Hyun-Jae Cho, Heung-Soo Lee, Dai-Il Paik, Kwang-Hak Bae
Association of dental caries with socioeconomic status in relation to different water fluoridation levels
Community dentistry and oral epidemiology
trauma leading cause childhood morbidity mortality annually usa accounting 11 deaths commonly due car crashes suffocation drowning falls prevention paramount reducing incidence injuries adult level 1 pediatric level 2 trauma center commitment injury prevention outreach education safety ambassadors program sap developed part aim safety ambassadors sa high schoolers teach elementary school students safetyinjury prevention curriculum addresses prevalent areas injury risk carpedestrian safety wheeled sportshelmets fall prevention study group hypothesized participation sap leads improved safety knowledge behaviors ultimately reduces childhood preventable injuries educational material delivered high school students ages 1618 years old first secondgrade participants ages 68 years old completed pre postcourse exams assess knowledge 12 questions behavior 4 questions results retrospectively reviewed prepost training mean scores calculated scores calculated based number correct answers prepost exam comparisons made using student ttest tests 2tailed significance set 005 pre posttraining results assessed 20162019 twentyeight high schools 37 elementary schools enrolled program 8832 student participants sap first graders demonstrated significant improvement safety knowledge pre 9 95 ci 8992 vs post 98 95ci 9699 p 001 behavior modification pre 32 95ci 3132 vs post 36 95 ci 3536 p 001 similar findings seen 2nd graders safety knowledge pre 96 95 ci 9499 vs post 101 95 ci 99102 p 001 behavior pre 33 95 ci 3134 vs post 35 95ci 3436 p 001 conclusion sap novel evidencebased educational program delivered elementary school students aspirational role models model impactful relatable engaging provided participants older peer mentors local level demonstrated improved safety knowledge behavior elementary school students trauma leading cause pediatric death disability enhanced education may lead lifesaving injury prevention vulnerable population known preventable trauma leading cause pediatric death usa education contributed improvements safety knowledge behavior ideal delivery method injury prevention education children continues investigation new data suggest peerbased injury prevention model effective education delivery method easily instituted within existing school systems study supports implementation peerbased injury prevention programs improve safety knowledge practices widespread institution research hope ultimately reduce preventable childhood injury