Mohamad Reza Farangi, Amir Naami
A study of early multilingualism in Iran: The effects of mother tongue literacy, socio-economic status and foreground TV exposure
Acta psychologica
complexityvolume 4 issue 5 p 4160 agentbased computational models generative social science joshua epstein joshua epstein email protected economic studies brookings institution washington dc 20036 usa external faculty santa fe institute santa fe nm 87501 usasearch papers author joshua epstein joshua epstein email protected economic studies brookings institution washington dc 20036 usa external faculty santa fe institute santa fe nm 87501 usasearch papers author first published 28 july 1999 httpsdoiorg101002sici10990526199905064541aidcplx930co2fcitations 578aboutpdf toolsrequest permissionexport citationadd favoritestrack citation shareshare give accessshare full text accessshare fulltext accessplease review terms conditions use check box share fulltext version articlei read accept wiley online library terms conditions useshareable linkuse link share fulltext version article friends colleagues learn morecopy url share linkshare onemailfacebooktwitterlinkedinredditwechat abstract article argues agentbased computational model permits distinctive approach social science term generative suitable defending terminology features distinguishing approach inductive deductive science given following specific contributions social science discussed agentbased computational model new tool empirical research offers natural environment study connectionist phenomena social science agentbased modeling provides powerful way address certain enduringand especially interdisciplinaryquestions allows one subject certain core theoriessuch neoclassical microeconomicsto important types stress eg effect evolving preferences permits one study rules individual behavior give riseor map upto macroscopic regularities organizations turn one employ laboratory behavioral research findings select among competing agentbased bottom models agentbased approach may well important effect decoupling individual rationality macroscopic equilibrium separating decision science social science generally agentbased modeling offers powerful new forms hybrid theoreticalcomputational work particularly relevant study nonequilibrium systems agentbased approach invites interpretation society distributed computational device turn interpretation social dynamics type computation interpretation raises important foundational issues social sciencesome related intractability undecidability proper finally since emergence figures prominently literature take connection agentbased modeling classical emergentism criticizing latter arguing two incompatible 1999 john wiley sons inc references 1akerlof g 1997 social distance social decisions econometrica 65 10051027 1023072171877 web sciencegoogle scholar 2albin p foley dk 1990 decentralized dispersed exchange without auctioneer simulation study journal economic behavior organization 181 web sciencegoogle scholar 3albin ps foley dk 1997 evolution cooperation localinteraction multiperson prisoners dilemma working paper department economics barnard college columbia university google scholar 4albin ps 1998 barriers bounds rationality princeton princeton university press google scholar 5alexander 1920 space time deity gifford lectures glasgow 19161918 new york dover google scholar 6anderson pw 1972 different science 177 393396 101126science1774047393 caspubmedweb sciencegoogle scholar 7arrow k 1963 social choice individuxal values new york wiley web sciencegoogle scholar 8arthur wb lebaron b palmer r tayler p 1997 asset pricing endogenous expectations artificial stock market economy complex evolving system ii wb arthur durlauf lane eds menlo park addisonwesley google scholar 9ashlock smucker dm stanley ea tesfatsion l 1996 preferential partner selection evolutionary study prisoners dilemma biosystems 37 99125 medline 1010160303264795015485 caspubmedweb sciencegoogle scholar 10axelrod r 1987 evolution strategies iterated prisoners dilemma l davis ed genetic algorithms simulated annealing london pitman 3241 google scholar 11axelrod r bennett ds 1993 landscape theory aggregation british journal political science 23 211233 101017s000712340000973x web sciencegoogle scholar 12axelrod r 1995 model emergence new political actors gilbert conte eds reprinted axelrod 1997 google scholar 13axelrod r 1997 dissemination culture model local convergence global polarization journal conflict resolution 41 20326 reprinted axelrod 1997b 1011770022002797041002001 web sciencegoogle scholar 14axelrod r 1997b complexity cooperation agentbased models competition collaboration princeton princeton university press 1015159781400822300 google scholar 15axelrod r 1997c advancing art simulation social sciences complexity 3 193199 101002sici10990526199711123216aidcplx430co2k google scholar 16axtell r 1999 emergence firms population agents local increasing returns unstable nash equilibria power law size distributions santa fe institute working paper 9903019 google scholar 17axtell rl epstein jm 1994 agentbased modeling understanding creations bulletin santa fe institute 9 2832 google scholar 18axtell r epstein jm 1999 coordination transient social networks agentbased computational model timing retirement h aaron ed behavioral dimensions retirement economics russell sage google scholar 19axtell r axelrod r epstein jm cohen md 1996 aligning simulation models case study results computational mathematical organization theory 1 123141 101007bf01299065 web sciencegoogle scholar 20axtell r epstein jm young hp 1998 emergence economic classes agentbased bargaining model forthcoming durlauf hp young eds social dynamics cambridge mit press google scholar 21baas na 1994 emergence hierarchies hyperstructures cg langton ed artificial life iii reading addisonwesley pp 515537 google scholar 22bagley rj farmer jd 1992 spontaneous emergence metabolism langton et al 1992 google scholar 23bak p chen k scheinkman j woodford 1993 aggregate fluctuations independent sectoral shocks selforganized criticality model production inventory dynamics ricerche economiche 47 330 101016003550549390023v google scholar 24bak p paczuski shubik 1996 price variations stock market many agents santa fe institute working paper 9609075 google scholar 25barnsley 1988 fractals everywhere san diego academic press google scholar 26benporath e 1990 complexity computing best response automata repeated games mixed strategies games economic behavior 2 112 101016089982569090010r google scholar 27 c bicchieri r jeffrey b skyrms eds 1997 dynamics norms new york camridge university press google scholar 28binmore kg 1987 modeling rational players economics philosophy 3 179214 101017s0266267100002893 web sciencegoogle scholar 29binmore kg 1988 modeling rational players ii economics philosophy 4 955 101017s0266267100000328 web sciencegoogle scholar 30blume le durlauf 1998 interactionsbased approach socioeconomic behavior forthcoming durlauf hp young eds social dynamics cambridge mit press google scholar 31bowles 1998 endogenous preferences cultural consecuences markets institutions journal economic literature xxxvi 75111 google scholar 32broad cd 1925 mind place nature london routledge kegan paul ltd google scholar 33bullard j duffy j 1998 learning excess volatility macroeconomics seminar paper federal reserve bank st louis google scholar 34buss papadimitriou ch tsitsiklis jn 1991 predictability coupled automata complex systems 2 525539 google scholar 35camerer cf 1997 progress behavioral game theory journal economic perspectives 11 167188 101257jep114167 web sciencegoogle scholar 36camerer cf thaler r 1995 anomalies ultimatums dictators manners journal economic perspectives 9 2 209219 101257jep92209 web sciencegoogle scholar 37cariani p 1992 emergence artificial life langton et al 1992 google scholar 38cartwright n 1983 laws physics lie new york oxford university press 10109301982470440010001 google scholar 39cederman le 1997 emergent actors world politics states nations develop dissolve princeton princeton university press google scholar 40chalmers af 1982 thing called science cambridge hackett google scholar 41chomsky n 1965 aspects theory syntax cambridge mit press google scholar 42copi 1979 symbolic logic new york macmillan web sciencegoogle scholar 43crutchfield jp mitchell 1995 evolution emergent computation proceedings national academy sciences 92 107410746 101073pnas922310742 casweb sciencegoogle scholar 44darley 1996 emergent phenomena complexity artificial life v cambridge mit press google scholar 45dean js gumerman gj epstein jm axtell r swedlund ac parker mt mccarroll 1999 understanding anasazi culture change agentbased modeling forthcoming gumerman j george kohler eds modeling small scale societies new york oxford university press google scholar 46durlauf sn 1997 statistical mechanics approaches socioeconomic behavior economy complex evolving system ii wb arthur durlauf lane eds menlo park addisonwesley google scholar 47durlauf sn 1997 limits science limits epistemology complexity 2 3137 101002sici10990526199701022331aidcplx630co2q google scholar 48epstein jm 1997 nonlinear dynamics mathematical biology social science menlo park addisonwesley google scholar 49epstein jm 1998 zones cooperation demographic prisoners dilemma complexity 4 2 3648 101002sici10990526199811124236aidcplx930co2z google scholar 50epstein jm axtell r 1996 growing artificial societies social science bottom cambridge mit press 107551mitpress33740010001 google scholar 51epstein jmaxtell r 1997 artificial societies generative social science artificial life robotics 1 3334 101007bf02471109 web sciencegoogle scholar 52feldman mw laland kn 1996 geneculture coevolutionary theory trends ecology evolution 11 453457 1010160169534796100525 caspubmedweb sciencegoogle scholar 53feldman mw cavallisforza 1977 evolution continuous variation ii complex transmission assortative mating theoretical population biology 11 161181 medline 1010160040580977900247 caspubmedweb sciencegoogle scholar 54feldman mw cavallisforza 1976 cultural biological evolutionary processes selection trait complex transmission theoretical population biology 9 239259 1010160040580976900472 casweb sciencegoogle scholar 55flierl g grnbaum levin sa olson 1999 individuals aggregations interplay behavior physics j theoretical biology 196 397454 101006jtbi19980842 caspubmedweb sciencegoogle scholar 56fraenkel aa barhillel 1958 foundations set theory amsterdam northholland google scholar 57friedman 1953 methodology positive economics essays positive economics chicago university chicago press google scholar 58garfinkel reductionism r boyd p gasper jd trout eds 1991 philosophy science cambridge mit press google scholar 59gellmann 1997 fundamental sources unpredictability complexity 3 1 913 101002sici1099052619970910319aidcplx430co29 google scholar 60gilbert n 1995 emergence social simulation n gilbert r conte 144156 web sciencegoogle scholar 61gilbert n conte r eds 1995 artificial societies computer simulation social life london university college press google scholar 62gilboa 1988 complexity computing bestresponse automata repeated games journal economic theory 45 342352 1010160022053188902748 web sciencegoogle scholar 63glaeser e sacerdote b scheinkman j 1996 crime social interactions quarterly journal economics 111 507548 1023072946686 web sciencegoogle scholar 64glymour c 1980 theory evidence princeton princeton university press google scholar 65hausman dm 1992 inexact separate science economics cambridge cambridge university press 101017cbo9780511752032 google scholar 66hausman dm 1998 problems realism economics economics philosophy 14 2 101017s0266267100003837 google scholar 67hempel cg oppenheim p 1948 studies logic explanation philosophy science 15 567579 101086286983 google scholar 68hempel cg 1956 logical appraisal operationism p frank ed validation scientific theories boston beacon press google scholar 69hendriksjansen h 1996 praise interactive emergence explanations dont wait implementation boden ed philosophy artificial life new york oxford university press google scholar 70hirsch md papadimitriou ch vavasis sa 1989 exponential lower bounds finding brouwer fixed points journal complexity 5 379416 1010160885064x89900174 google scholar 71hodel 1995 introduction mathematical logic boston pws publishing company google scholar 72holland jh 1992 genetic algorithms scientific american 267 6672 101038scientificamerican079266 pubmedweb sciencegoogle scholar 73horgan 1993 supervenience superdupervenience meeting demands material world mind 102 555586 101093mind102408555 web sciencegoogle scholar 74howson c urbach p 1993 scientific reasoning bayesian approach chicago open court google scholar 75huberman b glance n 1993 evolutionary games computer simulations proceedings national academy sciences 90 77157718 101073pnas90167716 casweb sciencegoogle scholar 76ijiri simon h 1977 skew distributions sizes business firms new york northholland google scholar 77ilachinski 1997 irreducible semiautonomous adaptive combat isaac artificiallife approach land warfare center naval analyses research memorandum crm 976110 google scholar 78jeffrey r 1991 3rd edition formal logic scope limits new york mcgrawhill google scholar 79jennings n sycara k woolridge 1998 roadmap agent research development autonomous agents multiagent systems 738 101023a1010090405266 google scholar 80johnson j 1995 language structure science complexity complexity 1 3 2229 101002cplx6130010307 google scholar 81kagel jh roth ae eds 1995 handbook experimental economics princeton princeton university press 1015159780691213255 google scholar 82kalai e 1990 bounded rationality strategic complexity repeated games ichiishi neyman tauman eds game theory applications san diego academic press 101016b9780123701824500106 google scholar 83katona g 1951 psychological analysis economic behavior new york mcgrawhill web sciencegoogle scholar 84kauffman sa 1993 origins order selforganization selection evolution new york oxford university press 101093oso97801950795170010001 google scholar 85kirman 1992 representative individual represent journal economic perspectives 6 117136 101257jep62117 web sciencegoogle scholar 86kirman ap vriend nj 1998 evolving market structure model price dispersion loyalty working paper university london london uk google scholar 87kleene sc 1967 mathematical logic new york wiley google scholar 88knuth de 1969 art computer programming volume 2 seminumerical algorithms reading addisonwesley google scholar 89kollman k miller j page 1992 adaptive parties spatial elections american political science review 86 929937 1023071964345 web sciencegoogle scholar 90kuran 1989 sparks prairie fires theory unanticipated political revolution public choice 61 4174 101007bf00116762 web sciencegoogle scholar 91langton cg taylor c farmer jd rasmussen 1992 artificial life ii new york addisonwesley google scholar 92lewis aa 1985 effectively computable realizations choice functions mathematical social sciences 10 4380 1010160165489685900381 pubmedweb sciencegoogle scholar 93lewis aa 1992a aspects effectively constructive mathematics relevant foundations neoclassical mathematical economics theory games mathematical social sciences 24 209235 101016016548969290062a pubmedweb sciencegoogle scholar 94lewis aa 1992b turing degrees walrasian models general impossibility result theory decision making mathematical social sciences 25 google scholar 95lindgren k nordahl mg 1994a cooperation community structure artificial ecosystems artificial life 1 1537 101162artl199311215 google scholar 96mclaughlin bp 1992 rise fall british emergentism beckermann h flohr j kim eds emergence reduction essays prospects nonreductive physicalism new york walter de gruyter google scholar 97mcneill wh 1976 plagues peoples anchor pressdoubleday google scholar 98miller jh 1996 coevolution automata repeated prisoners dilemma journal economic behavior organization 29 87112 1010160167268195000526 web sciencegoogle scholar 99minsky 1985 society mind new york simon schuster google scholar 100mitchell 1998 introduction genetic algorithms cambridge mit press 107551mitpress39270010001 google scholar 101morgan cl 1923 emergent evolution london williams norgate google scholar 102nagel e 1961 structure science new york harcourt brace world 10111911937571 google scholar 103nagel k rasmussen 1994 traffic edge chaos r brooks ed artificial life iv cambridge mit press google scholar 104newtonsmith wh 1981 rationality science new york routledge 1043249780203317211 web sciencegoogle scholar 105neyman 1985 bounded complexity justifies cooperation finitely repeated prisoners dilemma economics letters 19 227229 1010160165176585900266 web sciencegoogle scholar 106nordhaus wd 1992 lethal model 2 limits growth revisited brookings papers economic activity 2 159 1023072534581 pubmedgoogle scholar 107nowak may rm 1992 evolutionary games spatial chaos nature 359 826829 101038359826a0 web sciencegoogle scholar 108papadimitriou c 1993 computational complexity bounded rationality mathematics operations research google scholar 109papadimitriou ch yannakakis 1994 complexity bounded rationality proceedings twentysixth annual acm symposium theory computing pp 726733 montreal quebec canada 2325 may 1994 google scholar 110peirce cs 1879 make ideas clear j epstein g kennedy eds 1967 process philosophy historical introduction new york random house pp 770790 google scholar 111 jc pitt ed 1988 theories explanation new york oxford university press google scholar 112popper kr 1959 logic scientific discovery new york routledge 10106313060577 google scholar 113popper kr 1963 conjectures refutations growth scientific knowledge new york routledge 10106313050617 google scholar 114prasad k 1997 computability nash equilibria journal economic dynamics control 21 943953 101016s0165188997000110 web sciencegoogle scholar 115prietula mj carley km gasser l 1998 simulating organizations cambridge mit press google scholar 116rabin 1998 psychology economics journal economic literature 36 1146 web sciencegoogle scholar 117rabin mo 1957 effective computability winning strategies dresher aw tucker p wolfe eds contributions theory games annals mathematical studies 3 39 princeton princeton university press google scholar 118resnick 1994 turtles termites traffic jams explorations massively parallel microworlds cambridge mit press google scholar 119rogers h 1967 theory recursive functions effective computability new york mcgrawhill google scholar 120rubinstein 1986 finite automata play repeated prisoners dilemma journal economic theory 39 8396 1010160022053186900219 web sciencegoogle scholar 121rubinstein 1998 modeling bounded rationality cambridge mit press google scholar 122salmon wc 1984 scientific explanation causal structure world princeton princeton university press google scholar 123salmon wc jeffrey rc greeno jg 1971 statistical explanation statistical relevance pittsburgh university pittsburgh press 102307jctt6wrd9p google scholar 124scheffler 1960 explanation prediction abstraction danto morgenbesser philosophy science new york meridian books google scholar 125schelling 1971 dynamic models segregation journal mathematical sociology 1 143186 1010800022250x19719989794 web sciencegoogle scholar 126schelling tc 1978 micromotives macrobehavior new york ww norton company google scholar 127simon ha 1982 models bounded rationality cambridge mit press google scholar 128simon h 1978 decide bell journal economics google scholar 129simon h 1996 3rd edition sciences artificial cambridge mit press google scholar 130skyrms b 1986 3rd ed choice chance belmont ca wadsworth web sciencegoogle scholar 131skyrms b 1998 evolution social contract cambridge cambridge university press google scholar 132smullyan rm 1992 godels incompleteness theorems new york oxford university press 101093oso97801950467240010001 google scholar 133sober e 1996 learning functionalismprospects strong artificial life boden ed philosophy artiicial life new york oxford university press google scholar 134stanley mhr amaral lan buldyrev sv havlin leschhorn h maass p salinger stanley 1996 scaling behavior growth companies nature 379 804806 101038379804a0 casweb sciencegoogle scholar 135stephan 1992 emergencea systematic view historical facets beckermann h flohr j kim eds emergence reduction essays prospects nonreductive physicalism new york walter de gruyter web sciencegoogle scholar 136suppes p 1985 explaining unpredictable journal philosophy google scholar 137tesfatsion l 1995 trade network game endogenous partner selection economic report 36 iowa state university department economics google scholar 138theraulaz g bonabeau e deneubourg jl origin nest complexity social insects complexity 3 6 1525 101002sici10990526199807083615aidcplx330co2v google scholar 139topa g 1997 social interactions local spillovers unemployment manuscript department economics new york university google scholar 140tversky kahneman 1986 rational choice framing decisions rm hogarth mw reder eds rational choice contrast economics psychology chicago university chicago press web sciencegoogle scholar 141uzawa h 1962 stability edgeworths barter process international economic review 3 218232 1023072525426 web sciencegoogle scholar 142van fraassen bc 1980 scientific image new york oxford university press 10109301982442740010001 google scholar 143watkins jwn 1957 historical explanation social sciences british journal philosophy science 8 106 google scholar 144young hp 1995 economics convention journal economic perspectives 10 105122 101257jep102105 web sciencegoogle scholar 145young hp 1993 evolution conventions econometrica 61 5784 1023072951778 casweb sciencegoogle scholar 146young hp foster 1991 cooperation short long run games economic behavior 3 145156 101016089982569190010c web sciencegoogle scholar 147young hp 1998 individual strategy social structure evolutionary theory institutions princeton princeton university press 1015159780691214252 google scholar citing literature volume4 issue5mayjune 1999pages 4160 referencesrelatedinformation