M Young, D Foulk
Correlates of expected use of tobacco and alcohol among elementary school children
Health education
study investigated associations working memory measured complex memory tasks reading mathematics abilities well possible mediating factors fluid intelligence verbal abilities shortterm memory stm phonological awareness sample 46 6 11yearolds reading disabilities whole sample characterized deficits complex memory visuospatial stm low iq scores language phonological stm phonological awareness abilities fell low average range severity reading difficulties within sample significantly associated complex memory language phonological awareness abilities whereas poor mathematics abilities linked complex memory phonological stm phonological awareness scores findings suggest working memory skills indexed complex memory tasks represent important constraint acquisition skill knowledge reading mathematics possible mechanisms contribution working memory learning implications educational practice considered