for a more detailed discussion of such forward looking statements and the potential risks and uncertainties that may impact upon their accuracy , see the “ risk factors ” section and “ overview ” section of this management 's discussion and analysis of financial condition and results of operations . these forward-looking statements reflect our view only as of the date of this report . we undertake no obligations to update any forward-looking statements . you should also carefully consider the factors set forth in other reports or documents that we file from time to time with the securities and exchange commission . overview we are a biopharmaceutical company with research and development programs broadly falling into two categories : ( i ) new chemical entities derived from our epigenetic regulator program , in which we attempt to discover and develop molecules which have not previously been approved and marketed as therapeutics , and ( ii ) drug delivery programs , in which we apply our formulation expertise and technologies largely to active pharmaceutical ingredients whose safety and efficacy have previously been established but which we aim to improve in some manner through a new formulation . we also manufacture and sell osmotic pumps used in laboratory research and design , develop and manufacture a wide range of standard and custom biodegradable polymers and excipients for pharmaceutical and medical device clients for use as raw materials in their products . a central aspect of our business strategy involves advancing multiple product candidates at one time , which is enabled by leveraging our resources with those of corporate collaborators . thus , certain of our programs are currently licensed to corporate collaborators on terms which typically call for our collaborator to fund all or a substantial portion of future development costs and then pay us milestone payments based on specific development or commercial achievements plus a royalty on product sales . at the same time , we have retained the rights to other programs , which are the basis of future collaborations and which over time may provide a pathway for us to develop our own commercial , sales and marketing organization . collaborative research and development and other revenues collaborative research and development and other revenues consist of three broad categories : ( a ) the recognition of upfront license payments on a straight-line basis over the period of our continuing involvement with the third party , ( b ) the reimbursement of qualified research expenses by third parties and ( c ) milestone payments in connection with our collaborative agreements . during the last three years , we generated collaborative research and development revenues from collaborative agreements with pain therapeutics , zogenix , santen and others . 58 product revenues we have historically generated product revenue through three product lines : alzet ® osmotic pumps which are used for animal research use ; lactel ® biodegradable polymers which are used by our customers as raw materials in their pharmaceutical and medical products ; and certain key excipients that are included in remoxy er and one excipient that is included in a currently marketed animal health product . in addition , we currently generate modest revenue related to an animal health product which was approved and launched by our licensee in 2011. we do not intend to significantly increase our investments in or efforts to sell or market any of our existing product lines . however , we expect that we will continue to make efforts to increase our revenue related to collaborative research and development by entering into additional research and development agreements with third-party collaborators to develop pharmaceutical product candidates . revenue from sale of intellectual property rights from time-to-time , we also enter into arrangements in which we sell intellectual property rights and , in return , may receive upfront payments , contingent milestone payments and earn-outs from third party collaborators . our deliverable under these arrangements typically consists of the sale of intellectual property rights , and does not include any substantive continuing obligations subsequent to the transfer of the related rights , title , and interest to the buyer . we recognize the upfront payment as revenue because such arrangement is part of our revenue-earning activities and is in line with our ordinary course of ongoing business operations . in september 2017 , we entered into a patent purchase agreement with indivior and received a non-refundable payment of $ 12.5 million . operating results since our inception in 1998 , we have generally had a history of operating losses . at december 31 , 2017 , we had an accumulated deficit of $ 443.8 million . our net losses were $ 3.7 million , $ 34.5 million and $ 22.7 million for the years ended december 31 , 2017 , 2016 and 2015 , respectively . these losses have resulted primarily from costs incurred to research and develop our product candidates and to a lesser extent , from selling , general and administrative costs associated with our operations and product sales . we expect our research and development expenses to decrease in 2018 compared to 2017. we expect selling , general and administrative expenses to decrease in 2018 compared to 2017. we do not anticipate meaningful revenues from our products in development , should they be approved , for at least the next twelve months . therefore , we expect to incur continuing losses and negative cash flows from operations for the foreseeable future . critical accounting policies and estimates the preparation of financial statements in conformity with generally accepted accounting principles requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and the disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the dates of the financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting periods . story_separator_special_tag research and development expenses are primarily comprised of salaries , benefits , stock-based compensation and other compensation cost associated with research and development personnel , overhead and facility costs , preclinical and non-clinical development costs , clinical trial and related clinical manufacturing costs , contract services , and other outside costs . research and development expenses were $ 31.6 million , $ 29.3 million and $ 24.3 million in 2017 , 2016 and 2015 , respectively . stock-based compensation expense recognized related to research and development personnel was $ 1.4 million in each of 2017 , 2016 and 2015 , respectively . research and development expenses increased by $ 2.3 million in 2017 compared to 2016. the increase in 2017 was primarily attributable to higher research and development costs associated with posimir and depot injectable programs , partially offset by lower research and development costs associated with dur-928 , relday , remoxy er , the santen ophthalmic program , and oradur-adhd and other research programs as more fully discussed below . research and development expenses increased by $ 5.0 million in 2016 compared to 2015. the increase in 2016 was primarily attributable to higher research and development costs associated with dur-928 and posimir , partially offset by lower research and development costs associated with relday , remoxy er , depot injectable programs , the santen ophthalmic program , and oradur-adhd and other research programs as more fully discussed below . research and development expenses associated with our major development programs are as follows ( in thousands ) : replace_table_token_6_th ( 1 ) see note 2 strategic agreements in the financial statements for more details about our agreements with sandoz , pain therapeutics , zogenix and santen . posimir our research and development expenses for posimir increased to $ 15.1 million in 2017 from $ 11.7 million in 2016 , primarily due to higher clinical trial expenses and other outside expenses for posimir . 64 our research and development expenses for posimir increased to $ 11.7 million in 2016 from $ 7.2 million in 2015 , primaril y due to higher employee-related costs , clinical trial expenses and contract manufacturing expenses , partially offset by lower expenses for outside supplies for posimir . dur-928 our research and development expenses for dur-928 decreased to $ 13.3 million in 2017 from $ 13.7 million in 2016 , primarily due to lower contract manufacturing expenses , partially offset by higher clinical trial expenses and higher employee-related costs incurred for this drug candidate . our research and development expenses for dur-928 increased to $ 13.7 million in 2016 from $ 8.3 million in 2015 , primarily due to increased development activities , including higher employee-related costs , clinical trial expenses , non-clinical related expenses , contract manufacturing and contract research expenses incurred for this drug candidate . depot injectable programs our research and development expenses for depot injectable programs increased to $ 2.4 million in 2017 from $ 1.4 million in 2016 primarily due to higher employee-related costs for these programs . our research and development expenses for depot injectable programs decreased to $ 1.4 million in 2016 from $ 1.7 million in 2015 primarily due to lower employee-related costs and lower costs related to research supplies . remoxy er our research and development expenses for remoxy er decreased to $ 115,000 in 2017 from $ 525,000 in 2016 , primarily due to lower employee-related costs for remoxy er . our research and development expenses for remoxy er decreased to $ 525,000 in 2016 from $ 872,000 in 2015 , primarily due to lower employee-related costs for remoxy er . oradur-adhd our research and development expenses for oradur-adhd decreased to $ 104,000 in 2017 from $ 177,000 in 2016 , primarily due lower employee-related costs for oradur-methylphenidate er . our research and development expenses for oradur-adhd decreased to $ 177,000 in 2016 from $ 204,000 in 2015 , primarily due to lower employee-related costs for oradur-methylphenidate er . santen ophthalmic program our research and development expenses for the santen ophthalmic program decreased to $ 99,000 in 2017 from $ 366,000 in 2016 , primarily due to decreased formulation development activities and lower employee-related costs associated with this drug candidate . our research and development expenses for the santen ophthalmic program decreased to $ 366,000 in 2016 from $ 597,000 in 2015 , primarily due to lower employee-related costs as a result of decreased formulation development activities for this drug candidate . relday our research and development expenses for relday decreased to $ 39,000 in 2017 from $ 463,000 in 2016 primarily due to decreased development activities and lower employee-related costs incurred for this drug candidate . 65 our research and development expenses for relday decreased to $ 463,000 in 20 16 from $ 4.4 million in 2015 primarily due to decreased development activities and lower employee-related costs incurred for this drug candidate . other durect research programs our research and development expenses for all other research activities decreased to $ 462,000 in 2017 from $ 917,000 in 2016 , primarily due to lower employee-related costs incurred for these programs . our research and development expenses for all other research activities decreased to $ 917,000 in 2016 from $ 1.1 million in 2015 , primarily due to lower employee-related costs incurred for these programs . as of december 31 , 2017 , 2016 and 2015 , we had 49 , 52 and 57 research and development employees , respectively . we can not reasonably estimate the timing and costs of our research and development programs due to the risks and uncertainties associated with developing pharmaceuticals as outlined in the “ risk factors ” section of this report . the duration of development of our research and development programs may span as many as ten years or more , and estimation of completion dates or costs to complete would be highly speculative and subjective due to the numerous risks and uncertainties associated with developing pharmaceutical products ,

liquidity and capital resources we had cash , cash equivalents , and investments totaling $ 36.9 million and $ 25.2 million at december 31 , 2017 and 2016 , respectively . this includes $ 150,000 of interest-bearing marketable securities classified as restricted investments on our balance sheet as of december 31 , 2017 and 2016 , which primarily serve as collateral for a letter 67 of credit securing our leased facility in california . the letter of credit for our leased facility in california will expire in february 2019. we used $ 1.3 million , $ 27.3 million and $ 20.8 million of cash in operating activities in the years ended december 31 , 2017 , 2016 and 2015 , respectively . the cash used for operations was primarily to fund operations as well as our working capital requirements . our cash used in operating activities differs from our net loss in part due to the timing and recognition of up-front payments under collaborative agreements . upfront payments received upon execution of collaborative agreements are recorded as deferred revenue and generally recognized on a straight-line basis over the period of our continuing involvement with the third-party collaborator pursuant to the applicable agreement . the decrease in cash used in operations in 2017 compared with 2016 was primarily due to the receipt of the $ 20.0 million non-refundable upfront fee from sandoz and the $ 12.5 million non-refundable upfront fee from indivior , partially offset by cash used to fund operations as well as our working capital requirements and reflected a net loss of $ 3.7 million as well as changes in accrued and other liabilities . the increase in cash used in operations in 2016 compared with 2015 reflected an increase in net loss of $ 11.8 million , partially offset by changes in accounts receivable , prepaid expenses and other assets , and in accrued liabilities . we received $ 12.7 million , $ 6.0 million and $ 6.5 million of cash from investing activities in the years ended december 31 , 2017 , 2016 and 2015 , respectively .


 Write a concise suspicious activity report of the following text delimited by triple backquotes. Return your response as a formal report which covers the key points highlighting the location,dates,entity names and account holder information in chronological order of the text.
     ```liquidity and capital resources we had cash , cash equivalents , and investments totaling $ 36.9 million and $ 25.2 million at december 31 , 2017 and 2016 , respectively . this includes $ 150,000 of interest-bearing marketable securities classified as restricted investments on our balance sheet as of december 31 , 2017 and 2016 , which primarily serve as collateral for a letter 67 of credit securing our leased facility in california . the letter of credit for our leased facility in california will expire in february 2019. we used $ 1.3 million , $ 27.3 million and $ 20.8 million of cash in operating activities in the years ended december 31 , 2017 , 2016 and 2015 , respectively . the cash used for operations was primarily to fund operations as well as our working capital requirements . our cash used in operating activities differs from our net loss in part due to the timing and recognition of up-front payments under collaborative agreements . upfront payments received upon execution of collaborative agreements are recorded as deferred revenue and generally recognized on a straight-line basis over the period of our continuing involvement with the third-party collaborator pursuant to the applicable agreement . the decrease in cash used in operations in 2017 compared with 2016 was primarily due to the receipt of the $ 20.0 million non-refundable upfront fee from sandoz and the $ 12.5 million non-refundable upfront fee from indivior , partially offset by cash used to fund operations as well as our working capital requirements and reflected a net loss of $ 3.7 million as well as changes in accrued and other liabilities . the increase in cash used in operations in 2016 compared with 2015 reflected an increase in net loss of $ 11.8 million , partially offset by changes in accounts receivable , prepaid expenses and other assets , and in accrued liabilities . we received $ 12.7 million , $ 6.0 million and $ 6.5 million of cash from investing activities in the years ended december 31 , 2017 , 2016 and 2015 , respectively .
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 Suspicious Activity Report : for a more detailed discussion of such forward looking statements and the potential risks and uncertainties that may impact upon their accuracy , see the “ risk factors ” section and “ overview ” section of this management 's discussion and analysis of financial condition and results of operations . these forward-looking statements reflect our view only as of the date of this report . we undertake no obligations to update any forward-looking statements . you should also carefully consider the factors set forth in other reports or documents that we file from time to time with the securities and exchange commission . overview we are a biopharmaceutical company with research and development programs broadly falling into two categories : ( i ) new chemical entities derived from our epigenetic regulator program , in which we attempt to discover and develop molecules which have not previously been approved and marketed as therapeutics , and ( ii ) drug delivery programs , in which we apply our formulation expertise and technologies largely to active pharmaceutical ingredients whose safety and efficacy have previously been established but which we aim to improve in some manner through a new formulation . we also manufacture and sell osmotic pumps used in laboratory research and design , develop and manufacture a wide range of standard and custom biodegradable polymers and excipients for pharmaceutical and medical device clients for use as raw materials in their products . a central aspect of our business strategy involves advancing multiple product candidates at one time , which is enabled by leveraging our resources with those of corporate collaborators . thus , certain of our programs are currently licensed to corporate collaborators on terms which typically call for our collaborator to fund all or a substantial portion of future development costs and then pay us milestone payments based on specific development or commercial achievements plus a royalty on product sales . at the same time , we have retained the rights to other programs , which are the basis of future collaborations and which over time may provide a pathway for us to develop our own commercial , sales and marketing organization . collaborative research and development and other revenues collaborative research and development and other revenues consist of three broad categories : ( a ) the recognition of upfront license payments on a straight-line basis over the period of our continuing involvement with the third party , ( b ) the reimbursement of qualified research expenses by third parties and ( c ) milestone payments in connection with our collaborative agreements . during the last three years , we generated collaborative research and development revenues from collaborative agreements with pain therapeutics , zogenix , santen and others . 58 product revenues we have historically generated product revenue through three product lines : alzet ® osmotic pumps which are used for animal research use ; lactel ® biodegradable polymers which are used by our customers as raw materials in their pharmaceutical and medical products ; and certain key excipients that are included in remoxy er and one excipient that is included in a currently marketed animal health product . in addition , we currently generate modest revenue related to an animal health product which was approved and launched by our licensee in 2011. we do not intend to significantly increase our investments in or efforts to sell or market any of our existing product lines . however , we expect that we will continue to make efforts to increase our revenue related to collaborative research and development by entering into additional research and development agreements with third-party collaborators to develop pharmaceutical product candidates . revenue from sale of intellectual property rights from time-to-time , we also enter into arrangements in which we sell intellectual property rights and , in return , may receive upfront payments , contingent milestone payments and earn-outs from third party collaborators . our deliverable under these arrangements typically consists of the sale of intellectual property rights , and does not include any substantive continuing obligations subsequent to the transfer of the related rights , title , and interest to the buyer . we recognize the upfront payment as revenue because such arrangement is part of our revenue-earning activities and is in line with our ordinary course of ongoing business operations . in september 2017 , we entered into a patent purchase agreement with indivior and received a non-refundable payment of $ 12.5 million . operating results since our inception in 1998 , we have generally had a history of operating losses . at december 31 , 2017 , we had an accumulated deficit of $ 443.8 million . our net losses were $ 3.7 million , $ 34.5 million and $ 22.7 million for the years ended december 31 , 2017 , 2016 and 2015 , respectively . these losses have resulted primarily from costs incurred to research and develop our product candidates and to a lesser extent , from selling , general and administrative costs associated with our operations and product sales . we expect our research and development expenses to decrease in 2018 compared to 2017. we expect selling , general and administrative expenses to decrease in 2018 compared to 2017. we do not anticipate meaningful revenues from our products in development , should they be approved , for at least the next twelve months . therefore , we expect to incur continuing losses and negative cash flows from operations for the foreseeable future . critical accounting policies and estimates the preparation of financial statements in conformity with generally accepted accounting principles requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and the disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the dates of the financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting periods . story_separator_special_tag research and development expenses are primarily comprised of salaries , benefits , stock-based compensation and other compensation cost associated with research and development personnel , overhead and facility costs , preclinical and non-clinical development costs , clinical trial and related clinical manufacturing costs , contract services , and other outside costs . research and development expenses were $ 31.6 million , $ 29.3 million and $ 24.3 million in 2017 , 2016 and 2015 , respectively . stock-based compensation expense recognized related to research and development personnel was $ 1.4 million in each of 2017 , 2016 and 2015 , respectively . research and development expenses increased by $ 2.3 million in 2017 compared to 2016. the increase in 2017 was primarily attributable to higher research and development costs associated with posimir and depot injectable programs , partially offset by lower research and development costs associated with dur-928 , relday , remoxy er , the santen ophthalmic program , and oradur-adhd and other research programs as more fully discussed below . research and development expenses increased by $ 5.0 million in 2016 compared to 2015. the increase in 2016 was primarily attributable to higher research and development costs associated with dur-928 and posimir , partially offset by lower research and development costs associated with relday , remoxy er , depot injectable programs , the santen ophthalmic program , and oradur-adhd and other research programs as more fully discussed below . research and development expenses associated with our major development programs are as follows ( in thousands ) : replace_table_token_6_th ( 1 ) see note 2 strategic agreements in the financial statements for more details about our agreements with sandoz , pain therapeutics , zogenix and santen . posimir our research and development expenses for posimir increased to $ 15.1 million in 2017 from $ 11.7 million in 2016 , primarily due to higher clinical trial expenses and other outside expenses for posimir . 64 our research and development expenses for posimir increased to $ 11.7 million in 2016 from $ 7.2 million in 2015 , primaril y due to higher employee-related costs , clinical trial expenses and contract manufacturing expenses , partially offset by lower expenses for outside supplies for posimir . dur-928 our research and development expenses for dur-928 decreased to $ 13.3 million in 2017 from $ 13.7 million in 2016 , primarily due to lower contract manufacturing expenses , partially offset by higher clinical trial expenses and higher employee-related costs incurred for this drug candidate . our research and development expenses for dur-928 increased to $ 13.7 million in 2016 from $ 8.3 million in 2015 , primarily due to increased development activities , including higher employee-related costs , clinical trial expenses , non-clinical related expenses , contract manufacturing and contract research expenses incurred for this drug candidate . depot injectable programs our research and development expenses for depot injectable programs increased to $ 2.4 million in 2017 from $ 1.4 million in 2016 primarily due to higher employee-related costs for these programs . our research and development expenses for depot injectable programs decreased to $ 1.4 million in 2016 from $ 1.7 million in 2015 primarily due to lower employee-related costs and lower costs related to research supplies . remoxy er our research and development expenses for remoxy er decreased to $ 115,000 in 2017 from $ 525,000 in 2016 , primarily due to lower employee-related costs for remoxy er . our research and development expenses for remoxy er decreased to $ 525,000 in 2016 from $ 872,000 in 2015 , primarily due to lower employee-related costs for remoxy er . oradur-adhd our research and development expenses for oradur-adhd decreased to $ 104,000 in 2017 from $ 177,000 in 2016 , primarily due lower employee-related costs for oradur-methylphenidate er . our research and development expenses for oradur-adhd decreased to $ 177,000 in 2016 from $ 204,000 in 2015 , primarily due to lower employee-related costs for oradur-methylphenidate er . santen ophthalmic program our research and development expenses for the santen ophthalmic program decreased to $ 99,000 in 2017 from $ 366,000 in 2016 , primarily due to decreased formulation development activities and lower employee-related costs associated with this drug candidate . our research and development expenses for the santen ophthalmic program decreased to $ 366,000 in 2016 from $ 597,000 in 2015 , primarily due to lower employee-related costs as a result of decreased formulation development activities for this drug candidate . relday our research and development expenses for relday decreased to $ 39,000 in 2017 from $ 463,000 in 2016 primarily due to decreased development activities and lower employee-related costs incurred for this drug candidate . 65 our research and development expenses for relday decreased to $ 463,000 in 20 16 from $ 4.4 million in 2015 primarily due to decreased development activities and lower employee-related costs incurred for this drug candidate . other durect research programs our research and development expenses for all other research activities decreased to $ 462,000 in 2017 from $ 917,000 in 2016 , primarily due to lower employee-related costs incurred for these programs . our research and development expenses for all other research activities decreased to $ 917,000 in 2016 from $ 1.1 million in 2015 , primarily due to lower employee-related costs incurred for these programs . as of december 31 , 2017 , 2016 and 2015 , we had 49 , 52 and 57 research and development employees , respectively . we can not reasonably estimate the timing and costs of our research and development programs due to the risks and uncertainties associated with developing pharmaceuticals as outlined in the “ risk factors ” section of this report . the duration of development of our research and development programs may span as many as ten years or more , and estimation of completion dates or costs to complete would be highly speculative and subjective due to the numerous risks and uncertainties associated with developing pharmaceutical products ,

