Lars König, Adelheid Kuhlmey, Ralf Suhr
Digital Health Literacy of the Population in Germany and Its Association With Physical Health, Mental Health, Life Satisfaction, and Health Behaviors: Nationally Representative Survey Study
JMIR public health and surveillance
assessment early childhood development programme effectiveness south africa hampered lack suitable measures account variations cultural socioeconomic backgrounds administered nonprofessionals contribution reports standardisation south african early learning outcomes measure elom instrument designed population level monitoring developmental status children aged 5069 months evaluation early learning programmes development elom informed south africas national curriculum framework birth four national early learning development standards elom items drawn reliable valid instruments particularly used africa developing regions clustered five domains gross motor development fine motor coordination visual motor integration emergent numeracy mathematics cognition executive functioning emergent literacy language elom standardised sample 1331 children aged 5069 months five south african official languages five socioeconomic strata item response theory techniques used establish reliability validity differential item functioning confirmatory factor analysis established elom domains unidimensional internally consistent items discriminate reliably less able children discriminate unfairly children ability different language backgrounds socioeconomic gradients evident childrens performance south african early learning development standards elds based standard scores developed set 60th percentile sample standard score distribution research produced first south african agevalidated populationlevel standardised instrument administered relatively cheaply trained nonprofessionals facilitate assessment efficacy early learning programmes enabling children reach elds prior entering grade r track progress toward sustainable development goal 42