facilitated and engaged in violence, which resulted in gross violations of
human rights, including random and targeted killings.V?
The KwaZulu Homeland and the province of Natai, which included
Durban, South Africa's major seaport, were a main focus of the vendetta
against the ANC by government agents. Chief Mangosuthu Buthelezi, an
ambitious, mercurial character, was prime minister of KwaZulu and head
of Inkatha, which was originally a cultural movement but which became
more and more political until 1990, when it was renamed the Inkatha
Freedom party (IFP). Supported by conservative chiefs and largely illiter-
ate peasants, he:ran KwaZulu as a one-party state with gross violations of
human rights, while most urban and better-educated Zulus supported the
ANC. The two sides fought for control of territory. Buthelezi had previ-
ously been an active member of the ANC, which had encouraged him to
form Inkatha; but he had broken with the ANC executive in exile in 1979,
when it denounced him as a government collaborator for outspokenly
advocating capitalism, opposing sanctions against South Africa, and pre-
siding over an apartheid institution, the Zulu Homeland.r" Thereafter;
Buthelezi identified himself as a Zulu nationalist, in contrast to the broad-