in light of our recent acquisitions , management decided that revenue recognized from subscription and saas offerings will be presented separately as it provides a more meaningful representation of the nature of its revenue . the new subscription and saas revenue line item includes revenue from our vmware cloud provider program ( “ vcpp ” ) cloud offerings that are billed to customers on a consumption basis , revenue from pivotal and other offerings that are billed on a subscription basis as well as revenue from saas offerings , such as vmware workspace one ( “ workspace one ” ) and vmware cloud on aws . revenue and its related costs from prior periods have been reclassified to conform to the fiscal 2020 presentation . we sell our solutions using enterprise agreements ( “ eas ” ) or as part of our non-ea , or transactional , business . eas are comprehensive volume license offerings , offered both directly by us and through certain channel partners that also provide for multi-year maintenance and support . we continue to experience strong renewals , including renewals of our eas , resulting in additional license sales of both our existing and newer products and solutions . sddc or software-defined data center our sddc technologies form the foundation of our customers ' private cloud environments and provide the capabilities for our customers to extend their private cloud to the public cloud and to help them run , manage , secure and connect all their applications across all clouds and devices . during fiscal 2020 , we continued to see growth in sales of our sddc solutions . future sales growth rates may fluctuate period to period , depending largely upon the extent to which sddc technologies are included in our larger eas . for example , sales from our management products were positively impacted during fiscal 2020 as a result of being included in some of the larger strategic deals . hybrid and multi-cloud computing our overarching cloud strategy contains three key components : ( i ) continue to expand beyond compute virtualization in the private cloud ; ( ii ) extend the private cloud into the public cloud ; and ( iii ) connect and secure endpoints across a range of public clouds . subscription offerings were primarily comprised of vcpp and included vmware cloud services , which enable customers to run , manage , connect and secure their applications across private and public clouds . during fiscal 2020 , revenue growth in our subscription and saas offerings was primarily driven by our pivotal and vcpp offerings . we expect cloudhealth by vmware ( “ cloudhealth ” ) and vmware cloud on aws to contribute to revenue growth in fiscal 2021. during the third quarter of fiscal 2020 , we acquired carbon black , inc. ( “ carbon black ” ) to grow our intrinsic security portfolio across network , workload , endpoint , identity and analytics . also , during the fourth quarter of fiscal 2020 , we acquired pivotal , which we will combine with heptio technology to deliver an enterprise-grade , kubernetes-based portfolio for modern applications . we expect both the carbon black and pivotal acquisitions to contribute to the growth of our revenue derived from subscription and saas offerings . in addition , we expect operating margin will be negatively impacted in fiscal 2021 as a result of our incremental investment in our subscription and saas portfolio , including consideration of the recent carbon black and pivotal acquisitions . during the fourth quarter of fiscal 2020 , we saw an increase in the portion of our sales occurring through our subscription and saas-based offerings compared to the portion of our on-premises solutions sold with perpetual licenses . as this trend continues , a greater portion of our revenue will be recognized over time as subscription and saas revenue rather than license revenue which is typically recognized in the fiscal period in which sales occur . we expect our license revenue line item to have a slower growth rate than it has historically to the extent customers adopt our cloud-based offerings which are now be recorded in the new subscription and saas line item . accordingly , license revenue may be lower and subject to greater fluctuation in the future driven by a higher percentage of cloud-based offerings being sold , as well as the variability of large deals between fiscal quarters , that historically have had a large license revenue impact . as a result , the rate of growth in our license revenue which has been viewed as a leading indicator of our business performance may be less relevant and we believe that growth in the combination of license and subscription and saas revenue will become a better indicator of our future growth prospects . digital workspace — end-user computing our complete euc solution , workspace one , is a digital workspace platform powered by unified endpoint management and vmware horizon . our unified endpoint management business model includes an on-premises solution that we offer through the sale of perpetual licenses , subscription and saas solutions . euc sales continued to increase during fiscal 2020 , driven by the adoption of our subscription offerings such as workspace one . dell go-to-market initiatives we continue joint marketing , sales , branding and product development efforts with dell and other dell companies to enhance the collective value we deliver to our mutual customers . our collective business built with dell continued to create opportunities that benefited our sales during fiscal 2020 . 41 coronavirus ( covid-19 ) impact the worldwide spread of the covid-19 virus is expected to result in a global slowdown of economic activity which is likely to decrease demand for a broad variety of goods and services , including from our customers , while also disrupting sales channels and marketing activities for an unknown period of time until the disease is contained . story_separator_special_tag actions associated with this plan are expected to be completed during fiscal 2021. during the second quarter of fiscal 2018 , we completed the sale of our vmware vcloud air business to ovh us llc . the loss recognized in connection with this transaction was $ 104 million during fiscal 2018 and included the impairment of deferred commissions of approximately $ 13 million . investment income investment income during the periods presented was as follows ( dollars in millions ) : replace_table_token_14_th investment income decreased during fiscal 2020 compared to fiscal 2019. the decrease was primarily due to a decrease in interest income driven by the decline in our cash equivalents and short-term investments as a result of the liquidation of our fixed income investments that were used primarily to fund the $ 11.0 billion special cash dividend paid during the fourth quarter of fiscal 2019. investment income increased in fiscal 2019 compared to fiscal 2018 , primarily driven by increased interest income earned on our cash equivalents and short-term investments resulting from higher yields and from higher average invested balances . during fiscal 2019 , our cash , cash equivalents and short-term investments declined significantly as a result of the liquidation of investments used to primarily fund $ 11.0 billion special dividend paid on december 28 , 2018. in connection with the liquidation of investment securities , we recognized a loss of $ 53 million . interest expense interest expense during the periods presented was as follows ( dollars in millions ) : replace_table_token_15_th interest expense increased in fiscal 2020 as compared to fiscal 2019 , primarily due to increased interest expense incurred when we entered into the senior unsecured term loan facility in september 2019 ( the “ term loan ” ) . 47 on august 21 , 2017 , we issued the senior notes pursuant to a public debt offering in the aggregate principal amount of $ 4.0 billion . upon closing , a portion of the net proceeds from the offering was used to repay two of the notes payable to dell in the aggregate principal amount of $ 1.2 billion . interest expense increased by $ 60 million in fiscal 2019 compared to fiscal 2018 due to the issuance of the senior notes , offset in part by a reduction in interest expense on the notes payable to dell . other income ( expense ) , net other income ( expense ) , net during the periods presented was as follows ( dollars in millions ) : replace_table_token_16_th the increase in other income ( expense ) , net in fiscal 2020 as compared to fiscal 2019 was primarily driven by unrealized gains of $ 31 million related to our other strategic investments in privately held companies , as well as the net gain of $ 31 million resulting from foreign exchange transactions , recognized in fiscal 2020. the change in other income ( expense ) , net in fiscal 2019 as compared to fiscal 2018 was primarily driven by the absence of gains recognized on two step acquisitions completed in fiscal 2018. during fiscal 2018 , we completed two step acquisitions , wavefront , inc. ( “ wavefront ” ) and velocloud , which resulted in an aggregate gain of $ 42 million for the remeasurement of our respective ownership interest in each company . additionally , an unrealized loss of $ 14 million was recognized for an equity security in fiscal 2019 , compared to an unrealized gain of $ 11 million in fiscal 2018. net loss attributable to non-controlling interests net loss attributable to non-controlling interests during the periods presented was as follows ( dollars in millions ) : replace_table_token_17_th net loss attributable to non-controlling interests consisted of net loss in pivotal attributable to the holders of pivotal 's class a common stock . concurrent with the acquisition of pivotal from dell , vmware acquired the non-controlling interests in pivotal from the holders of pivotal class a common stock , and as of january 31 , 2020 holds 100 % of controlling financial interest in pivotal . income tax provision replace_table_token_18_th during the second quarter of fiscal 2020 , we completed an intra-group transfer of our ip to our irish subsidiary , where our international business is headquartered ( the “ ip transfer ” ) . the transaction will change our mix of international income from a lower non-u.s. tax jurisdiction to ireland , which is subject to a statutory tax rate of 12.5 % . the change in our effective tax rate for fiscal 2020 compared to fiscal 2019 was primarily driven by a discrete tax benefit of $ 4.9 billion that was recognized with a deferred tax asset during fiscal 2020. this deferred tax asset was recognized as a result of the book and tax basis difference on the ip transferred to an irish subsidiary . the tax amortization related to the ip transferred will be recognized in future periods and any amortization that is unused in a particular year can be carried forward indefinitely under irish tax laws . the deferred tax asset and the tax benefit were measured based on the irish tax rate expected 48 to apply in the years the asset will be recovered . we expect to realize the deferred tax asset resulting from the ip transfer and will assess the realizability of the deferred tax asset periodically . the impact of the transaction to net cash provided by or used in operating , investing and financing activities on our consolidated statements of cash flows during fiscal 2020 was not material . our effective income tax rate in fiscal 2019 decreased compared to fiscal 2018 primarily due to a one-time expense of approximately $ 900 million in fiscal 2018 resulting from the u.s. tax cuts and jobs act ( the “ 2017 tax act ” ) . key components of the tax expense relating to the 2017 tax act included provisional estimates for the mandatory one-time

cash provided by operating activities increased by $ 215 million during fiscal 2020 compared to fiscal 2019. cash provided by operating activities benefited from an increase in cash collections due to increased sales . the increase was offset by increased cash payments for operating expenses and employee-related expenses , including salaries , bonuses and commissions , resulting primarily from growth in headcount , as well as decreased investment income from our available-for-sale securities as a result of the liquidation of our fixed income investments used to fund the payment of the $ 11.0 billion special dividend during the fourth quarter of fiscal 2019. cash provided by operating activities increased $ 556 million in fiscal 2019 compared to fiscal 2018. cash provided by operating activities benefited from an increase in cash collections due to increased sales . these positive impacts were partially offset by increased cash payments for employee-related expenses , including salaries , bonuses and commissions , resulting primarily from growth in headcount , as well as increased cash payments for our employee stock purchase plan . additionally , cash outflows related to interest on the senior notes and tax payments were higher in fiscal 2019 compared to fiscal 2018. investing activities cash used in investing activities is generally attributable to the purchase of available-for-sale securities , business acquisitions and capital expenditures . cash provided by investing activities is affected by the sales and maturities of our available-for-sale securities .


 Write a concise suspicious activity report of the following text delimited by triple backquotes. Return your response as a formal report which covers the key points highlighting the location,dates,entity names and account holder information in chronological order of the text.
     ```cash provided by operating activities increased by $ 215 million during fiscal 2020 compared to fiscal 2019. cash provided by operating activities benefited from an increase in cash collections due to increased sales . the increase was offset by increased cash payments for operating expenses and employee-related expenses , including salaries , bonuses and commissions , resulting primarily from growth in headcount , as well as decreased investment income from our available-for-sale securities as a result of the liquidation of our fixed income investments used to fund the payment of the $ 11.0 billion special dividend during the fourth quarter of fiscal 2019. cash provided by operating activities increased $ 556 million in fiscal 2019 compared to fiscal 2018. cash provided by operating activities benefited from an increase in cash collections due to increased sales . these positive impacts were partially offset by increased cash payments for employee-related expenses , including salaries , bonuses and commissions , resulting primarily from growth in headcount , as well as increased cash payments for our employee stock purchase plan . additionally , cash outflows related to interest on the senior notes and tax payments were higher in fiscal 2019 compared to fiscal 2018. investing activities cash used in investing activities is generally attributable to the purchase of available-for-sale securities , business acquisitions and capital expenditures . cash provided by investing activities is affected by the sales and maturities of our available-for-sale securities .
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 Suspicious Activity Report : in light of our recent acquisitions , management decided that revenue recognized from subscription and saas offerings will be presented separately as it provides a more meaningful representation of the nature of its revenue . the new subscription and saas revenue line item includes revenue from our vmware cloud provider program ( “ vcpp ” ) cloud offerings that are billed to customers on a consumption basis , revenue from pivotal and other offerings that are billed on a subscription basis as well as revenue from saas offerings , such as vmware workspace one ( “ workspace one ” ) and vmware cloud on aws . revenue and its related costs from prior periods have been reclassified to conform to the fiscal 2020 presentation . we sell our solutions using enterprise agreements ( “ eas ” ) or as part of our non-ea , or transactional , business . eas are comprehensive volume license offerings , offered both directly by us and through certain channel partners that also provide for multi-year maintenance and support . we continue to experience strong renewals , including renewals of our eas , resulting in additional license sales of both our existing and newer products and solutions . sddc or software-defined data center our sddc technologies form the foundation of our customers ' private cloud environments and provide the capabilities for our customers to extend their private cloud to the public cloud and to help them run , manage , secure and connect all their applications across all clouds and devices . during fiscal 2020 , we continued to see growth in sales of our sddc solutions . future sales growth rates may fluctuate period to period , depending largely upon the extent to which sddc technologies are included in our larger eas . for example , sales from our management products were positively impacted during fiscal 2020 as a result of being included in some of the larger strategic deals . hybrid and multi-cloud computing our overarching cloud strategy contains three key components : ( i ) continue to expand beyond compute virtualization in the private cloud ; ( ii ) extend the private cloud into the public cloud ; and ( iii ) connect and secure endpoints across a range of public clouds . subscription offerings were primarily comprised of vcpp and included vmware cloud services , which enable customers to run , manage , connect and secure their applications across private and public clouds . during fiscal 2020 , revenue growth in our subscription and saas offerings was primarily driven by our pivotal and vcpp offerings . we expect cloudhealth by vmware ( “ cloudhealth ” ) and vmware cloud on aws to contribute to revenue growth in fiscal 2021. during the third quarter of fiscal 2020 , we acquired carbon black , inc. ( “ carbon black ” ) to grow our intrinsic security portfolio across network , workload , endpoint , identity and analytics . also , during the fourth quarter of fiscal 2020 , we acquired pivotal , which we will combine with heptio technology to deliver an enterprise-grade , kubernetes-based portfolio for modern applications . we expect both the carbon black and pivotal acquisitions to contribute to the growth of our revenue derived from subscription and saas offerings . in addition , we expect operating margin will be negatively impacted in fiscal 2021 as a result of our incremental investment in our subscription and saas portfolio , including consideration of the recent carbon black and pivotal acquisitions . during the fourth quarter of fiscal 2020 , we saw an increase in the portion of our sales occurring through our subscription and saas-based offerings compared to the portion of our on-premises solutions sold with perpetual licenses . as this trend continues , a greater portion of our revenue will be recognized over time as subscription and saas revenue rather than license revenue which is typically recognized in the fiscal period in which sales occur . we expect our license revenue line item to have a slower growth rate than it has historically to the extent customers adopt our cloud-based offerings which are now be recorded in the new subscription and saas line item . accordingly , license revenue may be lower and subject to greater fluctuation in the future driven by a higher percentage of cloud-based offerings being sold , as well as the variability of large deals between fiscal quarters , that historically have had a large license revenue impact . as a result , the rate of growth in our license revenue which has been viewed as a leading indicator of our business performance may be less relevant and we believe that growth in the combination of license and subscription and saas revenue will become a better indicator of our future growth prospects . digital workspace — end-user computing our complete euc solution , workspace one , is a digital workspace platform powered by unified endpoint management and vmware horizon . our unified endpoint management business model includes an on-premises solution that we offer through the sale of perpetual licenses , subscription and saas solutions . euc sales continued to increase during fiscal 2020 , driven by the adoption of our subscription offerings such as workspace one . dell go-to-market initiatives we continue joint marketing , sales , branding and product development efforts with dell and other dell companies to enhance the collective value we deliver to our mutual customers . our collective business built with dell continued to create opportunities that benefited our sales during fiscal 2020 . 41 coronavirus ( covid-19 ) impact the worldwide spread of the covid-19 virus is expected to result in a global slowdown of economic activity which is likely to decrease demand for a broad variety of goods and services , including from our customers , while also disrupting sales channels and marketing activities for an unknown period of time until the disease is contained . story_separator_special_tag actions associated with this plan are expected to be completed during fiscal 2021. during the second quarter of fiscal 2018 , we completed the sale of our vmware vcloud air business to ovh us llc . the loss recognized in connection with this transaction was $ 104 million during fiscal 2018 and included the impairment of deferred commissions of approximately $ 13 million . investment income investment income during the periods presented was as follows ( dollars in millions ) : replace_table_token_14_th investment income decreased during fiscal 2020 compared to fiscal 2019. the decrease was primarily due to a decrease in interest income driven by the decline in our cash equivalents and short-term investments as a result of the liquidation of our fixed income investments that were used primarily to fund the $ 11.0 billion special cash dividend paid during the fourth quarter of fiscal 2019. investment income increased in fiscal 2019 compared to fiscal 2018 , primarily driven by increased interest income earned on our cash equivalents and short-term investments resulting from higher yields and from higher average invested balances . during fiscal 2019 , our cash , cash equivalents and short-term investments declined significantly as a result of the liquidation of investments used to primarily fund $ 11.0 billion special dividend paid on december 28 , 2018. in connection with the liquidation of investment securities , we recognized a loss of $ 53 million . interest expense interest expense during the periods presented was as follows ( dollars in millions ) : replace_table_token_15_th interest expense increased in fiscal 2020 as compared to fiscal 2019 , primarily due to increased interest expense incurred when we entered into the senior unsecured term loan facility in september 2019 ( the “ term loan ” ) . 47 on august 21 , 2017 , we issued the senior notes pursuant to a public debt offering in the aggregate principal amount of $ 4.0 billion . upon closing , a portion of the net proceeds from the offering was used to repay two of the notes payable to dell in the aggregate principal amount of $ 1.2 billion . interest expense increased by $ 60 million in fiscal 2019 compared to fiscal 2018 due to the issuance of the senior notes , offset in part by a reduction in interest expense on the notes payable to dell . other income ( expense ) , net other income ( expense ) , net during the periods presented was as follows ( dollars in millions ) : replace_table_token_16_th the increase in other income ( expense ) , net in fiscal 2020 as compared to fiscal 2019 was primarily driven by unrealized gains of $ 31 million related to our other strategic investments in privately held companies , as well as the net gain of $ 31 million resulting from foreign exchange transactions , recognized in fiscal 2020. the change in other income ( expense ) , net in fiscal 2019 as compared to fiscal 2018 was primarily driven by the absence of gains recognized on two step acquisitions completed in fiscal 2018. during fiscal 2018 , we completed two step acquisitions , wavefront , inc. ( “ wavefront ” ) and velocloud , which resulted in an aggregate gain of $ 42 million for the remeasurement of our respective ownership interest in each company . additionally , an unrealized loss of $ 14 million was recognized for an equity security in fiscal 2019 , compared to an unrealized gain of $ 11 million in fiscal 2018. net loss attributable to non-controlling interests net loss attributable to non-controlling interests during the periods presented was as follows ( dollars in millions ) : replace_table_token_17_th net loss attributable to non-controlling interests consisted of net loss in pivotal attributable to the holders of pivotal 's class a common stock . concurrent with the acquisition of pivotal from dell , vmware acquired the non-controlling interests in pivotal from the holders of pivotal class a common stock , and as of january 31 , 2020 holds 100 % of controlling financial interest in pivotal . income tax provision replace_table_token_18_th during the second quarter of fiscal 2020 , we completed an intra-group transfer of our ip to our irish subsidiary , where our international business is headquartered ( the “ ip transfer ” ) . the transaction will change our mix of international income from a lower non-u.s. tax jurisdiction to ireland , which is subject to a statutory tax rate of 12.5 % . the change in our effective tax rate for fiscal 2020 compared to fiscal 2019 was primarily driven by a discrete tax benefit of $ 4.9 billion that was recognized with a deferred tax asset during fiscal 2020. this deferred tax asset was recognized as a result of the book and tax basis difference on the ip transferred to an irish subsidiary . the tax amortization related to the ip transferred will be recognized in future periods and any amortization that is unused in a particular year can be carried forward indefinitely under irish tax laws . the deferred tax asset and the tax benefit were measured based on the irish tax rate expected 48 to apply in the years the asset will be recovered . we expect to realize the deferred tax asset resulting from the ip transfer and will assess the realizability of the deferred tax asset periodically . the impact of the transaction to net cash provided by or used in operating , investing and financing activities on our consolidated statements of cash flows during fiscal 2020 was not material . our effective income tax rate in fiscal 2019 decreased compared to fiscal 2018 primarily due to a one-time expense of approximately $ 900 million in fiscal 2018 resulting from the u.s. tax cuts and jobs act ( the “ 2017 tax act ” ) . key components of the tax expense relating to the 2017 tax act included provisional estimates for the mandatory one-time

