(A) Total numbers of established alien species (terrestrial and freshwater) in the 18 IPBES subregions and marine ecoregions (marine) 
are indicated. White denotes missing information {2.2}. A gap analysis was conducted to identify data gaps for terrestrial regions, 
which are indicated in the inset {2.1.4, 2.2.3}. The data gap analysis could not be done for marine regions (white) and Antarctica 
(grey). (B) The temporal trends in the number of established alien species from 1500 to 2015 are shown for mammals, birds, fishes, 
insects, crustaceans, molluscs, vascular plants, algae and fungi, for the four IPBES regions {2.1.4, 2.4.1}. 
27SUMMARY FOR POLICYMAKERS
19SUMMARY FOR POLICYMAKERS
BACKGROUND
A GLOBAL DISTRIBUTION OF ESTABLISHED ALIEN SPECIES 