Steve R. Entrich
Effects of investments in out-of-school education in Germany and Japan
University of Potsdam
aim paper clarify ways school performance outofschool lessons linked special emphasis social disparities educational attainment previous research shadow education indicates outofschool education may indeed factor improve academic achievement school students hand stated nearly without exception socioeconomic background student plays significant role academic achievement well using data 2009 programme international student assessment pisa paper shows new findings comparing effects shadow education investments students performance japan germany found outofschool education investments countries led four significant outcomes japan high school students academic achievement increased due outofschool lessons ii countries great variation outofschool lessons affect academic performance according types outofschool lessons area stay iii outofschool education determines higher achievement scores international comparison decisive way therefore provides reasonable explanation japanese success pisa iv since mid1990s system japan advanced mixed predominantly enrichment outofschool education system german outofschool education system still remedial character