THESEGREGATIONERA
founded the South African Institute of Race Relations, which collected and
published information
about the effects of segregation and discrimination.
Few white South Africans, however, were susceptible to the influence of
those bodies. Most Whites were determined
to maintain their own privi-
leges and power. The ANC, APO, and SAIC thus won no substantial victories;
nor did they mobilize the black masses. By the 193os, indeed, they were
moribund.
Sporadic attempts were made to create more radical movements. The
most spectacular
such organization
was founded by Clements Kadalie, a
mission-educated
African from Nyasaland
(modern Malawij.v? In 1919,
Kadalie formed a small trade union among Coloured dockworkers
in Cape
Town; by 1928, it had swollen into a nationwide
Industrial and Commer-
cial Workers Union (ICU), claiming a membership
of more than
150,000
Africans,
15,000
Coloureds,
and 250 Whites. By then, it was primarily
a
rural movement,
tapping,
especially, African sharecroppers'
and tenant
laborers' land hunger and exasperation
as white landowners
were squeez-
ing them while they themselves were struggling for economic survival.
The ICU organizers were frustrated Africans who had had a few years of
missionary
education
but had not fulfilled the expectations