Artiﬁcial Intelligence 302 (2022) 103627

Contents lists available at ScienceDirect

Artiﬁcial  Intelligence

www.elsevier.com/locate/artint

Knowledge  graphs  as  tools  for  explainable  machine  learning: 
A survey ✩
Ilaria Tiddi ∗, Stefan Schlobach
Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1111, 1081 HV Amsterdam, the Netherlands

a  r  t  i  c  l  e 

i  n  f  o

a  b  s  t  r  a  c  t

Article history:
Received 1 May 2020
Received in revised form 12 October 2021
Accepted 18 October 2021
Available online 25 October 2021

Keywords:
Explainable systems
Knowledge graphs
Explanations
Symbolic AI
Subsymbolic AI
Neuro-symbolic integration
Explainable AI
Knowledge graphs as tools for explainable machine learning: A survey