Gyambo Sithey|Mu Li|Li Ming Wen|Patrick J. Kelly|Kelly Clarke
Socioeconomic, religious, spiritual and health factors associated with symptoms of common mental disorders: a cross-sectional secondary analysis of data from Bhutan’s Gross National Happiness Study, 2015
University of Sydney|Sydney Local Health District|University of Sydney|Sydney Local Health District|University of Sydney|Sydney Local Health District|University of Sydney|Sydney Local Health District|University College London
objective common mental disorders cmds major cause global burden disease bhutan first country world focus happiness state policy however little known prevalence risk factors cmds setting aim identify socioeconomic religious spiritual health factors associated symptoms cmds design setting used data bhutans 2015 gross national happiness gnh survey multistage crosssectional nationwide household survey data analysed using hierarchical analytical framework generalised estimating equations participants gnh survey included 7041 male female respondents aged 15 years measures 12item general health questionnaire used measure symptoms cmds estimated prevalence cmds using threshold score 12 results prevalence cmds 293 95 ci 268 318 factors associated symptoms cmds older age 65 129 95 ci 057 200 female 070 95 ci 045 095 divorced widowed 155 95 ci 108 202 illiteracy 048 95 ci 021 074 low income 037 95 ci 015 059 moderately spiritual 061 95 ci 034 088 somewhat spiritual 076 95 ci 028 123 occasionally considering karma daily life 053 95 ci 029 077 never considering karma 080 95 ci 026 134 poor selfreported health 259 95 ci 213 306 disability 101 95 ci 063 140 conclusions cmds affect substantial proportion bhutanese population findings confirm importance established socioeconomic risk factors cmds suggest potential link spiritualism mental health setting