Brenna L Quinn, Seung Eun Lee, Janki Bhagat, David W Holman, Emily A Keeler, Micaela Rogal
A Retrospective Review of School Nurse Approaches to Assessing Pain
Pain management nursing : official journal of the American Society of Pain Management Nurses
review date 1969 2003 34 yearsbackground context simulations widespread use medical education medical personnel evaluation outcomes research use effectiveness simulation technology medical education scattered inconsistent varies widely methodological rigor substantive focusobjectives review synthesize existing evidence educational science addresses question features uses highfidelity medical simulations lead effective learningsearch strategy search covered five literature databases eric medline psycinfo web science timelit employed 91 single search terms concepts boolean combinations hand searching internet searches attention grey literature also used aim perform thorough literature search possible peerreviewed publications reports unpublished literature judged academic qualityinclusion exclusion criteria four screening criteria used reduce initial pool 670 journal articles focused set 109 studies elimination review articles favor empirical studies b use simulator educational assessment intervention learner outcomes measured quantitatively c comparative research either experimental quasiexperimental research involves simulation educational interventiondata extraction data extracted systematically 109 eligible journal articles independent coders coder used standardized data extraction protocoldata synthesis qualitative data synthesis tabular presentation research methods outcomes used heterogeneity research designs educational interventions outcome measures timeframe precluded data synthesis using metaanalysisheadline results coding accuracy features journal articles high extant quality published research generally weak weight best available evidence suggests highfidelity medical simulations facilitate learning right conditions include following providing feedback51 47 journal articles reported educational feedback important feature simulationbased medical educationrepetitive practice43 39 journal articles identified repetitive practice key feature involving use highfidelity simulations medical educationcurriculum integration27 25 journal articles cited integration simulationbased exercises standard medical school postgraduate educational curriculum essential feature effective userange difficulty level15 14 journal articles address importance range task difficulty level important variable simulationbased medical educationmultiple learning strategies11 10 journal articles identified adaptability highfidelity simulations multiple learning strategies important factor educational effectivenesscapture clinical variation11 10 journal articles cited simulators capture wide variety clinical conditions useful narrow rangecontrolled environment10 9 journal articles emphasized importance using highfidelity simulations controlled environment learners make detect correct errors without adverse consequencesindividualized learning10 9 journal articles highlighted importance reproducible standardized educational experiences learners active participants passive bystandersdefined outcomesseven 6 journal articles cited importance clearly stated goals tangible outcome measures likely lead learners mastering skillssimulator validityfour 3 journal articles provided evidence direct correlation simulation validity effective learningconclusions research field needs improvement terms rigor quality highfidelity medical simulations educationally effective simulationbased education complements medical education patient care settings