S Gupta, A Grewal, K Jain
Obstetric anaesthesiology: manpower and service provision issues in India
International journal of obstetric anesthesia
listening difficulty lid refers challenges individuals face trying hear comprehend speech sounds lid arise various sources hearing sensitivity language comprehension cognitive function auditory processing although children lid hearing loss many clinically normal audiometric thresholds determine impact hearing cognitive factors lid children clinically normal audiogram conducted longitudinal study evaluation childrens listening processing skills eclips validated standardized caregiver evaluation tool used group participants either lid typically developing td previous study aimed characterize lid 6 13yearold children projects baseline crosssectional phase found children lid needed higher signaltonoise ratio speechinspeech tests scored lower assessed components nih cognition toolbox td children primary goal study examine differences lid td groups temporary enduring throughout childhood longitudinal study three data collection waves children lid td aged 6 13 years wave 1 followed assessments 2year wave 2 4year wave 3 intervals primary analysis focused data waves 1 2 secondary analysis encompassed three waves despite high attrition wave 3 caregivers completed eclips participants completed listening spatialized noisesentences lisns test nihtoolbox cognition battery wave analysis consisted 1 examining longitudinal differences td lid groups demographics listening auditory cognitive function 2 identifying functional domains contributing lid 3 testretest reliability measures across waves mixedeffect models employed analyze longitudinal data study enrolled 169 participants 147 100 31 children completing required testing waves 1 2 3 respectively mean ages waves 95 120 140 years average children lid consistently underperformed td children auditory cognitive tasks across waves maternal education auditory cognitive abilities independently predicted caregiverreported listening skills significant correlations waves 1 2 confirmed high longterm reliability secondary analysis wave 3 consistent primary analyses waves 1 2 reinforcing enduring nature listening difficulties children lid clinically normal audiograms experience persistent auditory listening cognitive challenges least adolescence degree lid independently predicted maternal education cognitive processing spatial listening skills study underscores importance early detection intervention childhood lid highlights role socioeconomic factors contributors challenges