Ping Xiang, Melinda A Solmon, Ron E McBride
Teachers' and students' conceptions of ability in elementary physical education
Research quarterly for exercise and sport
current literature still consist regarding effect longterm exposure pm25 childrens lung function partly due inadequate inaccurate exposure assessment study aim investigate associations longterm exposure pm25 estimated average daily dose add lung function schoolage children recruited 684 participants 712 years old city lanzhou located northwestern china participants underwent spirometric tests lung function responded questionnaire survey detailed information individual air exposure personal information collected including length school hours home address age gender etc combining spatial distribution pm25 concentrations past 5 years individual timeactivity data estimated annual add 5 years preceding lung function tests 5year average add respectively used multiple linear regression models examine associations add values lung function controlling range individuallevel covariates 5year average add among participants 505 gkgd higher values estimated children living urban area suburban area boys girls children whose parents received lower education attainment found 1 gkgd increment add pm25 associated 1049 ml 95 ci 2047 050 decrease forced vital capacity fvc 768 ml 95 ci 1580 044 decrease forced exploratory volume 1 second fev1 among annual adds estimated preceding 5 years immediate past year prior lung function measurement greatest effect lung function effect greater girls boys found associations annual exposure pm25 instead add lung function defined concentration used exposure variable longterm pm25 exposure estimated exposure dose averaged year longer associated statistically significant reductions fvc fev1 children elementaryschool age future studies may consider use individuallevel dose estimates opposed exposure concentrations improve doseresponse assessment