Paul K. Crane|Jonathan Gruhl|Elena A. Erosheva|Laura E. Gibbons|Susan M. McCurry|Kristoffer Rhoads|Vu Dat Nguyen|Keerthi Arani|Kamal Masaki|Leonard White
Use of Spoken and Written Japanese Did Not Protect Japanese-American Men From Cognitive Decline in Late Life
Institute of Social Work|University of Washington|Virginia Mason Medical Center|Henry Ford Hospital|Beaumont Hospital, Royal Oak|University of Hawai?i at M?noa|Pacific Health Research and Education Institute
spoken bilingualism may associated cognitive reserve mastering complicated written language may associated additional reserve sought determine midlife use spoken written japanese associated lower rates late life cognitive declineparticipants secondgeneration japaneseamerican men hawaiian island oahu born 19001919 free dementia 1991 categorized based midlife selfreported use spoken written japanese total n included primary analysis 2520 cognitive functioning measured cognitive abilities screening instrument scored using item response theory used mixed effects models controlling age income education smoking status apolipoprotein e e4 alleles number study visitsrates cognitive decline related use spoken written japanese finding consistent across numerous sensitivity analyseswe find evidence support hypothesis multilingualism associated cognitive reserve