Yan Guo, Xiaomei Wang, Yang Gao, Haiyan Yin, Qun Ma, Ting Chen
Flipped online teaching of histology and embryology with design thinking: design, practice and reflection
BMC medical education
despite numerous technical treatments many venues analysis covariance ancova remains widely misused approach dealing substantive group differences potential covariates particularly psychopathology research published articles reach unfounded conclusions statistics texts neglect issue problem ancova cases reviewed many cases means achieving superficially appealing goal correcting controlling real group differences potential covariate hopes curtailing misuse ancova promoting appropriate use nontechnical discussion provided emphasizing substantive confound rarely articulated textbooks general presentations complement mathematical critiques already available alternatives discussed contexts ancova inappropriate questionable research comparing groups participants classical experimental design campbell stanley 1963 relies whenever possible random assignment participants groups observed differences groups prior experimental treatments due chance rather meaningfully related