Lucia Bigozzi|Christian Tarchi|Linda Vagnoli|Elena Valente|Giuliana Pinto
Reading Fluency As a Predictor of School Outcomes across Grades 4–9
University of Florence|University of Florence|University of Florence|University of Florence|University of Florence
study analyzed predictive relationship reading fluency school outcomes across school levels primary secondary high school controlling effect reading comprehension sample included 489 children attending italian primary grades 4 5 secondary grades 6 8 high schools grade 9 students reading fluency comprehension examined standardized reading achievement test end school year requested school reports participant according data reading fluency predicted school marks literacybased subjects reading rapidity important predictor school level moderate relationship reading fluency school outcomes confirming importance effortless automatized reading even higher school levels overall study emphasizes importance identifying evidencebased tasks administered short time many different individuals easy create linked school outcomes