the preparation of these consolidated financial statements requires us to make estimates and assumptions for the reported amounts of assets , liabilities , revenues , expenses and related disclosures . we believe the following policies to be critical to the judgments and estimates used in the preparation of our financial statements . revenue recognition revenue is recognized when earned and non-refundable , when payment is reasonably assured , and when there is no future obligation with respect to the revenue , in accordance with the terms prescribed in the applicable contract . multiple element arrangements our revenues are generated primarily through our license , development and commercialization agreement . these types of agreements generally contain multiple elements , or deliverables , which may include ( i ) licenses to our technology , ( ii ) research and development ( “ r & d ” ) activities to be performed on behalf of the collaborative partner , and ( iii ) in certain cases , services or 44 obligations in connection with the manufacturing or supply of preclinical and clinical material . payments to us under these arrangements typically include one or more of the following : non-refundable , upfront license fees ; funding of research and or development efforts ; milestone payments ; and royalties on future product sales . revenue under license , development and commercialization agreements is recognized based on the performance requirements of the contract . determinations of whether persuasive evidence of an arrangement exists and whether delivery has occurred or services have been rendered are based on management 's judgments regarding the fixed nature of the fees charged for deliverables and the collectability of those fees . should changes in conditions cause management to determine that these criteria are not met for any new or modified transactions , revenue recognized could be adversely affected . we recognize revenue related to license , development and commercialization agreements in accordance with the provisions of fasb asc topic 605-25 , revenue recognition - multiple-element arrangements . we evaluate all deliverables within an arrangement to determine whether or not they provide value on a stand-alone basis . based on this evaluation , the deliverables are separated into units of accounting . the arrangement consideration that is fixed or determinable at the inception of the arrangement is allocated to the separate units of accounting based on their relative selling prices . we may exercise significant judgment in determining whether a deliverable is a separate unit of accounting , as well as in estimating the selling prices of such unit of accounting . a change in such judgment could result in a significant change in the period in which revenue is recognized . to determine the selling price of a separate deliverable , we use the hierarchy as prescribed in asc topic 605-25 based on vendor-specific objective evidence ( “ vsoe ” ) , third-party evidence ( “ tpe ” ) or best estimate of selling price ( “ besp ” ) . vsoe is based on the price charged when the element is sold separately and is the price actually charged for that deliverable . tpe is determined based on third party evidence for a similar deliverable when sold separately and besp is the estimated selling price at which we would transact a sale if the elements of collaboration and license arrangements were sold on a stand-alone basis to the buyer . we may not be able to establish vsoe or tpe for the deliverables within collaboration and license arrangements , as we may not have a history of entering into such arrangements or selling the individual deliverables within such arrangements separately . in addition , there may be significant differentiation in these arrangements , which indicates that comparable third party pricing may not be available . we may determine that the selling price for the deliverables within collaboration and license arrangements should be determined using besp . the process for determining besp involves significant judgment on our part and includes consideration of multiple factors such as estimated direct expenses and other costs , and available data . payments or full reimbursements resulting from our r & d efforts for those arrangements where such efforts are considered as deliverables are recognized as the services are performed and are presented on a gross basis so long as there is persuasive evidence of an arrangement , the fee is fixed or determinable , and collection of the related receivable is reasonably assured . however , such funding is recognized as a reduction of r & d expense when we engage in a r & d project jointly with another entity , with both entities participating in project activities and sharing costs and potential benefits of the project . accordingly , reimbursement of r & d expenses pursuant to the cost-sharing provisions of our agreements with roche is recognized as a reduction to r & d expense . milestone revenue we account for milestones under asu no . 2010-17 , milestone method of revenue recognition . under the milestone method , contingent consideration received from the achievement of a substantive milestone is recognized in its entirety in the period in which the milestone is achieved . a milestone is defined as an event ( i ) that can only be achieved based in whole or in part on either the entity 's performance or on the occurrence of a specific outcome resulting from the entity 's performance , ( ii ) for which there is substantive uncertainty at the date the arrangement is entered into that the event will be achieved , and ( iii ) that would result in additional payments being due to the entity . at the inception of an agreement that includes milestone payments , we evaluate whether each milestone is substantive and at risk to both parties on the basis of the contingent nature of the milestone . story_separator_special_tag million and $ 1.0 million related to the accelerated vesting of stock options upon the passing of the company 's former ceo and accelerated vesting of stock options due to our former chief commercial officer under a separation agreement for the year ended december 31 , 2016 , and the $ 2.4 million gain recognized from the assignment of our former south san francisco facility lease in january 2017. our g & a expenses increased by $ 18.0 million , or 78 % , for the year ended december 31 , 2016 , compared to the prior year . the increase for the year ended december 31 , 2016 was primarily due to higher personnel costs , including share-based compensation expenses ( which for the year ended december 31 , 2016 includes $ 7.7 million and $ 1.0 million of share-based compensation expense related to the accelerated vesting of stock options and payments due to our former ceo 's estate upon his death and accelerated vesting of stock options and payments due to our former chief commercial officer under a separation agreement , respectively ) and higher consulting expenses . assuming positive results from our phase 2b pronto study of neod001 , we expect our g & a expenses to increase in 2018 over the prior year in support of our anticipated r & d activities and due to increases in personnel , legal and expenses associated with regulatory and commercial preparation activities . 48 other income ( expense ) replace_table_token_6_th _ nm = not meaningful interest income ( expense ) , net decreased by $ 698,000 , or 126 % , for the year ended december 31 , 2017 , compared to the same period in the prior year . the decrease for the year ended december 31 , 2017 was primarily due to higher interest expense associated with our built-to-suit lease , which was partially offset by higher interest income associated with higher balances in our cash and money market accounts . other expense , net for the year ended december 31 , 2017 was primarily foreign exchange losses from transactions with vendors denominated in euros . interest income ( expense ) , net increased by $ 360,000 , or 184 % , for the year ended december 31 , 2016 , compared to the prior year , primarily due to $ 1.2 million higher interest income associated with higher balances in our cash and money market accounts , which was partially offset by $ 0.9 million in interest expense associated with our built-to-suit property . other income , net for the year ended december 31 , 2016 was primarily foreign exchange gains from transactions with vendors denominated in euros . provision for ( benefit from ) income taxes replace_table_token_7_th the provisions ( benefit from ) income taxes were $ ( 4.4 ) million , $ 1.1 million and $ 0.7 million for the years ended december 31 , 2017 , 2016 and 2015 , respectively . the benefit from income taxes increased by $ 5.5 million for the year ended december 31 , 2017 , compared to the prior year , primarily due to the excess tax benefits of $ 5.3 million recorded to the tax provision associated with the adoption of asu 2016-09 , improvements to employee share-based payment accounting on january 1 , 2017. the provision for income taxes increased by $ 0.4 million for the year ended december 31 , 2016 , compared to the prior year , due to higher profits generated from our u.s. subsidiary . the tax provisions for all periods presented primarily reflect u.s. federal taxes associated with recurring profits attributable to intercompany services that our u.s. subsidiary performs for the company , and to a lesser extent 2017 also includes swiss taxes associated with intercompany services that our swiss subsidiary performs for the company . no tax benefit has been recorded related to tax losses recognized in ireland and any deferred tax assets for those losses are offset by a valuation allowance . on december 22 , 2017 , the u.s. tax cuts and jobs act ( the “ tcja ” ) was signed into law in the u.s. the tcja significantly changes existing u.s. tax law and includes numerous provisions that will affect our business going forward , including changes to the u.s. federal statutory tax rate , the repeal of alternative minimum tax , and additional limits on the deductibility of executive compensation , among other things . the tcja reduces the u.s. federal statutory tax rate from 34 % to 21 % effective january 1 , 2018. accordingly , we have recorded a provision tax benefit of 0.4 million related to the remeasurement of our u.s. deferred tax assets to reflect the lower statutory tax rate . due to the repeal of alternative minimum taxes , we anticipate that our future u.s. taxes will decrease due to our ability to use additional tax credits previously limited by the alternative minimum tax . however , we also expect an increase to our taxable income due to further limitations on the deductibility of compensation of certain of our executive officers . as of december 31 , 2017 , we have not completed our accounting for the tax effects of the tcja , and have recorded provisional net tax benefit based on our best estimates . the provisional amounts incorporate assumptions made based upon our current interpretation of the tcja and are subject to revision as we receive and interpret any additional clarification and implementation 49 guidance issued by the u.s. treasury department , u.s. internal revenue service ( the “ irs ” ) and other standard-setting bodies . any adjustments to the provisional amounts recorded will be included as an adjustment to the provision for income taxes . adjustments may materially impact our provision for income taxes and effective tax rate in the period in which the adjustments are made . we anticipate our accounting for the tax

net cash used in operating activities was $ 131.2 million for the year ended december 31 , 2017 , primarily due to use of $ 182.8 million for operating expenses ( adjusted to exclude non-cash charges ) and an increase in prepaid expenses and other assets . net cash used in operating activities was $ 116.3 million for the year ended december 31 , 2016 , primarily due to use of $ 160.6 million for operating expenses ( adjusted to exclude non-cash charges ) , which was partially offset by an increase in accounts payable and accrued liabilities . net cash used in operating activities was $ 58.6 million for the year ended december 31 , 2015 , primarily due to use of $ 81.5 million for operating expenses ( adjusted to exclude non-cash charges ) , which was partially offset by an increase in accounts payable and accrued liabilities . cash used in investing activities net cash used in investing activities was $ 3.5 million , $ 16.6 million and $ 1.4 million for the years ended december 31 , 2017 , 2016 and 2015 , respectively . net cash used in investing activities for the years ended december 31 , 2017 , 2016 and 2015 primarily related to purchases of property and equipment .


 Write a concise suspicious activity report of the following text delimited by triple backquotes. Return your response as a formal report which covers the key points highlighting the location,dates,entity names and account holder information in chronological order of the text.
     ```net cash used in operating activities was $ 131.2 million for the year ended december 31 , 2017 , primarily due to use of $ 182.8 million for operating expenses ( adjusted to exclude non-cash charges ) and an increase in prepaid expenses and other assets . net cash used in operating activities was $ 116.3 million for the year ended december 31 , 2016 , primarily due to use of $ 160.6 million for operating expenses ( adjusted to exclude non-cash charges ) , which was partially offset by an increase in accounts payable and accrued liabilities . net cash used in operating activities was $ 58.6 million for the year ended december 31 , 2015 , primarily due to use of $ 81.5 million for operating expenses ( adjusted to exclude non-cash charges ) , which was partially offset by an increase in accounts payable and accrued liabilities . cash used in investing activities net cash used in investing activities was $ 3.5 million , $ 16.6 million and $ 1.4 million for the years ended december 31 , 2017 , 2016 and 2015 , respectively . net cash used in investing activities for the years ended december 31 , 2017 , 2016 and 2015 primarily related to purchases of property and equipment .
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 Suspicious Activity Report : the preparation of these consolidated financial statements requires us to make estimates and assumptions for the reported amounts of assets , liabilities , revenues , expenses and related disclosures . we believe the following policies to be critical to the judgments and estimates used in the preparation of our financial statements . revenue recognition revenue is recognized when earned and non-refundable , when payment is reasonably assured , and when there is no future obligation with respect to the revenue , in accordance with the terms prescribed in the applicable contract . multiple element arrangements our revenues are generated primarily through our license , development and commercialization agreement . these types of agreements generally contain multiple elements , or deliverables , which may include ( i ) licenses to our technology , ( ii ) research and development ( “ r & d ” ) activities to be performed on behalf of the collaborative partner , and ( iii ) in certain cases , services or 44 obligations in connection with the manufacturing or supply of preclinical and clinical material . payments to us under these arrangements typically include one or more of the following : non-refundable , upfront license fees ; funding of research and or development efforts ; milestone payments ; and royalties on future product sales . revenue under license , development and commercialization agreements is recognized based on the performance requirements of the contract . determinations of whether persuasive evidence of an arrangement exists and whether delivery has occurred or services have been rendered are based on management 's judgments regarding the fixed nature of the fees charged for deliverables and the collectability of those fees . should changes in conditions cause management to determine that these criteria are not met for any new or modified transactions , revenue recognized could be adversely affected . we recognize revenue related to license , development and commercialization agreements in accordance with the provisions of fasb asc topic 605-25 , revenue recognition - multiple-element arrangements . we evaluate all deliverables within an arrangement to determine whether or not they provide value on a stand-alone basis . based on this evaluation , the deliverables are separated into units of accounting . the arrangement consideration that is fixed or determinable at the inception of the arrangement is allocated to the separate units of accounting based on their relative selling prices . we may exercise significant judgment in determining whether a deliverable is a separate unit of accounting , as well as in estimating the selling prices of such unit of accounting . a change in such judgment could result in a significant change in the period in which revenue is recognized . to determine the selling price of a separate deliverable , we use the hierarchy as prescribed in asc topic 605-25 based on vendor-specific objective evidence ( “ vsoe ” ) , third-party evidence ( “ tpe ” ) or best estimate of selling price ( “ besp ” ) . vsoe is based on the price charged when the element is sold separately and is the price actually charged for that deliverable . tpe is determined based on third party evidence for a similar deliverable when sold separately and besp is the estimated selling price at which we would transact a sale if the elements of collaboration and license arrangements were sold on a stand-alone basis to the buyer . we may not be able to establish vsoe or tpe for the deliverables within collaboration and license arrangements , as we may not have a history of entering into such arrangements or selling the individual deliverables within such arrangements separately . in addition , there may be significant differentiation in these arrangements , which indicates that comparable third party pricing may not be available . we may determine that the selling price for the deliverables within collaboration and license arrangements should be determined using besp . the process for determining besp involves significant judgment on our part and includes consideration of multiple factors such as estimated direct expenses and other costs , and available data . payments or full reimbursements resulting from our r & d efforts for those arrangements where such efforts are considered as deliverables are recognized as the services are performed and are presented on a gross basis so long as there is persuasive evidence of an arrangement , the fee is fixed or determinable , and collection of the related receivable is reasonably assured . however , such funding is recognized as a reduction of r & d expense when we engage in a r & d project jointly with another entity , with both entities participating in project activities and sharing costs and potential benefits of the project . accordingly , reimbursement of r & d expenses pursuant to the cost-sharing provisions of our agreements with roche is recognized as a reduction to r & d expense . milestone revenue we account for milestones under asu no . 2010-17 , milestone method of revenue recognition . under the milestone method , contingent consideration received from the achievement of a substantive milestone is recognized in its entirety in the period in which the milestone is achieved . a milestone is defined as an event ( i ) that can only be achieved based in whole or in part on either the entity 's performance or on the occurrence of a specific outcome resulting from the entity 's performance , ( ii ) for which there is substantive uncertainty at the date the arrangement is entered into that the event will be achieved , and ( iii ) that would result in additional payments being due to the entity . at the inception of an agreement that includes milestone payments , we evaluate whether each milestone is substantive and at risk to both parties on the basis of the contingent nature of the milestone . story_separator_special_tag million and $ 1.0 million related to the accelerated vesting of stock options upon the passing of the company 's former ceo and accelerated vesting of stock options due to our former chief commercial officer under a separation agreement for the year ended december 31 , 2016 , and the $ 2.4 million gain recognized from the assignment of our former south san francisco facility lease in january 2017. our g & a expenses increased by $ 18.0 million , or 78 % , for the year ended december 31 , 2016 , compared to the prior year . the increase for the year ended december 31 , 2016 was primarily due to higher personnel costs , including share-based compensation expenses ( which for the year ended december 31 , 2016 includes $ 7.7 million and $ 1.0 million of share-based compensation expense related to the accelerated vesting of stock options and payments due to our former ceo 's estate upon his death and accelerated vesting of stock options and payments due to our former chief commercial officer under a separation agreement , respectively ) and higher consulting expenses . assuming positive results from our phase 2b pronto study of neod001 , we expect our g & a expenses to increase in 2018 over the prior year in support of our anticipated r & d activities and due to increases in personnel , legal and expenses associated with regulatory and commercial preparation activities . 48 other income ( expense ) replace_table_token_6_th _ nm = not meaningful interest income ( expense ) , net decreased by $ 698,000 , or 126 % , for the year ended december 31 , 2017 , compared to the same period in the prior year . the decrease for the year ended december 31 , 2017 was primarily due to higher interest expense associated with our built-to-suit lease , which was partially offset by higher interest income associated with higher balances in our cash and money market accounts . other expense , net for the year ended december 31 , 2017 was primarily foreign exchange losses from transactions with vendors denominated in euros . interest income ( expense ) , net increased by $ 360,000 , or 184 % , for the year ended december 31 , 2016 , compared to the prior year , primarily due to $ 1.2 million higher interest income associated with higher balances in our cash and money market accounts , which was partially offset by $ 0.9 million in interest expense associated with our built-to-suit property . other income , net for the year ended december 31 , 2016 was primarily foreign exchange gains from transactions with vendors denominated in euros . provision for ( benefit from ) income taxes replace_table_token_7_th the provisions ( benefit from ) income taxes were $ ( 4.4 ) million , $ 1.1 million and $ 0.7 million for the years ended december 31 , 2017 , 2016 and 2015 , respectively . the benefit from income taxes increased by $ 5.5 million for the year ended december 31 , 2017 , compared to the prior year , primarily due to the excess tax benefits of $ 5.3 million recorded to the tax provision associated with the adoption of asu 2016-09 , improvements to employee share-based payment accounting on january 1 , 2017. the provision for income taxes increased by $ 0.4 million for the year ended december 31 , 2016 , compared to the prior year , due to higher profits generated from our u.s. subsidiary . the tax provisions for all periods presented primarily reflect u.s. federal taxes associated with recurring profits attributable to intercompany services that our u.s. subsidiary performs for the company , and to a lesser extent 2017 also includes swiss taxes associated with intercompany services that our swiss subsidiary performs for the company . no tax benefit has been recorded related to tax losses recognized in ireland and any deferred tax assets for those losses are offset by a valuation allowance . on december 22 , 2017 , the u.s. tax cuts and jobs act ( the “ tcja ” ) was signed into law in the u.s. the tcja significantly changes existing u.s. tax law and includes numerous provisions that will affect our business going forward , including changes to the u.s. federal statutory tax rate , the repeal of alternative minimum tax , and additional limits on the deductibility of executive compensation , among other things . the tcja reduces the u.s. federal statutory tax rate from 34 % to 21 % effective january 1 , 2018. accordingly , we have recorded a provision tax benefit of 0.4 million related to the remeasurement of our u.s. deferred tax assets to reflect the lower statutory tax rate . due to the repeal of alternative minimum taxes , we anticipate that our future u.s. taxes will decrease due to our ability to use additional tax credits previously limited by the alternative minimum tax . however , we also expect an increase to our taxable income due to further limitations on the deductibility of compensation of certain of our executive officers . as of december 31 , 2017 , we have not completed our accounting for the tax effects of the tcja , and have recorded provisional net tax benefit based on our best estimates . the provisional amounts incorporate assumptions made based upon our current interpretation of the tcja and are subject to revision as we receive and interpret any additional clarification and implementation 49 guidance issued by the u.s. treasury department , u.s. internal revenue service ( the “ irs ” ) and other standard-setting bodies . any adjustments to the provisional amounts recorded will be included as an adjustment to the provision for income taxes . adjustments may materially impact our provision for income taxes and effective tax rate in the period in which the adjustments are made . we anticipate our accounting for the tax

