We used the latest advanced language proﬁciency past or practice exams for those that were publicly available. These
are:

Chinese: HSK 汉汉汉语语语水水水平平平考考考试试试 The standardized test of standard Chinese language proﬁciency in Mainland China
administered by the Ofﬁce of Chinese Language Council International and afﬁliated with the Chinese Ministry of
Education. The HSK 7-9 band is intended for those aiming to get a degree from China and is appropriate for
students who want to specialize in Chinese language and literature or for a Sinology major.

Japanese: J-Test 実実実用用用日日日本本本語語語検検検定定定 A standardized test for Japanese administered by the Japanese Language Testing
Association. This is adopted by many companies and universities for admittance. Level A corresponds to the
ability to understand specialized topics in various ﬁelds and situations.
PaLM 2 Technical Report