Jennifer L Goldman, Jennifer E Schuster, Vanessa F Maier, Rohit Anand, Elizabeth E Hill, Sabrina M Butteris, Gregory P DeMuri, Samantha A Omidfar, M Alan Brookhart, Joyce Pak, Daniel K Benjamin, Kanecia O Zimmerman
Urban Classification, Not COVID-19 Community Rates, Was Associated With Modes of Learning in US K-12 Schools?
Pediatrics
previous observational studies documented inverse association birthweight myocardial infarction mi positive association atrial fibrillation af however causality associations underlying mediating pathways remain unclear aimed investigate causal effects birthweight incorporating fetal maternal genetic effects mi af identify potential mediators respective pathways performed mendelian randomization mr analyses using genomewide association study summary statistics birthweight n 297356 birthweight 210248 offspring birthweight mi ncase61000 ncontrol577000 af ncase60620 ncontrol970216 52 candidate mediators n 138481295946 twostep mr employed identify assess mediation proportion potential mediators associations birthweight mi af respectively complement replicated analyses fetalspecific birthweight maternalspecific birthweight genetically determined 1sd lower birthweight associated 40 95 ci 122160 higher risk mi whereas 1sd higher birthweight causally associated 29 95 ci 116144 higher risk af cardiometabolic factors including lipids lipoproteins glucose insulin blood pressure fatty acids mediated 4092371 total effect birthweight mi followed body composition strength traits ie appendicular lean mass height grip strength socioeconomic indicators ie education household income mediation proportion factor ranging 808 1680 contrast appendicular lean mass height waist circumference childhood obesity body mass index mediated 15034512 total effect birthweight af fetalspecific birthweight maternalspecific birthweight inversely associated mi fetalspecific birthweight positively associated af psychological wellbeing lifestyle factors conferred mediating effect either association cardiometabolic factors mainly mediated association lower birthweight mi body composition strength traits mediated association higher birthweight af findings provide novel evidence distinct pathogenesis mi af advocate adopting lifecourse approach improving fetal development subsequent causal mediators mitigate prevalence burden cardiovascular diseases