Kenneth A Dodge, Yu Bai, Helen F Ladd, Clara G Muschkin
Impact of North Carolina's Early Childhood Programs and Policies on Educational Outcomes in Elementary School
Child development
examined inferential reasoning exclusion clarks nutcracker nucifraga columbiana using twoway objectchoice procedures social scatterhoarding corvids appear capable engaging inferential reasoning remains unclear relatively less social nutcracker able initial experiment food hidden one two opaque containers birds immediately selected baited container shown empty container testing subsequently examined nutcrackers two followup experiments using task may less likely solved associative processes birds trained two distinctive objects always found hidden opaque containers always positioned two locations testing one two objects found transparent trash bin unavailable birds required infer one objects trash object still available hidden location five six birds unable make inference suggesting associative mechanisms likely accounted earlier results however one bird consistently chose object seen trash demonstrating nutcrackers may ability use inferential reasoning exclusion solve inference tasks role scatter hoarding social organization discussed factors ability corvid birds reason