Toby James Holland, M Smith, K King
The Defence General Practitioner: an Updated Definition and Model
BMJ military health
parenthood publishing contribute gender gaps academic career advancement extensive research examines causes gender disparities science technology engineering mathematics stem careers know much less factors constrain womens advancement social sciences combining detailed career administrative register data 976 danish social scientists business management economics political science psychology sociology 5703 personyears obtained phd degree 2000 2015 estimate gender differences attainment senior research positions parse publication outputs parenthood parental leave contribute differences approach advantageous previous longitudinal studies track careers publication outputs graduates outset phd education match data timesensitive information individuals publication activities family situation discrete timeevent history models observe 24 per cent female disadvantage advancement likelihoods within first 7 years phd graduation gender differences increasing observation period decomposition indicates variations publishing parenthood parental leave account 40 per cent gender gap career advancement suggesting factors including recruitment disparities asymmetries social capital experiences unequal treatment work may also constrain womens careers