content, 203
Chadwick, A., 98
challenge avoidance vs. reinforcement seeking,

38–41

Chan, Jason, 70
Chandrasekharan, Eshwar, 72
chat bots. see social bots
Cheung, C. S. C., 166
Chicago School, 215, 217
Christchurch terrorist incident, 231
CIE (continued inﬂuence effect), correction of

misinformation, 163, 165, 187

Citron, Danielle Keats, 278
Civettini, A. J. W., 172
Clapper, James R. Jr., 89
Clinton, Hillary, 17
Cloudﬂare, 231
Code of Practice on Disinformation, European

Commission, 300

cognitive bias, diffusion of misinformation

and, 21
Collier, J., 25
Communications Decency Act (CDA)

of 1996

costs and beneﬁts of modifying, 272–275
court-driven regulation using, 263–266
disinformation challenge sources, 253–258
failure of “wisdom of the crowds” concept,

279–280

https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108890960 Published online by Cambridge University Press

334

Index

“communications placed for a fee on another

continued inﬂuence effect (CIE), correction of
Social_Media_and_Democracy