Michael Rutter
Emotional disorder and educational underachievement.
Institute of Psychiatry and Neurology
problems seen schoolaged children learning disorders among commonthese disorders first concern school teacher school psychologist many cases get referred medical specialists various kindspaediatric referral may initiated quasineurological syndromes developmental dyslexia critchley 1970naidoo 1972 dyscalculia cohen 1961slade russell 1971 suspected learning difficulty associated cerebral palsy epilepsy overt neurological condition rutter graham yule 1970a seems learning disorder origin developmental speech delay ingram 1969rutter martin 1972the importance significance neurological developmental factors learning disorders considered elsewhere respect reading rutter yule 1973however children educational underachievement commonly suffer additional handicap emotional behavioural disordersthe fact association long noted meaning remains poorly understoodthere controversy extent emotional disturbance causes learning difficulties extent learning disorders result secondary maladjustment extent learning emotional disorders stem common causal factornevertheless essential understand mechanisms involved association appropriate remedial therapeutic action takenthis paper reviews known topicdefinition measurement educational underachievement discussing research findings associations underachievement