Saqib Kamran Bakhshi, Noreen Afzal, Asma Altaf Hussain Merchant, Komal Abdul Rahim, Namra Qadeer Shaikh, Ali Aahil Noorali, Maryam Pyar Ali Lakhdir, Muhammad Tariq, Adil H Haider
Undergraduate Medical Education Curriculum Reforms in Pakistan: A Mixed Methods Study of Academic Leadership Perspectives
Academic medicine : journal of the Association of American Medical Colleges
emerging automated driving systems ads representing automated vehicles avs level 3 higher classified society automotive engineers several av manufacturers testing vehicles public roadways us safety performance avs become major concern transportation industry several adsequipped vehicle crashes reported national highway traffic safety administration nhtsa recent years scrutinizing crashes reveal rare complex scenarios beyond normal capabilities av technologies called edge cases investigating edgecase crashes helps av companies prepare vehicles handle unusual scenarios improves traffic safety analyzing nhtsa data july 2021 february 2023 study utilizes unsupervised machine learning technique hierarchical clustering identify edge cases adsequipped vehicle crashes fifteen 189 observations identified edge cases representing 8 population injuries occurred 10 crashes 19 189 proportion rose 27 edge cases 4 15 edge cases based results edge cases could initiated avs humans infrastructureenvironment combination humans identified one contributors onset edgecase crashes 60 edge cases 9 15 edge cases main scenarios edge cases include unlawful behaviors crash partners absence safety driver within av precrash disengagement complex events challenging ads eg unexpected obstacles unclear road markings sudden unexpected changes traffic flow abrupt road congestion sudden stopped traffic crash identifying investigating edge cases crucial improving transportation safety building public trust avs