{4.5.1}. In East Africa, management of the invasive alien 
plant Opuntia spp. (prickly pear) requires repeated weeding 
by hand, which is often undertaken by women and children 
and has in many cases become their most time-consuming 
activity (established but incomplete) {5.5.5}. Invasive alien 
species may be introduced for economic development, for 
example through financing large-scale infrastructures (well 
established) {3.2.5, 3.3.1.3, 3.3.1.4, Box 3.11, 3.3.1.1, 
3.3.2.1.1}. In some cases, invasive alien species have been 
unintentionally transported and introduced through 
emergency relief and aid (e.g., seeds of the invasive alien 
plant Parthenium hysterophorus (parthenium weed) arrived 
with grain in aid shipments in several countries) (well 
established) {3.2.2.3}, increasing the risk of possible 
negative impacts on quality of life (established but 
incomplete) {4.5.1, 4.6.3}.
SUMMARY FOR POLICYMAKERS
19SUMMARY FOR POLICYMAKERS
BACKGROUND
A5 