Kazi Md Mukitul Islam|M. Niaz Asadullah
Gender stereotypes and education: A comparative content analysis of Malaysian, Indonesian, Pakistani and Bangladeshi school textbooks
University of Malaya|University of Malaya|IZA - Institute of Labor Economics|University of Oxford|University of Manchester|University of Reading
using government secondary school english language textbooks malaysia indonesia pakistan bangladesh conducted quantitative content analysis order identify gender stereotypes school education total 21 categories exclusion quality representation used study gender stereotypes analysis confirms promale bias textbooks aggregate female share 404 textual pictorial indicators combined female occupations mostly traditional less prestigious characters predominantly introverted passive terms personality traits women also shown mostly involved domestic indoor activities men higher presence professional roles systematic underrepresentation females evident regardless whether look text pictures crosscountry analysis shows female share picture content 352 malaysia bangladesh overall proportion female male characters text pictures combined balanced malaysia indonesia 444 441 respectively share 244 373 pakistani bangladeshi textbooks respectively finding underrepresentation women pakistani textbooks terms quality quantity robust selection province grade subjectspecific textbooks well range type categories used