speciﬁc questions through our probing method. Several of our ﬁndings – such as the persistence of predictive power when
controlling for demographic features, or the signiﬁcance of the ‘attention paid to news’ feature in our regressions – support the
existence of media effects. However, we emphasize that our studies are not ﬁeld experiments and do not measure casuality.
Language models trained on media diets can predict public opinion