Wei Wu|Stephen G. West|Jan N. Hughes
Short-term effects of grade retention on the growth rate of Woodcock–Johnson III broad math and reading scores
Arizona State University|Arizona State University|Texas A&M University
investigated effects grade retention first grade growth woodcockjohnson broad mathematics reading scores three years using linear growth curve modeling academically atrisk sample large sample n 784 first grade children risk retention initially identified based low literacy scores scores representing propensity retention constructed based 72 variables collected comprehensive baseline testing first grade closely matched 97 pairs retained promoted children based propensity scores using optimal matching procedures procedure adjusted baseline differences retained promoted children found grade retention decreased growth rate mathematical skills significant effect reading skills addition several potential moderators effect retention growth mathematical reading skills identified including limited english language proficiency childrens conduct problems