Monavar Fattahiyan, Hassan Okati-Aliabad, Maryam Seraji
Psychopathology in virtual education for primary school students in the COVID-19 pandemic: A qualitative analysis
Journal of education and health promotion
positive relational experiences infancy profound impact child development critical future health school readiness evaluating simple finger puppet intervention takes one minute costs 1usd deliver primary care setting promote caregiverinfant interactions explored using developmental trajectories determine later outcomes early intervention program comparing trajectories age 36 months assess optimal intervention timing delivered early versus late infancy three cohorts enrolled given puppet 2 months early intervention 6 12 months late intervention child development assessed using ages stages questionnaires asq3 independently collected well visits scanned asq3 forms 2 36 months obtained retrospectively electronic medical record compare longitudinal scores different ages raw scores first converted zscores longitudinal mixed effects models examined trajectories participant asq3 scores time comparing average intercepts slopes 180 children enrolled 172 96 completed 2 asq3 questionnaires included analysis mean 49 total 843 questionnaires children 85 governmentsponsored insurance statistical differences comparing cohort intercepts early intervention significant difference slope compared late intervention personalsocial domain 012 p0018 resulting higher predicted scores 36 months early compared late intervention difference slope approaching significance communication 014 p0056 combined nonmotor score 033 p0052 significant differences slope problem solving 005 p048 gross motor 0009 p084 fine motor 006 p022 total asq3 032 p017 scores finger puppets may provide simple scalable way encourage responsive caregiverinfant interactions promoting language socialemotional development especially provided early versus late infancy trajectory analysis also demonstrates useful potentially costeffective approach evaluating longterm developmental outcomes early intervention