Johann Cailhol, Hélène Bihan, Chloé Bourovali-Zade, Annie Boloko, Catherine Duclos
Quality Improvement Intervention Using Social Prescribing at Discharge in a University Hospital in France: Quasi-Experimental Study
JMIR formative research
strongbackgroundstrong pollution unwanted waste released air water land human activity largest environmental cause disease world today responsible estimated nine million premature deaths per year enormous economic losses erosion human capital degradation ecosystems ocean pollution important insufficiently recognized inadequately controlled component global pollution poses serious threats human health wellbeing nature magnitude impacts beginning understood stronggoalsstrong 1 broadly examine known potential impacts ocean pollution human health 2 inform policy makers government leaders international organizations civil society global public threats 3 propose priorities interventions control prevent pollution seas safeguard human health strongmethodsstrong topicfocused reviews examine effects ocean pollution human health identify gaps knowledge project future trends offer evidencebased guidance effective intervention strongenvironmental findingsstrong pollution oceans widespread worsening countries poorly controlled complex mixture toxic metals plastics manufactured chemicals petroleum urban industrial wastes pesticides fertilizers pharmaceutical chemicals agricultural runoff sewage 80 arises landbased sources reaches oceans rivers runoff atmospheric deposition direct discharges often heaviest near coasts highly concentrated along coasts low middleincome countries plastic rapidly increasing highly visible component ocean pollution estimated 10 million metric tons plastic waste enter seas year mercury metal pollutant greatest concern oceans released two main sources coal combustion smallscale gold mining global spread industrialized agriculture increasing use chemical fertilizer leads extension harmful algal blooms habs previously unaffected regions chemical pollutants ubiquitous contaminate seas marine organisms high arctic abyssal depths strongecosystem findingsstrong ocean pollution multiple negative impacts marine ecosystems impacts exacerbated global climate change petroleumbased pollutants reduce photosynthesis marine microorganisms generate oxygen increasing absorption carbon dioxide seas causes ocean acidification destroys coral reefs impairs shellfish development dissolves calciumcontaining microorganisms base marine food web increases toxicity pollutants plastic pollution threatens marine mammals fish seabirds accumulates large midocean gyres breaks microplastic nanoplastic particles containing multiple manufactured chemicals enter tissues marine organisms including species consumed humans industrial releases runoff sewage increase frequency severity habs bacterial pollution antimicrobial resistance pollution sea surface warming triggering poleward migration dangerous pathogens emvibrioem species industrial discharges pharmaceutical wastes pesticides sewage contribute global declines fish stocks stronghuman health findingsstrong methylmercury pcbs ocean pollutants whose human health effects best understood exposures infants emin uteroem pollutants maternal consumption contaminated seafood damage developing brains reduce iq increase childrens risks autism adhd learning disorders adult exposures methylmercury increase risks cardiovascular disease dementia manufactured chemicals phthalates bisphenol flame retardants perfluorinated chemicals many released seas plastic waste disrupt endocrine signaling reduce male fertility damage nervous system increase risk cancer habs produce potent toxins accumulate fish shellfish ingested toxins cause severe neurological impairment rapid death hab toxins also become airborne cause respiratory disease pathogenic marine bacteria cause gastrointestinal diseases deep wound infections climate change increasing pollution risk high emvibrioem infections including cholera increase frequency extend new areas health impacts ocean pollution fall disproportionately vulnerable populations global south environmental injustice planetary scale strongconclusionsstrong ocean pollution global problem arises multiple sources crosses national boundaries consequence reckless shortsighted unsustainable exploitation earths resources endangers marine ecosystems impedes production atmospheric oxygen threats human health great growing still incompletely understood economic costs beginning counted ocean pollution prevented like forms pollution ocean pollution controlled deploying datadriven strategies based law policy technology enforcement target priority pollution sources many countries used tools control air water pollution applying ocean pollution successes achieved date demonstrate broader control feasible heavily polluted harbors cleaned estuaries rejuvenated coral reefs restored prevention ocean pollution creates many benefits boosts economies increases tourism helps restore fisheries improves human health wellbeing advances sustainable development goals sdg benefits last centuries strongrecommendationsstrong world leaders recognize gravity ocean pollution acknowledge growing dangers engage civil society global public take bold evidencebased action stop pollution source critical preventing ocean pollution safeguarding human health prevention pollution landbased sources key eliminating coal combustion banning uses mercury reduce mercury pollution bans singleuse plastic better management plastic waste reduce plastic pollution bans persistent organic pollutants pops reduced pollution pcbs ddt control industrial discharges treatment sewage reduced applications fertilizers mitigated coastal pollution reducing frequency habs national regional international marine pollution control programs adequately funded backed strong enforcement shown effective robust monitoring essential track progress interventions hold great promise include widescale transition renewable fuels transition circular economy creates little waste focuses equity rather endless growth embracing principles green chemistry building scientific capacity countries designation marine protected areas mpas safeguard critical ecosystems protect vulnerable fish stocks enhance human health wellbeing creation mpas important manifestation national international commitment protecting health seas