and paying them as little as possible.
Following the white conquest, new cleavages meshed with old in the
African societies. One can distinguish four main tendencies.61The African
masses were largely concerned with their immediate situation, whether
they resided in the reserves, on white farms, or in towns or were migrant
laborers moving between the reserves and the white areas. Their grievances
were specific, and with few exceptions, they held fast to traditional African
values. Whatev(~r their situation, they relied heavily on their extensive
kinship networks. Poor or incapacitated people received food and shelter
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