Marlon Grodd, Susanne Weber, Martin Wolkewitz
Stacked probability plots of the extended illness-death model using constant transition hazards - an easy to use shiny app
BMC medical research methodology
exposure outdoor air pollution contributes childhood asthma development many studies lack geographic racial ethnic socioeconomic diversity evaluate susceptibility individuallevel communitylevel contextual factors examine early life exposure fine particulate matter pm25 nitrogen oxide no2 air pollution asthma risk early middle childhood whether individual communitylevel characteristics modify associations air pollution exposure asthma cohort study included children enrolled cohorts participating childrens respiratory environmental workgroup consortium birth cohorts located throughout us recruited 1987 2007 followed age 11 years survival analysis adjusted mothers education parental asthma smoking pregnancy childs race ethnicity sex neighborhood characteristics cohort statistical analysis performed february 2022 december 2023 earlylife exposures pm25 no2 according participants birth address caregiver report physiciandiagnosed asthma early age 4 years middle age 11 years childhood among 5279 children included 1659 314 black 835 158 hispanic 2555 484 white 229 43 race ethnicity 2721 515 male 2596 492 female 1305 children 247 asthma 11 years age 954 181 asthma 4 years age mean values pollutants first 3 years life associated asthma incidence 1 iqr increase no2 61 gm3 associated increased asthma incidence among children younger 5 years hr 125 95 ci 103152 children younger 11 years hr 122 95 ci 104144 1 iqr increase pm25 34 gm3 associated increased asthma incidence among children younger 5 years hr 131 95 ci 104166 children younger 11 years 123 95 ci 101150 associations pm25 no2 asthma increased mothers less high school diploma among black children communities fewer child opportunities census tracts higher percentage black population population density example significantly higher association pm25 asthma incidence younger 5 years age black children hr 160 95 ci 115222 compared white children hr 117 95 ci 090152 cohort study early life air pollution associated increased asthma incidence early middle childhood higher risk among minoritized families living urban communities characterized fewer opportunities resources multiple environmental coexposures reducing asthma risk us requires air pollution regulation reduction combined greater environmental educational health equity community level