Huge Ensembles Part II: Properties of a Huge Ensemble of Hindcasts Generated with Spherical Fourier Neural Operators
<|reference_start|>Huge Ensembles Part II: Properties of a Huge Ensemble of Hindcasts Generated with Spherical Fourier Neural Operators: In Part I, we created an ensemble based on Spherical Fourier Neural Operators. As initial condition perturbations, we used bred vectors, and as model perturbations, we used multiple checkpoints trained independently from scratch. Based on diagnostics that assess the ensemble's physical fidelity, our ensemble has comparable performance to operational weather forecasting systems. However, it requires several orders of magnitude fewer computational resources. Here in Part II, we generate a huge ensemble (HENS), with 7,424 members initialized each day of summer 2023. We enumerate the technical requirements for running huge ensembles at this scale. HENS precisely samples the tails of the forecast distribution and presents a detailed sampling of internal variability. For extreme climate statistics, HENS samples events 4$\sigma$ away from the ensemble mean. At each grid cell, HENS improves the skill of the most accurate ensemble member and enhances coverage of possible future trajectories. As a weather forecasting model, HENS issues extreme weather forecasts with better uncertainty quantification. It also reduces the probability of outlier events, in which the verification value lies outside the ensemble forecast distribution.<|reference_end|>
@article{mahesh2024huge,
    title={Huge Ensembles Part II: Properties of a Huge Ensemble of Hindcasts
  Generated with Spherical Fourier Neural Operators},
    author={Ankur Mahesh, William Collins, Boris Bonev, Noah Brenowitz, Yair
  Cohen, Peter Harrington, Karthik Kashinath, Thorsten Kurth, Joshua North,
  Travis OBrien, Michael Pritchard, David Pruitt, Mark Risser, Shashank
  Subramanian, Jared Willard},
    journal={arXiv preprint arXiv:2408.01581},
    year={2024},
    archivePrefix={arXiv},
    eprint={2408.01581},
    primaryClass={cs.LG physics.ao-ph}
}