at last. Cape colonial expansion to the east culminated in 1894 with the
peaceful incorporation
of the Mpondo, who had been weakened by civil
war between conservatives and modernizers (similar to the cleavage in
Zululand) following the death of their paramount chief.20
Within the Transkei, the government took one area from the Africans
and allotted it to Griquas-people
of mixed descent who migrated there
from the middle Orange area, which was being overrun by Afrikaners-
calling it Griqualand East. The Griqua, however, gradually lost their land
to white settlers in Griqualand East, as they had previously done in Gri-
qualand West. The rest of the land in the Transkei remained in African
hands, whereas in the Ciskei to the west of the KeiRiver a mixture of Whites
and Africans held land.
During the last three decades of the nineteenth century, magistrates,
traders, and missionaries multiplied among the southern Nguni. Raising
taxes and enforcing the law, magistrates undermined the authority of the
chiefs. Selling imported foods, clothing, and agricultural implements and
buying African produce, traders provided basic instruments of a market
economy. Offering practical assistance as well as a literary education and a
contemporary