Armando G-Olvera, Selene Pacheco-Miranda, Emanuel Orozco Núñez, Nicolás Aguilar-Farias, Iván López Fernández, Alejandra Jáuregui
Implementation of physical education policies in elementary and middle schools in Mexico
Health promotion international
providing insights refusal participate research critical achieve better understanding nonresponse bias little known people refused participate especially hardtoreach populations detained persons study investigated potential nonresponse bias among detained persons comparing participants accepted refused sign onetime general informed consent used data collected crosssectional study primary designed evaluate onetime general informed consent research total 190 participants included study response rate 847 main outcome acceptance sign informed consent used proxy evaluate nonresponse collected sociodemographic variables health literacy selfreported clinical information total 832 participants signed informed consent multivariable model lasso selection according relative bias important predictors level education 213 bias 207 health insurance status 204 bias 78 need another study language 021 bias 394 health literacy 220 bias 100 region origin included lasso regression model bias 92 clinical characteristics significantly associated main outcome low relative biases 27 refusers likely social vulnerabilities consenters clinical vulnerabilities similar groups nonresponse bias probably occurred prison population therefore efforts made reach vulnerable population improve participation research ensure fair equitable distribution research benefits