Frontier AI can generate hyper-targeted content with unprecedented scale and 
sophistication.242 This could lead to “personalised” disinformation, where bespoke messages 
are targeted at individuals rather than larger groups and are therefore more persuasive.243 
Furthermore, one should expect that as AI-driven personalised disinformation campaigns 
unfold, these AIs will be able to learn from millions of interactions and become better at 
influencing and manipulating humans, possibly even becoming better than humans at this.244 
In doing so, they may utilise new manipulation tactics against which we are not prepared 
because defences have been developed through the influencing attempts of other humans.245
Capabilities and risks from frontier AI 