Yurika Fauzia Wardhani, Zainul Khaqiqi Nantabah, Eka Denis Machfutra, Sinta Dewi Lestyoningrum, Oktarina, Made Agus Nurjana
The prevalence and distribution of risk factors for depression and emotional mental disorders in the elderly in Indonesia
The International journal of social psychiatry
phonological awareness pa operationally defined many different tasks task comparisons confounded differing levels linguistic complexity among items sample 113 kindergartners first graders completed pa tasks designed separate task difficulty linguistic complexity measures turn compared measures early literacy results indicated measures loaded single factor pa measured differences linguistic complexity rather task differences seemed closely related factor logical analysis suggested alphabet knowledge necessary children separate onsets rimes awareness onsets rimes necessary word reading complex levels phonemic analysis relationship phonological awareness1 early reading well established since 1970s see adams 1990 review phonological awareness awareness sounds spoken written words revealed abilities rhyming matching initial consonants counting number phonemes spoken words tasks difficult children spoken words identifiable segments correspond phonemes example word dog consists one physical speech sound alphabetic languages however letters usually represent phonemes learn correspondences letters phonemes child aware phonemes spoken words evidence importance phonological awareness