Azadeh Aghaeeyan, Pouria Ramazi, Mark A Lewis
Revealing Decision-Making Strategies of Americans in Taking COVID-19 Vaccination
Bulletin of mathematical biology
background chiles law food labeling advertising implemented 2016 first national regulation jointly mandate frontofpackage warning labels restrict childdirected marketing ban sales schools foods beverages containing added sugars sodium saturated fats exceed set nutrient calorie thresholds objective study evaluate impact package policies household beverage purchases method findings observational study monthly longitudinal data packaged beverage purchases collected urbandwelling households n 2383 participating kantar wordpanel chile survey january 1 2015 december 31 2017 beverage purchases linked nutritional information product level reviewed team nutritionists categorized highin highin according whether contained high levels nutrients concern ie sugars sodium saturated fat energy according chilean nutrient thresholds thus subject laws warning label marketing restriction school sales ban policies majority highin beverages categorized high sugar content used fixedeffects models compare observed volume well calorie sugar content postregulation beverage purchases counterfactual based preregulation trends overall householdhead educational attainment households included study 37 household heads low education less high school 40 medium education graduated high school 23 high education graduated college sample becoming educated study period compared counterfactual volume highin beverage purchases decreased 228 mlcapitaday postregulation 95 confidence interval ci 229 227 p 0001 237 95 ci 238 237 higheducated loweducated households showed similar absolute reductions highin beverage purchases approximately 27 mlcapitaday p 0001 higheducated households amounted larger relative decline 287 95 ci 288 286 compared loweducated households 215 95 ci 216 214 likely higheducated households lower level highin beverage purchases preregulation period calories highin beverage purchases decreased 119 kcalcapitaday 95 ci 120 119 p 0001 275 95 ci 276 275 calories purchased beverages classified highin increased 57 kcalcapitaday 95 ci 5757 p 0001 108 108108 calories total beverage purchases decreased 74 kcalcapitaday 95 ci 74 73 p 0001 75 95 ci 76 75 key limitation study inability assess causality observational nature also cannot determine whether observed changes purchases due reformulation consumer behavioral change parse effects labeling marketing school sales ban policies conclusions purchases highin beverages significantly declined following implementation chiles law food labeling advertising reductions larger observed single standalone policies including sugarsweetenedbeverage taxes previously implemented latin america future research evaluate effects chiles policies purchases highin foods dietary intake longterm purchasing changes