Samuel R Pierce, Kerstin M Palombaro, Jill D Black
Barriers to bicycle helmet use in young children in an urban elementary school
Health promotion practice
making inference comparison uncertain noisy incomplete data measurement error confidence intervals important judgment actual mean values different groups often misunderstood statistical quantities frequently represented bar charts error bars paper investigates drawbacks standard encoding considers set alternatives designed effectively communicate implications mean error data general audience drawing lessons learned use visual statistics information visualization community present series crowdsourced experiments confirm encoding mean error significantly changes viewers make decisions uncertain data careful consideration design tradeoffs visual presentation data results human reasoning consistently aligned statistical inferences suggest use gradient plots use transparency encode uncertainty violin plots use width better alternatives inferential tasks bar charts error bars