C22 Tools and technologies increase efficiencies 
when managing biological invasions and controlling 
invasive alien species, with many new options 
emerging (established but incomplete) {5.4}. The 
development of tools and technologies ranging from 
biotechnology to bioinformatics and data analytics is ongoing 
for managing pathways, surveillance and detection, rapid 
response and eradication, local containment and control of 
widespread invasive alien species (well established) {5.4.1, 
5.4.2, 5.4.3}. eDNA-based approaches have been used for 
detection and identification of invasive alien, mostly aquatic, 
species such as Orconectes rusticus (rusty crayfish) (well 
established) {5.4.2.1}. New approaches can be integrated 
with existing management actions to support site- and 
SUMMARY FOR POLICYMAKERS
19SUMMARY FOR POLICYMAKERS
BACKGROUND
Box SPM 4 Working for Water programme: an example of management of invasive alien 
species leading to recovery of nature's contributions to people.