Lin Zhong, Jing Zhang, Peng-Xiang Zuo
[The mediating role of emotion regulation strategies between symptoms and anxiety problems in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder]
Zhongguo dang dai er ke za zhi = Chinese journal of contemporary pediatrics
polygenic risk scores prs quantify individuals genetic predisposition different traits expected play increasingly important role personalized medicine crucial challenge clinical practice generalizability transferability prs models populations different ancestries assessing generalizability prs models continuous traits r2 commonly used measure evaluate prediction accuracy r2 welldefined goodnessoffit measure statistical linear models exist different definitions application test data complicates interpretation comparison results based largescale genotype data uk biobank compare three definitions r2 test data evaluating generalizability prs models different populations polygenic models several phenotypes including height bmi lipoprotein derived based training data european ancestry using stateoftheart regression methods evaluated various test populations different ancestries analysis shows choice r2 definition lead considerably different results test data making comparison r2 values literature problematic definition squared correlation predicted observed phenotypes solely addresses discriminative performance always yields values 0 1 definitions r2 based mean squared prediction error mspe reference interceptonly models assess discrimination calibration mspebased definitions yield negative values indicating miscalibrated predictions outoftarget populations argue choice appropriate definition depends aim prs analysis whether primarily serves risk stratification also individual phenotype prediction moreover correlationbased mspebased definitions r2 provide valuable complementary information awareness different definitions r2 test data necessary facilitate reporting interpretation results prs generalizability recommended explicitly state definition used reporting r2 values test data research warranted develop evaluate wellcalibrated polygenic models diverse populations