Ankur Kayastha, Kirthika Lakshmanan, Michael J Valentine, Hunter D Kramer, James Kim, Nicholas Pettinelli, Robert C Kramer
A Readability Study of Carpal Tunnel Release in 2023
Hand (New York, N.Y.)
success school labour market relies high intelligence associations noncognitive skills childhood attention selfregulation perseverance later outcomes widely investigated systematic review literature screened 9553 publications reviewed 554 eligible publications interpreted results 222 betterquality publications betterquality publications comprised randomized experimental quasiexperimental intervention studies eqis observational studies made reasonable attempts control confounding academic achievement outcomes 26 eqi publications 14 available metaanalysis effects ranging 016 037 sd however within subdomains effects heterogeneous 95 prediction interval literacy consistent negative null positive effects 013 079 similarly heterogeneous findings observed psychosocial cognitive language health outcomes funnel plots eqis observational studies showed asymmetric distributions potential small study bias evidence noncognitive skills associate improved outcomes however potential small study publication bias may overestimate true effects heterogeneity effect estimates spanned negative null positive effects quality evidence eqis underpinning field lower optimal onethird observational studies made little attempt control confounding interventions designed develop childrens noncognitive skills could potentially improve outcomes interdisciplinary researchers interested skills take strategic rigorous approach determine interventions effective smithers et al find although evidence noncognitive skills associated improved academic psychosocial health outcomes evidence weak heterogeneous rigorous research required field