as it
proved-that
orderly urbanization would be promoted by the Natives
Land Act (1913) and the Group Areas Act (1950) and its amendments,
which confined Africans to specific zones in towns, by the lack of housing
and other amenities in those zones and by the ceiling on urban em-
ployment. The concession applied, moreover, only to Africans who were
South African citizens. Citizens of the "independent Homelands," which
by then included Venda and the Ciskei, as well as the Transkei and Bophu-
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