and social outcomes, particularly when resources are limited 
(well established) {5.2.1, 6.5.1}. Societal support is 
important for eradication and control of some invasive alien 
species, particularly vertebrates, for which there are ethical 
considerations {5.3.1.4, 5.4.3.2, 5.6.2.1}. A lack of 
stakeholder participation in adaptive management can lead 
to negative consequences for good quality of life, especially 
for Indigenous Peoples and local communities who have 
adapted by using invasive alien species, that include loss of 
livelihoods, marginalization and/or gender inequity (well 
established) {Box 4.18, 5.2.1, 5.4.3.3.a, 5.5.3, 5.6.1.2, 
6.4.1}. The involvement of all stakeholders can be achieved 
by using an adaptive co-management approach to the 
process, from decision-making to the implementation of 
management actions (well established) {5.4.3.3.a, 5.6.2.5}. 
Adaptive co-management includes capacity-building; 
co-creation, co-design, co-development and coimplementation; social learning; and broad partnerships 
(established but incomplete) {5.7, 6.4.2, 6.4.3.2, 6.4.4}. 
Collaboratively addressing the management of biological 
invasions around which there are conflicting values among 
different sectors, stakeholders and Indigenous Peoples and 
local communities is a significant global policy challenge 
(well established) {5.6.1.2}.
37SUMMARY FOR POLICYMAKERS
19SUMMARY FOR POLICYMAKERS
BACKGROUND
Box SPM 4 Working for Water programme: an example of management of invasive alien 
species leading to recovery of nature's contributions to people.