<title>Background</title> <p>Lung surfactant is a surface active material. It reduces the surface tension of the air-liquid interface in alveoli, thus preventing alveoli from collapsing. Deficiency of surfactant at the alveolar surface results in respiratory distress syndromes (RDS) in both newborns and adults [##UREF##0##1##]. Lung surfactant is synthesized and secreted by alveolar type II cells. It is mainly composed of phospholipids and surfactant proteins A, B and C (SP-A, SP-B and SP-C). Major components of surfactant are synthesized in the endoplasmic reticulum and stored in specialized organelles called lamellar bodies [##REF##3304047##2##].</p> <p>Lamellar bodies are lysosome-related, large secretory organelles that are 1 to 2 micrometers in size [##REF##2163206##3##]. Similar to lysosomes, lamellar bodies contain soluble lysosomal enzymes, such as acid phosphatase and lysosome associated membrane proteins [##REF##2163206##3##]. Lamellar bodies have an acidic interior with a pH of about 6.1 or below [##REF##3700387##4##]. However, lamellar bodies are different from lysosomes in that they are specialized for storage and secretion of surfactant rather than for degradation processes. The principal components of lamellar bodies, phospholipids, are tightly packed as concentric arrangements of bi-layer membranes. Secretion of surfactant involves the translocation, docking and fusion of lamellar bodies with the apical plasma membrane [##REF##17496061##5##,##REF##15709972##6##].</p> <p>The molecular mechanisms that control the exocytosis of lamellar bodies are still poorly understood [##REF##17496061##5##]. The recent emergence of powerful proteomic techniques has made it possible to profile the protein components in a specific tissue or subcellular organelle [##REF##17317658##7##, ####REF##16278343##8##, ##REF##15158736##9####15158736##9##]. To better understand the regulation of lamellar body biogenesis and exocytosis, we performed proteomic analysis of lamellar bodies isolated from rat lungs. We carried out both one-dimensional and two-dimensional gel electrophoresis, followed by Matrix Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization – Time Of Flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF) and immunohistochemistry. Here, we report the first proteomic profiling of lamellar bodies, which will aid in defining the mechanisms of lamellar body exocytosis.</p>
<title>Methods</title> <title>Reagents and chemicals</title> <p>The ReadyPrep 2-D cleanup kit, ReadyPrep reduction-alkylation kit, ReadyPrep protein extraction kit, non-linear pH 3-10 ReadyStrip IPG strips and horse-radish peroxidase (HPR)-conjugated goat anti-rabbit and anti-mouse antibodies were from Bio-Rad Laboratories (Hercules, CA). Rabbit polyclonal anti-β-actin antibodies were from Sigma (St Louis, MO). Monoclonal anti-annexin A2 and rabbit polyclonal anti-Rho-GDP dissociation inhibitor (GDI)-alpha antibodies were from Invitrogen (Carlsbad, CA). Rabbit polyclonal anti-vimentin, anti-dipeptidyl peptidase IV (CD26) and anti-calreticulin antibodies were from Abcam (Cambridge, MA). Polyclonal rabbit anti-EH domain-containing 1 protein (EHD1) and anti-carbonic anhydrase IV (CAIV) antibodies were from Santz Cruz (Santz Cruz, CA). Mouse anti-LB-180 antibody was from Covance Research Products (Richmond, VA).</p> <title>Isolation of lamellar bodies from rat lung</title> <p>Lamellar bodies were isolated from rat lungs by upward flotation on a discontinuous sucrose gradient, as described by Chander et al. [##REF##6411126##10##] and Chattopadhyay et al. [##REF##12902340##11##]. The Oklahoma State University Animal Use and Care Committee approved all animal procedures used in this study. A perfused rat lung was homogenized in 1 M sucrose and loaded at the bottom of a sucrose gradient (0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5, 0.6, 0.7, and 0.8 M). After centrifugation at 80,000 × <italic>g </italic>for 3 hours, the lamellar body fraction was collected at the 0.4 and 0.5 M interface, and diluted to 0.24 M with cold water. Lamellar bodies were then spun down at 20,000 × <italic>g </italic>and resuspended in 0.24 M sucrose containing 10 mM Tris and 50 mM Hepes (pH 7.0). The protein concentration of lamellar bodies was determined by the RC-DC protein assay (Bio-Rad). We typically used 6 rats for the isolation of lamellar bodies, which yielded ~1 mg protein of lamellar bodies.</p> <title>One-dimensional SDS-PAGE</title> <p>Lamellar bodies (~100 μg protein) were directly lysed in 1 × SDS sample buffer and fractionated on 10% SDS-PAGE under reducing conditions. The gel was subjected to colloidal coomassie brilliant blue staining to visualize protein bands as described below.</p> <title>Two-dimensional gel electrophoresis</title> <p>Lamellar bodies (~500 μg protein) were processed by the ReadyPrep 2-D cleanup kit according to the manufacturer's protocol. The pellet was air-dried at room temperature and resuspended in an appropriate volume of 2-D rehydration/sample buffer (8 M Urea, 2% CHAPS, 50 mM DTT, 0.2% Bio-Lyte 3/10 ampolyte, and 0.002% bromophenol blue). The non-solubilized particulate matter was removed by brief centrifugation and the supernatant was stored at -80°C or used to passively hydrate 17 cm non-linear, pH 3–10, immobilized pH gradient strips (IPG) and isoelectric focusing was performed on a Protean IEF Cell (Bio-Rad). The IPG strips were equilibrated in equilibration buffers I (6 M urera, 0.375 M Tris, pH 8.8, 2% SDS, 20% glycerol. 2% (w/v) DTT) and II (6 M urera, 0.375 M Tris, pH 8.8, 2% SDS, 20% glycerol, 2.5% (w/v) iodoacetaminde) and loaded onto 8 – 16% gradient gel where the proteins were resolved in a secocd dimension gel electrophoresis. After SDS-PAGE, the gels were fixed with 40% ethanol and 10% acetic acid overnight, followed by washing with water twice for 10 min. The colloidal coomassie brilliant staining working solution was made by mixing 80% stock solution (0.1% coomassie brilliant blue G-250, 2% ortho-phosphoric acid, 10% ammonium sulfate) with 20% methanol. The gels were stained overnight and destained with 1% acetic acid until satisfactory destaining was achieved.</p> <title>MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry</title> <p>Acrylamide bands or spots were harvested, washed with ammonium bicarbonate and digested for 8 h with 8 μg/ml trypsin. Trypsonolysis products were extracted and analyzed by reflectron MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry (Applied Biosystems DE-Pro) using alpha-cyano-4-hydroxy cinnamic acid as a matrix. Spectra were calibrated to 100 ppm mass accuracy using a mix of 5 known peptides (m/z 904 to 2465) spotted proximal to each sample on the MALDI probes.</p> <title>Protein identification analysis</title> <p>Protein identification was carried out by searching the peptide spectra against the Mass Spectrometry protein sequence database (MSDB) using the Mascot web based search engine. The search parameters used were: taxonomy, <italic>Rattus</italic>; allow up to 1 missed cleavage; variable modifications, carbamidomethyl (C), oxidation (M), propionamide (C), and pyro-glu (N-term Q); mass value, MH+; allowed error, 100 ppm.</p> <title>Alveolar type II cell isolation</title> <p>Type II cells were isolated from male Sprague-Dawley rats (180–200 g) as previously described [##REF##8928828##14##]. Briefly, the perfused and lavaged lungs were digested with elastase (3 U/ml) at 37°C. The lung tissues were chopped and filtered through 160-, 37- and 15-μm mesh size nylon gauze. The cells were centrifuged, resuspended in culture medium and panned in a rat IgG-coated bacteriological plastic dish to remove alveolar macrophages. The unattached cells were collected. The resultant type II cells had a purity of &gt;90% and a viability of &gt;95%.</p> <title>Western blotting</title> <p>Lung tissue, freshly isolated type II cells and lamellar bodies (20 μg protein each) were fractionated on 10% SDS-PAGE and transferred to a nitrocellulose membrane. The membrane was blocked with 5% fat-free milk in Tris-buffered-saline with Tween 20 (TTBS, 20 mM Tris-HCl, pH 7.6, 150 mM NaCl and 0.1% Tween 20). The membrane was then incubated with appropriate primary antibodies (β-Actin, 1:2000; Annexin A2, 1:1000; Calreticulin, 1:1000; EHD1, 1:200; GDP-1, 1 μg/ml; Vimentin, 1:500) at 4°C overnight, and then with secondary antibody (1:2500) at room temperature for 1 h. Finally, the signal was developed with ECL reagents and exposed to X-ray film.</p> <title>Immunocytochemistry</title> <p>Type II cells were suspended in DMEM (supplemented with 10% FBS, non-essential amino acids and antibiotics) and cultured on glass cover slips overnight. Following culture, the cells were washed three times with ice-cold 50 mM phosphate buffered saline (PBS) and fixed in 4% paraformaldehyde at room temperature for 20 min. The cells were then permeablized with 0.5% Triton X-100 for 20 min at room temperature and then incubated with 10% fetal bovine serum to prevent non-specific binding of antibodies. The cells were subsequently incubated with polyclonal rabbit anti-EHD1 or anti-CAIV at 1:50 and mouse anti-LB-180 at 1:500 overnight at 4°C. After washing 3 times with PBS for 5 min each, the cells were incubated with alexa 488-conjugated goat anti-rabbit and Cy3-conjugated goat anti-mouse antibodies at a 1:250 dilution for 1 hour at room temperature. After washing 3 times with PBS, the cover slips were mounted onto glass slides. Anti-fade solution [60% (v/v) glycerol; 1.5% (w/v) n-propyl gallate in 50 mM PBS] was added to prevent fading before sealing the cover slips. Pictures were taken with a Nikon Eclipse E600 microscope (Nikon, Lewisville, TX). Negative controls were incubated with secondary antibodies only. Additional controls were included to eliminate the possibility of cross-reactivity among the antibodies (data not shown).</p>
<title>Results</title> <p>The method used to isolate lamellar bodies was based on the work of Chander et al. [##REF##6411126##10##] and is in routine use in our laboratory [##REF##12902340##11##, ####REF##16439800##12##, ##REF##17575076##13####17575076##13##]. The isolated lamellar body fraction consists of intact lamellar bodies and large amounts of concentric multilamellated membrane structures and contains no other organelles except for very low amounts of microsomes.</p> <p>One-dimensional sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) staining with colloidal Coomassie Brilliant Blue revealed more than 50 protein bands. Due to the complexity of protein components of lamellar bodies, we also performed two-dimensional PAGE to get better separation of the proteins. The two-dimensional gel electophoresis revealed more than 100 spots. Well-resolved protein bands or spots were harvested for peptide mass fingerprint analysis. Figs. ##FIG##0##1## and ##FIG##1##2## show some of the identified proteins from representive gels.</p> <p>To identify protein components in lamellar bodies, we utilized trypsinolytic fingerprinting, MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry and statistically scored database searching (Mascot<sup>®</sup>). Table ##TAB##0##1## lists the 44 proteins identified from the highly purified lamellar bodies. Listed for each protein include the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) accession number, the number of peptides matched and percent of sequence covered, the Mascot<sup>® </sup>Probability Based Mowse (PBM) score and the molecular mass. By applying each of these proteomics search criteria, the proteins were identified with great confidence.</p> <p>The functional classification was performed by a literature search in the Pubmed database. The functional categories include calcium-binding proteins, structural proteins, surfactant-related proteins, ion channels, membrane traffic, protein processing, signal transduction and miscellaneous proteins (Fig. ##FIG##2##3##).</p> <p>Based on the availability of antibodies, we selected several important proteins identified by trypsinolytic fingerprinting from each functional category and verified their identities by Western blotting and immunohistochemistry. Actin, Annexin A2, calreticulin, EH domain-containing 1 protein (EHD1), Rho-GDP dissociation inhibitor alpha (GDI-alpha) and vimentin were confirmed to be present in lung tissue and lamellar bodies as seen by Western blot (Fig. ##FIG##3##4##). Lamellar bodies contain more EHD1 than freshly isolated type II cell lysate. Only a small portion of GDI-alpha and actin were present in lamellar bodies, indicating these proteins were also localized elsewhere in type II cells. Annexin A2 and calreticulin existed in lamellar bodies and freshly isolated type II cell lysate in a similar amount. Vimentin was abundantly present in lamellar bodies, however undetectable in freshly isolated type II cells. The reason is unclear but could be due to the enrichment of this protein in lamellar bodies and the detection sensitivity. EHD1 along with the carbonic anhydrase IV (CAIV) protein were further investigated for their cellular localization in overnight-cultured type II cells because of their suitability for double-immunostaining. As seen in Fig. ##FIG##4##5##, both EHD1 and CAIV partially colocalized with the lamellar body marker, LB-180. The localization of these proteins at lamellar bodies further suggests their roles in lamellar body function.</p> <p>Since some of the proteins are developmentally regulated, we also determined the developmental profiles of two of the identified proteins (Fig. ##FIG##5##6##). The protein expression levels of EHD1 peaked postnatally. Calreticulin was expressed constantly throughout lung development.</p>
<title>Discussion and conclusion</title> <p>Although proteomic analyses have been performed on several secretory granules [##REF##17317658##7##, ####REF##16278343##8##, ##REF##15158736##9####15158736##9##], proteomic prolifes of lamellar bodies of alveolar type II cells have remained a mystery. Here, we have identified 44 proteins present in lamellar bodies by using one- and two dimensional electrophoresis and trypsinolytic fingerprinting. The identification of these proteins provides a basis for further studying their functions in lamellar body exocytosis and biogenesis.</p> <p>The proteins in lamellar bodies fell into diversified functional categories. Several calcium-binding proteins were identified, including the annexin family and calreticulin. There are some controversies as to which annexins are expressed in alveolar type II cells in literature. We previously showed that annexin A1, A2, A3, A6, but not A4 and A5 were present in rat alveolar type II cells as determined by immunoblotting [##REF##8928828##14##]. However, Sohma et al. were able to detect annexin A4 in type II cell lysate [##REF##7492310##15##]. Mayran et al. observed the presence of annexin A1, A4 and A6 in type II cells by using immunohistochemistry [##REF##8967522##16##]. The inconsistency is likely due to differences among the antibodies used in the respective experiments. Using the proteomic approach, we identified seven members of the annexin family, annexin A1-7, in lamellar bodies.</p> <p>Consistent with its representation in the lamellar body proteome, annexin A2 is important in various aspects of membrane trafficking [##REF##15928709##17##]. A series of studies from our laboratory support a role of annexin A2 in lung surfactant secretion. It mediates the fusion between lamellar bodies and the plasma membrane [##REF##12902340##11##,##REF##8928828##14##]. The silencing of annexin A2 by RNA interference inhibits regulated lung surfactant secretion [##UREF##1##18##]. Annexin A2 functions in lung surfactant secretion via its interaction with SNAP-23 [##REF##17575076##13##]. Disruption of lipid rafts, a platform organizing exocytotic proteins on a membrane, reduced annexin A2-mediated fusion of lamellar bodies with the plasma membrane [##REF##16439800##12##]. In addition to annexin A2, annexin A7 has also been proposed to be involved in regulating lung surfactant secretion [##REF##11290524##19##].</p> <p>We find that annexin A1, A5 and A6 are the components of the lamellar body proteome. Annexin A1 and A6 have been reported to play roles in endocytosis [##REF##11525635##20##,##REF##8885232##21##]. Annexin A5 was reported to be secreted from type II cells. Because its secretion was stimulated by phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate (PMA) and inhibited by SP-A, showing the same pattern as that of surfactant secretion [##REF##11530022##22##], annexin A5 may be released through lamellar bodies. Annexins play important roles in governing lamellar body exocytosis and endocytosis, membrane organization, membrane cytoskeleton linkage and ion conductance.</p> <p>Soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive fusion protein attachment protein receptors (SNAREs) are a conserved mechanism for membrane targeting, docking and fusion [##REF##11252968##23##]. We have previously shown that the plasma membrane SNAREs, syntaxin 2 and SNAP-23 and their co-factor, α-SNAP are essential for regulated surfactant secretion [##REF##12663329##24##,##REF##15035620##25##]. We have also detected the vesicle SNARE, VAMP-2 in lamellar bodies of type II cells using immunofluoresence [##REF##10632578##26##]. However, our proteomic analysis of lamellar bodies did not show the presence of VAMP-2. The possible reasons include its low abundance or loss during sample preparation and separation.</p> <p>We note that calreticulin is a component of the lamellar body proteome. Calreticulin is a calcium-binding protein for calcium storage in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) [##REF##1497605##27##]. It has also been reported to act as an important modulator of the regulation of gene transcription by nuclear hormone receptors [##REF##8107808##28##]. Consistent with its representation in our demonstration of the lamellar body proteome, lamellar bodies contain a high level of calcium, especially those in the apical area. It was reported that the exocytotic lamellar bodies contain significantly higher calcium compared to those in the perinuclear area [##REF##3364549##29##]. This suggests that this high content of calcium in lamellar bodies may be a supply for the increase in local calcium concentration during fusion events. Thus, our results indicate that calreticulin may be the main calcium-binding protein in lamellar bodies and may control the release of calcium ions during exocytosis.</p> <p>In agreement with the nature of lamellar bodies as discrete cytological structures, we identified several cytoskeletal proteins in lamellar bodies by proteomic analysis. These proteins include β-actin, myosin-9, tropomysin 1, moesin, cytokeratin 19 and vimentin. Cytoskeleton is composed of 3 filamentous structures: actin filaments, intermediate filaments and microtubes of myosin. It has been reported that actin [##REF##6688627##30##] and microtubules [##REF##2989240##31##] play a role in the transportation of lamellar bodies. The cortical cytoskeleton in type II cells undergoes disassembly and assembly after being stimulated with lung surfactant secretagogues [##REF##14607276##32##]. This process is regulated by annexin A2 and is essential for the lamellar body's access to the apical plasma membrane. Cytokertain 19 and vimentin are components of the intermediate filaments [##REF##11720744##33##]. Tropomysin 1 is a ~40 kDa ubiquitous protein that is associated with the actin filaments and regulates the functions of actin cytoskeleton [##REF##18195081##34##]. Moesin is a member of the ezrin/adixin/moesin family and plays a role in the linking of the plasma membrane and cytoskeleton [##REF##1924289##35##]. These proteins may also be involved in the movement of lamellar bodies.</p> <p>Among the major surfactant-related proteins described here, SP-A and SP-B are known components of lung surfactant. However, we did not detect SP-C. This is likely due to its loss during sample preparation and gel separation since SP-C is a hydrophobic and low molecular mass peptide. We also observed that several other proteins previously implicated in lamellar body biogenesis are in fact part of the lamellar body proteome. ATP-binding cassette transporter A3 (ABCA3) is a unique type II cell marker that was originally identified by a monoclonal antibody screen using lamellar body limited membrane [##REF##9688949##36##]. It transports lipids into lamellar bodies [##REF##16415354##37##]. ABCA3 mutations result in fatal neonatal lung diseases [##REF##17142158##38##]. Peroxiredoxin-6, which possesses both phospholipase A<sub>2 </sub>and peroxidase activity, is responsible for the degradation of the main recycled surfactant phospholipid, Dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (DPPC), in type II cells [##REF##16330552##39##]. Apolipoprotein A is the major apoprotein of high-density-lipoprotein (HDL) [##REF##17526499##40##]. The identification of apolipoproteins in lamellar bodies suggests that the cholesterol of surfactant may originate from HDL. Our findings suggest that these proteins are important components of lamellar bodies, thus demanding closer examination of their roles in lamellar body structure, function and regulation.</p> <p>Our results support the idea that lamellar bodies are lysosome-related organelles that retain some lysosome-like features. We note that several lysosome-like proteins are the components of lamellar bodies. Along with lysosome membrane protein II [##REF##14982840##41##], some proteases (Dipeptidyl peptidase IV) [##REF##1713445##42##] and protease inhibitors (Serpinh1 and alpha-1-antitrypsin precursor) [##REF##18205191##43##,##REF##8013628##44##] were identified, which suggests that lamellar bodies may not only store surfactant, but they may also play a role in surfactant processing. We also identified the vacuolar proton transporting ATPase (V-ATPase) subunit (H<sup>+</sup>-transporting two-sector ATPase alpha chain precursor). V-ATPases may pump protons into lamellar bodies to maintain the low pH inside lamellar bodies [##REF##3700387##4##,##REF##9277456##45##]., which is essential for surfactant processing [##REF##8662952##46##,##REF##8761482##47##] and calcium uptake [##REF##10741431##48##].</p> <p>Our analyses of the lamellar bodies also implicate novel proteins that may regulate lamellar body function. One is the EH domain-containing 1 protein (EHD1). The EH domain includes an EF-calcium-binding motif, a highly conserved ATP/GTP-binding domain and a central coiled-coil structure [##REF##10395801##49##]. It has been reported that EHD1 interacts with SNAP-29 and plays a role in the endocytosis of Insulin-like Growth Factor 1 (IGF1) receptors [##REF##11423532##50##]. Its role in the regulation of endocytic recycling has been further confirmed in other systems [##REF##15020713##51##]. While EHD1 has not been previously implicated in endocytosis of surfactant, our findings imply that EHD1 may have a role in lamellar body function.</p> <p>Our indentificatoin of GDI alpha as a major component of lamellar bodies suggest that it may be involved in the docking of lamellar bodies at the plasma membrane. Rab proteins are small GTP-binding proteins that play roles in vesicular trafficking of molecules between cellular organelles [##REF##11237004##52##]. They serve as functional switches for the GTP-GDP exchange reaction. Rab GDP dissociation inhibitors (GDIs) can reduce the rate of GDP dissociation from Rab proteins [##REF##7543319##53##]. Rab GDI alpha has been reported to bind Rab3A and modulates their activity and vesicle-mediated transport [##REF##9620768##54##]. Small GTP-binding proteins are associated with lamellar bodies [##REF##1540390##55##]. Rab3D only exists in subpopulations of lamellar bodies (~25% close to the apical membrane) [##REF##12933357##56##].</p> <p>Carbonic anhydrase (CA) is a zinc metalloenzyme, which reversibly catalyses the conversion of CO<sub>2 </sub>to HCO<sub>3 </sub>and a proton [##REF##17164835##57##]. They are predominantly involved in maintaining acid-base balance. CAII was present in both lung type I and type II cells [##REF##17690328##58##,##REF##7514010##59##]. CAIV were detected in alveolar capillary endothelium but not on large blood vessels [##REF##8279579##60##]. Our results indicated that CAIV was localized on the lamellar bodies of type II cells. Lamellar bodies maintain acidic interiors, which favor not only processing of SP-B and SP-C but also aggregation of surfactant lipids [##REF##8662952##46##,##REF##8761482##47##,##REF##1415726##61##]. Thus, the presence of CAIV on lamellar bodies might be one of the additional mechanisms in maintaining and regulating the acidic interiors.</p> <p>Our results document the first comprehensive proteome of the isolated rat lung lamellar bodies. However, lamellar bodies likely contain proteins that were not detected in our study due to their low abundance or due to individual molecular masses and isoelectric point values that hinder analysis by gel-based techniques. There may also be more proteins that we could not identify due to the incomplete nature of the <italic>Rattus </italic>sequence database. It is also noted that a few identified proteins have lower molecular masses than the calculated values. This is probably due to degradation or processing. Our initial characterization of the protein constituents of lamellar bodies provides a platform for further studying lamellar body biogenesis and surfactant secretion.</p>
<title>Discussion and conclusion</title> <p>Although proteomic analyses have been performed on several secretory granules [##REF##17317658##7##, ####REF##16278343##8##, ##REF##15158736##9####15158736##9##], proteomic prolifes of lamellar bodies of alveolar type II cells have remained a mystery. Here, we have identified 44 proteins present in lamellar bodies by using one- and two dimensional electrophoresis and trypsinolytic fingerprinting. The identification of these proteins provides a basis for further studying their functions in lamellar body exocytosis and biogenesis.</p> <p>The proteins in lamellar bodies fell into diversified functional categories. Several calcium-binding proteins were identified, including the annexin family and calreticulin. There are some controversies as to which annexins are expressed in alveolar type II cells in literature. We previously showed that annexin A1, A2, A3, A6, but not A4 and A5 were present in rat alveolar type II cells as determined by immunoblotting [##REF##8928828##14##]. However, Sohma et al. were able to detect annexin A4 in type II cell lysate [##REF##7492310##15##]. Mayran et al. observed the presence of annexin A1, A4 and A6 in type II cells by using immunohistochemistry [##REF##8967522##16##]. The inconsistency is likely due to differences among the antibodies used in the respective experiments. Using the proteomic approach, we identified seven members of the annexin family, annexin A1-7, in lamellar bodies.</p> <p>Consistent with its representation in the lamellar body proteome, annexin A2 is important in various aspects of membrane trafficking [##REF##15928709##17##]. A series of studies from our laboratory support a role of annexin A2 in lung surfactant secretion. It mediates the fusion between lamellar bodies and the plasma membrane [##REF##12902340##11##,##REF##8928828##14##]. The silencing of annexin A2 by RNA interference inhibits regulated lung surfactant secretion [##UREF##1##18##]. Annexin A2 functions in lung surfactant secretion via its interaction with SNAP-23 [##REF##17575076##13##]. Disruption of lipid rafts, a platform organizing exocytotic proteins on a membrane, reduced annexin A2-mediated fusion of lamellar bodies with the plasma membrane [##REF##16439800##12##]. In addition to annexin A2, annexin A7 has also been proposed to be involved in regulating lung surfactant secretion [##REF##11290524##19##].</p> <p>We find that annexin A1, A5 and A6 are the components of the lamellar body proteome. Annexin A1 and A6 have been reported to play roles in endocytosis [##REF##11525635##20##,##REF##8885232##21##]. Annexin A5 was reported to be secreted from type II cells. Because its secretion was stimulated by phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate (PMA) and inhibited by SP-A, showing the same pattern as that of surfactant secretion [##REF##11530022##22##], annexin A5 may be released through lamellar bodies. Annexins play important roles in governing lamellar body exocytosis and endocytosis, membrane organization, membrane cytoskeleton linkage and ion conductance.</p> <p>Soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive fusion protein attachment protein receptors (SNAREs) are a conserved mechanism for membrane targeting, docking and fusion [##REF##11252968##23##]. We have previously shown that the plasma membrane SNAREs, syntaxin 2 and SNAP-23 and their co-factor, α-SNAP are essential for regulated surfactant secretion [##REF##12663329##24##,##REF##15035620##25##]. We have also detected the vesicle SNARE, VAMP-2 in lamellar bodies of type II cells using immunofluoresence [##REF##10632578##26##]. However, our proteomic analysis of lamellar bodies did not show the presence of VAMP-2. The possible reasons include its low abundance or loss during sample preparation and separation.</p> <p>We note that calreticulin is a component of the lamellar body proteome. Calreticulin is a calcium-binding protein for calcium storage in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) [##REF##1497605##27##]. It has also been reported to act as an important modulator of the regulation of gene transcription by nuclear hormone receptors [##REF##8107808##28##]. Consistent with its representation in our demonstration of the lamellar body proteome, lamellar bodies contain a high level of calcium, especially those in the apical area. It was reported that the exocytotic lamellar bodies contain significantly higher calcium compared to those in the perinuclear area [##REF##3364549##29##]. This suggests that this high content of calcium in lamellar bodies may be a supply for the increase in local calcium concentration during fusion events. Thus, our results indicate that calreticulin may be the main calcium-binding protein in lamellar bodies and may control the release of calcium ions during exocytosis.</p> <p>In agreement with the nature of lamellar bodies as discrete cytological structures, we identified several cytoskeletal proteins in lamellar bodies by proteomic analysis. These proteins include β-actin, myosin-9, tropomysin 1, moesin, cytokeratin 19 and vimentin. Cytoskeleton is composed of 3 filamentous structures: actin filaments, intermediate filaments and microtubes of myosin. It has been reported that actin [##REF##6688627##30##] and microtubules [##REF##2989240##31##] play a role in the transportation of lamellar bodies. The cortical cytoskeleton in type II cells undergoes disassembly and assembly after being stimulated with lung surfactant secretagogues [##REF##14607276##32##]. This process is regulated by annexin A2 and is essential for the lamellar body's access to the apical plasma membrane. Cytokertain 19 and vimentin are components of the intermediate filaments [##REF##11720744##33##]. Tropomysin 1 is a ~40 kDa ubiquitous protein that is associated with the actin filaments and regulates the functions of actin cytoskeleton [##REF##18195081##34##]. Moesin is a member of the ezrin/adixin/moesin family and plays a role in the linking of the plasma membrane and cytoskeleton [##REF##1924289##35##]. These proteins may also be involved in the movement of lamellar bodies.</p> <p>Among the major surfactant-related proteins described here, SP-A and SP-B are known components of lung surfactant. However, we did not detect SP-C. This is likely due to its loss during sample preparation and gel separation since SP-C is a hydrophobic and low molecular mass peptide. We also observed that several other proteins previously implicated in lamellar body biogenesis are in fact part of the lamellar body proteome. ATP-binding cassette transporter A3 (ABCA3) is a unique type II cell marker that was originally identified by a monoclonal antibody screen using lamellar body limited membrane [##REF##9688949##36##]. It transports lipids into lamellar bodies [##REF##16415354##37##]. ABCA3 mutations result in fatal neonatal lung diseases [##REF##17142158##38##]. Peroxiredoxin-6, which possesses both phospholipase A<sub>2 </sub>and peroxidase activity, is responsible for the degradation of the main recycled surfactant phospholipid, Dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (DPPC), in type II cells [##REF##16330552##39##]. Apolipoprotein A is the major apoprotein of high-density-lipoprotein (HDL) [##REF##17526499##40##]. The identification of apolipoproteins in lamellar bodies suggests that the cholesterol of surfactant may originate from HDL. Our findings suggest that these proteins are important components of lamellar bodies, thus demanding closer examination of their roles in lamellar body structure, function and regulation.</p> <p>Our results support the idea that lamellar bodies are lysosome-related organelles that retain some lysosome-like features. We note that several lysosome-like proteins are the components of lamellar bodies. Along with lysosome membrane protein II [##REF##14982840##41##], some proteases (Dipeptidyl peptidase IV) [##REF##1713445##42##] and protease inhibitors (Serpinh1 and alpha-1-antitrypsin precursor) [##REF##18205191##43##,##REF##8013628##44##] were identified, which suggests that lamellar bodies may not only store surfactant, but they may also play a role in surfactant processing. We also identified the vacuolar proton transporting ATPase (V-ATPase) subunit (H<sup>+</sup>-transporting two-sector ATPase alpha chain precursor). V-ATPases may pump protons into lamellar bodies to maintain the low pH inside lamellar bodies [##REF##3700387##4##,##REF##9277456##45##]., which is essential for surfactant processing [##REF##8662952##46##,##REF##8761482##47##] and calcium uptake [##REF##10741431##48##].</p> <p>Our analyses of the lamellar bodies also implicate novel proteins that may regulate lamellar body function. One is the EH domain-containing 1 protein (EHD1). The EH domain includes an EF-calcium-binding motif, a highly conserved ATP/GTP-binding domain and a central coiled-coil structure [##REF##10395801##49##]. It has been reported that EHD1 interacts with SNAP-29 and plays a role in the endocytosis of Insulin-like Growth Factor 1 (IGF1) receptors [##REF##11423532##50##]. Its role in the regulation of endocytic recycling has been further confirmed in other systems [##REF##15020713##51##]. While EHD1 has not been previously implicated in endocytosis of surfactant, our findings imply that EHD1 may have a role in lamellar body function.</p> <p>Our indentificatoin of GDI alpha as a major component of lamellar bodies suggest that it may be involved in the docking of lamellar bodies at the plasma membrane. Rab proteins are small GTP-binding proteins that play roles in vesicular trafficking of molecules between cellular organelles [##REF##11237004##52##]. They serve as functional switches for the GTP-GDP exchange reaction. Rab GDP dissociation inhibitors (GDIs) can reduce the rate of GDP dissociation from Rab proteins [##REF##7543319##53##]. Rab GDI alpha has been reported to bind Rab3A and modulates their activity and vesicle-mediated transport [##REF##9620768##54##]. Small GTP-binding proteins are associated with lamellar bodies [##REF##1540390##55##]. Rab3D only exists in subpopulations of lamellar bodies (~25% close to the apical membrane) [##REF##12933357##56##].</p> <p>Carbonic anhydrase (CA) is a zinc metalloenzyme, which reversibly catalyses the conversion of CO<sub>2 </sub>to HCO<sub>3 </sub>and a proton [##REF##17164835##57##]. They are predominantly involved in maintaining acid-base balance. CAII was present in both lung type I and type II cells [##REF##17690328##58##,##REF##7514010##59##]. CAIV were detected in alveolar capillary endothelium but not on large blood vessels [##REF##8279579##60##]. Our results indicated that CAIV was localized on the lamellar bodies of type II cells. Lamellar bodies maintain acidic interiors, which favor not only processing of SP-B and SP-C but also aggregation of surfactant lipids [##REF##8662952##46##,##REF##8761482##47##,##REF##1415726##61##]. Thus, the presence of CAIV on lamellar bodies might be one of the additional mechanisms in maintaining and regulating the acidic interiors.</p> <p>Our results document the first comprehensive proteome of the isolated rat lung lamellar bodies. However, lamellar bodies likely contain proteins that were not detected in our study due to their low abundance or due to individual molecular masses and isoelectric point values that hinder analysis by gel-based techniques. There may also be more proteins that we could not identify due to the incomplete nature of the <italic>Rattus </italic>sequence database. It is also noted that a few identified proteins have lower molecular masses than the calculated values. This is probably due to degradation or processing. Our initial characterization of the protein constituents of lamellar bodies provides a platform for further studying lamellar body biogenesis and surfactant secretion.</p>
<p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0"/>), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</p> <title>Background</title> <p>Lamellar bodies are lysosome-related secretory granules and store lung surfactant in alveolar type II cells. To better understand the mechanisms of surfactant secretion, we carried out proteomic analyses of lamellar bodies isolated from rat lungs.</p> <title>Results</title> <p>With peptide mass fingerprinting by Matrix Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization – Time of Flight mass spectrometry, 44 proteins were identified with high confidence. These proteins fell into diverse functional categories: surfactant-related, membrane trafficking, calcium binding, signal transduction, cell structure, ion channels, protein processing and miscellaneous. Selected proteins were verified by Western blot and immunohistochemistry.</p> <title>Conclusion</title> <p>This proteomic profiling of lamellar bodies provides a basis for further investigations of functional roles of the identified proteins in lamellar body biogenesis and surfactant secretion.</p>
<title>Authors' contributions</title> <p>PW performed proteomic analysis and Western blot and drafted the manuscript. NRC performed immunostaining. JN performed part of Western blot analysis. NRC and SA participated in 2-D gel. SH participated in MALDI-TOF MS. LL conceived of the study, participated in its design and coordination and helped to draft the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.</p>
<title>Acknowledgements</title> <p>This work was supported by NIH R01 HL-052146, R01 HL071628 and R01 HL083188 (LL) and a seed grant from CVHS, OSU (WP). We thank Dr. Heidi Stricker for editorial assistance.</p>
<fig position="float" id="F1"><label>Figure 1</label><caption><p><bold>One-dimensional SDS-PAGE of lamellar body proteins</bold>. Lamellar bodies were isolated from perfused rat lungs as described in materials and methods. Approximately 100 μg of total protein were loaded on 10% Bis-Tris polyacrylamide gels. Protein bands were visualized by staining with Coomassie Brilliant Blue G-250.</p></caption></fig> <fig position="float" id="F2"><label>Figure 2</label><caption><p><bold>Two-dimensional SDS-PAGE of lamellar body proteins</bold>. Isolated lamellar bodies (500 μg of protein) were analyzed by 2-D polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Protein spots were visualized by staining with Coomassie Brilliant Blue G-250. Isoelectric points (pI) and molecular masses are shown on the top and the left of the panel, respectively.</p></caption></fig> <fig position="float" id="F3"><label>Figure 3</label><caption><p><bold>Pie chart showing the functional classifications</bold>. The 44 identified proteins were categorized into 8 different functional categories. The pie chart represents the percentage of identified proteins under each category. The percentages are shown within the pie chart.</p></caption></fig> <fig position="float" id="F4"><label>Figure 4</label><caption><p><bold>Western blotting of selected proteins identified in lamellar bodies</bold>. Lung tissue homogenate (LH), freshly isolated type II cells (T<sub>2</sub>), and lamellar body fraction (LB) were lysed and 20 μg of total protein were separated by 10% SDS-PAGE and probed with corresponding antibodies.</p></caption></fig> <fig position="float" id="F5"><label>Figure 5</label><caption><p><bold>Immunolocalization of selected proteins identified in lamellar bodies</bold>. Type II cells were cultured overnight on glass cover slips. The cells were fixed and subjected to double-labeling with antibodies against EHD1 or CAIV and LB-180 proteins. Shown are the representative images indicating the co-localization of EHD1 or CAIV with the LB-180 protein.</p></caption></fig> <fig position="float" id="F6"><label>Figure 6</label><caption><p><bold>Developmental profiles of EHD1 and calreticulin in the lung</bold>. Tissues were collected from fetal lungs with gestational days 18, 19, and 21 (E18, E19, E21) and the lungs from newborn (NB), postnatal day 14 (P14) and adult (AD) rats. The protein levels of EHD1 and calreticulin were determined by Western blot. The β-actin was used as a loading control.</p></caption></fig>
<table-wrap position="float" id="T1"><label>Table 1</label><caption><p>Proteins identified in lamellar bodies with MALDI-TOF MS</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><td align="left">Protein identified</td><td align="center">NCBI accession #</td><td align="center">Peptide matched</td><td align="center">Sequence covered %</td><td align="center">Mascot Score</td><td align="center">Molecular mass</td></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left"><bold>Ca<sup>2+</sup>-binding proteins</bold></td><td/><td/><td/><td/><td/></tr><tr><td align="left">Annexin A1</td><td align="center">P07150</td><td align="center">16</td><td align="center">42</td><td align="center">137</td><td align="center">38674</td></tr><tr><td align="left">Annexin A2</td><td align="center">Q07936</td><td align="center">16</td><td align="center">49</td><td align="center">129</td><td align="center">38523</td></tr><tr><td align="left">Annexin A3</td><td align="center">LURT3</td><td align="center">15</td><td align="center">45</td><td align="center">148</td><td align="center">36341</td></tr><tr><td align="left">Annexin A4</td><td align="center">Q5U362</td><td align="center">14</td><td align="center">42</td><td align="center">140</td><td align="center">35871</td></tr><tr><td align="left">Annexin A5</td><td align="center">P14668</td><td align="center">18</td><td align="center">52</td><td align="center">156</td><td align="center">35591</td></tr><tr><td align="left">Annexin A6</td><td align="center">P48037</td><td align="center">14</td><td align="center">20</td><td align="center">66</td><td align="center">75575</td></tr><tr><td align="left">Annexin A7</td><td align="center">Q6IRJ7</td><td align="center">8</td><td align="center">17</td><td align="center">57</td><td align="center">49987</td></tr><tr><td align="left">Calreticulin precursor</td><td align="center">AAH62395</td><td align="center">12</td><td align="center">24</td><td align="center">119</td><td align="center">47966</td></tr><tr><td/><td/><td/><td/><td/><td/></tr><tr><td align="left"><bold>Structural proteins</bold></td><td/><td/><td/><td/><td/></tr><tr><td align="left">Actin-beta</td><td align="center">ATRTC</td><td align="center">10</td><td align="center">31</td><td align="center">97</td><td align="center">41724</td></tr><tr><td align="left">Vimentin</td><td align="center">P31000</td><td align="center">20</td><td align="center">38</td><td align="center">119</td><td align="center">53569</td></tr><tr><td align="left">Myosin-9 (Nonmuscle myosin heavy chain IIa)</td><td align="center">Q62812</td><td align="center">47</td><td align="center">24</td><td align="center">143</td><td align="center">226066</td></tr><tr><td align="left">Tropomyosin 1</td><td align="center">AAA42289</td><td align="center">10</td><td align="center">32</td><td align="center">60</td><td align="center">32938</td></tr><tr><td align="left">Moesin (Membrane-organizing extension spike protein)</td><td align="center">O35763</td><td align="center">16</td><td align="center">20</td><td align="center">64</td><td align="center">67566</td></tr><tr><td align="left">Cytokeratin 19</td><td align="center">AAR36876</td><td align="center">15</td><td align="center">38</td><td align="center">108</td><td align="center">44609</td></tr><tr><td/><td/><td/><td/><td/><td/></tr><tr><td align="left"><bold>Surfactant-related proteins</bold></td><td/><td/><td/><td/><td/></tr><tr><td align="left">Surfactant protein A precursor</td><td align="center">P08427</td><td align="center">10</td><td align="center">43</td><td align="center">63</td><td align="center">26272</td></tr><tr><td align="left">Surfactant protein B</td><td align="center">Q6IN44</td><td align="center">7</td><td align="center">19</td><td align="center">62</td><td align="center">41590</td></tr><tr><td align="left">ABCA3</td><td align="center">AAH88202</td><td align="center">7</td><td/><td align="center">160</td><td align="center">240735</td></tr><tr><td align="left">Peroxiredoxin-6</td><td align="center">NP_446028</td><td align="center">8</td><td align="center">33</td><td align="center">78</td><td align="center">24672</td></tr><tr><td align="left">Apolipoprotein A-I precursor</td><td align="center">AAH89820</td><td align="center">10</td><td align="center">35</td><td align="center">84</td><td align="center">30043</td></tr><tr><td align="left">Apolipoprotein A-IV</td><td align="center">AAH91159</td><td align="center">16</td><td align="center">39</td><td align="center">122</td><td align="center">44429</td></tr><tr><td align="left">Lysosome membrane protein II</td><td align="center">P27615</td><td align="center">8</td><td align="center">16</td><td align="center">52</td><td align="center">53925</td></tr><tr><td/><td/><td/><td/><td/><td/></tr><tr><td align="left"><bold>Ion channels</bold></td><td/><td/><td/><td/><td/></tr><tr><td align="left">H<sup>+</sup>-transporting two-sector ATPase alpha chain precursor</td><td align="center">J05266</td><td align="center">12</td><td align="center">29</td><td align="center">57</td><td align="center">58790</td></tr><tr><td align="left">F1-ATPase beta chain</td><td align="center">1MABB</td><td align="center">10</td><td align="center">32</td><td align="center">83</td><td align="center">49043</td></tr><tr><td align="left">Unnamed protein product</td><td align="center">CAF05438</td><td align="center">20</td><td align="center">14</td><td align="center">113</td><td align="center">146309</td></tr><tr><td/><td/><td/><td/><td/><td/></tr><tr><td align="left"><bold>Membrane traffic</bold></td><td/><td/><td/><td/><td/></tr><tr><td align="left">EHD1</td><td align="center">AAH82030</td><td align="center">11</td><td align="center">20</td><td align="center">65</td><td align="center">60565</td></tr><tr><td/><td/><td/><td/><td/><td/></tr><tr><td align="left"><bold>Protein processing</bold></td><td/><td/><td/><td/><td/></tr><tr><td align="left">Serpinh1 protein</td><td align="center">Q5RJR9</td><td align="center">7</td><td align="center">18</td><td align="center">56</td><td align="center">46532</td></tr><tr><td align="left">Dipeptidyl peptidase IV membrane-bound form precursor</td><td align="center">A39914</td><td align="center">15</td><td align="center">20</td><td align="center">85</td><td align="center">90869</td></tr><tr><td align="left">Alpha-1-antitrypsin precursor</td><td align="center">AAA40788</td><td align="center">10</td><td align="center">24</td><td align="center">87</td><td align="center">45807</td></tr><tr><td/><td/><td/><td/><td/><td/></tr><tr><td align="left"><bold>Signal transduction</bold></td><td/><td/><td/><td/><td/></tr><tr><td align="left">Mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 1 interacting protein 1</td><td align="center">AAH86353</td><td align="center">6</td><td align="center">57</td><td align="center">65</td><td align="center">13571</td></tr><tr><td align="left">Rho GDP dissociation inhibitor (GDI) alpha</td><td align="center">Q5XI73</td><td align="center">7</td><td align="center">36</td><td align="center">90</td><td align="center">23393</td></tr><tr><td align="left">Rho-associated kinase beta</td><td align="center">AAB37571</td><td align="center">24</td><td align="center">18</td><td align="center">71</td><td align="center">159527</td></tr><tr><td/><td/><td/><td/><td/><td/></tr><tr><td align="left"><bold>Miscellaneous proteins</bold></td><td/><td/><td/><td/><td/></tr><tr><td align="left">Albumin precursor</td><td align="center">P02770</td><td align="center">17</td><td align="center">30</td><td align="center">128</td><td align="center">68674</td></tr><tr><td align="left">Poly-ubiquitin</td><td align="center">Q63654</td><td align="center">5</td><td align="center">44</td><td align="center">82</td><td align="center">11234</td></tr><tr><td align="left">Complement C3 precursor</td><td align="center">625256</td><td align="center">13</td><td align="center">7</td><td align="center">61</td><td align="center">186342</td></tr><tr><td align="left">Heme-binding 23 K protein (HBP23)</td><td align="center">1QQ2A</td><td align="center">7</td><td align="center">28</td><td align="center">58</td><td align="center">22095</td></tr><tr><td align="left">Putative alpha (1,3) fucosyltransferase</td><td align="center">CAC81972</td><td align="center">10</td><td align="center">19</td><td align="center">59</td><td align="center">42931</td></tr><tr><td align="left">Periaxin</td><td align="center">I58157</td><td align="center">19</td><td align="center">13</td><td align="center">102</td><td align="center">146948</td></tr><tr><td align="left">Carbonic anhydrase IV</td><td align="center">AAH97329</td><td align="center">10</td><td align="center">25</td><td align="center">72</td><td align="center">35054</td></tr><tr><td align="left">Heat shock 70 kDa protein 5</td><td align="center">AAH62017</td><td align="center">19</td><td align="center">33</td><td align="center">95</td><td align="center">72302</td></tr><tr><td align="left">Protein disulfide isomerase associated 3</td><td align="center">AAH62393</td><td align="center">16</td><td align="center">32</td><td align="center">95</td><td align="center">56588</td></tr><tr><td align="left">Transferrin</td><td align="center">AAP97736</td><td align="center">14</td><td align="center">19</td><td align="center">80</td><td align="center">76346</td></tr><tr><td align="left">Ferroxidase precursor</td><td align="center">A35210</td><td align="center">11</td><td align="center">9</td><td align="center">122</td><td align="center">120588</td></tr><tr><td align="left">RSB-11-77 protein</td><td align="center">NP_872610</td><td align="center">12</td><td align="center">28</td><td align="center">75</td><td align="center">42058</td></tr><tr><td align="left">Cytochrome b5</td><td align="center">AAB67609</td><td align="center">13</td><td align="center">27</td><td align="center">78</td><td align="center">11400</td></tr></tbody></table></table-wrap>
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[{"surname": ["Hallman", "Glumoff", "Ramet"], "given-names": ["M", "V", "M"], "article-title": ["Surfactant in respiratory distress syndrome and lung injury"], "source": ["Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2001 May ;129 (1 ):287 -94"], "volume": ["129"], "fpage": ["287"], "lpage": ["294"], "pub-id": ["10.1016/S1095-6433(01)00324-5"]}, {"surname": ["Gou", "Wang", "Jin", "Liu"], "given-names": ["D", "P", "N", "L"], "article-title": ["Silencing of annexin II in primary culture of alveolar epithelial type II cells"], "source": ["Annexins"], "year": ["2004"], "volume": ["1"], "fpage": ["31"], "lpage": ["36"]}]
BMC Cell Biol. 2008 Jun 24; 9:34