Yusuke Matsuyama, Takeo Fujiwara, Manami Ochi, Aya Isumi, Tsuguhiko Kato
Self-control and dental caries among elementary school children in Japan
Community dentistry and oral epidemiology
identify factors may underlie deficits children listening difficulties despite normal puretone audiograms children may auditory processing disorder apd universally agreed consensus constitutes apd authors therefore refer children children suspected apd susapd aim clarify role attention cognition memory sensorimotor processing speed speech nonspeech auditory processing susapd expected factor analysis would show nonauditory supramodal factors relate auditory behavioral measures children susapd would facilitate greater understanding nature listening difficulties thus helping characterizing apd designing multimodal test batteries diagnose apd factor analysis outcomes 110 children 68 male 42 female aged 6 11 years susapd widely used clinical test battery scanc research test battery mrc institute hearing research multicenter auditory processing imap agebased normative data imap included backward masking simultaneous masking frequency discrimination nonverbal intelligence working memory reading alerting attention motor reaction times auditory visual stimuli scanc included monaural lowredundancy speech auditory closure speech noise dichotic listening tests competing words competing sentences assess divided auditory attention hence executive attention three factors extracted general auditory processing working memory executive attention processing speed alerting attention frequency discrimination backward masking simultaneous masking monaural lowredundancy speech tests represented general auditory processing factor dichotic listening imap cognitive tests apart nonverbal intelligence represented working memory executive attention factor motor response times cued noncued auditory visual stimuli grouped processing speed alerting attention factor individuals varied outcomes different tests poor performance noted different combinations tests three factors impairments solely related general auditory processing factor common study identifies general auditory processing factor addition two cognitive factors working memory executive attention processing speed alerting attention underlie deficits children susapd impaired attention memory processing speed known associated poor literacy numeracy skills well number neurodevelopmental disorders individuals impairments general auditory processing tests along tests two cognitive factors may explain cooccurrence apd disorders variation performance individuals different tests noted probably due number reasons including heterogeneity susapd lessthan ideal testretest reliabilities tests used assess apd research indicated explore additional factors consensus needed improve reliability tests find alternative approaches diagnose apd based underlying factors