forces as opposed to partisan,

In both France and Germany, achieving and sustaining media pluralism is a
fundamental goal of policy because it is viewed as essential to a vibrant,
competitive marketplace for ideas and thus vital to democratic discourse. In
France, this ideal can be traced back to the 1881 Law on the Freedom of the
Press, which established a liberal regime for the press that reﬂected the view of
French elites in the Third Republic that the primary threat to pluralism was

https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108890960 Published online by Cambridge University Press

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