20  Section 4.5 AI foundation models: Full report, Competition and Markets Authority, 2023.

21 AI capabilities: The range of tasks or functions that an AI system can perform and the proficiency with which it
can perform them. These capabilities can span from summarisation to complex problem solving, and evolve over 
time with advancements. 
22 Evaluation of OpenAI Codex for HPC Parallel Programming Models Kernel Generation, Godoy et al., 2023;
OpenAI Codex, OpenAI, 2021; Use Copilot to build and edit apps in Power Apps Studio, Microsoft, 2023. 

23 GPT-4 Technical Report OpenAI, 2023.

24 Language Models are Few-Shot Learners, Tom B, Brown et al., 2020.

25 Sparks of Artificial General Intelligence: Early experiments with GPT-4, Bubeck et al., 2023; Pathways
Language Model (PaLM), Google, 2022. 

26 Pathways Language Model (PaLM), Google, 2022.
Capabilities and risks from frontier AI 