Fred C. Pampel
Global Patterns and Determinants of Sex Differences in Smoking
University of Colorado Boulder
worldwide spread tobacco use recent decades raises questions relative prevalence smoking among men women degree gender equality nations promote equality cigarette use rising use cigarettes women stem stage cigarette diffusion earlier increases among men changes economic factors smoking policy affected sexes differently study uses aggregate data 106 nations measures smoking prevalence circa 2000 lagged measures gender equality cigarette diffusion tobacco access address questions evaluate underlying theories logged ratio female male prevalence dependent variable regression results reveal gender equality inconsistent effects womens smoking relative men cigarette diffusion consistent moderately strong effects economic factors weak effects global patterns adoption cigarettes women appear closely associated early adoption men movement regular pattern cigarette diffusion