Adriana Lleras?Muney|Allison Shertzer
Did the Americanization Movement Succeed? An Evaluation of the Effect of English-Only and Compulsory Schooling Laws on Immigrants
University of California, Los Angeles|UCLA Health|University of Pittsburgh
provide first estimates effect statutes requiring english language instruction compulsory schooling laws school enrollment work literacy english fluency immigrant children americanization period 19101930 englishonly statutes moderately increased literacy certain foreignborn children particularly living cities whose parents fluent english however laws impact immigrants eventual labor market outcomes measures social integration 1940 census wwii enlistment records laws regulating age children could work significantly affected immigrant outcomes jel i21 i26 i28 j13 j15 n31 n32