Daniel I Naiman, Scott T Leatherdale, Carolyn Gotay, Louise C Mâsse
School factors associated with the provision of physical education and levels of physical activity among elementary school students in Ontario
Canadian journal of public health = Revue canadienne de sante publique
shortages qualified supervision resources prevent education personnel rehearsing effective practices interactive simulations although increasingly used education frequently require instructor management automated simulations rarely engage trainees skills related practice eg speech evaluated capability delivering behavioral skills training automated virtual reality vr simulation using artificial intelligence improve implementation nondirective mathematical questioning strategy recruited randomly assigned 30 collegeaged participants equivalent treatment ie lecture modeling vr 1530 50 control groups ie lecture modeling 1530 50 participants blind treatment conditions sessions assessments conducted face face involved use vr assessment regardless condition lessons concerned use nondirective mathematical questioning strategy instances simulated student provided correct incorrect answers word problems measures included observed automated assessments participant performance subjective assessments participant confidence participants completed pretest posttest maintenance probes week course 3 weeks mixed anova revealed significant main effects time f227124154 p001 p20816 treatment f12819281 p001 p20408 well interaction effect f2288429 p001 p20231 average percentage steps questioning procedure posttest scores intervention group mean 88 sd 2262 exceeded control group mean 6333 sd 2264 t283653 p001 cohen d1334 maintenance scores indicated positive effect intervention mean 8333 sd 2440 relative control mean 5467 sd 1598 t283807 p001 cohen d139 mannwhitney u test indicated treatment groups selfratings confidence mean 241 sd 051 higher control group mean 204 sd 052 u64 p04 r0137 results demonstrate potential artificial intelligenceaugmented vr deliver effective evidencebased training limited instructor management additional work needed demonstrate cascading effect training authentic practice encompass wider range skills