Mohamad Reza Farangi, Amir Naami
A study of early multilingualism in Iran: The effects of mother tongue literacy, socio-economic status and foreground TV exposure
Acta psychologica
phonological processing skills phonological awareness known predictors reading acquisition alphabetic languages varying degrees orthographic complexity however role multilettersound knowledge important foundation early reading development supporting reading fluency development remains determined study examined whether two core foundational skills phonemic awareness grapheme sounding predictive role reading fluency development intermediatedepth orthography participants 62 children learning read european portuguese longitudinally assessed phonemic awareness complex grapheme sounding reading fluency decoding word text grade 2 grade 3 results showed grapheme sounding predicted reading fluency development controlled nonverbal intelligence vocabulary shortterm verbal memory phonemic awareness grapheme sounding plays prominent role predicting reading fluency outcomes whereas phonemic awareness accuracy time per correct item contribute three types reading fluency fact graphemesounding predicted reading fluency likely due complex graphemephoneme correspondences required achieve proficient reading findings provide insights cognitive processes underlying reading development intermediatedepth orthographies implications early literacy instruction