ideology

ranking algorithms’ impact on, 35
responses to misinformation correction and,

180–181

illegal content, variations in knowledge

deﬁnition and platform liability, 224

illusory truth effect, 176, 177
inadvertency thesis, 39
incidental exposure to news, 152
independent research, on platforms’ takedown

practices, 237, 239–240

in-depth public statements, disclosure by
platforms during content takedown,
230–232

India, misinformation effects in, 26
individual-level exposure to social media, lack

of echo chamber effect, 44

individual-level factors

cross-cutting discussions and polarization

regulating, 275–276

information ﬁduciaries, internet platforms

information monopolies, dangers of, 320–321
ingroup superiority, identifying hate speech, 60
intentionality criterion for misinformation,

as, 323

167–168

Intermediary Liability laws, 220, 223–227
Internet

early utopianism, 1
facilitation of like-minded group
Social_Media_and_Democracy