Rebecca L Franckle, Jennifer Falbe, Steven Gortmaker, Claudia Ganter, Elsie M Taveras, Thomas Land, Kirsten K Davison
Insufficient sleep among elementary and middle school students is linked with elevated soda consumption and other unhealthy dietary behaviors
Preventive medicine
sought evaluate hospital resource usage patterns determine risk factors neonatal withdrawal syndrome nws united states using 2016 kids inpatient database kid conducted retrospective crosssectional analysis nationally representative sample neonates nws kid largest publicly available pediatric 20 years age younger inpatient care database united states analyzed stratified probability sampling 31 million pediatric hospital discharges weighted 63 million national discharges descriptive statistics hospital patient characteristics identified binary variables analyzed using student test multivariate regression performed assess predictors nws excluded discharges total cost hospital length stay los exceeded mean values 3 standard deviations hospitalizations nws diagnosis identified using international classification diseases 10th revision clinical modification code p961 1 30 discharge diagnostic fields estimated 25394 pediatric discharges associated nws diagnosis totaling 403127 inpatient days cost 18 billion compared nonnws newborns neonates nws higher mean hospital charges 71540 vs 15765 longer mean hospital stays 16 days vs 3 days significantly higher proportion low birth weight 72 vs 19 feeding problems 190 vs 35 respiratory diagnoses 56 vs 25 seizure 03 vs 01 among newborns nws 53 boys 800 white 72 black 74 hispanic 53 races hispanic neonates highest mean hospital charges los ethnic group 123749 21 days largest proportion 830 nwsrelated hospital stays billed medicaid followed private insurance 103 selfpay 48 onethird nwsrelated discharges 393 occurred areas lowest mean household annual income 42999 compared 284 neonates without nws nws cases 53 5 diagnoses compared 11 nonnws neonates multivariate analysis neonates birth weight 2500 g feeding problems respiratory diagnoses seizure 4 diagnoses los 5 days rural hospitals medicaid lowincome households significantly associated nws statistically significant mean hospital charge difference 55775 nws nonnws neonates since 2000 number infants treated nws us neonatal intensive care units increased fivefold accounting estimated 15 billion annual hospital expenditures high hospital resource usage among nws neonates raises possibility care expectant mothers use opiates newborns may able delivered efficient effective manner majority study population covered medicaid programs state policy makers mindful impact opioid crises continue expectant mothers infants