manifestation of intelligence (Shumaker et al., 2011). Given the rise of Artiﬁcial Intelligence (AI), one natural
question is, does AI possesses the potential to be equally adept and capable as its creators?
The prerequisite of the invention and manipulation of tools is a thorough comprehension of the tools’ function-
alities, as well as the ability to understand user intents and perform planning and reasoning for tool use. Before
the advent of powerful foundation models (Bommasani et al., 2021), conducting tool-oriented AI research
was exceedingly challenging. While certain basic tools could be ﬁtted using shallow statistical models or
deep neural models (Pomerleau, 1988; Mnih et al., 2013; Akkaya et al., 2019), their performance and stability
remained inadequate to meet the demands of practical applications, let alone generalizing across various tools.
This is due to the limitations of traditional supervised learning in capturing the complex operations essential
Tool Learning with Foundation Models