Researchers and regulators have begun to explore the likelihood of high concentration of 
market power among frontier AI developers.149 The high upfront costs associated with training 
frontier AI models appear to create economies of scale and significant barriers to entry for 
smaller players. Established leaders benefit from better access to the cutting-edge computing 
resources and specialised talent required to develop frontier AI models. In addition, an early 
lead might grow over time, e.g. because the leader gathers data from their users they can use 
in training or because the leader uses their AI systems to accelerate their own progress.150
Capabilities and risks from frontier AI 