Taylor Riley, Daniel A Enquobahrie, Lisa S Callegari, Anjum Hajat
Structural gendered racism and preterm birth inequities in the United States
Social science & medicine (1982)
background study seeks examine multidimensional model student motivation engagement using within betweennetwork construct validation approaches aims study tests first higherorder factor structure motivation engagement wheel corresponding measurement tool motivation engagement scale high school meshs formerly student motivation engagement scale sample study draws upon data 12237 high school students 38 australian high schools methods hypothesized 11factor firstorder structure fourfactor higherorder structure relationship set betweennetwork measures class participation enjoyment school educational aspirations factor invariance across gender yearlevel effects age gender examined using confirmatory factor analysis structural equation modelling results terms withinnetwork validity 1 data confirm 11factor higherorder factor models motivation engagement good fitting 2 multigroup tests showed invariance across gender year levels terms betweennetwork validity 3 correlations enjoyment school class participation educational aspirations hypothesized directions 4 girls reflect adaptive pattern motivation engagement yearlevel findings broadly confirm hypotheses middle high school students seem reflect less adaptive pattern motivation engagement conclusion first higherorder structures hold direct implications educational practice directions future motivation engagement research