Wei Wu|Stephen G. West|Jan N. Hughes
Effect of retention in first grade on children's achievement trajectories over 4 years: A piecewise growth analysis using propensity score matching.
Texas A&M University|Arizona State University|Texas A&M University|Texas A&M University
authors investigated relatively shortterm longer term effects grade retention 1st grade growth mathematics reading achievement 4 years authors initially identified large multiethnic sample n 784 children median literacy school entrance sample authors closely matched 1 retained 1 promoted child n 97 pairs basis propensity scores constructed 72 background variables compared growth retained promoted children using raschmodeled w scores grade standard scores facilitate agebased gradebased comparisons respectively using w scores retained children experienced slower increase mathematics reading achievement short term faster increase reading achievement longer term promoted children using grade standard scores retained children experienced faster increase short term faster decrease longer term mathematics reading achievement promoted children retention effects moderated limited english language proficiency homeschool relationship childrens externalizing problems