Lori B Allen, Marvin Allen, Ropeti Fa'afetai Lesa, Glenn E Richardson, Dennis L Eggett
Rheumatic fever in Samoa: education as prevention
Pacific health dialog
prevalence epidemiological clinical heterogeneities impact profiles individuals preserved ratio impaired spirometry prism precopd young copd mild copd general chinese population known yet data obtained china pulmonary health study 20122015 nationally representative crosssectional survey recruited 50991 adults aged 20 years older definitions four early disease status consistent latest publications global initiative chronic obstructive lung disease criteria agestandardised prevalences prism precopd young copd mild copd 55 95 confidence interval 4369 72 5988 11 0718 31 2538 respectively summary mild copd direct established impact factor exposures older age male gender lower education level lower family income biomass use air pollution accumulative cigarette exposures young copd precopd experienced personal parents events earlier lives history bronchitis pneumonia childhood frequent chronic cough childhood parental history respiratory diseases passive smoke exposure childhood mother exposed passive smoke pregnant precopd coexisted heavier symptoms comorbidities burdens young copd exhibited worse airway obstruction four early disease status harbored small airway dysfunction overall older age male gender lower education level living urban area occupational exposure frequent chronic cough childhood accumulated cigarette exposure comorbid cardiovascular disease gastroesophageal reflux disease associated increased presence four early copd status different impact profiles additionally observed distinct entities four categories less 10 ever taken pulmonary function test less 1 reported previously diagnosed copd 13 received pharmaceutical treatment significant heterogeneities prevalence epidemiological clinical features impact profiles noted varied defining criteria early copd unified validated definition early disease stage warranted closer attention better management research need administrated population chinese academy medical sciences institute respiratory medicine grant young scholars 2023zf9 china international medical foundation z2017242301 chinese academy medical sciences innovation fund medical sciences 2021i2m1049 national high level hospital clinical research funding 2022nhlhcrflx01 major program national natural science foundation china 82090011