Carol Opdebeeck|Anthony Martyr|Linda Clare
Cognitive reserve and cognitive function in healthy older people: a meta-analysis
Bangor University|University of Exeter|University of Exeter
associations proxy measures cognitive reserve cr cognition vary across studies cognitive domains metaanalysis aimed assess relationship cr cognition multiple domains memory executive function visuospatial ability language cr considered terms three key proxy measures educational level occupational status engagement cognitively stimulating activities individually combination onehundred thirtyfive studies representing 128328 participants included 109 used measure education 19 used measure occupation 31 used measure participation cognitively stimulating activities 6 used combination three proxy measures modest positive association cognition occupational status cognitive activities showed variation across cognitive domains supports view commonly used proxy measures cr share underlying process additionally provides unique contribution cr