Xiangyi Liao|Xiaoting Huang
Who is More Likely to Participate in Private Tutoring and Does it Work?: Evidence from PISA (2015)
Peking University|Peking University
purpose recent years private tutoring become increasingly prevalent china become dominant way students learn school major component family educational expenditure paper aims analyze factors affect chinese students participation private tutoring effectiveness private tutoring designapproachmethods use data programme international student assessment pisa 2015 mainland china area focus specifically sciencerelated private tutoring multilevel logistic model hierarchical linear model based coarsened exact matching cem used conduct investigations findings empirical results show individual level factors including students interest science educational expectations schoollevel factors school autonomy sciencerelated learning resources school size pose significant influence likelihood participation private tutoring moreover sciencerelated private tutoring significantly improved overall scientific literacy scores students addition private tutoring widened performance gap among students different socioeconomic backgrounds students socioeconomically advantaged family experiencing significant gains tutoring originalityvalue findings suggest providing free highquality tutoring students disadvantaged families might effective way promoting educational equity