Sebastian Rezat, Sara Malik, Markus Leifeld
Scaffolding Close Reading of Mathematical Text in Pre-service Primary Teacher Education at the Tertiary Level: Design and Evaluation
International journal of science and mathematics education
prepregnancy obesity associated gestational diabetes observational studies whether relationship causal remains determined evaluate whether prepregnancy obesity traits causally affect gestational diabetes risk twosample mendelian randomization mr analysis performed utilizing summarylevel statistics published genomewide association studies gwas obesityrelated traits included body mass index bmi overweight obesity obesity class 1 obesity class 2 obesity class 3 childhood obesity waist circumference wc hip circumference hc waisttohip ratio whr percent liver fat visceral adipose tissue volume abdominal subcutaneous adipose tissue volume effect estimates evaluated using inversevariance weighting method weighted median mregger simple mode weighted mode performed sensitivity analyses genetically predicted prepregnancy bmi odds ratio 168 95 confidence interval ci 145195 p 913 1012 overweight 149 95 ci 121185 p 206 104 obesity 125 95 ci 118133 p 801 1013 obesity class 1 131 95 ci 117146 p 149 106 obesity class 2 126 95 ci 116137 p 523 108 childhood obesity 133 95 ci 123144 p 406 1012 whr 235 95 ci 144383 p 589 104 associated increased risk gestational diabetes significant association observed obesity class 3 wc hc percent liver fat visceral adipose tissue volume abdominal subcutaneous adipose tissue volume similar results observed sensitivity analyses therefore genetically predicted prepregnancy obesity traits may increase risk gestational diabetes weight control pregnancy may beneficial prevent gestational diabetes