What are the major innovations and scientific discoveries from UC Berkeley?
A number of significant inventions and discoveries have been made by Berkeley faculty members and researchers:
 
 Natural sciences
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 Atomic bomb ��� Physics professor J. Robert Oppenheimer was wartime director of Los Alamos National Laboratory and the Manhattan Project.
 Carbon 14 and photosynthesis ��� Martin Kamen and Sam Ruben first discovered carbon 14 in 1940, and Nobel laureate Melvin Calvin and his colleagues used carbon 14 as a molecular tracer to reveal the carbon assimilation path in photosynthesis, known as Calvin cycle.
 Carcinogens ��� Identified chemicals that damage DNA. The Ames test was described in a series of papers in 1973 by Bruce Ames and his group at the university.
 Chemical elements ��� 16 elements have been discovered at Berkeley (technetium, astatine, neptunium, plutonium, americium, curium, berkelium, californium, einsteinium, fermium, mendelevium, nobelium, lawrencium, rutherfordium, dubnium, and seaborgium).
 Covalent bond ��� Gilbert N. Lewis in 1916 described the sharing of electron pairs between atoms, and invented the Lewis notation to describe the mechanisms.
 CRISPR gene editing ��� Nobel laureate Jennifer Doudna discovers a precise and inexpensive way for manipulating DNA in human cells.
 Cyclotron ��� Ernest O. Lawrence created a particle accelerator in 1934, and was awarded the Nobel Physics Prize in 1939.
 Dark energy ��� Saul Perlmutter and many others in the Supernova Cosmology Project discover the universe is expanding because of dark energy 1998.
 Flu vaccine ��� Wendell M. Stanley and colleagues discovered the vaccine in the 1940s.
 Hydrogen bomb ��� Edward Teller, the father of hydrogen bomb, was a professor at Berkeley and a researcher at the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory and the Los Alamos National Laboratory.
 Immunotherapy of cancer ��� James P. Allison discovers and develops monoclonal antibody therapy that uses the immune system to combat cancer 1992���1995.
 Molecular clock ��� Allan Wilson discovery in 1967.
 Neuroplasticity ��� Marian Diamond discovers structural, biochemical, and synaptic changes in brain caused by environmental enrichment 1964
 Oncogene ��� Peter Duesberg discovers first cancer causing gene in a virus 1970s.
 Telomerase ��� Elizabeth H. Blackburn, Carol Greider, and Jack Szostak discover enzyme that promotes cell division and growth 1985.
 Vitamin E ��� Gladys Anderson Emerson isolates Vitamin E in a pure form in 1952.
Atomic bomb by J. Robert Oppenheimer, carbon 14 and its photosynthesis, covalent bond, cyclotron, and etc.