<title>1. INTRODUCTION</title> <p>The innate immunity
is the first barrier in the protection against ocular infections. The Toll-like receptors (TLRs), that belong to
pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) family, have been the molecules involved
in the recognition of pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) that lead to
ocular inflammatory process. Nevertheless, other PRRs such as Nod-like receptor
(NLR) could also be participating in this phenomenon. The human genome database
reveals that NLR family consist of at least 22 genes. Alternative names for
this family include CATERPILLER, NOD, and NOD-LRR. The NLRs have three
structural domains, LRR domain (carboxy-terminal), an intermediary NACHT (NBS; NOD) domain, and
an effector domain (amino-terminal), which can be a pyrin domain (PYD), a
caspase recruitment domain (CARD), or a baculovirus inhibitor of apoptosis
protein repeat (BIR) domain [##UREF##0##1##].</p> <p>Based on the phylogenetic history
of NACHT domain (which is only present in NLR), and on the particular type of
effector domain, the 22 NLR family members can be classified in two large
subfamilies: the NODs (NLR family, CARD domain containing) also called NLRCs, and
the NALPs (NLR family, pyrin domain containing) also called NLRPs. Through
genomic database searches, 14 NALPs members have been identified in the human
genome [##UREF##0##1##, ##REF##17110941##2##]. As NALPs have been recently discovered, the participation of these molecules in the ocular
inflammation remains unknown.</p> <p>One well-established feature of NALPs is their ability to interact with apoptosis-associated
speck-like protein (ASC) through a PYD-PYD interaction. ASC encodes a
22-kDa protein that contains a carboxy-terminal CARD and an amino-terminal PYD,
suiting as an adaptor molecule between PYD- and CARD-containing proteins. An interaction between ASC and NALPs was
shown initially for NALP1 (Nlrp1/DEFCAP/NAC/CARD7) and subsequently also found
for NALP2 and NALP3 (Nlrp3/PYPAF1/Cryopyrin/CIAS1). The PYD of ASC interacts
with the PYD of several NALPs, whereas ASC's CARD recruits the CARD of
procaspase-1 for its activation [##REF##11250163##3##, ##REF##11967258##4##]. The active
caspase-1 was found to be required for the production of active IL-1<italic>β</italic> and IL-18
in activated macrophages and monocytes [##REF##1574116##5##]. When NALP and ASC interact with activate
caspase-1 or caspase-5, they create an intracellular complex termed inflammosome
[##UREF##0##1##, ##REF##17110941##2##].</p> <p>More than one type of
inflammasomes have been identified up to date. NALP1-inflammasome is composed
of NALP1, ASC, caspase-1, and caspase-5, whereas the NALP2/3-inflammasomes
contain NALP2 or NALP3, ASC and caspase-1. A fourth inflammasome is composed of IPAF, ASC,
and caspase-1 [##UREF##0##1##, ##REF##17110941##2##]. NALP12 does
not form inflammasome complex but it participate in inflammation as a negative regulator
interfering with IRAK-1 function, resulting in the repression of TLR signalling
[##REF##16203735##6##].</p> <p>LPS-induced ocular inflammation is
a model to study molecular mechanisms involved in murine uveitis, where the
expression of proinflammatory cytokines such as IL-1<italic>β</italic>, TNF<italic>α</italic>, and IL-6 is present [##REF##8125721##7##]. We suggest that an inflammasome
complex could be participating in the murine LPS-induced ocular inflammation.
In this work, mRNA expression of NALP1b, NALP3, NALP12, ASC, caspase-1, IL-6,
TNF<italic>α</italic>, IL-18, and IL-1<italic>β</italic> in the eye of mice treated with LPS was studied.</p>
<title>2. MATERIALS AND METHODS</title> <title>2.1. Mouse strain</title> <p>C3H/HeN mice (Harlan, Mexico City, Mexico) susceptible to ocular inflammation by endotoxin were used. All
mice were healthy, 6–8 weeks old, and
did not present any ophthalmologic alteration. All mice were maintained in
aseptic conditions during the treatment.</p> <p>The experimental protocols were performed in accordance to the Instituto
Politécnico Nacional statements for the use of animals in research.</p> <title>2.2. LPS-induced ocular inflammation</title> <p>To generate LPS-induced ocular inflammation, C3H/HeN
mice received a footpad injection of 200 <italic>μ</italic>g of <italic>Escherichia coli</italic> K-235 LPS (Sigma Chemical Company, Mo, USA) in 50 <italic>μ</italic>L of phosphate-buffered
saline solution (PBS). The mice were killed by cervical dislocation at 3, 6,
12, 24, and 48 hours posttreatment and the eye, brain, testis, heart, spleen, and
lung were obtained from each mouse. As control, five mice received a footpad
injection of 50 <italic>μ</italic>L sterile PBS and killed
after 48 hours. Groups of 5 treated mice were included in each time of
treatment. From each mouse, one eye was fixed in formaldehyde for histology
analysis and the other one was treated with Trizol (Invitro, Carlsbad, Calif, USA) reagent for RT-PCR analysis.</p> <title>2.3. Histological analysis</title> <p>To verify if infiltration of
leukocytes in the eyes of treated mice occurred, fixation of the whole eye in buffered formaldehyde
(3.5 g NaH<sub>2</sub>PO<sub>4</sub> anhydrous, 6.5 g NaH<sub>2</sub>PO<sub>4</sub>, and 40% formaldehyde) was carried out and embedded in paraffin. Sections
of 3 <italic>μ</italic>m slides were stained
with haematoxylin-eosin. For quantification of infiltrated cells, the observed cells
per field of view (40X) were counted, and the mean value was reported.</p> <title>2.4. Immunohistochemical analysis</title> <p>The immunohistochemical
analysis was developed in 3.0 <italic>μ</italic>m sections of ocular and testis tissues fixed
with buffered formaldehyde. Rabbit polyclonal IgG antimouse IL-1<italic>β</italic> (Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Santa Cruz, Calif, USA)
and irrelevant rabbit IgG (Santa Cruz Biotechnology) were used to assess
expression of the proteins, followed by a secondary biotinylated antibody and
streptavidin/peroxidase complex (LSAB+ Kit peroxidase, Dako Cytomation,
Carpinteria, Calif, USA), and visualized with TACS-Blue Label (R&amp;D System, Minn, USA) as chromogen and counterstained with
Nuclear Fast Red counterstain
(Sigma-Aldrich, Mo, USA).</p> <title>2.5. RNA isolation and RT-PCR analysis</title> <p>All studied organs were
thoroughly washed in D-PBS to eliminate blood. Total RNA extraction was
performed with TRIzol reagent and treated with DNAse I free of RNAse. For reverse
transcriptase (RT) reaction, total RNA (3 <italic>μ</italic>g) and 0.5 <italic>μ</italic>g of oligo-(dT)<sub>15-18</sub> (Invitrogen) were denatured at 70°C for 10 minutes, and 1X single strand buffer, 0.5 mM DTT, 500 <italic>μ</italic>M of each
dNTPs, and 200U of MMLV reverse transcriptase (Invitrogen, Ohio, USA)
were added. The RT reactions were performed at 42°C for 1 hour. The PCR
reactions were prepared with 1 <italic>μ</italic>L of the cDNA, 1X buffer, 1 mM MgCl<sub>2</sub>, 200 <italic>μ</italic>M
of each dNTPs, 1U of TaqDNA polymerase, and 0.2 <italic>μ</italic>M of each NALPs, ASC, caspase-1,
IL-1<italic>β</italic>, IL-18, and <italic>β</italic>-actin primers (see ##TAB##0##Table 1##). Optimal PCR
conditions were 30 cycles of 92°C 30 seconds, 60°C 30 seconds, and 72°C 30 seconds.</p> <p>To semiquantitate PCR products,
the intensity of the amplified bands was analyzed with the AlphaImager software.
Band intensities were normalized with the corresponding <italic>β</italic>-actin signal, and relations NALPs/<italic>β</italic>-actin, ASC/<italic>β</italic>-actin, caspase-1/<italic>β</italic>-actin, and interleukines/<italic>β</italic>-actin were calculated. The results were analyzed by Kruskal-Wallis and Turkey statistical tests.</p>
<title>3. RESULTS</title> <title>3.1. Analysis of ocular inflammation in mice treated with LPS</title> <p>Histological and molecular analyses were done to
evaluate the ocular inflammation of mice treated with LPS, therefore leukocytes
infiltrated in the anterior chamber and proinflammatory cytokines expression
were determinated. In the eyes of LPS-treated mice, there were leukocytes
infiltrated in the anterior chamber from 3 to 48 hours of treatment (see ##FIG##0##Figure 1##(a)) and at 12 hours the mean value of infiltrated leukocytes was the
highest (ten cells per field; <italic>P</italic> &lt; .05; see ##FIG##0##Figure 1##(b)).</p> <p>To confirm ocular inflammation in
the eye of treated mice, the mRNA expression of the proinflammatory cytokines
IL-6 and TNF<italic>α</italic> was determined. IL-6 mRNA was highly expressed in LPS-treated
mice and semiquantitative analysis showed a significant increase of IL-6 at 3,
6, and 12 hours posttreatment (see ##FIG##0##Figure 1##(c)). In treated mice, the highest
expression of TNF<italic>α</italic> mRNA was observed at 12 hours (see ##FIG##0##Figure 1##(c)). At
this time, it was also observed that the infiltrated leukocytes were producing
and secreting IL-1<italic>β</italic> (see ##FIG##0##Figure 1##(d)). These results demonstrate that
LPS induced ocular inflammation.</p> <title>3.2. Expression analysis of NALP1b and NALP3 in mice treated with LPS</title> <p>To analyse the type of
inflammasome complex present in the eye of treated mice, expression of NALP1b and
NALP3 was determined. NALP1b mRNA was not found, neither in the eye of the treated
mice, nor in controls (see ##FIG##1##Figure 2##). In contrast, NALP3 expression was detected
in the eye of treated mice, and its highest expression was observed at 12 hours
posttreatment (<italic>P</italic> &lt; .05; see ##FIG##1##Figure 2##). These results demonstrate that
there is a differential expression of NALP1b and NALP3 in the LPS-induced
ocular inflammation.</p> <p>In the other studied organs, NALP3
mRNA was detected in heart (from 3 hours posttreatment) and lung (from 6 hours
posttreatment) but not in testis, brain, and spleen (see ##FIG##2##Figure 3##). Although
the highest NALP3 expression occurred in the eye at 12 hours posttreatment, NALP3
arose earlier in heart and lung (3 and 6 hours, resp.).</p> <title>3.3. Expression analysis of ASC, caspase-1, IL-1<italic>β</italic>, and IL-18 in the eye of LPS-treated mice</title> <p>As NALP3 expression occurred in the
eye, and as an increase of its expression was induced by LPS, the expression of
the other inflammasome components (ASC, caspase-1, IL-1<italic>β</italic>, and IL-18) in this organ was determined. The ASC mRNA
expression was observed in both nontreated and treated mice but the highest
expression was found at 12 hours posttreatment (see ##FIG##3##Figure 4##). The expression
of caspase-1 was gradually increased from 3 hours, and at 12 hours it showed
its highest expression (see ##FIG##3##Figure 4##). The expression of IL-1<italic>β</italic> was upregulated from 3 hours posttreatment, and its
highest expression happened at 12 hours posttreatment as occurred with the
protein (see Figures ##FIG##3##4## and ##FIG##0##1##(d)). Similar
results were observed for the IL-18 expression (see ##FIG##3##Figure 4##).</p> <title>3.4. Expression of NALP12 (Monarch 1) and NALP5 in the eye LPS-treated mice</title> <p>As NALP12 (Monarch 1) is a molecule that can negatively regulate the inflammasome
complex, the participation of this molecule in the LPS-induced ocular inflammation
was investigated. A slight induction in the expression of NALP12 due to LPS-treatment was observed at 12 and 24 hours,
but without statistical relevance (<italic>P</italic> &gt; .05; 
see ##FIG##4##Figure 5(a)##).</p> <p>To assess if the LPS treatment can also modify the expression of other NALPs that
are not involved in the inflammasome complex, such as NALP5, the expression of
this molecule was determinated. The eye of untreated mice did not express NALP5,
and the LPS induced slight expression of it at 12 hours posttreatment, but again
without statistical relevance (<italic>P</italic> &gt; .05; 
see ##FIG##4##Figure 5(b)##).</p>
<title>4. DISCUSSION</title> <p>In this work, we
observed that LPS induced the mRNA expression of IL-1<italic>β</italic>, IL-6, TNF-<italic>α</italic>, and IL-18 as well as the secretion of IL-1<italic>β</italic> by the leukocyte infiltration in the anterior
chamber of the eye, confirming an ocular inflammation process. Therefore, we searched
if the expression of NALP3, NALP1b, ASC, and caspase-1 correlates with the expression of IL-1<italic>β</italic> and IL-18 in 
the LPS-induced ocular inflammation model.</p> <p>NALP3 forms a multiprotein complex called “inflammasome,” which contains ASC and
caspase-1, and this complex promotes caspase-1 activation and consequently the processing
of pro-IL-1<italic>β</italic> and IL-18 in macrophages cultures [##REF##17110941##2##]. We found that
the NALP3 mRNA expression was increased in the eye of mice treated with LPS at 12 hours.
The expression of NALP1b was found neither in treated nor in control mice, suggesting that the NALP3-inflammosome
complex, but not the NALP1b-inflammosome
complex, could be associated with the LPS-induced ocular inflammation. The NALP3 expression has been documented predominantly in
monocytes, granulocytes, and chondrocytes [##REF##12355493##8##]. The murine NALP3 mRNA expression was found initially in peripheral blood
leukocytes, consistent with the postulation of an inflammatory function. NALP3 has also been detected in the eye and skin of healthy
mouse [##REF##15302403##9##]. Nevertheless, this is the first report that shows the increase of
the NALP3 expression in the LPS-induced ocular
inflammation. It is important to highlight that the overexpression of NALP3 correlated with the time leukocytes was found infiltrated
producing IL-1<italic>β</italic>. In vitro studies have
demonstrated that primary human monocytes stimulated with LTA, LPS, or
poly(I:C) elicited a robust induction of NALP3 expression [##REF##14662828##10##]. With
our results, we show that LPS can induce in
vivo the expression of NALP3 in the eye.</p> <p>This is also the
first report that shows that LPS induces the expression of NALP3 in
heart and lung but not in spleen, nevertheless it has been reported that NALP3 is not expressed in lymphoid and skin tissues of healthy
mouse [##REF##17164409##11##] but that NALP1 does. Chu et al.
reported that NALP1 mRNA is expressed in healthy
organs, such as heart, thymus, spleen, kidney, liver, lung, and peripheral
blood lymphocytes [##REF##11113115##12##]; we are reporting that NALP1 is not expressed in the eye of healthy mice, but even
after treatment with LPS it remains absent.</p> <p>We found that the
expression of NALP3 in the eye is delayed respect heart's and lung's. About it,
we suggest that the hemato-ocular barrier that could delay the LPS arrival to
the ocular tissues interfering in the time NALP3 is induced. The early expression of NALP3
in heart and lung could contribute to the effect of septic shock by LPS.</p> <p>NALP3-deficient mice have been generated to investigate the role of NALP3 in inflammatory responses to pathogen-derived molecules. 
NALP3-deficient macrophages do not produce active IL-1<italic>β</italic> in response to LPS, Pam3 CSK4 (TLR2 agonists), <italic>Staphylococcus 
aureus, Listeria monocytogenes</italic> [##REF##16407890##13##], bacterial RNA, and the imidazoquinoline 
compounds R837 and R848 (TLR7 and TLR8 agonists) [##REF##16407888##14##]. Nevertheless, NALP3-deficient
macrophages, but not the IPAF-deficient macrophages, can produce IL-1<italic>β</italic> when stimulated with <italic>Salmonella</italic>. On 
the other hand, ASC-deficient macrophages do not
produce IL-1<italic>β</italic> with any of the TLR agonists and cited bacteria.
These results indicate that the adaptor ASC is the principal molecule for both NALP-
and IPAF-inflammasome complexes [##REF##11967258##4##, ##REF##15190255##15##]. ASC is abundantly expressed in
epithelial cells, leukocytes, hair follicles, and peripheral blood lymphocytes [##REF##11561011##16##],
and in neutrophils located in severe inflammatory sites [##REF##12054656##17##]. In the eye, we found that ASC is expressed,
and that the LPS can increase its expression.</p> <p>Caspase-1 is another
component of the inflammasome complex useful for the activation of IL-1<italic>β</italic>. Caspase-1-deficient mice carry a defect in the
production of mature IL-1<italic>β</italic> after stimulation with LPS. Furthermore, these
mice are resistant to endotoxic shock [##REF##7859282##18##]. Bacterial RNA can also induce the
activation of caspase-1 trough NALP3 [##REF##16407888##14##]. We found that caspase-1 was
increased in the eyes of the mice treated with LPS at the same time when NALP3, ASC, IL-1<italic>β</italic>, and IL-18 showed their highest expression (at 12
hours). These results suggest that the high expression of NALP3,
caspase-1, ASC, IL-1<italic>β</italic>, and IL-18 could be participating in the murine
LPS-induced ocular inflammation.</p> <p>In this report, we also analyzed
the NALP12 expression in LPS-induced ocular inflammation. Although a slight
increase in the expression of NALP12 in the eyes of treated mice was detected,
statistically it was not relevant. This suggests that this molecule does not
participate in the regulation of the LPS-induced ocular inflammation as occurs in
monocytes and granulocytes stimulated with TNF<italic>α</italic> and other TLRs ligands [##REF##16203735##6##].</p> <p>NALP5 has not been involved in
the inflammasome complex, but it has been related to reproduction because it has
been detected in oocytes [##REF##16339045##19##, ##REF##16412219##20##]. So far,
there are no reports about the expression of NALP5 in the eye. Although we did
not find NALP5 expressed in the eye of the control mice, we found it barely detectable in some
eyes of treated mice.</p> <p>In summary, these results
suggest that LPS induced a significant expression of NALP3-inflammasomme
complex in the endotoxin-induced ocular inflammation.</p>
<p>Recommended by Yvette Mándi</p> <p>In the inflammosome complex, NALP3 or NALP1 binds to ASC and activates caspase-1 which induces IL-1<italic>β</italic>. In murine LPS-induced ocular inflammation, the production of IL-1<italic>β</italic> is increased. We suggest that NALP3- or NALP1-inflammasome complex can be participating in the LPS-induced ocular inflammation. In this work, eye, brain, testis, heart, spleen, and lung were obtained from C3H/HeN mice treated with LPS for 3 to 48 hours, and the expression of NALP1b, NALP3, ASC, caspase-1, IL-1<italic>β</italic>, and IL-18 was determined. Infiltrated leukocytes producing IL-1<italic>β</italic> in the anterior chamber were found at 12-hour posttreatment. A high upregulated expression of NALP3, ASC, caspase-1, IL-1<italic>β</italic>, and IL-18 was found at the same time when infiltrated leukocytes were observed. NALP1b was not detected in the eye of treated mice. NALP3 was also overexpressed in heart and lung. These results suggest that NALP3-, but not NALP1-inflammosome complex, is participating in the murine LPS-induced ocular inflammation.</p>
<title>ACKNOWLEDGMENTS</title> <p>This work was supported by CONACYT (Grant 47424). J.
F. Gonzáles-Benítez and M. A. Juárez-Verdayes received doctoral scholarships
from CONACYT and PIFI-IPN for their graduate studies at CQB. S.
Rodríguez-Martínez received a grant from CONACYT as postdoctoral. M. E.
Cancino-Diaz and J. C. Cancino-Diaz are Fellows of COFAA-IPN, EDI-IPN, and
SNI-CONACYT.</p>
<fig id="fig1" position="float"><label>Figure 1</label><caption><p>
<italic>Histological and molecular analysis
of the LPS-induced ocular inflammation</italic>. C3H/HeN mice
were inoculated in the footpad with 200 <italic>μ</italic>g/50 <italic>μ</italic>L of LPS and the inflammation was analyzed at 3, 6, 12, 24, and 48 hours. Control mice (C) received a footpad injection of 50 <italic>μ</italic>L of sterile PBS. (a) histological analysis of leukocyte infiltration in
the anterior chamber stained with hematoxylin-eosin (40x). The arrows point infiltrated cells.
The figure shows a representative result of five mice studied in each time. 
(b) average of infiltrated leukocytes observed in (a). (c) average
of semiquantitative analysis of IL-6 and TNF<italic>α</italic> mRNA expression.
Asterisk indicates significant difference compared with the control (<italic>P</italic> &lt; .05)
analyzed by Kruskal-Wallis and Turkey
tests. (d) ocular expression of
IL1<italic>β</italic> protein in treated and untreated mice. 
Immunostaing of IL-1<italic>β</italic> of untreated mouse (I) and treated
mice at 12 hours posttreatment (II and III). (e) testis tissue was used as positive control of IL1<italic>β</italic>
expression; irrelevant antibody (I), IL-1<italic>β</italic> antibody (II).
Blue staining means positive signal.</p></caption></fig> <fig id="fig2" position="float"><label>Figure 2</label><caption><p>
<italic>Semiquantitative analysis of NALP3
and NALP 1b mRNA expression in the eye of
LPS-treated mice</italic>. Mice were treated with LPS during 3, 6, 12, 24,
and 48 hours. NALP3 and NALP1b mRNA expressions were determined by RT-PCR. Average 
of 5 mice analyzed in each assayed time is reported. Asterisk indicates significant
difference compared with the control (<italic>P</italic> &lt; .05) analyzed by
Kruskal-Wallis and Turkey tests.</p></caption></fig> <fig id="fig3" position="float"><label>Figure 3</label><caption><p>
<italic>Semiquantitative analysis of NALP3 mRNA expression in the eye,
heart, lung, testis, brain, and spleen of LPS-treated mice</italic>. NALP3 mRNA expression was determined by RT-PCR in the organs of
mice treated with LPS during 3, 6, 12, 24, and 48 hours. Average of 5 mice
analyzed in each assayed time is reported. Asterisk indicates significant difference compared with control (<italic>P</italic> &lt; .05)
analyzed by Kruskal-Wallis and Turkey tests.</p></caption></fig> <fig id="fig4" position="float"><label>Figure 4</label><caption><p>
<italic>Expression analysis of NALP3-inflammasome components 
in the eye of LPS-treated mice</italic>. Semiquantitative
RT-PCRs were performed for the analysis of NALP3, ASC, caspase-1, IL-1<italic>β</italic>, and IL-18
expression in the eye of LPS-treated mice. Average of 5 mice analyzed in each assayed time
is reported. Asterisk indicates significant difference compared with the 
control (<italic>P</italic> &lt; .05) analyzed by
Kruskal-Wallis and Turkey tests.</p></caption></fig> <fig id="fig5" position="float"><label>Figure 5</label><caption><p>
<italic>Semiquantitative analysis of NALP12 and NALP5 mRNA expression in the eye
LPS-treated mice</italic>. NALP12 (panel (a)) and NALP5 (panel (b)) mRNA expression were determined 
by RT-PCR. Mice were treated with LPS during 3, 6, 12, 24, and 48 hours. Average of 5 mice 
analyzed in each assayed time is reported. Analysis of Kruskal-Wallis test showed no statistical significance.</p></caption></fig>
<table-wrap id="tab1" position="float"><label>Table 1</label><caption><p>Sequence of oligonucleotides.</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Gene</th><th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Sequence</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Size amplified (pb)</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left" rowspan="2" colspan="1">
<italic>β</italic>-Actin</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Fw: 5′-TGGAATCCTGTGGCATCCATGAAAC-3′</td><td align="center" rowspan="2" colspan="1">324</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Rv: 5′-TAAAACGCAGCTCAGTAACAGTCCG-3′</td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="3" rowspan="1">
<hr/>
</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="2" colspan="1">NALP3</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Fw: 5′-CTGTGTGTGGGACTGAAGCAC-3′</td><td align="center" rowspan="2" colspan="1">544</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Rv: 5′-GCAGCCCTGCTGTTTCAGCAC-3′</td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="3" rowspan="1">
<hr/>
</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="2" colspan="1">NALP1b</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Fw: 5′-TGGGATGGTTCTAGAAACGCC-3′</td><td align="center" rowspan="2" colspan="1">602</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Rv: 5′-AGGGTCCACTGATGTCACTCG-3′</td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="3" rowspan="1">
<hr/>
</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="2" colspan="1">NALP5</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Fw: 5′-CCTGAGGAATCCAGAATGTGC-3′</td><td align="center" rowspan="2" colspan="1">238</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Rv: 5′-GCTTCCACAGGCCAATTATCC-3′</td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="3" rowspan="1">
<hr/>
</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="2" colspan="1">NALP12</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Fw: 5′-GTACCAACTCCAACCTGATCG-3′</td><td align="center" rowspan="2" colspan="1">512</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Rv: 5′-GAAGTAGAGGCCAGATCTTTGC-3′</td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="3" rowspan="1">
<hr/>
</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="2" colspan="1">ASC</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Fw: 5′-AGACATGGGCTTACAGGA-3′</td><td align="center" rowspan="2" colspan="1">257</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Rv: 5′-CTCCCTCATCTTGTCTTGG-3′</td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="3" rowspan="1">
<hr/>
</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="2" colspan="1">Caspase-1</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Fw: 5′-TGAAAGAGGTGAAAGAATT-3′</td><td align="center" rowspan="2" colspan="1">424</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Rv: 5′-TCTCCAAGACACATTATCT-3′</td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="3" rowspan="1">
<hr/>
</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="2" colspan="1">IL-1<italic>β</italic>
</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Fw: 5′-TGGGCCTCAAAGGAAAGA-3′</td><td align="center" rowspan="2" colspan="1">157</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Rv: 5′-GGTGCTGATGTACCAGTT-3′</td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="3" rowspan="1">
<hr/>
</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="2" colspan="1">IL-18</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Fw:
5′-CTGTACAACCGCAGTAATACGG-3′</td><td align="center" rowspan="2" colspan="1">264</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Rv: 5′-ACTCCATCTTGTTGTGTCCTGG-3′</td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="3" rowspan="1">
<hr/>
</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="2" colspan="1">IL-6</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Fw:
5′-TCTCTGGGAAATCGTGGAAAT-3′</td><td align="center" rowspan="2" colspan="1">308</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Rv: 5′-TGTATCTCTCTGAAGGACTCTG-3′</td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="3" rowspan="1">
<hr/>
</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="2" colspan="1">TNF<italic>α</italic>
</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Fw: 5′-CCTCCCTCTCATCAGTTCTATGG-3′</td><td align="center" rowspan="2" colspan="1">238</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Rv: 5′-TGTCCCTTGAAGAGAACCTGG-3′</td></tr></tbody></table></table-wrap>
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[{"label": ["1"], "surname": ["Mariathasan", "Monack"], "given-names": ["S", "DM"], "article-title": ["Inflammasome adaptors and sensors: intracellular regulators of infection and inflammation"], "italic": ["Nature Reviews Immunology"], "year": ["2007"], "volume": ["7"], "issue": ["1"], "fpage": ["31"], "lpage": ["40"]}]
Mediators Inflamm. 2008 Aug 25; 2008:614345