Steven T Piantadosi, Jessica F Cantlon
True Numerical Cognition in the Wild
Psychological science
introduction antimicrobial resistance amr becoming threat global public health antimicrobial stewardship ams program asp one 5 strategic areas ghana national action plan fight menace assessment core elements asp hospital setting identified pragmatic way identifying barriers facilitators effective implementation method world health organizations toolkit assessment 7 core elements asp hospitals low middle income countries used situational analysis public hospitals 2 regions ghana core elements included leadership commitment accountability responsibility pharmacy expertize ams actions interventions education training periodic monitoring surveillance data collected using checklist imported stata version 14 descriptive bivariate analyses results 15 public hospitals assessed toolkit primary health care facilities n 12 800 bed capacities 100 199 beds less 50 medical doctors n 12 800 less 5 pharmacists n 10 667 100 199 nurses performances 4 7 core elements deficient included leadership commitment pharmacy expertize ams actions interventions implemented monitoring surveillance antibiotic use bacteria resistance rates pharmacistled asps also found associated formal training ams key barriers identified included lack skilled human resources lack available time amsrelated duties poor laboratory infrastructure conclusion suboptimal performance almost core elements asp public hospitals ghana hampered mostly lack skilled human financial resources pharmacists must empowered formal training certificate programs infectious disease management ams principles strategies enhance contribution toward asps hospitals results study encourage nationwide assessment asps across hospital settings ghana better evaluate level implementation address potential barriers guide ams policies asp strategy development toward fight amr