Jehad Rababah, Mohammed M Al-Hammouri, Ayat Awawdeh
The association between undergraduate nursing students' health literacy and bullying and cyberbullying victimization
Journal of professional nursing : official journal of the American Association of Colleges of Nursing
stratified personalised medicine targets treatments groups individuals disorder based individual heterogeneity shared factors influence likelihood response psychiatry traditionally defined diagnoses constellations cooccurring signs symptoms assigned categorical label eg schizophrenia trial methodology psychiatry evaluated interventions targeted categorical entities diagnoses equated disorders recent insights nosology neurobiology psychiatric disorder reveal traditional categorical diagnoses cannot equated disorders argue current quantitative methodology 1 inherits categorical assumptions 2 allows discovery average treatment response 3 relies composite outcome measures 4 sacrifices valuable predictive information stratified personalised treatment psychiatry achieve truly stratified psychiatry propose operationalise two necessary steps first formal multidimensional representation disorder definition clinical state second similar redefinition outcomes multidimensional constructs expose within betweenpatient differences response use categorical diagnosis schizophreniaconceptualised label heterogeneous disordersas means introducing operational definitions stratified psychiatry using principles multivariate analysis demonstrate framework application clinical antipsychotic trials intervention effectiveness dataset showing heterogeneity patient clinical states trajectories treatment lost traditional categorical approach composite outcomes systematically review decade registered clinical trials cognitive deficits schizophrenia highlighting existing assumptions categorical diagnoses aggregate outcomes identifying small number trials could reanalysed using proposal describe quantitative methods development multidimensional model clinical state disorders trajectories practically realises stratified psychiatry highlight potential recovering existing trial data implications stratified psychiatry trial design clinical treatment finally describe different kinds probabilistic reasoning tools necessary implement stratification