his awareness that the ANC would have to placate the Whites, who domi-
nated the economy and controlled the police, the army, and the bureau-
cracy, by giving them some sense of participation and security in the new
South Africa.f"
In spite of their fundamental differences and their increasing dislike for
each other, de Klerk and Mandela were bonded in a common commitment
to the peace process.f! But de Klerk had ro secure his own power base.
Therefore, in March 1992, after losing two by-elections to the Conserva-
253