Joanna Manning
Factual causation in medical negligence
Journal of law and medicine
people distinguish cause eg malfunctioning component airplane causing crash condition eg gravity merely enables cause yield effect distinction cannot explained accounts reasoning formulated purely terms necessity sufficiency causes enabling conditions hold logical relationship effect terms proposals account apparent deviation accounts based necessity sufficiency may classified three types one approach explains distinction terms inferential rule based normality potential causal factors another approach explains distinction terms conversational principle informative inquirer given assumptions state knowledge present paper evaluates variants two approaches presents probabilistic contrast model takes third approach approach explains distinction causes enabling conditions covariation potential causes effect question focal seta set events implied context covariation defined probabilistically necessity sufficiency extreme cases components defining contrasts report two experiments testing model variants normality conversational views