Rebecca Miles, Yuxia Wang, Suzanne Bennett Johnson
Neighborhood Built and Social Environments and Change in Weight Status over the Summer in Low-Income Elementary School Children
International journal of environmental research and public health
identify impact birth weight development metalinguistic skills performance reading writing arithmetic students aged 6 10 years enrolled 1st 4th grade elementary school public schools metropolitan region paulo concurrent cohort included 315 students birth weight exposure variable outcomes performance receptive expressive language oral metalinguistic skills performance writing arithmetic reading tools employed test language competence tlc school performance test spt students grouped quartiles birth weight data analysis p1 2170 g p2 2171 g 2450 g p3 2451 g 3150 g p4 3150 g authors observed tendency lower performance two groups lower birth weights listening comprehension oral expression lowerweight group tended perform poorly compared groups visvis reading global result spt worse performance observed students first quartile compared others p 0019 multivariate analysis revealed association birth weight results tests applied adjusting maternal schooling birth weight interfere oral written language development however determination processes occurs face complex interaction includes sociodemographic factors especially family support maternal schooling