management by ensuring targeted and appropriate 
responses, avoiding duplication of efforts and facilitating the 
evaluation of the effectiveness of policy instruments using 
indicators (Table SPM.2) (well established) {6.6.2.4, 
6.6.2.6, 6.6.3}. The "rate of invasive alien species 
establishment" headline indicator adopted for monitoring 
progress towards Target 6 of the Kunming-Montreal Global 
Biodiversity Framework provides opportunities to build on 
existing indicators of biological invasions (Table SPM.A1) 
{6.6.3}. Collaboration and networking among stakeholders 
and governments can ensure equitable knowledge access 
(established but incomplete) {6.2.3.3, 6.2.3.4} and improve 
understanding of the context-specific features of biological 
invasions. It can also improve the availability of data and 
41SUMMARY FOR POLICYMAKERS
19SUMMARY FOR POLICYMAKERS
BACKGROUND
Table SPM 2 Options for strengthening the governance of biological invasions at national, 
regional and global scales. 