Larry L Jacoby, Christopher N Wahlheim, Jennifer H Coane
Test-enhanced learning of natural concepts: effects on recognition memory, classification, and metacognition
Journal of experimental psychology. Learning, memory, and cognition
detection oral bacteria faecal samples associated inflammation intestinal diseases increased relative abundance oral bacteria faeces two competing explanations either oral bacteria invade gut ecosystem expand expansion hypothesis oral bacteria transit gut relative increase marks depletion gut bacteria marker hypothesis collected oral faecal samples mouse models gut dysbiosis antibiotic treatment dssinduced colitis used 16s ribosomal rna sequencing determine abundance dynamics oral bacteria found relative absolute abundance oral bacteria increases reflecting marker hypothesis faecal microbiome datasets diverse patient cohorts including healthy individuals patients allogeneic haematopoietic cell transplantation inflammatory bowel disease consistently support marker hypothesis explain associations oral bacterial abundance patient outcomes consistent depleted gut microbiota distinguishing two hypotheses study guides interpretation microbiome compositional data could potentially identify cases therapies needed rebuild resident microbiome rather protect invading oral bacteria