our primary market has been the healthcare industry , particularly hospitals . we have identified hospitals with 200 or more beds as the primary targets for our software and wireless solutions . 27 revenue generated by wireless messaging services ( including voice mail , personalized greetings , message storage and retrieval ) and equipment loss and or maintenance protection to both one-way and two-way messaging subscribers is presented as wireless revenue in our statements of operations . revenue generated by the sale of our software solutions , which includes software license , professional services ( installation , consulting and training ) , equipment procured by us from third parties ( to be used in conjunction with our software ) and post-contract support ( on-going maintenance ) , is presented as software revenue in our statements of operations . our software is licensed to end users under an industry standard software license agreement . 2019 highlights total revenue declined by 5.4 % or $ 9.2 million during 2019 compared to 2018 , primarily as a result of the continued and expected decline in wireless revenue along with a decrease in license revenues . the rate of decline in wireless revenues continues to trend favorably over the last several years as we saw the lowest level of erosion in the last five years , declining at a rate of only 6.5 % . in the fourth quarter of 2019 , we recognized non-cash pre-tax goodwill impairment charges of $ 8.8 million . excluding the goodwill impairment , our operating expenses decreased by 3.1 % or $ 5.4 million during 2019 compared to 2018 , driven primarily by savings in cost of revenue and general and administrative . while we continued investment in our development of spok go , we anticipate costs will begin to normalize in 2020. we saw growth in development costs decline from 30.8 % between 2017 and 2018 to 12.6 % from 2018 to 2019. we anticipate the rate of growth will continue to decline through 2020 as we balance the mix of staffing and outside service resources with internal development needs . we made significant progress in our development efforts related to spok go and expect to have a product ready for public release in 2020. we returned approximately $ 16.4 million of capital to stockholders in the form of cash dividends and share repurchases . 2018 highlights total revenue declined by 1.0 % or $ 1.7 million during 2018 compared to 2017 , primarily as a result of moderate growth in software revenue , offset by the continued and expected decline in wireless revenue . this represents a $ 6.7 million improvement in the decrease of consolidated revenues period over period as compared to the year ended december 31 , 2017 and brings us closer to consolidated revenue growth as we continue our transition into a software company . the anticipated rate of decline in wireless revenues has trended favorably over the last several years continuing in 2018 as we saw the lowest level of erosion in the last five years , declining at a rate of only 6.8 % . our operating expenses increased by 7.6 % or $ 12.2 million during 2018 compared to 2017 , driven primarily by our continued investment in the development of spok go and the related research and development costs . we returned approximately $ 23.6 million of capital to stockholders in the form of cash dividends and share repurchases . wireless revenue wireless revenue consists of two primary components : paging revenue and product and other revenue . paging revenue consists primarily of recurring fees associated with the provision of messaging services and fees for paging devices and is net of a provision for service credits . product and other revenue reflects system sales , the sale of devices and charges for paging devices that are not returned and are net of anticipated credits . our core offering includes subscriptions to one-way or two-way messaging services for a periodic ( monthly , quarterly , semiannual , or annual ) service fee . this is generally based upon the type of service provided , the geographic area covered , the number of devices provided to the customer and the period of commitment . a subscriber to one-way messaging services may select coverage on a local , regional or nationwide basis to best meet their messaging needs . two-way messaging is generally offered on a nationwide basis . in addition , subscribers either contract for a messaging device from us for an additional fixed monthly fee or they own a device , having purchased it either from us or from another vendor . we also sell devices to resellers who lease or resell devices to their subscribers and then sell messaging services utilizing our networks . we offer ancillary services , such as voicemail and equipment loss or maintenance protection , which help increase the monthly recurring revenue we receive along with these traditional messaging services . we offer exclusive one-way ( t5 ) and two-way ( t52 ) alphanumeric pagers , which are configurable to support un-encrypted or encrypted operation . when configured for encryption , they utilize aes-128 bit encryption , screen locking and remote wipe capabilities . with encryption enabled , these new secure paging devices enhance our service offerings to the healthcare community by adding hipaa security capabilities to the low cost , highly reliable and availability benefits of paging ( see item 1 . “ business ” for more details ) . 28 software revenue software revenue consists of two primary components : operations revenue and maintenance revenue . story_separator_special_tag despite the impairment of goodwill , our outlook for the business continues to remain strong . we believe the launch of spok go is set to meet a significant need in the healthcare marketplace and will create significant value for shareholders in the coming years . refer to note 1 , `` organization and significant accounting policies `` , and note 6 , `` goodwill and intangible assets , net `` , for further discussion . 34 interest income , other income ( expense ) , and income tax ( benefit ) expense interest income . interest income increased slightly for the year ended december 31 , 2019 , compared to the same periods in 2018 and 2017 , respectively , primarily due to interest earned on the company 's cash balances and short term investments due to increased investments in short-term treasury bonds . other income ( expense ) . for the year ended december 31 , 2019 compared to the same period in 2018 , other income ( expense ) increased by $ 1.4 million primarily as a result of various immaterial expenses incurred in 2018 that were not subsequently incurred during 2019 and an increase in gains on foreign currency . the decrease of $ 0.8 million in other income ( expense ) for the year ended december 31 , 2018 compared to the same period in 2017 was primarily a result of legal and other expenses related to the lawsuit previously reported in the 2017 annual report and our quarterly report on form 10-q for the quarterly period ended march 31 , 2018. benefit from ( provision for ) income taxes . the effects of foreign taxes are immaterial for all periods presented . the following is the effective tax rate reconciliation for the years ended december 31 , 2019 , 2018 and 2017 , respectively ( see note 9 , `` income taxes `` , for further discussion on our income taxes ) : replace_table_token_13_th benefit from income taxes increased by $ 2.0 million for the year ended december 31 , 2019 compared to the same period in 2018 due primarily to an overall increase in pretax book loss partially offset by the add back of goodwill that was impaired and an increase in research and development and other tax credits . our investment in research and development qualifies for the research and development income tax credit under section 41 of the internal revenue code . unused research and development tax credits have a 20-year carryover and will provide future tax benefits once spok 's net operating losses are fully utilized . liquidity and capital resources cash and cash equivalents at december 31 , 2019 , we had cash and cash equivalents of $ 47.4 million . the available cash and cash equivalents are held in accounts managed by third-party financial institutions and consist of invested cash and cash in our operating accounts . the invested cash is invested in interest bearing funds managed by third-party financial institutions . these funds invest in direct obligations of the government of the united states . to date , we have experienced no loss or lack of access to our invested cash or cash equivalents ; however , we can provide no assurance that access to our invested cash and cash equivalents will not be impacted by adverse market conditions . we maintain a level of liquidity sufficient to allow us to meet our cash needs in both the short-term and long-term . at any point in time , we have approximately $ 7.0 to $ 12.0 million in our operating accounts that are with third-party financial institutions . while we monitor daily the cash balances in our operating accounts and adjust the cash balances as appropriate , these cash balances could be impacted if the underlying financial institutions fail or are subject to other adverse conditions in the financial markets . to date , we have experienced no loss or lack of access to cash in our operating accounts . we intend to use our cash on hand to provide working capital , to support operations , to invest in our business and to return value to stockholders through cash dividends and possible repurchases of our common stock . we may also consider using cash to fund or complete opportunistic investments and acquisitions that we believe will provide a measure of growth or revenue stability while supporting our existing operations . because we intend to increase substantially our investment in developing the spok go platform over the next two or three years , commensurate with declining revenues from our wireless business , we anticipate that our cash on hand will decrease significantly during that period and possibly longer until revenues from spok go begins to be realized . 35 cash flows overview in the event that net cash provided by operating activities and cash on hand are not sufficient to meet future cash requirements , we may be required to reduce planned capital expenses , reduce or eliminate our cash dividends to stockholders , not resume our common stock repurchase program , and or sell assets or seek additional financing . we can provide no assurance that reductions in planned capital expenses or proceeds from asset sales would be sufficient to cover shortfalls in available cash or that additional financing would be available on acceptable terms . based on current and anticipated levels of operations , we anticipate net cash provided by operating activities , together with the available cash on hand at december 31 , 2019 , should be adequate to meet anticipated cash requirements for the foreseeable future . the following table sets forth information on our net cash flows from operating , investing , and financing activities for the periods stated : replace_table_token_14_th story_separator_special_tag that we may be able to negotiate lower payments if we choose to exit these contracts before their expiration date . refer to note 10 , `` commitments and contingencies

cash provided by operating activities . as discussed above , we are dependent on cash flows from operating activities to meet our cash requirements . cash from operations varies depending on changes in various working capital items , including deferred revenues , accounts payable , accounts receivable , prepaid expenses and various accrued expenses . cash provided by operating activities in 2019 was $ 11.7 million , due primarily to non-cash items such as goodwill impairment of $ 8.8 million , depreciation , amortization and accretion of $ 9.2 million , stock-based compensation of $ 3.6 million , and other non-cash items of $ 0.7 million , partially offset by the 2019 net loss of $ 10.8 million and deferred income benefit of $ 3.2 million . cash provided by operating activities also increased resulting from changes in prepaids and other assets of $ 2.9 million and accounts receivable of $ 1.0 million and deferred revenue of $ 0.1 million , partially offset by a change in accounts payable , accrued liabilities and other of $ 0.6 million . cash provided by operating activities in 2018 was $ 10.3 million , due primarily to non-cash items such as depreciation , amortization and accretion of $ 10.8 million , stock-based compensation of $ 4.9 million and other non-cash items of $ 1.9 million , partially offset by the 2018 net loss of $ 1.5 million and deferred income benefit of $ 1.7 million . cash provided by operating activities was partially offset resulting from changes in accounts receivable of $ 0.9 million , prepaids and other assets of $ 0.6 million , accounts payable , accrued liabilities and other of $ 1.7 million and deferred revenue of $ 0.9 million .


 Write a concise suspicious activity report of the following text delimited by triple backquotes. Return your response as a formal report which covers the key points highlighting the location,dates,entity names and account holder information in chronological order of the text.
     ```cash provided by operating activities . as discussed above , we are dependent on cash flows from operating activities to meet our cash requirements . cash from operations varies depending on changes in various working capital items , including deferred revenues , accounts payable , accounts receivable , prepaid expenses and various accrued expenses . cash provided by operating activities in 2019 was $ 11.7 million , due primarily to non-cash items such as goodwill impairment of $ 8.8 million , depreciation , amortization and accretion of $ 9.2 million , stock-based compensation of $ 3.6 million , and other non-cash items of $ 0.7 million , partially offset by the 2019 net loss of $ 10.8 million and deferred income benefit of $ 3.2 million . cash provided by operating activities also increased resulting from changes in prepaids and other assets of $ 2.9 million and accounts receivable of $ 1.0 million and deferred revenue of $ 0.1 million , partially offset by a change in accounts payable , accrued liabilities and other of $ 0.6 million . cash provided by operating activities in 2018 was $ 10.3 million , due primarily to non-cash items such as depreciation , amortization and accretion of $ 10.8 million , stock-based compensation of $ 4.9 million and other non-cash items of $ 1.9 million , partially offset by the 2018 net loss of $ 1.5 million and deferred income benefit of $ 1.7 million . cash provided by operating activities was partially offset resulting from changes in accounts receivable of $ 0.9 million , prepaids and other assets of $ 0.6 million , accounts payable , accrued liabilities and other of $ 1.7 million and deferred revenue of $ 0.9 million .
```    
 Suspicious Activity Report : our primary market has been the healthcare industry , particularly hospitals . we have identified hospitals with 200 or more beds as the primary targets for our software and wireless solutions . 27 revenue generated by wireless messaging services ( including voice mail , personalized greetings , message storage and retrieval ) and equipment loss and or maintenance protection to both one-way and two-way messaging subscribers is presented as wireless revenue in our statements of operations . revenue generated by the sale of our software solutions , which includes software license , professional services ( installation , consulting and training ) , equipment procured by us from third parties ( to be used in conjunction with our software ) and post-contract support ( on-going maintenance ) , is presented as software revenue in our statements of operations . our software is licensed to end users under an industry standard software license agreement . 2019 highlights total revenue declined by 5.4 % or $ 9.2 million during 2019 compared to 2018 , primarily as a result of the continued and expected decline in wireless revenue along with a decrease in license revenues . the rate of decline in wireless revenues continues to trend favorably over the last several years as we saw the lowest level of erosion in the last five years , declining at a rate of only 6.5 % . in the fourth quarter of 2019 , we recognized non-cash pre-tax goodwill impairment charges of $ 8.8 million . excluding the goodwill impairment , our operating expenses decreased by 3.1 % or $ 5.4 million during 2019 compared to 2018 , driven primarily by savings in cost of revenue and general and administrative . while we continued investment in our development of spok go , we anticipate costs will begin to normalize in 2020. we saw growth in development costs decline from 30.8 % between 2017 and 2018 to 12.6 % from 2018 to 2019. we anticipate the rate of growth will continue to decline through 2020 as we balance the mix of staffing and outside service resources with internal development needs . we made significant progress in our development efforts related to spok go and expect to have a product ready for public release in 2020. we returned approximately $ 16.4 million of capital to stockholders in the form of cash dividends and share repurchases . 2018 highlights total revenue declined by 1.0 % or $ 1.7 million during 2018 compared to 2017 , primarily as a result of moderate growth in software revenue , offset by the continued and expected decline in wireless revenue . this represents a $ 6.7 million improvement in the decrease of consolidated revenues period over period as compared to the year ended december 31 , 2017 and brings us closer to consolidated revenue growth as we continue our transition into a software company . the anticipated rate of decline in wireless revenues has trended favorably over the last several years continuing in 2018 as we saw the lowest level of erosion in the last five years , declining at a rate of only 6.8 % . our operating expenses increased by 7.6 % or $ 12.2 million during 2018 compared to 2017 , driven primarily by our continued investment in the development of spok go and the related research and development costs . we returned approximately $ 23.6 million of capital to stockholders in the form of cash dividends and share repurchases . wireless revenue wireless revenue consists of two primary components : paging revenue and product and other revenue . paging revenue consists primarily of recurring fees associated with the provision of messaging services and fees for paging devices and is net of a provision for service credits . product and other revenue reflects system sales , the sale of devices and charges for paging devices that are not returned and are net of anticipated credits . our core offering includes subscriptions to one-way or two-way messaging services for a periodic ( monthly , quarterly , semiannual , or annual ) service fee . this is generally based upon the type of service provided , the geographic area covered , the number of devices provided to the customer and the period of commitment . a subscriber to one-way messaging services may select coverage on a local , regional or nationwide basis to best meet their messaging needs . two-way messaging is generally offered on a nationwide basis . in addition , subscribers either contract for a messaging device from us for an additional fixed monthly fee or they own a device , having purchased it either from us or from another vendor . we also sell devices to resellers who lease or resell devices to their subscribers and then sell messaging services utilizing our networks . we offer ancillary services , such as voicemail and equipment loss or maintenance protection , which help increase the monthly recurring revenue we receive along with these traditional messaging services . we offer exclusive one-way ( t5 ) and two-way ( t52 ) alphanumeric pagers , which are configurable to support un-encrypted or encrypted operation . when configured for encryption , they utilize aes-128 bit encryption , screen locking and remote wipe capabilities . with encryption enabled , these new secure paging devices enhance our service offerings to the healthcare community by adding hipaa security capabilities to the low cost , highly reliable and availability benefits of paging ( see item 1 . “ business ” for more details ) . 28 software revenue software revenue consists of two primary components : operations revenue and maintenance revenue . story_separator_special_tag despite the impairment of goodwill , our outlook for the business continues to remain strong . we believe the launch of spok go is set to meet a significant need in the healthcare marketplace and will create significant value for shareholders in the coming years . refer to note 1 , `` organization and significant accounting policies `` , and note 6 , `` goodwill and intangible assets , net `` , for further discussion . 34 interest income , other income ( expense ) , and income tax ( benefit ) expense interest income . interest income increased slightly for the year ended december 31 , 2019 , compared to the same periods in 2018 and 2017 , respectively , primarily due to interest earned on the company 's cash balances and short term investments due to increased investments in short-term treasury bonds . other income ( expense ) . for the year ended december 31 , 2019 compared to the same period in 2018 , other income ( expense ) increased by $ 1.4 million primarily as a result of various immaterial expenses incurred in 2018 that were not subsequently incurred during 2019 and an increase in gains on foreign currency . the decrease of $ 0.8 million in other income ( expense ) for the year ended december 31 , 2018 compared to the same period in 2017 was primarily a result of legal and other expenses related to the lawsuit previously reported in the 2017 annual report and our quarterly report on form 10-q for the quarterly period ended march 31 , 2018. benefit from ( provision for ) income taxes . the effects of foreign taxes are immaterial for all periods presented . the following is the effective tax rate reconciliation for the years ended december 31 , 2019 , 2018 and 2017 , respectively ( see note 9 , `` income taxes `` , for further discussion on our income taxes ) : replace_table_token_13_th benefit from income taxes increased by $ 2.0 million for the year ended december 31 , 2019 compared to the same period in 2018 due primarily to an overall increase in pretax book loss partially offset by the add back of goodwill that was impaired and an increase in research and development and other tax credits . our investment in research and development qualifies for the research and development income tax credit under section 41 of the internal revenue code . unused research and development tax credits have a 20-year carryover and will provide future tax benefits once spok 's net operating losses are fully utilized . liquidity and capital resources cash and cash equivalents at december 31 , 2019 , we had cash and cash equivalents of $ 47.4 million . the available cash and cash equivalents are held in accounts managed by third-party financial institutions and consist of invested cash and cash in our operating accounts . the invested cash is invested in interest bearing funds managed by third-party financial institutions . these funds invest in direct obligations of the government of the united states . to date , we have experienced no loss or lack of access to our invested cash or cash equivalents ; however , we can provide no assurance that access to our invested cash and cash equivalents will not be impacted by adverse market conditions . we maintain a level of liquidity sufficient to allow us to meet our cash needs in both the short-term and long-term . at any point in time , we have approximately $ 7.0 to $ 12.0 million in our operating accounts that are with third-party financial institutions . while we monitor daily the cash balances in our operating accounts and adjust the cash balances as appropriate , these cash balances could be impacted if the underlying financial institutions fail or are subject to other adverse conditions in the financial markets . to date , we have experienced no loss or lack of access to cash in our operating accounts . we intend to use our cash on hand to provide working capital , to support operations , to invest in our business and to return value to stockholders through cash dividends and possible repurchases of our common stock . we may also consider using cash to fund or complete opportunistic investments and acquisitions that we believe will provide a measure of growth or revenue stability while supporting our existing operations . because we intend to increase substantially our investment in developing the spok go platform over the next two or three years , commensurate with declining revenues from our wireless business , we anticipate that our cash on hand will decrease significantly during that period and possibly longer until revenues from spok go begins to be realized . 35 cash flows overview in the event that net cash provided by operating activities and cash on hand are not sufficient to meet future cash requirements , we may be required to reduce planned capital expenses , reduce or eliminate our cash dividends to stockholders , not resume our common stock repurchase program , and or sell assets or seek additional financing . we can provide no assurance that reductions in planned capital expenses or proceeds from asset sales would be sufficient to cover shortfalls in available cash or that additional financing would be available on acceptable terms . based on current and anticipated levels of operations , we anticipate net cash provided by operating activities , together with the available cash on hand at december 31 , 2019 , should be adequate to meet anticipated cash requirements for the foreseeable future . the following table sets forth information on our net cash flows from operating , investing , and financing activities for the periods stated : replace_table_token_14_th story_separator_special_tag that we may be able to negotiate lower payments if we choose to exit these contracts before their expiration date . refer to note 10 , `` commitments and contingencies

