Azam Hamidzadeh, Mehrnaz Kharatha, Milad Bazghaleh, Hassan Basirinejad, Nasrin Fadae Aghdam, Hossein Ebrahimi
The prevalence of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder and its related risk factors among children at elementary school in Shahroud
Journal of education and health promotion
research focused relations television tv viewing time childrens reading achievement two hypotheses proposed explain relation substitution hypothesis proposes tv viewing distracts students activities important learning inhibition hypothesis proposes watching television inhibits important affectivecognitive skills study test hypotheses estimating relation tv viewing time reading achievement use frequency students leisure reading frequency interactions students parents potential mediators test substitution hypothesis whereas inhibition one use students intrinsic motivation read level inattention data come qubec longitudinal study child development qlscd designed institut de la statistique du qubec qlscd covers wide range themes qlscd representative children qubec contains 2223 participants followed 0 21 years old four structural models tested built follows tv viewing time 6 years old predicts four mediating variables 8 years old turn predicts reading achievement 10 years old addition tested models gender invariance results indicate tv viewing time directly indirectly associated reading achievement specifically associated mediating variables childparent interactions intrinsic motivation inattention however frequency leisure reading negatively associated time spent watching tv association small 007 indirect effect reading achievement finally results vary according gender participants results line previous studies field cast doubts potential negative effects tv viewing time reading achievement