Eric Kutscher, Arslaan Arshed, Richard E Greene, Mat Kladney
Exploring Anabolic Androgenic Steroid Use Among Cisgender Gay, Bisexual, and Queer Men
JAMA network open
mathematization nature ageold concept greeks sought harmony celestial spheres arab geometers constructed spherical geometry heavens later galileo galilei arithmetized kinematics centuries advanced polymaths like dutchman christiaan huygens applied advanced mathematics order understand natural phenomena turn twentieth century comprehensive mathematical approach understanding biological phenomena sought darcy wentworth thompson leads us current review biophysics visual edge detection unfolding saga stunning experimental revelations unison underlying mathematical edifice concept visual contrast fundamental idea order understand phenomenon visual edge detection begin contrast visual testing development frequency tuning curves provided insight multichannel processing selective spatial frequencies visual cortex singlecell recordings simple cells cat visual cortex unfolded gamma distribution curves different neuronal firing frequencies different spatial frequencies theoretical construction convolution gabor wavelets stimulus intensity goes handinhand experimental observation separation simple visual cortical cells even odd functions spectacular finding review march reader mathematical basics pathophysiologic correlates beginning simple fourier analysis square wave webers biophysical law gamma distribution contrast tuning curves gradually introduce fourier transforms uncertainty principle waveform analysis basics wavelet theory gabor elementary signals transforms concepts coherence weyl group representation theory group theory provides symmetry operations necessary preserve fidelity image travels retina cascades visual cortex unitary operators allow retinal displacement image reflected similar displacement visual cortex also fundamental principle along way encounter convolution theorem fourier transforms critical constructing visual percept intermittently interject relevant clinical data unpack mathematical complexities advanced mathematics deployed biophysics vision makes difficult reading paucity stepbystep reviews subject approach heuristic end review one able follow superficially algorithmic steps understanding visual edge detection using gabor filters therefore adopt socratic method asking questions providing answers help us complex web mathematics nutshell show gabor filter inner product gaussian distribution wave function fourier transform convolution gabor filter stimulus intensity function recorded simple visual cortical cells coincidental observation nature economizes utilizes function minimizes uncertainty principle signal extraction