Adriaan Louw, Colleen Louw, Jessie Podalak, Kory Zimney, Jen DeLorenzo, Nicholas Maiers, Emilio J Puentedura, Paul Mintken
Pain Neuroscience Education in Elementary and Middle Schools
Pediatric physical therapy : the official publication of the Section on Pediatrics of the American Physical Therapy Association
dyslexia developmental language disorders important learning difficulties however genetic basis remains poorly understood genetic studies performed europeans lack genomewide association studies gwas literacy phenotypes chinese native language english second language esl chinese population study conducted gwas 34 readinglanguagerelated phenotypes hong kong chinese bilingual children including twins singletons total n 1046 performed association tests singlevariant gene pathway levels addition tested genetic overlap phenotypes neuropsychiatric disorders well cognitive performance cp educational attainment ea using polygenic risk score prs analysis totally 5 independent loci ldclumped r2 001 maf 005 reached genomewide significance p 5e08 filtered imputation quality metric rsq03 least 2 correlated snps r2 05 p 1e3 loci associated range languageliteracy traits chinese vocabulary character word reading rapid digit naming well english lexical decision several snps loci mapped genes reported associated ea neuropsychiatric phenotypes manea plxnc1 prs analysis ea cp showed consistent significant polygenic overlap variety language traits especially english literacy skills summarize study revealed genetic basis chinese english abilities group chinese bilingual children studies warranted replicate findings