Barry Swerdlow, Lisa Osborne-Smith, Julie Soelberg
Design of a Workshop for Focused Transesophageal Echocardiography During Noncardiac Surgery in Nurse Anesthesia Education
Journal of medical education and curricular development
study investigated link expressive phonological impairments phonological awareness literacy previous investigations literacy skills children speech impairments given mixed results considered whether presence additional language impairments severity speech impairment important prognostic factor thirtyone children expressive phonological impairments compared control children matched age nonverbal ability three occasions mean ages 70 79 91 months occasion given three tests phonological awareness one involved rimematching two involved onsetmatching assessments 2 3 literacy skills assessed children phonological impairments scored well controls phonological awareness literacy independent whether language problems although many knew letter sounds poor reading writing nonwords well real words suggested speech impairment literacy problems arise failure analyze syllables smaller phonological units severity phonological problems relation age important determinant literacy outcome children severe expressive phonological impairments time start school particular risk reading spelling problems