Yanmeer Simeone Tyotswam, Rosebella Alungata Iseme, Eliphas Gitonga Makunyi
A randomized controlled study of the effects of targeted health education on uptake of contraceptives among women of reproductive age in Nnewi City, South-East Nigeria
SAGE open medicine
decreasing amount caloric beverages consumed simultaneously increasing water consumption important promoting child health decreasing prevalence childhood obesity estimate impact water jets electrically cooled large clear jugs push lever fast dispensing standardized body mass index overweight obesity elementary school middle school students milk purchases explored potential mechanism weight outcomes quasiexperimental study used schoollevel database cafeteria equipment deliveries 20082009 20122013 included sample 1227 new york new york public elementary schools middle schools 1065562 students within schools installation water jets schools individual body mass index bmi calculated students sample using annual studentlevel height weight measurements collected part new yorks fitnessgram initiative age sexspecific growth charts produced centers disease control prevention used categorize students overweight obese hypothesis water jets would associated decreased standardized bmi overweight obesity tested using differenceindifference strategy comparing outcomes treated nontreated students introduction water jet study included 1 065 562 students within new york city public elementary schools middle schools significant effect water jets standardized bmi adoption water jets associated 0025 95 ci 0038 0011 reduction standardized bmi boys 0022 95 ci 0035 0008 reduction standardized bmi girls p 01 also significant effect overweight water jets associated 09 percentage point reduction 95 ci 00150003 likelihood overweight boys 06 percentage reduction 95 ci 00110000 likelihood overweight girls p 05 also found 123 decrease 95 ci 19371 5204 number types milk halfpints purchased per student per year p 01 results study show association relatively lowcost water availability intervention decreased student weight milk purchases explored potential mechanism additional research needed examine potential mechanisms decreased student weight including reduced milk taking well assessing impacts longerterm outcomes