Heinz Welsch
Corruption, growth, and the environment: a cross-country analysis
Carl von Ossietzky Universität Oldenburg
relationship per capita income number pollution indicators found display inverted ushaped downwardsloping pattern corruption may affect relationship two distinct ways raising pollution given income levels direct effect reducing per capita income indirect effect total effect ambiguous priori using crosssection data several indicators pollution paper estimates direct indirect effect corruption pollution indirect effect via income positive negative depending income level negative indirect effect dominated positive direct effect overall measures pollution monotonically increasing corruption relationship particularly strong low income levels developing countries considerably improve economic environmental performance reducing corruption