Levent Çetinkaya, I Lke Keser, Serkan Yildirim, Hafize Keser
The effect of case-based mobile virtual patient application on students' academic achievement in clinical reasoning skills
Medical education online
three studies examined simple counterexamplebased probabilistic reasoning children 6 7 9 years age first study participants asked make conditional ifthen inferences categorical certain uncertain probabilistic instructions results showed 6yearolds respond forms inference similar ways whereas probabilistic conditional inferences showed little development period categorical inferences clearly improved 6 7 years age analysis childrens justifications indicated performance categorical instructions strongly related counterexample generation ages whereas true younger children inferences probabilistic instructions findings replicated second study using problems referred concrete stimuli varying probabilities inference third study tested hypothesis children confused probability judgments judgments confidence demonstrated clear dissociation two constructs overall results show children capable accurate conditional inferences probabilistic instructions early age differentiation categorical probabilistic conditional reasoning clear least 9 years ofage results globally consistent dualprocess theories suggest difficulties way analyticheuristic distinction underlying theories conceptualized