Lyndal Trevena|Brian J. Zikmund?Fisher|Adrian Edwards|Wolfgang Gaissmaier|Mirta Galeši?|Paul Han|John H. King|Margaret L. Lawson|Stephen H. Linder|Isaac M. Lipkus|Elissa M. Ozanne|Ellen Peters|Daniëlle R. M. Timmermans|Steven Woloshin
Presenting quantitative information about decision outcomes: a risk communication primer for patient decision aid developers
University of Sydney|University of Michigan–Ann Arbor|Cochrane|Cardiff University|Max Planck Institute for Human Development|Max Planck Institute for Human Development|Maine Medical Center|Maine Medical Center Research Institute|University of Vermont|Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario|University of Ottawa|The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center|Duke University|University of California, San Francisco|The Ohio State University|EMGO Institute for Health and Care Research|Dartmouth Institute for Health Policy and Clinical Practice
making evidencebased decisions often requires comparison two options researchbased evidence may exist quantifies likely outcomes option understanding numeric estimates improves patients risk perception leads better informed decision making paper summarises current best practices communication evidencebased numeric outcomes developers patient decision aids ptdas health communication tools expert consensus group fourteen researchers north america europe australasia identified eleven main issues risk communication two experts issue wrote state art summary best evidence drawing ptda health psychological broader scientific literature addition commonly used terms defined set guiding principles key messages derived results eleven key components risk communication 1 presenting chance event occur 2 presenting changes numeric outcomes 3 outcome estimates test screening decisions 4 numeric estimates context evaluative labels 5 conveying uncertainty 6 visual formats 7 tailoring estimates 8 formats understanding outcomes time 9 narrative methods conveying chance event 10 important skills understanding numerical estimates 11 interactive webbased formats guiding principles evidence summaries advise risk communication formats reflect task required user always define relevant reference class ie denominator time aim use consistent format throughout documents avoid 1 x formats variable denominators consider magnitude numbers used possibility format bias take account numeracy graph literacy audience substantial rapidly expanding evidence base exists risk communication developers tools facilitate evidencebased decision making apply principles improve quality risk communication practice