Christos Bechlivanidis, David A Lagnado
Does the "why" tell us the "when"?
Psychological science
payments environmental services nuts bolts payments environmental services pes part new direct conservation paradigm explicitly recognizing need bridge interests landowners outsiderseloquent theoretical assessments praised absolute advantages pes traditional conservation approachessome pilot pes exist tropics many fi eld practitioners prospective service buyers sellers remain skeptical conceptthis paper aims help demystify pes noneconomists starting simple coherent defi nition termit provides practical howto hints pes designit considers likely niche pes portfolio conservation approachesthis assessment based literature review combined fi eld observations research latin america asiait concludes service users continue drive pes willingness pay rise schemes demonstrate clear additionality visvis carefully established baselines trustbuilding processes service providers sustained pes recipients livelihood dynamics better understoodpes best suits intermediate andor projected threat scenarios often marginal lands moderate conservation opportunity costspeople facing credible mediumsized environmental degradation likely become pes recipients living relative harmony naturethe choice pes cash inkind payments highly contextdependentpoor pes recipients likely gain participation though access might constrained nonparticipating landless poor could lose outpes highly promising conservation approach benefi buyers sellers improve resource base unlikely completely outstrip conservation instruments