Halah Ibrahim, Mohamad Kasem Mohamad, Shahad Abasaeed Elhag, Khairat Al-Habbal, Thana Harhara, Mustafa Shehadeh, Leen Oyoun Alsoud, Sawsan Abdel-Razig
Components of effective letters of recommendation: A cross-sectional survey of academic faculty
PloS one
immune response developed ruminants eimeria spp ability bear patent infections seems dependent age host present study evaluated influence age development protective immune responses eimeria ninakohlyakimovae purpose 3 4 5weekold goat kids infected sporulated oocysts subjected homologous challenge 3 weeks later goat kids primary infected 6 7 8 weeks age served challenge controls uninfected animals used negative controls protective immunity assessed clinical haematological parasitological immunological pathological parameters altogether results demonstrate goat kids either 3 4 5 weeks age able develop patent infections immunoprotective responses e ninakohlyakimovae age groups released significantly less oocysts challenge associated milder clinical signs ii displayed local immune response significant increase numerous cellular populations iii increased levels igg igm mainly local iga nevertheless detailed analysis data showed differences three age groups related eimeria infection outcome resulting immune response suggesting youngest goat kids fully immunocompetent finding may interest design immunoprophylactic approaches andor prophylacticmethaphylactic treatments goat coccidiosis