D28 Long-term commitment and resourcing from 
governments and institutions will support the 
implementation of strategic actions to underpin the 
integrated governance of biological invasions 
(established but incomplete) {6.2.3.2, 6.5.1, 6.5.3, 
6.5.7}. With adequate levels of sustained investment and 
resources (Table SPM.2), including support to developing 
countries {6.5.7}, specific options that address the gaps and 
inconsistencies in current policy instruments and 
coordination can be implemented over appropriate 
timeframes (established but incomplete) {6.7.2.2, 6.7.2.3}. 
Regulatory and market-based instruments such as tax relief 
and subsidization can be used to incentivize action on and 
investment in prevention and control of invasive alien species 
(established but incomplete) {6.3.1, 6.5.1, 6.5.2}, especially 
when responsibility for the burden of biological invasions, 
including environmental liability, is shared (Figure SPM.7). 
These instruments may be non-market mechanisms or 
voluntary codes of conduct (Box SPM.1) {6.3.1.4}, 
transparent and conducive regulatory settings for new 
technologies {6.3.3.4, 6.7.2.7}, information-sharing {6.6.2, 
6.7.3}, product labelling {6.3.1.4} or direct regulatory 
intervention {6.3.3.1, 6.3.3.3}. Regulations could be enforced 
with economic penalties and tariffs (established but 
incomplete) {6.5.1, 6.5.2}. However, taxation incentives, 
international standards and cost-sharing mechanisms are 
generally the preferable policy instruments for encouraging 
entities to participate in prevention and control activities 
(established but incomplete) {5.6.2.1, 6.5.1, 6.5.2, 6.5.4, 
6.5.5, 6.5.6}. Efforts to overcome the asymmetries and 
differences in resource capacity among stakeholders and the 
potential unequal burden and responsibilities of addressing 
the causes and impacts of invasive alien species can be 
embedded in policies (established but incomplete) {6.2.3.3, 
6.4.4.3}. Cost-benefit and "willingness to pay" analyses and 
stakeholder consultation can support the development of 
national policies to assist in justifying the use of public 
resources and developing the most appropriate incentives 
(established but incomplete) {5.2.2.1.i, 6.2.3.1(2), 6.2.3.4}.
SUMMARY FOR POLICYMAKERS
19SUMMARY FOR POLICYMAKERS
BACKGROUND
e SPM 7 Integrated governance of biological invasions.