Jinping Zhong, Yunxiang Zheng, Xingyun Huang, Dengxian Mo, Jiaxin Gong, Mingyi Li, Jingxiu Huang
Study of the Influencing Factors of Cyberbullying Among Chinese College Students Incorporated With Digital Citizenship: From the Perspective of Individual Students
Frontiers in psychology
abstract differentiated model giftedness talent dmgt presents talent development process p transformation outstanding natural abilities gifts g outstanding systematically developed skills define expertise talent 3 particular occupational field developmental sequence constitutes heart dmgt three types catalysts help hinder process interpersonal catalysts like personal traits selfmanagement processes b environmental e catalysts like sociodemographic factors psychological influences eg parents teachers peers special talent development facilities programs c chance c dmgt includes 5level metricbased mb system operationalize prevalence gifted talented individuals basic top 10 per cent threshold mild giftedness talent successive 10 per cent cuts moderate high exceptional extreme levels complex interactions six components surveyed text ends proposed answer fundamental question factors makes difference average emerge among talented remain average notes present article adaptation two recent presentations dmgt see gagn citation2003 citationin press examine closely snows unorthodox definition aptitude snow lohman citation1984 snow citation1992 much complex present suffice say found many points disagreement endorse view integrate structure dmgt gifted label appears specific field education rarely one sees term employed educators arts professionals sports common expressions giftedness talent natural talent dmgt generally endorsed outside general education might see frequent use expression physical psychomotor giftedness talent would specifically apply outstanding performance conceived dmgt turn 1980s decided adopt term domain categories natural abilities gifts term field talent areas hoped way reduce confusion discussing two category systems csikszentmihalyi see csikszentmihalyi robinson citation1986 independently proposed distinct differentiation described follows domain mean culturally structured pattern opportunities action requiring distinctive set sensorimotor cognitive skillsin short symbolic system music math ematics athleticswe may designate field social organization domain field includes statuses pertinent domain specifies habitual patterns behavioror rolesexpected persons occupy various statuses pp 278279 differentiation differs totally note perfect overlap domains fields terms numbers potential subcategories concepts would identical since concept field analysis domain sociological legal administrative perspective definition field distinguish two perspectives analyze phenomenon talent development less macrocospic societal outlook psychoeducational point view distinction limited usefulness international labour organization ilo created decades ago international standard classification occupations isco designed classify logically possible past present future occupations worldwide isco last revised 1988 fourteenth conference labour statisticians renamed isco88 see httpwwwiloorgpublicenglishbureaustatclassiscohtm accessed 18 november 2004 includes almost ten thousand distinct occupations grouped hierarchical system ten major 27 submajor hundred minor hundreds unit categories ten major categories 1 legislators senior officials managers 2 professionals 3 technicians associate professionals 4 clerks 5 service sales workers 6 agricultural fisheries workers 7 crafts related trades workers 8 plant machine operators 9 elementary occupations 10 army occupationsexcept maybe ninth categoryoffer sufficient range level skills mastered make possible differentiated identification competent versus talented individuals moon recently proposed structure closely related selfmanagement subcomponent defines follows development personal talent involves acquisition number specific skills personal domain skills personal decisionmaking selfregulation development skills turn facilitated strong executive abilities 2003 p 8 quote shows two major types skills defining personal talent strongly overlap motivation decisionmaking volition goal attainment dimensions selfmanagement subcomponent adjective outstanding carefully chosen approximate level marginality mind basic level giftedness talent term superior appeared generous whereas term exceptional conveys image restrictive subgroup course totally avoid extraordinary except describe high levels natural ability achievement would place level prodigious unfortunately many professionals field exhibit carefulness qualifications gifted talented behavior agreement recently happened field nutrition generalization body mass index weight kilosheight meters2 professionals field agreed following operationalizations underweight 20 normal 2025 overweight 2629 obese 30 shared thresholds make possible geographical comparisons well agegroup comparisons feldhusen defines giftedness follows composite conception giftedness includes general intellectual ability b positive selfconcept c achievement motivation talent 1986 p 112 renzulli presents following definition gifted behavior consists behaviors reflect interaction among three clusters human traitsthese clusters average general andor specific abilities high levels task commitment high levels creativity gifted talented children possessing capable developing composite set traits applying potentially valuable area human performance 1986 p 73