Senlin Chen, Haichun Sun, Xihe Zhu, Ang Chen
Relationship between motivation and learning in physical education and after-school physical activity
Research quarterly for exercise and sport
transcriptomewide association studies twas increasingly applied identify putative causal genes complex traits diseases twas regarded twosample twostage least squares method instrumental variable iv regression causal inference standard twas called twasl considers linear relationship genes expression trait stage 2 may lose statistical power true recently extension twas called twaslq considers linear quadratic effects gene trait however flexible enough due parametric nature may low powered nonquadratic nonlinear effects hand deep learning dl approach called deepiv proposed nonparametrically model nonlinear effect iv regression however slow unstable due illposed inverse problem solving integral equation monte carlo approximations furthermore original deepiv approach statistical inference hypothesis testing studied propose novel dl approach called delivr overcome major drawbacks deepiv estimating related different target function including hypothesis testing framework show simulations delivr faster stable deepiv applied parametric dl approaches gtex uk biobank data showcasing delivr detected additional 8 7 genes nonlinearly associated highdensity lipoprotein hdl cholesterol lowdensity lipoprotein ldl cholesterol respectively would missed twasl twaslq deepiv genes include bud13 associated hdl slc44a2 gmip ldl supported previous studies