Vesife Hatisaru
The knowledge produced through student drawings
Frontiers in psychology
epidemiologic associations estimated observational data often confounded genetics due pervasive pleiotropy among complex traits many studies either neglect genetic confounding altogether rely adjusting polygenic scores pgs regression analysis study unveil commonly employed pgs approach inadequate removing genetic confounding due measurement error model misspecification tackle challenge introduce penguin principled framework polygenic genetic confounding control based variance component estimation addition present extensions approach estimate geneticallyunconfounded associations using gwas summary statistics alone input multiple generations study samples simulations demonstrate superior statistical properties penguin compared existing approaches applying method multiple population cohorts reveal remove substantial genetic confounding associations educational attainment various complex traits parental offspring education results show penguin effective solution genetic confounding control observational data analysis broad applications future epidemiologic association studies