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https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108890960 Published online by Cambridge University Press

Online Hate Speech

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counter-speech can have a considerable impact on reducing the visibility of
online hate speech, especially when producers of hate speech are in the minority
of a particular community. In one of the only studies that explicitly detects
naturally occurring counter-speech on social media, (Mathew et al. 2018;
Mathew, Saha et al. 2019) ﬁnd that counter-speech comments receive much
more likes and engagement than other comments and may prompt produces of
hate speech to apologize or change their behavior. More empirical work is
needed, however, to see how this dynamic plays out more systematically on
real-world social media platforms over time.
Social_Media_and_Democracy