declared apartheid to be "a crime against humanity." In 1977, after South
Africa's police were known to have killed Steve Biko and its government
had suppressed numerous antiapartheid movements, the Security Council
unanimously voted a mandatory arms embargo against South Africa. That
was the first time the United Nations had done that to a member state.
In 1963, meanwhile, independent African states founded the Organiza-
tion of African Unity (OAU),which set up a Liberation Committee with
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