Michael Gurven|Christopher von Rueden|Maxim Massenkoff|Hillard Kaplan|Marino Lero Vie
How universal is the Big Five? Testing the five-factor model of personality variation among forager–farmers in the Bolivian Amazon.
fivefactor model ffm personality variation replicated across range human societies suggesting ffm human universal however studies ffm restricted literate urban populations uncharacteristic majority human evolutionary history present first test ffm largely illiterate indigenous society tsimane foragerhorticulturalist men women bolivia n 632 completed translation 44item big five inventory benetmartnez john 1998 widely used metric ffm failed find robust support ffm based tests internal consistency items expected segregate big five factors b response stability big five c external validity big five respect observed behavior factor structure according exploratory confirmatory factor analysis e similarity us target structure based procrustes rotation analysis replication ffm improved separate sample tsimane adults n 430 evaluated spouses big five inventory removal reversescored items may elicited response biases produced factors suggestive extraversion agreeableness conscientiousness fit ffm remained poor response styles may covary exposure education found better fit ffm among tsimane speak spanish attended school argue tsimane personality variation displays 2 principal factors may reflect socioecological characteristics common smallscale societies offer evolutionary perspectives structure personality variation may invariant across human societies