called hunter-gatherers San. The Khoisan peoples were, of course, Africans; but I
use the term African in the narrower sense to identify the mixed farming peoples
who spoke Bantu languages and whose descendants are the vast majority of the
inhabitants of modern Southern Africa.
19. This hypothesis was stated in its most extreme form in G. W. Stow, The
Native Races of South Africa (London, 1905).
20. Richard Elphick, Kraal and Castle: Khoikhoi and the Founding of White
South Africa (New Haven and London, 1977).
2 I.
Richard Elphick, Khoikhoi
and the Founding of White South Africa
(Johannesburg, 1985), rev.ed. of Kraal and Castle; James Denbow, "A New Look
at the Later Prehistory of the Kalahari," Journal of African History 27: 1 (1986): 3-
28; Nikolaas J.van der Merwe, "The Advent of Iron in Africa," in The Coming of
the Age of Iron, ed. Theodore A. Wertime and James D. Muhly (New Haven and
London, 1980), 463-506;
John E. Yellen, "The Integration of Herding into Pre-
historic Hunting and Gathering Economies," in.Hall et aI., Frontiers, 53-64.
22.
Igor Kopytoff, ed., The African Frontier: The Reproduction of Traditional
African Societies (Bloomington, Ind., 1987).
23. Phillipson, African Archaeology, 171. Seealso Tim Maggs, "The Iron Age