Dongzhu Gadan, Zaisheng Zhang
Spiritual places: Spatial recognition of Tibetan Buddhist spiritual perception
PloS one
report recent adult followup longest running cohort study prenatal cocaine exposure pce women enrolled prenatally offspring assessed infancy childhood adolescence young adulthood previous studies pce linked offspring behavior problems early substance use externalizing behavior problems current analyses examine pathways pce behavioral outcomes offspring 25year assessment prenatal cocaine exposure moderate cohort women decreased discontinued use first trimester first third trimesters 38 11 used cocaine respectively represents common pattern pce nontreatment samples phase adult offspring average 273 years old range 2530 134 years education 83 employed 55 black 55 female offspring exposed cocaine first trimester significantly likely use marijuana past year report arrests poorer scores decisionmaking task controlling prenatal substance exposure demographic socioeconomic factors mediation analyses indirect pathways pce current marijuana use early initiation marijuana use 21year marijuana use 15year status offenses 21year marijuana use also indirect pathway pce lifetime arrests early initiation marijuana use 21year conduct disorder although direct pathway pce arrests also remained significant findings consistent previous phases indication detrimental associations pce persist across developmental stages adulthood