Emma Shanahan, Kristen L McMaster, Britta Cook Bresina, Nicole M McKevett, Seohyeon Choi, Erica S Lembke
Teacher Predictors of Student Progress in Data-Based Writing Instruction: Knowledge, Skills, Beliefs, and Instructional Fidelity
Journal of learning disabilities
quality tests psychological educational assessment great scholarly public interest item difficulty models vital generating test result interpretations based evidence major determining factor item difficulty knowledge tests opportunity learn facts concepts question knowledge mainly conveyed language exposure language associated facts concepts might indicator opportunity learn thus hypothesize item difficulty knowledge tests related probability exposure item content everyday life andor academic settings therefore also word frequency results study 99 political knowledge test items administered n 250 german seventh age 1114 years tenth age 1518 years graders showed word frequencies everyday settings subtlexde explain variance item difficulty word frequencies academic settings dlexdb alone however types word frequency combined explain considerable amount variance item difficulty items words frequent settings particular relatively frequent everyday settings easier high word frequencies relatively higher word frequency everyday settings could associated higher probability exposure conceptual complexity better readability item content examining word frequency different language settings help researchers investigate test score interpretations useful tool predicting item difficulty refining knowledge test items