Weiyun Chen, Steve Mason, Austin Hammond-Bennett, Sandy Zalmout
Manipulative skill competency and health-related physical fitness in elementary school students
Journal of sport and health science
examined children 10 11 years grade 3 4 intraventricular haemorrhage ventricular dilation ivhvd investigated whether grade ivhvd affected visual outcome explored associations visual outcomes cognitive outcomes extra support school visual examinations part 10year followup study children randomized trial testers followed protocol masked whether child experienced grade 3 grade 4 ivhvd data thirtytwo children tested 24 male mean standard deviation age 10 years 5 months 1 year 2 months range 8 years 9 months 12 years 9 months least one visual impairment median interquartile range number impairments per child six six nine children experienced grade 4 ivhvd compared three two four children experienced grade 3 ivhvd p 0003 extra vision impairment per child associated increased educational support school adjustment developmental age equivalence odds ratio 17 95 confidence interval 1126 p 0015 children experience grade 3 4 ivhvd high level visual morbidity age 10 11 years children may unmet visual needs outcomes might improve needs could addressed parentreported questionnaire responses underestimated directly assessed visual morbidity grade 4 intraventricular haemorrhage ventricular dilatation ivhvd followed vision impairments grade 3 ivhvd simple tests visual perceptual skills correlated neuropsychology tests children supranuclear eye movement disorders likely receiving extra help school additional visual impairment increased likelihood extra educational support