flush toilets; by contrast, 42 percent of Africans of working age were unemployed,
only 45 percent of the African population lived in modern buildings, and only 30
percent of African households had electricity, 20 percent had piped water, I I per-
cent had telephones, and 19 percent had flush or chemical toilets in their homes.
Conditions were far worse among rural Africans than among the 59 percent of the
African population who lived in urban or peri-urban areas, even though many ur-
ban Africans occupied shacks.
3. Ibid.
4· Race Relations Survey, 1993-94,
623,648,677-751;
Economist, May
20, Dec. 3, 1994.
5. Colin Bundy, "At War with the Future? Black South African Youth," in
338