Andjelka Pavlovic, Laura F DeFina, Breanna L Natale, Shelby E Thiele, Timothy J Walker, Derek W Craig, Georgina R Vint, David Leonard, William L Haskell, Harold W Kohl
Keeping children healthy during and after COVID-19 pandemic: meeting youth physical activity needs
BMC public health
research environmental genetic pathways complex traits educational attainment ea confounded uncertainty whether correlations reflect effects transmitted parental genes causal family environments possibly interactive mixture thus aggregate thousands alleles associated ea polygenic risk score prs may tap parental behaviors home environments promoting ea offspring new methods unpicking determining causal pathways required utilize fact parents pass random 50 genome given offspring create independent scores transmitted alleles conventional ea prs parental score based alleles transmitted offspring ea vpprs formal effect nontransmitted alleles offspring attainment tested 2333 genotyped twins highquality measures ea assessed age 17 years available whose parents also genotyped four key findings observed first ea prs ea vpprs empirically independent validating virtualparent design second familybased design childrens ea prs significantly predicted ea 015 ruling stratification confounds cause association attainment ea prs third parental ea prs predicted ses environment parents provided offspring 020 parental ses offspring ea significantly associated 033 would suggest ea prs least strongly linked social competence ea leading higher attained ses parents therefore higher experienced ses children full structural equation model taking account family genetic relatedness across multiple siblings nontransmitted allele effects estimated similar values complex model confidence intervals included zero test using forthcoming ea3 prs may clarify outcome virtualparent method may applied clarify causality phenotypes observational evidence suggests parenting may moderate expression outcomes instance psychiatry