Hongjun Chen, Ying Zhao, Xinchun Wu, Peng Sun, Jie Feng, Ruibo Xie, Haolan Wang
Effects of phonological awareness and morphological awareness on blind students' reading comprehension
British journal of psychology (London, England : 1953)
echogenic intracardiac foci eif nonstructural markers identified routine 1820week foetal anomaly ultrasound scan yet clinical significance future outcomes infant unclear examine association eif risk preterm birth chromosomal abnormalities cardiac abnormalities review across four databases identify english language journal articles eif using cohort study design studies reviewed quality using critical appraisal skills programme casp checklist data extracted comparison analysis 19 papers 9 different countries included combining studies showed 46 95 ci 455465 pregnancies eif left 86 cases right 3 cases bilaterally 10 evidence eif associated higher rates preterm birth however possible infants eif likely terminated rather born preterm 21 range 0342 rate termination death foetus week 20 among eif evidence eif alone highly predictive chromosomal abnormalities evidence eif associated higher rates minor cardiac abnormalities eg ventricular septal defect tricuspid regurgitation mitral regurgitation 51 224 4385 eif showing cardiac abnormalities 308 retrospective studies 1785 prospective studies however risk cardiac defects higher rightsided eif eif persisted third trimester however rare event would seen estimated 4 per 10000 pregnancies eif alone associated adverse outcomes infant persistent eif right side showed evidence carrying higher risk cardiac abnormality would warrant followup