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david_c._conrad_empires_of_medieval_west_africabook4me.org_.pdf_chunk_300 | resources, 9-11. See also specific names of historians
HIV/AIDS 118
horses
feed for 100
imported 17, 26, 52
royal 37
in the Songhay Empire 49, 52
use in warfare 6, 23, 54
human rights 113
hunting
common game animals 8
elephant poaching for ivory 42, 43
insurance 93
by the Mande peoples 92-93
by the Soninke peoples 68-69
by the Sorko peoples 49, 100
transition to agriculture 6
Ibn al-Mukhtar, Ag Mohammed 51, 60
Ibn Battuta, Abu Abdullah
Muhammad 35, 43, 45, 69, 83, 86, 120
Ibn Hawqal, Muhammad 23, 26-27, 76
Ibn Ibrahim, Yahya 28-29, 120
Ibn Khaldun 33, 35, 38, 44
Ibn Umar, Yahya 29-30
Ibn Yasin, Abdallah. See Yasin, Abdallah ibn
al-Idrisi, Al-Sharif 31, 71, 76, 78
India 28
Inland Delta 7-8, 9, 40, 54, 81, 97, 98
Ishaq I 58-59, 103, 105, 106
Ishaq II 61, 62, 64
Islam
bards of Islamic discourse 85
caliph 58
extortion and bribery 58
in Ga, 101-102
in the Ghana Empire capital 69, 74,78
imam 84, 110
overview 28
pilgrimage to Mecca 28, 36, $37-38,39,94$
Ramadan 86
in the Songhay Empire 101
spread into West Africa 27-29, 30, 98, 100, 101-102. See also Almoravids
in Timbuktu 40, 40, 51, 52, 101, 102
traders from Spain 26
Tukulor movement 109-110
veils $27,30,57$
Islamic Empire 27, 28
Ismail 58
ivory $42,43,50$
Jawdar Pasha 62, 64
Jazula clan 14, 29
jelia: See also Dugha
modern 83, 89, 118
responsibilities of the $37,83,84$, 85-86
role of captured 90
Jenne 8, 54, 54-55, 64, 103, 110 | {
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"Header 2": null,
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"images_base64": [],
"start_index": 6001
} | david_c._conrad_empires_of_medieval_west_africabook4me.org_.pdf |
david_c._conrad_empires_of_medieval_west_africabook4me.org_.pdf_chunk_301 | ivory $42,43,50$
Jawdar Pasha 62, 64
Jazula clan 14, 29
jelia: See also Dugha
modern 83, 89, 118
responsibilities of the $37,83,84$, 85-86
role of captured 90
Jenne 8, 54, 54-55, 64, 103, 110
jewelry $25,74,85$
jihad 29, 110
jinn 18, 93, 94, 100
Juddala clan 14, 28, 29, 30
Kaaba 28, 39
Kabara 52, 60, 103
Kanba 44
Kankan 119
Kanté, Sumaworo 12, 34, 35, 87
Kasa 44, 45
Kebbi 100
Keita, President Modibo 114
Khalifa 36
kola nut 50, 80, 95, 101
Konaré, President Alpha 114, 115
Konfara, Maghan 34-35
Kumbi Saleh
as capital of the Ghana Empire
$6,8,31,69,71-72$
Islam in 78
in the Legend of Wagadu 18-19, 20
modern 111
kurmina-fari 103, 106
Lamtuna clan 14, 28, 29, 30
languages. See also written languages
along the Niger River 8, 84
Mali Empire 84
Mande peoples 13
modern Guinea 113
modern Mali 116
number in Nigeria 13
Sanhaja peoples, 14
secret, of the gesere 97
Songhay peoples 13, 14, 97
legal system
disputes settled by the king
$43-44,74,76,78$
punishment 76
and the Quran 58, 78
trial by ordeal 76
Legend of Wagadu 18-22, 77
Liberia 13, 110, 113
livestock. See also camels; horses
of the Berber peoples 8
horses imported from North
Africa 17, 26
migrations to grazing lands 8
modern Mali 115-116
offered for sacrifice 95, 101
water supply 71
zebu cattle 9
Magha 43
Magha II 46
maghan 19, 67
Maghrib region 5, 23, 24, 41
Mahmud 46
Mahmud Pasha 64
Mali Empire | {
"Header 1": "INDEX",
"Header 2": null,
"image_references": [],
"images_base64": [],
"start_index": 7207
} | david_c._conrad_empires_of_medieval_west_africabook4me.org_.pdf |
david_c._conrad_empires_of_medieval_west_africabook4me.org_.pdf_chunk_302 | modern Mali 115-116
offered for sacrifice 95, 101
water supply 71
zebu cattle 9
Magha 43
Magha II 46
maghan 19, 67
Maghrib region 5, 23, 24, 41
Mahmud 46
Mahmud Pasha 64
Mali Empire
decline and end of the 14, 45-46, 52,120
ethnic groups and society 14,84 . See also Mande peoples
expansion and trade $36,40-43$
French conquest and division 13, $14,36,40,52,106,110-111$
map 47
modern. See Republic of Mali
origin myth 34-35
overview 12, 33-34
rulers
Mansa Musa 33, 36-40, 120
Mansa Sulayman 43-44, 86
Mari Jata II 44-45
from Sunjata to Sakura 35-36
savanna kingdoms prior to the $31,34-35$
slavery by the $40,84,89-92$
urban center. See Jenne
Malinke peoples 13, 31
Mande peoples
age grades and social solidarity 10
bards, $8383,85-87$
burial practices 80
domination by the Soso 12, 33, $34,35,120$
food 116
hunting 92-93
music 87-89, 88
name for the Niger River 9
overview 13, 14, 98
social organization 84-85
traditional religion 93-95
unification 12, 35
Mandinka peoples 13, 14, 80
Manin 67, 74
Maninka Empire 110
Maninka peoples 13, 14, 98
mansa 34, 43, 45
Mansa Musa 33, 36-40, 120
al-Mansur, Mulay Ahmad 62, 64.
See also al-Dhahabi, Mulay
Ahmad
maps
Ghana Empire 19
Mali Empire 47
modern West Africa 117
Songhay Empire,60
Spanish 14th century, illustration of gold 33
Mari Jata. See Sunjata Keita
Mari Jata II 44-45
Mari Jata III 45-46
marriage 45, 85, 90, 99
Masina 64, 110 | {
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"Header 2": null,
"image_references": [],
"images_base64": [],
"start_index": 8391
} | david_c._conrad_empires_of_medieval_west_africabook4me.org_.pdf |
david_c._conrad_empires_of_medieval_west_africabook4me.org_.pdf_chunk_303 | modern West Africa 117
Songhay Empire,60
Spanish 14th century, illustration of gold 33
Mari Jata. See Sunjata Keita
Mari Jata II 44-45
Mari Jata III 45-46
marriage 45, 85, 90, 99
Masina 64, 110
Massufa clan 14, 29
matrilineal descent 21, 68
Mauritania 13, 111. See also Kumbi Saleh
medicine 70
Mediterranean region 24, 26, 52
Mema 33, 35, 47, 52, 120
Middle East 24, 41, 43, 75
military
and age grades 10
army of Samori Touré 110
drum lords 78, 103-104
France 111
Ghana Empire 76, 78
honor guards 44
Morocco 62
Songhay Empire 52, 54, 55, $102-103$
mining
copper 46, 71
gold fields $22,23,34,43,110$, 111
in modern Guinea 112
in modern Mali 115
salt $28,41,46,53,105,115$
money
cowrie shells $25,25,26,75$
dinars 37, 75
gold minted into coins 26, 29
mithqal 39, 62, 75, 87
Morocco. See also Maghrib region; Sijilmasa
conflict over Taghaza salt mines 59, 104-107
conquest of the Songhay Empire $13,51,61,62-64,106-107$, 120
Marrakesh 64, 105
trade 26, 27, 42
mosques 40, 40, 54, 72, 78, 102
Mossi peoples 55
Muhammad 28
Muhammad Sadiq 60-61
Muhammad the Great 55-57, 58, 59, 103, 104, 120
Mulay Ahmad 105
Mulay Ahmad al-Mansur. See al-Mansur, Mulay Ahmad
Musa 57, 104
Musa I. See Mansa Musa
Musa II 45, 46
music
bards. See jeliw; funēw
during a hunter's funeral 93
instruments 57, 83, 87-89, 88, 93, 104
modern 89, 107, 109
musicians 18, 89, 99, 107, 109
praise songs and singers 84, 86, 89, 93 | {
"Header 1": "INDEX",
"Header 2": null,
"image_references": [],
"images_base64": [],
"start_index": 9580
} | david_c._conrad_empires_of_medieval_west_africabook4me.org_.pdf |
david_c._conrad_empires_of_medieval_west_africabook4me.org_.pdf_chunk_304 | music
bards. See jeliw; funēw
during a hunter's funeral 93
instruments 57, 83, 87-89, 88, 93, 104
modern 89, 107, 109
musicians 18, 89, 99, 107, 109
praise songs and singers 84, 86, 89, 93
during Ramadan celebration 87
during royal appearances 37, 44
Namibia, 42
Niger Bend
diverse cultures 9, 97, 98
and the Songhay Empire 47, 49, 50, 52. See also Gao
Nigeria 14, 97, 98, 111
Niger River. See also boats
fishing 8, 49, 100
floodplain. See Inland Delta
Middle 52, 102
other names for 9
overview 6, 8-9
river culture of the Sorko peoples 49, 98, 99-100
Upper 12, 31, 33
nomads 8, 14, 53, 84. See also Fula peoples; Sanhaja peoples
Nuh 64
numux. See blacksmiths
Ottoman Empire 61
praise songs and singers 84, 86, 89, 93
Quran 28, 51, 58, 78, 84
religions or beliefs
blacksmiths as priests 33, 79-80, 94
burial or funeral practices 72,80 , 81, 93
Christianity 79
festivals 87
genies and other spirits 18, 93, 94, 100
healers 97, 101
Islam. See Islam
Mande traditional 93-95
of modern Guinea 113
of modern Mali 116
offerings or sacrifices 19, 20, 80, $93,95,101,116$
polytheism 33, 79
predicting the future 37, 94-95, 100
rituals $22,77,80,93$
snakes 21-22, 30, 77
sohanci 58-59, 79, 93, 97, 100-101
Songhay traditional 97, 100-102
Soninke traditional 73, 77, 78-81
Sorko traditional 100
use of cowrie shells 25, 95, 95
Republic of Ghana 17, 43
Republic of Mali
after French rule 111
Beledougou 9, 33 | {
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"Header 2": null,
"image_references": [],
"images_base64": [],
"start_index": 10786
} | david_c._conrad_empires_of_medieval_west_africabook4me.org_.pdf |
david_c._conrad_empires_of_medieval_west_africabook4me.org_.pdf_chunk_305 | Soninke traditional 73, 77, 78-81
Sorko traditional 100
use of cowrie shells 25, 95, 95
Republic of Ghana 17, 43
Republic of Mali
after French rule 111
Beledougou 9, 33
burial practices 80
Independence Day 93, 114
musicians 89
salt production in Taghaza 53, 53
statistics 116
rites of passage 10, 12, 94
al-Sadi, Abd al-Rahman 51, 61, 103, 106
Sahara Desert 5
description 5, 7
expansion 31, 41
oases 5,26
population today 5
trade across the 23-26, 27, 31, 50, 61. See also caravans
Sahel region, 6, 17, 22, 31, 55
al-Sahili, Abu Ishaq 40, 40
Sakura 36, 38, 92
salt
conflict between Songhay
Empire and Morocco 59, 104-107
importance of 53
mining $28,41,46,53,105,115$
tax on $62,75,105,106$
trade 50, 52, 53, 53
Sandaki 46
Saney 49-50, 51
Sanhaja peoples
after Songhay control 64
conversion to Islam 27-29. See also Almoravids religious movement
defense of salt and copper sources 46
modern 30, 114
nomadic life 5, 98
overview 14, 84
trade 23, 24, 27, 28, 50, 98
uprising in 1995114
war with France 110-111
war with the Songhay 52, 59, 62
science and technology
ironwork 6, 17, 33, 79-80, 120
of modern Guinea 112, 113, 119
of modern Mali 116, 119
Segu kingdom 9, 83, 110
senankuya 90, 91
Senegal 27, 109, 111, 114
Sénégal River 109, 110
Senufo peoples, 14
al-Shaykh, Muhammad 59
Shehu Amadu 110
shells, cowrie $25,25,26,75,95,95$
Sierra Leone 9, 110, 113
Sijilmasa 26, 27, 29, 30
slavery | {
"Header 1": "INDEX",
"Header 2": null,
"image_references": [],
"images_base64": [],
"start_index": 12016
} | david_c._conrad_empires_of_medieval_west_africabook4me.org_.pdf |
david_c._conrad_empires_of_medieval_west_africabook4me.org_.pdf_chunk_306 | Senegal 27, 109, 111, 114
Sénégal River 109, 110
Senufo peoples, 14
al-Shaykh, Muhammad 59
Shehu Amadu 110
shells, cowrie $25,25,26,75,95,95$
Sierra Leone 9, 110, 113
Sijilmasa 26, 27, 29, 30
slavery
by the Bedouins 39
by the Mali Empire 40, 84, 89-92
social classes 90-91, 99
by the Songhay Empire 99
trade 23, 25, 26, 36, 61, 90
work done by $36,90,91-92$
sleeping sickness 9, 45, 46
snakes
Africa rock python 21, 21
Bida in the Legend of Wagadu 19, 20, 21-22, 69, 77
society
bonding by age grades 10
clans 73
classes 51, 90-91, 98-99, 107
"joking relationships" between families 90,91
Mande 84-86
matrilineal descent 21, 68
Moroccan 51, 107
Songhay 97-99
valued heritage of modern $118-119$
Sogolon Condé 34, 119
sohanci 58-59, 79, 93, 97, 100-101
Somono peoples 14, 98
Songhay Empire
conflict with Morocco over salt mines 59, 104-107
conquest of
by France 110-111
by Morocco 13, 51, 61, 62-64, 107, 120
conquest of the Mali Empire by $14,36,40,52,106$
geography 9,49
the kingdom of Gao. See Gao
map, 60
overview 12-13, 49-50, 98
succession of rulers 21,52 , 54-61, 120
urban center. See Jenne
Songhay peoples
art 49, 97
languages $13,14,97$
society 97
Soninke peoples
aristocratic clans 19
art, 17
and control of Awdaghust 27, 29, 30
conversion to Islam 30, 98
decline and dispersal 20, 22, 31, 120
hunting 68-69
legend and history 14, 18-22
southern group. See Soso peoples | {
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"Header 2": null,
"image_references": [],
"images_base64": [],
"start_index": 13204
} | david_c._conrad_empires_of_medieval_west_africabook4me.org_.pdf |
david_c._conrad_empires_of_medieval_west_africabook4me.org_.pdf_chunk_307 | art, 17
and control of Awdaghust 27, 29, 30
conversion to Islam 30, 98
decline and dispersal 20, 22, 31, 120
hunting 68-69
legend and history 14, 18-22
southern group. See Soso peoples
three kingdoms 31, 33
trade 23, 24, 27
traditional religion $73,77,78-81$
Sorko peoples 49, 52, 98, 99-100
Soso peoples and kingdom 12, 33, $34,35,120$
Spain
geographers or historians from $10,26,67$
introduction of firearms 63
Islamic Empire in 27, 28
trade, 51
Sudan, western 6-7, 8, 31, 109-111. See also Africa, West
Sulayman 43-44, 86
Sulayman Dama 47, 52, 120
Sunjata Epic 34-35
Sunjata Keita (Mari Jata, 12, 34-35, $45,84,87,114,120$
Syria 75
Taghaza 53, 56, 59, 62, 104-106
taxes 50, 62, 75, 105, 106
Timbuktu
attack by the Tukulor movement 110
conquest of
by France 110
by Morocco 64
by the Songhay Empire 47, 52, $54,58,61,103,120$
end of Mali control 46, 52
information from tombstones 51
Islam in 40, 40, 51, 52, 101, 102
Kabara port 52, 60, 103
overview 41, 51
salt trading center 53
on World Heritage List of Endangered Places 41
time line 120
Touré, Ali Farka 89, 107
Touré, Almani Samori 110, 113
Touré, Mohammed 97
Touré, President Amadou Toumani $114-115$
Touré, President Sekou 113
tourism 41, 42, 118
trade
common products 24, 26, 42, 50
control of trade routes $14,27,28$, 100
cowrie shells 25, 25, 26, 75
gold 26, 33, 42-43, 50, 52, 98
ivory $42,43,50$
modern 41, 42, 43, 113, 115, 116,118 | {
"Header 1": "INDEX",
"Header 2": null,
"image_references": [],
"images_base64": [],
"start_index": 14400
} | david_c._conrad_empires_of_medieval_west_africabook4me.org_.pdf |
david_c._conrad_empires_of_medieval_west_africabook4me.org_.pdf_chunk_308 | trade
common products 24, 26, 42, 50
control of trade routes $14,27,28$, 100
cowrie shells 25, 25, 26, 75
gold 26, 33, 42-43, 50, 52, 98
ivory $42,43,50$
modern 41, 42, 43, 113, 115, 116,118
regional and trans-Saharan 23-26, 27, 31. See also caravans
salt 50, 52, 53, 53
slave $23,25,36,61,90$
tariffs, taxes, or tolls $8,27,40,50$, $62,75,106$
transport of goods. See boats; camels
Traoré, Gen. Moussa 114
trees
baobob 69, 70, 70, 93
caïlcédrat 49
of cultural importance $69,70,70$, 71, 75
ebony 69
sacred groves $78,79,80-81$
spirits which inhabit 93
Tuareg. See Sanhaja peoples
Tukulor Empire 109-110
Tunisia 105. See also Maghrib
Turè, Muhammad. See Muhammad the Great
al-Umari 22, 35, 36
UNESCO 41, 87
United States 25, 113, 118
Wagadu kingdom 17, 18-22, 67, 77. See also Soninke peoples
Walata 31, 41, 52, 55, 71
Wali 35
warfare
armor 61, 62
civil war 44, 61, 113
competition for fertile farmland 7,9
control of trade routes 14,27 , 100
jihad 29, 110
Mande 12
siege 55, 103
soldiers and fighting groups. See military
use of horses 6, 23, 54
weapons
firearms 62, 63, 110
of the Ghana Empire army 76
iron, 17, 23, 80, 84
of the Moroccan army 62, 63
water supply
for livestock 71-72
of modern Guinea 112, 119
and settlement location 19, 21
threatened by desertification 41
for trans-Saharan crossings 24, $38-39,53,62$
Wati 35
web sites 122
wildlife $7,26,42,43,100$. See also hunting | {
"Header 1": "INDEX",
"Header 2": null,
"image_references": [],
"images_base64": [],
"start_index": 15608
} | david_c._conrad_empires_of_medieval_west_africabook4me.org_.pdf |
david_c._conrad_empires_of_medieval_west_africabook4me.org_.pdf_chunk_309 | and settlement location 19, 21
threatened by desertification 41
for trans-Saharan crossings 24, $38-39,53,62$
Wati 35
web sites 122
wildlife $7,26,42,43,100$. See also hunting
women. See marriage; matrilineal descent
World Health Organization (WHO) 46
written languages
Arabic 10, 51, 79, 95
Berber 10
al-Yaqubi, Ahmad 11, 23, 76
Yasin, Abdallah ibn 29, 30, 120
Yatenga, Kingdom of 55
Zafqu peoples 77
Zanata clan 14, 27, 30
zebu cattle 9
Zimbabwe 42 | {
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"Header 2": null,
"image_references": [],
"images_base64": [],
"start_index": 16822
} | david_c._conrad_empires_of_medieval_west_africabook4me.org_.pdf |
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