Neeraj Vij, Joshua Bingham, Antonia Chen, Chase Irwin, Christian Leber, Kendall Schwartz, Kenneth Schmidt
Race and Sex Disparities in Lower Extremity Total Joint Arthroplasty: A Retrospective Database Study
Cureus
objective fluorescence dyes increasingly used brain tumor surgeries thus development simulation models important teaching neurosurgery trainees perform fluorescenceguided operations aimed create tumor model fluorescenceguided surgery highgrade glioma hgg methods tumor model generated following steps creating tumor gel similar consistency hgg selecting fluorophores optimal concentrations realistic color mixing fluorophores tumor gel injecting gel fresh pigsheep brain testing resection tumor model fluorescence microscope optimal tumor gel selected among different combinations agar gelatin fluorophores included fluorescein indocyanine green icg europium chlorin e6 ce6 protoporphyrin ix ppix tumor model tested neurosurgeons neurosurgery trainees survey used assess validity model addition photobleaching phenomenon studied evaluate influence fluorescence detection results best tumor gel formula terms consistency tactile response created using 100 ml water 100c 05 g agar 3 g gelatin mixed thoroughly 3 min additional 1 g agar added tumor gel cooled 50c optimal fluorophore concentration ranges fluorescein 19 104 38 104 mgml icg 49 103 98 103 mgml europium 70 102 14 101 mgml ce6 22 103 44 103 mgml ppix 18 102 35 102 mgml statistical differences among fluorophores found face validity content validity fluorophore preference europium icg fluorescein shown relatively stable photobleaching experiments chlorin e6 ppix lower stability conclusions model efficiently highlight tumor 3 different colorsgreen yellow infrared green color overlay models showed high face content validity although significant difference among models regarding degree simulation training effectiveness useful educational tools teaching key concepts intraaxial tumor resection techniques subpial dissection nuances fluorescenceguided surgery