Benjamin F. Arnold|Clair Null|Stephen P. Luby|Leanne Unicomb|Christine P. Stewart|Kathryn G. Dewey|Tahmeed Ahmed|Sania Ashraf|Garret Christensen|Thomas Clasen|Holly N. Dentz|Lia Fernald|Rashidul Haque|Alan Hubbard|Patricia Kariger|Elli Leontsini|Audrie Lin|Sammy M. Njenga|Amy J. Pickering|Pavani K. Ram|Fahmida Tofail|Peter J. Winch|John M. Colford
Cluster-randomised controlled trials of individual and combined water, sanitation, hygiene and nutritional interventions in rural Bangladesh and Kenya: the WASH Benefits study design and rationale
Emory University|Stanford University|International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research|International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research|University of California System|University of California System|International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research|BRAC University|International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research|Swarthmore College|Emory University|Emory University|International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research|Johns Hopkins University|Kenya Medical Research Institute|Stanford University|University at Buffalo, State University of New York|International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research|Johns Hopkins University
enteric infections common first years life lowincome countries contribute growth faltering longterm impairment health development water quality sanitation handwashing nutritional interventions independently reduce enteric infections growth faltering little evidence directly compares effects individual combined interventions diarrhoea growth delivered infants young children objective wash benefits study help fill knowledge gapwash benefits includes two clusterrandomised trials assess improvements water quality sanitation handwashing child nutritionalone combinationto rural households pregnant women kenya bangladesh geographically matched clusters groups household compounds bangladesh villages kenya randomised one six intervention arms control intervention arms include water quality sanitation handwashing nutrition combined watersanitationhandwashing wsh wshnutrition studies enrol newborn children n5760 bangladesh n8000 kenya measure outcomes 12 24 months intervention delivery primary outcomes include child lengthforage zscores caregiverreported diarrhoea secondary outcomes include stunting prevalence markers environmental enteropathy child development scores verbal motor personalsocial estimate unadjusted adjusted intentiontotreat effects using semiparametric estimators permutation testsstudy protocols reviewed approved human subjects review boards university california berkeley stanford university international centre diarrheal disease research bangladesh kenya medical research institute innovations poverty action independent data safety monitoring boards country oversee trials study funded grant bill melinda gates foundation university california berkeleytrial registration identifiers httpwwwclinicaltrialsgov nct01590095 bangladesh nct01704105 kenya