Maede Hosseinnia, Maryam Amidi Mazaheri, Zahra Heidari
Knowledge, attitude, and behavior of elementary teachers regarding attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
Journal of education and health promotion
researchers clinicians consider thinking important development maintenance tinnitus distress altering thoughts thinking style object many forms psychological therapy tinnitus working people tinnitus require reliable psychometrically robust means measuring positive negative thinking related tinnitus cognitions questionnaire tcq designed measure authors showed reliable good psychometric properties however research teams yet carried independent validation study aimed use tcq investigate thinking amongst members general population bothersome nonbothersome tinnitus also verify factor structure three hundred fortytwo members public tinnitus completed tcq online paper also rated tinnitus scale problem small problem moderate problem big problem big problem authors tested original factor structure tcq using confirmatory factor analysis calculated mean scores item comparing mean total scores across problem categories full questionnaire positive negative subscales original twofactor structure tcq good fit data correlation positive negative factors fixed zero root mean square error approximation 0064 90 confidence interval 0058 0070 items pertaining wishing tinnitus would go away despairing would ever get better highest mean scores mean total score problem group 3117 sd 1603 significantly different mean total score small problem group 3400 sd 1244 p 099 differences mean scores groups statistically significant negative subscale differences statistically significant problem categories positive subscale differences mean scores statistically significant problem group 2840 sd 1711 compared moderate problem group 1855 sd 864 p 002 moderate problem group compared big problem group 2679 sd 1166 p 0002 positive negative factors uncorrelated 003 conclusions tcq valid measure positive negative thinking tinnitus authors recommend use research therapeutic settings negative thinking appears associated problematic tinnitus positive thinking associated unproblematic tinnitus suggesting reducing negative thinking may important teaching positive thinking therapy