Thomas Fuchs|Ludger Wößmann
What accounts for international differences in student performance? A re-examination using PISA data
Ifo Institute for Economic Research|Ifo Institute for Economic Research
use pisa studentlevel achievement database estimate international education production functions student characteristics family backgrounds home inputs resources teachers institutions significantly associated math science reading achievement models account 85 betweencountry performance variation roughly 25 accruing institutional variation student performance higher external exams budget formulation also school autonomy textbook choice hiring teachers withinschool budget allocations autonomy positively associated performance systems external exit exams students perform better privately operated schools private funding decisive