of raising the "black" schools to anything like the level of the "white"
schools. Moreover, the established syllabi and textbooks were devised un-
der the apartheid regime, and there was an imbalance between the focus
on the humanities and the national need for industrial skills. The higher
education system had similar disparities and imbalances. The universities
that the apartheid government created for African students were grossly
inadequate. In 1994, 24 percent of the adult African population had no
schooling at all, 37 percent had attended only primary school, 22 percent
had some secondary education, and only 6 percent had some higher edu-
cation. Africans had gained the dignity of full citizenship, but most of
them were not equipped to prosper in the country where they now formed
the political majority.:'
South Africa had an inordinate number of marginalized people. Illegal
immigrants swarmed into the country-most
of them refugees from the
civil war in Mozambique. Although the previous government had re-
turned thousands of "illegal aliens" to their, countries of origin-88,S75
in 1992-vast
numbers remained, and the influx continued. Police esti-
mated that in 1993 there were m.orethan one million illegal immigrants in