Satwat Hashmi, Qamar Riaz, Husnain Qaiser, Saira Bukhari
Integrating basic sciences into clerkship rotation utilizing Kern's six-step model of instructional design: lessons learned
BMC medical education
immersive virtual reality ivr utilized provide low cost easily accessible simulation aspects surgical education addition technical skills training surgery ivr simulation utilized nontechnical skills training domains clinical decisionmaking preoperative planning systematic review examines current literature effectiveness ivr nontechnical skill acquisition surgical education literature search performed using medline embase web science primary studies published january 1 1995 february 9 2022 four reviewers screened titles abstracts full texts extracted data analyzed included studies answer 5 key questions ivr utilized nontechnical skills surgical education methodological quality studies technologies utilized metrics reported findings studies literature search yielded 2340 citations 12 articles included qualitative synthesis included articles 33 focused clinical decisionmaking 67 anatomypreoperative planning motion sickness recorded metric 25 studies aggregate incidence 13 1187 application score reported 33 time completion 167 commercially developed application utilized 25 75 employed noncommercial application oculus rift used 417 studies htc vive 25 samsung gear 167 studies google daydream 8 1 study report mean medical education research quality instrument mersqi score 103 23 18 studies researching clinical decisionmaking participants preferred ivr conventional teaching methods nonrandomized control study found effective averaged across studies mean scores 433 enjoyment 416 utility 411 usability 373 immersion 5point likert scale ivr nontechnical skills applications surgical education designed clinical decisionmaking anatomypreoperative planning applications primarily noncommercially produced rely upon diverse array hmds content delivery suggesting development primarily coming within academia still without clarity optimal utilization technology excitingly users find applications immersive enjoyable usable utility learning although studies suggest ivr additive superior conventional teaching imaging methods data mixed derived studies weak design motion sickness ivr remains complication ivr use needing study determine cause means mitigation