Dylan Johnson|Julia Policelli|Min Li|Alyna Dharamsi|Qiaochu Hu|Margaret A. Sheridan|Katie A. McLaughlin|Mark Wade
Associations of Early-Life Threat and Deprivation With Executive Functioning in Childhood and Adolescence
University of Toronto|University of Toronto|University of Toronto|University of Toronto|University of Toronto|University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill|Harvard University|University of Toronto
many studies demonstrated association earlylife adversity ela executive functioning children adolescents however aggregate magnitude association unknown context threat deprivation types adversity various executive functioning domainsto test hypothesis experiences deprivation strongly associated reduced executive functioning compared experiences threat childhood adolescenceembase eric medline psycinfo databases searched inception december 31 2020 forward reverse snowball citation searches performed identify additional articlesarticles selected inclusion 1 child andor adolescent sample 2 included measures ela 3 measured executive functioning 4 evaluated association adversity executive functioning 5 published peerreviewed journal 6 published english language temporal geographic limits set 2reviewer blinded screening process conductedprisma guidelines used guide data extraction article diagnostics heterogeneity small study bias phacking article quality assessed data extraction performed multiple independent observers 3level metaanalytic model restricted maximum likelihood method used moderator analyses conducted explore heterogeneityprimary outcomes included measures 3 domains executive functioning cognitive flexibility inhibitory control working memorya total 91 articles included representing 82 unique cohorts 31 188 unique individuals deprivation compared threat associated significantly lower inhibitory control f190 569 p 02 working memory f154 578 p 02 significant difference observed cognitive flexibility f136 238 p 12 pooled effect size association inhibitory control deprivation stronger hedges g 043 95 ci 057 029 compared threat hedges g 027 95 ci 046 008 pooled effect size association working memory deprivation stronger hedges g 054 95 ci 075 033 compared threat hedges g 028 95 ci 051 005experiences threat deprivation childhood adolescence associated reduced executive functioning association stronger exposure deprivation efforts address consequences ela development consider associations specific dimensions adversity specific developmental outcomes