Dorota Wójcik, Leszek Szalewski, Adam Bęben, Iwona Ordyniec-Kwaśnica, Robert B Shochet
Validation of the Polish version of the Johns Hopkins Learning Environment Scale-a confirmatory factor analysis
Scientific reports
monitoring integrity spherical balls inside ball bearing challenging needs disassembled order access every element structure paper ultrasonic method used directly interrogate spherical solids interaction wavesolid lets us extract material related information complex geometry ball bearing simplified repetitive assembly elementary unit solid sphere setting plane surface understanding interaction ultrasonic wave elementary block key general comprehension interaction complete ball bearing achieve interaction rayleigh surface acoustic waves saws propagating plane spherical solid ball setting plane studied numerically experimentally experimental configuration steel ball fixed aluminum block shear wave contact transducers used generate saws laser vibrometer employed precisely measure ensuing displacements subsequently collected time series data carefully visualized analyzed discern distinct waves rayleigh wave block saw sphere waves generated sphere complement experimental findings numerical model created using finite element analysis faithfully reproducing experimental conditions approach facilitates comprehensive examination displacement field surface sphere aluminum block extraction material related information spherical ball based estimation resonance frequency vibrational mode solid sphere furthermore 3d gabor dispersion curves spatiotemporal signals used estimate analyze frequencies compare different waves involved interaction direct rayleigh waves backgenerated waves waves propagating surface sphere findings demonstrate transmitted waves toward block backgenerated wave preserve waveform saw propagating sphere enabling deduction dispersive behavior extraction material properties rayleigh wave group velocity implications study particularly relevant nondestructive testing evaluation ndte ball bearings research provides insights characterizing integrity without disassembling ability extract material information signals measured outer ring ball bearings holds promise practical applications assessing condition