Bolin Zhang, Huijing Shi, Qun Wang, Zhe Zhang, Mengna Li
Maternal passive smoking during pregnancy and age of menarche in daughters: a study of elementary and middle school students in Shanghai
Asia-Pacific journal of public health
toxic stress caused child maltreatment lead adverse mental health outcomes later life yet unmeasured confounding major issue many previous studies examine association child maltreatment resilience behavior problems among early elementary schoolage children used data populationbased longitudinal survey targeting firstgrade children 2015 adachi city ward tokyo japan children whose caregivers provided valid responses 2015 first grade ages 67 years 2016 second grade ages 78 years 2018 fourth grade ages 910 years waves study included analysis n 2920 fixedeffects regression models revealed child maltreatment inversely associated resilience 089 95 confidence interval ci 105 072 prosocial behavior 003 95 ci 005 0003 positively associated behavior problems 032 95 ci 027 037 4 years followup 20152018 controlling timeinvariant confounders measured timevarying confounders survey year associations consistent across sex child maltreatment may hamper development resilience prosocial behavior induce behavior problems early elementary school children time future researchers identify modifiable protective factors better mental health among maltreated children