Suet?ling Pong
Grade level and achievement of immigrants' children: academic redshirting in Hong Kong
Pennsylvania State University
data hong kong pisa 2003 show 15yearold hong kong students immigrant parents mainland china grossly overrepresented grades modal grade attended native hong kong students sameage comparison grade level taken account puts immigrants children disadvantaged position mathematics reading science literacy tests academic advantage immigrants children hong kong revealed grade statistically controlled also mainland immigrant students repeaters outperform native hong kong repeaters immigrant redshirting possible driving force behind results