Tomila V. Lankina|Alexander Libman
The Two-Pronged Middle Class: The Old Bourgeoisie, New State-Engineered Middle Class, and Democratic Development
Freie Universität Berlin|London School of Economics and Political Science|Freie Universität Berlin
contribute research democratic role middle classes paper distinguishes middle classes emerging autonomously gradual capitalist development fabricated rapidly part stateled modernization make case conceptual distinction groups within one national setting employ authorassembled historical district data survey archival materials prerevolutionary russia feudal estates analysis reveals bourgeois estate meshchane covaries postcommunist democratic competitiveness media freedoms proxies regional democratic variations propose two causal pathways explaining puzzling persistence social structure despite bolsheviks leveling ideology postcommunist autocratic consolidation processes juncture familial channels human capital transmission revolutionaries modernization drive b entrepreneurial value transmission outside state policy findings help refine recent work political regime orientations publicsectordependent societies subjected authoritarian modernization