James F. Thrasher|Edna Arillo?Santillán|Víctor Villalobos|Rosaura Pérez-Hernández|David Hammond|Jarvis Carter|Ernesto M Sebrié|Raúl H Sansores|Justino Regalado-Piñeda
Can pictorial warning labels on cigarette packages address smoking-related health disparities? Field experiments in Mexico to assess pictorial warning label content
University of South Carolina Sumter|Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública|University of California, Berkeley|Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública|University of Waterloo|University of South Carolina Sumter|Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center|Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias|Secretaria de Salud
objective study determine effective content pictorial health warning labels hwls whether educational attainment moderates effects field experiments conducted 529 adult smokers 530 young adults 258 nonsmokers 271 smokers participants reported responses different pictorial hwls printed cigarette packages one experiment involved manipulating textual form testimonial narrative vs didactic involved manipulating image type diseased organs vs human suffering tests mean ratings rankings indicated pictorial hwls didactic textual forms equivalent significantly higher credibility relevance impact pictorial hwls testimonial forms results mixedeffects models confirmed results however responses differed participant educational attainment didactic forms consistently rated higher testimonials among participants higher education whereas difference didactic testimonial narrative forms weaker statistically significant among participants lower education second experiment textual content held constant greater credibility relevance impact found graphic imagery diseased organs imagery human suffering pictorial hwls didactic textual forms seem work better testimonial narratives future research determine pictorial hwl content greatest realworld impact among consumers disadvantaged groups including assessment hwl content change maintain impact tobacco control environments strengthen consumer awareness smokingrelated risks increases