Morteza Homayounnia Firoozjah, Alireza Homayouni, Saeed Nazari, Morteza Pourazar
Effect of motor skills development on psychological and social traits of students of mazandaran province during the covid-19 pandemics
Sport sciences for health
prehospital emergency medical services play vital role providing essential emergency medical trauma care however many low middleincome countries significant lack adequate emergency medical services coverage problem compounded profound deficit first responder training programs african federation emergency medicine classifies prehospital emergency care 2 categories tier1 includes laypersons tier2 consisting professionals equipped dispatch capabilities tier1 tier2 first responders require protocolized training integration coordination varying degrees tier1 programs focusing primarily immediate stabilization hospital transportation tier2 programs dedicating increased focus toward formal dispatch advanced life support interventions training tiers emergency medical services typically involves inperson didactic lectures practical skills sessions however content courses highly contextdependent international consensus regarding pedagogical methods curriculum content first responder training low middleincome countries similarly lack consensus monitoring evaluating training programs including assessment methods passing scores certification requirements although many programs use knowledge skills acquisition testing content depth examinations vary greatly longterm followup reporting limited educational landscape tier1 tier2 emergency medical services low middleincome countries remains highly varied often faces dual challenge lacking clear international guidelines still maintaining local appropriateness modular curricula developed conjunction standardized needs assessments accompanied adoption training trainers model may present pathway local adaptability leveraging local community members inform proliferate training although notable improvements prehospital training programs resourcelimited settings past 3 decades challenges related maintaining fidelity monitoring evaluation expanding programs within resource constraints adapting specific contexts continue offer opportunities development future