Jeffrey R. Wozniak|Edward P. Riley|Michael E. Charness
Clinical presentation, diagnosis, and management of fetal alcohol spectrum disorder
University of Minnesota|San Diego State University|Brigham and Women's Hospital|Harvard University|VA Boston Healthcare System
although prenatal alcohol exposure causes craniofacial anomalies growth retardation neurological abnormalities cognitive impairment birth defects fetal alcohol spectrum disorder underdiagnosed global prevalence fetal alcohol spectrum disorder 077 higher prevalence 25 europe north america highlighting need increased diagnosis treatment however diagnosis remains challenging poor reliability selfreported maternal drinking histories absence sensitive biomarkers infrequency diagnostic dysmorphic facial features among individuals fetal alcohol spectrum disorder different diagnostic systems disagreements criteria slowed progress diagnosis management disorder neuroimaging shows abnormalities brain structure cortical development white matter microstructure functional connectivity individuals fetal alcohol spectrum disorder abnormalities modify developmental trajectories associated deficits cognition executive function memory vision hearing motor skills behaviour social adaptation promising trials nutritional interventions cognitive rehabilitation therapies underway aim treating cognitive deficits fetal alcohol spectrum disorders