though corrections are most

Second, where possible, corrections should be tailored to their target
audience: the subset of people for whom these corrections would feel most
threatening. Framing corrections
than
antagonistic to, this group’s values and worldviews may thus be a successful
corrective strategy (Kahan et al. 2010; Feinberg and Willer 2015; for reviews,
see Lewandowsky et al. 2012; Swire and Ecker 2018). In a similar vein, some
scholars propose using self-afﬁrmation exercises (Cohen, Aronson, and Steele
2000; Cohen et al. 2007) to subdue directional motivations (Trevors et al. 2016;
Carnahan et al. 2018); if people feel validated in their global self-worth,

to be consonant with,

rather

https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108890960 Published online by Cambridge University Press

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Chloe Wittenberg & Adam J. Berinsky

corrections that impugn their political views may provoke a less defensive
response (but see Nyhan and Reiﬂer 2019).

backlash against worldview backﬁre effects
Social_Media_and_Democracy