Paul K. Crane|Laura E. Gibbons|Keerthi Arani|Viet Q. Nguyen|Kristoffer Rhoads|Susan M. McCurry|Lenore J. Launer|Kamal Masaki|Lon R. White
Midlife Use of Written Japanese and Protection From Late Life Dementia
University of Washington|University of Washington|University of Washington|University of Washington|Institute of Behavioral Sciences|University of Washington|National Institute on Aging|Kuakini Medical Center|Kuakini Medical Center
background cognitive reserve hypothesis would predict use written japanese confer protection dementia complexity ideograms compared written english sought test hypothesis analyses longitudinal study japaneseamerican men methods participants secondgeneration japaneseamerican men nisei island oahu hawaii seen 1965 subsequent examinations detect dementia beginning 19911993 use spoken written japanese selfreported 1965 analyses 1 2 midlife use written japanese written english selfreported 19941996 analysis 3 analyzed prevalent dementia outcomes 19911993 analysis 1 n 3139 using logistic regression incident dementia outcomes 19942002 analysis 2 n 2299 19972002 analysis 3 n 1655 using cox proportional hazards regression dementia outcomes included allcause dementia probable possible alzheimer disease probable vascular dementia adjusted models probable possible confounders results participants reported proficiency written japanese older lower incomes analysis 1 154 prevalent cases dementia 74 alzheimer disease 43 vascular dementia analysis 2 236 incident cases dementia 138 alzheimer disease 45 vascular dementia analysis 3 125 incident cases dementia 80 alzheimer disease 20 vascular dementia relationship adjusted models selfreported proficiency written japanese dementia outcomes conclusions proficiency written japanese appear protective dementia