Vincent DeLuca|Jason Rothman|Ellen Bialystok|Christos Pliatsikas
Redefining bilingualism as a spectrum of experiences that differentially affects brain structure and function
University of Reading|University of Birmingham|UiT The Arctic University of Norway|Universidad Nebrija|York University|University of Reading|Universidad Nebrija
learning using additional language shown impact structure function brain including regions involved cognitive control connections however available evidence remains variable terms localization extent trajectory effects variability likely stems fact bilingualism routinely operationalized categorical variable bilingualmonolingual whereas complex dynamic experience number potentially deterministic factors affecting neural plasticity present study investigating combined effects experiencebased factors ebfs bilingual language use brain structure functional connectivity ebfs include array measures everyday usage second language different types immersive settings eg amount use social settings analyses reveal specific adaptations brain structural functional correlated individual ebfs combined effects taken together data show brain adapts maximally efficient processing control two languages although modulated ultimately individual language experience