Rosemarie R Van Patten, Anne S Bartone
The impact of mentorship, preceptors, and debriefing on the quality of program experiences
Nurse education in practice
intervertebral disc degeneration ivdd common degenerative condition thought major cause lower back pain lbp however etiology pathophysiology ivdd yet completely clear examine potential causal effects modifiable risk factors ivdd bidirectional mendelian randomization mr study genomewide association studies gwas sample sizes 54358 766345 participants outcomes included 1 modifiable risk factors associated ivdd use forward mr 2 modifiable risk factors determined causal association ivdd reverse mr including smoking alcohol intake standing height education level household income sleeplessness hypertension hip osteoarthritis hdl triglycerides apolipoprotein ai type 2 diabetes fasting glucose hba1c bmi obesity trait obtained genetic variants associated 33 exposure factors genomewide association studies summary statistics ivdd obtained finngen consortium risk factors ivdd analyzed inverse variance weighting method mregger method weighted median method mrpresso method multivariate mr method reverse mendelian randomization analysis performed risk factors found caustically associated ivdd forward mendelian randomization analysis heterogeneity instrumental variables quantified using cochrans q statistic genetic predisposition smoking or1221 95 ci 10681396 alcohol intake or1208 95 ci 10561328 standing height or1149 95 ci 10721231 associated increased risk ivdd addition education level or0573 95ci 05020654and household income or0614 95ci 04450847 protective effect ivdd sleeplessness or1799 95ci 11622783 hypertension or2113 95ci 11323944 type 2 diabetes or1069 95ci 10241115 three important risk factors causally associated ivdd addition demonstrated increased levels triglycerides or1080 95ci10131151 fasting glucose or1189 95ci10071405 hba1c or1308 95ci10171683 could significantly increase odds ivdd hip osteoarthritis hdl apolipoprotein ai bmi obesity trait factors showed bidirectional causal associations ivdd therefore considered causal associations risk factors ivdd uncertain mr study provides evidence complex causal associations modifiable risk factors ivdd noteworthy metabolic disturbances appear significant effect ivdd biomechanical alterations individuals type 2 diabetes elevated triglycerides fasting glucose elevated hba1c higher risk ivdd causal association obesityrelated characteristics ivdd incidence unclear findings provide new insights potential therapeutic prevention strategies research needed clarify mechanisms risk factors ivdd