Alejandra Caqueo-Urízar, Patricio Mena-Chamorro, Alfonso Urzúa, Wilson Muñoz-Henríquez, Jerome Flores, Marigen Narea, Matías Irarrázaval
Mental Health in Indigenous Children and Adolescents: The Contribution of Cultural Backgroud
Journal of immigrant and minority health
research examining development behavior emotions language intertwining limited studies longitudinal design mostly short followup period moreover studies evaluate whether internalizing symptoms externalizing symptoms independently associated language ability study examines bidirectional associations internalizing symptoms externalizing symptoms language ability childhood large populationbased cohort longitudinal data millennium cohort study cohort children united kingdom followed birth 11 years n 10878 507 boys analyzed internalizing externalizing symptoms based parent reports language ability higher scores reflecting poorer ability assessed trained interviewers ages 3 5 7 11 years structural equation models sem performed including randomintercept crosslagged panel models riclpm crosslagged panel models clpm internalizing symptoms externalizing symptoms language ability stable time cooccur early life onwards time externalizing symptoms early childhood associated less growth language skills increases internalizing symptoms late childhood language ability negatively associated later internalizing externalizing symptoms early start cooccurrence persistent nature internalizing symptoms externalizing symptoms poorer language ability highlights importance comprehensive assessments young children present problems one domains specifically among children early grades elementary school language difficulties may benefit careful monitoring likely develop difficulties behavior emotions