Celestin Ndikumana
Understanding life satisfaction among the original inhabitants in the suburbanized areas at the outskirts of a major city: a qualitative study
International journal of qualitative studies on health and well-being
nine bradford hill bh viewpoints sometimes referred criteria commonly used assess causality within epidemiology however causal thinking since developed three prominent approaches implicitly explicitly building potential outcomes framework directed acyclic graphs dags sufficientcomponent cause models scc models also referred causal pies grading recommendations assessment development evaluation grade methodology paper explores approaches relate bhs viewpoints considers implications improving causal assessment mapped three approaches bh viewpoint found overlap across approaches bh viewpoints underscoring bh viewpoints enduring importance mapping approaches helped elucidate theoretical underpinning viewpoint articulate conditions viewpoint would relevant comparisons identified commonality four viewpoints strength association including analysis plausible confounding temporality plausibility encoded dags scc models articulate mediation interaction respectively experiments including implications study design exchangeability consistency may usefully operationalised considering effect sizes transportability different population unexplained inconsistency effect sizes statistical heterogeneity specificity rarely occurs falsification exposures outcomes ie negative controls may useful presence doseresponse relationship may less widely perceived easily arise confounding found limited utility coherence analogy study highlights need greater clarity bh viewpoints improve causal assessment