David Lohrmann, Ahmed YoussefAgha, Wasantha Jayawardene
Trends in body mass index and prevalence of extreme high obesity among Pennsylvania children and adolescents, 2007-2011: promising but cautionary
American journal of public health
trials preventive interventions children implemented 1980s reported sustained positive outcomes behavioral health outcomes adulthood years end intervention present study examines whether intervention childhood may show sustained benefits across generations examine possible intervention outcomes offspring individuals parents participated raising healthy children preventive intervention children elementary grades nonrandomized controlled trial conducted public elementary schools serving highcrime areas seattle washington panel originated seattle followed locally outofstate locations time data analyzed study collected september 1980 june 2011 followup firstborn offspring aged 1 22 years 182 parents full intervention vs control conditions childhood children assessed across 7 waves 2 blocks 20022006 20092011 data analyzed article september 2018 january 2019 grades 1 6 raising healthy children intervention provided elementary school teachers methods classroom management instruction firstgeneration g1 parents skills promote opportunities childrens active involvement classroom family secondgeneration g2 child social emotional skills training outcomes examined thirdgeneration g3 offspring selfregulation emotion attention behavioral regulation cognitive capabilities social capabilities risk behaviors including substance use delinquency examined age 6 years study completion early onset sexual activity examined age 13 years study completion intenttotreat analyses controlled potential confounding factors total 182 g3 children included analysis 72 full intervention 110 control condition mean age first wave data collection 7 range 113 years significant differences offspring intervention parents observed across 4 domains improved early child developmental functioning ages 15 years significant standardized range 045056 lower teacherrated behavioral problems ages 618 years significant standardized range 039 046 higher teacherrated academic skills performance ages 618 years significant standardized range 034049 lower childreported risk behavior ages 618 years odds ratio drug use alcohol cigarettes marijuana 027 95 ci 010073 knowledge first study report significant intervention differences offspring participants universal childhood preventive intervention costbenefit analyses examined benefits childhood intervention target generation present study suggests additional benefits realized next generation well clinicaltrialsgov identifier nct04075019