Robert Shoemaker|Richard T. Ward
Understanding the Criminal: Record-Keeping, Statistics and the Early History of Criminology in England
article seeks understand detailed personal information accused criminals convicts recorded late 18th century england information converted statistics 1820s 1860 extensive information criminals physical characteristics backgrounds regularly collected tabulated developments recordkeeping statistics mostly result local initiatives imperatives revealing grassroots informationgathering culture limited central government direction rather primarily driven efforts control practical demands judicial administration substantial amount information recorded reveals strong widely held desire understand criminal long selfconscious enterprise criminology invented