12 European Commission (2016) (agreement with Microsoft, YouTube, Twitter, and Facebook);
European Commission (2018b) (agreement with Facebook, Twitter, and Google). While the
Hate Speech Code (European Commission 2016) calls for removal of content posted by users,
the Disinformation Code (European Commission 2018b) concerns advertising content and
counsels against prohibiting “false” content from ordinary users.

https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108890960 Published online by Cambridge University Press

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Daphne Keller & Paddy Leerssen

asking platforms to take down content ( Europol 2016; Chang 2018). Civil
liberties organizations have decried these arrangements, saying they replace
democratic lawmaking and courts with privatized and unaccountable systems
(European Digital Rights 2016; see also Chang 2018).

A Case Study: Notice and Takedown in Everyday Practice
Social_Media_and_Democracy