Matthew H Kim, Tracy E Bousselot, Sammy F Ahmed
Executive functions and science achievement during the five-to-seven-year shift
Developmental psychology
recent years much emphasis transformation introductory stem courses focused active learning approach shown produce equitable outcomes students construct active learning somewhat illdefined often used catchall encompass wide range pedagogical techniques present alternative approach think transformation stem courses focuses instead students know knowledge approach known threedimensional learning 3dl emerged national academys framework k12 science education describes vision science education centers role constructing productive causal accounts phenomena past 10 years collected data introductory biology chemistry physics courses assess impact transformation higher education courses report analysis video data class sessions allows us characterize sessions active 3d neither 3d active find 3d classes likely also involve student engagement ie active reverse necessarily true focusing transformations involving 3dl also tends increase student engagement whereas focusing solely student engagement might result courses students engaged activities involve meaningful engagement core ideas discipline