Pin-Hsiang Huang, Anthony John O'Sullivan, Boaz Shulruf
Development and validation of the student ratings in clinical teaching scale in Australia: a methodological study
Journal of educational evaluation for health professions
loneliness linked negative health economic outcomes across life course health effects span physical mental health outcomes including negative health behaviours lower wellbeing increased mortality loneliness however preventable effective intervention systematic review aims identify worked interventions loneliness guide development future interventions eight electronic databases medline embase psycinfo social policy practice social sciences citation index epistemonikos cinahl cochrane library systematically searched inception february 2022 using terms intervention loneliness identify relevant interventions general population restrictions age socioeconomic status geographic location imposed studies measure loneliness primary outcome validated scale singleitem question case studies excluded additional studies identified citation chasing extracted data included study intervention characteristics intervention effectiveness crossstudy comparison critical appraisal conducted using joanna briggs institute critical appraisal skills programme tools studies summarised narrative synthesis searches identified 4734 hits 22 studies included review studies 14 effective reducing loneliness additionally five studies presented unclear findings three concluded decrease loneliness interventions varied group vs individual format online vs person delivery regarding intervention duration individual session length furthermore review highlighted five key areas considering designing intervention loneliness use session interaction inclusion clear learning mechanisms role active participation number opportunities group facilitator interaction variation teaching learning styles group sessions seem preferred individual formats interaction active participation group facilitator contact appear beneficial however studies also recognised importance persontailored approach delivery studies suggest quick fix loneliness learnt practices behaviours community connection built ones lifestyle achieve sustained intervention effectiveness future interventions consider longer followup periods male populations lower educational levels