Kenneth Leithwood|Alma Harris|David Hopkins
Seven strong claims about successful school leadership
University of Toronto|University of Warwick
abstract article provides overview literature concerning successful school leadership draws international literature derived extensive review literature completed early stage authors project prime purpose review summarise main findings wealth empirical studies undertaken leadership field notes 1 example see gezi 1990 gezi k 1990 role leadership innercity schools educational research quarterly 124 411 google scholar reitzug patterson 1998 reitzug u patterson j 1998 im going lose empowerment caring urban principals practice pupils urban education 332 150181 crossref web science google scholar 2 see mortimore 1993 mortimore p 1993 school effectiveness management effective learning teaching school effectiveness school improvement 44 290310 taylor francis online google scholar evidence point england scheurich 1998 scheurich jj 1998 highly successful loving public elementary schools populated mainly lowses children color core beliefs cultural characteristics urban education 334 451491 crossref web science google scholar evidence united states 3 see hallinger heck 1996a hallinger p heck r 1996a principals role school effectiveness assessment methodological progress 19801995 international handbook educational leadership administration edited leithwood k hallinger p dordrecht kluwer crossref google scholarb hallinger p heck r 1996b reassessing principals role school effectiveness review empirical research 19801995 educational administration quarterly 321 544 crossref web science google scholar 1998 hallinger p heck r 1998 exploring principals contribution school effectiveness 19801995 school effectiveness school improvement 9 157191 taylor francis online web science google scholar 4 evidence justifying point reported creemers reezigt 1996 creemers bpm reezigt gj 1996 school level conditions affecting effectiveness instruction school effectiveness school improvement 7 197228 taylor francis online web science google scholar townsend 1994 townsend 1994 goals effective schools view field school effectiveness school improvement 5 52 127148 taylor francis online web science google scholar 5 results reported less detail two sources marzano et al 2005 marzano rj waters mcnulty ba 2005 school leadership works research results alexandria association supervision curriculum development google scholar waters et al 2003 waters marzano rj mcnulty b 2003 balanced leadership 30 years research tells us effect leadership student achievement denver midcontinent research education learning google scholar 6 evidence comprehensively reviewed frederick et al 2004 frederick j blumenfeld p paris 2004 school engagement potential concept state evidence review educational research 741 59110 crossref web science google scholar 7 evidence found leithwood jantzi 1999a leithwood k jantzi 1999a relative effects principal teacher sources leadership student engagement school educational administration quarterly 35 suppl 679 706 crossref web science google scholarb leithwood k jantzi 1999b transformational school leadership effects replication school effectiveness school improvement 104 451479 taylor francis online web science google scholar leithwood et al 2003 leithwood k riedlinger b bauer jantzi 2003 leadership program effects student learning case greater new orleans school leadership center journal school leadership management 136 707738 crossref google scholar silins mulford 2002 silins h mulford w 2002 leadership school results second international handbook educational leadership administration edited leithwood k hallinger p dordrecht kluwer crossref google scholar silins et al 2002 silins hc mulford rm zarins 2002 organizational learning school change educational administration quarterly 385 613642 crossref web science google scholar 8 see macmillan 2000 macmillan r 2000 leadership succession cultures teaching educational change sharp edge educational change teaching leading realities reform edited bascia n hargreaves london routledgefalmer google scholar fink brayman 2006 fink brayman c 2006 school leadership succession challenge change educational administration quarterly 421 6289 crossref web science google scholar 9 see matthews sammons 2005 matthews p sammons p 2005 survival weakest differential improvement schools causing concern england london review education 3 32 159176 crossref google scholar murphy press murphy j press turning around struggling schools lessons organizational sciences thousand oaks ca corwin press google scholar reviews extensive evidence importance new leadership case private sector turnarounds 10 lowe et al 1996 lowe kb kroeck kg sivasubramaniam n 1996 effectiveness correlates transformational transactional leadership metaanalytical review mlq literature leadership quarterly 73 385425 crossref web science google scholar review evidence collected mostly nonschool contexts waters et al 2003 waters marzano rj mcnulty b 2003 balanced leadership 30 years research tells us effect leadership student achievement denver midcontinent research education learning google scholar provide evidence practices school contexts although use different labels categories leithwood riehl 2005 leithwood k riehl c 2005 know successful school leadership new agenda directions research educational leadership edited firestone w riehl c new york teachers college press google scholar describe practices using categories day leithwood 2007 day c leithwood k 2007 successful school principalship international perspectives dordrecht springer google scholar synthesise case study work researchers 64 successful leaders across eight countries 11 see yukl 1989 yukl g 1989 leadership organizations 2nd ed englewood cliffs nj prentice hall google scholar gary yukl among influential prolific leadership researchers focused nonschool organisations 12 evidence contribution practices found example hallinger heck 2002 hallinger p heck rh 2002 call people visions role vision mission goals school leadership improvement handbook research educational leadership administration 2nd ed edited leithwood k hallinger p vol 2 dordrecht kluwer academic crossref google scholar 13 evidence contribution practices found example bass avolio 1994 bass bm avolio bj 1994 improving organizational effectiveness transformational leadership thousand oaks ca sage publications crossref google scholar gray 2000 gray j 2000 causing concern improving review schools experiences london department education skills google scholar harris chapman 2002 harris chapman c 2002 effective leadership schools facing challenging circumstances nottingham national college school leadership google scholar 14 see leithwood 2006 leithwood k 2006 teacher working conditions matter evidence change toronto elementary teachers federation ontario google scholar day et al 2007 day c sammons p stobart g kington gu q 2007 teachers matter variations work lives effectiveness milton keynes open university press google scholar 15 evidence contribution practices found example louis kruse 1998 louis k kruse sd 1998 creating community reform images organizational learning innercity schools organizational learning schools edited leithwood k louis ks lisse swets zeitlinger google scholar west et al 2005 west ainscow stanford j 2005 sustaining improvement schools challenging circumstances study successful practice school leadership management 251 7793 taylor francis online google scholar chrisman 2005 chrisman v 2005 schools sustain success educational leadership 625 1620 web science google scholar muijs et al 2004 muijs harris chapman c stoll l russ j 2004 improving schools socioeconomically disadvantaged areas review research evidence school effectiveness school improvement 152 149175 taylor francis online web science google scholar jackson 2002 jackson 2002 creation knowledge networks collaborative enquiry school system improvement paper presented knowledge management education learning forum cerioecddfesqca esrc 1819 march oxford google scholar reynolds et al 2001 reynolds hopkins potter chapman c 2001 school improvement schools facing challenging circumstances review research practice london department education skills google scholar 16 evidence contribution practices found example dukem 2004 dukem 2004 turnaround principal highstakes leadership principal 841 1323 google scholar reynolds et al forthcoming reynolds aj stringfield muijs forthcoming results high reliability schools project unpublished manuscript google scholar 17 good review corporate turnaround leadership found slatter et al 2006 slatter lovett barlow l 2006 leading corporate turnaround chichester josseybass google scholar review evidence state districtprompted turnaround processes us see mintrop papazian 2003 mintrop h r papazian 2003 system strategies improve lowperforming schools lessons firstgeneration accountability systems los angeles national center research evaluation standards student testing cresst los angeles university california google scholar uk context see example day 2005 day c 2005 uk policy school leadership uneasy transitions international handbook educational policy edited basciam n cumming datnow leithwood k livingstone dordrecht springer crossref google scholar harris 2002 harris 2002 effective leadership schools facing challenging contexts school leadership management 221 1526 taylor francis online google scholar 18 evidence support claim found harris 2002 harris 2002 effective leadership schools facing challenging contexts school leadership management 221 1526 taylor francis online google scholar billman 2004 billman ps 2004 mission possible achieving maintaining academic improvement dekalb northern illinois university httpwwwp20niuedup20missionpossiblepdf google scholar 19 see mintrop papazian 2003 mintrop h r papazian 2003 system strategies improve lowperforming schools lessons firstgeneration accountability systems los angeles national center research evaluation standards student testing cresst los angeles university california google scholar us evidence west et al 2005 evidence england 20 see ross glaze 2005 ross ja glaze 2005 creating turnaround schools effects project reach students teachers principals support staff final report ontario principals council toronto ontario principals council google scholar 21 see foster st hilaire 2004 foster r st hillarie b 2004 leadership secondary school improvement lessons learned england alberta journal educational research 504 354369 google scholar 22 see bell 2001 bell j 2001 highperforming poverty schools leadership 311 811 google scholar 23 example relation accountable policy contexts see belchetz leithwood press belchetz k leithwood press successful leadership context matter successful principal leadership international perspective c day k leithwood chapter 8 dordrecht springer google scholar day leithwood 2007 day c leithwood k 2007 successful school principalship international perspectives dordrecht springer google scholar relation diverse student contexts see giles et al 2005 giles c johnson l brooks jacobson sl 2005 building bridges building community transformational leadership challenging urban context journal school leadership 154 519545 crossref google scholar 24 series papers devoted problem found fourth issue educational evaluation policy analysis 2003 education evaluation policy analysis 2003 educational evaluation policy analysis 25 4 google scholar case pursuing focus recently made compelling article viviane robinson 2006 robinson v 2006 putting education back educational leadership leading managing 121 6275 google scholar 25 leithwood jantzi 2006 26 refer pathmodelling techniques case structural equation modelling 27 american study funded wallace foundation new york conducted research teams university minnesota university toronto report findings mascall leithwood press mascall b k leithwood press effects total leadership student learning educational administration quarterly google scholar english study funded dfes reported day et al 2006 day c g stobart p sammons kington q gu 2006 variations teachers work lives effects pupils vitae report dfes research report 743 london department education skills google scholar published book form day et al 2007 day c sammons p stobart g kington gu q 2007 teachers matter variations work lives effectiveness milton keynes open university press google scholar 28 english study funded dfes reported day et al 2006 day c g stobart p sammons kington q gu 2006 variations teachers work lives effects pupils vitae report dfes research report 743 london department education skills google scholar 29 see mascall leithwood press 30 see bass 1985 bass bm 1985 leadership performance beyond expectations new york free press crossref google scholar 31 see malen 1995 malen b 1995 micropolitics education mapping multiple dimensions power relations school polities study educational politics edited scribner j layton new york falmer press google scholar 32 terms used gronn 2003 gronn p 2003 new work educational leaders changing leadership practices era school reform london paul chapman crossref google scholar spillane 2006 spillane jp 2006 distributed leadership san francisco josseybass crossref google scholar respectively 33 see ensley et al 2006 ensley md hmieleski km pearce cl 2006 importance vertical shared leadership within new venture top management teams implications performance startups leadership quarterly 173 217231 crossref web science google scholar 34 research recently summarised zaccaro et al 2004 zaccaro sj kemp c bader p 2004 leader traits attributes nature leadership edited antonakis j cianciolo sternberg rj thousand oaks sage publications google scholar example 35 one line research school leaders problemsolving expertise pulled together leithwood steinbach 1995 leithwood k steinbach r 1995 expert problem solving processes evidence principals superintendents albany state university new york press google scholar 36 see begley johansson 2003 begley p johansson 2003 ethical dimensions school leadership dordrecht kluwer crossref google scholar representative sample research 37 leithwood jantzi press 38 one relevant set data reported jacobson et al 2005 jacobson sl johnson l ylimaki r giles c 2005 successful leadership challenging us schools enabling principles enabling schools journal educational administration 436 607618 crossref google scholar 39 see firestone riehl 2005 firestone w riehl c 2005 new agenda research educational leadership new york teachers college press google scholar 40 leithwood et al 2004 leithwood k louis ks anderson g wahlstrom k 2004 leadership influences student learning review research learning leadership project new york wallace foundation google scholar