33 key business measures we track our results of operations and manage our business using the following key business measures , which include non-gaap financial measures : same-restaurant sales - we report same-restaurant sales commencing after new restaurants have been open for 15 continuous months and as soon as reimaged restaurants reopen . this methodology is consistent with the metric used by our management for internal reporting and analysis . the table summarizing same-restaurant sales below in “ results of operations ” provides the same-restaurant sales percent changes . same-restaurant sales exclude the impact of currency translation . restaurant margin - we define restaurant margin as sales from company-operated restaurants less cost of sales divided by sales from company-operated restaurants . cost of sales includes food and paper , restaurant labor and occupancy , advertising and other operating costs . restaurant margin is influenced by factors such as price increases , the effectiveness of our advertising and marketing initiatives , featured products , product mix , fluctuations in food and labor costs , restaurant openings , remodels and closures and the level of our fixed and semi-variable costs . systemwide sales - systemwide sales is a non-gaap financial measure , which includes sales by both company-operated restaurants and franchised restaurants . franchised restaurants ' sales are reported by our franchisees and represent their revenues from sales at franchised wendy 's restaurants . the company 's consolidated financial statements do not include sales by franchised restaurants to their customers . the company believes systemwide sales data is useful in assessing consumer demand for the company 's products , the overall success of the wendy 's brand and , ultimately , the performance of the company . the company 's royalty revenues are computed as percentages of sales made by wendy 's franchisees . as a result , sales by wendy 's franchisees have a direct effect on the company 's royalty revenues and therefore on the company 's profitability . average unit volumes - we calculate company-operated restaurant average unit volumes by summing the average weekly sales of all company-operated restaurants which reported sales during the week . franchised restaurant average unit volumes is a non-gaap financial measure , which includes sales by franchised restaurants , which are reported by our franchisees and represent their revenues from sales at franchised wendy 's restaurants . the company 's consolidated financial statements do not include sales by franchised restaurants to their customers . the company believes franchised restaurant average unit volumes is useful information for the same reasons described above for “ systemwide sales . ” we calculate franchised restaurant average unit volumes by summing the average weekly sales of all franchised restaurants which reported sales during the week . the company calculates same-restaurant sales and systemwide sales on a constant currency basis . constant currency results exclude the impact of foreign currency translation and are derived by translating current year results at prior year average exchange rates . the company believes excluding the impact of foreign currency translation provides better year over year comparability . the non-gaap financial measures discussed above do not replace the presentation of the company 's financial results in accordance with gaap . because all companies do not calculate non-gaap financial measures in the same way , these measures as used by other companies may not be consistent with the way the company calculates such measures . system optimization initiative in july 2013 , the company announced a system optimization initiative , as part of its brand transformation , which includes a shift from company-operated restaurants to franchised restaurants over time , through acquisitions and dispositions , as well as facilitating franchisee-to-franchisee restaurant transfers . in february 2015 , the company announced plans to reduce its ongoing company-operated restaurant ownership to approximately 5 % of the total system , which the company completed as of january 1 , 2017 . in 2017 , the company facilitated the transfer of 400 restaurants between franchisees ( excluding the davco and npc transactions discussed below ) . while the company has no plans to reduce its ownership below the 5 % level , wendy 's will continue to optimize its system by facilitating franchisee-to-franchisee restaurant transfers , as well as evaluating strategic acquisitions of franchised restaurants and strategic dispositions of company-operated restaurants to existing and new franchisees , to further strengthen the franchisee base and drive new restaurant development and accelerate reimages in the image activation format . 34 davco and npc transactions as part of our system optimization initiative , the company acquired 140 wendy 's restaurants on may 31 , 2017 from davco restaurants , llc ( “ davco ” ) for total net cash consideration of $ 86.8 million , which were immediately sold to npc international , inc. ( “ npc ” ) , an existing franchisee of the company , for cash proceeds of $ 70.7 million ( the “ davco and npc transactions ” ) . as part of the transaction , npc has agreed to remodel 90 acquired restaurants in the image activation format by the end of 2021 and build 15 new wendy 's restaurants by the end of 2022. prior to closing the davco transaction , seven davco restaurants were closed . the acquisition of wendy 's restaurants from davco was not contingent on executing the sale agreement with npc ; as such , the company accounted for the transactions as an acquisition and subsequent disposition of a business . as part of the transactions , the company retained leases for purposes of subleasing such properties to npc . as a result of the transactions , the company recognized a loss of $ 43.6 million during 2017. costs related to dispositions under our system optimization initiative are recorded to “ reorganization and realignment costs . story_separator_special_tag net income , which resulted in a benefit of $ 5.2 million in 2017 ( see note 1 of the financial statements and supplementary data contained in item 8 herein for further discussion ) . in our initial analysis of the impact of the tax act , we have recorded a discrete net tax benefit of $ 140.4 million for the year ended december 31 , 2017. this net benefit primarily consists of a benefit of $ 164.9 million for the impact of the corporate rate reduction on our net deferred tax liabilities , partially offset by a net expense of $ 22.2 million for the international-related provisions , including the transition tax ( and the related impact to our recorded valuation allowance ) and deferred taxes recorded on foreign earnings previously considered permanently reinvested . the company has recognized the provisional tax impacts related to the revaluation of deferred tax assets and liabilities and the transition tax and included these amounts in its consolidated financial statements for the year ended december 31 , 2017. the ultimate impact may differ from these provisional amounts , possibly materially , due to , among other things , additional analysis , changes in interpretations and assumptions the company has made and additional regulatory guidance that may be issued . the company is not able to determine a provisional estimate for the global intangible low-taxed income ( “ gilti ” ) tax and , therefore , has not provided any deferred tax impacts of gilti in its consolidated financial statements for the year ended december 31 , 2017. the impact of our system optimization initiative on the provision for income taxes included the effects of the disposition of non-deductible goodwill , and changes to our state deferred taxes and valuation allowances on state net operating losses caused by the shifting relative taxable presence in the various states as our system optimization initiative is executed . these items , which are non-recurring , increased the provision for income taxes by $ 15.0 million , $ 2.8 million and $ 15.1 million during 2017 , 2016 and 2015 , respectively . based on certain provisions contained in the tax act , the unrepatriated earnings of foreign subsidiaries , primarily canadian , are no longer considered permanently invested outside of the u.s. as of december 31 , 2017 , we have provided a deferred foreign tax provision of $ 1.8 million on these unrepatriated earnings . net income from discontinued operations year ended 2015 income from discontinued operations before income taxes $ 14.9 provision for income taxes ( 4.4 ) income from discontinued operations , net of income taxes 10.5 gain on disposal of discontinued operations before income taxes 25.5 provision for income taxes on gain on disposal ( 14.9 ) gain on disposal of discontinued operations , net of income taxes 10.6 net income from discontinued operations $ 21.1 on may 31 , 2015 , wendy 's completed the sale of 100 % of its membership interest in the new bakery company , llc and its subsidiaries ( collectively , the “ bakery ” ) to east balt us , llc ( the “ buyer ” ) for $ 78.5 million in cash ( subject to customary purchase price adjustments ) . as a result of the sale , the bakery 's results of operations for the period from december 29 , 2014 through may 31 , 2015 have been included in “ income from discontinued operations , net of income taxes ” in the table above . the company recognized a gain on the disposal of the bakery of $ 10.6 million , net of income tax expense of $ 14.9 million which has been included in net income from discontinued operations . the provision for income taxes on the gain on disposal includes the impact of non-deductible goodwill disposed of as a result of the sale . 43 outlook for 2018 sales we expect sales will be favorably impacted primarily by improving our north america business through continuing core menu improvement , product innovation , strategic price increases on our menu items and focused execution of operational excellence and brand positioning . in addition , sales are expected to benefit from new restaurant openings and higher sales growth at our new and remodeled image activation restaurants . franchise royalty revenue and fees we expect that the sales trends for franchised restaurants will continue to be generally benefited by the factors described above under “ sales ” related to the improvements in the north america business . franchise fees will be negatively impacted by fewer franchisee-to-franchisee restaurant transfers under our system optimization initiative . beginning in 2018 , franchisee-to-franchisee restaurant transfers will be referred to as franchise flips . in addition , the company plans to be more selectively involved in the related real estate in these transactions . lastly , franchise fees in 2018 will be negatively impacted by the new revenue recognition guidance . see “ item 8. financial statements and supplementary data , ” note 1 to the consolidated financial statements , for further information on the new revenue recognition guidance . franchise rental income the impact of facilitating franchisee-to-franchisee restaurant transfers under our system optimization initiative during 2017 will continue to result in increased franchise rental income . cost of sales we expect cost of sales , as a percent of sales , will be favorably impacted by the same factors described above for sales . we expect these favorable impacts on cost of sales , as a percent of sales , to be partially offset by higher restaurant labor due to increases in wages , as well as an increase in commodity costs . general and administrative we expect general and administrative expense will be favorably impacted by the may 2017 g & a realignment plan . depreciation and amortization the impact of capital leases resulting from facilitating franchisee-to-franchisee restaurant transfers during 2017 will result in a slight increase in

cash provided by operating activities increased $ 62.7 million during 2017 as compared to 2016 , due to an increase of $ 55.8 million in net income adjusted for non-cash expenses and a favorable change in operating assets and liabilities of $ 6.9 million . the favorable change in operating assets and liabilities resulted primarily from a decrease in income tax payments , net of refunds and a decrease in payments for incentive compensation for the 2016 fiscal year . cash provided by operating activities decreased $ 85.4 million during 2016 as compared to 2015 , due to a decrease of $ 145.9 million in net income adjusted for non-cash expenses , partially offset by a favorable change in operating assets and liabilities of $ 60.5 million . the favorable change in operating assets and liabilities resulted from ( 1 ) an increase as a result of cash restricted for the payment of interest under our securitized financing facility during the second quarter of 2015 , ( 2 ) an increase in real estate and property tax receivables in 2015 as a result of an increase in franchise restaurants in connection with our system optimization initiative and ( 3 ) a decrease in receivables for income tax refunds . these favorable changes were partially offset by the unfavorable impact of a decrease in the incentive compensation accrual for the 2016 fiscal year due to weaker operating performance as compared to plan in 2016 versus 2015 , as well as an increase in payments for the 2015 fiscal year . 45 investing activities cash used in investing activities increased $ 159.4 million during 2017 as compared to 2016 , primarily due to ( 1 ) a decrease in proceeds from dispositions of company-operated restaurants and other assets of $ 251.3 million and ( 2 ) net cash used in the davco and npc transactions of $ 16.1 million . these unfavorable changes were partially offset by ( 1 ) a decrease of $ 68.3 million in capital expenditures and ( 2 ) a decrease of $ 39.9 million in restricted cash primarily for the reinvestment in capital assets under our securitized financing facility . cash provided by investing activities increased $ 56.7


 Write a concise suspicious activity report of the following text delimited by triple backquotes. Return your response as a formal report which covers the key points highlighting the location,dates,entity names and account holder information in chronological order of the text.
     ```cash provided by operating activities increased $ 62.7 million during 2017 as compared to 2016 , due to an increase of $ 55.8 million in net income adjusted for non-cash expenses and a favorable change in operating assets and liabilities of $ 6.9 million . the favorable change in operating assets and liabilities resulted primarily from a decrease in income tax payments , net of refunds and a decrease in payments for incentive compensation for the 2016 fiscal year . cash provided by operating activities decreased $ 85.4 million during 2016 as compared to 2015 , due to a decrease of $ 145.9 million in net income adjusted for non-cash expenses , partially offset by a favorable change in operating assets and liabilities of $ 60.5 million . the favorable change in operating assets and liabilities resulted from ( 1 ) an increase as a result of cash restricted for the payment of interest under our securitized financing facility during the second quarter of 2015 , ( 2 ) an increase in real estate and property tax receivables in 2015 as a result of an increase in franchise restaurants in connection with our system optimization initiative and ( 3 ) a decrease in receivables for income tax refunds . these favorable changes were partially offset by the unfavorable impact of a decrease in the incentive compensation accrual for the 2016 fiscal year due to weaker operating performance as compared to plan in 2016 versus 2015 , as well as an increase in payments for the 2015 fiscal year . 45 investing activities cash used in investing activities increased $ 159.4 million during 2017 as compared to 2016 , primarily due to ( 1 ) a decrease in proceeds from dispositions of company-operated restaurants and other assets of $ 251.3 million and ( 2 ) net cash used in the davco and npc transactions of $ 16.1 million . these unfavorable changes were partially offset by ( 1 ) a decrease of $ 68.3 million in capital expenditures and ( 2 ) a decrease of $ 39.9 million in restricted cash primarily for the reinvestment in capital assets under our securitized financing facility . cash provided by investing activities increased $ 56.7
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 Suspicious Activity Report : 33 key business measures we track our results of operations and manage our business using the following key business measures , which include non-gaap financial measures : same-restaurant sales - we report same-restaurant sales commencing after new restaurants have been open for 15 continuous months and as soon as reimaged restaurants reopen . this methodology is consistent with the metric used by our management for internal reporting and analysis . the table summarizing same-restaurant sales below in “ results of operations ” provides the same-restaurant sales percent changes . same-restaurant sales exclude the impact of currency translation . restaurant margin - we define restaurant margin as sales from company-operated restaurants less cost of sales divided by sales from company-operated restaurants . cost of sales includes food and paper , restaurant labor and occupancy , advertising and other operating costs . restaurant margin is influenced by factors such as price increases , the effectiveness of our advertising and marketing initiatives , featured products , product mix , fluctuations in food and labor costs , restaurant openings , remodels and closures and the level of our fixed and semi-variable costs . systemwide sales - systemwide sales is a non-gaap financial measure , which includes sales by both company-operated restaurants and franchised restaurants . franchised restaurants ' sales are reported by our franchisees and represent their revenues from sales at franchised wendy 's restaurants . the company 's consolidated financial statements do not include sales by franchised restaurants to their customers . the company believes systemwide sales data is useful in assessing consumer demand for the company 's products , the overall success of the wendy 's brand and , ultimately , the performance of the company . the company 's royalty revenues are computed as percentages of sales made by wendy 's franchisees . as a result , sales by wendy 's franchisees have a direct effect on the company 's royalty revenues and therefore on the company 's profitability . average unit volumes - we calculate company-operated restaurant average unit volumes by summing the average weekly sales of all company-operated restaurants which reported sales during the week . franchised restaurant average unit volumes is a non-gaap financial measure , which includes sales by franchised restaurants , which are reported by our franchisees and represent their revenues from sales at franchised wendy 's restaurants . the company 's consolidated financial statements do not include sales by franchised restaurants to their customers . the company believes franchised restaurant average unit volumes is useful information for the same reasons described above for “ systemwide sales . ” we calculate franchised restaurant average unit volumes by summing the average weekly sales of all franchised restaurants which reported sales during the week . the company calculates same-restaurant sales and systemwide sales on a constant currency basis . constant currency results exclude the impact of foreign currency translation and are derived by translating current year results at prior year average exchange rates . the company believes excluding the impact of foreign currency translation provides better year over year comparability . the non-gaap financial measures discussed above do not replace the presentation of the company 's financial results in accordance with gaap . because all companies do not calculate non-gaap financial measures in the same way , these measures as used by other companies may not be consistent with the way the company calculates such measures . system optimization initiative in july 2013 , the company announced a system optimization initiative , as part of its brand transformation , which includes a shift from company-operated restaurants to franchised restaurants over time , through acquisitions and dispositions , as well as facilitating franchisee-to-franchisee restaurant transfers . in february 2015 , the company announced plans to reduce its ongoing company-operated restaurant ownership to approximately 5 % of the total system , which the company completed as of january 1 , 2017 . in 2017 , the company facilitated the transfer of 400 restaurants between franchisees ( excluding the davco and npc transactions discussed below ) . while the company has no plans to reduce its ownership below the 5 % level , wendy 's will continue to optimize its system by facilitating franchisee-to-franchisee restaurant transfers , as well as evaluating strategic acquisitions of franchised restaurants and strategic dispositions of company-operated restaurants to existing and new franchisees , to further strengthen the franchisee base and drive new restaurant development and accelerate reimages in the image activation format . 34 davco and npc transactions as part of our system optimization initiative , the company acquired 140 wendy 's restaurants on may 31 , 2017 from davco restaurants , llc ( “ davco ” ) for total net cash consideration of $ 86.8 million , which were immediately sold to npc international , inc. ( “ npc ” ) , an existing franchisee of the company , for cash proceeds of $ 70.7 million ( the “ davco and npc transactions ” ) . as part of the transaction , npc has agreed to remodel 90 acquired restaurants in the image activation format by the end of 2021 and build 15 new wendy 's restaurants by the end of 2022. prior to closing the davco transaction , seven davco restaurants were closed . the acquisition of wendy 's restaurants from davco was not contingent on executing the sale agreement with npc ; as such , the company accounted for the transactions as an acquisition and subsequent disposition of a business . as part of the transactions , the company retained leases for purposes of subleasing such properties to npc . as a result of the transactions , the company recognized a loss of $ 43.6 million during 2017. costs related to dispositions under our system optimization initiative are recorded to “ reorganization and realignment costs . story_separator_special_tag net income , which resulted in a benefit of $ 5.2 million in 2017 ( see note 1 of the financial statements and supplementary data contained in item 8 herein for further discussion ) . in our initial analysis of the impact of the tax act , we have recorded a discrete net tax benefit of $ 140.4 million for the year ended december 31 , 2017. this net benefit primarily consists of a benefit of $ 164.9 million for the impact of the corporate rate reduction on our net deferred tax liabilities , partially offset by a net expense of $ 22.2 million for the international-related provisions , including the transition tax ( and the related impact to our recorded valuation allowance ) and deferred taxes recorded on foreign earnings previously considered permanently reinvested . the company has recognized the provisional tax impacts related to the revaluation of deferred tax assets and liabilities and the transition tax and included these amounts in its consolidated financial statements for the year ended december 31 , 2017. the ultimate impact may differ from these provisional amounts , possibly materially , due to , among other things , additional analysis , changes in interpretations and assumptions the company has made and additional regulatory guidance that may be issued . the company is not able to determine a provisional estimate for the global intangible low-taxed income ( “ gilti ” ) tax and , therefore , has not provided any deferred tax impacts of gilti in its consolidated financial statements for the year ended december 31 , 2017. the impact of our system optimization initiative on the provision for income taxes included the effects of the disposition of non-deductible goodwill , and changes to our state deferred taxes and valuation allowances on state net operating losses caused by the shifting relative taxable presence in the various states as our system optimization initiative is executed . these items , which are non-recurring , increased the provision for income taxes by $ 15.0 million , $ 2.8 million and $ 15.1 million during 2017 , 2016 and 2015 , respectively . based on certain provisions contained in the tax act , the unrepatriated earnings of foreign subsidiaries , primarily canadian , are no longer considered permanently invested outside of the u.s. as of december 31 , 2017 , we have provided a deferred foreign tax provision of $ 1.8 million on these unrepatriated earnings . net income from discontinued operations year ended 2015 income from discontinued operations before income taxes $ 14.9 provision for income taxes ( 4.4 ) income from discontinued operations , net of income taxes 10.5 gain on disposal of discontinued operations before income taxes 25.5 provision for income taxes on gain on disposal ( 14.9 ) gain on disposal of discontinued operations , net of income taxes 10.6 net income from discontinued operations $ 21.1 on may 31 , 2015 , wendy 's completed the sale of 100 % of its membership interest in the new bakery company , llc and its subsidiaries ( collectively , the “ bakery ” ) to east balt us , llc ( the “ buyer ” ) for $ 78.5 million in cash ( subject to customary purchase price adjustments ) . as a result of the sale , the bakery 's results of operations for the period from december 29 , 2014 through may 31 , 2015 have been included in “ income from discontinued operations , net of income taxes ” in the table above . the company recognized a gain on the disposal of the bakery of $ 10.6 million , net of income tax expense of $ 14.9 million which has been included in net income from discontinued operations . the provision for income taxes on the gain on disposal includes the impact of non-deductible goodwill disposed of as a result of the sale . 43 outlook for 2018 sales we expect sales will be favorably impacted primarily by improving our north america business through continuing core menu improvement , product innovation , strategic price increases on our menu items and focused execution of operational excellence and brand positioning . in addition , sales are expected to benefit from new restaurant openings and higher sales growth at our new and remodeled image activation restaurants . franchise royalty revenue and fees we expect that the sales trends for franchised restaurants will continue to be generally benefited by the factors described above under “ sales ” related to the improvements in the north america business . franchise fees will be negatively impacted by fewer franchisee-to-franchisee restaurant transfers under our system optimization initiative . beginning in 2018 , franchisee-to-franchisee restaurant transfers will be referred to as franchise flips . in addition , the company plans to be more selectively involved in the related real estate in these transactions . lastly , franchise fees in 2018 will be negatively impacted by the new revenue recognition guidance . see “ item 8. financial statements and supplementary data , ” note 1 to the consolidated financial statements , for further information on the new revenue recognition guidance . franchise rental income the impact of facilitating franchisee-to-franchisee restaurant transfers under our system optimization initiative during 2017 will continue to result in increased franchise rental income . cost of sales we expect cost of sales , as a percent of sales , will be favorably impacted by the same factors described above for sales . we expect these favorable impacts on cost of sales , as a percent of sales , to be partially offset by higher restaurant labor due to increases in wages , as well as an increase in commodity costs . general and administrative we expect general and administrative expense will be favorably impacted by the may 2017 g & a realignment plan . depreciation and amortization the impact of capital leases resulting from facilitating franchisee-to-franchisee restaurant transfers during 2017 will result in a slight increase in

