Stephen Ferrigno, Kelly D Hughes, Jessica F Cantlon
Precocious quantitative cognition in monkeys
Psychonomic bulletin & review
embryo culture media used ivficsi treatment associated differences growth body composition cardiovascular development determined 9yearold singleton ivf children choice vitro culture medium human embryos associated differences body weight bmi truncal adiposity waist circumference waisthip ratio age 9 significant differences observed cardiovascular development children born ivficsi increased risk low birthweight correlated higher risk cardiovascular diseases studies show ivf children exhibit significantly higher systolic diastolic blood pressure higher fasting glucose levels compared naturally conceived children alternating assignment g1 version 3 vitrolife ksicm cook embryo culture media birthweight resulting children significantly higher vitrolife group remained heavier first 2 years life observational cohort study mediumkids parents singletons previous study approached followup ninth birthday child singletons born fresh embryo transfer cleavage stage embryos resulting ivficsi treatment performed july 2003 december 2006 clinic two different culture media used alternately either g1 version 3 vitrolife ksicm cook followup measurements performed march 2014 december 2016 parents invited attend clinic child single visit lasting 25 h two experienced clinicians performed measurements part mediumkids study standardized way height weight child measured using calibrated scales 4point skinfold thickness measurements measured triplicate waist hip circumference measured using tape measure following cardiovascular parameters measured standardized way blood pressure heart rate endothelial function skin laserdoppler iontophoresis using vasodilatory drugs cortisol cortisone concentrations hair measured blood sample taken overnight fast insulin glucose tsh lipid analysis blood samples ivf children compared nonivf control group differences culture medium groups analysed students ttest effects confounders analysed using multivariable regression analysis 294 eligible children 168 vitrolife 126 cook 136 children 75 vitrolife 61 cook participated study baseline characteristics participating children vitrolife cook group similar birthweight higher vitrolife group keeping full cohort correction confounders difference weight bmi attributable culture medium 158 kg 95 ci 001314 084 kgm2 95 ci 002167 respectively vitrolife children heavier height height corrected age gender sds scores similar groups furthermore waist circumference significantly higher vitrolife group corrected difference 321 cm 95ci 060581 leading 003 increase 95 ci 001005 waisthip ratio subscapular skinfolds combined suprailiacal skinfolds defined truncal adiposity also significantly higher vitrolife children adjusted difference 344 cm 95 ci 027662 systolic adj beta 0364 95 ci 2129 2856 diastolic adj beta 0275 95 ci 2105 2654 blood pressures mmhg comparable two groups overnight fast cholesterol glucose insulin low highdensity lipoprotein triglycerides tsh normal similar two groups endothelial function microcirculation compared using maximum perfusion units corrected baseline value measure vasodilatory capacity significant differences two groups cortisol cortisone concentration hair samples comparable limitation original study pseudorandomized design dwindling enthusiasm families participation 477 9 years prevent us drawing robust causal conclusions observed association nevertheless date oldest cohort ivficsi children culture medium allocated alternatingly used blinded setting studied believe participants representative full cohort current number participants sufficient rule differences little 3 mmhg systolic diastolic blood pressures study underlines importance structured followup ivficsi children elucidate possible longterm health effects health professionals culture medium manufacturers aware small changes culture conditions culture medium composition early embryo longterm health effects similar cardiovascular results two groups reassuring children may still young detect differences cardiovascular development prolonged followup structured investigations adulthood necessary gain insight reassurance cardiovascular development ivf offspring although longterm followup become complicated confounding lifestyle environmental factors possibly influencing development study financially supported march dimes grant number 6fy13153 sponsor study role study design data collection data analysis data interpretation writing report authors conflicts interest declare ntr4220