gross profit and gross profit margin decreased in 2018 compared to 2017. the decrease was primarily due to the 2017 contribution of the core mts business to the change healthcare joint venture , significant government reimbursement reductions in the u.k. , the competitive sell-side environment and weaker pharmaceutical manufacturer pricing trends . these decreases in 2018 were partially offset by market growth , procurement benefits realized through the joint sourcing entity , clarusone sourcing services llp ( “ clarusone ” ) , higher lifo credits and our business acquisitions . gross profit for 2019 , 2018 and 2017 included lifo credits of $ 210 million , $ 99 million and $ 7 million . gross profit for 2017 benefited from $ 144 million of cash receipts representing our share of antitrust legal settlements . operating expenses : operating expenses , and operating expenses as a percentage of revenues increased in 2019 and 2018. operating expenses for 2019 , 2018 and 2017 were affected by the following significant items : 2019 non-cash pre-tax goodwill impairment charges of $ 1,776 million ( $ 1,756 million after-tax ) in our consumer solutions ( “ cs ” ) and pharmacy solutions ( “ ps ” ) reporting units within the european pharmaceutical solutions segment . of these impairment charges , $ 238 million was recognized upon the 2019 first quarter segment changes , which resulted in two new reporting units . the remaining charges were primarily due to declines in the reporting units ' estimated future cash flows and the selection of higher discount rates . these impairment charges were generally not deductible for income tax purposes . the declines in estimated future cash flows were primarily attributed to additional government reimbursement reductions and competitive pressures within the u.k. the risk of successfully achieving certain business initiatives was the primary factor in the use of a higher discount rate . at march 31 , 2019 , both cs and ps reporting units had no remaining goodwill balances ; pre-tax restructuring and asset impairment charges of $ 331 million ( $ 273 million after-tax ) , primarily representing employee severance and exit-related costs related to the 2019 restructuring initiatives , as further discussed below ; non-cash pre-tax long-lived asset impairment charges of $ 245 million ( $ 207 million after-tax ) primarily for our u.k. business ( mainly pharmacy licenses ) driven by additional government reimbursement reductions and competitive pressures in the u.k. ; 33 mckesson corporation financial review ( continued ) higher opioid-related costs of $ 151 million ( $ 122 million after-tax ) primarily related to litigation expenses . the company is a defendant in many cases alleging claims related to the distribution of controlled substances to pharmacies , often together with other pharmaceutical wholesale distributors and pharmaceutical manufacturers and retail pharmacy chains named as defendants . in addition , the state of new york has recently adopted a tax on sales of opioids in the state , and other states are considering legislation that could require us to pay taxes , licensing fees , or assessments on the distribution of opioid medications in those states . liabilities for taxes or assessments under any such laws will likely have an adverse impact on our results of operations , unless we are able to mitigate them through operational changes or commercial arrangements where permitted . refer to financial note 24 , “ commitments and contingent liabilities , ” to the accompanying consolidated financial statements appearing in this annual report on form 10-k for more information ; gain from an escrow settlement of $ 97 million ( pre-tax and after-tax ) representing certain indemnity and other claims related to our 2017 acquisition of rexall health ; pre-tax credit of $ 90 million ( $ 66 million after-tax ) related to the derecognition of a tax receivable agreement ( “ tra ” ) payable to the shareholders of change healthcare inc. ( “ change ” ) ; and higher operating expenses due to our business acquisitions and to support growth 2018 non-cash goodwill impairment charges of $ 1,283 million ( pre-tax and after-tax ) for the european pharmaceutical solutions segment and $ 455 million ( pre-tax and after-tax ) for our rexall health reporting unit in other . there were no tax benefits associated with these goodwill impairment charges . the impairments for europe were triggered primarily by government reimbursement reductions in our retail business in the u.k. and a more competitive environment in france . the impairments for rexall health were primarily driven by significant generics reimbursement reductions across canada and minimum wage increases in multiple provinces . at march 31 , 2018 , the rexall health reporting unit had no remaining goodwill related to our acquisition of rexall health ; non-cash pre-tax long-lived asset impairment charges of $ 446 million ( $ 410 million after-tax ) primarily due to the declines in estimated future cash flows in our european business including those declines in our u.k. retail business driven by government reimbursement reductions ; pre-tax restructuring charges of $ 74 million ( $ 67 million after-tax ) primarily representing employee severance and lease exit costs related to the 2018 restructuring plan for our mckesson europe business . under this plan , we expect to record total pre-tax charges of approximately $ 90 million to $ 130 million , of which $ 92 million of pre-tax charges were recorded to date ; higher expenses due to our business acquisitions ; pre-tax charitable contribution expense of $ 100 million ( $ 64 million after-tax ) to a public benefit california foundation ; and pre-tax gain of $ 109 million ( $ 30 million after-tax ) recognized from the sale of our eis business within other 2017 pre-tax gain of $ 3,947 million ( $ 3,018 million after-tax ) related to the 2017 contribution of the core mts business to the change healthcare joint venture ; and non-cash pre-tax goodwill impairment charge of $ 290 million ( story_separator_special_tag 2018 lower operating profit due to the 2017 contribution of the core mts business to the change healthcare joint venture ; pre-tax goodwill charges of $ 455 million and long-lived asset impairment charges of $ 33 million recognized for our rexall health retail business ; market growth in our mrxts business ; our proportionate share of losses from our equity method investment in change healthcare during 2018 ; $ 109 million pre-tax gain from the sale of our eis business in 2018 ; $ 46 million pre-tax credit representing a reduction of our tra liability related to the adoption of the 2017 tax act ; and pre-tax gain of $ 37 million resulting from the finalization of net working capital and other adjustments related to the contribution of the core mts business to change healthcare . 2017 pre-tax gain of $ 3,947 million related to the 2017 contribution of the core mts business to the change healthcare joint venture ; and non-cash pre-tax goodwill impairment charge of $ 290 million related to our eis reporting unit . 39 mckesson corporation financial review ( continued ) corporate : corporate expenses , net , increased for 2019 primarily due to an increase in opioid-related costs , higher restructuring-related charges and costs for technology initiatives . corporate expenses , net , increased for 2018 primarily due to a charitable contribution expense of $ 100 million and higher professional fees incurred for corporate initiatives . loss on debt extinguishment : in 2018 , we recognized a pre-tax loss on debt extinguishment of $ 122 million ( $ 78 million after-tax ) primarily representing premiums related to our february 2018 tender offers to redeem a portion of our existing outstanding long-term debt . interest expense : interest expense decreased over the last two years primarily due to the refinancing of debt at lower interest rates , partially offset by an increase in the issuance of commercial paper . interest expense fluctuates based on timing , amounts and interest rates of term debt repaid and new term debt issued , as well as amounts incurred associated with financing fees . foreign operations our foreign operations represented approximately 18 % , 18 % and 17 % of our consolidated revenues in 2019 , 2018 and 2017 . foreign operations are subject to certain risks , including currency fluctuations . we monitor our operations and adopt strategies responsive to changes in the economic and political environment in each of the countries in which we operate . we conduct our business worldwide in local currencies including euro , british pound sterling and canadian dollar . as a result , the comparability of our results reported in u.s. dollars can be affected by changes in foreign currency exchange rates . in discussing our operating results , we may use the term “ foreign currency effect ” , which refers to the effect of changes in foreign currency exchange rates used to convert the local currency results of foreign countries where the functional currency is not the u.s. dollar . we present this information to provide a framework for assessing how our business performed excluding the effect of foreign currency rate fluctuations . in computing foreign currency effect , we translate our current year results in local currencies into u.s dollars by applying average foreign exchange rates of the corresponding prior year periods , and we subsequently compare those results to the previously reported results of the comparable prior year periods in u.s. dollars . additional information regarding our foreign operations is included in financial note 28 , “ segments of business , ” to the consolidated financial statements appearing in this annual report on form 10-k. business combinations refer to financial note 4 , “ business combinations , ” to the consolidated financial statements appearing in this annual report on form 10-k for additional information . fiscal 2020 outlook information regarding the company 's fiscal 2020 outlook is contained in our forms 8-k and 8-k/a dated may 8 , 2019. these forms should be read in conjunction with the sections item 1 - business - forward-looking statements and item 1a - risk factors in part i of this annual report on form 10-k. critical accounting policies and estimates we consider an accounting estimate to be critical if the estimate requires us to make assumptions about matters that were uncertain at the time the accounting estimate was made and if different estimates that we reasonably could have used in the current period , or changes in the accounting estimate that are reasonably likely to occur from period to period , could have a material impact on our financial condition or results from operations . below are the estimates that we believe are critical to the understanding of our operating results and financial condition . other accounting policies are described in financial note 1 , “ significant accounting policies , ” to the consolidated financial statements appearing in this annual report on form 10-k. because of the uncertainty inherent in such estimates , actual results may differ from these estimates . 40 mckesson corporation financial review ( continued ) allowance for doubtful accounts : we provide short-term credit and other customer financing arrangements to customers who purchase our products and services . other customer financing primarily relates to guarantees provided to our customers , or their creditors , regarding the repurchase of inventories . we also provide financing to certain customers related to the purchase of pharmacies , which serve as collateral for the loans . we estimate the receivables for which we do not expect full collection based on historical collection rates and specific knowledge regarding the current creditworthiness of our customers and record an allowance in our consolidated financial statements for these amounts . in determining the appropriate allowance for doubtful accounts , which includes general and specific reserves , the company reviews accounts receivable aging , industry trends , customer financial strength , credit standing , historical write-off trends

net cash used in investing activities was $ 1,381 million in 2019 compared to $ 2,993 million in 2018 and $ 3,269 million in 2017 . investing activities for 2019 include $ 905 million of net cash payments for acquisitions , including $ 784 million for our acquisition of msd , $ 426 million and $ 131 million in capital expenditures for property , plant and equipment , and capitalized software , and $ 101 million of net cash proceeds from sales of businesses and investments . investing activities for 2018 include $ 2,893 million of net cash payments for acquisitions , including $ 1.3 billion and $ 720 million for our acquisitions of covermymeds , llc and rxcrossroads , $ 405 million and $ 175 million in capital expenditures for property , plant and equipment , and capitalized software , $ 374 million of net cash proceeds from sales of businesses and investments and $ 126 million cash payment received related to the healthcare technology net asset exchange . investing activities for 2017 included $ 4,212 million of net cash payments for acquisitions including $ 2.1 billion for our acquisition of rexall health , $ 1,226 million of net payments received on the healthcare technology net asset exchange , $ 404 million and $ 158 million in capital expenditures for property , plant and equipment , and capitalized software , and $ 206 million of net cash proceeds from sales of businesses and investments . financing activities utilized $ 2,227 million , $ 3,084 million and $ 2,069 million of cash in 2019 , 2018 and 2017 . financing activities for 2019 include cash receipts of $ 37,265 million and payments of $ 37,268 million from short-term borrowings ( primarily commercial paper ) . we received cash from long-term debt issuances of $ 1,099 million and made repayments on long-term debt of $ 1,112 million in 2019. financing activities in 2019 also include $ 1,627 million of cash paid for stock repurchases and $ 292 million of dividends paid .


 Write a concise suspicious activity report of the following text delimited by triple backquotes. Return your response as a formal report which covers the key points highlighting the location,dates,entity names and account holder information in chronological order of the text.
     ```net cash used in investing activities was $ 1,381 million in 2019 compared to $ 2,993 million in 2018 and $ 3,269 million in 2017 . investing activities for 2019 include $ 905 million of net cash payments for acquisitions , including $ 784 million for our acquisition of msd , $ 426 million and $ 131 million in capital expenditures for property , plant and equipment , and capitalized software , and $ 101 million of net cash proceeds from sales of businesses and investments . investing activities for 2018 include $ 2,893 million of net cash payments for acquisitions , including $ 1.3 billion and $ 720 million for our acquisitions of covermymeds , llc and rxcrossroads , $ 405 million and $ 175 million in capital expenditures for property , plant and equipment , and capitalized software , $ 374 million of net cash proceeds from sales of businesses and investments and $ 126 million cash payment received related to the healthcare technology net asset exchange . investing activities for 2017 included $ 4,212 million of net cash payments for acquisitions including $ 2.1 billion for our acquisition of rexall health , $ 1,226 million of net payments received on the healthcare technology net asset exchange , $ 404 million and $ 158 million in capital expenditures for property , plant and equipment , and capitalized software , and $ 206 million of net cash proceeds from sales of businesses and investments . financing activities utilized $ 2,227 million , $ 3,084 million and $ 2,069 million of cash in 2019 , 2018 and 2017 . financing activities for 2019 include cash receipts of $ 37,265 million and payments of $ 37,268 million from short-term borrowings ( primarily commercial paper ) . we received cash from long-term debt issuances of $ 1,099 million and made repayments on long-term debt of $ 1,112 million in 2019. financing activities in 2019 also include $ 1,627 million of cash paid for stock repurchases and $ 292 million of dividends paid .
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 Suspicious Activity Report : gross profit and gross profit margin decreased in 2018 compared to 2017. the decrease was primarily due to the 2017 contribution of the core mts business to the change healthcare joint venture , significant government reimbursement reductions in the u.k. , the competitive sell-side environment and weaker pharmaceutical manufacturer pricing trends . these decreases in 2018 were partially offset by market growth , procurement benefits realized through the joint sourcing entity , clarusone sourcing services llp ( “ clarusone ” ) , higher lifo credits and our business acquisitions . gross profit for 2019 , 2018 and 2017 included lifo credits of $ 210 million , $ 99 million and $ 7 million . gross profit for 2017 benefited from $ 144 million of cash receipts representing our share of antitrust legal settlements . operating expenses : operating expenses , and operating expenses as a percentage of revenues increased in 2019 and 2018. operating expenses for 2019 , 2018 and 2017 were affected by the following significant items : 2019 non-cash pre-tax goodwill impairment charges of $ 1,776 million ( $ 1,756 million after-tax ) in our consumer solutions ( “ cs ” ) and pharmacy solutions ( “ ps ” ) reporting units within the european pharmaceutical solutions segment . of these impairment charges , $ 238 million was recognized upon the 2019 first quarter segment changes , which resulted in two new reporting units . the remaining charges were primarily due to declines in the reporting units ' estimated future cash flows and the selection of higher discount rates . these impairment charges were generally not deductible for income tax purposes . the declines in estimated future cash flows were primarily attributed to additional government reimbursement reductions and competitive pressures within the u.k. the risk of successfully achieving certain business initiatives was the primary factor in the use of a higher discount rate . at march 31 , 2019 , both cs and ps reporting units had no remaining goodwill balances ; pre-tax restructuring and asset impairment charges of $ 331 million ( $ 273 million after-tax ) , primarily representing employee severance and exit-related costs related to the 2019 restructuring initiatives , as further discussed below ; non-cash pre-tax long-lived asset impairment charges of $ 245 million ( $ 207 million after-tax ) primarily for our u.k. business ( mainly pharmacy licenses ) driven by additional government reimbursement reductions and competitive pressures in the u.k. ; 33 mckesson corporation financial review ( continued ) higher opioid-related costs of $ 151 million ( $ 122 million after-tax ) primarily related to litigation expenses . the company is a defendant in many cases alleging claims related to the distribution of controlled substances to pharmacies , often together with other pharmaceutical wholesale distributors and pharmaceutical manufacturers and retail pharmacy chains named as defendants . in addition , the state of new york has recently adopted a tax on sales of opioids in the state , and other states are considering legislation that could require us to pay taxes , licensing fees , or assessments on the distribution of opioid medications in those states . liabilities for taxes or assessments under any such laws will likely have an adverse impact on our results of operations , unless we are able to mitigate them through operational changes or commercial arrangements where permitted . refer to financial note 24 , “ commitments and contingent liabilities , ” to the accompanying consolidated financial statements appearing in this annual report on form 10-k for more information ; gain from an escrow settlement of $ 97 million ( pre-tax and after-tax ) representing certain indemnity and other claims related to our 2017 acquisition of rexall health ; pre-tax credit of $ 90 million ( $ 66 million after-tax ) related to the derecognition of a tax receivable agreement ( “ tra ” ) payable to the shareholders of change healthcare inc. ( “ change ” ) ; and higher operating expenses due to our business acquisitions and to support growth 2018 non-cash goodwill impairment charges of $ 1,283 million ( pre-tax and after-tax ) for the european pharmaceutical solutions segment and $ 455 million ( pre-tax and after-tax ) for our rexall health reporting unit in other . there were no tax benefits associated with these goodwill impairment charges . the impairments for europe were triggered primarily by government reimbursement reductions in our retail business in the u.k. and a more competitive environment in france . the impairments for rexall health were primarily driven by significant generics reimbursement reductions across canada and minimum wage increases in multiple provinces . at march 31 , 2018 , the rexall health reporting unit had no remaining goodwill related to our acquisition of rexall health ; non-cash pre-tax long-lived asset impairment charges of $ 446 million ( $ 410 million after-tax ) primarily due to the declines in estimated future cash flows in our european business including those declines in our u.k. retail business driven by government reimbursement reductions ; pre-tax restructuring charges of $ 74 million ( $ 67 million after-tax ) primarily representing employee severance and lease exit costs related to the 2018 restructuring plan for our mckesson europe business . under this plan , we expect to record total pre-tax charges of approximately $ 90 million to $ 130 million , of which $ 92 million of pre-tax charges were recorded to date ; higher expenses due to our business acquisitions ; pre-tax charitable contribution expense of $ 100 million ( $ 64 million after-tax ) to a public benefit california foundation ; and pre-tax gain of $ 109 million ( $ 30 million after-tax ) recognized from the sale of our eis business within other 2017 pre-tax gain of $ 3,947 million ( $ 3,018 million after-tax ) related to the 2017 contribution of the core mts business to the change healthcare joint venture ; and non-cash pre-tax goodwill impairment charge of $ 290 million ( story_separator_special_tag 2018 lower operating profit due to the 2017 contribution of the core mts business to the change healthcare joint venture ; pre-tax goodwill charges of $ 455 million and long-lived asset impairment charges of $ 33 million recognized for our rexall health retail business ; market growth in our mrxts business ; our proportionate share of losses from our equity method investment in change healthcare during 2018 ; $ 109 million pre-tax gain from the sale of our eis business in 2018 ; $ 46 million pre-tax credit representing a reduction of our tra liability related to the adoption of the 2017 tax act ; and pre-tax gain of $ 37 million resulting from the finalization of net working capital and other adjustments related to the contribution of the core mts business to change healthcare . 2017 pre-tax gain of $ 3,947 million related to the 2017 contribution of the core mts business to the change healthcare joint venture ; and non-cash pre-tax goodwill impairment charge of $ 290 million related to our eis reporting unit . 39 mckesson corporation financial review ( continued ) corporate : corporate expenses , net , increased for 2019 primarily due to an increase in opioid-related costs , higher restructuring-related charges and costs for technology initiatives . corporate expenses , net , increased for 2018 primarily due to a charitable contribution expense of $ 100 million and higher professional fees incurred for corporate initiatives . loss on debt extinguishment : in 2018 , we recognized a pre-tax loss on debt extinguishment of $ 122 million ( $ 78 million after-tax ) primarily representing premiums related to our february 2018 tender offers to redeem a portion of our existing outstanding long-term debt . interest expense : interest expense decreased over the last two years primarily due to the refinancing of debt at lower interest rates , partially offset by an increase in the issuance of commercial paper . interest expense fluctuates based on timing , amounts and interest rates of term debt repaid and new term debt issued , as well as amounts incurred associated with financing fees . foreign operations our foreign operations represented approximately 18 % , 18 % and 17 % of our consolidated revenues in 2019 , 2018 and 2017 . foreign operations are subject to certain risks , including currency fluctuations . we monitor our operations and adopt strategies responsive to changes in the economic and political environment in each of the countries in which we operate . we conduct our business worldwide in local currencies including euro , british pound sterling and canadian dollar . as a result , the comparability of our results reported in u.s. dollars can be affected by changes in foreign currency exchange rates . in discussing our operating results , we may use the term “ foreign currency effect ” , which refers to the effect of changes in foreign currency exchange rates used to convert the local currency results of foreign countries where the functional currency is not the u.s. dollar . we present this information to provide a framework for assessing how our business performed excluding the effect of foreign currency rate fluctuations . in computing foreign currency effect , we translate our current year results in local currencies into u.s dollars by applying average foreign exchange rates of the corresponding prior year periods , and we subsequently compare those results to the previously reported results of the comparable prior year periods in u.s. dollars . additional information regarding our foreign operations is included in financial note 28 , “ segments of business , ” to the consolidated financial statements appearing in this annual report on form 10-k. business combinations refer to financial note 4 , “ business combinations , ” to the consolidated financial statements appearing in this annual report on form 10-k for additional information . fiscal 2020 outlook information regarding the company 's fiscal 2020 outlook is contained in our forms 8-k and 8-k/a dated may 8 , 2019. these forms should be read in conjunction with the sections item 1 - business - forward-looking statements and item 1a - risk factors in part i of this annual report on form 10-k. critical accounting policies and estimates we consider an accounting estimate to be critical if the estimate requires us to make assumptions about matters that were uncertain at the time the accounting estimate was made and if different estimates that we reasonably could have used in the current period , or changes in the accounting estimate that are reasonably likely to occur from period to period , could have a material impact on our financial condition or results from operations . below are the estimates that we believe are critical to the understanding of our operating results and financial condition . other accounting policies are described in financial note 1 , “ significant accounting policies , ” to the consolidated financial statements appearing in this annual report on form 10-k. because of the uncertainty inherent in such estimates , actual results may differ from these estimates . 40 mckesson corporation financial review ( continued ) allowance for doubtful accounts : we provide short-term credit and other customer financing arrangements to customers who purchase our products and services . other customer financing primarily relates to guarantees provided to our customers , or their creditors , regarding the repurchase of inventories . we also provide financing to certain customers related to the purchase of pharmacies , which serve as collateral for the loans . we estimate the receivables for which we do not expect full collection based on historical collection rates and specific knowledge regarding the current creditworthiness of our customers and record an allowance in our consolidated financial statements for these amounts . in determining the appropriate allowance for doubtful accounts , which includes general and specific reserves , the company reviews accounts receivable aging , industry trends , customer financial strength , credit standing , historical write-off trends

