Stefanie Doebler
Relationships Between Religion and Intolerance Towards Muslims and Immigrants in Europe: A Multilevel Analysis
University of Manchester
paper examines relationships religiosity intolerance towards muslims immigrants among europeans living nonmuslim majority countries applying multilevel modeling european values study data wave four 2010 thus relationships across 44 national contexts analyzed analysis found large betweencountry differences overall levels intolerance towards immigrants muslims eastern europeans tend intolerant western europeans countries muslims less accepted immigrantsa finding reflects post911 europe islamophobia prevalent many still see muslims suspicion key result believing matters citizens attitudes towards muslims immigrants across europe traditional modern fuzzy beliefs higher strongly negatively related intolerance towards immigrants muslims fundamentalism positively related targets intolerance religious practice denominational belonging hand matter far less citizens propensity dislike two outgroups exception nondevout protestants practice religion members religious denominations intolerant nonmembers findings valid vast majority countries although countries differ magnitude effects