Tonje Holte Stea, Ingrid Marie Hovdenak, Jannike Rønnestad, Kjersti Rennestraum, Frøydis Nordgård Vik, Knut-Inge Klepp, Elling Bere
Effects of 1 y of free school fruit on intake of fruits, vegetables, and unhealthy snacks: 14 y later
The American journal of clinical nutrition
school neighborhood violence continues major public health problem among urban students large body research addresses violence school however fewer studies explored concentrations violence areas proximal schools study aimed quantify concentration shootings near schools elucidate placebased dynamics may focal points violence prevention geocoded databases shooting school locations used examine locational patterns firearm shootings elementary middle high schools boston massachusetts analyses utilized spatial statistics point pattern data including distance matrix k function methodology quantify degree spatial dependence shootings around schools results suggested 2012 2015 678 shooting incidents boston average density 51 per square kilometer nearest neighbor index nni 0335 km p 001 095 km e 028 km g function analysis revealed clustered pattern gun shooting incidents indicative spatially nonrandom process mean median distance school nearest shooting location 035 033 km respectively majority 56 74133 schools boston least one shooting incident within 400 distance would take 5 min walk traveling foot bivariate k function indicated significantly greater number shootings clustered within short distances schools would expected null hypothesis spatial dependence implications students attending schools racially homogenous neighborhoods across income levels discussed