<p>This is an open-access article whereby the authors retain copyright of the work. The article is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</p> <p><bold>Objective:</bold> Sharp division of the A1 pulley is a time-honored technique for the treatment of flexor tendon entrapment; however, this procedure is not without complications. The anatomy of the A1 pulley system has been carefully investigated. Knowledge of superficial anatomic landmarks can assist with demarcating the distal edge of the A1 pulley and prevent damage to the critical A2 pulley. <bold>Methods:</bold> Nine fresh cadaveric hands were dissected with the aid of loupe magnification. On the basis of known anatomic landmarks of the proximal portion of the cruciate (C0) pulley, percutaneous placement of a 25-gauge needle 5 mm proximal to the palmar digital crease marked the distal extent of the trigger finger release. Sharp division of the A1 pulley was performed with a scalpel until the needle was encountered, thus completing the release. <bold>Results:</bold> A complete release of the pulley was achieved in all specimens with preservation of the A2 pulley. No digital nerve or artery injuries were noted with open inspection of the flexor sheath. <bold>Conclusion:</bold> Percutaneous marking of the distal extent of the A1 pulley is a safe and reliable method that not only ensures complete release of the A1 pulley but also preserves the A2 pulley. The placement of a small gauge needle adds no morbidity to this minimally invasive technique.</p>
<p>Tendon entrapment of the fingers and thumb is a common cause of hand pain and disability.##UREF##0##1## Several forms of treatment of trigger finger have been reported. Nonsurgical modalities include steroid injection and splinting. Operative management focuses on surgical release of the entrapped tendon by either percutaneous or open approach.##UREF##1##2##–##REF##13549516##6## Multiple types of incisions have been described##UREF##4##7##–##UREF##6##9##; however, division of the A1 pulley is not without complications. Digital nerve injury, inadvertent release of the A2 pulley, and bowstringing are infrequent but significant causes of postoperative morbidity. Bowstringing after A2 pulley injury is manifested as a protrusion of the flexor tendon into the palm during finger flexion. It can cause a painful pulling sensation in the palm with associated failure to fully extend or flex the finger actively.##UREF##7##10##</p> <p>Previous studies have attempted to clarify the complexity of the digital pulley system and its nomenclature.##UREF##8##11##–##UREF##12##15## A recent anatomic study##REF##11547146##16## has allowed surgeons to predict the location of the A1 pulley on the basis of hand surface landmarks. On the basis of these measurements, we present a new technique to circumvent injury to the A2 pulley during a trigger finger release. It is a simple, practical, and inexpensive method, which assures complete incision through the A1 pulley while avoiding an injury to the A2 pulley on the basis of anatomic landmarks of the palm.</p> <title>SURGICAL APPROACH</title> <p>Nine fresh cadaveric hands were dissected with the aid of loupe magnification. The skin was marked based on known anatomic landmarks for trigger finger release as described earlier by Wilhelmi et al.##REF##11547146##16## A hand surface landmark ratio of the proximal interphalangeal (PIP) crease to palmar digital crease (PDC) distance was used to predict the proximal edge of the A1 pulley (Fig ##FIG##0##1##). On average, the PIP to PDC distance was 2.42 cm for the index, long, and ring fingers. After measurement of the PIP to PDC distance, an equal distance was marked proximal to the PDC. The proximal portion of the cruciate (C0) pulley defined the distal edge of the A1 pulley at 0.46 cm proximal to the PDC. Percutaneous placement of a 25-gauge needle 5 mm proximal to the PDC marked the distal extent of the release (Fig ##FIG##1##2##). A transverse incision was made overlying the proximal edge of the A1 pulley, allowing clear visualization of the anatomy. The pulley release was performed sharply with a scalpel until the 25-gauge needle was encountered, thus completing the release (Fig ##FIG##2##3##).</p> <p>On inspection of the flexor tendon sheath, no arterial or nerve damage was noted in all the specimens. The proximal edge of the A2 pulley was fully preserved in all specimens as demonstrated in Figure ##FIG##3##4##.</p> <p>Care must be taken when attempting percutaneous release of the border fingers.##UREF##13##17##–##UREF##15##19## The oblique course of the flexor tendons and neurovascular structures of the index and small fingers pose a greater challenge. Longitudinal landmarks of the scaphoid tubercle to the midline of the small finger and the pisiform to the midline of the index finger can be used to mark the course of the flexor tendon to the border fingers.##REF##12973214##20## A modification of the marking pertains to the small finger and its relatively short A1 pulley, averaging 0.98 cm.##REF##12973214##20## Placement of the percutaneous needle should follow the PIP to PDC distance measurements while taking into account the shorter length of the pulley.</p> <title>SUMMARY</title> <p>Knowledge of anatomical landmarks of the hand can assist with demarcating the distal extent of the A1 pulley release. Percutaneous placement of a 25-gauge needle 5 mm proximal to the PDC marks the distal edge of the pulley and prevents injury to the A2 pulley. It is a safe and reliable method, which adds no morbidity to this minimally invasive technique.</p>
<fig id="F1" position="float"><label>Figure 1</label><caption><p>Hand surface landmark ratio of proximal interphalangeal distance to palmar digital crease (PDC) distance, used to predict the proximal A1 pulley edge. The distal edge of the A1 pulley is predicted 5 mm proximal to the PDC.</p></caption></fig> <fig id="F2" position="float"><label>Figure 2</label><caption><p>Placement of a 25-gauge needle at the distal edge of the A1 pulley.</p></caption></fig> <fig id="F3" position="float"><label>Figure 3</label><caption><p>Sharp division of the A1 pulley extending to the percutaneous needle.</p></caption></fig> <fig id="F4" position="float"><label>Figure 4</label><caption><p>Exposure of the flexor sheath demonstrating complete division of the A1 pulley with preservation of the A2 pulley.</p></caption></fig>
<graphic xlink:href="eplasty08e44_fig1"/> <graphic xlink:href="eplasty08e44_fig2"/> <graphic xlink:href="eplasty08e44_fig3"/> <graphic xlink:href="eplasty08e44_fig4"/>
[{"label": ["1"], "surname": ["Wolfe", "Green", "Hotchkiss", "Pederson"], "given-names": ["SW", "DP", "RN", "WC"], "article-title": ["Tenosynovitis"], "source": ["Green's Operative Hand Surgery"], "year": ["2005"], "edition": ["5th ed."], "publisher-loc": ["New York"], "publisher-name": ["Churchill Livingstone"], "fpage": ["2141"], "lpage": ["2"]}, {"label": ["2"], "surname": ["Eastwood", "Gupta", "Johnson"], "given-names": ["DM", "KJ", "DP"], "article-title": ["Percutaneous release of the trigger finger: an office procedure"], "source": ["J Bone Joint Surg"], "year": ["1992"], "volume": ["17"], "fpage": ["114"]}, {"label": ["3"], "surname": ["Lambert", "Morton", "Sloan"], "given-names": ["MA", "RJ", "JP"], "article-title": ["Controlled study in the use of local steroid injection in the treatment of trigger finger and thumb"], "source": ["J Hand Surg [Br]"], "year": ["1992"], "volume": ["17"], "fpage": ["69"]}, {"label": ["5"], "surname": ["Patel", "Bassini"], "given-names": ["MR", "L"], "article-title": ["Trigger fingers and thumb: when to splint, inject, or operate"], "source": ["J Hand Surg"], "year": ["1992"], "volume": ["17"], "fpage": ["110"]}, {"label": ["7"], "surname": ["Froimson", "Green"], "given-names": ["AI", "DP"], "article-title": ["Tenosynovitis and tennis elbow"], "source": ["Operative Hand Surgery"], "year": ["1993"], "edition": ["3rd ed."], "publisher-loc": ["New York"], "publisher-name": ["Churchill Livingstone"], "fpage": ["1995"], "lpage": ["8"]}, {"label": ["8"], "surname": ["Savage", "McCarthy"], "given-names": ["RC", "JG"], "article-title": ["Tenosynovial disorders of the hand and wrist"], "source": ["Plastic Surgery"], "year": ["1990"], "publisher-loc": ["Philadelphia, Pa"], "publisher-name": ["Saunders"], "fpage": ["4727"]}, {"label": ["9"], "surname": ["Carrozzella", "Stern", "Von Kuster"], "given-names": ["J", "PJ", "LC"], "article-title": ["Transection of radial digital nerve of the thumb during trigger release"], "source": ["J Hand Surg"], "year": ["1989"], "volume": ["14"], "fpage": ["198"]}, {"label": ["10"], "surname": ["Ryzewicz", "Wolf"], "given-names": ["M", "JM"], "article-title": ["Trigger digits: principles, management, and complications"], "source": ["J Hand Surg"], "year": ["2006"], "volume": ["31"], "fpage": ["135"], "lpage": ["46"]}, {"label": ["11"], "surname": ["Kleinert", "Kleinert", "McCabe", "Berger"], "given-names": ["HE", "JM", "SJ", "AC"], "source": ["Clinical Symposia of Replantation"], "year": ["1991"], "publisher-loc": ["West Caldwell, NJ"], "publisher-name": ["Ciba-Geigy"], "fpage": ["6"], "lpage": ["7"]}, {"label": ["12"], "surname": ["Lister", "McCarthy"], "given-names": ["G", "JG"], "article-title": ["Flexor tendon"], "source": ["Plastic Surgery"], "year": ["1990"], "publisher-loc": ["Philadelphia, Pa"], "publisher-name": ["Saunders"], "fpage": ["4519"]}, {"label": ["13"], "surname": ["Doyle", "Blythe"], "given-names": ["JR", "WF"], "article-title": ["The finger flexor tendon sheath and pulleys: anatomy and reconstruction"], "source": ["AAOS Symposium on Tendon Surgery in the Hand"], "year": ["1975"], "publisher-loc": ["St. Louis"], "publisher-name": ["Mosby"], "fpage": ["81"], "lpage": ["7"]}, {"label": ["14"], "surname": ["Strauch", "de Moura", "Digital"], "given-names": ["B", "W", "flexor tendon sheath: an anatomic study"], "source": ["J Hand Surg"], "year": ["1985"], "volume": ["10"], "fpage": ["785"]}, {"label": ["15"], "surname": ["Lin", "Amadio", "An", "Cooney"], "given-names": ["GT", "PC", "KN", "WP"], "article-title": ["Functional anatomy of the human digital flexor pulley system"], "source": ["J Hand Surg"], "year": ["1989"], "volume": ["14"], "fpage": ["949"]}, {"label": ["17"], "surname": ["Pope", "Wolfe"], "given-names": ["DF", "SW"], "article-title": ["Safety and efficacy of percutaneous trigger finger release"], "source": ["J Hand Surg"], "year": ["1995"], "volume": ["20"], "fpage": ["280"]}, {"label": ["18"], "surname": ["Dunn", "Pess"], "given-names": ["MJ", "GM"], "article-title": ["Percutaneous trigger finger release: a comparison of a new push knife and a 19 gauge needle in a cadaveric model"], "source": ["J Hand Surg"], "year": ["1999"], "volume": ["24"], "fpage": ["860"]}, {"label": ["19"], "surname": ["Bain", "Turnabull", "Charles", "Roth", "Richards"], "given-names": ["GI", "J", "MN", "JH", "RS"], "article-title": ["Percutaneous A1 pulley release: a cadaveric study"], "source": ["J Hand Surg"], "year": ["1995"], "volume": ["20"], "fpage": ["781"]}]
Eplasty. 2008 Aug 22; 8:e44