with the education mess. Although the system was formally desegregated,
there continued to be a vast disparity in quality, and despite many over-
laps, the quality of education still corresponded closely with race. Schools
ranged from expensive private establishments, attended by whites and the
new black elite, to former white public schools with mixed student bodies,
to schools that catered to the vast majority of the black population and
continued to be almost exclusively black. The national and provincial ed-
ucation departments received a fair share of the budget, but not all poor
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