https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108890960 Published online by Cambridge University Press

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Pablo Barberá

In conclusion, we see that the existing literature offers results that appear to
be at odds. How can we reconcile these diverging ﬁndings? To answer this
question, it is important to consider how we deﬁne political polarization – do
we mean just divergence in political views or issue positions (ideological
polarization) or dislike for the partisan outgroup (affective polarization)? In
addition, it is also plausible that the differences across empirical studies could be
due to social media having heterogeneous effects across different groups of
people, particularly regarding their political orientation and the strength of
their partisan identities.

ideological polarization and affective polarization
Social_Media_and_Democracy