Michal Shimonovich, Anna Pearce, Hilary Thomson, Katherine Keyes, Srinivasa Vittal Katikireddi
Assessing causality in epidemiology: revisiting Bradford Hill to incorporate developments in causal thinking
European journal of epidemiology
sometimes policing requires quick correct assessment potentially hazardous situations training tactical gaze control visual attention positive impact efficient shootdont shoot decisions police cadets use firearms recently demonstrated basis designed individual videobased police firearms training grounded fourcomponent instructional design model 4cid shifted toward individual blended learning approach applied intervention training focused situational awareness tactical gaze control visual attention preregistered lab experiment n 45 senior police officers randomly allocated intervention training active control training resembled traditional police firearms training groups watched selfproduced educational video proceeding practical training indoor firing range pre posttest engaged realistic shootdont shoot video scenarios groups well regarding decisionmaking optimal muzzle position tactical conduct keep eyes open shooting although groups performed comparable level pretests shoot scenarios intervention group significantly improved response times time first hit overall able provide adapted didactically based police firearms training supplements current standards demonstrated experts still susceptible innovative training concepts therefore substantiate recommendation devote attention approaches emphasize importance situational awareness tactical gaze control visual attention police firearms training