Myung Hee Im|Jan N. Hughes|Oi?Man Kwok|Stevie Puckett|Carissa Analise Cerda
Effect of retention in elementary grades on transition to middle school
Texas A&M University|Texas A&M University|Texas A&M University|Texas A&M University|Texas A&M University
authors investigated effects retention grades 1 5 students reading math achievement teacherrated engagement studentreported school belonging middle school multiethnic sample n 784 children scored median test literacy grade 1 average 75 students subsequently retained grades 1 5 matched average 299 continuously promoted students basis propensity retained elementary grades total 20 imputed datasets analyzed showed good balance across 67 baseline covariates used calculate propensity scores hypothesis retained students old grade make transition middle school would difficult transition middle school promoted peers tested 3level piecewise growth modeling piece 1 included assessments prior transition middle school piece 2 included assessments transition retained continuously promoted students differ outcome measures year prior transition differ posttransition trajectories discrepancies results results prior research discussed terms demographic generational differences well differences methodological rigor