<title>1. INTRODUCTION</title> <p>UTIs result in over
1 million physician visits annually, affecting from 2.4% to 2.8% of children. Reference [##REF##15711347##1##]
Many of these patients will go on to have recurrent infections.
Reference [##REF##15711347##1##] Recurrent febrile UTIs, while not a proven risk for renal damage, contribute to economic burdens for the family and
society because of the recurrent medical needs and hospitalizations. Inpatient
hospital costs alone are estimated to be greater than 180 million dollars per
year [##REF##15711347##1##]. These figures do not consider the societal impact of such
UTIs on days children lose from school or parents miss work.</p> <p>Less than 50% of patients with febrile UTIs demonstrate VUR.
Despite an adequate work up to include characterization of the type and
source of bacteria, upper tract evaluation to include renal ultrasound and DMSA
renogram, and lower tract evaluation to include voiding cystography and
diagnosis of dysfunctional elimination syndrome (DES), the etiology of
recurrent febrile UTIs often remains elusive. The
empiric management of these patients often involves administering
antimicrobials intermittently when infections occur or chronically as
prophylaxis.</p> <p>Because we have
been dissatisfied with such empiric management, we have pursued further testing
for reflux in such patients with recurrent febrile UTIs who show no evidence of
reflux on a conventional VCUG. This testing is known as the positioned
instillation of contrast (PIC) cystogram. This is done during cystoscopy by
positioning the instillation of contrast at the ureteral orifice under fluoroscopic
control. This is a test to check for VUR that may be clinically significant yet
was not identified on the conventional VCUG. The historical evolution of this
test was based upon observations that many of these children were found to have
patulous orifices that easily distended with the flow of water (i.e.,
hydrodistention) when they were evaluated endoscopically. Noted hydrodistention
was then followed by checking for VUR using radiographic contrast fluid. As the
reflux was demonstrated on PIC, but not by conventional VCUG, it is termed
occult. We detail the current knowledge regarding the test and our view on its
place in the current management scheme of children with recurrent febrile UTIs
who do not have VUR on conventional VCUG.</p>
<title>9. CONCLUSION</title> <p>Many children with recurrent febrile UTIs do not demonstrate VUR on conventional VCUG.
Thus, in such children, there is neither a treatable diagnosis
nor an evidence-based treatment plan. This scenario may become associated with significant
morbidity such as the need for hospitalization and renal damage. A treatable diagnosis could improve structuring a management strategy. The
current research on PIC cystography shows that the PIC cystogram can identify
clinically significant occult VUR. When
this occult reflux is treated, the incidence of recurrent febrile UTIs is
significantly reduced. We conclude that including the performance
of PIC cystography in the present algorithm management of patients with recurrent
febrile UTIs and normal conventional VCUGs will aid structuring an evidence-based
treatment plan. Future prospective randomized studies are currently underway to
refine our understanding of the natural history of occult reflux and the role
that PIC cystography has in identifying this type of reflux.</p>
<p>Recommended by Walid A. Farhat</p> <p>
<italic>Purpose</italic>. A common pediatric dilemma involves management of children with recurrent febrile urinary tract infections (UTIs) who have normal voiding cystourethrograms. Vesicoureteral reflux (VUR) has been demonstrated in such cases by performing a cystogram which positions the instillation of contrast (PIC) at the ureteral orifice. We describe the evidence supporting this diagnostic test. <italic>Materials and Methods</italic>. The literature was searched to identify and subsequently evaluate all studies investigating PIC cystography. <italic>Results</italic>. In patients with febrile UTIs and negative VCUGs, the PIC cystogram has been demonstrated to identify occult reflux (PIC-VUR). When identified and treated, these patients have a significant reduction in the incidence of febrile UTIs. <italic>Conclusions</italic>. Although the current literature on PIC cystography is limited, it appears to be a clinically useful test in a select group of patients with recurrent febrile UTIs, that are not found to have VUR on a conventional VCUG. A prospective randomized trial is underway to further define its role in the treatment algorithm of febrile UTIs.</p>
<title>2. PIC CYSTOGRAPHY TECHNIQUE</title> <p>PIC cystography is performed at the time of cystoscopy. After induction of general anesthesia, the
child is placed in the dorsal lithotomy position. Using a rigid cystoscope, the
urethra and bladder are systemically evaluated for anatomical abnormalities
such as ureteroceles, diverticuli, and mucosal abnormalities. The ureteral
orifices are identified and evaluated for their position and trigonal
appearance. The ureteral orifices are then evaluated for insufficiency, VUR, as
follows:<list list-type="roman-lower"><list-item><p>the bladder
is emptied,</p></list-item><list-item><p>the
cystoscope beak is positioned facing the ureteral orifice, close enough to the
ureteral orifice so that the orifice fills the cystoscopic view but not inside
the orifice,</p></list-item><list-item><p>contrast to
be instilled is placed at a height of 1 meter above the level of the bladder.
This is the height of contrast flow done for a conventional VCUG,</p></list-item><list-item><p>via the
irrigation port of the cystoscope, contrast is flowed toward the ureteral
orifice while fluoroscopy is done,</p></list-item><list-item><p>the bladder
is then emptied and the procedure is repeated on the contralateral side [##REF##12771795##2##].</p></list-item></list> If the ureteral orifice is
insufficient to prevent reflux of contrast, hydrodistention will be noted at
cystoscopy and VUR will be imaged by fluoroscopy.</p> <title>3. PILOT STUDIES ON PIC CYSTOGRAPHY</title> <p>In 2003, Rubenstein et al. introduced the technique and their experience in using this
test. Fifty seven children who underwent cystoscopy were evaluated. The data was
analyzed by comparing the results in a control group versus those in the study
group. The control group was comprised of 2 sets of patients: (a) patients not expected to demonstrate VUR as there
was not a history of febrile UTI, the ultrasound was normal, and the
conventional VCUG was normal (15 patients, 30 ureteral orifices) and (b)
patients expected to demonstrate VUR on a PIC cystogram as there was a history
of febrile UTI and VUR was seen on conventional VCUG (12 patients, 24 ureteral
orifices). The study group was comprised
of patients with recurrent febrile UTIs, a normal ultrasound, and a normal VCUG
(30 patients, 60 orifices) [##REF##12771795##2##]. The analysis of data for the control group (a)
in which all patients were not expected to demonstrate VUR demonstrated that
all orifices appeared normal and none demonstrated PIC-VUR. In the analysis of
data for the control group (b) in which all patients had VUR on conventional
VCUG, all 15 ureteral orifices with known VUR showed lateral ectopia and/or
patulous morphology, and hydrodistention and also demonstrated PIC-VUR. A total
of four ureteral orifices appeared normal and did not exhibit VUR by VCUG or
PIC cystography, and 5 were lateral and/or patulous and did not demonstrate VUR
by VCUG but did show PIC-VUR. From this data, Rubenstein concluded that PIC
cystography was 100% sensitive and 91% specific in identifying VUR [##REF##12771795##2##]. These
findings in the control group are very important since this demonstrates that a
patient with a normal orifice will not artifactually reflux with PIC
cystography.</p> <p>In the study group, all 30 patients had at least one orifice with abnormal morphology. PIC-VUR
was identified in all these patients with a history of febrile UTIs. All were
treated for VUR with either antimicrobial prophylaxis or reimplantation. During 8-month followup, no patients
experienced a recurrent febrile UTI [##REF##12771795##2##].</p> <p>More recently, Tareen et al. performed a similar study in a small number of patients resulting in
their recommendation that the PIC cystogram should be part of the algorithm in
evaluating patients with recurrent febrile UTIs without VUR on VCUG. All 5 patients
in this study with radiographic confirmation of pyelonephritis showed PIC-VUR. All
were treated with endoscopic injection of dextranomer/hyaluronic acid copolymer
or vesicoureteral reimplantation. In a followup from 11 to 16 months, no
patient has had recurrence of febrile UTIs [##REF##16698369##3##].</p> <p>From these initial
reports, it is concluded that occult VUR identified by PIC cystography may
provide an explanation for recurrent febrile UTIs in patients with otherwise
negative radiographic studies.</p> <title>4. MULTI-INSTITUTIONAL EVALUATION OF PIC CYSTOGRAPHY</title> <p>These initial experiences with treatment of VUR demonstrated by PIC cystography for febrile UTIs
sparked the establishment of a multi-institutional registration of cases by
Edmondson et al. [##REF##16527587##4##]. Four centers performed PIC cystography on 39 consecutive
patients with febrile UTIs and negative VCUGs. PIC-VUR was identified in 82% of
the patients with febrile UTIs and negative VCUGs. A strong correlation between
the ureteral orifice appearance, hydrodistention and the presence of VUR was
identified. If the orifice was patulous,
it was 38 times more likely to demonstrate VUR. 
Laterally displaced orifices were 9 times more likely to demonstrate
VUR. Also 100% of orifices that hydrodistended were positive for VUR [##REF##16527587##4##].</p> <p>This multi-institutional registry demonstrated a similar and reproducible incidence of PIC-VUR in
patients with recurrent febrile UTIs as Rubenstein's inaugural study. The
study also further established a correlation between orifice location and
morphology.</p> <title>5. CLINICAL IMPORTANCE OF PIC CYSTOGRAPHY</title> <p>To further examine
whether PIC-VUR is simply a radiographic observation or an entity with clinical
relevance, the following studies were performed.</p> <p>Hagerty and the PIC Cystography Group concluded that PIC-VUR is clinically significant by
determining that the incidence rate of febrile UTI is lowered significantly by
treatment of VUR identified by PIC. 14 centers enrolled 118 patients with
recurrent febrile UTIs, who demonstrated PIC-VUR. Patients were treated with underwent
endoscopic injection (104), ureteral reimplantation (3), or antimicrobial
prophylaxis (11). Overall, the incidence rate for febrile
UTI decreased significantly from 0.16 per case/mo before PIC-VUR treatment to
0.008 per case/mo after treatment. The post treatment rate of febrile UTI
in cases treated with antibiotic versus surgery was not significantly different
[##REF##18947776##5##].</p> <p>Noe and Williams also
described their experience with PIC cystography and simultaneous dextranomer/hyaluronic
acid copolymer injection in 47 children with a history of pyelonephritis and negative
VCUG. Success was defined as no further febrile UTIs. Repeated VCUGs were not performed as in the
prior studies, as they were negative prior to treatment. A total of 75% of the
patients had PIC-VUR and were treated endoscopically with dextranomer/hyaluronic
acid copolymer. Three of the patients developed febrile UTIs after surgery and
underwent ureteral reimplantation. None of these patients have had recurrent
febrile UTIs. Only one patient has had an afebrile UTI during followup. Of the
12 patients who did not have PIC-VUR, each only had 1 febrile UTI, not recurrent
UTIs, prior to cystoscopy [##REF##18947776##5##].</p> <p>Both of these studies further demonstrate that when a patient with febrile UTIs,
with no other clear diagnosis, is identified as having PIC-VUR and is treated,
they do not have recurrent febrile UTIs. This reinforces the concept that
occult reflux identified by PIC cystography in patients with febrile UTIs is
clinically significant and that the PIC cystogram is an important testing
modality that should be included in the present algorithm of the evaluation of
patients with recurrent febrile UTIs.</p> <title>6. THE REPLACEMENT OF POSTOPERATIVE VCUC WITH PIC CYSTOGRAPHY</title> <p>Pinto et al. researched the feasibility of avoiding the need to perform a VCUG on an awake
child after reflux treatment by performing a PIC cystogram immediately after
endoscopic injection. Pinto found the PIC cystogram was not useful for this
purpose in a study involving 61 patients with VUR identified on VCUG. Patients underwent
dextranomer/hyaluronic acid copolymer injection followed by PIC cystography. If
the PIC cystogram was positive, no further injection of dextranomer/hyaluronic
acid copolymer was given. The results of the PIC cystogram were compared to the
VCUG done at 3 months postoperatively. Three ureters had positive PIC
cystograms. None of these patients were
found to have VUR on postoperative VCUG. Also, 14 patients had persistent VUR
on VCUG despite a negative PIC cystogram at the time of injection [##REF##17085186##6##]. In
addition, Palmer has also demonstrated no correlation between intraoperative
cystography and postoperative conventional cystography [##REF##18206944##7##]. Our anecdotal
experience with this method shows similar results.</p> <p>Currently, there is no evidence to support the use of PIC cystography after endoscopic injection
to predict postoperative outcomes. Therefore, it is not recommended to replace
a postoperative VCUG with a PIC cystogram at the time of endoscopic correction
of VUR.</p> <title>7. PHYSICS OF PIC CYSTOGRAPHY</title> <p>The impact of intravesical pressure upon the status of PIC-VUR was
examined from historical clinical considerations, in vitro simulation study,
and clinical examination. Historically,
it is commonly held that VUR may be induced in a normal ureteral orifice by
conditions which chronically impose supraphysiological pressure such as
neuropathic or nonneurogenic neurogenic bladder; however it is commonly held
that VUR is not able to be induced by acute application of elevated intravesical
pressure [##REF##12771795##2##]. We have demonstrated that when the PIC cystogram is
performed as described above the intravesical pressure local to the ureteral
orifice pressure is physiological (&lt;20 cm water). In contrast, the practice of hand injection
of contrast is associated with a supraphysiological pressure (&gt;100 cm water)
[##REF##18001794##8##].</p> <title>8. CLINICAL USE AND FURTHER DIRECTIONS</title> <p>Currently, there are several widely accepted explanations for recurrent UTIs including the
presence of various host and bacterial virulence factors, as well as
inadequately treated DES. Nevertheless, it is becoming widely accepted that it
is also possible that this type of patient may have occult reflux, not
identified on conventional VCUG, that can allow ascent of a lower tract
infection to an upper tract infection that is febrile in nature. If so,
identification and treatment of this form of occult reflux, PIC-VUR, results in
a decrease in recurrent febrile UTIs. The PIC cystogram represents a relatively
simple objective way to identify this type of occult VUR that may be clinically
significant.</p> <p>In a recent debate on PIC cystography at the Society of Pediatric Urology it was
argued that there is little data evaluating whether or not occult VUR
identified by PIC cystography can cause renal injury. In addition, febrile UTIs
as described in most of this research on PIC cystography, do not necessarily
equate pyelonephritis [##UREF##0##9##]. While these observations are valid, it is important
to note that while it is unknown whether or not occult reflux identified with
PIC cystography results in renal scarring, the present evidence clearly
demonstrates that treatment of this occult reflux with either prophylactic
antibiotics or surgery decreases the rate of recurrent febrile UTIs and its
associated morbidity. Even though many of these patients may not have
significant renal scarring or be at risk for renal damage, the clinical benefit
to these patients is extremely important. However, it will be important to evaluate these important issues as they
relate to renal scarring in future studies. In the end, the ability to identify
a causative factor that can be treated and reduce or eliminate future febrile
infections and the morbidity associated with them is beneficial to both
patients and their families.</p> <p>To more definitively define the clinical significance of PIC cystography, a prospective randomized trial is now underway
in which patients who are identified as 
having PIC-VUR are being randomized into 2 study groups: observation (no antibiotics or
surgery) and treatment (endoscopic or open surgical correction of reflux) [##UREF##1##10##].</p>
[{"label": ["9"], "surname": ["Elder", "Cheng", "Pohl"], "given-names": ["JS", "EY", "HG"], "article-title": ["Positional instillation of contrast cystography (PICC): a point-counterpoint debate"], "italic": ["Dialogues in Pediatric Urology"], "year": ["2008"], "volume": ["29"], "issue": ["3"], "fpage": ["9"], "lpage": ["11"]}, {"label": ["10"], "comment": ["User Id: PICDEMO Password PICPIC, December 2007, "], "ext-link": ["http://www.childrensurology.org/"]}]
Adv Urol. 2008 Jul 29; 2008:763620