Gautam Reddy
A reinforcement-based mechanism for discontinuous learning
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
inculcating capacity adapt successfully failures essential talent development science technology engineering mathematics stem fields despite importance capacity learn failure among least understood processes field talent development study aims investigate students conceptualize react failures whether correlation students conceptualizations failure emotional reactions academic performance invited 150 highachieving high school students share interpret label memorable struggles stem classes struggles focused learning process poor understanding subject matter insufficient motivation effort adopting ineffective learning strategies poor performance outcomes poor test scores bad grades mentioned frequently learning process students labeled struggle experiences failures tended focus performance outcomes whereas students labeled struggle experiences neither failures successes focused learning process higherachieving students also less likely label struggles failures lesshigh achievers implications classroom instruction discussed particular focus talent development stem fields