poorly paid, and unfree.
This great and historic racial cleavage was preserved and reinforced by
drastic differences in living conditions. In Kimberley, white workers were
free to live in the town with their families. During the 1870S, however,
Africans became required to carry passes and to live in segregated parts of
the town, or, if they were mineworkers, to live in all-male compounds
attached to the mines. After 1885, moreover, the African mineworkers
were not allowed outside the compounds throughout the duration of their
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