Dora L. Costa|Matthew E. Kahn
Forging a New Identity: The Costs and Benefits of Diversity in Civil War Combat Units for Black Slaves and Freemen
Massachusetts Institute of Technology
end civil war 186017 black men served union army roughly threequarters former slaves black soldiers illiterate farm workers war exposed much broader world wartime experience depended upon peers commanding officers regiment toured affected later life outcomes short run combat units benefited company homogeneity built social capital minimized shirking long run mens human capital acquisition information best improved serving heterogeneous companies