challenging than other tools. In fact, we ﬁnd empirically that both ChatGPT and text-davinci-003 can utilize
these tools proﬁciently despite not directly being ﬁne-tuned on them.
However, for several tools such as KGs, Wikipedia, online shopping, and 3D model construction, the model
performance is still far from satisfactory even with few-shot prompting. The reason is perhaps that the usage
of these tools cannot be easily learned with a few examples. For example, tools requiring the generation of
executable code as the parameter to the API, such as the search_by_query API in the KGs tool (see
Appendix A.9 for more details), are found to be signiﬁcantly more arduous. This implies the necessity of
training foundation models to use tools as mentioned in § 3.3. We provide the prompts and model responses of
ChatGPT in Appendix A as case studies for all the tools.
Tool Learning with Foundation Models