Hanieh Neshastesaz Kashi, Salime Goharinezhad, Samira Soleimanpour, Ali Haji Mohammadi
Mapping student engagement in health professions education policy and decision-making: a scoping review
BMC medical education
high television exposure time young age described potential risk factor developing behavioral problems however less known effects preschool television subsequent bullying involvement examined association television viewing time ages 25 bullying involvement first grades elementary school hypothesized high television exposure increases risk bullying involvement tv viewing time assessed repeatedly early childhood using parental report combine repeated assessments used latent class analysis four exposure classes identified labeled low midlow midhigh high bullying involvement assessed teacher questionnaire n3423 mean age 68 years additionally peerselfreport bullying involvement obtained using peer nomination procedure n1176 mean age 76 years examined child risk bully victim bullyvictim compared uninvolved bullying high television exposure class associated elevated risks bullying victimization also teacher childreported data children high television exposure class likely bullyvictim or211 95 ci 142313 or368 95 ci 175774 respectively however univariate effect estimates attenuated longer statistically significant adjusted maternal child covariates association television viewing time ages 25 bullying involvement early elementary school confounded maternal child sociodemographic characteristics