepares competitive jobhunting jobkeeping similarly assessing instruction drives teachers teaching institutions efficient delivery demanded knowledge skills anything gets way quantized datadriven approach market inefficiencyas well reformers view social anachronism political albatross