Bilal Irfan, Aneela Yaqoob
Innovating Online Otolaryngology: The Development of the ENT Content Engagement and Quality Index for Audiovisual Material
Cureus
despite heavy demand knowledge benefits diversity persistent lack racial ethnic gender diversity orthopaedic surgery since implementation diversity initiatives data shown general surgery one top competitive surgical fields demonstrated growth racial ethnic gender diversity making general surgery good point reference comparison analyzing racial ethnic growth orthopaedic surgery 1 growth rates black hispanic orthopaedic residency applicants residents 2015 2022 2 growth rates black hispanic individuals orthopaedic surgery compare general surgery 3 applicant recruitment resident acceptance differ black hispanic people orthopaedic surgery applicant data obtained historical specialtyspecific data association american medical colleges electronic residency application service statistics database 2018 2022 resident data obtained accreditation council graduate medical education data resource book 2015 2021 2018 2022 number residency applicants totaled 216677 17912 black residency applicants 20413 hispanic residency applicants 2015 2021 number active residents totaled 977877 48600 black residents 62605 hispanic residents applicant resident data overlap throughout years observation sensitivity analysis overlapping years 2018 2021 conducted ensure observed trends consistent valid throughout study datasets obtained used establish different racial ethnic proportions black hispanic residency applicants residents four nonsurgical primary care specialties four surgical subspecialties reference slope created using data association american medical colleges accreditation council graduate medical education represent growth rate total residency applicants residents independently across residency specialties reported database slope used comparison among resident applicant growth rates eight selected specialties datapoints placed scatterplot regression lines using slope equations depict rate growth r2 values depict linear fit applicant growth corresponded applicant recruitment resident growth corresponded resident acceptance chisquare tests used compare residents residency applicants black hispanic populations separately twoway analysis variance timebyspecialty interaction term ftest conducted determine differences growth slopes difference growth rate black orthopaedic surgery applicants 2018 2022 difference growth rate hispanic orthopaedic surgery applicants r2 043 p 023 r2 063 p 011 respectively however slight increase growth rate black orthopaedic surgery residents 2015 2021 slight increase growth rate hispanic orthopaedic surgery residents r2 073 p 002 r2 079 p 001 respectively differences orthopaedic general surgery rates growth black applicants 2018 2022 0004 applicantsyear versus 0001 applicantsyear p 022 differences found orthopaedic general surgery rates growth black residents 2015 2021 0003 residentsyear versus 0002 residentsyear p 059 likewise hispanic orthopaedic applicant growth rates differ 2018 2022 rates general surgery 0004 applicantsyear versus 0005 applicantsyear p 068 differences orthopaedic general surgery rates growth hispanic residents 0007 residentsyear versus 001 residentsyear p 035 furthermore growth rate comparisons black orthopaedic applicants residents 2018 2021 showed applicant growth larger resident growth illustrating recruitment black applicants increased slightly rapidly resident acceptance growth rate comparisons hispanic applicants residents showed larger rate resident growth illustrating hispanic resident acceptance increased slightly faster applicant recruitment time found low acceptance black residents compared higher recruitment black applicants well overall low proportions black hispanic applicants residents future studies might explore factors contributing higher acceptances hispanic orthopaedic residents black orthopaedic residents recommend emphasis placed increasing black hispanic representation department level ensure cultural considerations remain forefront applicant recruitment internal external reviews residency selection processes considered immersive longitudinal orthopaedic surgery clerkships research mentorship experiences targeted toward black hispanic students holistic reviews applications selection processes implemented produce increased racially ethnically diverse applicant pool diverse residency work force implicit bias training implemented address potential biases diversity barriers present residency programs leadership