Benjamin J Paly, David A Klingbeil, Nathan H Clemens, David J Osman
A cost-effectiveness analysis of four approaches to universal screening for reading risk in upper elementary and middle school
Journal of school psychology
studies reviewed indicate suicidal behavior infrequent among school children 12 increases progressively among junior high 35 high school 65 college students 5065 though considerable values lower similarage psychiatric populations estimates rate actual attempts 3 elementary students 11 high school students 1518 college students lowlethality attempts medical attention sought accordingly vast majority suicide attempts uncovered investigations dealing solely clinical medically identified populations commonly identified correlates suicidal behaviors included depressive symptoms social problems family disorganization problems life stress poor problemsolving skills academic problems important findings must interpreted light methodological constraints response rates low samples small minorities underrepresented nonstudents ignored volunteers unreported characteristics predominated representativeness groups questionable definition categorization behaviors varied considerably making betweenstudy comparisons difficult differences among thoughts threats attempts frequently used categories often taken account rather analyses behaviors treated homogeneous entities grouped together attempters separated ideators treated single entity many deliberately survived attempts manipulative oriented toward benefits individual survivors expect attempts probably differ substantially nature attempts survival intended understanding phenomenon could enhanced comparison characteristics high lowlethality attempts similarly third group behaviorsthat chronic behavior patterns potentially hasten death alcoholism drug abuse selfmutilation risk takinghas adequately addressed terms relationship discrete suicidal events data generally obtained via anonymous selfadministered questionnaires accuracy retrospective selfreports emotionally laden events suspect two instances selfreported questionnaire data validated via interviews subjects alone subjects families time frames referent behaviors collected included last week last month last year lifetime specified longer interval occurrence behavior report greater likelihood reporting inaccuracies may occurabstract truncated 400 words