Rhoda A Leos, Paula M Cuccaro, John R Herbold, Belinda F Hernandez
Exploring School Staff Perceptions Relating to Animals and Their Involvement in Interventions to Support Mental Health
International journal of environmental research and public health
prenatal alcohol exposure pae affect brain development early life studies investigated effects pae trajectories white matter tract maturation young children used diffusion weighted imaging dwi repeated three time points measure effects pae patterns white matter microstructural development preschool years participants drawn drakenstein child health study dchs ongoing birth cohort study conducted periurban community western cape south africa total 342 scans acquired 237 children neonates n 82 scans 30 pae 52 controls ages 23 n 121 scans 27 pae 94 controls 67 years n 139 scans 45 pae 94 controls included maternal alcohol use pregnancy antenatal covariates collected 28 32 weeks gestation linear mixed effects models restricted maxium likelihood accommodate missing data implemented investigate effects pae fractional anisotropy fa mean diffusivity md specific white matter tracts time adjusting child sex maternal education found significant paebytime effects trajectories fa development left superior cerebellar peduncle scpl p 0001 survived fdr correction right superior longitudinal fasciculus slfr p 0046 suggesting altered white matter development among children pae compared controls children pae demonstrated rapid change fa tracts neonatal period 23 years age followed tapered trajectory period 23 67 years age trajectories differing unexposed control children given supporting roles various aspects neurocognitive functioning ie motor regulation learning memory language altered patterns maturation scp slf may contribute spectrum physical social emotional cognitive difficulties often experienced children pae study highlights value repeated early imaging longitudinal studies pae focus early childhood critical window potential susceptibility well opportunity early intervention