society as a whole.145 Individual companies may not be sufficiently incentivised to address all 
the potential harms of their systems. In recent years there has been an intense competition 
between AI developers to build products quickly.146 Competition on AI has raised concern 
about potential “race to the bottom” scenarios, where actors compete to rapidly develop AI 
systems and under-invest in safety measures.147 In such scenarios, it could be challenging 
even for AI developers to commit unilaterally to stringent safety standards, lest their 
commitments put them at a competitive disadvantage.148 The risks from this “race” dynamic will 
be exacerbated if it is technologically feasible to maintain or even accelerate the recent rapid 
pace of AI progress. 
There may be significant concentration of market power in AI 
Researchers and regulators have begun to explore the likelihood of high concentration of
Capabilities and risks from frontier AI 