Anglo/Dutch Royal Dutch Shell, Total, of France, and Spain's Repsol were all named as examples of established oil companies involved in the oil-for-food programme before surcharges began in 2001.
the surcharges began after 1996
( z1 begin :ARG1 ( z2 thing :ARG1-of ( z3 charge ) ) :time ( z4 after :op ( z5 date-entity :year 1996 ) ) )