THEPOLITICALTRANSITION
ereign states, including the Homelands and a Volkstaat for Afrikaners. Vi-
olence between the ANC and IFP rose to unprecedented levels on the Wit-
watersrand and in KwaZulu and Natal, while far right Whites broadcast
racist propaganda from an illegal radio station and bombed ANC offices.54
Realizing that it would be disastrous if any substantial organization re-
fused to take part in the election, both Mandela and de Klerk tried hard to
win over the standouts. Ever since he left prison in February 1990, Man-
dela had repeatedly tried to befriend Buthelezi and persuade him to coop-
erate in founding a nonracial, united South Africa. Moreover, in August
1993, soon after the creation of the Volksfront, Mandela had made con-
tact with Viljoen and other senior generals, and by the end of 1993 he and
Mbeki had succeeded in gaining Viljoen's respect by showing that they
had sympathy for Afrikaners and understood their fears for the future. On
February 16, as the crisis deepened, Mandela announced a series of con-
cessions. There would be wider powers for the provinces and more pro-
tection for both Zulu and Afrikaans culture; KwaZulu would be joined to
Natal province with the name KwaZulu/Natal;
and members of the new