Sajid Malik, Anisa Bibi, Rubbiya Farid, Sidra Khan, Javaid Awan, Atta Ur Rehman
Consanguinity in northwest Pakistan: evidence of temporal decline
Journal of biosocial science
complex often unobservable stem constructs processes represented using variety representations including iconic gestures body configured moved resemble referents spatial properties actions earlier researchers suggested links gesturing expertise leading recommend instructional gestures earlier research however largely correlational furthermore gestures may made misleading positions movements using illustrative topic strike structural geology investigated existence impact inaccurate instructional gestures study 1 examined videotapes participants asked explain strikes another person observed inaccurate nonhorizontal strike gestures among novices first introduced strike study n 68 also among participants greater expertise geology n 21 study 2 randomly assigned novices n 167 watch video lessons instructor accompanied verbal explanations strikes accurate inaccurate iconic gestures tested students learning strikemapping task students low spatialperception skills showed impact gestural condition performance students high spatialperception skills showed advantage accurate gestures performed significantly worse inaccurategesture condition findings suggest recommendations use gestures instruction include professional development programs reduce occurrence inaccurate gestures