Ellen Lust
Missing the Third Wave: Islam, Institutions, and Democracy in the Middle East
Yale University
article explores societies witnessed less political liberalization third wave democratization others importantly conditions opposition forces may refrain pressing political reform focusing muslim world also presents complete understanding political islam hinders democratization specifically historical experiences islamists 1970s institutional structures established 1980s created condition uncertainty enabled incumbents thwart liberalization third wave incumbents exploited fear political islam convincing many secularist opponents better current regime islamist rule extent incumbents could succeed varied depending whether islamist movements allowed mobilize openly extent regime based legitimacy islam argument extends beyond muslim world fundamentally stake whether islam exists mobilizing ideology whether democraticallyminded opponents believe nondemocratic opposition groups exist would potentially subvert democratic opening