Han-Yi Tsai, Shoou-Yih D Lee, Cliff Coleman, Kristine Sørensen, Tzu-I Tsai
Health literacy competency requirements for health professionals: a Delphi consensus study in Taiwan
BMC medical education
real world evidence drug efficacy involves nonrandomized studies statistical methods adjusting confounding needed context prognostic score pgs analysis recently proposed method causal inference aims restore balance across different treatment groups identifying subjects similar prognosis given reference exposure control requires development multivariable prognostic model control arm study sample extrapolated different treatment arms unfortunately large cohorts developing prognostic models always available prognostic models therefore subject dilemma overfitting parsimony latter prone violation assumption unmeasured confounders important covariates ignored although possible limit overfitting using penalization strategies alternative approach adopt evidence synthesis aggregating previously published prognostic models may improve generalizability pgs taking account large set covariateseven limited individual participant data available article extend method prediction model aggregation pgs analysis nonrandomized studies conduct extensive simulations assess validity model aggregation compared methods pgs analysis estimating marginal treatment effects show aggregating existing pgs metascore robust misspecification even elementary scores wrongfully omit confounders focus different outcomes illustrate methods setting treatments asthma