Nari Lee, Hae Ran Kim
Nursing Students' Perceptions of Factors Influencing Nursing Intentions toward COVID-19 Patients
Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland)
black wealth white wealth new perspective racial inequality melvin l oliver thomas shapiro new york great britain routledge 1995 242 pp 2295 cloth reviewed rodney green department economics howard university black wealth white wealth opens evocative racial comparison income wealth reveals although half top 10 earners us black virtually blacks included among wealthiest 400 americans indeed wealth levels blacks made american middle class shown 15 wealth level whites income category presented data suggest blacks disadvantaged relative whites terms incomeand earning average less 60 white household incomethen completely eclipsed comes wealth tale two middle classes part even bleaker tale two unequal nations within america tale oliver shapiro attribute three historical processes racialization state policy economic detour sedimentation racial inequality three concepts reflect respectively government policy systematically reduced black capacity accumulate wealth historically limiting access land housing wealth builders blacks prevented forming thriving businesses institutional barriers serving entire domestic market leaving blacks impoverished niche businesses cumulative effects black oppression cemented blacks bottom societys economic hierarchy story begins chapter one authors revisit reconstructions failure provide freedmen elementary productive propertythe proverbial 40 acres mule move next review federal housing administrations role deliberately blocking black home ownership 1930s 1970s followed contemporary account redlining mortgage discrimination deepened black economic deprivation also review ways macroeconomic forces globalization deindustrialization undermined black economic wellbeing example point forces eliminated half black industrial jobs great lakes area last two decades chapter two oliver shapiro sketch sociology race wealth america wrestling perhaps briefly raceclass debate invoking marx weber backdrop offer additional historical anecdotal evidence three historical processes noted chapter three presents discussion data constraints past researchers experienced attempting study wealth distribution us authors surmount difficulties using relatively new survey income program participation sipp data set measure individual net worth wealth net financial assets net worth minus housing equity automobile value artfully describe trend deepening economic inequality races since 1980s theme extended chapter four two startling findings highlighted though black income consistently hovered around 60 white income black wealth onetwelfth white wealth b black financial assets median zero oliver shapiro go note large share race financial assets even larger shares races could sustain lives even poverty level months lost current income absolute wealth differences mentioned conceal even graver problem detailed chapter five black wealth shown consist home equity automobile ownership substantial share white wealth shown include financial assets key wealth accumulation