Stephanie E Watkins, Alexander C Allori, Robert E Meyer, Arthur S Aylsworth, Jeffrey R Marcus, Ronald P Strauss
Special education use in elementary school by children with nonsyndromic orofacial clefts
Birth defects research
explore trends association body mass index bmi age menarche spermarche urbanrural disparities 1995 2019 total 912 753 children adolescents including 519 940 918 years old girls 392 813 1118 years old boys involved six successive crosssectional surveys conducted across 30 provinces china 1995 2019 data menarche spermarche collected using status quo method samegender physicians conducted facetoface interviews determine children adolescents experienced first menstrual cycle ejaculation yesno median age menarche spermarche estimated probit analysis anthropometric measurements measured height weight study subjects children adolescents classified thinness normal range weight overweight obesity test used compare differences bmi premenarchal postmenarchal girls prespermarcheal postspermarcheal boys logistic regression used explore associations bminutritional status menarche spermarche stratified urban rural residency status 1995 2019 bmi age groups growth time values bmi among children adolescents 15 menarche spermarche significant without menarche spermarche 2019 girls thinness associated delayed menarche odds ratio 026 95 confidence interval ci 024028 overweight 199 95 ci 185214 obesity 220 95 ci 192253 associated advanced menarche boys thinness associated delayed spermarche 071 95 ci 065078 overweight associated advanced spermarche 108 95 ci 101115 obesity association spermarche bmi menarche 1995 135 95 ci 133137 decreased 119 95 ci 118120 2019 bmi spermarche 1995 110 95 ci 109111 decreased 102 95 ci 102103 2019 trends urbanrural stratification consistent total sample established doseresponse relationship bmi menarche girls whereas association appears nonlinear boys associations diminishing similar findings observed urban rural areas considering dual adverse effects obesity early puberty health results study suggest sexual health education strengthened especially among obese girls research influencing factors biological mechanisms early puberty beneficial