Masako Okamoto, Yasushi Kyutoku, Manabu Sawada, Lester Clowney, Eiju Watanabe, Ippeita Dan, Keiko Kawamoto
Health numeracy in Japan: measures of basic numeracy account for framing bias in a highly numerate population
BMC medical informatics and decision making
evaluation risk water quality failures distribution network challenging task given much available data highly uncertain vague many mechanisms fully understood consequently systematic approach required handle quantitativequalitative data well means update existing information new knowledge data become available five general pathways mechanisms water quality failure occur distribution network identified article include contaminant intrusion leaching corrosion biofilm formation microbial regrowth permeation water treatment breakthrough including disinfection byproducts formation proposed methodology demonstrated using simplified example water quality failures distribution network article builds upon previous developments aggregative risk analysis approach basic risk item hierarchical framework expressed triangular fuzzy number derived composition likelihood failure event associated failure consequence analytic hierarchy process used estimate weights required grouping noncommensurate risk sources evidential reasoning proposed incorporate newly arrived data updating existing risk estimates exponential ordered weighted averaging operators used defuzzification incorporate attitudinal dimension risk management envisaged proposed approach could serve basis benchmark acceptable risks water distribution networks