Azam Hamidzadeh, Mehrnaz Kharatha, Milad Bazghaleh, Hassan Basirinejad, Nasrin Fadae Aghdam, Hossein Ebrahimi
The prevalence of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder and its related risk factors among children at elementary school in Shahroud
Journal of education and health promotion
term gilles de la tourette syndrome commonly used term tourette syndrome ts refers association motor phonic tics evolve context variable frequent psychiatric comorbidity syndrome characterized association several motor tics least one phonic tic identifiable cause present least one year appear age 18 presence coprolalia necessary establish rule diagnosis present 10 cases diagnosis ts purely clinical based symptoms defined diagnostic statistical manual mental disorders dsm5 additional tests required confirm diagnosis ts however exclude certain differential diagnoses tests may necessary frequently one psychiatric comorbidities also present including attention deficit hyperactivity disorder obsessivecompulsive disorder anxiety explosive outbursts selfinjurious behaviors learning disorders autism spectrum disorder condition begins childhood around 6 7 years age progresses gradually periods relative waxing waning tics majority patients experience improvement end second decade life symptoms may persist adulthood around onethird patients cause ts unknown genetic susceptibility certain environmental factors appear play role treatment ts severe forms tics often challenging requires multidisciplinary approach involving general practitioner gp pediatrician psychiatrist neurologist school occupational physicians psychologist social workers mild forms education young patients parents siblings psychological management usually recommended medical treatments including antipsychotics essential moderate severe forms disease ie functional andor psychosocial discomfort linked tics past decade cognitivebehavioral therapies validated treatment tics certain isolated tics botulinum toxin injections may also useful psychiatric comorbidities present often require specific treatment severe forms ts treatment deep brain stimulation offers real therapeutic hope tics suspected social functional impairment significant specialist advice sought accordance patients age psychiatristchild psychiatrist neurologistpediatric neurologist determine tic severity presence absence comorbidities gp take management prescription treatment encouraging treatment compliance assessing side effects combating stigmatization among family friends also play important role rehabilitation therapies well ensuring accommodations made patients schooling professional environment