Yasmine H. El Masri|Jo?Anne Baird|Art Graesser
Language effects in international testing: the case of PISA 2006 science items
University of Oxford|University of Oxford|University of Memphis
investigate extent language versions english french arabic science test comparable terms item difficulty demands argue language inextricable part scientific literacy construct intended examiner argument considerable implications methodologies used address equivalence multiple language versions assessment including context international assessment crosscultural fairness concern also argue none available statistical qualitative techniques capable teasing language variable neutralising potential effects item difficulty demands exploring use automated text analysis tools quality control stage may successful addressing challenges