Junsheng Liu, Amanda Bullock, Robert J Coplan, Xinyin Chen, Dan Li, Ying Zhou
Developmental cascade models linking peer victimization, depression, and academic achievement in Chinese children
The British journal of developmental psychology
secondary school start times associated student sleep daytime functioning however study examining association included linked longitudinal data primary secondary students understand interplay biology ie normal developmental changes sleep ecology ie school start times study examined sleep daytime functioning elementaryprimary secondary school students threeyear period included changes school start times students grades 310 n 6168 parents student grades kindergarten2 n 2772 completed annual surveys prechange twoyears postchange followup implementation new school start times elementaryprimary 60 min earlier secondary 5080 min later participants 489 female 655 white 162 qualified freereduced lunch new school start times significant changes found weekday wake times sleep duration elementaryprimary students woke earlier 23 min obtained less sleep 14 min secondary students woke later 44 min obtained sleep 31 min small changes weekend sleep duration 7 min found across levels secondary school students significant improvements daytime functioning postchange due part changes sleep duration minimal changes elementaryprimary students daytime functioning found despite shorter sleep duration school start times significant factor weekday wake times students across grade levels later bedtimes factor normal development later start times positively affected secondary students daytime functioning nonsignificant findings earlier elementaryprimary start times