Jenny Lau, Mary M Scott, Karl Everett, Tara Gomes, Peter Tanuseputro, Sheila Jennings, Rebecca Bagnarol, Camilla Zimmermann, Sarina R Isenberg
Association between opioid use disorder and palliative care: a cohort study using linked health administrative data in Ontario, Canada
CMAJ : Canadian Medical Association journal = journal de l'Association medicale canadienne
frequent consumption simple carbohydrates primarily form dietary sugars significantly associated increased dental caries risk malnutrition undernutrition overnutrition children often consequence inappropriate infant childhood feeding practices dietary behaviors associated limited access fresh nutrient dense foods substituting instead highenergy lowcost nutrientpoor sugary fatty foods lack availability quality food stores rural poor neighborhoods food insecurity changing dietary beliefs resulting acculturation including changes traditional ethnic eating behaviors deter healthful eating increase risk early childhood caries obesityamerica witnessing substantial increases children ethnic minorities living poverty widening gap oral health disparities noted oral health america report surgeon general dental care providers educate counsel pregnant women parents families promote healthy eating behaviors advocate governmental policies programs decrease parental financial educational barriers achieving healthy diets families living poverty however greater efforts needed facilitate access affordable healthy foods particularly urban rural neighborhoods effect positive changes childrens diets advance oral components general health frequent consumption simple carbohydrates primarily form dietary sugars significantly associated increased dental caries risk malnutrition undernutrition overnutrition children often consequence inappropriate infant childhood feeding practices dietary behaviors associated limited access fresh nutrient dense foods substituting instead highenergy lowcost nutrientpoor sugary fatty foods lack availability quality food stores rural poor neighborhoods food insecurity changing dietary beliefs resulting acculturation including changes traditional ethnic eating behaviors deter healthful eating increase risk early childhood caries obesity america witnessing substantial increases children ethnic minorities living poverty widening gap oral health disparities noted oral health america report surgeon general dental care providers educate counsel pregnant women parents families promote healthy eating behaviors advocate governmental policies programs decrease parental financial educational barriers achieving healthy diets families living poverty however greater efforts needed facilitate access affordable healthy foods particularly urban rural neighborhoods effect positive changes childrens diets advance oral components general health prevalence dental caries primary teeth early childhood caries ecc increased approximately 40 children aged 2 11 years 19881994 national health nutrition examination survey nhanesreported 2000 oral health america report surgeon general1us department health human servicesoral health america report surgeon generalexecutive summary rockville md us department health human services national institute dental craniofacial research national institutes health 2000google scholarto 42 19992004 survey2dye ba tan smith v et altrends oral health status united states 19881994 19992004vital health stat 2007 11 192google scholar children aged 2 5 years rate increase greater rising 24 28 increases identified specifically among ethnic racial minorities children living households incomes federal poverty level2dye ba tan smith v et altrends oral health status united states 19881994 19992004vital health stat 2007 11 192google scholar number children groups increases chasm disparity widens3tomar reeves af changes state oral health us children adolescents since release surgeon generals report oral healthacad pediatr 2009 9 388395abstract full text full text pdf pubmed scopus 69 google scholar understanding roles diet eating behaviors demographics environmental factors contributing increased caries rates children essential improving oral health4roberts mw dental health children today remaining challengesj clin pediatr dent 2008 32 231234pubmed google scholar particular established relationship reported linking malnutrition children inappropriate infant feeding practices excessive intakes simple sugars ecc4roberts mw dental health children today remaining challengesj clin pediatr dent 2008 32 231234pubmed google scholar 5patrick dl lee rsy nuci et al reducing oral health disparities focus social cultural determinants bmc oral health 20066suppl 1117google scholar association dental caries excessive sugar intake affirmed expert panel world health organization whose members reviewed strength evidence linking dietary factors caries 2003 panel reported increased risk caries associated frequent total intake simple sugars6the world health organizationthe world oral health report 2003 world health organization geneva switzerland2003google scholar although longitudinal studies support role specific nutrient food components caries risk progression lacking7moynihan p petersen pe diet nutrition prevention dental diseasespublic health nutr 2003 7 201226google scholarmultiple environmental social personal 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associated substitution lowcost lownutrientdense foods snacks contain excessive quantities sugar salt fat lower energy highnutrientdense foods fruits11ebbeling cb pawlak db ludwig ds childhood obesity public health crisis common sense curelancet 2002 360 473482abstract full text full text pdf pubmed scopus 2186 google scholar analysis data nhanes iii 19881994 indicates 8 18yearold americans reported consuming excessive numbers lownutrientdense foods likely report less estimated average daily requirements nutrients essential optimum health12kant ak reported consumption lownutrientdensity foods american children adolescentsarch pediatr adolesc med 2003 157 789796crossref pubmed scopus 134 google scholar dietary quality data expressed healthy eating index source 2 5yearold children indicates best dietary practices 44 less likely exhibit severe ecc compared children worst practices13nunn braunstein ns krall kea et alhealthy eating index predictor early childhood cariesj dent res 2009 88 361366crossref pubmed scopus 73 google scholar increased consumption sugarsweetened beverages candy chips cookies provides excessive calories child increases risk caries combined inadequate intake fruits vegetables deprives child nutrients essential growth development14ballew c kuester gillespie c beverage choices affect adequacy childrens nutrient intakesarch pediatr adolesc med 2000 154 11481152crossref pubmed scopus 141 google scholar lownutrientdense foods ubiquitous largely responsible many chronic health problems developing nations developed parts world12kant ak reported consumption lownutrientdensity foods american children adolescentsarch pediatr adolesc med 2003 157 789796crossref pubmed scopus 134 google scholar 14ballew c kuester gillespie c beverage choices affect adequacy childrens nutrient intakesarch pediatr adolesc med 2000 154 11481152crossref pubmed scopus 141 google scholardietary guidance food assistance programssince 1977 federal government established periodically reviewed updated us dietary guidelines supporting nutrition health physiological requirements maintaining adequate nutritional status current 2005 version including toolkits healthy eating index dietary assessment tool accessible government web sites aid health professionals diet planning counseling clinical community private practice settings15us department health human services us department agriculture dietary guidelines americans 2005 6th ed washington dc us government printing office 2005 available httpwwwhealthgovdietaryguidelinesresourceshtm accessed june 15 2009google scholar frequency intake addressed resources however included interventions designed address improve oral health food assistance programs women infants children program head start united states department agriculture food nutrition services includes school meals programs designed improve access healthy food beverage options infants children participation programs available children families cost based family income availability fruits vegetables school lunch programs correlated increased consumption foods school children16glanz k sallis jf saelens frank ld healthy nutrition environments concepts measuresam j health promot 2005 19 330333crossref pubmed scopus 688 google scholar 2008 study quality diets children participating school lunch programs reported diets nutritious cautioned policy makers increased prevalence high sodium high saturated fat intakes among lowincome participants17cole n fox mk diet quality american school age children school lunch participation data national nutrition health examination survey 19992004 alexandria va us department agriculture food nutrition services 2008 available httpwwwfnsusdagovoramenupublishedcnpfilesnhanesnslppdf accessed october 10 2009google scholar many afterschool programs receive food aid us government serve disadvantaged minority youth18united states department agriculture food nutrition service school meals available httpwwwfnsusdagovcnd accessed june 22 2009google scholar little known quality programs impact may oral health disparities related dietglobal influences dietary choiceswhat people eat affected many complex variables including socioeconomic status ses cost food industrialization agriculture location food outlets effects advertising marketing use high fructose corn syrup starch byproducts eg maltodextrin modified starches resulted increased availability consumption sweetened beverages variety desserttype snacks19wells hf buzby jc high fructose corn syrup usage may leveling amber waves february 2008 available httpwwwersusdagovamberwavesfebruary08findingshighfructosehtm accessed august 28 2008google scholar individual packaging increased market outlets ensure cariogenic foods beverages readily available childrens venuesthe ballpark playgrounds movies school although suggestions taxation sweetened beverages likely result families choosing healthful affordable appropriate foods20brownell kd frieden tr ounces preventionthe public policy case taxes sugared beveragesn engl j med 2009 18 18051808crossref scopus 351 google scholarfood cost strong influence food purchases energydense foods generally palatable purchased lower marginal cost healthier alternatives21drewnowski darmon n food choices diet costs economic analysisj nutr 2005 135 900904pubmed google scholar education addressing strategies improve nutrient quality managing food cost neededinschool product marketing sales promotion highfat snacks carbonated sweetened beverages growing concern22french sa story fulkerson ja geriach af food environment secondary schools la carte vending machines food policies practicesam j public health 2003 93 11611167crossref pubmed google scholar aggressive marketing candy snacks sugared cereals fast food targeted toward children adolescents23mcginnis jm gootman ja kraak vi food marketing children youth threat opportunity national academies press institute medicine washington dc2006google scholar foods purchased consumed anywhere outside home comprise least one third caloric intake children adolescents settings foods higher fat content foods consumed home23mcginnis jm gootman ja kraak vi food marketing children youth threat opportunity national academies press institute medicine washington dc2006google scholar government policies form sugar corn subsidies may help reduce costs foods making snacks affordable however documented evidence suggest inexpensive lownutrientdense food production overtly supported governmentsubsidized commodity foods24miller jc coble k cheap food policy fact rhetoricfood policy 2007 32 98111crossref scopus 30 google scholarparenting practicesthe first years life mark time rapid development dietary change children transition exclusive milk diet modified adult diet human milk identified ideal food infants recommended throughout first year life although human milk contains sugar analysis nhanes iii 19992004 survey subset children aged 2 5 years concluded evidence breastfeeding duration per se independently associated increased risk ecc25hiroko auinger p billings rj weitzman association infant breastfeeding early childhood caries united statespediatrics 2007 120 e944e952crossref pubmed scopus 118 google scholar however children living poverty mexican american children exposed maternal smoking behaviors increased risk poor oral health early years25hiroko auinger p billings rj weitzman association infant breastfeeding early childhood caries united statespediatrics 2007 120 e944e952crossref pubmed scopus 118 google scholar investigators confirmed findings identified milk bottle feeding night sweetened liquid remains contact developing dentition significant determinant ecc26mohebbi sz virtanen ji vahidgolpayegani vehkalahti mm feeding habits determinants early childhood caries population prolonged breastfeeding normcommunity dent oral epidemiol 2008 36 363369crossref pubmed scopus 64 google scholar 27kramer ms vanilovich l matush l et althe effect prolonged exclusive breastfeeding dental caries early schoolage childrencaries res 2007 41 484488crossref pubmed scopus 65 google scholarduring transition solid foods parents major influence children eat like quality diet weight status28savage js fisher jo birch parental influence eating behavior conception adolescencej law med ethics 2007 35 2234crossref pubmed scopus 842 google scholar strongest factors associated healthy eating behaviors home availability accessibility nutritious food29cullen kw baranowski owens e et alavailability accessibility preferences fruit 100 fruit juice vegetables influence childrens dietary behaviorhealth educ behav 2003 30 615626crossref pubmed scopus 357 google scholar role models parents encourage eating fruits vegetables regularly serving meals eating hand parents also may encourage habitual consumption cheap highly palatable energydense foods sweetened beverages snacks lead increased risk caries overeating weight gain counter patterns parents need guidance regarding food choices relative costtonutrient ratio28savage js fisher jo birch parental influence eating behavior conception adolescencej law med ethics 2007 35 2234crossref pubmed scopus 842 google scholar structured meal snacking patterns allowing 1 3 daily snacks desirable opposed free access juice sugared beverages snacks course day behaviors favor intake nutrientpoor foods increase risk obesity dental caries30marshall ta broffitt b eichenbergergilmore jm et althe roles meal snack daily total food beverage exposures caries experience young childrenj pub health dent 2005 65 166173crossref pubmed scopus 93 google scholar 31dubois l girard ptovin km et albreakfast skipping associated differences meal patterns macronutrient intakes overweight among preschool childrenpublic health nutr 2008 18 110google scholar american academy pediatric dentistrys policy dietary recommendations decrease caries risk infants children adolescents supports adoption diverse balanced diet based us dietary guidelines32clinical affairs committeepolicy dietary recommendations infants children adolescentsamerican academy pediatrics 2008 google scholarcultural socioeconomic normswithin families traditional cultural norms well ses help shape attitudes toward eating behaviors associated ecc terms food selection barker colleagues33barker lawrence w woadden j et alwomen lower educational attainment lower food involvement eat less fruit vegetablesappetite 2008 50 464468crossref pubmed scopus 38 google scholar found lower educational attainment associated less fruit vegetable consumption compared highfat sugary foods often associated caries risk studies shown many lowincome mothers viewed infant large hisher age healthy contrast health professionals found infant overweight34baughcum ae burklow ka deeks cm et almaternal feeding practices childhood obesity focus group study lowincome mothersarch pediatr adolesc med 1998 152 10101014crossref pubmed google scholar 35bentley gavin l black mm et alinfant feeding practices lowincome africanamerican adolescent mothers ecological multigenerational perspectivesoc sci med 1999 49 10851100crossref pubmed scopus 131 google scholar food beverages provided regular frequent continuous basis increase risk ecc obesity6the world health organizationthe world oral health report 2003 world health organization geneva switzerland2003google scholar 33barker lawrence w woadden j et alwomen lower educational attainment lower food involvement eat less fruit vegetablesappetite 2008 50 464468crossref pubmed scopus 38 google scholar marshall colleagues36marshall ta eichenbergergilmore jm broffitt b et aldental caries childhood obesity roles diet socioeconomic statuscommunity dent oral epidemiol 2007 35 449458crossref pubmed scopus 162 google scholar reported caries obesity coexist young children low ses mothers education soda intake closely associated caries experiencehigh intake unhealthy snack foods low intake fruits vegetables linked high parental pressure eat parenting style commonly observed among nonwhite fathers parents younger children37brown ka ogden j vogele c et althe role parental control practices explaining childrens diet bmiappetite 2007 50 252259crossref pubmed scopus 168 google scholar contrast covert control childrens diets keeping unhealthy foods home avoiding fast food restaurants associated healthy child nutrition practices appropriate growth development decreased caries risksuch covert control childs diet positively associated parental level education37brown ka ogden j vogele c et althe role parental control practices explaining childrens diet bmiappetite 2007 50 252259crossref pubmed scopus 168 google scholar ethnicity associated differences foodrelated beliefs preferences behaviors interaction ethnicity environments lowerthanaverage neighborhood availability healthful foods higherthanaverage availability fast food restaurants along exposure ethnically targeted food marketing may contribute reliance high calorie lownutrientdense foods beverages38kumanyika sk environmental influences childhood obesity ethnic cultural influences contextphysiol behav 2007 94 6170crossref pubmed scopus 244 google scholar ethnic differences food choices inappropriate childfeeding practices may increase risks malnutrition gestation infancy childhood adolescence manifest nutrient deficiencies altered tooth morphology eruption patterns39oliveira afb chaves amb rosenblatt influence enamel defects development early childhood caries population low socioeconomic status longitudinal studycaries res 2006 40 296302crossref pubmed scopus 95 google scholar alternatively ethnic food choices may include increased access desirable diets rich fruit vegetablesthe neighborhoodwhere people live influences ability acquire adequate supplies healthy foods may present particular problems low ses ethnic populations rural urban communities convenience stores offering highenergy lownutrientdense foods common full supermarkets offering wide variety fruits vegetables healthy foods40liese ad weis ke pluto et alfood store types availability cost foods rural environmentj diet assoc 2007 107 19161923abstract full text full text pdf pubmed scopus 289 google scholar 41galvez mp morland k raines c et alrace food store availability inner city neighbourhoodpublic health nutr 2008 11 624631crossref pubmed scopus 132 google scholar 42sharkey jr horel neighborhood socioeconomic deprivation minority composition associated better potential spatial access grounded food environment large rural areaj nutr 2008 138 620627pubmed google scholar one rural south carolina county covering 1106 square miles 91 582 people 11 supermarkets 07 grocery stores 52 convenience stores per 100 square miles40liese ad weis ke pluto et alfood store types availability cost foods rural environmentj diet assoc 2007 107 19161923abstract full text full text pdf pubmed scopus 289 google scholar greater access convenience stores would suggest inadequate access variety foods entire state 52 children third grade experienced caries 33 went untreated compared national data 50 26 respectively43carlson v veschucio c burden oral diseases south carolina department health environmental control columbia sc south carolina2006google scholar association access markets rural disparities poor oral health supported data dependence reliable cars price gas may also limit access supermarkets larger grocery stores individuals living rural communities within inner cities type food store available also differs racial groups predominantly african american census blocks east harlem supermarkets grocery stores whereas latino census blocks specialty food convenience stores racially mixed census blocks41galvez mp morland k raines c et alrace food store availability inner city neighbourhoodpublic health nutr 2008 11 624631crossref pubmed scopus 132 google scholarcommunitybased organizations attempted provide access healthy foods advocacy campaigns policy changes example pennsylvania fresh food financing initiative nations first statewide program increase supermarket development underserved areas grass roots attempt provide underserved limited incomes access affordable fresh food retailers offer greater variety potentially contributes nutritionally balanced diet44giang karpyn laurison hb et alclosing grocery gap underserved communities creation pennsylvania fresh food financing initiativej public health manag pract 2008 14 272279crossref pubmed scopus 128 google scholarcountervailing forcestwo forces increasingly evident american society working change americas dietary habits one widespread recognition epidemic obesity affecting children adolescents well adults11ebbeling cb pawlak db ludwig ds childhood obesity public health crisis common sense curelancet 2002 360 473482abstract full text full text pdf pubmed scopus 2186 google scholar americans come realize fast food chains major contributors excessive calories response chains moderating selections include healthy choices also significance growing emphasis role nutrition diet health promotion disease prevention availability unprocessed fresh foods fortified processed foods management food supply system require health literacy messages address significance food dietary practices general oral health trends play whether effect neighborhoods unknown deserve attention meeting needs childrenrecommendationsaddressing role dietary factors decreasing caries disparity children requires comprehensive perspective consideration multiple constantly changing variables affect eating behaviors health status figure closing gap among racial ethnic demographic minorities experience higher rates diseases compared access education health care begin education require government community action well measures needed require actions multiple partners health care providers pediatricians physicians dentists dietitians allied health professionals local community leaders legislators government agencies educators media industry concerned individuals organizations programs improve childrens oral general health include following necessary elements1dietary counsel health professionals others appropriate need counsel parents caretakers children moderate sugar salt fat intake achieve adequate growth development adhere highquality diets following dietary guidelines using mypyramid resources provided usda15us department health human services us depar