Wei Guo, Bao-Li Li, Jian-Yong Zhao, Xiao-Ming Li, Lin-Feng Wang
Causal associations between modifiable risk factors and intervertebral disc degeneration
The spine journal : official journal of the North American Spine Society
cardiovascular diseases cvds among common causes access emergency department among leading causes death worldwide accurate diagnostic algorithms mandatory ensure rapid lifesaving treatment however nonspecific clinical presentation unnecessary referrals subspecialties may lead misinterpretation diagnosis delays recent years development imaging technologies allowed computed tomography ct play prominent role concepts cvd rulein ruleout optimization strategy ct protocols needed reduce variability improve image quality correct diagnostic suspicion crucial different districts ie heart aorta pulmonary circulation may require different investigation techniques additionally cvd pretest probability assessment highly correlated ct accuracy purpose narrative review analyze current role ct approach cvds ed analyze main strategies ct optimization