markdown:
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![](http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-Imz3G_PXt4E/Ua_hZixXidI/AAAAAAAAAWk/7SOx1Zxga8A/s640/IMG_1656.JPG)
** Dubrovnik nhìn từ tàu du lịch, mây bay là đà gần ngọn núi** ![](http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-Imz3G_PXt4E/Ua_hZixXidI/AAAAAAAAAWk/7SOx1Zxga8A/s640/IMG_1656.JPG)
**Dubrovnik nhìn từ tàu du lịch, mây bay là đà gần ngọn núi**
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Franjo Tuđman Bridge lúc mặt trời hừng đông
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Welcome to Dubrovnik
**Dubrovnik là một thành phố của** [Croatia](http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croatia)nằm bên bờ [biển Adriatic](http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bi%E1%BB%83n_Adriatic). Đây là một trong những địa điểm du lịch nổi tiếng ở biển Adriatic, thành phố này là hải cảng và trung tâm của hạt [Dubrovnik-Neretva](http://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dubrovnik-Neretva&action=edit&redlink=1). Dân số năm 2001 là 43.770 người. Năm 1979, thành phố này gia nhập danh sách [Di sản thế giới](http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Di_s%E1%BA%A3n_th%E1%BA%BF_gi%E1%BB%9Bi)của [UNESCO](http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%E1%BB%95_ch%E1%BB%A9c_Gi%C3%A1o_d%E1%BB%A5c,_Khoa_h%E1%BB%8Dc_v%C3%A0_V%C4%83n_h%C3%B3a_Li%C3%AAn_Hi%E1%BB%87p_Qu%E1%BB%91c). **** **Sự phát triển của Dubrovnik luôn dựa vào thương mại hàng hải. Vào thời** [trung cổ](http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trung_C%E1%BB%95), [Cộng hòa Ragusa](http://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=C%E1%BB%99ng_h%C3%B2a_Ragusa&action=edit&redlink=1), được biết đến là Cộng hòa Hàng hải (cùng [Amalfi](http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amalfi), [Pisa](http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pisa), [Genoa](http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genova), [Venice](http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezia)và các thành phố), Dubrovnik là quốc gia duy nhất ở phía đông Adriatic có khả năng cạnh tranh với [Venice](http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezia). Thành phố này phát triển rất mạnh vào thế kỷ 15 và 16. Năm 1991, sau sự sụp đổ của [Nam Tư](http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nam_T%C6%B0), thành phố này bị quân [Serbia-Montenegro](http://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Serbia-Montenegro&action=edit&redlink=1)bao vây 7 tháng và bị tàn phá nặng nề bởi các cuộc pháo kích.
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lên đèo
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sơn dương chào đón du khách ![](http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-z4sXIK1Qx4Q/Ua_krt7zG8I/AAAAAAAAAYY/yDjXa53-d0w/s400/DSCN0738.JPG)
**bokar fortress**
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tòa giải tội
**người thật giả làm tượng**
# Bokar Fortress in Dubrovnik, Croatia
# Dubrovnik
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
This article is about a city in Croatia. For other uses, see
[Dubrovnik (disambiguation)](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dubrovnik_%28disambiguation%29).
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|Dubrovnik
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Ragusa
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|City —
|City of Dubrovnik
|Grad Dubrovnik
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**Flag** ![ ](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Dubrovnik_grb.svg/70px-Dubrovnik_grb.svg.png)
![ ](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Dubrovnik_grb.svg/70px-Dubrovnik_grb.svg.png)
**Coat of arms** [42°38′25″N 18°06′30″E](http://toolserver.org/%7Egeohack/geohack.php?pagename=Dubrovnik¶ms=42_38_25_N_18_06_30_E_type:city%2842615%29_region:HR) [Coordinates](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system): [42°38′25″N 18°06′30″E](http://toolserver.org/%7Egeohack/geohack.php?pagename=Dubrovnik¶ms=42_38_25_N_18_06_30_E_type:city%2842615%29_region:HR) [Croatia](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croatia) [Dubrovnik-Neretva county](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dubrovnik-Neretva_County) [Andro Vlahušić](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andro_Vlahu%C5%A1i%C4%87)( [CPP](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croatian_People%27s_Party_%E2%80%93_Liberal_Democrats)) 2(8.24 sq mi) [[1]](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dubrovnik#cite_note-census2011-1) 2(5,200/sq mi) [Urban](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban_area) [Time zone](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_zone) [CET](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_European_Time)( [UTC+1](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UTC%2B1)) [DST](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daylight_saving_time)) [CEST](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_European_Summer_Time)( [UTC+2](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UTC%2B2)) [Area code(s)](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telephone_numbering_plan) [Vehicle registration](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vehicle_registration_plate) [DU](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vehicle_registration_plates_of_Croatia) [http://www.dubrovnik.hr/](http://www.dubrovnik.hr/) **Dubrovnik**(pronounced [[dǔbroːʋnik]](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA_for_Serbo-Croatian)), also known as **Ragusa**, is a city on the [Adriatic Sea](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adriatic_Sea)coast of [Croatia](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croatia), positioned at the terminal end of the [Isthmus of Dubrovnik](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isthmus_of_Dubrovnik). It is one of the most prominent [tourist destinations](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tourist_destination)on the Adriatic, a [seaport](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port)and the centre of [Dubrovnik-Neretva county](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dubrovnik-Neretva_County). Its total population is 42,641 (census 2011). In 1979, the city of Dubrovnik joined the [[1]](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dubrovnik#cite_note-census2011-1) [UNESCO](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNESCO)list of [World Heritage Sites](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Heritage_Site).
The prosperity of the city of Dubrovnik has long been based on
[maritime trade](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trade). In the [Middle Ages](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Ages), as the [Republic of Ragusa](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Ragusa), also known as a [Maritime Republic](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maritime_Republics)(together with [Amalfi](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amalfi), [Pisa](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pisa), [Genoa](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genoa), [Venice](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venice)and other Italian cities), it became the only eastern Adriatic [city-state](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City-state)to rival Venice. Supported by its wealth and skilled [diplomacy](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diplomacy), the city achieved a high level of development, particularly during the 15th and 16th centuries.
The beginning of tourism in Dubrovnik is often associated with the construction of the late 19th-century luxury hotels in Croatia, such as Grand Hotel (1890) in
[Opatija](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opatija)and the Hotel Imperial (1897) in Dubrovnik. According to [[2]](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dubrovnik#cite_note-2) [CNNGo](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CNNGo), Dubrovnik is among the 10 best medieval walled cities in the world. Although Dubrovnik was demilitarised in the 1970s to protect it from war, in 1991, after the breakup of Yugoslavia, it was [[3]](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dubrovnik#cite_note-3) [besieged by Serb-Montenegrin forces](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Dubrovnik)for seven months and received significant shelling damage.
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## Contents
## NameIn
[Croatian](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croatian_language), the city is known as *Dubrovnik*; in [Italian](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_language)as *Ragusa*(pronounced [[raˈɡu.sa]](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA_for_Italian)); and in [Latin](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin)as *Ragusium*. Its historical name in [Greek](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_language)is *Raugia*(Ραυγια) or *Ragousa*(Ραγούσα).
The current Croatian name was officially adopted in 1918 after the fall of the
[Austro-Hungarian Empire](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austria-Hungary), but it was in use from the Middle Ages. It is also referred to as Dubrovnik in the first official document of the treaty with the [Ban of Bosnia](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ban_of_Bosnia) [Ban Kulin](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ban_Kulin)in 1189.
## History
### OriginsHistorical lore indicates that Dubrovnik (Ragusa) was founded in the 7th century on a rocky island named Laus, which provided shelter for refugees from the nearby city of
[Epidaurum](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epidaurum). [[4]](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dubrovnik#cite_note-4)
Another theory appeared recently, based on new
[archaeological excavations](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archaeology). New findings (a [Byzantine](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzantine_Empire)basilica from the 8th century and parts of the [city walls](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defensive_wall)) contradict the traditional theory. The size of the old basilica clearly indicates that there was quite a large settlement at the time. There is also increasing support in the [scientific community](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_community)for the theory that major construction of Ragusa took place before the [Common Era](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_Era). This "Greek theory" has been boosted by recent findings of numerous Greek artifacts during excavations in the Port of Dubrovnik. Also, drilling below the main city road has revealed natural sand, contradicting the theory of Laus (Lausa) island.
Dr Antun Ničetić, in his book
*Povijest dubrovačke luke*(" *History of the Port of Dubrovnik*"), expounds the theory that Dubrovnik was established by Greek sailors. A key element in this theory is the fact that [ships](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ship)in [ancient times](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_history)travelled about 45–50 nautical miles (83–93 km; 52–58 mi) per day, and required a sandy shore to pull out of [water](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water)for the rest period during the night. The ideal rest site would have [fresh water](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fresh_water)source in its vicinity. Dubrovnik has both, and is situated almost halfway between the two known Greek settlements of [Budva](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Budva)and [Korčula](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kor%C4%8Dula), 95 nautical miles (176 km; 109 mi) apart from each other.
### The Republic
Main article:
[Republic of Ragusa](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Ragusa) [Ostrogothic Kingdom](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ostrogothic_Kingdom), the town came under the [protection](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protectorate)of the [Byzantine Empire](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzantine_Empire). Ragusa in those medieval centuries had a population of Latinized Illyrians. After the [[5]](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dubrovnik#cite_note-5) [Crusades](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crusades), Ragusa came under the sovereignty of [Venice](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Venice)(1205–1358), which would give its institutions to the Dalmatian city. After a fire destroyed almost the whole city in the night of August 16, 1296, a new urban plan was developed. [[6]](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dubrovnik#cite_note-6) [[7]](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dubrovnik#cite_note-7) By the [[8]](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dubrovnik#cite_note-8) [Peace Treaty of Zadar](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Zadar)in 1358, Ragusa achieved relative independence as a vassal-state of the [Kingdom of Hungary](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hungary). [free state](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_state_%28government%29), although it was a vassal from 1440 to 1804 of the [Ottoman Empire](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_Empire)and paid an annual tribute to its sultan. The Republic reached its peak in the 15th and 16th centuries, when its [[9]](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dubrovnik#cite_note-9) [thalassocracy](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thalassocracy)rivalled that of the [Republic of Venice](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Venice)and other Italian maritime republics.
For centuries, the Republic of Ragusa was an ally of
[Ancona](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancona), the other Adriatic [maritime republic](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maritime_republic)rival of Venice, which was the [Ottoman Empire](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_Empire)'s chief rival for control of the Adriatic. This alliance enabled the two towns set on opposite sides of the Adriatic to resist attempts by the Venetians to make the Adriatic a "Venetian Bay", also said to control directly or indirectly all the Adriatic ports. Ancona and Ragusa developed an alternative trade route to the Venetian (Venice- [Germany](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany)- [Austria](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austria)): this route started from the East, passed through Ragusa and Ancona, then interested [Florence](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florence)and finally [Flanders](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flanders).
The Republic of Ragusa received its own Statutes as early as 1272, statutes which, among other things, codified Roman practice and local customs. The Statutes included prescriptions for
[town planning](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban_planning)and the regulation of quarantine (for sanitary reasons). [[10]](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dubrovnik#cite_note-10)
The Republic was an early adopter of what are now regarded as modern laws and institutions: a medical service was introduced in 1301, with the first
[pharmacy](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pharmacy), still operating to this day, being opened in 1317. An [almshouse](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almshouse)was opened in 1347, and the first quarantine hospital (Lazarete) was established in 1377. [Slave trading](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slave_trading)was abolished in 1418, and an [orphanage](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orphanage)opened in 1432. A 20 km (12 mi) [water supply system](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_supply_network)was constructed in 1436.
The city was ruled by the local
[aristocracy](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristocracy)which was of Latin-Dalmatian extraction and formed two [city councils](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_council). As usual for the time, they maintained a strict system of [social classes](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_class). The republic abolished the [slave trade](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_slavery)early in the 15th century and valued liberty highly. The city successfully balanced its sovereignty between the interests of Venice and the [Ottoman Empire](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_Empire)for centuries.
The languages spoken by the people were the Romance Dalmatian and Croatian. The latter started to replace Dalmatian little by little since the 11th century among the common people who inhabited the city.
[Italian](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_language)and [Venetian](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venetian_Language)would become important languages of culture and trade in the Republic of Ragusa. The Italian language replaced Latin as [official language](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Official_language)of the Republic of Ragusa from 1472 until the end of the republic itself. [At the same time, due to a pacific cohabitation with the Slavic element and the influence of *]* [citation needed](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed) [Italian culture](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culture_of_Italy)during the Renaissance, Ragusa became a cradle of [Croatian literature](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croatian_literature). [merchant ships](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cargo_ship)( [argosy](http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/argosy)) that travelled all over the world. From these travels they founded some settlements, from India to America, and brought parts of their culture and flora home with them. One of its keys to success was not conquering, but trading and sailing under a white flag with the word [Latin](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_language): *Libertas*(freedom) prominently featured on it. The flag was adopted when slave trading was abolished in 1418.
Many
[Conversos](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marrano), Jews from [Spain](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spain)and [Portugal](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portugal), were attracted to the city. In May 1544, a ship landed there filled exclusively with Portuguese refugees, as Balthasar de Faria reported to King John. During this time there worked in the city one of the most famous cannon and bell founders of his time: [Ivan Rabljanin](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivan_Rabljanin)(Magister Johannes Baptista Arbensis de la Tolle). Already in 1571 Dubrovnik sold its protectorate over some Christian settlements in other parts of the Ottoman Empire to [France](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France)and [Venice](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venice). At that time there was also a colony of Dubrovnik in [Fes](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fes)in Morocco. The bishop of Dubrovnik was a [Cardinal protector](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardinal_protector)in 1571. Cardinal protectors were only in 16 other countries, too, in 1571, namely in France, Spain, Austria, Portugal, Poland, England, Scotland, Ireland, Naples, Sicily, Sardinia, Savoy, Lucca, Greece, Illyria, Armenia and Lebanon. [Mediterranean](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea)shipping and the catastrophic [earthquake of 1667](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1667_Dubrovnik_earthquake) killed over 5,000 citizens and levelled most of the public buildings, ruining the [[11]](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dubrovnik#cite_note-11) [well-being](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quality_of_life)of the Republic. In 1699, the Republic sold [two mainland patches of its territory](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neum)to the Ottomans in order to avoid being caught in the clash with advancing Venetian forces. Today this strip of land belongs to [Bosnia and Herzegovina](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina)and is that country's only direct access to the Adriatic. A highlight of Dubrovnik's diplomacy was the involvement in the [American Revolution](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diplomacy_in_the_American_Revolutionary_War#Dubrovnik). [[12]](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dubrovnik#cite_note-12)
In 1806, the city surrendered to the
[Napoleonic army](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grande_Arm%C3%A9e), as that was the only way to end a month long siege by the Russian-Montenegrin fleets (during which 3,000 cannonballs fell on the city). At first, [[13]](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dubrovnik#cite_note-13) [Napoleon](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napoleon_I)demanded only free passage for his troops, promising not to occupy the territory and stressing that the French were friends of the Ragusans. Later, however, French forces blockaded the harbours, forcing the government to give in and let French troops enter the city. On this day, all flags and [coats of arms](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coat_of_arms)above the city walls were painted black as a sign of mourning. In 1808, [Marshal Marmont](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auguste_de_Marmont)abolished the republic and integrated its territory first into [Napoleon's Kingdom of Italy](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy_%28Napoleonic%29)and later into the [Illyrian provinces](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illyrian_Provinces)under French rule. This was to last until the 28th January 1814 when the city surrendered to Captain Sir [William Hoste](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Hoste)leading a body of British and Austrian troops who were [besieging the fortress](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Ragusa).
### LanguagesThe
[official language](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Official_language)until 1472 was [Latin](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin). Later, the Senate of the Republic decided that the official language of the Republic would be the Ragusan dialect of the Romance [Dalmatian language](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dalmatian_language), and forbade the use of the Slavic language in senatorial debate. *The Gospari*(the Aristocracy) held on to their language for many centuries, while it slowly disappeared.
Although the
[Latin language](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin)was in official use, inhabitants of the republic were mostly native speakers of [Slavonic languages](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slavonic_languages)(as confirmed by count [Pyotr Andreyevich Tolstoy](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyotr_Andreyevich_Tolstoy)in 1698, when he noted "In Dalmatia [...] Ragusans [...] call themselves Croats" ). The Dalmatian language was also spoken in the city. [[14]](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dubrovnik#cite_note-jezik-14)
The
[Italian language](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_language)as spoken in the republic was heavily influenced by the [Venetian language](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venetian_language)and the [Tuscan dialect](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuscan_Language). Italian took root among the Dalmatian Romance-speaking merchant upper classes, as a result of Venetian influence. [[15]](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dubrovnik#cite_note-15)
### Austrian ruleWhen the
[Habsburg Empire](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Habsburg_Monarchy)annexed these provinces after the 1815 [Congress of Vienna](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congress_of_Vienna), the new authorities implemented a bureaucratic administration, established the [Kingdom of Dalmatia](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Dalmatia), which had its own Sabor (Diet) or Parliament, based in the city of [Zadar](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zadar), and political parties such as the [Autonomist Party](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autonomist_Party)and the [People's Party](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People%27s_Party_%28Dalmatia%29). They introduced a series of modifications intended to slowly centralize the bureaucratic, tax, religious, educational, and trade structure. Unfortunately for the local residents, these steps largely failed, despite the intention of wanting to stimulate the economy. And once the personal, political and economic damage of [the Napoleonic Wars](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napoleonic_Wars)had been overcome, new movements began to form in the region, calling for a political reorganization of the Adriatic along the national lines. [ *]* [citation needed](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed)
The combination of these two forces—a flawed Habsburg administrative system and new national movement claiming ethnicity as the founding block toward a community—posed a particularly perplexing problem; since Dalmatia was a province ruled by the
[German-speaking](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_language) [Habsburg monarchy](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Habsburg_Monarchy), with bilingual (Slavic- and Italian-speaking) elites that dominated the general population consisting of a Slavic Catholic majority (and a [Slavic Orthodox](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbian_Orthodox_Church)minority of not more than 300 people). [ *]* [citation needed](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed) [Mokošica](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moko%C5%A1ica). Once again, extreme measures were taken to re-establish the Republic, but it was all in vain. After the fall of the Republic most of the aristocracy was recognized by the Austrian Empire.
In 1832, Baron
[Šišmundo Getaldić-Gundulić](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0i%C5%A1mundo_Getaldi%C4%87-Gunduli%C4%87)( [Italian](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_language): *Sigismondo Ghetaldi-Gondola*) was (1795–1860) was elected [podestà](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Podest%C3%A0)of Dubrovnik, serving for 13 years; the Austrian government granted him the title of "Baron".
Count Rafael Pucić (
*Raffaele Pozza*), Dr. Jur., (1828–90) was elected for first time Podestà of Dubrovnik in the year 1869 after this was re-elected in 1872, 1875, 1882, 1884) and elected twice into the Dalmatian Council, 1870, 1876. The victory of the Nationalists in Split ( *Spalato*) in 1882 strongly affected in the areas of Korčula and Dubrovnik. It was greeted by the mayor (podestà) of Dubrovnik Rafael Pucić, the National Reading Club of Dubrovnik, the Workers Association of Dubrovnik and the review "Slovinac"; by the communities of Kuna and Orebić, the latter one getting the nationalist government even before Split.
The Austrian and Austro-Hungarian rule that followed folloved the
[Divide et impera](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divide_and_rule)policy. The Austrian policy of denationalizing the Dalmatian coasts left its mark in the political division of the population as best expressed in the political parties: the [Croatian People's Party](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croatian_People%27s_Party_%E2%80%93_Liberal_Democrats)and the mostly Italianite [Autonomous Party](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autonomist_Party). [ *]* [citation needed](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed) [Serbian-Catholics](http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Serbian-Catholics&action=edit&redlink=1)circle supported Baron [Francesco Ghetaldi-Gondola](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frano_Getaldi%C4%87-Gunduli%C4%87), the candidate of the [Autonomous Party](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autonomist_Party), vs the candidate of Popular Party [Vlaho de Giulli](http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vlaho_de_Giulli&action=edit&redlink=1), in the 1890 election to the Dalmatian Diet. The following year, during the local government election, the Autonomous Party won the municipal re-election with Francesco Gondola, who died in power in 1899. The alliance won the election again on 27 May 1894. Francesco Ghetaldi-Gondola founded the [[16]](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dubrovnik#cite_note-16) *Società*on 4 December 1890. [Philately](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philately)
In 1905, the Committee for establishing electric
[tram service](http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tram_service&action=edit&redlink=1), headed by m. Luko Bunić – certainly one of the most deserving persons who contributed to the realisation of the project - was established. Other members of the Committee were: Ivo Papi, Dr. Miho Papi, Dr. Artur Saraka, Mato Šarić, Dr. Antun Pugliesi, Dr. Mato Gracić, Dr. Ivo Degiulli, Ernest Katić and Antun Milić. [[17]](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dubrovnik#cite_note-17)
Pero Čingrija (1837–1921), one of the leaders of the People's Party in Dalmatia, played the main role in the merger of the People's Party and the Party of Right into a single Croatian Party in 1905.
### 1918–1991With the fall of
[Austria–Hungary](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austria%E2%80%93Hungary)in 1918, the city was incorporated into the new [Kingdom of Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Yugoslavia)(later the [Kingdom of Yugoslavia](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Yugoslavia)). The name of the city was officially changed from Ragusa to Dubrovnik.
During
[World War II](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II), Dubrovnik became part of the [Nazi](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazism)allied [Independent State of Croatia](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independent_State_of_Croatia), occupied by the [Italian army](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_Army)first, and by the [German army](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Army)after 8 September 1943. In October 1944 Tito's partisans entered Dubrovnik, and it became consequently part of [Communist Yugoslavia](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialist_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia). Soon after their arrival into the city, partisans executed approximately 78 influential and well known citizens without a trial, including [Catholic priests](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_Orders), on the nearby island of [Daksa](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daksa_%28island%29). Communist leadership during the next several years continued the prosecution of [[18]](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dubrovnik#cite_note-18) [Croats](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croat)which culminated on 12 April 1947 with the capture and imprisonment of more than 90 citizens of Dubrovnik. [[19]](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dubrovnik#cite_note-19)
### Break-up of Yugoslavia
Main article:
[Siege of Dubrovnik](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Dubrovnik) [Slovenia](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovenia), which at that time were republics within [Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialist_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia), declared their independence. At that event, [Socialist Republic of Croatia](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialist_Republic_of_Croatia)was renamed [Republic of Croatia](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croatia).
Despite
[demilitarization](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demilitarisation)of the old town in early 1970s in an attempt to prevent it from ever becoming a casualty of war, following Croatia's independence in 1991, [Serbian-Montenegrin](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbia_and_Montenegro)remains of the [Yugoslav People's Army](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yugoslav_People%27s_Army)(JNA) attacked the city. The regime in [Montenegro](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montenegro)led by president of Montenegro, [Momir Bulatović](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Momir_Bulatovi%C4%87), and Prime minister of Montenegro, [Milo Đukanović](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milo_%C4%90ukanovi%C4%87), which was installed by and loyal to the Serbian government led by [Slobodan Milošević](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slobodan_Milo%C5%A1evi%C4%87), declared that Dubrovnik would not be permitted to remain in Croatia because they claimed it was historically part of [Montenegro](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montenegro). This was in spite of the large Croat majority in the city and that very few Montenegrins resided there, though Serbs accounted for six percent of the population. [[20]](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dubrovnik#cite_note-yorku1-20) Many consider the claims by the Bulatović-Đukanović government, as being part of Serbian President Milošević's plan to deliver his nationalist supporters the [[20]](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dubrovnik#cite_note-yorku1-20) [Greater Serbia](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greater_Serbia)they desired as [Yugoslavia](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yugoslavia)collapsed. [[20]](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dubrovnik#cite_note-yorku1-20)
On October 1, 1991 Dubrovnik was attacked by
[JNA](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yugoslav_People%27s_Army)with a [siege of Dubrovnik](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Dubrovnik)that lasted for seven months. The heaviest artillery attack was on December 6 with 19 people killed and 60 wounded. Total casualties in the conflict according to Croatian [Red Cross](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Red_Cross_and_Red_Crescent_Movement)were 114 killed civilians, among them celebrated poet [Milan Milisić](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milan_Mili%C5%A1i%C4%87). Foreign newspapers have been criticised for exaggerating the damage sustained by the old town, instead of responding to human casualties. Nonetheless, the artillery attacks on Dubrovnik damaged 56% of its buildings to some degree, as the historic walled city, a UNESCO world heritage site, sustained 650 hits by artillery rounds. [[21]](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dubrovnik#cite_note-21) The [[22]](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dubrovnik#cite_note-UNHCR-Dubrovnik-650-22) [Croatian Army](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croatian_Ground_Army)lifted the siege in May 1992, and [liberated Dubrovnik's surroundings](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Tiger_%281992%29)by the end of October, but the danger of sudden attacks by the JNA lasted for another three years. [[23]](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dubrovnik#cite_note-NYTimes-Dubrovnik-Artillery-17Aug95-23)
Following the end of the war, damage caused by the shelling of the Old Town was repaired. Adhering to UNESCO guidelines, repairs were performed in the original style. As of 2005, most damage had been repaired. The inflicted damage can be seen on a chart near the
[city gate](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_gate), showing all artillery hits during the siege, and is clearly visible from high points around the city in the form of the more brightly coloured new roofs. [ICTY](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Criminal_Tribunal_for_the_former_Yugoslavia)indictments were issued for JNA generals and officers involved in the bombing.
General
[Pavle Strugar](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pavle_Strugar), who coordinated the attack on the city, was sentenced to an eight-year prison term by the [International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Criminal_Tribunal_for_the_former_Yugoslavia)for his role in the attack.
The
[1996 Croatia USAF CT-43 crash](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1996_Croatia_USAF_CT-43_crash), near [Dubrovnik Airport](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dubrovnik_Airport), killed everyone on a [United States Air Force](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Air_Force)jet with [United States Secretary of Commerce](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Commerce) [Ron Brown](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ron_Brown_%28U.S._politician%29), [The New York Times](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times) [Frankfurt](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankfurt)Bureau chief Nathaniel C. Nash and 33 other people.
## Heritage
|Old City of Dubrovnik|
|
|Native name Stari grad Dubrovnik
|
|![]()
The Old Harbour at Dubrovnik
[Dubrovnik-Neretva County](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dubrovnik-Neretva_County), ![ ](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Croatia.svg/22px-Flag_of_Croatia.svg.png)
[Croatia](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croatia) [1979](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_by_year_of_inscription#1979_.283rd_session.29)(3rd [Session](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Heritage_Committee)) [95](http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/95) [Europe and North America](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Heritage_Sites_in_Europe) *Official name: Stari grad Dubrovnik* [Dubrovnik Summer Festival](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dubrovnik_Summer_Festival)is a 45 day-long cultural event with live plays, concerts, and games. It has been awarded a Gold International Trophy for Quality (2007) by the Editorial Office in collaboration with the Trade Leaders Club.
The
[patron saint](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patron_saint)of the city is [Sveti Vlaho (Saint Blaise)](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Blaise), whose statues are seen around the city. He has an importance similar to that of [St. Mark the Evangelist](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_the_Evangelist)to Venice. One of the larger churches in city is named after Saint Blaise. February 3 is the feast of [Sveti Vlaho (Saint Blaise)](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Blaise), who is the city's patron saint. Every year the city of Dubrovnik celebrates the holiday with Mass, parades, and festivities that last for several days. [[24]](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dubrovnik#cite_note-24)
The Old Town of Dubrovnik is depicted on the
[reverse](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obverse_and_reverse)of the Croatian 50 [kuna](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croatian_kuna)banknote, issued in 1993 and 2002. [[25]](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dubrovnik#cite_note-banknotes1993-25)
The city boasts of many old buildings, such as the
[Arboretum Trsteno](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trsteno), the oldest [arboretum](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arboretum)in the world, dating back to before 1492. Also, the third oldest European [pharmacy](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pharmacy)is located in the city, which dates back to 1317 (and is the only one still in operation today). It is located at Little Brothers monastery in Dubrovnik. [[26]](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dubrovnik#cite_note-dbvonl15-26)
In history, many Conversos (
[Marranos](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marrano)) were attracted to Dubrovnik, formerly a considerable seaport. In May 1544, a ship landed there filled exclusively with [Portuguese](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portugal)refugees, as Balthasar de Faria reported to King John. Another admirer of Dubrovnik, [George Bernard Shaw](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Bernard_Shaw), visited the city in 1929 and said: "If you want to see heaven on earth, come to Dubrovnik."
In the bay of Dubrovnik is the 72-
[hectare](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hectare)wooded island of [Lokrum](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lokrum), where according to legend, [Richard the Lionheart](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_I_of_England)was cast ashore after being [shipwrecked](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shipwreck)in 1192. The island includes a fortress, [botanical garden](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botanical_garden), [monastery](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monastery)and [naturist beach](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nude_beach).
Among the many tourist destinations are a few beaches. Banje, Dubrovnik's main public
[beach](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beach), is home to the Eastwest Beach Club. There is also Copacabana Beach, a stony beach on the Lapad peninsula, named after the popular beach in [[27]](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dubrovnik#cite_note-27) [Rio de Janeiro](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copacabana_%28Rio_de_Janeiro%29).
Dubrovnik has also been mentioned in popular film and theatre. In the film
[with](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/20,000_Leagues_Under_the_Sea_%281997_Village_Roadshow_film%29) *20,000 Leagues Under the Sea* [Michael Caine](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Caine), one of the characters said to have been dreaming of [fairy](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fairy)from Dubrovnik (motive known from local legends and literature). In the 1968 movie Rosemary's Baby, Rosemary tells her husband Guy that he is "in Dubrovnik" when he attempts to talk with her after she discovers he has made a pact with the devil to use her womb to bear Satan's son. [Ivan Gundulić](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivan_Gunduli%C4%87), a 17th-century Croatian writer, predicted the downfall of the great [Turkish Empire](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkish_Empire)in his poem *.* [Osman](http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Osman_%28epic%29&action=edit&redlink=1)
### Important monuments
The finest Renaissance highlight is the [[28]](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dubrovnik#cite_note-28) [Sponza Palace](http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sponza_Palace&action=edit&redlink=1)which dates from the 16th century and is currently used to house the National Archives. The [[29]](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dubrovnik#cite_note-29) [Rector's Palace](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rector%27s_Palace)is a Gothic-Renaissance structure that displays finely carved capitals and an ornate staircase. It now houses a museum. [[30]](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dubrovnik#cite_note-30) Its façade is depicted on the [[31]](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dubrovnik#cite_note-31) [reverse](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obverse_and_reverse)of the Croatian 50 [kuna](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croatian_kuna)banknote, issued in 1993 and 2002. The [[25]](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dubrovnik#cite_note-banknotes1993-25) [St. Saviour Church](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Saviour_Church,_Dubrovnik)is another remnant of the Renaissance period, next to the much-visited Franciscan Monastery. [[26]](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dubrovnik#cite_note-dbvonl15-26) [[32]](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dubrovnik#cite_note-32) The Franciscan monastery's library possesses 30,000 volumes, 216 incunabula, 1,500 valuable handwritten documents. Exhibits include a 15th-century silver-gilt cross and silver [[33]](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dubrovnik#cite_note-33) [thurible](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thurible), an 18th-century crucifix from Jerusalem, a martyrology (1541) by Bemardin Gucetic and illuminated [psalters](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psalter). [[26]](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dubrovnik#cite_note-dbvonl15-26)
Dubrovnik's most beloved church is St Blaise's church, built in the 18th century in honour of Dubrovnik's patron saint. Dubrovnik's baroque Cathedral was built in the 18th century and houses an impressive Treasury with relics of Saint Blaise. The city's Dominican Monastery resembles a
[fortress](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortress)on the outside but the interior contains an art museum and a Gothic-Romanesque church. [[34]](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dubrovnik#cite_note-34) A special treasure of the Dominican monastery is its library with 216 incunabula, numerous illustrated manuscripts, a rich archive with precious manuscripts and documents and an extensive art collection. [[35]](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dubrovnik#cite_note-35) [[36]](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dubrovnik#cite_note-36) [[37]](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dubrovnik#cite_note-37) [[38]](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dubrovnik#cite_note-38)
### Walls of Dubrovnik
Main article:A feature of Dubrovnik is its walls that run almost 2 km (1.24 mi) around the city. The walls run from four to six metres thick on the landward side but are much thinner on the seaward side. The system of turrets and towers were intended to protect the vulnerable city.
[Walls of Dubrovnik](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walls_of_Dubrovnik) [[39]](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dubrovnik#cite_note-39)
## Demographics
|Historical populations
|
of Dubrovnik
|Year||Pop.||±%|
|1880||15,666||—|
|1890||15,329||−2.2%|
|1900||17,384||+13.4%|
|1910||18,396||+5.8%|
|1921||16,719||−9.1%|
|1931||20,420||+22.1%|
|1948||21,778||+6.7%|
|1953||24,296||+11.6%|
|1961||27,793||+14.4%|
|1971||35,628||+28.2%|
|1981||46,025||+29.2%|
|1991||51,597||+12.1%|
|2001||43,770||−15.2%|
|2011||42,615||−2.6%|
|Source: Naselja i stanovništvo Republike Hrvatske 1857–2001, DZS, Zagreb, 2005|[settlements](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naselje): [[1]](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dubrovnik#cite_note-census2011-1) [Bosanka](http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bosanka&action=edit&redlink=1), population 139 [Brsečine](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brse%C4%8Dine), population 99 [Čajkovica](http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%C4%8Cajkovica&action=edit&redlink=1), population 149 [Čajkovići](http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%C4%8Cajkovi%C4%87i&action=edit&redlink=1), population 24 [Donje Obuljeno](http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Donje_Obuljeno&action=edit&redlink=1), population 210 [Dubravica](http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dubravica,_Dubrovnik&action=edit&redlink=1), population 37 **Dubrovnik**, population 28,113 [Gornje Obuljeno](http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gornje_Obuljeno&action=edit&redlink=1), population 121 [Gromača](http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Groma%C4%8Da&action=edit&redlink=1), population 141 [Kliševo](http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kli%C5%A1evo&action=edit&redlink=1), population 55 [Knežica](http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kne%C5%BEica,_Croatia&action=edit&redlink=1), population 120 [Koločep](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolo%C4%8Dep), population 165 [Komolac](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komolac), population 313 [Lopud](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lopud), population 249 [Lozica](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lozica), population 136 [Ljubač](http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ljuba%C4%8D,_Dubrovnik-Neretva_County&action=edit&redlink=1), population 62 [Mokošica](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moko%C5%A1ica), population 1,946 [Mravinjac](http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mravinjac,_Croatia&action=edit&redlink=1), population 80 [Mrčevo](http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mr%C4%8Devo&action=edit&redlink=1), population 86 [Nova Mokošica](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moko%C5%A1ica), population 5,921 [Orašac](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ora%C5%A1ac,_Croatia), population 625 [Osojnik](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osojnik), population 297 [Petrovo Selo](http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Petrovo_Selo_%28Dubrovnik%29&action=edit&redlink=1), population 22 [Pobrežje](http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pobre%C5%BEje,_Croatia&action=edit&redlink=1), population 121 [Prijevor](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prijevor,_Dubrovnik), population 441 [Rožat](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ro%C5%BEat), population 339 [Suđurađ](http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Su%C4%91ura%C4%91&action=edit&redlink=1), population 203 [Sustjepan](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sustjepan), population 306 [Šipanska Luka](http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%C5%A0ipanska_Luka&action=edit&redlink=1), population 211 [Šumet](http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%C5%A0umet&action=edit&redlink=1), population 173 [Trsteno](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trsteno), population 221 [Zaton](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zaton,_Dubrovnik-Neretva_County), population 1,001 down from 49,728 in 1991 [[40]](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dubrovnik#cite_note-census2001-40) In the 2011 census, approximately 90,34% of the population was Croat. [[41]](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dubrovnik#cite_note-41)
## Transport
[an international airport](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dubrovnik_Airport)of its own. It is located approximately 20 km (12 mi) from Dubrovnik city centre, near [Čilipi](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Cilipi). Buses connect the airport with the Dubrovnik old main [bus station](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bus_station)in [Gruž](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gru%C5%BE). In addition, a network of modern, local buses connects all Dubrovnik neighbourhoods running frequently from dawn to midnight. However, Dubrovnik, unlike Croatia's other major centres, is not accessible by rail; until 1975 Dubrovnik was [[42]](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dubrovnik#cite_note-42) [connected](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croatian_Railways#Dubrovnik)to [Mostar](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mostar)and [Sarajevo](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarajevo)by a [narrow gauge railway](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narrow_gauge_railway)(760 mm) [[43]](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dubrovnik#cite_note-43) built during the [[44]](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dubrovnik#cite_note-44) [Austro-Hungarian rule of Bosnia](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina_%28Austro-Hungarian_condominium%29).
The
[A1](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A1_%28Croatia%29)highway, in use between [Zagreb](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zagreb)and [Vrgorac](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vrgorac), is planned to be extended all the way to Dubrovnik. The highway will cross the [Pelješac Bridge](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pelje%C5%A1ac_Bridge)which is currently under construction. An alternative plan proposes the highway running from [Neum](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neum)through [Bosnia and Herzegovina](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina)and an expressway continuing to Dubrovnik. However, this plan has fallen out of favour.
## EducationDubrovnik has a number of educational institutions. These include
[Dubrovnik International University](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dubrovnik_International_University), the [University of Dubrovnik](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Dubrovnik), a Nautical College, a Tourism College, a University Centre for Postgraduate Studies of the [University of Zagreb](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Zagreb), [American College of Management and Technology](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_College_of_Management_and_Technology), [Diocesan Classical Gymnasium "Ruđer Bošković" in Dubrovnik](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diocesan_Classical_Gymnasium_%22Ru%C4%91er_Bo%C5%A1kovi%C4%87%22_in_Dubrovnik)and an Institute of History of the [Croatian Academy of Sciences and Arts](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croatian_Academy_of_Sciences_and_Arts).
## ClimateDubrovnik has a borderline
[humid subtropical](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humid_subtropical_climate)( *Cfa*) and [Mediterranean climate](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mediterranean_climate)( *Csa*) in the [Köppen climate classification](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification), since only two summer months have less than 40 millimetres (1.6 in) of rainfall, preventing it from being classified as solely humid subtropical or Mediterranean. It has hot, moderately dry summers and mild, wet winters. The [Bura](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bora_%28wind%29)wind blows uncomfortably cold gusts down the [Adriatic](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adriatic_Sea)coast between October and April, and thundery conditions are common all the year round, even in summer, when they interrupt the warm, sunny days. The air temperatures can slightly vary, depending on the area or region. Typically, in July and August daytime maximum temperatures reach 35 °C (95 °F), and at night drop to around 23 °C (73 °F). More comfortable, perhaps, is the climate in Spring and Autumn when maximum temperatures are typically between 20 °C (68 °F) and 28 °C (82 °F).
- Air temperature
- average annual
- 16.4 °C (61.5 °F)
- average of coldest period=January
- 10 °C (50 °F)
- average of warmest period=August
- 25.8 °C (78.4 °F)
- Sea temperature
- average May–September
- 17.9–23.8 °C (64–75 °F)
[Salinity](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salinity)*
- approximately 38 ‰ (
[parts per thousand](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concentration))
- approximately 38 ‰ (
[Precipitation](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Precipitation_%28meteorology%29)
- average annual
- 1,020.8 mm
- average annual rain days
- 109.2
- Sunshine
- average annual
- 2629 h
- average daily hours
- 7.2 h
|[
|
(54)
(54)
(57)
(63)
(70)
(77)
(82)
(82)
(77)
(70)
(63)
(55)
(68)
(43)
(43)
(46)
(52)
(59)
(66)
(70)
(70)
(64)
(57)
(50)
(45)
(55)
[Precipitation](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Precipitation_%28meteorology%29)mm (inches)
(5.79)
(4.45)
(4.02)
(3.62)
(3.11)
(2.36)
(0.94)
(1.5)
(3.82)
(6.14)
(8.39)
(7.09)
(51.22)
*Source:* [http://at.wetter.com/reise/laenderinfos/klimadatenbank/?continent=EU&country=EUHR&station=HRXXX0043](http://at.wetter.com/reise/laenderinfos/klimadatenbank/?continent=EU&country=EUHR&station=HRXXX0043)
## International relations
### Twin towns – sister citiesDubrovnik is
[twinned](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twin_towns_and_sister_cities)with: [[45]](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dubrovnik#cite_note-Dubrovnik-45)
|
||
|
## Images
### Panorama
### Gallery
## In popular cultureDubrovnik is also currently being used to represent the city of
[King's Landing](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King%27s_Landing_%28A_Song_of_Ice_and_Fire%29)in the [HBO](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HBO)adaptation of [George R.R. Martin](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_R.R._Martin)'s *series of fantasy novels. Locations used in filming include St. Dominic Street, Lokrum Island, The Knežev dvor and Sponza palaces, Lovrijenac (Fort of St. Lawrence), and Fort Bokar and the Minčeta tower.* [A Song of Ice and Fire](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Game_of_Thrones) [[50]](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dubrovnik#cite_note-test-50)
## See also
## References
### Notes
- ^
**a** **b** **c** ["Census of Population, Households and Dwellings 2011, First Results by Settlements"](http://www.dzs.hr/Eng/censuses/census2011/htm/E11_Zup37_0981.html)(HTML). *Statistical Reports*(in Croatian and English) (Zagreb: [Croatian Bureau of Statistics](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croatian_Bureau_of_Statistics)) (1441). June 2011. [ISSN](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number) [1332-0297](http://www.worldcat.org/issn/1332-0297). Retrieved 2011-09-15. [^](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dubrovnik#cite_ref-2) *Croatia Business Law Handbook, World Strategic and Business Information Library,*p. 249, USA International Business Publications, Edition 6, 2007. [ISBN 978-1-4330-0882-5](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781433008825) [^](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dubrovnik#cite_ref-3) [10 best medieval walled cities on CNNGo.com](http://www.cnngo.com/explorations/escape/10-best-medieval-walled-cities-130886) **Andrew Archibald Paton (1862).** [^](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dubrovnik#cite_ref-4) ["Chapter 9: Ragusa"](http://books.google.com/books?id=E_NBAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA218). *Researches on the Danube and the Adriatic; or Contributions to the Modern History of Hungary and Transylvania, Dalmatia and Croatia, Servia and Bulgaria, Volume 1*. London: Trübner and Co. p. 218. [^](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dubrovnik#cite_ref-5) [Ragusa was an island originally](http://picasaweb.google.com/schmitt.dick/DubrovnikCroatia#5415162058039374130) **Dubrovnik: A History, page 289, Robin Harris, Saqi Books, 2006.** [^](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dubrovnik#cite_ref-6) [ISBN 9780863569593](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780863569593) **Dubrovnik, 2nd: The Bradt City Guide, page 7, Piers Letcher, Robin McKelvie, Jenny McKelvie, Bradt Travel Guides, 2007.** [^](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dubrovnik#cite_ref-7) [ISBN 9781841621913](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781841621913) **Dubrovnik, page 25, Volume 581 of Variorum collected studies series, Bariša Krekić,** [^](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dubrovnik#cite_ref-8) [Variorum](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variorum), 1997. [ISBN 9780860786313](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780860786313) **Pitcher, Donald Edgar.** [^](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dubrovnik#cite_ref-9) *An Historical Geography of the Ottoman Empire*, Leiden: Brill, 1968, p. 70 **Naprijed, Naklada.** [^](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dubrovnik#cite_ref-10) *The Croatian Adriatic Tourist Guide*, pg. 354, Zagreb (199). [ISBN 953-178-097-8](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9531780978) **Husebye, Eystein Sverre.** [^](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dubrovnik#cite_ref-11) *Earthquake Monitoring and Seismic Hazard Mitigation in Balkan Countries* [^](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dubrovnik#cite_ref-12) *Dubrovnik and the American Revolution: Francesco Favi's Letters,*Francesco Favi, ed. by [Wayne S. Vucinich](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayne_S._Vucinich), Ragusan Press, 1977. [^](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dubrovnik#cite_ref-13) [.](http://books.google.com/books?id=e8YJAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA378&dq=republic+of+ragusa+had+ceased+to+exist+DALMATIA+AND+MONTENEGRO+SIR+J.+GARDNER+WILKINSON&client=safari&cd=1#v=onepage&q=&f=false) *Dalmatia and Montenegro: Volume 2* [^](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dubrovnik#cite_ref-jezik_14-0) ["Jezik, lingvistika i politika: Ilirski iliti slovinski jezik"](http://web.archive.org/web/20060220204755/http://www.hercegbosna.org/ostalo/jezik3.html). *hercegbosna.org*(in Croatian). Archived from [the original](http://www.hercegbosna.org/ostalo/jezik3.html)on 20 February 2006. **(Italian) Marzio, Scaglioni (1996).** [^](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dubrovnik#cite_ref-15) ["La presenza italiana in Dalmazia, 1866-1943"](http://www.webcitation.org/5nbG01IRn). *Tesi di Laurea*. Facoltà di Scienze politiche - Università degli studi di Milano. Archived from [the original](http://xoomer.virgilio.it/histria/storiaecultura/testiedocumenti/tesiscaglioni/tesi.htm)on 2010-02-17. Retrieved 2010-02-17. [^](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dubrovnik#cite_ref-16) [. Books.google.cl. 2007-09-20. Retrieved 2009-05-05.](http://books.google.cl/books?lr=&id=GOVJAAAAMAAJ&dq=dubrovnik+gondola&q=gondola&pgis=1) *Trudna tożsamość: problemy... - Búsqueda de libros de Google* [^](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dubrovnik#cite_ref-17) ["Tramway in Dubrovnik"](http://www.posta.hr/main.aspx?id=193&idmarke=2138). Croatian Post. [^](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dubrovnik#cite_ref-18) ["Nakon ulaska partizana u Dubrovnik u listopadu 1944.: Partizani pogubili hrvatske antifašiste | Izdvojeno | Glas Koncila"](http://www.glas-koncila.hr/rubrike_izdvojeno.html?news_ID=11154). Glas-koncila.hr. Retrieved 2008-11-11. **Politički zatvorenik** [^](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dubrovnik#cite_ref-19) [http://www.hdpz.t-com.hr/broj236/Franic.htm](http://www.hdpz.t-com.hr/broj236/Franic.htm)Retrieved 16 January 2012
- ^
**a** **b** [Srđa Pavlović.](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dubrovnik#cite_ref-yorku1_20-2) **c** ["Pavlovic: The Siege of Dubrovnik"](http://www.webcitation.org/5nYLi2zaI). Yorku.ca. Archived from [the original](http://www.yorku.ca/soi/_Vol_5_1/_HTML/Pavlovic.html#fnB28)on 2010-02-15. Retrieved 2008-11-11. **Joseph Pearson, 'Dubrovnik’s Artistic Patrimony, and its Role in War Reporting (1991)' in European History Quarterly, Vol. 40, No. 2, 197-216 (2010).** [^](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dubrovnik#cite_ref-21) [http://ehq.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/40/2/197](http://ehq.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/40/2/197) [^](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dubrovnik#cite_ref-UNHCR-Dubrovnik-650_22-0) ["Chronology for Serbs in Croatia"](http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/country,,,CHRON,HRV,,469f387dc,0.html). United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees. 2004. Retrieved January 5, 2011. **Raymond Bonner (August 17, 1995).** [^](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dubrovnik#cite_ref-NYTimes-Dubrovnik-Artillery-17Aug95_23-0) ["Dubrovnik Finds Hint of Deja Vu in Serbian Artillery"](http://www.nytimes.com/1995/08/17/world/dubrovnik-finds-hint-of-deja-vu-in-serbian-artillery.html?ref=croatia). The New York Times. Retrieved December 18, 2010. [^](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dubrovnik#cite_ref-24) [Dubrovnik news](http://web.archive.org/web/20071021141211/http://web.tzdubrovnik.hr/clanak.shtml?clanak=890)
- ^
**a** **b** [Croatian National Bank](http://www.hnb.hr/). [Features of Kuna Banknotes](http://www.hnb.hr/novcan/enovcan.htm?tsfsg=5caabbb4dca58151e125c650d3cdae36): [50 kuna](http://www.hnb.hr/novcan/novcanice/e50k.htm?tsfsg=45cbd9aa061b9ecb8d80e8feb87d6be6)(1993 issue) & [50 kuna](http://www.hnb.hr/novcan/novcanice/e50k-2izdanje.htm?tsfsg=0bd5ec961a61889067936c3c7bb033d8)(2002 issue). – Retrieved on 30 March 2009.
- ^
**a** **b** **c** ["Monuments (1 to 5)"](http://www.webcitation.org/5nZfoXB6a). Dubrovnik Online. Archived from [the original](http://www.dubrovnik-online.net/english/monuments.php)on 2010-02-16. Retrieved 2010-02-16. **Karen Tormé Olson, Sanja Bazulic Olson (2006).** [^](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dubrovnik#cite_ref-27) [.](http://books.google.ca/books?id=ue-4o37AficC&pg=PA57) *Frommer's Croatia* [John Wiley & Sons](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Wiley_%26_Sons). pp. 57–58. [ISBN](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number) [0-7645-9898-8](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7645-9898-8). Retrieved 27 October 2009. **Oliver, Jeanne.** [^](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dubrovnik#cite_ref-28) ["Dubrovnik Sights"](http://www.webcitation.org/5nZcXdGut). Croatia Traveller. Archived from [the original](http://www.croatiatraveller.com/southern_dalmatia/Dubrovnik/Dubrovnik_sights.htm)on 2010-02-16. Retrieved 2010-02-16. [^](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dubrovnik#cite_ref-29) ["Sponza Palace"](http://www.webcitation.org/5nZd5Sp5D). DubrovnikCity.com. Archived from [the original](http://www.dubrovnikcity.com/dubrovnik/attractions/sponza_palace.htm)on 2010-02-16. Retrieved 2010-02-16. [^](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dubrovnik#cite_ref-30) ["The Rector's Palace"](http://www.webcitation.org/5nZdcJwZn). DubrovnikCity.com. Archived from [the original](http://www.dubrovnikcity.com/dubrovnik/attractions/rectors_palace.htm)on 2010-02-16. Retrieved 2010-02-16. [^](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dubrovnik#cite_ref-31) ["The Rector's Palace"](http://www.webcitation.org/5nZdliVBO). Dubrovnik Guide. Archived from [the original](http://www.dubrovnik-guide.net/rector_palace.htm)on 2010-02-16. Retrieved 2010-02-16. [^](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dubrovnik#cite_ref-32) ["Franciscan monastery"](http://www.webcitation.org/5nZex4dgy). Dubrovnik Guide. Archived from [the original](http://www.dubrovnik-guide.net/francisian.htm)on 2010-02-16. Retrieved 2010-02-16. [^](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dubrovnik#cite_ref-33) ["Franciscan Friary, Dubrovnik"](http://www.webcitation.org/5nZfE54l4). Sacred Destinations. Archived from [the original](http://www.sacred-destinations.com/croatia/dubrovnik-franciscan-monastery.htm)on 2010-02-16. Retrieved 2010-02-16. [^](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dubrovnik#cite_ref-34) ["Church of St. Blaise, Dubrovnik"](http://www.webcitation.org/5nZgkO04Q). Sacred Destinations. Archived from [the original](http://www.sacred-destinations.com/croatia/dubrovnik-st-blaise-church.htm)on 2010-02-16. Retrieved 2010-02-16. [^](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dubrovnik#cite_ref-35) ["Monuments (16 to 20)"](http://www.webcitation.org/5nZgalc2L). Dubrovnik Online. Archived from [the original](http://www.dubrovnik-online.net/english/monuments4.php)on 2010-02-16. Retrieved 2010-02-16. [^](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dubrovnik#cite_ref-36) ["Dominican Friary, Dubrovnik"](http://www.webcitation.org/5nZfQyvhE). Sacred Destinations. Archived from [the original](http://www.sacred-destinations.com/croatia/dubrovnik-dominican-monastery.htm)on 2010-02-16. Retrieved 2010-02-16. **Oliver, Jeanne.** [^](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dubrovnik#cite_ref-37) ["Dominican Monastery"](http://www.webcitation.org/5nZhbUmeY). Croatia Traveller. Archived from [the original](http://www.croatiatraveller.com/southern_dalmatia/Dubrovnik/Dominican.htm)on 2010-02-16. Retrieved 2010-02-16. [^](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dubrovnik#cite_ref-38) ["Monuments (21 To 22)"](http://www.webcitation.org/5nZhwi079). Dubrovnik Online. Archived from [the original](http://www.dubrovnik-online.net/english/monuments5.php)on 2010-02-16. Retrieved 2010-02-16. **Oliver, Jeanne.** [^](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dubrovnik#cite_ref-39) ["Dubrovnik's Walls"](http://www.webcitation.org/5nZiU3E3K). Croatia Traveller. Archived from [the original](http://www.croatiatraveller.com/southern_dalmatia/Dubrovnik/Walls.htm)on 2010-02-16. Retrieved 2010-02-16. [^](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dubrovnik#cite_ref-census2001_40-0) ["Population by ethnicity, by towns/municipalities, census 2001"](http://wikiwix.com/cache/?url=http://www.dzs.hr/Eng/censuses/Census2001/Popis/E01_02_02/E01_02_02_zup19.html). [Croatian Bureau of Statistics](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croatian_Bureau_of_Statistics). 2001. Archived from [the original](http://www.dzs.hr/Eng/censuses/Census2001/Popis/E01_02_02/E01_02_02_zup19.html)on 2008-12-03. Retrieved 2011-09-15. [^](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dubrovnik#cite_ref-41) ["Encyclopedia, Dubrovnik"](http://www.webcitation.org/5nX41WakL). *A&E Television Networks, History.com*. Funk & Wagnalls' New Encyclopedia. World Almanac Education Group. Archived from [the original](http://www.history.com/encyclopedia.do?articleId=207947)on 2010-02-14. Retrieved 2010-02-14. [^](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dubrovnik#cite_ref-42) ["Transportation Rail"](http://www.dubrovnik-online.net/english/transportation_rail.php). Dubrovnik Online. Retrieved 20 June 2009. [^](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dubrovnik#cite_ref-43) ["Dubrovnik to Sarajevo 1965"](http://www.penmorfa.com/JZ/dubrovnik2.html). Charlie Lewis. Retrieved 27 September 2011. [^](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dubrovnik#cite_ref-44) ["Dubrovnik to Capljina in 1972"](http://www.penmorfa.com/JZ/jhorsford.html). Jim Horsford. Retrieved 27 September 2011.
- ^
**a** **b** **c** **d** **e** **f** **g** **h** **i** ["O Dubrovniku"](http://www.dubrovnik.hr/dubrovnik_info.php). *dubrovnik.hr*(in Croatian). Grad Dubrovnik. Retrieved 2011-12-23. **Grad Vukovar (2011 [last update]).** [^](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dubrovnik#cite_ref-46) ["Gradovi prijatelji"](http://www.vukovar.hr/gradovi-prijatelji.html). *vukovar.hr*. Retrieved 28 September 2011. [^](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dubrovnik#cite_ref-Graz_47-0) ["Twin Towns - Graz Online - English Version"](http://www.graz.at/cms/beitrag/10045157/606819/). www.graz.at. Retrieved 2010-01-05. **29.01.2011. 20:45 (2011-01-29).** [^](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dubrovnik#cite_ref-48) ["Dubrovnik se pobratimio s francuskim Rueil-Malmaisonom – Grad Dubrovnik — Dubrovački vjesnik"](http://www.dubrovacki.hr/clanak/25962/dubrovnik-se-pobratimio-s-francuskim-rueil-malmaisonom). Dubrovacki.hr. Retrieved 2011-06-02. [^](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dubrovnik#cite_ref-49) ["Vancouver and Dubrovnik to establish a sister-city relationship"](http://www.croatiantimes.com/news/General_News/2013-02-18/32170/Vancouver_and_Dubrovnik_to_establish_a_sister-city_relationship). *Croatian Times*. February 13, 2013. [^](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dubrovnik#cite_ref-test_50-0) [Dubrovnik in the spotlight](http://www.jaywaytravel.com/blog/2012/dubrovnik-game-of-thrones/), jaywaytravel.com.
### Bibliography
- Peterjon Cresswell, Ismay Atkins and Lily Dunn (2006).
[(First ed.). London, Berkeley & Toronto: Time Out Group Ltd & Ebury Publishing,](http://books.google.com/books?id=VZweAAAACAAJ) *Time Out Croatia* [Random House Ltd.](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Random_House) [ISBN](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number) [978-1-904978-70-1](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-904978-70-1). Retrieved 10 March 2010. *Dubrovnik, A History*. London: [Saqi Books](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saqi_Books). 2003. [ISBN](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number) [0-86356-332-5](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-86356-332-5).
- Adriana Kremenjaš-Daničić (editor-in-chief) (2006).
*Roland's European Paths*. Dubrovnik: Europski dom Dubrovnik. [ISBN](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number) [953-95338-0-5](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/953-95338-0-5).
- Marko Kovac (February 4, 2003).
["Dubrovnik’s Heritage Under Threat"](http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/2716347.stm). *.* [BBC News Online](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_News_Online)
- Frank McDonald (July 18, 2008).
["The 'Pearl' Loses its Luster"](http://www.irishtimes.com/newspaper/features/2008/0718/1216073242375.html). *.* [The Irish Times](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Irish_Times)
- Frank McDonald (July 18, 2008).
["Will Greed Tarnish Croatia's Gem?"](http://www.irishtimes.com/newspaper/features/2008/0718/1216073242375.html). *.* [The Irish Times](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Irish_Times)
## Further reading
- R. Lambert Playfair (1892).
["Ragusa"](http://archive.org/stream/handbooktomedit01firgoog#page/n45/mode/2up). [(3rd ed.). London: J. Murray.](http://openlibrary.org/books/OL16538259M/Handbook_to_the_Mediterranean) *Handbook to the Mediterranean* ["Ragusa"](http://archive.org/stream/austriahungaryi00firgoog#page/n476/mode/2up). [. Leipzig: Karl Baedeker. 1905.](http://openlibrary.org/books/OL20498317M/Austria-Hungary_Including_Dalmatia_and_Bosnia_Including_Dalmatia_and_...) *Austria-Hungary, Including Dalmatia and Bosnia* [OCLC](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC) [344268](http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/344268).
## External links
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|![]()
|Look up
| in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
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|![]()
|Wikimedia Commons has media related to:
|[Old City of Dubrovnik - UNESCO World Heritage Centre](http://whc.unesco.org/pg.cfm?cid=31&id_site=95) [Dubrovnik, pearl of the Adriatic](http://westernbalkans.net/index.php/croatia/destinations-croatia/dubrovnik-pearl-of-the-adriatic)Photo gallery and tourist information [Dubrovnik](http://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Dubrovnik)travel guide from Wikivoyage [Video, Dubrovnik Digital reconstruction by GRAIL at Washington University](http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sQegEro5Bfo) [eGuide to Dubrovnik Churches and Monasteries](http://www.dickschmitt.com/travels/Croatia/Dubrovnik/churches/index.html) [Dubrovnik in Encyclopædia Britannica](http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/172803/Dubrovnik/) [Guide to Dubrovnik history, famous people, culture and monuments](http://www.dubrovnik-online.net/english/history.php) [Photo tour of Dubrovnik's landmarks and sights worth seeing](http://see-croatia.com/?level=album&id=25) [Dubrovnik and Region Online Guide](http://www.croatiatraveller.com/southern_dalmatia/Dubrovnik/dubrovnik_index.htm) [Dubrovnik area on the map](http://www.dubrovnik-area.com/maps/default.asp) [Useful information helping you plan your holidays in Dubrovnik](http://www.absolute-croatia.com/dubrovnik-region/dubrovnik)
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markdown:
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|Combating street robbery: “Street knight”
model still a concern VietNamNet - All people involved in crime prevention is the thing that must be
encouraged. But it is a matter when people consider robbery hunting as a job
and they play the role of police. The problem of “street knight” model?
"Knights of the street" are the way people call men who voluntarily hunt robbers on the street. Some of them are members of social or government organizations but some of them do not belong to any organization, but all of them voluntarily do this dangerous task for the peace of society.
However, after 10 "knights" of the crime prevention club of Phu Hoa ward, Thu Dau Mot town, Binh Duong province were summoned by the Police Agency of District 12, Ho Chi Minh City, in early October, for suspicion of being related to a robbery, the skepticism about the weakness of the "street knight" model has appeared.
It is said that this model has been replicated throughout provinces, but it is not strictly controlled by local governments.
The “SBC Binh Duong" club (robber hunting club of Binh Duong province) with captain Nguyen Thanh Hai, is known as the first "street knight" club in the country.
Most of the members of this club are well-off and they consider hunting robbers as a passion. The club has significantly contributed to the reduction of crime in Binh Duong province.
Based on the model of this club, many crime prevention clubs have been established in Binh Duong and other provinces. These clubs are under the management of the local commune and ward authorities.
Regards to the case of "street knight" Nguyen Tang Tien, a member of the crime prevention club of An Binh ward, Di An Ward, Binh Duong province, who was attacked by a gangster gang, Colonel Nguyen Hoang Thao - Deputy Director of Binh Duong Police Agency, admitted that the "street knight" model has problems.
Thao said, in many cases, "knights" did not properly pursue the laws, but in the current situation, it is temporarily accepted and the local authorities would take measures to help "knights" understand the law and the limits of their job.
How is the authority of "street
knights?"
Reporters of a provincial TV station said that whenever local “street knights" arrested robbers, they asked the local TV station to film and report before handing over the criminals to the police. Some "knights" have equipped themselves with cameras to take photos or film of their feat of arms to provide to reporters.
Just like that the media has taken up “street knights” as the social idols in the suppression of crime, which should belong to the police force.
The authorities of "knights" is still a controversy when the media sometimes reported that “street knights” raided an illegal gas producing enterprise or a prostitution network.
Lawyers said that if "knights" handle such illegal acts, they are considered to violate the law, because that is the job of the police.
"If knights are called in to support the police force, it is acceptable," a lawyer said.
In late August 2012, the Ho Chi Minh City People's Court sentenced a group of three "knights" of 18-30 months in prison on charges of "consumption of assets obtained by criminal acts." In this case, three “street knights” arrested two robbers. But on the way to the police headquarters, two robbers suggested sharing half of VND120 million that they had robbed to the three "knights" to be released. The affair was discovered and the “knights” were sentenced.
Once the media reported that "knights" took a bribe. It is ridiculous because “knights” are not government officials or public servants to be called “taking a bribe.”
The Ho Chi Minh City People's Court recently trialed a "knight" for chasing a robber, who died on the way.
“Knight” Nguyen Tang Tien’s younger brother was sentenced to four years in prison for robbery. This man used to be a "street knight."
It is time the authorities should have strict regulations for the operation of "street knights," to avoid the "unfortunate incidents."
The case related to 10 "street
knights" of the SBC Binh Duong club
On the afternoon of August 17, captain Nguyen Thanh Hai of the SBC Binh Duong club received a phone call from a man named Dinh Dac Loc, a resident of
In early October, Loc received a call of a stranger named Hiep asking him to redeem the car at VND240 million, otherwise Hiep would sell it to
After listening to Loc’s explanation and checking the car registration documents, Hai mobilized 10 members in his club to help Loc.
On the night of August 17, the ten “knights” followed Loc to the meeting place where Loc gave money to Toan. “Knights” then pursued the two people (a man named Nguyen Van Hiep, from
After receiving Loc’s phone call, in which he said that his car was replaced with some faked spare parts, the “knights” arrested Hiep and his wife and took them to the office of
After that Hiep accused the “knights” of identifying themselves as policemen to take VND240 million from him.
The police of District 12,
Dam De
## Thứ Sáu, 30 tháng 11, 2012
|
|People relocated for
A woman and her children use rainwater in a water hole to bathe since their relocation area in
More and more families out of a group of people
relocated in the central
Many of the 834 families who were displaced by the Song Tranh 2 dam in 2005 were never happy to live in the houses provided by the dam builder,Electricity of Vietnam.
Besides the two factors, they also fear that the houses cannot withstand earthquakes, hundreds of which have hit the area since the dam was finished late last year.
The dam has been built on a geological fault line.
The state-owned power monopoly earlier this week paid residents VND3.5 billion (US$167,870) to repair nearly 1,000 houses and public buildings besides roads and water supply systems in Bac Tra My District that were damaged by the quakes.
Ministry of Construction officials are in the district to help build quake-proof houses.
But many of the displaced people are not willing to wait.
Ho Thi Duong, 40, said: “People here have to walk nearly two hours every day to fetch water from a stream.”
Around 20 families left for the forest earlier this year to live in huts, and now the number has doubled.
Ho Van Loi, the chairman of a local commune, said: “Life in the relocation area has been too miserable due to the lack of land and water. If the condition persists, leaving for the jungle will become inevitable.
“The dam investor has promised to build roads and wells and provide more land. I hope it did not make empty promises.”
Local rangers have reported a rise in illegal logging in the area as people become desperate without lands.
Quang
The province planned to build 44 but recently suspended work on 17 and canceled two other projects, stating that losses outweighed gains.
Seven plants are in operation and eight others are under construction. A total of more than 5,700 hectares of land has been taken over, including 2,000 ha of agriculture land, and 3,519 families have been relocated.
ThanhnienNews
|
|
##
## Thứ Năm, 29 tháng 11, 2012
|
| Hospitals delay
increasing fees
HA NOI (VNS)
— Hospitals in 18 cities and provinces will postpone the application of new
hospital fees up to five times higher than current levels until the first
quarter of next year to ease the financial burden on patients and help to
curb inflation. The cities and provinces include Ha Noi and
The decision follows Prime Minister Nguyen Tan Dung's requirement at the Government's monthly meeting in September that ministries should consider the economic effects of the new fees and prepare a detailed plan for their introduction.
The announcement of the new fees was blamed on the high consumer price index for the month, which rose 2.2 per cent over the previous month.
However, initial reports from localities where the new fees have been introduced, show that they have improved quality of treatment, waiting times have fallen, and better services are being provided by doctors and health staff.
Last February, the Ministry of Health issued Circular 04 stipulating new hospital fees for 447 health services. The fees were based on the maximum prices set by the Ministries of Health and Finance.
Since June, 45 cities and provinces have applied the new fees at between 60 and 80 per cent of the ceiling allowed by the two ministries.
Thirty four out of 38 public hospitals have also adjusted their fees.
However the huge increases have placed a burden on most poor people, especially farmers, and those in remote mountain areas without health insurance.
Those with chronic diseases have also been hit hard.
Nguyen Nam Lien, vice head of the ministry's Planning and Finance Department, said the 18 cities and provinces had been given approval to delay the fees until the first three months of next year.
Nguyen Van Son, director of central
He said these hospitals and health clinics would adjust new service fees to 66 per cent of the permissible limit from early next year.
Dang Thi Minh, director of northern
VNS
|
|When SOEs are governed by 101 agencies VietNamNet
State enterprises have too many "mothers" but it is very difficult to define which mother takes the responsibility for their children’s mistakes. This problem has been discussed in many forums and meetings, especially at the National Assembly sessions, when some state-owned groups, as the Vietnam Shipping Lines Group (Vinalines) and the Vietnam Shipbuilding Industry Group (Vinashin) incurred losses of up to billions of USD.
The situation in which SOEs earn profit and their losses are suffered by the state budget and SOEs do not have to take responsibility for their losses is expected to gradually reduce along with the implementation of the SOE restructuring process, in which an important solution being disinvesting their capital from non-core business fields to focus on their core business.
However, according to Mr. Nguyen Dinh Cung, CIEM deputy director, the implementation of this plan seems to be reluctant, hesitant and not really aggressive. Some even "talked back" that this plan cannot be completed before 2015 as committed.
In the desire to create a turning point for the economy in 2012, specialists from the Vietnam Institute of Economics in a recent workshop invited Dr. Pham Duy Nghia, a lecturer of the Fulbright Economics Teaching Program to present on the issue of ownership of SOEs.
This speaker said that the lack of a clear representative mechanism, the ownership right of state capital in SOEs is actually divided among many state agencies, by civil servants who are appointed as representatives, by the boards of management of groups and the holders of the operating rights in SOEs.
In the conflict between national interests, the interests of ministries and sectors, the interests of enterprises and the group of people who hold the ownership right at SOEs, the lack of counterpoise and continuous monitoring pressure--that representative power is more likely to be abused for private benefit." Nghia said.
The speaker also "lamented" that, in
Going into management decentralization of SOEs at the economic forum with the topic "Innovating decentralization in institutional reform," held by the National Assembly’s Economic Committee in September, Dr. Tran Tien Cuong mentioned the fact that there are too many agencies representing the state ownership and managing SOEs.
Specifically, at the end of 2011, there were 101 state bodies involving in the management of 1,309 wholly state-owned enterprises (not mentioning the agencies that manage enterprises that are partly owned by the state), including: 17 ministries and ministerial-level agencies, government agencies with 355 SOEs; 63 provinces with 701 SOEs, 11 State economic groups with 147 SOEs and 10 corporations with 106 SOEs.
At the same time there are five agencies performing the role of the state owners at SOEs, including the four Ministries of Finance, Home Affairs, Labor, War Invalids and Social Affairs, Planning and Investment and the Government Office.
This form of management has led to the corollary that SOEs have low economic efficiency but nobody takes responsibility for that, causing public concerns.
In a report presented at the 11th session of the National Assembly Standing Committee, the National Assembly’s Finance and Budget Committee stated that "business performance of SOEs is not commensurate with the advantages of this type of business, does not guarantee the position and the role in the economy."
The committee also cited the audit report for 2010, which said that SOEs had high occupancy rate of capital; most of them invested in non-core business fields; more than 50% of them operated based on occupancy capital and borrowed capital; 70% of the total number of SOEs incurred losses (around $6.5 billion in 2010); after-tax profits of SOEs was about 9%, close to the consumer price index (CPI) (11.75%).
According to documents from the National Assembly's Economic Committee, SOEs accounted for about 70% of total bad loans of banks, in which economic groups, corporations accounted for 53% of the bad debts.
Defining the owners of SOEs has become crucial. To do this, Dr. Pham Duy Nghia said that it is necessary to have public property committee (being appointed by public entities owned by the central government or the local authorities) to usurp all ownership rights over SOEs, which are still scattered now.
"It is time to terminate the business management of ministries and allocate them to the public property management committees," Nghia suggested.
Dr. Tran Tien Cuong said that in the medium and long term,
These agencies will perform the representative role over important SOEs and guide and monitor the implementation of the ownership function at ministries and provincial People's Committees.
Cuong also said that the provinces and cities that have many SOEs can establish specialized agencies to exercise the rights and obligations of the representative of the state ownership at SOEs in these localities.
Vinh An
|
|
## More foreign companies vanishing from Vietnam
##
A rusty sign is seen inside the APL International Co Ltd, 100
percent invested by
|
|Why holiday gifts get
more ‘ughs’ than ‘oohs’
"For the holiday season, many of us focus too intensely on how other people will react to what we get them, when it may be the mere existence of the present, rather than exactly what it is, that most matters," writes Cass R. Sunstein.
Behavioral economists study human errors. People don’t always make the best choices for themselves, so there’s good reason to doubt whether they will always make the best choices for others.
If you’ve ever received a useless gadget, a horrendous tie or some kind of bowl, you’ll know that when people buy Christmas presents, they can blunder badly. Chances are pretty good that whatever you end up getting people this year, and however hard you try, some of your friends and family members aren’t going to think that the gift is worth what you paid for it.
Mis-giving is a big problem for givers as well as recipients. In a large survey, the average respondent was found to give 23 presents every holiday season. Gift-giving can also take an economic toll. Personal debts tend to jump after December. That isn’t ideal, especially in hard economic times and if recipients aren’t thrilled with what they get.
Egocentric bias
Here are some tips for gift-givers, building on six behavioral findings that bear directly on holiday-season mis-giving. They might help you get through December a little better.
-- Egocentric bias: If you are like most people, you have an exaggerated sense of how much other people are like you. You probably think their tastes and values are closer to yours than they actually are. Suppose you covet that new “Star Wars” limited-edition watch, or think your life would be immeasurably better with a fishing rod. Even if so, your spouse or your best friend might not much want those things. Beware of thinking that other people will like what you like.
-- Focusing illusion: When people focus on a product or an activity, or on a single feature of a situation, they tend to think that it matters a lot more than it does. For example, people in both
The same can be said about holiday gifts. People have a tendency to focus on an eye-catching object that produces an immediate “wow!” when it is given, but that goes promptly into the desk or the closet, never to emerge again. The solution? Give serious consideration to gifts that people will actually put to daily or at least weekly use.
-- Projection bias: When people are hungry, they tend to order a ton of food, even if they are not going to eat all or even most of it. People know, of course, that their tastes will change over time, but they project their current emotional state into the future and thus underestimate the magnitude of the change.
On frigid days, people buy clothing that is needed in cold weather, such as parkas and winter coats. That’s fine as far as it goes, but they sometimes buy more than they need. The return rate is unusually high for cold-weather products bought in low temperatures. For gift-givers, the lesson is clear: Don’t be unduly influenced by how you feel on the day that you happen to be shopping.
Unrealistic view
-- Optimistic bias: Human beings tend to be unrealistically optimistic. Most people think they are better than the average driver and less likely to be involved in a serious accident. When people give presents, unrealistic optimism goes off the charts. We are often amazed that people don’t love what we’ve selected. Please don’t be. (And please consider avoiding the optimistic exclamation, “You’re going to love it!”)
-- Cumulative-cost neglect: People often borrow too much because they neglect the cumulative costs of individual expenditures. If you use your credit card to purchase 20 sensible gifts, you might be alarmed by the total expense. When gift-givers don’t keep at least a rough running tab, they may find that they have spent a lot more than they expected, or even can easily afford.
-- Spotlight effect: If you are like most people, you think that people are watching you far more carefully than they actually are. In one experiment, students were asked to go into a classroom wearing a shirt with a picture of Barry Manilow on it (which is pretty embarrassing). Those who wore the shirt greatly exaggerated the number of people who actually noticed the picture. Most people didn’t.
For the holiday season, many of us focus too intensely on how other people will react to what we get them, when it may be the mere existence of the present, rather than exactly what it is, that most matters. Unless you are dealing with someone who really cares about what you get them, you should worry a lot less (and maybe spend less, too).
A few years ago, my sister declared a family moratorium on Christmas presents for anyone over 15 years old. We all celebrated. Other people, including Waldfogel himself, have suggested a different solution. Instead of giving people more gadgets, ties or bowls, tell them that this year, you’re going to make a donation in their name to a charity of their choice. Can you think of a better way to show the spirit of the season?
By Cass R. Sunstein
Cass R. Sunstein, the Felix Frankfurter professor of law at
## Thứ Tư, 28 tháng 11, 2012
|
|President
boosts ties with Brunei
BRUNEI ( VNS )— Viet Nam and Brunei should further their
co-operation in the oil and gas sector, as well as in labour and tourism,
President Truong Tan Sang and Brunei's Sultan Haji Hassanal Bolkiah Mu'izzaddin
Waddaulah agreed.
During talks following the welcome ceremony for the Vietnamese leader yesterday, the two sides planned to continue high-ranking and people-to-people exchanges and meetings, which they hope will increase mutual understanding and trust.
At the talks, the leaders expressed their pleasure at the two countries' developing bilateral relations and affirmed their support for each other at regional and international forums.
They agreed to promptly organise the first bilateral cooperation committee meeting to propose measures to strengthen co-operation in specific fields, especially in economics, trade and investment.
According to statistics, two-way trade reached approximately US$500 million in the first nine months of this year.
With 129 projects worth $4.9 billion,
The two leaders spoke highly of defence co-operation and agreed to consider establishing a hotline between their naval forces and signing a co-operation agreement on crime prevention.
The two leaders agreed to assign relevant ministries and branches to negotiate various co-operation agreements, including the Investment Encouragement and Protection Agreement, MoUs on Fisheries and Labour and Maritime Transport Agreement.
The leaders said
President Sang affirmed that
The two leaders agreed that ensuring peace and stability in the region, maritime freedom, safety and security in the East Sea, and the settlement of disputes through peaceful means in accordance with international law, in particular the 1982 UN Convention on the Law of the Sea, are essential tasks for the coming years.
They welcomed ASEAN's Six-Point Principles on the
Both sides stressed the necessity to fully observe DOC and work towards the signing of a Code of Conduct (COC).
After the talks, President Sang and Sultan Haji Hassanal Bolkiah witnessed the signing of banking and petroleum cooperative documents. — VNS
Việt
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