Amber M Hupp, Michelle L Kovarik, Daniel A McCurry
Emerging Areas in Undergraduate Analytical Chemistry Education: Microfluidics, Microcontrollers, and Chemometrics
Annual review of analytical chemistry (Palo Alto, Calif.)
semantic interpretation formal symbol system made intrinsic system rather parasitic meanings heads meanings meaningless symbol tokens manipulated solely basis arbitrary shapes grounded anything meaningless symbols problem analogous trying learn chinese chinesechinese dictionary alone candidate solution sketched symbolic representations must grounded bottomup nonsymbolic representations two kinds 1 iconic representations analogs proximal sensory projections distal objects events 2 categorical representations learned innate featuredetectors pick invariant features object event categories sensory projections elementary symbols names object event categories assigned basis nonsymbolic categorical representations higherorder 3 symbolic representations grounded elementary symbols consist symbol strings describing category membership relations eg x z