Huaruo Chen, Ya Wen, Jiuren Jin
Computer-aided teaching and learning of basic elementary functions
Heliyon
underwater submersion body responds conserving o2 prioritizing blood flow brain heart physiological adjustments involve nervous cardiovascular respiratory systems known diving response provide ideal example integrative physiology diving reflex stimulated practical laboratory setting using breath holding facial immersion water undergraduate physiology students complete laboratory class investigate effects stimulating diving reflex cardiovascular variables recorded calculated finapres finger cuff variables include heart rate cardiac output stroke volume total peripheral resistance arterial pressures mean diastolic systolic components diving reflex stimulated 1 facial immersion cold water 15c 2 breathing snorkel cold water 15c 3 facial immersion warm water 30c 4 breath holding air statistical analysis data generated four maneuvers allows students consider factors contribute diving response temperature water location sensory receptors initiate response addition providing specific details equipment protocols learning outcomes report describes assess practical exercise summarizes common student misunderstandings essential physiological concepts underlying diving response