Zero-Shot Embeddings Inform Learning and Forgetting with Vision-Language Encoders
<|reference_start|>Zero-Shot Embeddings Inform Learning and Forgetting with Vision-Language Encoders: Despite the proliferation of large vision-language foundation models, estimation of the learning and forgetting outcomes following fine-tuning of these models remains largely unexplored. Inspired by work highlighting the significance of the modality gap in contrastive dual-encoders, we propose the Inter-Intra Modal Measure (IIMM). Combining terms quantifying the similarity between image embeddings and the similarity between incorrect image and label embedding pairs, the IIMM functions as a strong predictor of performance changes with fine-tuning. Our extensive empirical analysis across four state-of-the-art vision-language models (CLIP, SigLIP, CoCa, EVA-02-CLIP) and five fine-tuning techniques (full fine-tuning, BitFit, attention-weight tuning, LoRA, CLIP-Adapter) demonstrates a strong, statistically significant linear relationship: fine-tuning on tasks with higher IIMM scores produces greater in-domain performance gains but also induces more severe out-of-domain performance degradation, with some parameter-efficient fine-tuning (PEFT) methods showing extreme forgetting. We compare our measure against transfer scores from state-of-the-art model selection methods and show that the IIMM is significantly more predictive of accuracy gains. With only a single forward pass of the target data, practitioners can leverage this key insight to heuristically evaluate the degree to which a model can be expected to improve following fine-tuning. Given additional knowledge about the model's performance on a few diverse tasks, this heuristic further evolves into a strong predictor of expected performance changes when training for new tasks.<|reference_end|>
@article{niss2024zero-shot,
    title={Zero-Shot Embeddings Inform Learning and Forgetting with Vision-Language
  Encoders},
    author={Laura Niss, Kevin Vogt-Lowell, Theodoros Tsiligkaridis},
    journal={arXiv preprint arXiv:2407.15731},
    year={2024},
    archivePrefix={arXiv},
    eprint={2407.15731},
    primaryClass={cs.CV}
}