Nicholas Spaull|Janeli Kotzé
Starting behind and staying behind in South Africa
Stellenbosch University|Stellenbosch University
study quantifies years worth mathematics learning south africa 03 standard deviations uses measure develop empirically calibrated learning trajectories two main findings 1 top 16 south african grade 3 children performing appropriate grade 3 level 2 learning gap poorest 60 students wealthiest 20 students approximately three gradelevels grade 3 growing four gradelevels grade 9 paper concludes arguing later life attempt repair early learning deficits mathematics costlier remediation becomes