Andrew E Koepp, Elizabeth T Gershoff
Amount and type of physical activity as predictors of growth in executive functions, attentional control, and social self-control across 4 years of elementary school
Developmental science
united states medical licensing examination usmle step 1 one two examinations written completion first two years basic science stage medical school eligible apply residency training usa huge number types study materials available prepare exam might confuse students choosing resource investigated learning resources used third fifthsemester medical students association academic performance also compared learning resources exam scores highperforming lowperforming students data collection done using structured quantitative study semistructured qualitative study questionnaires facetoface interview article quantitative part designed correlational study single factor oneway analysis variance anova pearson correlation coefficient test ttest fishers exact test used analyze data half students used three commercial resources dealing content weak negative correlation observed number commercial resources exam scores especially number resources three r 026 mean exam score textbook users statistically significantly higher mean score textbook nonusers p 001 usage textbooks statistically significantly higher cohort top performers comparison rest students p 0006 addition less usage textbooks mean number review books higher group weakest students 284 versus 37 p 075 students use professional textbooks half used many commercial review resources former fact significantly associated poor academic performance later fact weak negative correlation exam score pedagogical interventions urgently needed make right type learning resources available making professional textbooks usmleoriented helping students choose best right number resources optimum academic performance fulfilling observed needs students way might feel empowered selfdetermination motivate studies