Pietro Di Martino, Francesca Gregorio, Paola Iannone
The transition from school to university in mathematics education research: new trends and ideas from a systematic literature review
Educational studies in mathematics
epidemiologic research exercise measurement observational epidemiologic results usually include point estimate measure random error frequentist confidence interval qualitative discussion study limitations without randomization study subjects exposure groups inference study results requires educated guess strength systematic errors compared strength exposure effects although quantitative methods make educated guesses exist conventional approach qualitative reduces educated guessing problem reasoning uncertainty circumstances humans predictably reason poorly heuristics resulting biases simplify judgmental tasks tend underestimate systematic error underestimate uncertainty focus inference studys specific evidence excluding countervailing external information common warnings interpret results trepidation ineffective solution methods quantify systematic error uncertainty challenge analyst specify alternative explanations associations otherwise readily judged causal