won relative security of long-term employment for its members and the
continuation of a vast gap between their wages and those of African work-
ers. After 1920, the gap was never less than eleven to one in cash wages, or
ten to one when allowance is made for the food that the companies sup-
plied to the African workers. Furthermore, by 1939 white miners were
receiving paid leave and pensions, which Africans did not receive, and far
larger disability payments than those for Africans."!
In 1922, as \\rehave seen, the mining companies tried to offset the high
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