panies themselves began to withdraw from their South African enter-
prises-forty
in 1985, another fiftyin 1986. In July 1985, Chase Manhat-
tan bank created a financial crisis in South Africa when it refused to roll
over its short-term loans and other banks followed suit.
The question of punitive economic sanctions against South Africa was
hotly debated throughout the United States. Opponents of sanctions ar-
gued that economic progress would eventually erode apartheid, that sane-
233