Patrick A O'Connor, Kinga Morsanyi, Teresa McCormack
Basic Symbolic Number Skills, but Not Formal Mathematics Performance, Longitudinally Predict Mathematics Anxiety in the First Years of Primary School
Journal of Intelligence
children digital media lifestyle covid pandemic impacted sunlight exposure exercise diet patterns cues entrain circadian clock hypothesized low morning cortisol reflects weak circadian clock impacting proinflammatory state primary objective test relationships diurnal cortisol fluctuations inflammatory state children means providing indirect support hypothesis cardiovascular health intervention program chip populationbased crosssectional longitudinal study circadian health public elementary school children southern maine usa recruitment period 20122017 participants 689 students 4th grade baseline age92 04 years 647 students 5th grade age105 05 years nine salivary cortisol measures per child 2 awakening 1 prior bed 3 sequential days n 1336 child phenotype days n 7987 cortisol assays 10 cytokines measured morning evening saliva samples n 202 child phenotype days lipids measured clinical outcomes blood pressure weight height body mass index bmi bmi kgm2 among others uponwaking cortisol levels 028 013 gdl 30minute postwaking 033 015 gdl evening 008 010 gdl salivary cytokine levels n 202 showed interleukins il il1 il8 highest early morning upon awakening il6 tumor necrosis factor tnf tnf highest bed pm il1 pm 402 fold p 0001 il8 pm 136 fold p 0001 il6 pm 149 fold p 0001 tnf pm 173 fold p 003 regression modeling showed high morning cortisol associated high morning il1 p 382 106 low evening il1 p 627 104 regression modeling bmi zscore response variable showed expected significant relationships high density lipoprotein hdl negative p 0001 mean arterial pressure positive p 0001 morning cortisol negative p 001 weak relationships either evening cortisol p 01 cytokine positive p 002 model smallest rsquared levels provide preliminary data diurnal fluctuations inflammatory cytokines saliva populationbased cohort children correlation morning evening cortisol levels inflammatory cytokines saliva samples showed high morning cortisol associated high morning il1 low evening il1 future studies may test hypothesis strong diurnal cycling il1 may serve homeostatic mechanism keeping immune system check low morning cortisol possible circadian misalignment may lead less stringent control inflammatory networks