Bao Li, Li Tong, Chi Zhang, Panpan Chen, Linyuan Wang, Bin Yan
Prediction of image interpretation cognitive ability under different mental workloads: a task-state fMRI study
Cerebral cortex (New York, N.Y. : 1991)
much written past two decades women academic science careers literature contradictory many analyses revealed level playing field men women faring equally whereas analyses suggested numerous areas playing field level widelyagreedupon conclusion women underrepresented college majors graduate school programs professoriate fields mathematically intensive geoscience engineering economics mathematicscomputer science physical sciences scientific fields psychology life science social science women found much higher percentages monograph undertake extensive lifecourse analyses comparing trajectories women men mathintensive fields counterparts nonmathintensive fields women close parity even exceed number men begin examining earlychildhood differences spatial processing follow quantitative performance middle childhood adolescence including high school coursework focus transition sexes high school college major graduate school finally careers academic science results myriad analyses reveal early sex differences spatial mathematical reasoning need stem biological bases gap average female male math ability narrowing suggesting strong environmental influences sex differences math ability right tail show variation time across nationalities ethnicities factors indicating ratio males females right tail change find gender differences attitudes toward expectations math careers ability controlling actual ability evident kindergarten increase thereafter leading lower female propensities major mathintensive subjects college higher female propensities major nonmathintensive sciences overall science technology engineering mathematics stem majors 50 female decade postcollege although men majors mathintensive subjects historically chosen completed phds fields often women gap recently narrowed two thirds among nonmathintensive stem majors women likely men go health peoplerelated occupations instead pursuing phds importantly obtain doctorates mathintensive fields men women entering professoriate equivalent access tenuretrack academic jobs science persist remunerated comparable rateswith caveats discuss transition graduate programs assistant professorships shows pipeline leakage fields women already prevalent psychology life science social science mathintensive fields underrepresented number females holding assistant professorships least commensurate greater males invitations interview tenuretrack positions mathintensive fieldsas well actual employment offersreveal female phd applicants fare least well male counterparts mathintensive fields along lines analyses reveal manuscript reviewing grant funding gender neutral male female authors principal investigators equally likely manuscripts accepted journal editors grants funded occasional exceptions compelling sex differences hours worked average citations per publication overall male advantage productivity attempt reconcile results amid disparate claims made regarding causes examining sex differences citations hours worked interests conclude suggesting although past gender discrimination important cause womens underrepresentation scientific academic careers claim continued invoked ceased valid cause womens underrepresentation mathintensive fields consequently current barriers womens full participation mathematically intensive academic science fields rooted precollege factors subsequent likelihood majoring fields future research focus barriers rather misdirecting attention toward historical barriers longer account womens underrepresentation academic science