Lucia Bigozzi|Christian Tarchi|Corrado Caudek|Giuliana Pinto
Predicting Reading and Spelling Disorders: A 4-Year Prospective Cohort Study
University of Florence|University of Florence|University of Florence|University of Florence
4year prospective cohort study children reading spelling disorder children spelling impairment children without reading andor spelling disorder control group transparent orthography identified third grade emergent literacy performances kindergarten compared retrospectively 642 italian children participated cohort followed last year kindergarten third grade kindergarten children assessed phonological awareness conceptual knowledge writing systems textual competence third grade 18 children reading spelling impairment 13 children spelling impairment identified overall conceptual knowledge writing system statistically significant predictor clinical samples differences found two clinical samples