R Kvasnicak, H El Falougy, E Kubikova
Short-term effect of the demonstration of human dissection and excursion on students´ ideas about the human organ systems: a Slovak experience
Bratislavske lekarske listy
reasoning exclusion ie ability understand two possibilities must b topic great interest recent comparative cognition research many studies investigated ability employing different methods rarely exploring concurrent decision processes underlying choice behaviour nonhuman animals encountering inconsistent incomplete information employed novel training test method order perform indepth analysis underlying processes importantly discourage explorative behaviour kea highly neophilic species training included large amount novel unrewarded stimuli subsequent test consisted 30 sessions different sequences four test trials test trials confronted kea novel stimuli paired either rewarded unrewarded training stimuli novel stimuli previous test trials habituated novelty eight fourteen kea tested responded novel stimuli inferring contingency via logical exclusion alternative one individual inferred predominantly way response strategies one trial learning stimulus preferences avoiding negative stimulus also guided responses remaining individuals interestingly difficulty task influence test performance discuss implications findings current hypotheses emergence inferential reasoning avian species considering causal links brain size feeding ecology social complexity