Paul T. Cirino|Melissa Romain|Amy E. Barth|Tammy D. Tolar|Jack ?. Fletcher|Sharon Vaughn
Reading skill components and impairments in middle school struggling readers
University of Houston|University of Houston|The University of Texas at Austin
study investigated measures decoding fluency comprehension middle school students overlap one another whether pattern overlap differs struggling typical readers relative frequency different types reading difficulties 1748 sixth seventh eighth grade students oversampled struggling readers n 1025 basis state reading comprehension proficiency measure multigroup confirmatory factor analyses showed partial invariance among struggling typical readers differential loadings fluency comprehension strict invariance decoding combined fluencycomprehension factor among struggling readers 85 also weaknesses nationally standardized measures particularly comprehension however also difficulties decoding fluency results show number students specific comprehension problem lower recent consensus reports estimate relation different reading components varies according struggling versus proficient readers