THEAPARTHEIDERA
cern." Wilson and Ramphele also emphasized
"the widespread
disor-
ganization of family life due to the migratory labour system" and the
political, economic, and social powerlessness experienced by a large pro-
portion of black South African men, which engenders a frustrated rage that
all too often manifests itself in domestic violence, particularly
against
women.V
These generalizations
can be illustrated in the fields of wealth and
health. As we have seen, under apartheid there were huge differentials in the
wage rates of white and black workers, and although those began to
narrow in the I 970S,.they remained high, and black unemployment rose to
extraordinary
levels. Economic inequality has existed everywhere in the
modern world, but nowhere was it as great and as systematic as in apart-
heid South Africa. A University of Cape Town economist stated in 1980
that of ninety countries surveyed by the World Bank, South Africa had the
most inequitable distribution of income. Estimates by the World Bank and
the Ford Foundation showed that the top 10 percent of the population
received 58 percent of the national income and the lowest 40 percent
received 6 percent.P"
The Second Carnegie Inquiry into Poverty and Development in South