on manipulation-based versus reasoning-based approaches (Osiurak & Badets, 2016). The former claims
that tool use has to be supported by the simulation of sensorimotor experiences, and the latter demonstrates
the importance of reasoning based on mechanical knowledge in tool use. Nevertheless, the overall trend
in cognitive science is understanding cognition as an enactive process that emphasizes interaction with the
external world (Engel et al., 2013), and the feedback from observation, communication, and hands-on practice
is important for mastering tool use.
Besides, there are speciﬁc frameworks designed to discuss the level of intelligence represented by human tool
use. For instance, “intoolligence” (Osiurak & Heinke, 2018) divides the tool use behavior into three modes:
assistive tool use is usually passive and unaware (e.g., walking in the rain shelter corridor); arbitrary tool use
Tool Learning with Foundation Models