• Keyword Spotting: Keyword Spotting (KS) is a technique used in speech processing to
identify specific words or phrases within spoken language. It involves analysing audio
recordings and detecting instances of pre-defined keywords or phrases. This technique is
commonly used in applications such as voice assistants, where the system needs to recognize
specific commands or questions from the user.
• Intent Classification: Intent Classification (IC) is a spoken language understanding task
that involves identifying the intent behind a spoken sentence. It is usually implemented
as a pipeline process, with a speech recognition module followed by text processing that
classifies the intents. However, end-to-end intent classification using speech has numerous
advantages compared to the conventional pipeline approach using AST followed by NLP
modules.
• Slot Filling: Slot Filling (SF) is a widely used technique in Speech Language Understanding
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