E. Glenn Schellenberg
Long-term positive associations between music lessons and IQ.
University of Toronto
study 1 n 147 duration music lessons correlated positively iq academic ability among 6 11yearolds even potential confounding variables ie family income parents education involvement nonmusical activities held constant study 2 n 150 similar weaker associations playing music childhood intellectual functioning evident among undergraduates studies evidence musical involvement stronger associations aspects cognitive ability eg mathematical spatialtemporal verbal others results indicate formal exposure music childhood associated positively iq academic performance associations small general long lasting