Dirk Tempelaar|Wim Gijselaers|Sybrand Schim van der Loeff
Puzzles in Statistical Reasoning
Maastricht University|Maastricht University|Maastricht University
statistical reasoning assessment sra one first objective instruments developed assess students statistical reasoning published 1998 citationgarfield 1998a became widely available citationgarfield 2003 publication empirical studies applying sra garfield coauthors brought forward two intriguing puzzles gender puzzle puzzle nonexisting relations course performances moreover studies find much less puzzling countryeffect present study aims address three empirical findings findings study suggest puzzles may least partly understood terms differences effort students invest studying students strong effortbased learning approaches tend lower correct reasoning scores higher misconception scores students different learning approaches distinction earlier studies administered sra start course therefore measured reasoning abilities correct well incorrect interpreted unequivocally preconceptions independent instruction course implications empirical findings statistics education discussed