in mathematics and the sciences; as one academic report noted, "Scientific
literacy levels [still] reflected the hierarchy of inequality of apartheid edu-
cation policies" -a
poor preparation for life in the twenty-first century.P
The universities were in no better shape than the schools. 'By 1999,
with racially open admissions, African students formed not only a distinct
majority in colleges founded for Coloured and Indian students but also
increasingly large minorities in formerly all-white institutions. The uni-
versities founded for Africans were still attended almost exclusively by
Africans, and these were in serious trouble. After serious confrontations,
the government removed students who refused or were unable to pay the
fees, but students, professors, and administrators
were dissatisfied, and
the quality of the degrees was dubious. Since few Africans were qualified
for university appointments, and those who were found much better-paid
jobs in business or politics, the professors were still overwhelmingly
white. The top administrators were Africans, some of them incompetent
and corrupt. By 1999, six African universities had incurred huge deficits
and accumulated student debts totaling more than $40 million, and their