Daniel Hanus
Causal reasoning versus associative learning: A useful dichotomy or a strawman battle in comparative psychology?
Journal of comparative psychology (Washington, D.C. : 1983)
patients newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes mellitus dm newly prescribed insulin need learn essential selfcare management skills quickly optimize teaching clinicians need assess patients basic understanding dm skills dm patient assessments exist study reports development assessment patient dm management skills knowledge using feedback dm clinicians patients caregivers systematic search pubmedmedline scopus 19802017 dm knowledge assessments performed twentyfour studies identified content existing assessments adapted create 12 item dmskills knowledge assessment ska assess patients dm management skills knowledge assess cultural humility modified cognitive interviews conducted individual user sessions semistructured focus groups audiotranscripts interviewsfocus groups independently coded codes grouped key themes participant demographic characteristics assessed five focus groups eleven key informant interviews conducted including 10 dm clinicians 12 patientscaregivers 15 laypersons 10 clinicians reported dmska addresses key domains dm education deemed highest importance transition hospital home patients would willing complete assessment half patientcaregiverlayperson participants selfreported raceethnicity nonhispanic white performed similarly nonhispanic white participants understanding item willingness complete dmska perception family community members would willing complete dmska dmska baseline flesch reading score 813 indicating low complexity language dm clinicians agreed dmska assesses essential dm management skills patientscaregivers acceptable literacy cognitive validity culturally acceptable racialethnic minority populations study including elderly persons