∗Work done while at Google.

Figure 1: Impact of model pre-training alone vs. with ﬁne-tuning in LaMDA on dialog quality (left), and safety and
factual grounding (right). The quality metric (SSI) corresponds to sensibleness, speciﬁcity, and interestingness. See
Section 4 for more details on these metrics.

1

Introduction
LaMDA- Language Models for Dialog Applications