C20 When eradication is not possible for different 
reasons, invasive alien species can be contained 
and controlled, particularly in terrestrial and closed 
water systems (well established) {5.4.3, 5.4.4, 
5.5.4, 5.5.5}. There are many examples of successful 
containment and control of invasive alien species in 
terrestrial and closed water systems and aquaculture (e.g., 
containment of Styela clava (Asian tunicate) invading the 
aqua-cultured blue mussel in Canada) (well established)
{5.5.4}, but most attempts in marine and open water 
ecosystems have been largely ineffective (established but 
incomplete) {5.5.4, 5.5.5}. Containment of invasive alien 
species can be achieved with physical, chemical and 
biological control actions or in combination (Table SPM.1)
(well established) {5.4.3.2, 5.5.4}. Physical and chemical 
35SUMMARY FOR POLICYMAKERS
19SUMMARY FOR POLICYMAKERS
BACKGROUND
Table SPM 1 Objectives and actions for managing biological invasions. 