Jan N. Hughes|Oi?Man Kwok|MyungHee Im
Effect of Retention in First Grade on Parents’ Educational Expectations and Children’s Academic Outcomes
Mitchell Institute|Texas A&M University|Mitchell Institute|Texas A&M University|Mitchell Institute|Texas A&M University
effect retention first grade year 1 parents educational expectations tested sample 530 ethnically diverse academically atrisk children participants attended one three school districts texas 530 children 118 retained first grade retention negative effect parent expectations year 2 maintained year 3 year 2 parent expectations partially mediated effect retention first grade year 3 reading math achievement child academic selfefficacy effects controlled year 1 measures outcome results similar across gender economic adversity ethnicity implications minimizing negative effect retention parents expectations suggested