Jason M Nagata, Omar M Sajjad, Natalia Smith, Gabriel Zamora, Sanya Dhama, Abubakr A A Al-Shoaibi, Kyle T Ganson, Alexander Testa, Megan A Moreno, Orsolya Kiss, Fiona C Baker, Dylan B Jackson
Social Media Use and Alcohol Sipping in Early Adolescents: A Prospective Cohort Study
Substance use & misuse
attention deficit hyperactivity disorder adhd major problem children adolescents characterised ageinappropriate levels inattention hyperactivity impulsivity associated longterm social academic mental health problems stimulant medications methylphenidate amphetamine frequently used treatments adhd always effective associated side effects clinical biochemical evidence suggests deficiencies polyunsaturated fatty acids pufa could related adhd children adolescents adhd shown significantly lower plasma blood concentrations pufa particular lower levels omega3 pufa findings suggest pufa supplementation may reduce attention behaviour problems associated adhdto compare efficacy pufa forms treatment placebo treating symptoms adhd children adolescentswe searched following databases august 2011 central cochrane library 2011 issue 2 medline 1948 july week 3 2011 embase 1980 2011 week 29 psycinfo 1806 current cinahl 1937 current biosis 1969 30 july 2011 science citation index 1970 30 july 2011 social science citation index 1970 30 july 2011 conference proceedings citation index science 1990 30 july 2011 conference proceedings citation index social science humanities 1990 30 july 2011 cochrane database systematic reviews 2011 issue 7 dare 2011 issue 2 dissertation abstracts via dissertation express metaregister controlled trials mrct addition searched following repositories theses 2 august 2011 dart ntltd trove also checked reference lists relevant studies reviews additional referencestwo review authors independently assessed results database searches resolved disagreements regarding selection studies consensus necessary consultation third member review teamtwo members review team independently extracted details participants setting interventions methodology outcome data differences identified resolved consensus referral third member team made reasonable attempts contact authors clarification missing data neededwe included 13 trials 1011 participants review screening 366 references considered 23 relevant obtained full text consideration excluded five papers included 18 papers describing 13 trials eight included trials parallel design five compared omega3 pufa supplement placebo two compared combined omega3 omega6 supplement placebo one compared omega3 pufa dietary supplement five included trials crossover design two compared combined omega36 pufa placebo two compared omega6 pufa placebo one compared omega3 omega6 pufa one compared omega6 pufa dexamphetamine supplements given period four 16 weeksthere significantly higher likelihood improvement group receiving omega36 pufa compared placebo two trials 97 participants risk ratio rr 219 95 confidence interval ci 104 462 however statistically significant differences parentrated adhd symptoms five trials 413 participants standardised mean difference smd 017 95 ci 038 003 inattention six trials 469 participants smd 004 95 ci 029 021 hyperactivityimpulsivity five trials 416 participants smd 004 95 ci 025 016 participants receiving pufa supplements compared receiving placebothere statistically significant differences teacher ratings overall adhd symptoms four trials 324 participants smd 005 95 ci 018 027 inattention three trials 260 participants smd 026 95 ci 022 074 hyperactivityimpulsivity three trials 259 participants smd 010 95 ci 016 035there also differences groups behaviour side effects loss followupoverall differences groups comparisonoverall little evidence pufa supplementation provides benefit symptoms adhd children adolescents majority data showed benefit pufa supplementation although limited data show improvement combined omega3 omega6 supplementationit important future research addresses current weaknesses area include small sample sizes variability selection criteria variability type dosage supplementation short followup times methodological weaknesses