Masahiko Sakamoto, Hirono Ishikawa, Asuka Suzuki
Evaluation of Parents' Use of a Child Health Care Information App and Their Health Literacy: Cross-Sectional Study
JMIR pediatrics and parenting
amblyopia common neurodevelopmental condition leading cause childhood visual impairment given known association neurodevelopmental impairment cardiometabolic dysfunction later life investigated whether children amblyopia increased risk cardiometabolic disorders adult life crosssectional longitudinal analysis 126399 united kingdom biobank cohort participants underwent ocular examination subset 67321 received retinal imaging data analysis conducted november 1st 2021 october 15th 2022 primary objective investigate association amblyopia number components metabolic syndrome individual cardiometabolic diseases childhood amblyopia dichotomised resolved persisting adulthood cardiometabolic disease mortality defined using ophthalmic assessment selfreported hospital admissions death records morphological features optic nerve retinal vasculature sublayers extracted retinal photography optical coherence tomography associations amblyopia cardiometabolic disorders well retinal markers investigated multivariableadjusted regression models individuals persisting amblyopia n 2647 likely obese adjusted odds ratio 95 confidence interval 116 105 128 hypertensive 125 113 138 diabetic 129 104 159 individuals without amblyopia controls n 18481 amblyopia also associated increased risk myocardial infarction adjusted hazard ratio 138 111 172 death 136 115 160 retinal imaging amblyopic eyes significantly increased venular caliber 029 units 021 036 increased tortuosity 011 units 003 019 lower fractal dimension 023 units 030 016 thinner ganglion cellinner plexiform layer mgcipl 285 microns 347 222 unaffected fellow eyes individuals amblyopia also significantly lower retinal fractal dimension 008 units 015 001 thinner mgcipl 114 microns 174 054 amblyopic eyes persisting visual deficit smaller optic nerve disc height 017 units 025 008 width 013 units 021 004 compared control eyes although research needed understand basis observed associations healthcare professionals cognisant greater cardiometabolic dysfunction adults childhood amblyopia differences retinal features amblyopic eye unaffected nonamblyopic suggest generalised versus local processes medical research council mrt0009531 national institute health care research