Tomoki Maruyama, Erisa Yotsukura, Hidemasa Torii, Kiwako Mori, Mikako Inokuchi, Mitsuaki Tokumura, Debabrata Hazra, Mamoru Ogawa, Akiko Hanyuda, Kazuo Tsubota, Toshihide Kurihara, Kazuno Negishi
Children in Tokyo Have a Long Sustained Axial Length from Age 3 Years: The Tokyo Myopia Study
Journal of clinical medicine
sensitivity blocking effect outcome additivity pretraining used argue phenomenon result deductive inference draw general conclusions nature human causal learning two experiments manipulated participants assumptions additivity outcome using pretraining typical blocking procedure ratings measuring causal judgments confidence expected severity outcome used concurrently investigate pretraining affected assumptions outcome additivity blocking experiment 1 additive pretraining led lower causal ratings higher confidence ratings blocked cue relative control cues consistent notion additive pretraining encourages deductive reasoning however experiments 1 2 showed removing additivity assumptions nonadditive pretraining impact statistically reliable blocking effect observed blocking procedure pretraining found evidence blocking effect absence pretraining related participants assumptions additivity outcome although additive pretraining may enhance blocking encouraging deductive reasoning blocked cue evidence suggests blocking causal learning reliant reasoning humans readily engage deduction merely possess assumptions permit use