survive only by sending the men out to work for Whites for months at a
time. Yetmost Wllites spoke no African language and 'never set foot in an
African reserve. They assumed that all Africans had adequate homes in the
reserves and that they came out to work merely to supplement viable
domestic economies.
In the cities, a.few European socialists tried to mold black and white
workers into a single, self-conscious working class. They failed. The min-
ing industries ma.intained the split between well-paid Whites (with access
ISS