Nasimah Maricar, Gillian Yeowell, Trixy David, Behram Khan, Anne Barton, Kimme L Hyrich, Sandra E Hartley
Barriers and enablers to engagement in exercise and physical activity in non-English speaking South Asian people with chronic musculoskeletal disease
BMC rheumatology
multiple studies countries relatively lower pm 25 level demonstrated acute chronic exposure even lower recommended level eg 9 gm 3 us increased risk cardiovascular cv events however limited studies using individual level data exist countries wider range pm levels illustrate shape exposureresponse curve throughout range including 20 gm 3 pm 25 concentrations taiwan policies reduced pm 25 time provide opportunities illustrate dose response curves reductions pm 25 time correlated cv events incidence nationwide sample using data 20092019 taiwan national health insurance database linked nationwide pm25 data examined shape magnitude exposureresponse curve seasonal average pm 25 level cv eventsrelated hospitalizations among older adults highrisk cv events used historyadjusted marginal structural models including potential confounding individual demographic factors baseline comorbidities health service measures quantify risk 20 gm 3 conducted stratified cox regression also plotted pm 25 cv events 20092019 well average temperature comparison using pm 25 concentration 15 gm 3 taiwan regulatory standard reference seasonal average pm 25 concentration 15235gm 3 235 gm 3 associated hazard ration 113 95ci 109118 119 95ci 114124 107 95ci 103111 114 95ci 110118 122 95ci 108138 131 95ci 116148 104 95ci 098110 110 95ci 104116 respectively hf istiapedvt miacs nonlinear relationship pm 25 cv events outcomes observed pm 25 levels 20 gm 3 nonlinear exposureresponse relationship pm25 concentration incidence cardiovascular events exists pm25 higher levels recommended air quality guidelines lowering pm25 levels beyond current regulatory standards may effectively reduce incidence cardiovascular events particularly hf dvt lead tangible health benefits highrisk elderly population