Pedro Carneiro
Equality of opportunity and educational achievement in Portugal
Institute for Fiscal Studies|University College London
portugal one highest levels income inequality europe low wages unemployment concentrated among low skill individuals education important determinant inequality however large differences educational attainment different individuals population sources differences emerge early lifecycle families play central role individual development estimate variance school achievement age 15 explained family characteristics observed school inputs explain little adolescent performance children highly educated parents benefit rich cultural environments home become highly educated adults education policy needs innovative 1 needs explicitly recognize fundamental long run role families child development 2 needs acknowledge failure traditional input based policies