Carmine Maiello|Fritz Oser|Horst Biedermann
Civic Knowledge, Civic Skills and Civic Engagement
University of Fribourg|University of Fribourg|University of Fribourg
article authors suggest civic skills civic knowledge key components political information perception process try determine differential effects variables civic engagement starting model proposed torneypurta lehmann oswald amp schulz developed alternative model explain likelihood vote international association evaluation educational achievement civic education study standard population 14 yearolds tested 1999 results indicate home environment schoolrelated factors predict civic knowledge skills equally well however direct effects civic knowledge likelihood vote appear stronger corresponding effects civic skills 23 28 countries evaluation total effects highlights meaning open classroom climate discussion reference likelihood vote