primary and the primary classes. In 1978, when there were five times as
many African children as white children in South Africa, only 12,014
Africans passed the matriculation examination or its equivalent (similar to
American graduation from high school), whereas three times as many
Whites did so. The government spent ten times as much per capita on white
students as on African students, and African classes were more than twice
as large as white ones. Moreover, most teachers in African schools were far
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