Syed Akbar Abbas Zaidi, Farnaz Ilyas, Saman Hakeem, Asher Feroze, Shaur Sarfaraz, Syeda Kausar Ali
Determining the psychometric properties of a written test to assess safe dental practice
BMJ open quality
degeneracy ability elements structurally different perform function prominent property many biological systems ranging genes neural networks evolution structurally different elements may produce different outputs different contexts degeneracy distinguished redundancy occurs function performed identical elements however ambiguities distinction structure function lack theoretical treatment two notions often conflated using information theoretical concepts develop functional measures degeneracy redundancy system respect set outputs measures help distinguish concept degeneracy redundancy make operationally useful computer simulations neural systems differing connectivity show degeneracy low systems element affects output independently redundant systems many elements affect output similar way independent effects contrast degeneracy high systems many different elements affect output similar way time independent effects demonstrate networks selected degeneracy high values complexity measure average mutual information subsets system measures promise useful characterizing understanding functional robustness adaptability biological networks