C16 There are effective decision-making 
frameworks and tools that can support 
management of biological invasions (Table SPM.1) 
(well established) {5.2.1, 5.2.2}. Frameworks and tools 
have been developed based on evidence from practice, 
science and other knowledge systems, including those of 
Indigenous Peoples and local communities. These can 
underpin impact assessment, monitoring and prioritization of 
intentional and unintentional introduction pathways, species 
and sites for the successful management of biological 
invasions (well established) {5.2.2}. Although many 
knowledge and data gaps exist (Table SPM.A1), the tools 
enable management actions to proceed under a risk 
assessment and risk management framework in line with a 
precautionary approach, as appropriate, using inclusive 
decision-making that leads to the review of all the measures 
(well established) {5.2.2.1, 5.2.2.3, 5.2.2.4, 5.3.3, 6.4.1}. 
Decision-making may be challenged by multiple sources of 
uncertainty, such as projections in other drivers of change, 
which can be recognized, quantified and documented to 
contextualize decisions (well established) {5.6.2.5}. Many 
sources of accessible literature and information (including 
open-access data), analytical tools and other types of 
knowledge can be used to support decision-making for all 
countries, which could lead to coordinated management 
outcomes globally (Table SPM.A3) (established but 
incomplete) {6.6.1.5}.
SUMMARY FOR POLICYMAKERS
19SUMMARY FOR POLICYMAKERS
BACKGROUND
Table SPM 1 Objectives and actions for managing biological invasions. 