Dirk Dessing, Sanne I de Vries, Jamie M A Graham, Frank H Pierik
Active transport between home and school assessed with GPS: a cross-sectional study among Dutch elementary school children
BMC public health
smoking important modifiable risk factor diseases infectious hypertension ischemic heart disease copd cancer young elderly people poland 335 men 52 million 21 women 35 million including 27 87 million adult poles still smoke every day tobacco smoker middle age loses average almost 22 years life people age 70 years average 8 years therefore promotion healthy behaviour poland including giving smoking included health programmes within european union national health programme years 20162020 aim study present characteristics smoking among elderly people 104 women 553 84 men 447 took part study analysis demographic data history smoking health tests conducted among participants study project involved 188 people average age respondents 693 years 53 people secondary education 622 dominated study statistically significantly women smoked pack cigarettes day men p0036 almost 10 men smoked 2 packs cigarettes significantly often women p0001 statistically significant differences among men women smoking 40 cigarettes daily p005 women average smoked 42 years 103 men 525 years 71 p0001 regardless sex respondents maximum period smoking 63 years men began smoking elementary school 13 significantly often women age group 2 p0001 significant majority men 869 women 51 started smoking age 20 p0001 group 106 women started smoking cigarettes age 5160 observed men p005 men twice suffered emphysema heart attack women p0001 smoking women men suffered equally hypertension copd coronary heart disease p005 elderly current smokers started smoking elementary school smoke average pack cigarettes daily whole adult life result long period smoking tobaccorelated disease strong addiction nicotine state changed longterm antismoking programmes promoting cessation tobacco use ages