Ravichandran Rajesh, Zeanath Cariena Joseph
Competency-based teacher education (CBTE): A training module to improve knowledge, attitude, and practices (KAP) of school teachers on learning disabilities in children
Journal of family medicine and primary care
electronic cigarettes ecs recent method deliver nicotine less harmful effects traditional cigarettes studying nicotine dependence adult ec users crucial area measures available evaluate nicotine dependence induced ec study aims estimate levels nicotine dependency among adult ec smokers using modified fagerstrm test nicotine dependence eftnd jeddah saudi arabia identify ecassociated sociodemographic smokingrelated factors affecting nicotine dependency analytical crosssectional study conducted adults 18 years age older jeddah saudi arabia december 2023 march 2024 data collected participants using pretested structured selfadministered questionnaire nicotine dependence assessed using modified eftnd descriptive statistics frequency mean standard deviation applied chisquare used assess association categorical variables ordinal regression used predict nicotine dependency levels different variables total 344 participants included study mean eftnd score ec users 414 245 females lower likelihood experiencing higher dependence compared males 052 95 ci 032 085 using ecs three years associated higher odds increased dependence 318 95 ci 128 798 p 0001 use pod system devices lowered odds developing high nicotine dependence 032 95 ci 013 075 p 001 compared iqos device users mechanical mod device users exhibited trend towards higher dependence although statistically significant nicotine concentration ecs significant impact degree nicotine dependence higher concentrations associated increased odds higher dependence 1218 mg 326 95 ci 155 691 18 mg 453 95 ci 237 875 p 0001 exclusive ec users study developed moderate nicotine dependence level ec device type nicotine concentration significant drivers nicotine dependence additionally personal characteristics users male gender duration use associated higher risk dependence indepth understanding magnitude nicotine dependence among ec users enhance opportunity tailored healthenhancing interventions policies