Sebastian Wachs|Michelle F. Wright
Associations between Bystanders and Perpetrators of Online Hate: The Moderating Role of Toxic Online Disinhibition
University of Potsdam|Masaryk University|Pennsylvania State University
hatred directed members groups due origin race gender religion sexual orientation new taken new dimension online world date little known online hate among adolescents also unknown online disinhibition might influence association bystanders perpetrators online hate thus present study focused examining associations among bystanders online hate perpetrators online hate moderating role toxic online disinhibition relationship bystanders perpetrators online hate total 1480 students aged 12 17 years old included study results revealed positive associations online hate bystanders perpetrators regardless whether adolescents victims online hate results also showed association toxic online disinhibition online hate perpetration toxic online disinhibition moderated relationship bystanders online hate perpetrators online hate implications prevention programs future research discussed