Iraj Emadodin|H. R. Bork
Degradation of soils as a result of long-term human-induced transformation of the environment in Iran: an overview
Kiel University|Kiel University
humaninduced soil degradation serious complex environmental challenge iran long time human activities namely overuse land influencing natural processes soils therefore various types soil degradation observed many parts country understanding consideration direct indirect effects human activities soils indispensable prediction human impact soil degradation processes many important direct indirect anthropogenic causes play effective role soil degradation significant relationship natural resource management iran population dynamics deforestation overgrazing main causes salinization alkalinization waterlogging soil erosion desertification main effects humaninduced soil degradation highlighted overview population urban areas iran strongly increased 1936 21 total population 2010 72 total population nearly 5 million hectares forest converted farmland urban areas 1950s 2008 area irans cultivated land enhanced four times livestock population around three times higher today capacity rangelands regarding overview study land management soil degradation soil conservation iran needs integrative approach therefore transdisciplinary model assess environmental economical social factors thus sustainability namely arid semiarid areas offered important aim overview illustration principal causes soil degradation iran highlighting important subjects sustainable soil management overview also notes understanding humaninduced soil degradation iran still rudimentary stage therefore research topics need attention future