introduction of invasive alien species through trade. For 
example, awareness of horticulture as a major pathway 
for the introduction of many (46 per cent) invasive alien 
plants worldwide {3.2.3.2} has led to industry-government 
collaboration that has resulted in the implementation of 
voluntary codes of conduct for the horticultural industry, 
complementing legislation to ban the sales of invasive alien 
plants considered to be high risk {Box 6.6}. When designed in 
a collaborative manner, codes of conduct can help producers 
and consumers make informed choices. The adoption of 
voluntary codes of conduct can encourage e-commerce 
platforms to adopt better practices by screening their lists for 
invasive alien species, complying with relevant legislation and 
providing information on the species, including taxonomy, 
potential invasiveness and appropriate measures that a buyer 
could use to prevent escape. Codes of conduct have also been 
developed in Europe for other activities that can facilitate the 
introduction of invasive alien species, including boating, botanic 
gardens, horticulture, hunting, international travel, plantation 
forestry, pets, protected areas, e-commerce, recreational 
fishing, zoological gardens and aquaria.
 <Section-header> Box SPM 1 Voluntary codes of conduct can complement legislation for managing the risks 
of transport and the introduction of invasive alien species through trade.  </Section-header> 

25SUMMARY FOR POLICYMAKERS
19SUMMARY FOR POLICYMAKERS
BACKGROUND
Box SPM 1 Voluntary codes of conduct can complement legislation for managing the risks 
of transport and the introduction of invasive alien species through trade. 