Liliana J. Lengua
Growth in temperament and parenting as predictors of adjustment during children's transition to adolescence.
University of Washington
author examined relations among demographic risk income maternal education singleparent status growth temperament fear irritability effortful control parenting rejection inconsistent discipline across 3 years prediction childrens adjustment problems community sample n190 ages 812 years time 1 family income related higher initial levels fear irritability rejection inconsistency lower effortful control related changes variables higher initial rejection predicted increases child fear irritability higher initial fear predicted decreases rejection inconsistency higher initial irritability predicted increases inconsistency higher initial effortful control predicted decreases rejection growth parenting temperament considered simultaneously increases effortful control decreases fear irritability predicted lower time 3 internalizing externalizing problems increases rejection inconsistent discipline predicted higher time 3 externalizing although sometimes effect appeared indirect temperament findings suggest temperament parenting predict changes predict adjustment transition adolescence