Kusha Davar, Tara Vijayan
The PEST (Pathology, Epidemiology, Severity, Treatment) approach to optimizing antimicrobial therapy
BMC medical education
low back pain lbp associated education previous observational studies causality remains unclear study aims assess impact education lbp explore mediation multiple lifestyle factors univariable mendelian randomization mr performed examine overall effect education lbp subsequently multivariable mr conducted assess direct effect education lbp influence potential mediators indirect effects estimated using either coefficient product method difference method proportion mediation calculated dividing indirect effect total effect observational study utilized data nhanes database collected 1999 2004 included 15580 participants aged 20 years increasing education 42 years leads 48 reduction risk lbp or052 95 ci 046 059 compared individuals less high school education education beyond high school 28 lower risk lbp or072 95 ci 063 083 mr study smoking accounts 128 95 ci 104 208 total effect bmi accounts 59 95 ci 299 855 combined mediation effect smoking bmi 276 95 ci 2399 327 nhanes study smoking exhibits mediating effect accounting 343 95 ci 2107 4165 effect bmi demonstrate mediating role higher levels education provide protective effect risk lbp additionally implementing interventions reduce smoking promote weight loss among individuals lower levels education also decrease risk