Elizabeth Walker|Alexandra Redfern|Jacob Oleson
Linear Mixed-Model Analysis to Examine Longitudinal Trajectories in Vocabulary Depth and Breadth in Children Who Are Hard of Hearing
University of Iowa|Google (United States)|Vanderbilt University|Google (United States)|University of Iowa|Google (United States)
purpose children hard hearing chh tend reduced vocabularies compared children normal hearing cnh prior research vocabulary skills children hearing loss focused primarily breadth knowledge many words known depth vocabulary knowledge well words known well documented chh current study used linear mixed models lmms investigate growth trajectories vocabulary depth breadth chh relative agematched cnh method participants study included 155 children 93 chh 62 cnh enrolled longitudinal study examiners administered standardized measure vocabulary knowledge ages 7 8 9 years constructed multiple lmms fixed effects group age models included various combinations random intercepts subject item random slope age results depth chh showed significant stable deficits compared cnh time breadth cnh showed greater vocabulary breadth group differences diminished age chh higher aided audibility age maternal educational level associated greater vocabulary breadth depth age hearing aid fitting conclusions major advantage using lmm allowed us cope missing data points still accounting variability within across participants assessment vocabulary breadth depth may useful identifying schoolage chh risk delays language outcomes