(Figure SPM.3) (established but incomplete) {2.2.1}. 
The number of alien species has been rising continuously for 
centuries in all regions (well established) {2.2.1} and is 
expected to continue increasing in the future (well 
established) {2.6.1}. Global exploration and colonialism 
27SUMMARY FOR POLICYMAKERS
19SUMMARY FOR POLICYMAKERS
BACKGROUND
A GLOBAL DISTRIBUTION OF ESTABLISHED ALIEN SPECIES 