A combination of existing knowledge graphs (Freebase and Wikidata) is instead used by [91] to explain predictions of 
stock  trends  using  a  Temporal  Convolutional  Network.  The  graphs  are  used  as  external  background  knowledge  to  derive 
embeddings  for  events  and  price  values  extracted  from  a  dataset  of  ﬁnancial  news.  The  generated  links  between  events 
are used as visual explanations to explain unexpected price changes. In their work, [92] uses knowledge graph embeddings 

14

I. Tiddi and S. Schlobach

Artiﬁcial Intelligence 302 (2022) 103627

Table 8
Knowledge-based explanations in predictive applications.

Knowledge graphs

Model

Explanations

s
tic
n
a
m
e
S

A
A
A
A
T
T

n
tio
c
ele
S

man
man
man
aut
man
man

y

bilit

a
s
u
e
R

✗
✗
✓
✓
✓
✓

e
p
y
T

FK
FK
FK
FK
CK
CK

[89]
[90]
[91]
[92]
[93]
[94]

G
K
f
o
r
e
b
m
u
N

1
1
2
1
1
1

t
u
p
In

raw
raw
raw
raw
txt
txt

d
o
h
t
e
M

nn
rnn
cnn
kge
cnn
lr/knn

k
s
a
T

reg
cls
reg
cls
reg
reg
Knowledge graphs as tools for explainable machine learning: A survey