Fabian Zehner|Christine Sälzer|Frank Goldhammer
Automatic Coding of Short Text Responses via Clustering in Educational Assessment
DIPF  Leibniz Institute for Research and Information in Education
automatic coding short text responses opens new doors assessment implemented integrated baseline methods natural language processing statistical modelling means software components available open licenses accuracy automatic text coding demonstrated using data collected programme international student assessment pisa 2012 germany free text responses 10 items formula see text responses total analyzed examined effect different methods parameter values sample sizes performance implemented system system reached fair good excellent agreement human codings formula see text especially items solved naming specific semantic concepts appeared properly coded system performed equally well formula see text somewhat poorer still acceptable formula see text based findings discuss potential innovations assessment enabled automatic coding short text responses