Mohammad Mirzaie
Swings in Fertility Limitation in Iran
click increase image sizeclick decrease image size notes 1 scholars david glass glass revelle r 1972 population social change london edward arnold google scholar ansely coale coale 1973 demographic transition reconsidered proceedings international population conference 53 73 liege iussp google scholar john caldwell caldwell j 1976 towards restatement demographic transition theory population development review 23 321366 google scholar john knodel ettiene van de walle van de walle e knodel j 1967 demographic transition fertility decline european case contributed papers iussp conference 47 55 sydney google scholar may named among pioneers reconsidered demographic transition see references end article complete citations representative works scholars 2 basim musallam sex society islam musallam bf 1983 sex society islam birth control nineteenth century cambridge cambridge university press google scholar cambridge univ press 1983 v 3 p ii 3 basim musallam sex society islam musallam bf 1983 sex society islam birth control nineteenth century cambridge cambridge university press google scholar cambridge univ press 1983 v 3 p 28 4 alfred sauvy malthus et les deux marx 1963 sauvy 1963 malthus et les deux marx paris denol google scholar pp 185187 5 asghar zahedi iran family planning program zahedi 1974 iran family planning program united nations population strategy asia 315 new york united nations google scholar united nations population strategy asia un 1974 p 315 6 although child women ratio proxy measure rough estimation fertility provides useful indications instance table 2 reduction fertility years immediately 1976 may inferred cwr1 interestingly cwr2 implies fertility situation 59 years census show declining trend 1976 1991 7 according figures statistical center iran crude marriage rate rose 5 per thousand immediate years revolution 8 per thousand years immediately revolution see scis annual statistical yearbook various years statistical center iran various years statistical yearbook iran tehran statistical center iran google scholar indications early 1980s first years revolution fertility increased rapidly reached peak point decreased slightly 1988 8 war basic needs rationed basis number members family without qualifications system rationing allowed shares coupons larger families newly born child need rationed goods meat rice sugar cooking oil end breastfeeding period often takes long two years yet child began receiving coupons right birth thus children families could get coupons selling coupons opportunists became way making money poor families 9 due huge influx refugees afghanistan iraq 1976 1986 average annual rate intercensus population growth 397 percent 32 percent represented natural increase 08 percent migration refugees 10 postrevolutionary pronatalist atmosphere presumably fertility decline probably would continued period 197888 therefore although actions moderation population growth rate reinforced 1988 huge reduction fertility 1990s attributed totally programs conducted particular decade occurred resumption fertility trend reversed decade result islamic revolution hence credit given previous actions 1988 remarkable decline fertility 1990s 11 escap ir irans report escap 1997 ir irans report population headliner 257 google scholar population headliner 257 1997 7 12 using easterlins fertility framework terminology supply children cn exceeds demand children cd hence motivation fertility limitations see richard e easterlin economic framework fertility analysis easterlin 1975 economic framework fertility analysis studies family planning 63 5464 crossref pubmed web science google scholar studies family planning population council 6 3 1975 5464 13 immediately islamic revolution popular movement reconstruction rural areas began also ministry construction jihad campaign established pursue rural development new institution fresh entangled cumbersome bureaucracy old ministries made significant contributions rural development appreciable activities ministry construction jihad along preventive curative health measures provided village health houses ministry health crucial reduction infant mortality 14 period 198091 average annual gnp growth rate country 13 percent average annual rate inflation 14 percent 15 examples fertility surveys conducted various parts iran indicated inverse relationship literacy rate fertility see mehdi amani mohammad mirzaie impact literacy fertility family planning amani mirzaie 1971 impact literacy fertility family planning tehran esfahan tehran institute social studies research university tehran google scholar institute social studies research 1971 mehdi amani fertility tehran amani 1974 fertility tehran tehran institute social studies research university tehran persian google scholar institute social studies research 1974 aliakbar paydarfar akbar aghajanian fertility fars province paydarfar aghajanian 1975 fertility fars province proceedings seminar population problems iran esfahan university esfahan google scholar proceedings seminar population problems university esfahan 1975 additional informationnotes contributorsmohammad mirzaiethe author wishes thank professor jones mcdonald comments earlier drafts article