Secondly, the continued inﬂuence effect can be understood through dual-
process theory. Dual-process theory distinguishes between two types of
memory retrieval: automatic and strategic. Automatic processing is fast
and unconscious, whereas strategic processing is deliberate and effortful. In
addition,
acontextual, distilling
information down only to its most essential properties, whereas strategic
processing is required to retrieve speciﬁc details about a piece of information
(Ecker et al. 2011). As a result, individuals may be able to remember a piece
of misinformation but not recall relevant features, such as its source or
perceived accuracy (Swire and Ecker 2018). In this view, the continued
inﬂuence effect constitutes a form of retrieval failure; misinformation is
automatically retrieved, but
its retraction is not. This emphasis on
automatic versus strategic processing is also consistent with an online
processing model of misinformation (Lodge and Taber 2013; Thorson
Social_Media_and_Democracy