farmers,
caring for their employers' stock in return for a share. Some bijwoners
remained in an underclass; others eventually accumulated sufficient live-
stock to set up on their own as landowners.
This expansion involved a variety of relationships with the indigenous
hunters and herders. Advancing burgher families often made use of a spring
and its adjacent pastures without overt opposition and then gradually
acquired exclusive control, reducing the indigenous pastoralists to various
types of tenancy and clientage. An elderly Khoikhoi told Anders Spar-
rman, a visiting Swedish doctor and entomologist, in 1775 that "he could
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