Joel C Ogbodo, Jonathan E Ogbuabor, Chimaroke Omenazu, Anthony Eyimoga, Adeleye Olaide David
Effect of HIV/AIDS on labour productivity and the moderating role of literacy rate: A panel study of Africa and its sub-regions
The International journal of health planning and management
codon substitution models csms commonly used infer history natural section set proteincoding sequences often explicit goal detecting signature positive darwinian selection however validity success csms used conjunction maximum likelihood ml framework sometimes challenged claims approach might often support false conclusions chapter use case study approach identify four legitimate statistical difficulties associated inference evolutionary events using csms include 1 model misspecification 2 low information content 3 confounding processes 4 phenomenological load pl past criticisms csms connected issues historical critiques often misdirected overstated failed recognize success modelbased approach depends relationship model data explore relationship provide candid assessment limitations csms extract historical information extant sequences aid assessment provide brief overview 1 realistic way thinking process codon evolution framed terms population genetic parameters 2 novel presentation ml statistical framework divide development csms two broad phases scientific activity show latter phase characterized increases model complexity sometimes negatively impact inference evolutionary mechanisms problems yet widely appreciated users csms problems avoided using model appropriate data understanding relationship data fitted model difficult task argue way properly understand relationship perform silico experiments using generating process mimic data closely possible mutationselection modeling framework mutsel presented basis generating process contend complex csms continue developed testing explicit mechanistic hypotheses additional analyses described eg penalized lrts estimation pl need applied alongside traditional inferential methods