J J Robinson, H Wharrad
The relationship between attendance at birth and maternal mortality rates: an exploration of United Nations' data sets including the ratios of physicians and nurses to population, GNP per capita and female literacy
Journal of advanced nursing
h2summaryh2h3backgroundh3 pakistan one highest levels child maternal undernutrition worldwide little information geographical socioeconomic inequalities available aimed analyse anthropometric indicators childhood maternal nutrition district level pakistan assess association nutritional status food security maternal household socioeconomic factors h3methodsh3 used data 2011 pakistan national nutrition survey included anthropometric measurements 33 638 children younger 5 years 24 826 women childbearing age estimated prevalences stunting wasting underweight among children underweight overweight obesity women 143 districts pakistan using bayesian spatial technique used mixedeffect linear model analyse association nutritional status individual household sociodemographic factors food security h3findingsh3 stunting prevalence pakistans districts ranged 22 95 credible interval 1926 76 6983 lowest figures wasting underweight less 25 highest 42 3450 wasting 54 4959 underweight 106 districts women overweight underweight 49 districts women obese underweight children better nourished mothers taller higher weight lived wealthier households mothers 10 years education severe food insecurity associated worse nutritional outcomes children women h3interpretationh3 noted large social geographical inequalities child maternal nutrition pakistan masked national provincial averages pakistan also beginning face concurrent challenge high burden childhood undernutrition overweight obesity among women reproductive age planning implementation evaluation programmes food nutrition based districtlevel needs outcomes h3fundingh3 bill melinda gates foundation grand challenges canada uk medical research council