Philip A. Krieter|Nora Chiang|Shwe Gyaw|Phil Skolnick|Roger Crystal|Fintan Keegan|Julie Aker|Melissa J. Beck|Jennifer J. Harris
Pharmacokinetic Properties and Human Use Characteristics of an FDA?Approved Intranasal Naloxone Product for the Treatment of Opioid Overdose
National Institute on Drug Abuse|National Institutes of Health|National Institute on Drug Abuse|National Institutes of Health|National Institute on Drug Abuse|National Institutes of Health|National Institute on Drug Abuse|National Institutes of Health|Jazz Pharmaceuticals (Ireland)
parenteral naloxone approved treat opiate overdose 4 decades intranasal naloxone administered label using improvised devices widely used first responders lay public treat overdose however improvised devices require training effective use recommended volumes 2 4 ml exceed considered optimum intranasal administration present study compared pharmacokinetic properties intranasal naloxone 2 8 mg delivered low volumes 01 02 ml using aptar unitdose device approved 04 mg intramuscular dose parallel study assessed ease use device simulated overdose situation doses intranasal naloxone resulted plasma concentrations areas curve greater observed following intramuscular dose time reach maximum plasma concentrations different following intranasal intramuscular administration plasma concentrations naloxone dose proportional 2 8 mg independent whether drug administered 1 nostrils study using individuals representative general population 90 able perform critical tasks inserting nozzle nostril pressing plunger needed deliver simulated dose naloxone without prior training based pharmacokinetic human use studies 4mg dose delivered single device 01 ml selected final product product used first responders lay public providing important potentially lifesaving intervention victims opioid overdose