Linda J. Graham|Markku Jahnukainen
Wherefore art thou, inclusion? Analysing the development of inclusive education in New South Wales, Alberta and Finland
Macquarie University|University of Alberta
abstract last two decades moves toward inclusion prompted change formation education policies schooling structures pedagogical practice yet exclusion categorisation segregation students diverse abilities grown particularly students challenging behaviour paper considers happened inclusive education focusing three educational jurisdictions known experiencing different rates growth identification special educational needs new south wales australia alberta canada finland europe analysis consider effects competing policy forces appear thwart development inclusive schools two case study regions keywords comparativeinclusioninclusionspecial educationinternational comparative case study acknowledgements international collaboration supported funding social sciences humanities council canada award 41020080236 macquarie university research fellowships scheme murf 200912 notes 1 draw sally tomlinsons 1982 tomlinson 1982 sociology special education london routledge kegan paul google scholar seminal work sociology special education distinguish normative nonnormative categories disability normative disabilities would argue requiring additional support adapted instruction severe intellectual impairment cerebral palsy classic autism vision hearing impairment nonnormative category disability clearcut many children could described canaries coal mine disability formed negative repeated experiences failure early encounters educational system farran shonkoff 1994 farran shonkoff j 1994 developmental disabilities concept school readiness early education development 52 14151 taylor francis online google scholar 148 2 government schools funded respective state governments states provide base instructional funding nongovernment schools example nsw amount set 25 base instructional funding government school students per capita basis eg per student base funding government system 10000 nongovernment schools receive 2500 nsw government student enrolled equation however fails consider additional costs associated educating students disability 3 although education state responsibility australia development national legislative frameworks including human rights equal opportunity act 1986 disability discrimination act 1992 disability standards education 2005 contributed towards state compliance education students disabilities 4 result changes design original instrument high construct face validity reported developers foreman et al 2001 foreman p bourke mishra g frost r 2001 assessing support needs children disability regular classes international journal disability development education 483 23952 taylor francis online google scholar may longer apply 5 kindergarten included annual statistics available alberta education 6 coalition termed rainbow included members red political parties left blue conservative party political right 7 first path consisted six years primary school two years education another path consisted four years primary school five years academically oriented grammar school way upper secondary school later university studies see tuunainen 1994 tuunainen k 1994 country briefing special education finland european journal special needs education 92 18998 taylor francis online google scholar 8 official statistics related k12 education finland percentage considered best estimate calculated combining different educational statistics provided statistics finland 2009 statistics finland 2009 erityisopetus special education httpwwwstatfitileropkasenhtml accessed july 25 2009 google scholar 9 time study finnish special education funding model based bounty system changed early 2010 students severe disabilities receive individually defined extra funding independent base education fund includes currently estimate organising special needs education often called censusbased funding currently observations available effects change noted recently proposed strongly resisted nsw model also draws censusbased funding approach