Irfan Kil, John F Eidt, Ravikiran B Singapogu, Richard E Groff
Assessment of Open Surgery Suturing Skill: Image-based Metrics Using Computer Vision
Journal of surgical education
menstrual symptoms predominantly studied among adults may occur directly menarche adolescent menstrual healthcare however faces specific obstacles research menstrual symptoms determinant adolescent wellbeing therefore advocated study aimed investigate menstrual symptoms impact everyday life wellbeing among postmenarchal adolescents survey delivered random sample 1644 schoolgirls drawn populationbased project involving 116 lower secondary education schools 7th 8th grade stockholm sweden menstrual symptoms ie dysmenorrhea heavy bleeding irregular periods mood disturbance general symptoms investigated multiple choice questions defined according impact everyday life mild seldom affected moderate affected possible cope severe affected difficult cope subjective wellbeing measured world health organization five wellbeing index postmenarchal respondents eligible analysis incomplete outcome data using hormonal contraception excluded frequency severity symptoms across different postmenarchal years 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th year menarche studied chisquare kendalls tau statistics analysis variance used study association menstrual symptoms world health organization five wellbeing index scores composite menstrual health index variable obtained principal component analysis used study overall impact menstrual symptoms wellbeing regression analyses 1100 postmenarchal girls mean age 14107 years 932 reported menstrual symptoms 813 least 1 moderate symptom 313 least 1 severe symptom frequent symptoms dysmenorrhea 804 mood disturbance 811 followed irregular periods 679 heavy bleeding 604 general symptoms 604 throughout postmenarchal years significant increase frequency severity p001 dysmenorrhea 0148 heavy bleeding 0134 mood disturbance 0117 general symptoms 0110 irregular periods 00201 p434 girls menstrual symptoms significantly lower world health organization five wellbeing index scores without symptoms mean difference 173 95 confidence interval 224 123 analysis variance showed significant associations p001 world health organization five wellbeing index scores examined menstrual symptoms post hoc pairwise comparisons peers without symptoms greatest reductions world health organization five wellbeing index score found among girls severe symptoms mean difference dysmenorrhea 2072 heavy bleeding 1575 irregular periods 1381 mood disturbance 2497 general symptoms 2029 significant differences observed even moderate mild symptoms composite menstrual health index significantly associated world health organization five wellbeing index scores regression analysis independently age age menarche body mass index smoking physical activity parental country birth biparental care socioeconomic status despite growing awareness relevance menstruation womens health unmet menstrual health needs potential threat wellbeing adolescents education screening clinical competence important tools reduce burden menstrual symptoms adolescence prevent longterm consequences development novel personcentered strategies priority clinical practice research adolescent menstrual health