Christopher Blodgett, Jane D Lanigan
The association between adverse childhood experience (ACE) and school success in elementary school children
School psychology quarterly : the official journal of the Division of School Psychology, American Psychological Association
aimed assess evidence longterm effects exposure radiofrequency rf electromagnetic fields emf indicators cognition including domains learning memory executive function complex attention language perceptual motor ability social cognition exposureresponse relationship rfemf cognition searched pubmed embase psycinfo emfportal september 30 2022 without limiting date language publication included cohort casecontrol studies evaluated effects rf exposure cognitive function one cognitive domains studies rated risk bias using ohat tool synthesised using fixed effects metaanalysis assessed certainty evidence using grade approach considered modification ohat assessing evidence exposures included 5 studies reported analyses data 4 cohorts 4639 participants consisting 2808 adults 1831 children across three countries australia singapore switzerland conducted 2006 2017 main source rfemf exposure mobile cell phone use measured calls per week minutes per day mobile phone use children two studies 615 participants compared increase mobile phone use decrease change included metaanalyses learning memory little effect accuracy mean difference md 003 95 ci 007 002 response time md 001 95 ci 004 002 oneback memory task accuracy md 002 95ci 004 000 response time md 001 95ci 004 003 one card learning task low certainty evidence outcomes executive function little effect stroop test time ratio baa response md 002 95 ci 001 004 low certainty time ratio dcc response md 000 95 ci 006 005 low certainty tests measuring susceptibility interference effects complex attention little effect detection task accuracy md 002 95 ci 004 008 response time md 00295 ci 001 003 little effect identification task accuracy md 000 95 ci 004 005 response time md 00095 ci 001 002 low certainty evidence outcomes cognitive domains investigated children single study among elderly people provided low certainty evidence frequent mobile phone use may little effect odds decline global cognitive function odds ratio 081 95 ci 042 158 649 participants decline executive function 107 95 ci 037 305 146 participants may lead small probably unimportant reduction odds decline complex attention 06795ci 027 168 159 participants decline learning memory 075 95 ci 029 199 159 participants exposureresponse relationship identified cognitive outcomes systematic review metaanalysis found studies provided low low certainty evidence little association rfemf exposure learning memory executive function complex attention none studies among children reported global cognitive function domains cognition one study reported lack effect domains elderly persons low certainty evidence studies needed address types populations exposures cognitive outcomes particularly studies investigating environmental occupational exposure adults future studies also need address uncertainties assessment exposure standardise testing specific domains cognitive function enable synthesis across studies increase certainty evidence review partially funded radioprotection programme prospectively registered prospero crd42021257548