Tasuku Okui, Jinsang Park
Analysis of the regional distribution of road traffic mortality and associated factors in Japan
Injury epidemiology
food drug cosmetic act promotional materials prescription drugs must strike fair balance presentation risks benefits best present information clear sought determine presentation quantitative risk benefit information drug advertising labeling influences consumers patients clinicians information processing knowledge behavior assessing available empirical evidence used pubmed literature search limiting articles published english 1990 forward two reviewers independently reviewed titles abstracts inclusion reviewed full texts determine communicated riskbenefit information either numerically eg percent versus nonnumerically eg using text increased risk ii numerically using different formats eg 25 patients one four patients use pictographs abstracted information included articles standardized evidence tables research team identified total 674 relevant publications 52 met inclusion criteria 37 focused drugs presenting numeric information appears improve understanding risks benefits relative nonnumeric presentation presenting numeric nonnumeric information possible may best practice single specific format graphical approach emerged consistently superior numeracy health literacy also deserve empirical attention moderators