C21 Adaptive management, including ecosystem 
restoration, can improve the management of 
invasive alien species and support the recovery of 
nature's contributions to people in terrestrial and 
closed water systems (well established) {5.3.3, 
5.4.4.3a, 5.5.6, 5.7}. The integration of site- and/or 
ecosystem-based management, including ecosystem 
restoration, can improve management outcomes, enhancing 
ecosystem function and resilience to environmental change, 
including future invasive alien species, especially under 
climate and land-use change (Box SPM.4) (well 
established) {5.3.1, 5.3.2, 5.4.3, 5.5.6, 5.6.1.3}. The 
success of any applied adaptive site- or ecosystem-based 
35SUMMARY FOR POLICYMAKERS
19SUMMARY FOR POLICYMAKERS
BACKGROUND
Box SPM 3 Classical biological control of Mikania micrantha (bitter vine): an example of 
effective suppression of a widespread invasive alien species.