Jenny H Chang, Moustafa Moussally, Mujtaba Mubashir, Kimberly Woo, R Matthew Walsh, Ilyssa O Gordon, Jon Utech, Sofya Asfaw, Benjamin T Miller
Training Future Surgeon Leaders in Environmental Stewardship: A Review of a Decade of the Health Care Sustainability Fellowship
Journal of surgical education
main aim study analyze patterns changes approximate number sense ans precision grade 1 mean age 784 years grade 9 mean age 1582 years sample russian schoolchildren fulfill aim data longitudinal study two cohorts children used first cohort assessed grades 15 elementary school education plus first year secondary education second cohort assessed grades 59 secondary school education ans precision assessed accuracy reaction time rt nonsymbolic comparison test blueyellow dots test patterns change estimated via mixedeffect growth models results revealed first cohort average accuracy increased grade 1 grade 5 following nonlinear pattern rate growth slowed grade 3 79 years old nonlinear pattern changes second cohort indicated accuracy started increase grade 7 grade 9 1315 years old changes grade 5 grade 7 however rt nonsymbolic comparison test decreased evenly grade 1 grade 7 713 years old rate processing nonsymbolic information tended stabilize grade 7 grade 9 moreover changes rate processing nonsymbolic information explained changes general processing speed results also demonstrated accuracy rt positively correlated across grades results indicate accuracy rate nonsymbolic processing reflect two different processes namely maturation development nonsymbolic representation system