Boosting keyword spotting through on-device learnable user speech characteristics
<|reference_start|>Boosting keyword spotting through on-device learnable user speech characteristics: Keyword spotting systems for always-on TinyML-constrained applications require on-site tuning to boost the accuracy of offline trained classifiers when deployed in unseen inference conditions. Adapting to the speech peculiarities of target users requires many in-domain samples, often unavailable in real-world scenarios. Furthermore, current on-device learning techniques rely on computationally intensive and memory-hungry backbone update schemes, unfit for always-on, battery-powered devices. In this work, we propose a novel on-device learning architecture, composed of a pretrained backbone and a user-aware embedding learning the user's speech characteristics. The so-generated features are fused and used to classify the input utterance. For domain shifts generated by unseen speakers, we measure error rate reductions of up to 19% from 30.1% to 24.3% based on the 35-class problem of the Google Speech Commands dataset, through the inexpensive update of the user projections. We moreover demonstrate the few-shot learning capabilities of our proposed architecture in sample- and class-scarce learning conditions. With 23.7 kparameters and 1 MFLOP per epoch required for on-device training, our system is feasible for TinyML applications aimed at battery-powered microcontrollers.<|reference_end|>
@article{cioflan2024boosting,
    title={Boosting keyword spotting through on-device learnable user speech
  characteristics},
    author={Cristian Cioflan, Lukas Cavigelli, Luca Benini},
    journal={arXiv preprint arXiv:2403.07802},
    year={2024},
    archivePrefix={arXiv},
    eprint={2403.07802},
    primaryClass={cs.SD cs.LG eess.AS}
}