Anh N Ly, Kelsey McDavid, Christina Craig, Dian Maheia, Yolanda Gongora, Alexandra Medley, Francis Morey, Russell Manzanero, Gerhaldine Morazan, Allison Lino, Vickie Romero, Rosalva Blanco, Kanako Ishida, Matthew Lozier, Kristy O Murray
Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene Infrastructure and Resources in Schools in Belize during the COVID-19 Pandemic, 2021-2023
International journal of environmental research and public health
background minimally invasive pediatric surgery becomes standard approach many surgical solutions access become important point improvement laparoscopic cholecystectomy lc gold standard many conditions affecting gallbladder however open cholecystectomy oc offered initial approach surprisingly high percentage cases materials methods kids inpatient database 19972012 searched international classification disease 9th revision clinical modification procedure code 512x lc oc performed patients 20 years old identified propensity scorematched analyses using 39 variables performed isolate effects race income group location gender payer status hospital size percentage lcs ocs offered cases weighted provide national estimates results total 78578 cases identified comprising lc 881 oc 119 girls 16 ci 14 17 times likely undergo lc versus boys large facilities 14 13 17 times likely perform lcs small facilities children lower income quartiles 12 11 13 times likely undergo lc compared higher income quartiles rates lc affected race hospital location payer status conclusions riskadjusted analysis large populationbased data set demonstrated evidence confirms also refutes traditional disparities minimally invasive surgery access despite laparoscopic gold standard oc remains initial approach surprisingly high percentage pediatric cases independent demographics socioeconomic status additional research required identify factors affecting distribution lc oc within pediatric population