Danielle House, Robert Walker, Ruth Salway, Lydia Emm-Collison, Katie Breheny, Kate Sansum, Sarah Churchward, Joanna G Williams, Frank de Vocht, Russell Jago
The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the physical activity environment in English primary schools: a multi-perspective qualitative analysis
Public health research (Southampton, England)
ongoing debate value animal research psychiatry valid lines reasoning stating limits individual animal models compared human psychiatric illnesses human depression homogenous disorder therefore one cannot expect single animal model reflect depression heterogeneity limited review presents arguments wistar kyoto wky rats show intrinsic depression traits phenotypes wky completely mirror human depression clearly indicate characteristics common wkys present despair like behavior passive coping stress comorbid anxiety enhanced drug use compared routinely used inbred outbred strains rats commonly used tests identifying phenotypes reflect exploratory escapeoriented withdrawallike behaviors wkys consistently choose withdrawal avoidance novel environments freezing behaviors response challenge tests physiological response stressful environment exaggerated wkys selective breeding generated two wky substrains nearly isogenic show clear behavioral differences including depressionlike behavior wky substrains may share characteristics subgroups depressed individuals social withdrawal low energy weight loss sleep disturbances specific cognitive dysfunction genomes wky wky substrains contain variations impact function many genes identified recent human genetic studies depression thus strains rats share characteristics human depression phenotypic genetic levels making model depression traits