Nguyen K Tran, Timothy L Lash, Neal D Goldstein
Practical data considerations for the modern epidemiology student
Global epidemiology
substantial number children world regularly subjected physical punishment parents method upbringing evidence suggests negative effects development brain function however evidence regarding association verbal communication limited heterogeneous also unknown whether effects boys girls especially contexts developing countries highest rates physical punishment found investigation aimed analyzing association physical punishment administered fathers mothers effective verbal communication among children aged 936 months according sex secondary analytical crosssectional study conducted based 20182019 peruvian demographic family health survey physical punishment based mothers report use hitting andor slapping considered method correct children father andor mother effective verbal communication evc measured using battle scale consists ageappropriate questions included early childhood development module generalized linear model family log poisson link option used identify association using crude general adjusted sexstratified models children 1631 received physical punishment father andor mother wherein 1665 boys 1597 girls moreover 3648 exhibited evc wherein 3255 boys 4050 girls adjusting socioeconomic level witnessing violence mothers marital status age occupation education level language number children moderatetosevere depressive symptoms found boys received physical punishment father andor mother 31 lower probability evc adjusted prevalence ratio apr 069 95 confidence interval ci 058083 p 0001 whereas association found girls received physical punishment father andor mother evc apr 093 95 ci 081106 p 0278 association found physical punishment administered father andor mother reduced evc among boys whereas association found among girls possible even though significant impact observed girls early stage may experience consequences later stages life research needed