Nasim Gheshlaghi Azar, Shahram Yazdani, Zohreh Khoshgoftar
Development of higher-order thinking in health profession education: A comprehensive toolkit for medical educators
Journal of education and health promotion
hiv prevalence among people use drugs pwud tanzania 47 times higher general population underscoring urgent need increase hiv testing treatment among pwud drug use stigma within hiv clinics barrier hiv treatment pwud yet interventions address hivclinic drug use stigma exist guided adaptitt model adapted participatory training curriculum evidencebased health policy plus total facility approach hiv stigma reduction address drug use stigma hiv care treatment clinics ctcs first step training curriculum adaptation process formative research conducted 32 indepth interviews dar es salaam tanzania 18 11 men 7 women pwud living hiv 14 mix clinical 7 nonclinical 7 ctc staff 5 men 9 women data analyzed rapid qualitative analysis inform initial curriculum adaptation initial draft curriculum adapted refined multiple iterative steps review feedback revision including 2day stakeholder workshop external expert review four ctc drug use stigma drivers emerged key address curriculum adaptation 1 lack awareness manifestations consequences drug use stigma ctcs eg name calling ignoring pwud denial care 2 negative stereotypes eg pwud thieves dangerous 3 fear providing services pwud 4 lack knowledge drug use medical condition absence skills care pwud five 25hour participatory training sessions developed topics focused creating awareness stigma consequences understanding addressing stereotypes fears interacting pwud understanding drug use addiction cooccurring conditions deepening understanding drug use stigma creating empathy including panel session people used drugs working create actionable change understanding context specific drivers manifestations drug use stigma perspective pwud health workers allowed ready adaptation existing evidencebased hivstigma reduction intervention address drug use stigma hiv care treatment clinics future steps include pilot test adapted intervention