Anna N Kirby, Joy DeBellis, Katie Wolter, Gary Mount, Chih-Hsuan Wang, Jonathan Bishop, Jessica Barkhouse, Kathryn Wirth, Nancy Nguyen, Christopher Cacciatore, Kristyn Kraus
Assessing nutrition literacy and nutrition counseling proficiency following an interdisciplinary culinary medicine elective
Journal of osteopathic medicine
although people williams syndrome ws often characterized friendly sociable relatively good general language abilities emerging evidence pragmatic difficulties trouble comprehending aspects nonliteral language main aim investigate comprehension sarcasm metaphor simile ws relative typically developing controls secondary aim examine association nonliteral language comprehension range cognitive abilities ws typically developing population twentysix participants ws compared 26 typically developing chronological agematched controls tdca 26 typically developing mental agematched controls tdma participants listened stories characters made nonliteral comments asked character meant comment order investigate second aim study cognitive abilities also assessed using woodcockjohnson revised tests cognitive ability including expressive vocabulary verbal working memory perceptual integration inferential reasoning overall cognitive ability comprehension nonliteral language ws significantly tdca levels significantly different tdma levels typically developing controls cognitive measures strongly correlated measures nonliteral language comprehension relationships always found participants ws particular sarcasm comprehension ws significantly correlated assessed cognitive abilities expressive vocabulary significantly correlated measure nonliteral comprehension comprehension simile ws tdca levels seems par mental age level appears comprehension sarcasm metaphors cognitive capabilities mental age level individuals ws pattern correlations nonliteral comprehension cognitive abilities ws relative controls suggests perhaps linguistic cognitive systems underpin nonliteral language comprehension typically developing individuals interact integrate different ways ws