Xi Zhang, Feifei Zhang, Changsheng Xu
NExT-OOD: Overcoming Dual Multiple-Choice VQA Biases
IEEE transactions on pattern analysis and machine intelligence
measures visualmotor integration skills continue widely used psychological assessments children however construct validity many visualmotor integration measures remains unclear study investigated relative contributions maturation cognitive skills development visualmotor integration skills young children n 856 used block regression analysis determine contribution maturation indicated age followed broad cognitive factors study 1 subsequently individual subtests verbal nonverbal domains subsumed factor study 2 explaining score variance bender visualmotor gestalt test 2nd ed bgii brannigan decker 2003 copy recall scores children ages 4 7 years results confirm maturation accounted large proportion variance bgii copy recall performance stanfordbinet intelligence scale 5th ed sb5 roid 2003 quantitative reasoning fluid reasoning factors significantly contributed visualmotor integration performance copy phase sb5 quantitative reasoning visualspatial factors accounted significant amount variance recall phase additionally nonverbal domains related visualmotor performance verbal domains results study interpreted suggest nonverbal reasoning visualspatial attention important contributing factors visualmotor integration measured bgii developmental implications visualmotor integration skills nonverbal problem solving mathematical competence discussed