Kuang Gao, Chuang Liu, Jia Wu, Bo Du, Wenbin Hu
Towards a better negative sampling strategy for dynamic graphs
Neural networks : the official journal of the International Neural Network Society
human capital broadly defined skills acquired formal education acknowledged one key drivers economic growth social development however measurement workingage populations global scale time still unsatisfactory indicators either consider quantity dimension education disregard actual skills demographically inconsistent applying skills young cohorts school represent skills workingage population time case rapidly expanding changing school systems assumption untenable however increasing number countries started assess literacy skills adult populations age sex directly drawing literacy data using demographic backprojection statistical estimation techniques present demographically consistent indicator adult literacy skills skills literacy adjusted mean years schooling slamys measure given population aged 20 64 185 countries period 1970 2015 compared conventional mean years schooling myswhich strongly increased countries past decades particular among poor countriesthe trends slamys exhibit widening global skills gap low highperforming countries