Shahid Manzar, Jad El Koussaify, Victoria C Garcia, Yagiz Ozdag, Anil Akoon, C Liam Dwyer, Joel C Klena, Louis C Grandizio
Statistical Literacy in Hand and Upper-Extremity Patients
Journal of hand surgery global online
consistent set internationally accepted atomic weights long essential aim scientific community relevance values science technology well trade commerce subject ethical legal international standards standard atomic weights elements regularly evaluated recommended published updated tables commission atomic weights isotopic abundances cawia international union pure applied chemistry iupac values invariably associated carefully evaluated uncertainties atomic weights originally determined mass ratio measurements coupled understanding chemical stoichiometry based almost exclusively knowledge isotopic composition derived isotopeabundance ratio measurements atomic masses isotopes elements atomic weights atomic masses scaled numerical value exactly 12 mass carbon isotope mass number 12 technological advances mass spectrometry nuclearreaction energies enabled atomic masses determined relative uncertainty better 1 10 7 isotope abundances increasing number elements measured better 1 10 3 excellent precision measurements led discovery many elements different specimens display significant variations isotopeabundance ratios caused variety natural industrial physicochemical processes variations increasingly place constraint uncertainties standard atomic weights stated provide numerous opportunities investigating range important phenomena physical chemical cosmological biological industrial processes review reflects current increasing interest science measured differences sourcespecific even samplespecific atomic weights relative comparisons often made smaller uncertainty achieved best calibrated absolute sitraceable atomicweight determinations accurate determinations atomic weights certain elements also influence values fundamental constants avogadro faraday universal gas constants review two parts first summarizes development science atomicweight determinations 20th century second summarizes changes variations recognized values uncertainties atomic weights elementbyelement basis latter part 20th century