Hannah K Behringer, Emilie R Saksvig, Peter J Boedeker, Paul N Elish, Christi M Kay, Hannah G Calvert, Adria M Meyer, Julie A Gazmararian
Physical activity and academic achievement: an analysis of potential student- and school-level moderators
The international journal of behavioral nutrition and physical activity
preclinical studies reveal microbiome broadly affects immune responses deposition andor clearance amyloidbeta mouse models alzheimers disease ad whether microbiome shapes central peripheral immune profiles ad models remains unknown examined adaptive immune responses two mouse models containing adrelated genetic predispositions 3xtg 5xfad presence absence microbiome b cells altered brainassociated systemic immune tissues genetic models wildtype mice earlier signs inflammation female mice systemic immune responses modulated microbiome differed sex absence microbiome germfree mice resulted reduced cognitive deficits primarily female mice data reveal sexual dimorphism early signs inflammation effects microbiome highlight previously unrecognized interaction sex microbiome mouse models ad systemic review reviewed literature related alzheimers disease ad inflammation microbiome using pubmed cite several studies demonstrate influence microbiome inflammation cognitive performance animal models humans however mechanisms linking immunity ad well understood interpretation using two wellestablished mouse models ad found microbiome strongly influence onset inflammation braindraining lymph nodes rather largely modulates systemic immune responses local cytokine production cognitive performance notably inflammatory state mice affected sex sex effect differed local systemic tissues mice without microbiome future directions work identified sex microbiomemediated effect inflammation cognitive performance future studies may focus microbiomedependent mechanisms intersect sex hormone immune responses determine peripheral effects ad outcomes adaptive immunity activated early ages differentially sex mouse models adinflammation 5xfad mice characterized increased il17aproducing cellsinflammation 3xtg mice characterized increased cytokine responses males attenuated cytokine responses female micelongitudinal immune responses differ 3xtg mice 5xfad miceboth 3xtg 5xfad female mice show improved learning cognition absence microbiome