KM-C4 Containment and control can be an 
effective option for invasive alien species that 
cannot be eradicated for various reasons from 
terrestrial and closed water systems, but most 
attempts in marine and connected water systems 
have been largely ineffective {C20}. Physical control 
alongside chemical control options in terrestrial and closed 
water systems are generally only effective at a local scale 
and can have non-target effects. Biological control can be 
applied for widely distributed invasive alien species and has 
been successful in managing some invasive alien plants, 
invertebrates and, to a lesser extent, plant pathogenic 
microbes and vertebrates, but it may also have non-target 
effects if not well regulated. International standards and 
risk-based regulatory frameworks for biological control have 
been used in many countries to manage risks, and continue 
to be successfully applied. Integrated management, where 
more than one containment or control option are used, can 
improve outcomes.
SUMMARY FOR POLICYMAKERS
The thematic assessment report on
INVASIVE ALIEN SPECIES
AND THEIR CONTROL
TIC ASSESSMENT REPORT ON INVASIVE ALIEN SPECIES AND THEIR CONT