Wang Jie, Wang Xinyi, Xin Tao
Reliability and validity of simple Chinese version of grit scale for elementary school students
BMC psychology
determine whether typical vision therapy vt programme designed improve visual information processing vip skills effective improving skills andor academic performance used doubleblind randomised clinical trial compare vip vt placebo training participating schools referred sample 579 early primary school children identified within lower third class literacy referred sample identified 247 children eligible participate passed visions auditory processing screening vip performance 34th percentile 94 participated matching iq school grade sex achieved sorting hierarchically values alternately allocating vt placebo groups programmes ran 10 weeks consisted 33 h working home 4 h working office vt programme indicative employed australian paediatric optometry practices placebo programme containing similar activities except targeting skills within childs competencies specific vip development activities removed main outcome measures score change three standardised educational tests reading comprehension spelling mathematics six vip tests immediately postintervention pi 6 months later sixtynine children completed programmes vt programme produced significant improvement three educational tests five six vip tests compared control vt programme improved visual sequential memory vsm moderate amount compared control cohens 057 052 immediately pi 6 months respectively p 003 p 002 vip academic performance benefits vt programme largely identical control programme immediately 6month pi placebo effects general effects improvements executive function andor regressiontothemean could mistaken specific programme effectiveness