Brian A. Primack|Galen E. Switzer|Madeline A. Dalton
Improving Measurement of Normative Beliefs Involving Smoking Among Adolescents
identify different components smoking normative beliefs determine component independently associated 2 clinically relevant measures smoking adolescentscrosssectional surveyone large suburban high schoola total 1211 high school students aged 14 18 yearscurrent smoking susceptibility smokingof 1138 students data current smoking 216 190 reported current smoking 342 383 893 nonsmoking students susceptibility data susceptible future smoking factor analysis identified 3 normative belief constructs labeled perceived prevalence smoking perceived popularity smoking among elitesuccessful elements society disapproval smoking parentspeers average students believed 56 people united states smoke cigarettes 277 believed wealthy people smoke poor people multiple logistic regression showed 3 constructs independently associated current smoking adjusted odds ratios 105 95 confidence interval ci 102108 112 95 ci 102123 066 95 ci 059075 respectively even controlling covariates students perceptions smoking among successfulelite disapproval parentspeers independently associated susceptibility future smoking adjusted odds ratios 120 95 ci 111129 087 95 ci 079096 respectivelyadolescents normative beliefs smoking multidimensional include least 3 distinct components independently related smoking outcomes distinct components considered design evaluation programs related prevention cessation adolescent smoking