our estimates therefore may prove inaccurate , and the actual value of end customer contracts delivered to us in a given period to differ from our estimate of opportunity under management . these business and economic uncertainties and contingencies include : the extent to which clients deliver a greater or lesser value of end customer contracts than may be required or otherwise expected ; changes in the pricing or terms of service contracts offered by our clients ; increases or decreases in the end customer base of our clients ; 25 the extent to which the renewal rates we achieve on behalf of a client early in an engagement affect the amount of opportunity that the client makes available to us later in the engagement ; client cancellations of their contracts with us ; and changes in our clients ' businesses , sales organizations , management , sales processes or priorities ; as well as other factors discussed in `` item 1.a . entitled risk factors `` of this annual report on form 10-k. our revenue also depends on our booking rates , commissions , and other fees . our bookings represent the total amount of opportunity under management that we renew on behalf of our clients or sell under our inside sales solution . our commission rate is an agreed-upon percentage of the renewal value of end customer contracts or net new sales that we sell on behalf of our clients . our booking rate is impacted principally by our ability to successfully renew contracts on behalf of our clients or sell net new bookings . other factors impacting our booking rate include : the manner in which our clients price their service contracts for sale to their end customers ; the stage of life-cycle associated with the products and underlying technologies covered by the contracts offered to the end customer ; the extent to which our clients or their competitors introduce new products or underlying technologies ; the nature , size and age of the contracts ; and the extent to which we have managed the renewals process or net new sales for similar products and underlying technologies in the past . in determining commission rates for an individual engagement , various factors , including our booking rate , as described above , are evaluated . these factors include : historical , industry specific and client specific renewal rates for similar service contracts ; the magnitude of the opportunity under management in a particular engagement ; the number of end customers associated with these opportunities ; and the opportunity to receive additional performance commissions when we exceed certain renewal levels . we endeavor to set our commission rates at levels commensurate with these factors and other factors that may be relevant to a particular engagement . accordingly , our commission rates vary , often significantly , from engagement to engagement . in addition , we sometimes agree to lower commission rates for engagements with significant opportunity under management . number of engagements . we track the number of engagements we have with our clients . we often have multiple engagements with a single client , particularly where we manage the sales of renewals relating to different product lines , technologies , types of contracts or geographies for the client and where we deliver multiple of our solutions . when the set of renewals we manage on behalf of a client is associated with a separate client contract or a distinct product set , type of end customer contract or geography and therefore requires us to assign a service sales team to manage the renewals , we designate the set of renewals and associated revenues and costs as a unique engagement . for example , we may have one engagement consisting of a service sales team selling maintenance contract renewals of a particular product for a client in the u.s. and another engagement consisting of a sales team selling warranty contract renewals of a different product for the same client in europe . these would count as two engagements . when we deliver multiple solutions with separate and distinct teams , such as renewals and inside sales , we may manage these as separate engagements . we had 168 , 154 and 191 engagements as of december 31 , 2017 , 2016 and 2015 , respectively . factors affecting our performance sales cycle . we sell our integrated solution through our sales organization . at the beginning of the sales process , our quota-carrying sales representatives contact prospective clients and educate them about our offerings . educating prospective clients about the benefits of our solutions can take time , as many of these prospects have not historically relied upon integrated solutions like ours for service revenue management , nor have they typically put out a formal request for proposal or otherwise made a decision to focus on this area . as part of our sales process , our solutions design team performs a service performance analysis of our prospect 's service revenue . this includes an analysis of best practices , and benchmarks the prospect 's service revenue against industry peers . through this process , which typically takes several weeks , we are able to assess the characteristics and size of the prospect 's service revenue , identify potential areas of performance improvement , and formulate our proposal for managing the prospect 's service revenue . the length of our sales cycle for a new client , inclusive of the service performance analysis process and measured from our first formal discussion with the client until execution of a new client contract , is typically longer than six months and has increased in recent periods . implementation cycle . after entering into an engagement with a new client , and to a lesser extent after adding an engagement with an existing client , we incur sales and marketing expenses related to the commissions owed to our sales personnel . story_separator_special_tag cost of revenue decreased $ 1.4 million , or 1 % , for the year ended december 31 , 2017 compared to the same period in 2016 , primarily due to the following : $ 2.8 million decrease in employee costs related to operational improvements in our business that resulted in a reduction in headcount and increased productivity from our revenue generating employees , and shifting headcount to lower cost locations , all of which are part of our continuous efforts to better align employee costs with revenue ; $ 2.0 million decrease in temporary labor and consulting costs ; $ 1.7 million decrease in information technology costs ; and $ 0.8 million decrease in recruitment services ; partially offset by $ 3.5 million increase in depreciation and amortization expense ; and $ 2.6 million increase in net overhead allocations from other departments . gross profit decreased $ 12.4 million , or 14 % , for the year ended december 31 , 2017 compared to the same period in 2016 , which is in line with the decrease in revenue . 30 operating expenses replace_table_token_8_th sales and marketing sales and marketing expense decreased $ 9.0 million , or 21 % , for the year ended december 31 , 2017 compared to the same period in 2016 , primarily due to the following : $ 6.2 million decrease in employee compensation costs due to lower headcount resulting from our efforts to better align our cost structure ; $ 1.7 million decrease in travel costs ; $ 0.3 million decrease in net overhead allocations from other departments ; $ 0.2 million decrease in in temporary labor and consulting costs ; and $ 0.3 million decrease in information technology costs , recruitment services and marketing costs . research and development research and development expense decreased $ 2.6 million , or 31 % , for the year ended december 31 , 2017 compared to the same period in 2016 , primarily due to our efforts to reduce research and development spend as follows : $ 2.0 million decrease in employee related costs associated with a decrease in headcount ; and $ 0.4 million decrease in in temporary labor and consulting costs . internal-use software development capitalization decreased $ 0.5 million for the year ended december 31 , 2017 compared to the same period in 2016 , primarily due to the migration from our renew ondemand platform to prism . we expect to continue to invest in our technology platforms to support our services offering and thus capitalizing internal-use software costs in the future . however , the amount capitalized will depend on the future level of expenditures on our technology platforms . 31 general and administrative general and administrative expense increased $ 0.1 million , or 0 % , for the year ended december 31 , 2017 compared to the same period in 2016 , primarily due to the following : $ 3.0 million increase in depreciation and amortization expense ; $ 1.3 million increase in information technology spend ; $ 1.2 million increase in recruitment services ; and $ 1.1 million increase in employee compensation costs related to performance-based restricted stock awards issued during 2016 and 2017 , offset by decreases due to shifting headcount to lower cost locations . these net increases were partially offset by $ 2.2 million net reduction in overhead allocations to other departments ; $ 1.6 million decrease in temporary labor and consulting costs ; $ 1.5 million decrease due to a non-recurring legal reserve recorded during 2016 ; $ 0.9 million decrease in travel costs ; and $ 0.5 million decrease in rent and facilities costs . restructuring and other restructuring and other expense increased $ 7.3 million , or 100 % , for the year ended december 31 , 2017 compared to the same period in 2016 due to our effort to better align our cost structure with current revenue levels during 2017 . interest expense and other , net , impairment loss on cost basis equity investment , and gain on sale of cost basis equity investment replace_table_token_9_th interest expense increased $ 0.7 million , or 6 % , for the year ended december 31 , 2017 compared to the same period in 2016 due to the accretion of the debt discount related to our convertible notes issued in august 2013. other , net decreased $ 0.5 million , or 23 % , for the year ended december 31 , 2017 compared to the same period in 2016 primarily due to foreign currency fluctuations . during the year ended december 31 , 2016 , we fully impaired our 2013 cost basis equity investment due to an unfavorable declining financial performance , growth trends and future liquidity needs of the investment and recorded a $ 4.5 million impairment . during the year ended december 31 , 2017 , we sold our equity investment that we fully impaired in 2016 for proceeds of $ 2.1 million and recorded the proceeds as a gain . 32 income tax provision replace_table_token_10_th * not considered meaningful . for the year ended december 31 , 2017 , we recorded a tax benefit of $ 1.6 million . this primarily represents a $ 2.0 million income tax benefit related to the remeasurement of our indefinite-lived intangible deferred tax liability and release of our valuation allowance for certain net operating loss provisions as enacted under the tax cuts and jobs act ( h.r.1 ) during december 2017. historically , we recorded a deferred income tax expense for indefinite lived deferred tax liabilities , as the company did not have any indefinite lived deferred tax assets . h.r.1 changed the carryover period for federal net operating losses to indefinite , allowing us to utilize future indefinite lived deferred tax assets in the scheduling of valuation allowance . our net u.s. deferred tax liability decreased from $ 2.2 million as of december 31 , 2016 to $ 0.2 million as of december 31 , 2017.

letter of credit and restricted cash in connection with one of our leased facilities , the company is required to maintain a $ 1.2 million letter of credit . the letter of credit is secured by $ 1.2 million of cash in a money market account , which is classified as an `` other assets '' in our consolidated balance sheets . cash flows the following table presents a summary of our cash flows : replace_table_token_15_th 36 our total depreciation and amortization expense was comprised of the following : replace_table_token_16_th operating activities for the year ended december 31 , 2017 , net cash provided by operating activities was $ 19.8 million . our net loss was $ 29.8 million , which was impacted by non-cash charges of $ 22.6 million for depreciation and amortization , $ 9.4 million of amortization of debt discount and issuance costs , $ 13.7 million of stock-based compensation , $ 2.1 million related to proceeds received from the sale of our cost basis equity investment and $ 3.1 million for restructuring and other costs . cash provided by operations from changes in our working capital include a $ 9.1 million decrease in accounts receivable , net , a $ 2.5 million increase in accounts payable and a $ 1.7 million decrease in prepaid expenses and other current assets , offset by cash used in operations from a $ 5.5 million decrease in accrued expenses and other liabilities and a $ 2.9 million decrease in deferred revenue . net cash provided by operating activities was $ 4.5 million for the year ended december 31 , 2016 .


 Write a concise suspicious activity report of the following text delimited by triple backquotes. Return your response as a formal report which covers the key points highlighting the location,dates,entity names and account holder information in chronological order of the text.
     ```letter of credit and restricted cash in connection with one of our leased facilities , the company is required to maintain a $ 1.2 million letter of credit . the letter of credit is secured by $ 1.2 million of cash in a money market account , which is classified as an `` other assets '' in our consolidated balance sheets . cash flows the following table presents a summary of our cash flows : replace_table_token_15_th 36 our total depreciation and amortization expense was comprised of the following : replace_table_token_16_th operating activities for the year ended december 31 , 2017 , net cash provided by operating activities was $ 19.8 million . our net loss was $ 29.8 million , which was impacted by non-cash charges of $ 22.6 million for depreciation and amortization , $ 9.4 million of amortization of debt discount and issuance costs , $ 13.7 million of stock-based compensation , $ 2.1 million related to proceeds received from the sale of our cost basis equity investment and $ 3.1 million for restructuring and other costs . cash provided by operations from changes in our working capital include a $ 9.1 million decrease in accounts receivable , net , a $ 2.5 million increase in accounts payable and a $ 1.7 million decrease in prepaid expenses and other current assets , offset by cash used in operations from a $ 5.5 million decrease in accrued expenses and other liabilities and a $ 2.9 million decrease in deferred revenue . net cash provided by operating activities was $ 4.5 million for the year ended december 31 , 2016 .
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 Suspicious Activity Report : our estimates therefore may prove inaccurate , and the actual value of end customer contracts delivered to us in a given period to differ from our estimate of opportunity under management . these business and economic uncertainties and contingencies include : the extent to which clients deliver a greater or lesser value of end customer contracts than may be required or otherwise expected ; changes in the pricing or terms of service contracts offered by our clients ; increases or decreases in the end customer base of our clients ; 25 the extent to which the renewal rates we achieve on behalf of a client early in an engagement affect the amount of opportunity that the client makes available to us later in the engagement ; client cancellations of their contracts with us ; and changes in our clients ' businesses , sales organizations , management , sales processes or priorities ; as well as other factors discussed in `` item 1.a . entitled risk factors `` of this annual report on form 10-k. our revenue also depends on our booking rates , commissions , and other fees . our bookings represent the total amount of opportunity under management that we renew on behalf of our clients or sell under our inside sales solution . our commission rate is an agreed-upon percentage of the renewal value of end customer contracts or net new sales that we sell on behalf of our clients . our booking rate is impacted principally by our ability to successfully renew contracts on behalf of our clients or sell net new bookings . other factors impacting our booking rate include : the manner in which our clients price their service contracts for sale to their end customers ; the stage of life-cycle associated with the products and underlying technologies covered by the contracts offered to the end customer ; the extent to which our clients or their competitors introduce new products or underlying technologies ; the nature , size and age of the contracts ; and the extent to which we have managed the renewals process or net new sales for similar products and underlying technologies in the past . in determining commission rates for an individual engagement , various factors , including our booking rate , as described above , are evaluated . these factors include : historical , industry specific and client specific renewal rates for similar service contracts ; the magnitude of the opportunity under management in a particular engagement ; the number of end customers associated with these opportunities ; and the opportunity to receive additional performance commissions when we exceed certain renewal levels . we endeavor to set our commission rates at levels commensurate with these factors and other factors that may be relevant to a particular engagement . accordingly , our commission rates vary , often significantly , from engagement to engagement . in addition , we sometimes agree to lower commission rates for engagements with significant opportunity under management . number of engagements . we track the number of engagements we have with our clients . we often have multiple engagements with a single client , particularly where we manage the sales of renewals relating to different product lines , technologies , types of contracts or geographies for the client and where we deliver multiple of our solutions . when the set of renewals we manage on behalf of a client is associated with a separate client contract or a distinct product set , type of end customer contract or geography and therefore requires us to assign a service sales team to manage the renewals , we designate the set of renewals and associated revenues and costs as a unique engagement . for example , we may have one engagement consisting of a service sales team selling maintenance contract renewals of a particular product for a client in the u.s. and another engagement consisting of a sales team selling warranty contract renewals of a different product for the same client in europe . these would count as two engagements . when we deliver multiple solutions with separate and distinct teams , such as renewals and inside sales , we may manage these as separate engagements . we had 168 , 154 and 191 engagements as of december 31 , 2017 , 2016 and 2015 , respectively . factors affecting our performance sales cycle . we sell our integrated solution through our sales organization . at the beginning of the sales process , our quota-carrying sales representatives contact prospective clients and educate them about our offerings . educating prospective clients about the benefits of our solutions can take time , as many of these prospects have not historically relied upon integrated solutions like ours for service revenue management , nor have they typically put out a formal request for proposal or otherwise made a decision to focus on this area . as part of our sales process , our solutions design team performs a service performance analysis of our prospect 's service revenue . this includes an analysis of best practices , and benchmarks the prospect 's service revenue against industry peers . through this process , which typically takes several weeks , we are able to assess the characteristics and size of the prospect 's service revenue , identify potential areas of performance improvement , and formulate our proposal for managing the prospect 's service revenue . the length of our sales cycle for a new client , inclusive of the service performance analysis process and measured from our first formal discussion with the client until execution of a new client contract , is typically longer than six months and has increased in recent periods . implementation cycle . after entering into an engagement with a new client , and to a lesser extent after adding an engagement with an existing client , we incur sales and marketing expenses related to the commissions owed to our sales personnel . story_separator_special_tag cost of revenue decreased $ 1.4 million , or 1 % , for the year ended december 31 , 2017 compared to the same period in 2016 , primarily due to the following : $ 2.8 million decrease in employee costs related to operational improvements in our business that resulted in a reduction in headcount and increased productivity from our revenue generating employees , and shifting headcount to lower cost locations , all of which are part of our continuous efforts to better align employee costs with revenue ; $ 2.0 million decrease in temporary labor and consulting costs ; $ 1.7 million decrease in information technology costs ; and $ 0.8 million decrease in recruitment services ; partially offset by $ 3.5 million increase in depreciation and amortization expense ; and $ 2.6 million increase in net overhead allocations from other departments . gross profit decreased $ 12.4 million , or 14 % , for the year ended december 31 , 2017 compared to the same period in 2016 , which is in line with the decrease in revenue . 30 operating expenses replace_table_token_8_th sales and marketing sales and marketing expense decreased $ 9.0 million , or 21 % , for the year ended december 31 , 2017 compared to the same period in 2016 , primarily due to the following : $ 6.2 million decrease in employee compensation costs due to lower headcount resulting from our efforts to better align our cost structure ; $ 1.7 million decrease in travel costs ; $ 0.3 million decrease in net overhead allocations from other departments ; $ 0.2 million decrease in in temporary labor and consulting costs ; and $ 0.3 million decrease in information technology costs , recruitment services and marketing costs . research and development research and development expense decreased $ 2.6 million , or 31 % , for the year ended december 31 , 2017 compared to the same period in 2016 , primarily due to our efforts to reduce research and development spend as follows : $ 2.0 million decrease in employee related costs associated with a decrease in headcount ; and $ 0.4 million decrease in in temporary labor and consulting costs . internal-use software development capitalization decreased $ 0.5 million for the year ended december 31 , 2017 compared to the same period in 2016 , primarily due to the migration from our renew ondemand platform to prism . we expect to continue to invest in our technology platforms to support our services offering and thus capitalizing internal-use software costs in the future . however , the amount capitalized will depend on the future level of expenditures on our technology platforms . 31 general and administrative general and administrative expense increased $ 0.1 million , or 0 % , for the year ended december 31 , 2017 compared to the same period in 2016 , primarily due to the following : $ 3.0 million increase in depreciation and amortization expense ; $ 1.3 million increase in information technology spend ; $ 1.2 million increase in recruitment services ; and $ 1.1 million increase in employee compensation costs related to performance-based restricted stock awards issued during 2016 and 2017 , offset by decreases due to shifting headcount to lower cost locations . these net increases were partially offset by $ 2.2 million net reduction in overhead allocations to other departments ; $ 1.6 million decrease in temporary labor and consulting costs ; $ 1.5 million decrease due to a non-recurring legal reserve recorded during 2016 ; $ 0.9 million decrease in travel costs ; and $ 0.5 million decrease in rent and facilities costs . restructuring and other restructuring and other expense increased $ 7.3 million , or 100 % , for the year ended december 31 , 2017 compared to the same period in 2016 due to our effort to better align our cost structure with current revenue levels during 2017 . interest expense and other , net , impairment loss on cost basis equity investment , and gain on sale of cost basis equity investment replace_table_token_9_th interest expense increased $ 0.7 million , or 6 % , for the year ended december 31 , 2017 compared to the same period in 2016 due to the accretion of the debt discount related to our convertible notes issued in august 2013. other , net decreased $ 0.5 million , or 23 % , for the year ended december 31 , 2017 compared to the same period in 2016 primarily due to foreign currency fluctuations . during the year ended december 31 , 2016 , we fully impaired our 2013 cost basis equity investment due to an unfavorable declining financial performance , growth trends and future liquidity needs of the investment and recorded a $ 4.5 million impairment . during the year ended december 31 , 2017 , we sold our equity investment that we fully impaired in 2016 for proceeds of $ 2.1 million and recorded the proceeds as a gain . 32 income tax provision replace_table_token_10_th * not considered meaningful . for the year ended december 31 , 2017 , we recorded a tax benefit of $ 1.6 million . this primarily represents a $ 2.0 million income tax benefit related to the remeasurement of our indefinite-lived intangible deferred tax liability and release of our valuation allowance for certain net operating loss provisions as enacted under the tax cuts and jobs act ( h.r.1 ) during december 2017. historically , we recorded a deferred income tax expense for indefinite lived deferred tax liabilities , as the company did not have any indefinite lived deferred tax assets . h.r.1 changed the carryover period for federal net operating losses to indefinite , allowing us to utilize future indefinite lived deferred tax assets in the scheduling of valuation allowance . our net u.s. deferred tax liability decreased from $ 2.2 million as of december 31 , 2016 to $ 0.2 million as of december 31 , 2017.

