Approximate Squaring
<|reference_start|>Approximate Squaring: We study the ``approximate squaring'' map f(x) := x ceiling(x) and its behavior when iterated. We conjecture that if f is repeatedly applied to a rational number r = l/d > 1 then eventually an integer will be reached. We prove this when d=2, and provide evidence that it is true in general by giving an upper bound on the density of the ``exceptional set'' of numbers which fail to reach an integer. We give similar results for a p-adic analogue of f, when the exceptional set is nonempty, and for iterating the ``approximate multiplication'' map f_r(x) := r ceiling(x) where r is a fixed rational number.<|reference_end|>
@article{lagarias2003approximate,
    title={Approximate Squaring},
    author={J. C. Lagarias, N. J. A. Sloane},
    journal={Experimental Math. 13 (2004), 113--128.},
    year={2003},
    archivePrefix={arXiv},
    eprint={math/0309389},
    primaryClass={math.NT cs.IT math.IT}
}