mining companies by joining in a monopsony. The Native Recruiting Cor-
poration ran a network of recruiting stations in South Africa, Basutoland,
southern Bechuanaland,
and Swaziland. The Witwatersrand
Native La-
bour Association operated in Mozambique and, after 1933, in Nyasaland,
Tanganyika, Northern Rhodesia, northern Bechuanaland, South West Af-
rica, and Angola, By 1936, 52 percent of the African mine workers came
from within South Africa (39 percent from the Cape Province) and 48 from
outside the country, especially from Mozambique
(28 percent) and Basuto-
land (15 percenn.t?
Soon after the foundation of the Union of South Africa, the state gave
legal effect to color bars that had previously existed in the mining industry,
in custom if not in law. In 1911, the government prohibited strikes by
African mine workers and issued regulations under a Mines and Works Act
to give white workers a monopoly of skilled operations. On that basis,
mine labor continued to be split on a hierarchical, racial basis. The all-
white Mine Workers' Union, founded in 1902, was a formidable force. It
won relative security of long-term employment for its members and the
continuation of a vast gap between their wages and those of African work-