tralians, and North
Americans; of artisans, engineers, lawyers, busi-
nesspeople, and unskilled workers. Most Uitlanders nevertheless spoke
English, and English was the lingua franca of the gold-mining industry. A
deep cultural
gulf stretched between all those urban" individualistic,
raucous Uitlanders
and the rural,
socially integrated
Calvinist Afri-
kaners.v"
The restoredTransvaal
republic was managed by an elective Volksraad
and president. The citizens elected a formidable man as president on four
136