Jan N. Hughes|Qian Cao|Stephen G. West|Paula Allee Smith|Carissa Analise Cerda
Effect of retention in elementary grades on dropping out of school early
Texas A&M University|Texas A&M University|Arizona State University|Texas A&M University|Texas A&M University
study investigated effect grade retention elementary school dropping school age 16 participants 538 54 males ethnically diverse academically atrisk students recruited texas schools longitudinal study first grade mean age658 propensity score weighting successfully equated 171 retained students 367 continuously promoted students 65 covariates assessed grade 1 fiftyone students dropped school age 16 487 persisted retention vs promotion led increased early dropout rate odds ratio168 even controlling 65 covariates associated school achievement retention implications findings dropout prevention grade retention policies discussed