Fernando Santos-Martín|Berta Martín?López|Marina García?Llorente|Mateo Aguado|Javier Benayas|Carlos Montes
Unraveling the Relationships between Ecosystems and Human Wellbeing in Spain
Autonomous University of Madrid|Autonomous University of Madrid|Autonomous University of Madrid|Universidad Carlos III de Madrid|Autonomous University of Madrid|Autonomous University of Madrid|Autonomous University of Madrid
national ecosystem assessments provide evidence status trends biodiversity ecosystem conditions delivery ecosystem services society study analyze complex relationships established ecosystems human systems spain combination driverpressurestateimpactresponse framework structural equation models firstly operationalize framework selected 53 national scale indicators provide accurate longterm information components secondly structural equation models performed understand relationships among components framework trend indicators shown overall progressive biodiversity loss tradeoffs provisioning cultural services associated urban areas vs regulating cultural services associated rural areas decoupling effect material nonmaterial dimensions human wellbeing rapid growing trend conservation responses recent years constant growing linear trend direct indirect drivers change results also show components analyzed model strongly related one hand model shows biodiversity erosion negatively affect supply regulating services positively related increase provisioning service delivery hand important relationship found model effect pressures biodiversity loss indicating response options conserving nature cannot counteract effect drivers change results suggest insufficient institutional response address underlying causes indirect drivers change biodiversity loos spain conclude structural changes required spanish institutional framework reach 2020 biodiversity conservation international targets