Jana Hasenäcker, Sascha Schroeder
Transposed and substituted letter effects across reading development: A longitudinal study
Journal of experimental psychology. Learning, memory, and cognition
transition manual automatic cephalometric landmark identification yet reached consensus clinical application orthodontic diagnosis present umbrella review aimed assess artificial intelligence ai performance automatic 2d 3d cephalometric landmark identification combination free text words mesh keywords pooled boolean operators automa cephalo artificial intelligence machine learning deep learning learning search strategy without timeframe setting conducted pubmed scopus web science cochrane library lilacs study protocol followed prisma guidelines pico question formulated according aim article database search led selection 15 articles assessed eligibility fulltext finally 11 systematic reviews met inclusion criteria analyzed according risk bias systematic reviews robis tool ai able identify various cephalometric landmarks accuracy since included studies conclusions based wrong 2 mm cutoff difference ai automatic landmark location allocated human operators future research focus refining powerful architectures improve clinical relevance aidriven automatic cephalometric analysis despite progressively improved performance ai exceeded recommended magnitude error cephalometric landmarks moreover ai automatic landmarking 3d cbct appeared less accurate compared 2d xrays date aidriven cephalometric landmarking still requires final supervision experienced orthodontist