have been intentionally introduced for a particular purpose, 
including to mitigate other drivers of change (well 
established) {Box 3.9}, but can have negative impacts on 
other sectors (well established) {3.3.1.1, 3.2.5, 5.6.1.2}. For 
example, introduced pigs are important culturally in Hawaii 
and are hunted for subsistence, ceremony and recreation, 
despite causing severe negative impacts by driving and 
maintaining the spread of invasive alien plants within 
Hawaiian rainforest (established but incomplete) {5.6.1.2}. 
Divergence of perceptions of invasive alien species can 
prevent effective decision-making and management 
(established but incomplete) {5.6.1.2, 6.2.2(9)}. The 
management of invasive alien species can, in some cases, 
raise multiple ethical debates about animal welfare and 
rights (well established) {1.5.3, 5.6.2.1, Box 6.13} (e.g., the 
challenges of effectively managing the biological invasion of 
Hippopotamus amphibius (African hippopotamus) in 
Colombia due to it being considered a charismatic species 
(established but incomplete) {5.4.3.1}).
25SUMMARY FOR POLICYMAKERS
19SUMMARY FOR POLICYMAKERS
BACKGROUND
Box SPM 1 Voluntary codes of conduct can complement legislation for managing the risks 
of transport and the introduction of invasive alien species through trade. 