José A Menezes-Filho, Chrissie F Carvalho, Juliana L G Rodrigues, Cecília F S Araújo, Nathália R Dos Santos, Cássio S Lima, Matheus J Bandeira, Breno L de S Marques, Ana Laura S Anjos, Homegnon A F Bah, Neander Abreu, Alline Philibert, Donna Mergler
Environmental Co-Exposure to Lead and Manganese and Intellectual Deficit in School-Aged Children
International journal of environmental research and public health
extend analysis psychosocial risk factors smoking presented united states surgeon generals 1994 report smoking health propose theoretical frame reference understanding development smokinggeneral science index medline psyclit sociofile sociological abstracts smoking health holdings addiction research foundation ontario library well authors personal filesreviewed literature focused studies examined association sociodemographic environmental behavioural personal variables smokingadolescent smoking associated age ethnicity family structure parental socioeconomic status personal income parental smoking parental attitudes sibling smoking peer smoking peer attitudes norms family environment attachment family friends school factors risk behaviours lifestyle stress depressiondistress selfesteem attitudes health concerns unclear whether adolescent smoking related psychosocial variablesattempts made use common definitions outcome predictor variables analyses include multivariate bivariate models attempt multivariate models test specific hypotheses future research theory driven consider range possible factors social personal economic environmental biological physiological influences may influence smoking behaviour apparent inconsistencies relationships parental socioeconomic status adolescent disposable income need resolved underlying constructs socioeconomic status proxy