KM-A3 The economy, food security, water 
security and human health are profoundly and 
negatively affected by invasive alien species {A4, 
A5} (Figure SPM.3). In 2019, global annual costs of 
biological invasions were estimated to exceed US$423 
billion. The vast majority of global costs (92 per cent) accrue 
from the negative impacts of invasive alien species on 
nature's contributions to people or on good quality of life, 
while only 8 per cent of that sum is related to management 
expenditures of biological invasions. The benefits to people 
that some invasive alien species provide do not mitigate or 
undo their negative impacts, which include harm to human 
health (such as disease transmission), livelihoods, water 
security and food security, with reduction in food supply 
being by far the most frequently reported impact (more than 
66 per cent).
SUMMARY FOR POLICYMAKERS
The thematic assessment report on
INVASIVE ALIEN SPECIES
AND THEIR CONTROL
KM-A1 People and nature are threatened by 
invasive alien species in all regions of Earth 