integrated classes; 21 percent ofthe students in the University ofNatal were
black and were taught in segregated classes.s?
In 1959, brushing aside large-scale student and faculty opposition in the
English-medium universities, Parliament passed the Extension of Univer-
sity Education Act, which prohibited the 'established universities from
accepting black students except with the special permission of a cabinet
minister and led to the foundation of three segregated colleges under tight
official control for Coloured, Indian, and Zulu students and another one
for African students in .the Transvaal. At the same time, the government
took over the South African Native College at Fort Hare, fired the principal
and seven senior staff members, andmade it a college for Xhosa students,
subjecting it to the same controls as the other black colleges. By 1978,
nearly 150,000 students were enrolled in universities in South Africa, 80
percent of them White. 2 1
From 1948 on, "Whites Only" notices appeared in every conceivable
place. Laws and regulations confirmed or imposed segregation for taxis,
ambulances, hearses, buses, trains, elevators, benches, lavatories, parks,
church halls, town halls, cinemas, theaters, cafes, restaurants, and hotels,