Imdad Ullah, Muhammad Zaheer Asghar, Elena Barbera, Meltem Cimen
Integrating social media-based community of inquiry with theory of planned behavior to promote equitable educational intentions among pre-service teachers in Gilgit Baltistan, Pakistan
Frontiers in psychology
pattern neck injuries sustained fatal cases external compression neck recorded post mortem examinations pme assist interpretation circumstances led death study pmes performed 298 cases hanging strangulation occurring 2016 2020 ireland retrospectively reviewed purpose recording collating external internal neck injuries observed pme well toxicology results decedent statistical analysis performed investigate potential novel associations anthropometric variables pertaining decedents pme findings cases hanging strangulation serving add data existing body research area assist resolution future cases hanging strangulation conflicting findings completing statistical analysis found discernible association occurrences cartilaginous neck fractures cnfs increasing ligature width positive associations increasing weight bmi decedents identified significantly positive association increasing height decedent incidence cnfs identified analysis toxicology demonstrated antipsychotics implicated frequently cases incomplete complete hanging associated cnfs opioids implicated frequently cases manual ligature strangulation associated cnfs record pattern neck injuries sustained retrospective cases hanging manualligature strangulation collate findings provide scientific evidence support interpretation findings future cases suicidal hanging homicidal manualligature strangulation purpose medicolegal investigation analyse associations occurrence neck fractures anthropometric variables pertaining victims cases complete hanging reports 298 post mortem examinations pmes performed cases hanging manualhomicidal ligature strangulation 2016 2020 ireland retrospectively reviewed pseudoanonymised data sets recorded report included following parameters neck injuries soft tissue cartilaginous weight height bmi ligature width toxicology noose position ligature material tongue protrusion sex age permission use data sought pathologists coroners involved cases data analysed according descriptive statistical methods logistic regression analysis logistic regression analysis undertaken examine associations unit increases ligature width increases set physical characteristics decedents weight bmi height occurrence cnfs increasing ligature width found increase likelihood cnf occurring odds ratio event occurring 09596 unit increases body weight bmi found increase likelihood occurrence cnf ors 10166 10607 respectively increasing height decedent yielded 464 demonstrating cnfs significantly likely occur increasing height ci 95 02915 739559 according statistical analysis performed study increasing weight height bmi parameters decedents increase likelihood occurrence cnfs cases complete hanging