some management approaches can be applied at multiple 
scales across terrestrial and closed water systems (well 
established) {5.1.1, 5.3.1.4.}, pathway management (e.g., 
ballast water and biofouling; Box SPM.2) is by far the 
SUMMARY FOR POLICYMAKERS
19SUMMARY FOR POLICYMAKERS
BACKGROUND
6 Conceptual diagram of management-invasion contin