Aoi Yamanaka, Julie E Owen
Leadership identity development
New directions for student leadership
hurlbert divides experimental ecologist see need dispersion replicated treatments controls recognize importance take whatever measures necessary achieve good dose experimental ecologists could also divided see problems sacrificing spatial temporal scales order obtain replication understand appropriate scale must always priority replication experiment conducted spatial temporal scale predictions contesting hypotheses convergent ambiguous amount technical impeccability make work instructive conversely replication always obtained afterwards conducting experiments basically similar design different areas using metaanalysis approach even reduces sampling bias obtained resources allocated small number wellreplicated experiments strict advocate hypotheticodeductive method replication unnecessary even matter principle unless predicted response weak random background noise plausible excuse discrepancy predictions results definition prediction allstatement referring systems within welldefined category applies must apply hence choosing two systems assigning randomly treatment control normally adequate design deductive experiment strength experiments depends firmness predictions priori probability corroboration replication one many ways reducing probability whether experiment replicated inferential statistics always used enable reader judge well apparent patterns samples reflect real patterns statistical populations concept pseudoreplication amounts entirely unwarranted stigmatization reasonable way test predictions referring largescale systems