full equality with Whites for the middle classes they represented, and later
by extending the benefits to the masses of their people. The precedent they
had in mind was the step-by-step extension of the parliamentary
franchise
to all classes in England. They sought by rational argument and pressure
within the framework of the constitution to persuade the white electorate
to reverse the discriminatory tide.
The founders of the ANC, Pixley ka Isaka Seme, Alfred Mangena, Rich-
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