Anne W. Graves|Russell Gersten|Diane Haager
Literacy Instruction in Multiple?Language First?Grade Classrooms: Linking Student Outcomes to Observed Instructional Practice
San Diego State University|Instructional Research Group|California State University Los Angeles
study examined literacy instruction 14 firstgrade classrooms english learners els three schools large urban school district southern california twoyear period pre posttest measures oralreading fluency 186 first graders representing 11 native languages outcome data readingfluency data examined reference ratings literacy practices using english learners classroom observation instrument elcoi results indicated moderately strong correlation r 065 elcoi rating gain oralreading fluency end first grade report patterns els read oralreading fluency benchmark thresholds patterns students ultimately labeled learning disabilities instructional practices teachers rated high low discussed educational implications recommendations future research discussed