Phenotypic modulation of human hair matrix cells (trichocytes) by environmental influence in vitro and in vivo.
Trichocytes, i.e. precursor cells of the hair cortex and medulla, isolated from plucked human scalp hair follicles (HF) were propagated on feeder layers of post-mitotic human dermal fibroblasts (HDF). Cell isolates from five HF routinely yielded about 0.5-1 x 10(5) cells within 3 weeks. When grown as 'surface epithelia' in vitro (on dermal equivalents exposed to air), trichocytes organized into stratified epithelia largely reminiscent of epidermis with regard to both tissue architecture and localization of epidermal differentiation products (keratins K1 and K10, involucrin, filaggrin). However, when HDF in the collagen matrix were replaced by dermal papilla cells (DPC) epidermoid differentiation was largely prevented while still allowing growth and stratification. Epidermal differentiation (keratinization) was virtually complete when trichocytes grown on collagen gels with HDF were transplanted onto nude mice; this was apparent by tissue organization, expression of K1 and K10 and the nearly regular epidermal localization of involucrin. In addition, the deposition of basement membrane components (laminin, type IV collagen, bullous pemphigoid antigen) at the epithelium-collagen interface further increased and was more regular in transplants than in vitro. Cells embedded in Matrigel together with HDF developed large spheroidal structures with inward-directed differentiation and all the epidermal markers found in 'surface' cultures, while only small keratinizing spheroids formed without HDF. In this system co-culture of trichocytes with DPC suppressed almost completely epidermal keratinization. Although typical hair proteins were not detectable, our data clearly demonstrate that: (1) bona fide trichocytes inherit the options for alternative directions of differentiation, and (2) external (in part mesenchymal cell-mediated) influences play a pivotal role in this determination.