tht~ domestic.econo-
my as well as bringing up the children. Christian missionaries were having
a.profound impact on the Afri~an and Coloured populations, however.
Evangelization increased rapidly after the conquest, and by 195 1, accord-
ing to the census of that year, 59 percent of the Africans and 91 percent of
the Coloureds were Christians." Most missionaries came to South Africa
from Europe or North America and did not fully share the interests and
prejudices of the white South African population. Because the government
failed to provide education for them, those Africans who received a mod-
ern education did so in missionary schools, such as Lovedale in the Ciskei,
Adams College in Natal, and Morija in Basutoland, and in the South
African Native College, which was founded at Fort Hare in the Ciskei in
1916 and was largely controlled by missionaries. There, they encountered
a relatively liberal Western tradition.
Africans who had received a missionary education--clerks,
teachers,
clergy,and small businesspeople-periodically
tried to harness the resent-
ments of the black masses to counter white hegemony. In 1912, Africans
founded a nationwide organization that became known as the African
National Congress. It survived official obstruction and was destined to