Gabriel Cepaluni|F. Daniel Hidalgo
Compulsory Voting Can Increase Political Inequality: Evidence from Brazil
Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp)|Massachusetts Institute of Technology
one robust findings political institutions compulsory voting cv reduces participation gap poorer wealthier voters present evidence brazil largest country use rule cv increases inequality turnout use individuallevel data 140 million brazilian citizens two agebased discontinuities estimate heterogeneous effects cv educational achievement strong proxy socioeconomic status evidence thresholds shows causal effect cv turnout among educated least twice size effect among less education explain result opposite predicted existing literature argue nonmonetary penalties abstention primarily affect middle upperclass voters thus increase turnout disproportionately survey evidence national sample provides evidence mechanism results show studies cv consider nonmonetary sanctions effects reverse standard predictions