Eun Jee Lee, Hee Sun Kim
Effect of Maternal Factors on Problematic Smartphone Use among Elementary School Children
International journal of environmental research and public health
undergraduate firstsemester general chemistry gc1 functions gatekeeper stem degrees asymmetrically impacting students nonwhite lower socioeconomic groups nonnative english speakers twoyear college transfers firstgeneration college nationally 30 students earn grades f withdraw termed dfw gc1 however dfw rates much higher subgroups underrepresented stem occupations socioeconomic inequalities tend increase individuals lifetime due magnification cumulative disadvantage undergraduate degrees correlate higher employment stem occupations correlate higher earnings gc1 represents critical path point disparities interrupted common strategy employed gc1 deficit remediation students determined risk dfw unfortunately extensive evidence demonstrates use remediation strategies gc1 sustain benefits students work assetbased approach less prevalent higher education preuniversity employed stress test theories interrupting disparities stem education causalcomparative study involving 1807 observations reports 1credit assetbased supplemental course dfwpotential students minorityserving institution coenrolled six semesters study outlines intervention impact gc1 outcomes potential residual impact progression next course general chemistry sequence gc2 descriptive hierarchical inferential analysis data revealed socially important patterns assetbased intervention successfully attracted students greater cumulative disadvantage intervention closed asymmetries students identified dfwpotential abcpotential gc1 nontraditional curriculum used traditional curriculum used mixed results contingent effects found interventions impact subsequent course outcomes taking least 11 credits semester taking gc1 provided inoculate participants assetbased intervention increasing likelihood passing gc2