“It is not only the violin that shapes the violinist, we are all
shaped by the tools we train ourselves to use.”

— Edsger W. Dijkstra

∗Corresponding authors.
1https://github.com/OpenBMB/BMTools

Author contributions are listed in § 6.

CONTENTS

Contents

1 Introduction

2 Background

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2.1 Cognitive Origins of Tool Use . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.2 Tool Categorization: A User-Interface Perspective . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.3 Paradigm Shift
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2.4 Complementary Roles of Specialized Tools and Foundation Models
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2.5 Literature Review of Tool Learning
2.5.1 Tool-augmented Learning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.5.2 Tool-oriented Learning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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3 Tool Learning
Tool Learning with Foundation Models