Fanrong Weng, Xingnan Liu
Exploring second language students' language assessment literacy: impact on test anxiety and motivation
Frontiers in psychology
cognitive reserve cr partly explains cognitive variability presence pathological brain aging investigated interplay lifelong cr age sex brain aging markers cognitive phenotypes among older adults limited education populationbased crosssectional study included 179 dementiafree participants age 65 years 397 women 670 elementary education examined 20142016 assessed lacunes volumes hippocampus ventricles grey matter white matter wm white matter hyperintensities lifelong cr score generated six lifespan intellectual factors eg education social support used minimental state examination mmse score assess cognition petersens criteria define mild cognitive impairment mci data analyzed using general linear logistic models association higher lifelong cr score range 4050 higher mmse score stronger women multivariableadjusted coefficient 95 ci 175099251 men 068033103 pinteraction 0006 association higher cr mci multivariableadjusted odds ratio 95 ci 077060099 vary age sex among participants low cr 14median greater hippocampal wm volumes related higher mmse scores multivariableadjusted coefficients 177041313 044015074 corresponding figures high cr 015076107 017041007 pinteraction 001 statistical interaction cr mri markers mci greater lifelong cr capacity associated better latelife cognition among people limited education possibly compensating impact neurodegeneration