received 58 percent of the national income and the lowest 40 percent
received 6 percent.P"
The Second Carnegie Inquiry into Poverty and Development in South
Africa revealed that nearly two-thirds of the African population
had in-
comes below the Minimum Living Level (MLL), defined as the lowest sum
on which a household could possibly live in South African social circum-
stances. African conditions were worst in the places where the government
had relocated the largest number of displaced people-s-notably; QwaQwa,
with a population density of 777 per square mile in 1980. Throughout the
Homelands, the land was eroded, people were deriving little income from
agriculture, and over four-fifths of the people lived below the MLL. In the
white farming areas, most black men, women, and children worked for a
pittance. In the cities, the wages of some employed Africans were actually
below the MLL, and unemployment was high and rising. There was also a
vast shortage of housing for Blacks. In Soweto, with a population of over
one million by 1978, seventeen to twenty people were living in a typical
four-room house; in Crossroads, outside Cape Town, there were more than
six people to abed. 35
Under apartheid, there were intense contrasts in the health of the differ-