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date: August 12, 2023
author: Dr. Maria Thompson
title: Underwater Archaeology: Discoveries in the Mediterranean Sea
journal: International Journal of Maritime History
volume: 35
issue: 4
pages: 215-238
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Underwater archaeology has become an increasingly important field in recent years as technological advancements have allowed researchers to explore previously inaccessible areas and uncover new insights into ancient civilizations. One such area that has garnered significant attention is the Mediterranean Sea, which has a rich history of maritime trade, warfare, and cultural exchange. This paper aims to discuss some of the most notable underwater archaeological discoveries made in this region over the past decade.

One of the most significant finds in recent years was the discovery of the Antikythera shipwreck off the coast of Greece. The site was first discovered by sponge divers in 1900 but remained largely unexplored until more advanced diving technology became available. In 2012, a team of international researchers began conducting systematic excavations at the site using remotely operated vehicles (ROVs) and advanced imaging techniques. Among the many artifacts recovered from the wreck were bronze statues, pottery, glassware, and jewelry, providing valuable insight into the lives of those aboard the vessel when it sank around 65 BCE.

Perhaps the most famous artifact recovered from the Antikythera shipwreck is the Antikythera Mechanism, a complex astronomical device often referred to as the world's first computer. The mechanism consists of a series of gears and dials used to predict the positions of celestial bodies and eclipses with remarkable accuracy for its time. Its discovery has revolutionized our understanding of ancient Greek astronomy and engineering and provided evidence of the high level of technical skill possessed by craftsmen during this period.

Another noteworthy discovery in the Mediterranean is the sunken city of Thonis-Heracleion, located in the Bay of Aboukir off the coast of Egypt. The city was once a thriving trade center and port during the Late Period of ancient Egypt (664-332 BCE) but was eventually submerged due to a combination of rising sea levels, earthquakes, and soil liquefaction. Since its discovery in 2000 by French archaeologist Franck Goddio, numerous artifacts have been recovered from the site, including statues, pottery, jewelry, and inscriptions that shed light on the city's history and its connections with other Mediterranean cultures.

In addition to these major discoveries, underwater archaeologists have also uncovered evidence of ancient shipbuilding techniques and maritime practices through the study of well-preserved shipwrecks. One such example is the Marsala Punic Ship, discovered off the coast of Sicily in 1971. This vessel dates back to the 3rd century BCE and provides valuable information about the construction methods used by the Phoenicians, one of the most influential seafaring civilizations in the ancient Mediterranean world.

The study of underwater archaeological sites has also revealed important information about ancient naval warfare. For instance, the Battle of the Egadi Islands, fought between the Romans and Carthaginians in 241 BCE, was a pivotal event in the First Punic War. In recent years, researchers have located several bronze warship rams at the site of the battle, providing new insights into the tactics employed by both sides and the scale of the conflict.

Despite the many exciting discoveries made in the field of underwater archaeology in the Mediterranean, there are still countless sites yet to be explored and artifacts waiting to be found. As technology continues to advance, it is likely that even more significant finds will come to light, further enhancing our understanding of the rich and complex history of this region.

In conclusion, underwater archaeology in the Mediterranean Sea has provided invaluable insights into the lives of ancient civilizations, their maritime practices, and the connections between different cultures. The discoveries discussed in this paper represent just a small fraction of the wealth of information that lies beneath the waves, waiting to be uncovered by future generations of researchers.
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- Summarize the significance of the Antikythera Mechanism found at the Antikythera shipwreck site.
- Explain what factors led to the submersion of the city of Thonis-Heracleion.
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### Response:

The Antikythera Mechanism, found at the Antikythera shipwreck site, is a significant discovery as it is a complex astronomical device often referred to as the world's first computer. It consists of gears and dials used to predict celestial bodies' positions and eclipses with remarkable accuracy for its time. This discovery has revolutionized our understanding of ancient Greek astronomy and engineering, providing evidence of the high level of technical skill possessed by craftsmen during that period.

The city of Thonis-Heracleion was submerged due to a combination of factors, including rising sea levels, earthquakes, and soil liquefaction. Located in the Bay of Aboukir off the coast of Egypt, this city was once a thriving trade center and port during the Late Period of ancient Egypt (664-332 BCE).