were trying "to find a place of dignity and security within a capitalist world
that encroached on them all too quickly." In the early years of the gold-
mining industry, landless Afrikaners as well as Africans settled on the
Witwatersrand and organized small businesses. For example, Afrikaners
became cabdrivers and brickmakers, while Zulus created a laundry ser-
vice. By the mid- I 890S, however, most Afrikaner and African entrepre-
neurs were being crushed out of business by industrial enterprises run by
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