Dora L. Costa|Matthew E. Kahn
Cowards and Heroes: Group Loyalty in the American Civil War
National Bureau of Economic Research|Massachusetts Institute of Technology|Tufts University
motivated men risk death horrific war u history pay low irregular military punishment strategies weak situation creating group loyalty promoting social capital paramount importance civil war cement armies find individual company socioeconomic demographic characteristics ideology morale important predictors group loyalty union army company characteristics important ideology morale soldiers companies homogeneous ethnicity occupation age less likely shirk