Stephanie E Watkins, Alexander C Allori, Robert E Meyer, Arthur S Aylsworth, Jeffrey R Marcus, Ronald P Strauss
Special education use in elementary school by children with nonsyndromic orofacial clefts
Birth defects research
virtual laboratory computer software ability perform mathematical modeling computer equipment presented form simulations virtual laboratory substitute real laboratory used complement improve weaknesses real laboratory study aims determine effect virtual laboratory combination demonstration methods lowersecondary school students scientific literacy ability science course design research quasiexperimental sample study 102 students 1214 years old lowersecondary school city yogyakarta indonesia used experiment 1 group 1 n 34 experiment 2 group n 34 control group n 34 three groups experiment 1 experiment 2 control tested pretest posttest experiment 1 group used virtual laboratory combination demonstration methods experiment 2 group used virtual laboratory control group used demonstration method scientific literacy ability measured using multiplechoice tests treatment statistical tests mixed methods anova used determine effective use virtual laboratory combination demonstration methods improving scientific literacy ability research result based tests withinsubjects effects showed difference pretestposttest scores scientific literacy ability f 1050 p 005 group results based pairwaise comparison show significance value 005 significant increase pretestposttest scores scientific literacy ability every group result effect size partial eta squared shows experiment 1 group increase scientific literacy ability 845 experiment 2 group 785 control group 743 concluded experiment 1 group virtual laboratory combination demonstration methods provides effective contribution improving scientific literacy ability compared experiment 2 group virtual laboratory control group demonstration methods