Tom H Brennan, Lucy K Lewis, Susan J Gordon, Ivanka Prichard
Effectiveness of interventions to prevent or reverse pre-frailty and frailty in middle-aged community dwelling adults: A systematic review
Preventive medicine
1980s development doubly labelled water dlw technique made possible determine validity dietary assessment methods using external independent markers intake freeliving populations since accuracy selfreported energy intake ei questioned number occasions underreporting found prevalent many different populations paper review investigations using dlw technique conjunction selfreported ei measures groups including adults children adolescents obese persons athletes military personnel trekking explorers studies person subject responsible recording dietary intake parents young children ei generally corresponds dlw determined energy expenditure however instances subjects report intake ei generally underreported compared energy expenditure originally believed phenomenon underreporting linked increased adiposity body size however apparent factors dietary restraint socioeconomic status also involved paper therefore aims present comprehensive picture underreporting tying findings many dlw studies studies focusing particularly characteristics mechanisms underreporting awareness characteristics mechanisms enable researchers obtain accurate selfreports ei using dietary recording techniques