Yi-Chun Kuo, Jen-Hung Wang, Cheng-Jen Chiu
Comparison of open-field autorefraction, closed-field autorefraction, and retinoscopy for refractive measurements of children and adolescents in Taiwan
Journal of the Formosan Medical Association = Taiwan yi zhi
purpose although sampling teachers childdirected speech school settings needed understand influence linguistic input child outcomes empirical guidance measurement procedures needed obtain representative samples lacking optimize resources needed transcribe code analyze classroom samples exploratory study assessed minimum number duration samples needed reliable analysis conventional researcherdeveloped measures teacher talk elementary classrooms method study applied fully crossed person teacher session samples obtained 3 separate occasions generalizability studies analyze extant data set three 10min language samples provided 28 general special education teachers recorded largegroup instruction across school year subsequently series decision studies estimated number duration sessions needed obtain criterion g coefficient g 70 results stable variables total number words mazes requiring single 10min sample two 6min samples three 3min samples reach criterion measured variables related content complexity adequately stable regardless number duration samples conclusions generalizability studies confirmed large proportion variance attributable individuals rather sampling occasion analyzing amount fluency spontaneous teacher talk general conventionally reported outcomes stable researcherdeveloped codes suggests categories teacher talk context dependent others thus require intensive data collection measure reliably