WhatsApp messages from civil society organizations in 
Zimbabwe can correct COVID-19 misperceptions and affect 
positive changes in social distancing behavior (Bowles et al. 
2020). Corrections from government agencies were more 
effective than corrections from other users (Vraga and Bode 
2017a, b; van der Meer and Jin 2020), though other research 
has found that comments about Twitter content being fake 
news were more effective coming from other users than as a 
disclaimer from a social media platform (Colliander 2019). 
In an experimental situation where participants saw a fake 
news story on Facebook about a nonprofit organization along 
with a refutation from the nonprofit, denial created higher 
credibility for the nonprofit than comments attacking the 
source of the fake news (Vafeiadis et al. 2019).
Use of bot and content flags to limit the spread of misinformation among social networks: a behavior and attitude survey