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openness personality trait linked intelligence divergent thinking deyoung peterson higgins 2005 theorized trait openness depends dopamine function especially prefrontal cortex tested theory 335 healthy adults hypothesizing individual differences openness would correlate strongly performance tests executive function tests intelligence fluency however openness correlated strongly verbalcrystallized intelligence gc r 44 executive functioning r 16 fluency r 24 partial correlation openness gc increased r 26 among young adults r 53 among elderly adults findings suggest openness closely associated acquisition broad verbal intellectual skills knowledge executive abilities localized specific brain region neurotransmitter system