An Algorithmic Meta Theorem for Homomorphism Indistinguishability
<|reference_start|>An Algorithmic Meta Theorem for Homomorphism Indistinguishability: Two graphs $G$ and $H$ are homomorphism indistinguishable over a family of graphs $\mathcal{F}$ if for all graphs $F \in \mathcal{F}$ the number of homomorphisms from $F$ to $G$ is equal to the number of homomorphism from $F$ to $H$. Many natural equivalence relations comparing graphs such as (quantum) isomorphism, cospectrality, and logical equivalences can be characterised as homomorphism indistinguishability relations over various graph classes.   For a fixed graph class $\mathcal{F}$, the decision problem HomInd($\mathcal{F}$) asks to determine whether two input graphs $G$ and $H$ are homomorphism indistinguishable over $\mathcal{F}$. The problem HomInd($\mathcal{F}$) is known to be decidable only for few graph classes $\mathcal{F}$. We show that HomInd($\mathcal{F}$) admits a randomised polynomial-time algorithm for every graph class $\mathcal{F}$ of bounded treewidth which is definable in counting monadic second-order logic CMSO2. Thereby, we give the first general algorithm for deciding homomorphism indistinguishability.   This result extends to a version of HomInd where the graph class $\mathcal{F}$ is specified by a CMSO2-sentence and a bound $k$ on the treewidth, which are given as input. For fixed $k$, this problem is randomised fixed-parameter tractable. If $k$ is part of the input then it is coNP- and coW[1]-hard. Addressing a problem posed by Berkholz (2012), we show coNP-hardness by establishing that deciding indistinguishability under the $k$-dimensional Weisfeiler--Leman algorithm is coNP-hard when $k$ is part of the input.<|reference_end|>
@article{seppelt2024an,
    title={An Algorithmic Meta Theorem for Homomorphism Indistinguishability},
    author={Tim Seppelt},
    journal={arXiv preprint arXiv:2402.08989},
    year={2024},
    archivePrefix={arXiv},
    eprint={2402.08989},
    primaryClass={cs.LO cs.CC cs.DM math.CO}
}