Po-Lin Chen
The Development and Psychometric Properties of an Education Well-Being Scale among Elementary School Students
Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland)
us military veterans aged 65 older comprise estimated 43 22 million living veterans united states veterans high rates physical psychiatric social challenges known whether veteran status confers additional risk cognitive functional impairments later life thus investigation specifically compared older veterans nonveteran peers cognitive functioning performancebased functional capacity participants n 110 29 veterans 81 nonveterans part larger longitudinal study biopsychosocial functioning independently living older adult residents continuing care senior housing community university california san diego institutional review board approved study participants provided written informed consent participants provided demographic mental health information administered comprehensive neuropsychological battery functional capacity assessed using ucsd performancebased skills assessmentbrief upsab uses financial communication roleplays assess everyday functioning skills neuropsychological scores appropriately normed prior analysis multivariate analyses variances post hoc ttests analysis covariance used examine neuropsychological functional capacity differences respectively veterans nonveterans veterans differ nonveterans educational attainment 164 years versus 155 years p 0110 significantly older mean age 869 years 57 versus 8174 years 653 p 0001 likely male x2 1 n 110 6239 p 0001 thus though neuropsychological norms already accounted demographic differences participants age sex controlled analysis covariance predicting upsab score veteran status results suggested compared nonveterans veterans significantly worse performance list learning portion test verbal memory hopkins verbal learning testrevised total recall 256 p 0012 056 veterans nonveterans significantly differ performance delayed recall portion verbal learning test differ cognitive screening test montreal cognitive assessment measures premorbid intellectual functioning wide range achievement test4 reading language boston naming test verbal fluency visual memory brief visuospatial memory testrevised attentionworking memory waisiv digit span processing speed waisiv digit symbol coding executive function deliskaplan executive function system trails colorword test functional capacity upsab examination multiple outcomes might inflated type error performed post hoc adjustment p values using benjaminihochberg procedures group difference verbal learning remained significant despite largely similar function domains veterans performed significantly poorly verbal list learning nonveteran peers additional attention given understanding assessment possible treatment learning memory differences older veterans may area veteran status confers additional risk vulnerability decline first study compare objective neuropsychological functional performance older age 65 us veterans nonveterans