José Ignacio Nazif?Muñoz|John D. Spengler|Raphael E. Arku|Youssef Oulhote
Solid fuel use and early child development disparities in Ghana: analyses by gender and urbanicity
Harvard University|Harvard University|Harvard University
abstract ghana 77 population depends biomass fuels cooking previous studies show solid fuel use sfu adverse effects pregnancy child health outcomes yet previous study considered potential effects early child development indicators ecdi sfu effects may vary gender rural urban areas investigated associations sfu ecdi measures whether associations exhibited sex urbanrural differences used 20112012 ghanas multiple indicator cluster surveysunicef n 3326 children 34 years derived binary ecdi measure reflecting whether child developmentally track caregiverreport ten yesnodo know questions designed specifically assess four domains early child development learningcognition literacynumeracy socioemotional physical used multilevel poisson regressions adjusting neighborhood household mother childs characteristics estimate covariateadjusted prevalence ratios prs associations sfu ecdi four dimensions run stratified analyses used z score tests differences evaluate effect modification sex urbanicity overall 85 children exposed sfu 28 children developmentally track adjustment confounders children exposed sfu likely developmentally track comparison nonexposed children pr 116 95 confidence interval 95 ci 110122 associations stronger girls pr 136 95 ci 103179 comparison boys pr 087 95 ci 073104 difference associations observed urban rural children overall associations mainly driven literacynumeracy dimension study show sfu associated developmental delays ghanaian girls policy efforts tackle sfu mindful gender disparities susceptibility indoor pollution