Lei Wu, Jiawei Wu, Tengbin Wang
Enhancing grasshopper optimization algorithm (GOA) with levy flight for engineering applications
Scientific reports
low socioeconomic status associated allcause mortality cardiac risk factors furthermore sudden cardiac death scd among leading causes death general population identification highrisk subgroups needed aim study investigate association income education level incidence scd calculate impact modifiable mediating risk factors participants copenhagen city heart study followed 1993 2016 sudden cardiac death identified using highquality death certificates autopsy reports discharge summaries national registry data hazard ratios calculated using cox proportional hazards regression adjusted cumulative incidences predicted using causespecific cox models mediation analyses performed using marginal structural model approach 24 years followup 10 006 people participated whereof 5514 died study period 822 scds compared long education persons elementary school level education scd incidence rate ratio irr 248 95 confidence interval ci 186331 low income likewise associated scd irr 234 95 ci 185296 compared high income association education scd combined mediating effect smoking physical activity body mass index accounted 20 risk differences observed inverse association income education risk scd part explained common cardiac risk factors implying research competing causes scd needed stressing importance targeted preventive measures