Timothy R Dalseg, Brent Thoma, Keith Wycliffe-Jones, Jason R Frank, Sarah Taber
Enabling Implementation of Competency Based Medical Education through an Outcomes-Focused Accreditation System
Perspectives on medical education
humans continuously exposed low levels thousands industrial chemicals poorly characterised terms potential toxicity new paradigm chemical risk assessment cra aims rely animalfree testing kinetics key determinant toxicity moving traditional animal studies integrated vitroin silico approaches kinetically informed cra membrane transporters intensively studied drug development essential piece information however existing knowledge transporters gained drug field applied cra yet fully understood review outlines opportunities challenges existing tools investigating chemicaltransporter interactions kinetically informed cra without animal studies various environmental chemicals acting substrates inhibitors modulators transporter activity expression shown impact tk drugs however pollutant concentrations often lower humans drugs exposure levels internal chemical doses usually known contrast drugs new approaches required translate transporter data reasoning drug sector cra generation vitro chemicaltransporter interaction data development transporter databases classification systems trained chemical datasets drugs proposed furtheremore improving use human biomonitoring data evaluate vitroin silico transporterrelated predicted values developing means assess uncertainties could also lead increase confidence scientists regulators animalfree cra finally systematic characterisation transportome quantitative monitoring transporter abundance activity maintenance time would reinforce confidence use experimental transporterbarrier systems well established cellbased toxicological assays currently used cra