Viviana Ventre, Roberta Martino, María José Muñoz Torrecillas
Relationship between an inconsistent degree of financial literacy and inconsistent decision-making in intertemporal choices
Heliyon
artsbased pedagogical tools increasingly incorporated medical education visual thinking strategies vts researchbased constructivist teaching methodology aims improve visual literacy critical thinking communication skills process investigating works art harvard medical school pioneered application vts within medical education 2004 several studies investigating use vts need systematically assess different programs exist medical education efficacy improving relevant clinical skills systematic review aims critically analyse available evidence effectiveness vts medical education guide future research provide framework adapt medical curricula systematic search pubmed psycinfo cochrane central databases november 2022 conducted identify studies vtsbased interventions undergraduate postgraduate medical education two reviewers independently screened citations inclusion criteria extracted data assessed risk bias extracted data narratively synthesized 5759 unique citations 10 studies met inclusion criteria reference review one additional study included therefore 11 studies included review eight reported vtsbased interventions undergraduate medical students three reported interventions residency training specifically dermatology ophthalmology main goal studies increase observational visual diagnostic skills three studies undergraduate medical education two postgraduate achieved statistically significant improvement observational skills postcourse evaluations studies reported increased tolerance ambiguity empathy although studies varied considerably study design learning objectives outcomes findings consistently indicate vts approach serve vehicle develop crucial clinical competencies encouraging indepth visual analysis could applied observing patient despite limitations included studies lack control groups selfselection bias nonstandard outcome measures results review provide support greater inclusion vts training medical curriculum