combining. Two factors prevented the industry from being completely
successful in the nineteenth century. One was internal: the mining com-
panies and groups competed with one another, especially in the recruit-
ment and treatment of labor. The other was external: the Afrikaner govern-
ment of the republic, representing farmers who relied on African labor and
to whom Johannesburg was a den of iniquity and also, as we shall see, a
threat to the survival of their state, had material, cultural, and political
interests that were poles apart from those of the industrialists.
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