Bi-Directional Transformers vs word2vec: Discovering Vulnerabilities in Lifted Compiled Code
<|reference_start|>Bi-Directional Transformers vs word2vec: Discovering Vulnerabilities in Lifted Compiled Code: Detecting vulnerabilities within compiled binaries is challenging due to lost high-level code structures and other factors such as architectural dependencies, compilers, and optimization options. To address these obstacles, this research explores vulnerability detection using natural language processing (NLP) embedding techniques with word2vec, BERT, and RoBERTa to learn semantics from intermediate representation (LLVM IR) code. Long short-term memory (LSTM) neural networks were trained on embeddings from encoders created using approximately 48k LLVM functions from the Juliet dataset. This study is pioneering in its comparison of word2vec models with multiple bidirectional transformers (BERT, RoBERTa) embeddings built using LLVM code to train neural networks to detect vulnerabilities in compiled binaries. Word2vec Skip-Gram models achieved 92% validation accuracy in detecting vulnerabilities, outperforming word2vec Continuous Bag of Words (CBOW), BERT, and RoBERTa. This suggests that complex contextual embeddings may not provide advantages over simpler word2vec models for this task when a limited number (e.g. 48K) of data samples are used to train the bidirectional transformer-based models. The comparative results provide novel insights into selecting optimal embeddings for learning compiler-independent semantic code representations to advance machine learning detection of vulnerabilities in compiled binaries.<|reference_end|>
@article{mccully2024bi-directional,
    title={Bi-Directional Transformers vs. word2vec: Discovering Vulnerabilities in
  Lifted Compiled Code},
    author={Gary A. McCully, John D. Hastings, Shengjie Xu, Adam Fortier},
    journal={arXiv preprint arXiv:2405.20611},
    year={2024},
    archivePrefix={arXiv},
    eprint={2405.20611},
    primaryClass={cs.CR cs.CL cs.LG cs.SE}
}