Ken Brackstone, Roy R Marzo, Rafidah Bahari, Michael G Head, Mark E Patalinghug, Tin T Su
COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy and confidence in the Philippines and Malaysia: A cross-sectional study of sociodemographic factors and digital health literacy
PLOS global public health
aim study assess realworld educational outcomes developmental disorders patients history hirschsprung disease compared agematched control group ethics approval h2016014 retrospective cohort study children diagnosed hirschsprung disease single centre 1992 2017 performed 101 dateofbirth matched control cohort constructed populationbased directory educational outcomes compared using following measures early developmental instrument grades 3 7 8 assessments grade 9 completion grade 9 performance high school graduation fishers exact tests used compare odds failure cases controls children reached 4 years age included total 75 cases hirschsprung disease patients identified patients hirschsprung disease increased risk failing meet expectations early development instrument entering elementary school hirschsprung patients greater risk peers failing meet expectations standardized testing failing graduate high school using realworld measures academic success surrogate neurodevelopmental status study demonstrates patients history hirschsprung disease demonstrated poor neurodevelopmental performance preschool educational achievements patients differ controls started school promising data used mitigate preconceived notions patients hirschsprung disease require special education may isolating psychosocially damaging