Valerie F Reyna, Charles J Brainerd
Numeracy, gist, literal thinking and the value of nothing in decision making
Nature reviews psychology
order gain comprehensive understanding influence skill pressure success football penalty kicks analyzed 1711 penalties taken 15year period major international tournaments conducted multiple correspondence analysis order reduce six variables associated skill pressure two dimensions reflect target concepts used two factors independent variables logistic regression fit different models using three binary dependent variables results show high situational pressure significantly increases probability missing goal entirely 6 independent players skill level probability goalkeeper saves penalty significantly decreases roughly 4 highly skilled player takes shot general high situational pressure decreases probability scoring penalty kick furthermore probability score penalty increases highly skilled player takes kick indicates high skill level act kind buffer debilitating effects caused performance pressure