the Whites.
Nor were the Afrikaners denationalized. Far from destroying Afrikaner
nationalism, Chamberlain and Milner, Roberts and Kitchener were the
greatest recruiting agents it ever had. The Jameson Raid, coercive diplo-
macy, military conquest, concentration
camps, and bureaucratic recon-
struction
gave Afrikaner
nationalism
a powerful stimulus. Most Af-
rikaners in the former republics retained an indelible conviction that their
cause had been just; so did the ten thousand colonial Afrikaners who had
joined or assisted the commandos. Up and down Southern Africa, Dutch
Reformed clergy used their great influence to unite their people and keep
them true to their Calvinist religion and their culture. In the Transvaal in
1905, two former commando leaders-Louis
Botha, a progressive land-
owner, and Jan Smuts, the Cape-born and British-educated man who had
served the Kruger government before the war-denounced
the Milner
regime in general and its decision to import Chinese labor in particular,
and appealed to bittereinders, bandsuppers, and National Scouts (those
who resisted to the end, those who surrendered, and those who fought for
the British) to unite in support of a new political movement, Het Yolk (The
People). In the Orange River Colony, Abraham Fischer and J. B. M.
Hertzog