especially those living in the Ciskei. Tiyo Soga, a Xhosa commoner back
from Britain with a Scottish education, a Scottish wife, and the status of
minister of the Presbyterian church, was to be a forerunner in the process of
evangelization. Soga showed his fellow Xhosa how they might adapt to
their condition as conquered people in a capitalist economy. In 1861, in
words that foreshadowed the doctrines of Booker T. ~~ashington in the
United States, he wrote: "The country of the Kafirs is now forfeited and the
greater part of it has been given out in grants to European farmers. I see
plainly that unless the rising generation is trained to some of the useful arts,
nothing else will raise our people, and they must be grooms, drivers of
wagons, hewers of wood, or general servants. But let our youth be taught
trades, to earn money, and they will increase and purchase land." Soga
added a most prescient statement: "When a people are not land-pro-
prietors, they are of no consequence in this country and are tenants on mere
sufferance."24
The Zulu Kingdom and the Mfecane
Until the late eighteenth century the Bantu-speaking mixed farmers
south of the Limpopo River lived in small chiefdoms. By the r830s, when
white people began to invade southeastern Africa beyond the Fish River in