Stuart H Hurlbert
The ancient black art and transdisciplinary extent of pseudoreplication
Journal of comparative psychology (Washington, D.C. : 1983)
recess provides key physical activity opportunity students school yet wide range recess requirements exist design optimal recess policies effect recess students educational outcomes must better understood therefore purpose mixedmethod systematic review identify systematically evaluate research effects recess student educational outcomes including behavior cognitive performance academic achievement systematic search literature eric ebsco proquest central psycinfo teacher reference center medline complete ebsco cinahl complete performed september 2022 data extracted quantitative studies reported themes exemplar quotes extracted qualitative studies mixed method appraisal tool mmat used assess study quality search identified 932 articles 13 included review including 8 quantitative 5 qualitative studies eleven studies conducted united states reported sample size studies ranged 12 11624 studies found mixed effects student behavior discipline referrals academic achievement qualitative studies reported multiple benefits recess including increased focus improved problem solving academic achievement overall evidence suggests positive benefits behavior either positive null benefits recess academic achievement however evidence limited noncontrolled study designs diversity outcome assessments additional quantitative evidence needed convince policymakers specific evidence supporting recess also advise optimal recess policies practices improve student learning