Anne E Riggs
Social statistics: Children use statistical reasoning to guide their inferences about the scope of social behavior
Developmental psychology
spin characterized misinterpretation results whether deliberate unintentional culminates misleading conclusions steers readers toward excessively optimistic perspective data primary objective systematic review estimate prevalence nature spin within traumatic brain injury tbi literature additionally identification associated factors intended provide guidance future research practices preferred reporting items systematic reviews metaanalyses prisma recommendations followed search medlinepubmed database conducted identify englishlanguage articles published january 1960 july 2020 inclusion criteria encompassed randomized controlled trials rcts exclusively enrolled tbi patients investigating various interventions whether surgical nonsurgical published highimpact journals spin defined 1 focus statistically significant results based primary outcome 2 interpreting statistically nonsignificant results superiority analysis primary outcome 3 claiming emphasizing beneficial effect treatment despite statistically nonsignificant results 4 conclusion focused perprotocol astreated analysis instead intentiontotreat itt results 5 incorrect statistical analysis 6 republication significant secondary analysis without proper acknowledgment primary outcome analysis result primary outcomes explicitly reported published article studies without clear primary outcome excluded study characteristics described using traditional descriptive statistics exploratory inferential analysis performed identify associated spin studies risk bias evaluated cochrane risk bias tool total 150 rcts included 22 n 33 spin commonly spin types 1 3 overall risk bias p 0001 neurosurgery department member first author p 0009 absence statistician among authors p 0042 smaller sample sizes p 0033 associated spin prevalence spin tbi literature high even leading medical journals studies higher risks bias frequently associated spin critical interpretation results authors conclusions advisable regardless study design published journal