Bushra Zeeshan, Tariq Rashid
Assessment of Shortcomings of Candidates in the Fellowship of College of Physicians and Surgeons (FCPS)-II (Board/Exit) Examination: A Qualitative Analysis of Dermatology Candidates' Short and Long Cases With Suggestions for Improvement
Cureus
mendelian randomisation mr use genetic variants instrumental variables modebased estimators mbe one popular types estimators used univariablemr studies often used sensitivity analysis pleiotropy however plurality valid regression estimators modal estimators multivariablemr underexplored use residual framework multivariablemr introduce two multivariable modal estimators multivariablembe uses ivw create residuals fed traditional plurality valid estimator estimator instead residuals fed contamination mixture method cm multivariablecm use montecarlo simulations explore performance estimators compared existing ones reanalyse data used grant burgess 2021 looking causal effect intelligence education household income alzheimers disease applied example simulation found multivariablembe generally variable much use multivariablecm produced precise estimates hand multivariablecm performed better mregger almost settings weighted median balanced pleiotropy however underperformed weighted median moderate amount directional pleiotropy reanalysis supported conclusion grant burgess 2021 intelligence protective effect alzheimers disease education household income causal effect introduced two nonregressionbased plurality valid estimators multivariable mr multivariablecm uses ivw create residuals fed contaminationmixture model performed best estimator uses plurality variants valid assumption appears provide precise unbiased estimates presence balanced pleiotropy small amounts directional pleiotropy