Kristin E Schneider, Emily M Martin, Sean T Allen, Miles Morris, Katherine Haney, Brendan Saloner, Susan G Sherman
Volatile drug use and overdose during the first year of the COVID-19 pandemic in the United States
The International journal on drug policy
behavioral aspects selfregulation including controlling directing actions paying attention remembering instructions critical successful functioning preschool elementary school recent years several direct assessments skills appeared studies provide complete psychometric data many easy administer developed direct measure childrens behavioral regulation headtotoes task report performance participants aged 3678 months including group spanishspeaking children two different sites n 353 n 92 examined construct validity examiner reliability sources variation associations task scores background characteristics results showed task valid reliable demonstrated variability childrens scores crossclassified hierarchical growth curve analysis indicated girls participants assessed english highersocioeconomic status ses children achieved slightly higher average scores boys spanishspeaking lowerses children effect sizes small older participants achieved higher scores younger children effects site results suggest headtotoes task informative easytoadminister direct assessment childrens behavioral regulation discuss implications use early childhood settings