Shuji Tajima, Atsuko Araki, Toshio Kawai, Tazuru Tsuboi, Yu Ait Bamai, Eiji Yoshioka, Ayako Kanazawa, Shi Cong, Reiko Kishi
Detection and intake assessment of organophosphate flame retardants in house dust in Japanese dwellings
The Science of the total environment
trial emulations observational data analyses complement findings randomized clinical trials inform future trial designs generate evidence randomized studies feasible due resource constraints ethical practical limitations importantly trial emulation designs facilitate causal inference observational data analyses enhancing counterfactual thinking comparisons realworld observations eg mendelian randomization hypothetical interventions order enhance credibility trial emulations would benefit prospective registration publication statistical analysis plans subsequent prospective benchmarking randomized clinical trials prior publication confounding indication however key challenge interpreting observed intended effects intervention causal observational data analyses discuss target trial emulation reduceami randomized clinical trial clinicaltrialsgov id nct03278509 betablocker use patients preserved left ventricular ejection fraction myocardial infarction illustrate challenges uncertainties studying intended effects interventions without randomization account confounding furthermore directly compare findings statistical power clinical interpretation results reduceami target trial emulation simultaneously published randomized clinical trial complexity subtlety confounding indication studying intended effects interventions generally addressed randomization