Hao Wang, Naomi Alanis, Laura Haygood, Thomas K Swoboda, Nathan Hoot, Daniel Phillips, Heidi Knowles, Sara Ann Stinson, Prachi Mehta, Usha Sambamoorthi
Using natural language processing in emergency medicine health service research: A systematic review and meta-analysis
Academic emergency medicine : official journal of the Society for Academic Emergency Medicine
paper investigated role types knowledge beyond phonology spelling development knowledge morphemetographeme mappings orthographic patterns wordspecific orthographic patterns based modern view children learn spelling discrete stages rather apply different types strategies early goals paper threefold 1 determine relative difficulty different types nonphonological spelling strategies 2 examine contribution nonphonological strategies specifically morphological morphophonological orthographic lexical conventional spelling scores 3 determine role childrens educational level population type first vs secondlanguage learners spelling strategy use large sample 982 children 497 boys speakers catalan romance language similar spanish less consistent orthography participated study administered bespoke dictation task aimed test conventional phonographic accuracy skill well determine ability use different types nonphonological strategies spelling ambiguous phonemes data analyzed series multigroup multilevel sems results showed 1 children across groups found morphological lexical strategies harder apply orthographic morphophonological strategies 2 types nonphonological strategies contributed greatly spelling accuracy scores even controlling childrens phonographic skills efficient strategy use increased function schooling level secondlanguage learners worse performance throughout group showed specific pattern results conclusion paper offers substantial evidence nonphonological strategies paramount learning spell least early intermediate elementary school years suggested teaching writing therefore multidimensional nature target particularly strategies children struggle knowledge morphographemic mappings wordspecific lexical representations theoretical implications also discussed