APARTHEIDIN CRISIS
majority of Blacks were poor, and several million (3.5 million by one
estimate) were unemployed and destitute. The Land Act and the Group
Areas Act still excluded Africans from land ownership outside the Home-
lands and the African townships. Moreover, in spite of assurances to the
contrary, the government was continuing to remove African communities
from their homes. It was also destroying squatter camps that Africans had
formed on the outskirts of Cape Town and Port Elizabeth. 18 The army as
well as the police was being used to control the townships. Thousands of
people were being detained in solitary confinement, without being brought
to trial and without the knowledge of their families, friends, or lawyers. In
addition, in spite of much vague official talk about including Africans in
national decision-making, President Botha and his colleagues were ada-
mant about retaining the racial structure of government institutions and
rejected any suggestion that Africans should participate
equally with
Whites.
Domestic Resistance, 1978-1986
Whereas in 1960 and 1961 the government had successfully reimposed
its version of law and order for the next decade and more by arresting
dissidents and banning their organizations, similar actions in 1976 and