(surgeon) who conducted the ceremonies. The chief also supplied the cru-
cial ingredients: a bull, butterfat, and, most important of all, his lenaka.
This was a horn, preferably a rhinoceros horn, containing a powder com-
posed of a mixture of vegetable and animal materials and human flesh. The
bull and the cow that produced the butterfat were meant to have been
captured from a rival chiefdom, and the human flesh should have been cut
from the body of an enemy who had been killed, fighting bravely.63
The initiation process included circumcision, various physical tests, and
instruction in the customs and traditions of the chiefdoms, under rigorous
discipline. When it was over, the boys were men. As the French Protestant
missionary Eugene Casalis described it: "Circumcision makes the child a
man. Anyone who has not experienced this rite is unequipped for war,
unfitted for business, inadmissible in society. In a word he is not a Mo-
sotho, he lacks the distinctive mark of his race, his father and mother
disown him, his equals insult him and run away from him."64 Another
missionary observed that its objective was "to incorpora.te them into the
nation, to attach them to the young chief who is part of the band."65 The