Jun Yang|José Siri|Justin V. Remais|Qu Cheng|Han Zhang|Karen Kie Yan Chan|Zhe Sun|Yuanyuan Zhao|Na Cong|Xueyan Li|Wei Zhang|Yuqi Bai|Jun Bi|Wenjia Cai|Emily Ying Yang Chan|Wanqing Chen|Weicheng Fan|Hua Fu|Jia He|Hong Huang|John S. Ji|Peng Jia|Xiaopeng Jiang|Mei?Po Kwan|Tianhong Li|Xiguang Li|Song Liang|Xiaofeng Liang|Liang Lu|Qiyong Liu|Yongmei Lu|Yong Luo|Xiulian Ma|Bernhard Schwartländer|Zhiyong Shen|Peijun Shi|Jing Su|Tinghai Wu|Chuan?Fu Yang|Yongyuan Yin|Qiang Zhang|Yinping Zhang|Yong Zhang|Bing Xu|Peng Gong
The Tsinghua–Lancet Commission on Healthy Cities in China: unlocking the power of cities for a healthy China
Tsinghua University|United Nations University-International Institute for Global Health|Berkeley Public Health Division|University of California, Berkeley|Tsinghua University|Tsinghua University|Tsinghua University|Tsinghua University|Tsinghua University|Tsinghua University|Tsinghua University|Tsinghua University|Tsinghua University|State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse|Nanjing University|Tsinghua University|Chinese University of Hong Kong|Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College|Tsinghua University|Fudan University|Tsinghua University|Duke Kunshan University|Duke University|Dana-Farber/Harvard Cancer Center|University of Twente|Utrecht University|University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign|University of California, Davis|Tsinghua University|University of Florida|Chinese Center For Disease Control and Prevention|University of Arkansas at Monticello|Tsinghua University|National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention|Texas State University|Tsinghua University|Chinese Academy of Governance|World Health Organization|Baidu (China)|Beijing Normal University|Tsinghua University|Tsinghua University|Sichuan Center for Disease Control and Prevention|Tsinghua University|Tsinghua University|National Health and Family Planning Commission|Tsinghua University|Tsinghua University|Tsinghua University
past four decades rapid urbanisation china brought unprecedented health benefits urban population also created new challenges protection promotion health cities shift rural urban living people ever enjoy health advantages cities provide better access health services improved sanitation example average life expectancy male urban residents 2010 estimated 709 years longer counterparts rural china urban females lived 664 years longer1yang g liu analysis average life expectancy population china based bayesian randomeffect modelstat res 2015 32 95100google scholar changes associated rapid urbanisationincluding largescale migration ageing pollution shifts diet lifestyle social inequalityhave created new health challenges2gong p liang carlton ej et alurbanisation health chinalancet 2012 379 843852summary full text full text pdf pubmed scopus 747 google scholar example 52 people 60 years old lived urban areas 2015 compared 34 20003ministry civil affairsresults fourth national survey urban rural elderly chinahttpwwwmcagovcnarticlezwgkmzyw20161020161000001974shtmldate 2015google scholar thus increasing burden senior care chinese cities noncommunicable diseases replaced infectious diseases leading cause death among urban residents percentage years life lost diseases fraction allcause years life lost increased 500 95 ci 485530 1990 773 765781 20154wang h naghavi allen c et althe gbd 2015 mortality causes death collaboratorsglobal regional national life expectancy allcause mortality causespecific mortality 249 causes death 19802015 systematic analysis global burden disease study 2015lancet 2016 388 14591544summary full text full text pdf pubmed scopus 3654 google scholar health inequality also increased urban areas5wang h yu increasing health inequality china empirical study ordinal dataj econ inequal 2016 14 4161crossref scopus 2 google scholar china acted address urban health challenges passing strict environmental regulations investing heavily urban infrastructure major reforms passed increase transparency environmental governance control pollution short term moving reform whole industries thus provide longterm solutions programmes like hygienic cities movement invested heavily urban infrastructure promote health including major improvements urban sanitation6meng q yue ruan cheng g report comprehensive evaluation national hygienic cities peking university china center health development studies beijing2014google scholar china also increased coverage accessibility health services urban areas 2016 around 938 urban population covered urban medical insurance programmes substantial increase 41 1998 programmes started7ministry human resources social securityannual statistical bulletin human resources social security development 1998httpwwwmohrssgovcnsyrlzyhshbzbzwgkszrstjgb200602t2006020769891htmldate 2006google scholar 8ministry human resources social securityannual statistical bulletin human resources social security development 2016httpwwwmohrssgovcnsyrlzyhshbzbzwgkszrstjgb201705t20170531271671htmldate 2017google scholar meanwhile cities china also testing new strategies urban health management chinas pilot healthy cities project9wang wang h zhang x li j long q analysis practice development strategies healthy cities chinain wang h xie sheng j annual report healthy city construction china 2016 social science academic press beijing2016google scholar management chronic diseases mental disorders cities improved dramatically major progress made regarding access preventive primary health services efforts contributed reduction exposure health risks health improvement urban china however despite successes major gaps remain including limited overreliance topdownapproach environmental management narrow focus health care urban health management scarcity intersectoral action given urbanisation rate china predicted reach 71 203010chen q dietzenbacher e los b effects ageing urbanisation chinas future rural urban populationsasian popul stud 2017 13 172197crossref scopus 0 google scholar urban health challenges continue emerge expand innovative strategies used address issues become major obstacles achievement improved health development millions people also become clear health sector alone traditional piecemeal approach cannot effectively resolve modern challenges urban health china country transitional period pursuit economic growth cost replaced sustainable development 2013 president xi jinping declared chinas intention develop socalled ecological civilisation ecocivilisation core principles involve balancing relationship humanity nature transition health recognised centrepiece sustainable development china highlighted healthy china 2030 plan adopted 201611central committee chinese communist partystate councilthe plan healthy china 2030 government peoples republic china beijing2016google scholar result peoplecentred healthoriented urban development hopefully prevail china however major efforts political investments needed put vision practice tsinghualancet commission healthy cities china aimed characterise understand address urban health challenges unique context chinas rapid dynamic urban development experts wide range disciplines examined environmental social determinants health identified key stakeholders assessed actions prevention management control adverse health outcomes associated countrys urban experience conclude key efforts needed combat urban health challenges china unified healthy cities movement uses systems approach urban health management provides clear path realisation healthy china 2030 plan actions taken build healthy cities china contributed global knowledge development healthy cities parts world chinas strategic simultaneous rollout diverse trials different citiesin areas health education promotionand rapid adoption effective approaches national scale valuable lesson countries facing rapid urbanisation despite successes believe room substantial improvement make following five key recommendations china take advantage new humancentred urbanisation strategies example cities integrate health urban planning design first step towards integration health policies cities increase participation residents private sector nongovernmental organisations ngos community groups health management increase achieved investment community capacity building engagement private sector motivate sustain intersectoral action design building management healthy cities cities develop ways assess health effects urban management use measures span multiple diverse sectors cities view health goals specified healthy china 2030 plan longterm goals achieved building healthy cities indicator systems put place assess progress inform public develop new theories practical solutions cities increase investment form partnerships universities research institutes private sector support research education best ways create healthy cities