1990-9 1
1993
1994
CHRONOLOGY
black South African townships;
violent government
reactions
First contacts between the government and imprisoned
and exiled ANC leaders
Pass laws repealed
The government proclaims a nationwide state of emer-
gency, detains thousands of people, and prohibits the
press, radio, and television from reporting unrest
The U.S. Congress passes the Comprehensive Anti-
Apartheid Act over President Reagan's veto
Violent conflict between Zulu supporters of Inkatha and
the ANC in KwaZulu and on the Witwatersrand
Three-week strike by 250,000
African mine-workers
South Africa undertakes to withdraw from Angola and
cooperate in U.N.-monitored independence process in
Namibia
De Klerk succeeds Botha, first as leader of the National
party, then as president
De Klerk unbans the ANC, PAC, and SACP; releases Man-
dela and other political prisoners
Namibia gains independence
1913 and 1936 Land Acts, Group Areas Act, Population
Registration Act, and Separate Amenities Act repealed;
political organizations unbanned; state of emergency re-
voked; amid widespread violence, delegates from 18 par-
ties start formal negotiations
White voters support
the negotiation
process in a
referendum
The ANC breaks offnegotiations with the government af-
ter an Inkatha mob massacres 46