Tony Roberts|Kevin Hernandez
Digital Access is not Binary: The 5'A's of Technology Access in the Philippines
Institute of Development Studies|University of Sussex|Institute of Development Studies|University of Sussex
abstract online political participation presented possible solution declining levels trust traditional politics however marginalised communities often least connected participate least digital citizenship programmes much existing literature rests binary understanding citizens either connected unconnected progress therefore often understood simply process connecting unconnected paper presents primary empirical research philippines suggests binary understandings disguise reveal argue descriptively accurate analytically useful recognise multiple classes technology access exist limit digital citizenship multiple ways qualitative methods used learn nonusers least connected barriers online civic participation experience 5as technology access employed framework analyse barriers reveal social economic factors reflect reproduce amplify findings suggest nonbinary nontechnical understandings barriers digital inclusion essential effective attempt remove remaining obstacles genuinely inclusive digital citizenship