farms where they were employed without a pass (Document of Identifica-
tion) provided by the farmer. Others were designed to prevent Africans
from living in towns except as laborers for Whites. By 1930
in the Trans-
vaal, for example, an African entering a proclaimed urban area was obli-
ged to report to an officialwithin twenty-four hours and obtain a permit to
seek work. The officialwould issue a permit only if his other passes were in
order. The permit was valid for six days. If the African failed to produce it
on demand by an official,he would be jailed or expelled from the town. The
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