Davide Azzolini|Philipp Schnell|John R.B. Palmer
Educational Achievement Gaps between Immigrant and Native Students in Two “New” Immigration Countries
authors use 2009 programme international student assessment pisa data determine immigrant children italy spain compare native students reading mathematics skills drawing vast empirical literature countries traditionally high rates immigration authors test extent wellestablished patterns hypotheses immigrantnative educational achievement gaps also apply comparatively new immigration countries authors find first secondgeneration immigrant students underperform natives countries although socioeconomic background language skills contribute explanation achievement gaps significant differences remain within countries even controlling variables modeling socioeconomic background reduces observed gaps similar extent countries language spoken home strongly associated achievement gaps italy schooltype differentiation tracking italy school ownership spain reduce immigrantnative gaps although italy tracking strongly associated immigrant students test scores