THEAPARTHEIDERA
or permanently, grew more powerful than ever.The African people relied
on wage labor in the great industrial complexes of the southern Transvaal
and the Durban, Port Elizabeth, and Cape Town areas. Moreover, no
foreign country recognized the sovereignty of the "independent" Home-
lands.
Apartheid included rigid and increasingly sophisticated controls over all
black South Africans. The government tried to herd into the Homelands
nearly all Africans, except those whom white employers needed as la-
borers. In 1967, the Department of Bantu Administration and Develop-
ment stated this policy quite bluntly in a general circular: "It is.accepted
Government policy that the Bantu are only temporarily resident in the
European areas of the Republic for as long as they offertheir labour there.
Assoon as they become, for one reason or another, no longer fit for work or
superfluous in the labour market, they are expected to return to their
country of origin or the territory of the national unit where they fit eth-
. nically if they were not born and bred in their homeland."? Togiveeffectto
this policy in the towns, the government intensified its predecessors' at-
tempts to limit the influx of rural Africans by prohibiting them from