David Haddad, Deborah Nelson, Nathan Sherman, Megan Tatusko, Gregory DeSilva
Gender Diversity in Orthopaedic Surgery Residencies Does Not Translate to Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education-Accredited Fellowships
JB & JS open access
decades research established spatial skills correlate numerical skills however spatial numerical skills multidimensional sought determine specific spatial skills relate specific numeracy skills used cohortsequential design assessing large diverse sample students n 612 initially prekindergarten prek3rd grade 49 years age four time points spanning 2 years examined initial levels five spatial skills visuospatial working memory vswm mental transformation mental rotation proportional reasoning analog magnitude system ams acuity related initial levels growth rates exact approximate calculation skills investigated number line estimation potential mediator found unique patterns relations spatial skills numeracy initial levels mental rotation proportional reasoning ams acuity related initial levels exact calculation skill initial levels ams acuity related initial levels approximate calculation initial levels proportional reasoning related initial levels number line estimation vswm mental transformation relate numeracy skills controlling spatial skills initial levels number line estimation related exact approximate calculation controlling spatial skills notably neither spatial skills number line estimation predicted growth exact approximate calculation skills results indicate specificity timeinvariant relations spatial skills numeracy suggest researchers educators treat spatial skills numeracy multidimensional constructs complex unique interrelations