part, the ANC should enter into negotiations with the government and
suspend violence, which Mandela had agreed to do. On May 19, 1986, the
mission came to an abrupt end. On that day South African forces attacked
alleged ANC bases in Zimbabwe, Botswana, and Zambia-all
Common-
wealth members. The Commonwealth group then left South Africa and
issued a report deploring the conditions in the country, condemning the
government, and predicting full-fledged guerrilla warfare unless the cycle
of violence was broken.P'
In the United States, meanwhile, antiapartheid protests had developed a
powerful momentum. Randall Robinson, the executive director of Trans-
Africa, a black lobbying organization, built a coalition of clergy,students,
trade unionists, and civil rights leaders. In the two years since November
1984, six thousand Americans, including eighteen members of Congress,
had been arrested while picketing the South African embassy and consu-
lates. Many state and city governments and universities sold their invest-
ments in companies that did business in South Africa, and American com-
panies themselves began to withdraw from their South African enter-
prises-forty
in 1985, another fiftyin 1986. In July 1985, Chase Manhat-