Andrew V. Kuczmarski|Nancy Cotugna|Marc Mason|Michele K. Evans|Alan B. Zonderman
Depression and Cognitive Impairment Are Associated with Low Education and Literacy Status and Smoking but Not Caffeine Consumption in Urban African Americans and White Adults
University of Delaware|University of Delaware|National Institute on Aging|National Institutes of Health|National Institute on Aging|National Institutes of Health|National Institute on Aging|National Institutes of Health
background recent research linked caffeine consumption lower risk depression cognitive decline however studies examined relationship african american compared white socioeconomically diverse representative urban sample methods data crosssectional study used determine associations caffeine use depressive symptomatology cognition sample 1724 participants healthy aging neighborhoods diversity across life span handls study united states department agricultures automated multiple pass method used trained interviewers collect two inperson 24hour dietary recalls depressive symptoms global cognition assessed using two wellvalidated measures center epidemiologic studies depressive scale cesd mini mental state examination mmse respectively usual caffeine intake based recalls data analyzed chisquare tests correlation analysis ordinal logistic regression results african americans consumed significantly less caffeine whites 89032 244087 mg respectively caffeine consumption associated depressive symptomatology global cognition age less 5th grade literacy less high school education significantly associated depressive symptoms cognitive function smokers 43 greater risk depression 3 higher risk cognitive impairment conclusion low level dietary caffeine intake combination smoking among handls study participants may influenced lack association depressive symptomatology global cognition sample low literacy education appear highly associated depressive symptoms cognitive function caffeine intake