Bjarte Furnes|Stefan Samuelsson
Predicting reading and spelling difficulties in transparent and opaque orthographies: a comparison between Scandinavian and US/Australian children
University of Stavanger|University of Bergen|University of Stavanger|Linköping University
abstract study predictors reading spelling difficulties among children learning transparent norwegianswedish less transparent english orthographies examined longitudinally preschool grade 2 using parallel versions tests series logistic regression analysis indicated three main findings first phonological awareness predictor reading difficulties scandinavian sample timelimited grade 1 remained significant predictor englishspeaking sample second phonological awareness predicted spelling difficulties similarly across orthographies third preschool kindergarten ran significant predictor reading spelling difficulties grades 1 2 across orthographies authors conclude phonological awareness diminishes predictor reading difficulties transparent orthographies first years schooling ran better longterm predictor reading difficulties phonological awareness associated spelling difficulties similarly transparent opaque orthographies copyright 2010 john wiley amp sons ltd