Kimberly A Rollings, Nancy M Wells
Cafeteria assessment for elementary schools (CAFES): development, reliability testing, and predictive validity analysis
BMC public health
visual aids improve comprehension risks associated medical treatments screenings lifestyles visual aids also help decision makers accurately assess risk comprehension visual aids help become well calibrated address questions investigated benefits visual aids displaying numerical information measured accuracy selfassessment diagnostic inferences ie metacognitive judgment calibration controlling individual differences numeracy participants included 108 patients made diagnostic inferences three medical tests basis information sensitivity falsepositive rate tests disease prevalence half patients received information numbers without visual aid half received numbers along grid representing numerical information numerical condition many patientsespecially low numeracymisinterpreted predictive value tests profoundly overestimated accuracy inferences metacognitive judgment calibration mediated relationship numeracy accuracy diagnostic inferences contrast visual aid condition patients levels numeracy showed highlevels inferential accuracy metacognitive judgment calibration results indicate accurate metacognitive assessment may explain beneficial effects visual aids numeracya result accords theory suggesting metacognition essential part risk literacy conclude welldesigned risk communications inform patients healthrelevant numerical information helping assess quality risk comprehension