Towards Low-Energy Adaptive Personalization for Resource-Constrained Devices
<|reference_start|>Towards Low-Energy Adaptive Personalization for Resource-Constrained Devices: The personalization of machine learning (ML) models to address data drift is a significant challenge in the context of Internet of Things (IoT) applications. Presently, most approaches focus on fine-tuning either the full base model or its last few layers to adapt to new data, while often neglecting energy costs. However, various types of data drift exist, and fine-tuning the full base model or the last few layers may not result in optimal performance in certain scenarios. We propose Target Block Fine-Tuning (TBFT), a low-energy adaptive personalization framework designed for resource-constrained devices. We categorize data drift and personalization into three types: input-level, feature-level, and output-level. For each type, we fine-tune different blocks of the model to achieve optimal performance with reduced energy costs. Specifically, input-, feature-, and output-level correspond to fine-tuning the front, middle, and rear blocks of the model. We evaluate TBFT on a ResNet model, three datasets, three different training sizes, and a Raspberry Pi. Compared with the $Block Avg$, where each block is fine-tuned individually and their performance improvements are averaged, TBFT exhibits an improvement in model accuracy by an average of 15.30% whilst saving 41.57% energy consumption on average compared with full fine-tuning.<|reference_end|>
@article{huang2024towards,
    title={Towards Low-Energy Adaptive Personalization for Resource-Constrained
  Devices},
    author={Yushan Huang, Josh Millar, Yuxuan Long, Yuchen Zhao, Hamed Haddadi},
    journal={arXiv preprint arXiv:2403.15905},
    year={2024},
    archivePrefix={arXiv},
    eprint={2403.15905},
    primaryClass={cs.LG cs.CV}
}