powers they had acquired under apartheid, but unlike KwaZulu, they
were pawns of the South African government and were unpopular with
their own people.
The serious challenges to the peace process came from the IFP and the
white right. The IFP resented its failure to succeed in the negotiations and
demanded that KwaZulu should be virtually independent. It probably had
the support of a majority of the Zulu people who, in all, amounted to 22
percent of the population of South Africa. For several years it had been ac-
quiring funds, arms, and military training from rogue elements in the
South African government. The white right denounced de Klerk as a trai-
tor. The Conservative party and several more extreme parties coalesced
into a Volksfront led by Constand Viljoen, a former head of the South
African army, who would playa vital role in the events leading up to the
election. Like his colleagues, Viljoen found it difficult to abandon his en-
grained racist assumptions, feared that the ANC would wreck the country,
and was furious with de Klerk and his colleagues for negotiating away
white supremacy. The Volksfront was formidable because its members
were accustomed to military discipline, owned modern firearms, and per-