Stephen F. Butler|Ryan A. Black|Theresa A. Cassidy|Taryn M. Dailey|Simon H. Budman
Abuse risks and routes of administration of different prescription opioid compounds and formulations
Inflexxion (United States)|Inflexxion (United States)|Inflexxion (United States)|Inflexxion (United States)|Inflexxion (United States)
evaluation tamper resistant formulations trfs classwide risk evaluation mitigation strategies rems prescription opioid analgesics require baseline descriptions abuse patterns existing opioid analgesics including relative risk abuse existing prescription opioids characteristic patterns abuse alternate routes administration roas article presents one population high risk abuse prescription opioids unadjusted relative risk abuse hydrocodone immediate release ir extended release er oxycodone methadone ir er morphine hydromorphone ir er fentanyl ir er oxymorphone relative risks change adjusted prescription volume products examined along patterns abuse via roas productsusing data prescription opioid abuse roas used 2009 addiction severity indexmultimedia version asimv connect assessments 59792 patients entering treatment substance use disorders 464 treatment facilities 34 states prescription volume data sdi health llc unadjusted adjusted risk abuse estimated using logbinomial regression models random effects binary logistic regression model estimated predicted probabilities abusing product one five roas intended roa ie swallowing whole snorting injection chewing otherunadjusted relative risk abuse 11 compoundformulations determined hydrocodone ir oxycodone highly abused ir oxymorphone ir fentanyl least often abused adjusting prescription volume suggested hydrocodone ir oxycodone least often abused prescriptionbyprescription basis methadone morphine especially ir morphine showed increases relative risk abuse examination data without methadone revealed er oxycodone drug greatest risk adjusting prescription volume specific roa patterns identified compoundsformulations morphine hydromorphone likely injectedunadjusted risks observed consistent rankings prescription opioid abuse obtained others using different populationsmethods adjusted risk estimates suggest less widely prescribed analgesics often abused prescription volume would predict compoundsformulations investigated evidenced unique roa patterns baseline abuse patterns important future evaluations trfs rems