Ndivhuwo P Netshivhumbe, Awelani V Mudau
Challenges in the application of the Tshivenda scientific register in the teaching and learning of state of matter and the kinetic molecular theory in grade 10 physical sciences classrooms
F1000Research
nacetylcysteine nac may serve novel pharmacotherapy substance use substance craving individuals substance use disorders suds possibly potential regulate glutamate though prior metaanalyses generally support nacs efficacy reducing symptoms craving individual trials found mixed results aims updated metaanalysis 1 examine efficacy nac treating symptoms craving individuals sud 2 explore subgroup differences risk bias publication bias across trials database searches pubmed cochrane library clinicaltrialsgov conducted identify relevant randomized control trials rcts metaanalysis consisted 9 trials analyzed data total 623 participants targeted substance clinical trials alcohol 39 333 followed tobacco 29 222 multiple substances 29 222 metaanalysis subgroup analyses leaveoneout analyses conducted examine treatment effect craving symptoms adverse events aes risk bias assessments eggers tests funnel plot tests conducted examine risk bias publication bias nac significantly outperform placebo reducing symptoms craving metaanalysis smd 0189 95 ci 0015 0393 heterogeneity high metaanalysis 9926 indicating findings may influenced clinical methodological differences study protocols additionally results indicate may publication bias present betweengroup differences risk aes overall findings contrary prior metaanalyses suggesting limited impact nac substance craving however high heterogeneity presence publication bias identified warrants cautious interpretation metaanalytic outcomes