From the passage identify the areas where cytokines can help the host immune responses. Display the results in a comma separated format.
Cytokines��are a broad and loose category of small��proteins��(~5���25��kDa) important in��cell signaling. Cytokines are��peptides��and cannot cross the��lipid bilayer��of cells to enter the��cytoplasm. Cytokines have been shown to be involved in��autocrine,��paracrine��and��endocrine signaling��as��immunomodulating agents.Cytokines include��chemokines,��interferons,��interleukins,��lymphokines, and��tumour necrosis factors, but generally not hormones or��growth factors��(despite some��overlap in the terminology). Cytokines are produced by a broad range of cells, including immune cells like��macrophages,��B lymphocytes,��T lymphocytes��and��mast cells, as well as��endothelial cells,��fibroblasts, and various��stromal cells; a given cytokine may be produced by more than one type of cell.��They act through��cell surface receptors��and are especially important in the��immune system; cytokines modulate the balance between��humoral��and��cell-based��immune responses, and they regulate the maturation, growth, and responsiveness of particular cell populations. Some cytokines enhance or inhibit the action of other cytokines in complex ways. They are different from��hormones, which are also important cell signaling molecules. Hormones circulate in higher concentrations, and tend to be made by specific kinds of cells. Cytokines are important in health and disease, specifically in host��immune responses��to��infection,��inflammation,��trauma,��sepsis,��cancer, and reproduction.The word comes from the ancient��Greek language:��cyto, from Greek ����������,��kytos, 'cavity, cell' +��kines, from Greek ��������������,��kin��sis, 'movement'.
infection, inflammation, trauma, sepsis, cancer, reproduction