Anna Karenina Strikes Again: Pre-Trained LLM Embeddings May Favor High-Performing Learners
<|reference_start|>Anna Karenina Strikes Again: Pre-Trained LLM Embeddings May Favor High-Performing Learners: Unsupervised clustering of student responses to open-ended questions into behavioral and cognitive profiles using pre-trained LLM embeddings is an emerging technique, but little is known about how well this captures pedagogically meaningful information. We investigate this in the context of student responses to open-ended questions in biology, which were previously analyzed and clustered by experts into theory-driven Knowledge Profiles (KPs). Comparing these KPs to ones discovered by purely data-driven clustering techniques, we report poor discoverability of most KPs, except for the ones including the correct answers. We trace this "discoverability bias" to the representations of KPs in the pre-trained LLM embeddings space.<|reference_end|>
@article{schleifer2024anna,
    title={Anna Karenina Strikes Again: Pre-Trained LLM Embeddings May Favor
  High-Performing Learners},
    author={Abigail Gurin Schleifer, Beata Beigman Klebanov, Moriah Ariely and
  Giora Alexandron},
    journal={arXiv preprint arXiv:2406.06599},
    year={2024},
    archivePrefix={arXiv},
    eprint={2406.06599},
    primaryClass={cs.CL cs.AI cs.CY cs.HC cs.IR cs.LG}
}