Alisha J Williams, Julia I Malewicz, John M Pum, David Zurakowski, Charles S Day
How Did Black and Hispanic Orthopaedic Applicants and Residents Compare to General Surgery Between 2015 and 2022?
Clinical orthopaedics and related research
background investigation study potential noninvasive diagnostic approaches bladder cancer biomarker ubc rapid test study including novel comparative methods bioassay evaluation comparison uses bladder cancer useful example objective paper investigate specific data used demonstration partially compare roc methodologies also show sensitivityspecificity predictive values used clinical diagnostics decision making study includes roc curves integrated cutoff distribution curves comparison sensitivityspecificity ss positivenegative predictive values ppvnpv pv well ssj indexpvpsi indexroc curves ssjpvpsi index cutoff diagrams j youden psi predictive summary index unified direct comparison ssjpv results achieved via quantitative andor qualitative bioassays identification optimal separate unified index cutoff points patients methods according routine diagnostics 91 patients confirmed bladder cancer 1152 patients evidence bladder cancer leading prevalence value 0073 study performed quantitative investigation usedup test cassettes visual ubc rapid qualitative pointofcare assay already applied routine diagnostics using photometric reader quantitative data could also obtained test line used cassettes interrelations ss pv values evaluated using cumulative distribution analysis cad sspvroc curves ssjpvpsi indexroc curves ssjpvpsi index cutoff diagram maximum unified ssjpvpsi index value corresponding cutoff value determined calculated ssjpvpsi index cutoff diagram results use sspvroc curves integrated cutoff concentration distribution curves provides improved diagnostic information compared traditional roc curves threshold distributions integrated curves sspvroc curves ssjpvpsi indexroc curves run opposite directions contrast ssroc curves pvroc novel pvpsi indexroc curves neither area curve auc range 0 100 cutoff level qualitative assay 75 gl sensitivity 659 specificity 633 ppv 124 npv 959 threshold value 125 gl based set concentrations readerbased evaluation revealed graphically estimated 5 increase sensitivity 13 increase specificity compared visual qualitative poc test case predictive values gain 8 ppv 10 npv index values cutoffs follows visual ssj index 0328 35 gl visual pvpsi index 0083 54 gl maximal reader youden index 00558 250 gl maximal pvpsi index 0459 250 gl respectively maximum unified ssjpvpsi index value 032 cutoff 43 gl reciprocal ssj index correctly detected one three patients reciprocal pvpsi index gave one twelve patients correct diagnosis conclusions roc curves including cutoff distribution curves supplement information lost traditionally plotted roc curves novel sets roc indexroc curves new sspv index cutoff diagrams enable simultaneous comparison sensitivityspecificity predictive value profiles diagnostic tools identification optimal cutoff values maximal index values even unifying sspv approach curves within ssjpvpsi index cutoff diagram distributed complete cutoff range quantitative assay field open special clinical considerations need vary mentioned clinical diagnostic parameters complete partial areas xaxis aox calculated summarized quantitative qualitative effectivity evaluations respect single andor unified ssj pvpsi indices respect single several several unified assays ssjpvpsi indexaox approach new tool providing additional joint clinical information reciprocal ssj indices predict number patients correct diagnosis number persons need examined order correctly predict diagnosis disease methods could used applications like medical plant epidemiology machine learning algorithms neural networks