Leslie Rutkowski|David Rutkowski
Improving the Comparability and Local Usefulness of International Assessments: A Look Back and A Way Forward
University of Oslo|University of Oslo
time international largescale assessments grown terms number studies cycles participating countries many heterogeneous mix economies languages cultures geography heterogeneity meaningful consequences comparably measuring achievement nonachievement constructs social emotional skills paper propose one way directly incorporate countryspecific differences methods used construct background scales use research demonstrates data quality issues international assessment degree issues impact inferences proposed solution incorporates innovations developed achievement measures applied background scales demonstrate possible solution pisa 2012 data