transparency, 291

Reiﬂer, Jason, 17, 18, 19, 164, 169, 172, 180
reinforcement seeking vs. challenge avoidance,

repeating misinformation, strengthening in

retweet networks, prevalence among hate

38–39

memory, 176

speech users, 63

Ribeiro, Manoel Horta, 63
Ridout, Travis N., 129, 133
Rivero, Gonzalo, 38
Roberts, Chris, 133
robonotices, 226
robot journalists, limitations of, 97
Roche, C., 170
Roommates.comcase, 259, 261, 263–266, 269,

Russian (IRA) disinformation, 14–16, 89, 120,

270, 271

254–255

Russian model for propaganda, wearing down
of political participation interest from, 25

Ruths, Derek, 72

Saleem, Haji Mohammad, 72
Scandinavian government transparency

initiatives, 289
Schaffner, B. F., 170
Schieb, Carla, 74
Schumpeter, Joseph, 140, 156, 158
Schwarz, N., 70

bubble, 42, 43–44

Communications Decency Act (CDA) of
1996

Seifert, C. M., 164
self-reported survey measures, unreliability

of, 18

self-selection of individuals in social media

networks, 49–50
Social_Media_and_Democracy