Zhenlei Liu, Wanru Duan, Hao Wu, Xingwen Wang, Yu Qian, Kai Wang, Jian Guan, Fengzeng Jian, Zan Chen
Quantitative Correction of Cervical Sagittal Deformity in Atlanto-Axial Dislocation
Spine
interventions designed encourage fruit vegetable fv consumption within schools increasingly common thus need valid practical dietary assessment instruments evaluate effectiveness aim study examine validity groupadministered paperandpencil questionnaire assess fv selection consumption school lunch relative digital photography fivephase methodcomparison study questionnaire iteratively modified phase study examined sets questionnaires photographs lunch trays n1213 collected 44 days may 2015 june 2016 among secondgrade students three new york city schools phases 1 4 second thirdgrade students 20 schools across eight states phase 5 outcomes assessed selection amount eaten preference intention consume fv validity assessed percent agreement categorized match omission intrusion items tray match overestimation underestimation amount eaten spearman correlation coefficients intraclass correlation coefficients icc total match rate items tray substantial phases 1 5 83 84 92 93 89 items frequently intruded omitted amounts eaten total match rates moderate generally improved throughout study phases 1 5 65 64 83 83 76 overestimations frequent underestimations good correspondence methods estimates amount eaten quantitative cup equivalent amount fruit icc061 vegetables icc064 significant differences 05 observed second thirdgrade students respectively match rate fruits 86 89 vegetable 89 86 items tray fruit 69 73 vegetables 74 76 amount eaten excellent correlations observed amount eaten preference fruit r091 vegetables r093 questionnaire offers feasible valid instrument assessing fv selection consumption among elementary students schools participating national school lunch program additional research recommended test instruments sensitivity reproduce findings using alternative reference method direct observations