Helalah K Alenizy, May H AlQahtani, Sarah A Aleban, Reham I Almuwallad, Lolwah A Binsuwaidan, Durrah W Alabdullah, Asma E Althomali
Knowledge and Practice Regarding Abnormal Vaginal Discharge Among Adolescent Females in Riyadh City: An Observational Study
Cureus
despite growing body epidemiological evidence recent years documenting health impacts racism cumulative evidence base yet synthesized comprehensive metaanalysis focused specifically racism determinant health metaanalysis reviewed literature focusing relationship reported racism mental physical health outcomes data 293 studies reported 333 articles published 1983 2013 conducted predominately us analysed using random effects models mean weighted effect sizes racism associated poorer mental health negative mental health r 23 95 ci 2421 k 227 positive mental health r 13 95 ci 1610 k 113 including depression anxiety psychological stress various outcomes racism also associated poorer general health r 13 95 ci 1809 k 30 poorer physical health r 09 95 ci 1206 k 50 moderation effects found outcomes regard study exposure characteristics effect sizes racism mental health stronger crosssectional compared longitudinal data nonrepresentative samples compared representative samples age sex birthplace education level moderate effects racism health ethnicity significantly moderated effect racism negative mental health physical health association racism negative mental health significantly stronger asian american latinoa american participants compared african american participants association racism physical health significantly stronger latinoa american participants compared african american participants protocol prospero registration number crd42013005464