increasingly extreme social networks. ElSherief, Nilizadeh et al. (2018) ﬁnd
on Twitter that accounts that instigate hate speech tend to be new, very
active, and express lower emotional awareness and higher anger and
immoderation in the content of their tweets, compared to other Twitter
users who did not produce such content. Similarly, using a manually
annotated dataset of about 5,000 “hateful users,” Ribeiro et al. (2018) ﬁnd
that hateful users tweet more frequently, follow more people each day, and
their accounts are more short-lived and recent. They also ﬁnd that, although
hateful users tend to have fewer followers, they are very densely connected in
retweet networks. Hateful users are seventy-one times more likely to retweet
other hateful users and suspended users are eleven times more likely to
retweet other suspended users, compared to non-hateful users. Comparing
users that produce hate speech to those that do not on Gab, Mathew, Dutt
Social_Media_and_Democracy