Masaaki Yamada, Michikazu Sekine, Takashi Tatsuse, Yukiko Asaka
Prevalence and Associated Factors of Pathological Internet Use and Online Risky Behaviors Among Japanese Elementary School Children
Journal of epidemiology
research date lends general support claim pretask planning impacts positively language production especially fluency complexity concerned however mixed results found accurate language use eg ellis 1987 crookes 1989 one reason variable results may studies differed whether task conditions allowed time encouraged careful online planning ie formulation monitoring speech plans present study designed investigate effects pretask online planning l2 oral production results show pretask planning enhances grammatical complexity online planning positively influences accuracy grammatical complexity pretask planners also produced fluent lexically varied language online planners findings help understanding interrelationship planning l2 oral output also obvious pedagogic relevance indicate task conditions needed promote accuracy complexity fluency monologic speech production