D32 Existing evidence of the magnitude and extent 
of the impacts of invasive alien species supports 
immediate, strategic and sustained action to 
successfully address biological invasions (well 
established) {1.1, 2.2, 3.6.3, 4.3.1, 4.4.1, 4.5.1, 
5.6.2.5, 6.7.2}. The available data and knowledge 
reviewed for this assessment vary across regions, units of 
analyses, taxonomic groups and time because of language 
barriers, lack of targeted policies and legislation, lack of 
resources, uneven research capacity, data accessibility and 
other factors (Table SPM.A1), contributing to gaps in data 
and knowledge (well established) {2.7, 3.6.1, Box 3.12, Box 
3.13, 4.7.2, 6.6, Table 6.10}. Nonetheless, filling knowledge 
and data gaps, particularly at local scales, can bring about 
important improvements in the cost-effectiveness and 
success of prevention and management actions (well 
established) {6.6.1, 6.6.2}. For example, it would be 
particularly beneficial to increase the availability of 
information on invasive alien invertebrates and 
microorganisms; improve knowledge of the impacts of 
invasive alien species in parts of Africa, Central Asia and 
Latin America; gain a better understanding of the role of 
indirect and interacting drivers; develop management 
options for invasive microorganisms and marine species; 
and establish the effectiveness of different policy instruments 
(established but incomplete) (see Table SPM.A1 for a 
comprehensive presentation of knowledge gaps). Enhancing 
research capacity in some regions and collaboration 
between biological invasion experts in the developed and 
SUMMARY FOR POLICYMAKERS
19SUMMARY FOR POLICYMAKERS
BACKGROUND
Table SPM 2 Options for strengthening the governance of biological invasions at national, 
regional and global scales. 