Kenneth R Allison, Anne N Philipneri, Karen Vu-Nguyen, Heather E Manson, John J M Dwyer, Erin Hobin, Bessie Ng, Ye Li
School and classroom effects on Daily Physical Activity (DPA) policy implementation fidelity in Ontario classrooms: a multi-level analysis
BMC public health
volunteering activity time given freely benefit another person group cause volunteering part cluster helping behaviors entailing commitment spontaneous assistance narrower scope care provided family friends although developed somewhat independently study volunteerism social activism much common since data gathering volunteering national samples began quarter century ago rate united states stable according studies rising slightly theories explain volunteering pointing individual attributes grouped emphasize motives selfunderstandings one hand emphasize rational action costbenefit analysis theories seek complement focus individual level factors pointing role social resources specifically social ties organizational activity explanations volunteering support found theories although many issues remained unresolved age gender race differences volunteering accounted large part pointing differences selfunderstandings human capital social resources less attention paid contextual effects volunteering evidence mixed impact organizational community regional characteristics individual decisions volunteer remains fruitful field exploration studies experience volunteering begun plot explain spells volunteering life course examine causes volunteer turnover examining premise volunteering beneficial helper well helped number studies looked impact volunteering subjective objective wellbeing positive effects found lifesatisfaction selfesteem selfrated health educational occupational achievement functional ability mortality studies youth also suggest volunteering reduces likelihood engaging problem behaviors school truancy drug abuse