James Sumowski|Glenn R. Wylie|John DeLuca|Nancy D. Chiaravalloti
Intellectual enrichment is linked to cerebral efficiency in multiple sclerosis: functional magnetic resonance imaging evidence for cognitive reserve
Kessler Foundation|Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey|Kessler Foundation|Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey|Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey|Kessler Foundation|Kessler Foundation|Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey
cognitive reserve hypothesis helps explain incomplete relationship brain disease cognitive status people neurologic diseases including alzheimers disease multiple sclerosis lifetime intellectual enrichment estimated education vocabulary knowledge lessens negative impact brain disease cognition people greater enrichment able withstand severe neuropathology suffering cognitive impairment dementia current research first investigate directly relationship intellectual enrichment index cerebral activity blood oxygen level dependent signal neurologic sample multiple sclerosis patients completed vocabularybased estimate lifetime intellectual enrichment disease severity estimated brain atrophy cognitive status measured symbol digit modalities test cerebral activity functional magnetic resonance imaging blood oxygen level dependent signal behavioural performance accuracy reaction time recorded visual nback working memory task three levels demand 0 1 2back patients produced perfectnearly perfect accuracy lower demands 0 1back reaction time unrelated intellectual enrichment however voxelwise partial correlations controlling brain atrophy revealed strong positive correlations intellectual enrichment cerebral activity within brains default network eg anterior posterior cingulate corticies indicating patients greater enrichment able maintain resting state activity cognitive processing better turn intellectual enrichment negatively associated prefrontal recruitment suggesting patients lesser enrichment required cerebral resources perform cognitive task patients greater enrichment pattern enrichmentrelated cerebral activity observed cognitive demands increased 2back intellectual enrichment negatively associated reaction time principle components analysis revealed single cognitive reserve network across tasks greater default network lesser prefrontal recruitment expression network almost fully mediated positive relationship intellectual enrichment cognitive status symbol digit modalities test also expression network positively associated brain atrophy controlling cognitive status indicating patients greater expression network withstand severe brain disease exhibiting cognition similar patients lesser network expression note similar functional magnetic resonance imaging research healthy adults found association intelligence cerebral efficiency unique relationship intellectual enrichment cerebral efficiency neurologic patients consistent cognitive reserve hypothesis posit enrichment leads gains neurocognitive functioning per se rather enrichment protects neurocognitive decline secondarily disease