Jessica C O'Keeffe, Nikhil Singh, Monica A Slavin
Approach to diagnostic evaluation and prevention of invasive fungal disease in patients prior to allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplant
Transplant infectious disease : an official journal of the Transplantation Society
limited health literacy public health challenge contributing rising health care costs assess economic costs limited health literacy china using data national health literacy surveillance survey data includes sample 6316 residents aged 1569 years old living ningbo china 2019 use box plots examine distribution outofpocket health expenditure level health literacy use estimates twopart model assess contribution limited health literacy individual medical spending aggregate health expenditure different levels health literacy adult population ningbo medical costs limited health literacy 10 177 cny 25 usd annual medical expense resident aged 1569 living ningbo medical cost limited health literacy greater among rural female older groups others proportion people adequate health literacy increases 22 30 target level 2030 aggregate outofpocket health expenditure ningbo decrease 100 million cny 14 million usd 088 2019 ningbo government expenditure health care paper highlights direct indirect economic costs associated limited health literacy results help policymakers evaluate costeffectiveness relevant programs aim improve residents health literacy