see “ part ii , item 6. selected financial data ” for reconciliation of adjusted gross profit , ebitda , and adjusted ebitda . results of operations factors affecting our results of operations raw materials . we use butadiene , styrene , and isoprene as our primary raw materials in manufacturing our products , and our results of operations are directly affected by the cost of these raw materials . on a fifo basis , these monomers together represented approximately $ 512.8 million , $ 609.5 million and $ 732.9 million or 51.6 % , 57.2 % and 61.5 % of our total cost of goods sold for the years ended december 31 , 2014 , 2013 and 2012 , respectively . since the cost of our three primary raw materials comprise a significant amount of our total cost of goods sold , our selling prices for our products and therefore our total revenue is impacted by movements in our raw material costs , as well as the cost of other inputs . the cost of these monomers has generally correlated with changes in energy prices and is generally influenced by supply and demand factors and prices for natural and synthetic rubber . in aggregate , average purchase prices were lower for butadiene , isoprene and styrene during 2014 compared to 2013 . average butadiene and isoprene purchase prices were lower during 2013 compared to 2012 while average styrene purchase prices were higher in 2013 compared to 2012 . we use the fifo basis of accounting for inventory and cost of goods sold , and therefore gross profit . in periods of raw material price volatility , reported results under fifo will differ from what the results would have been if cost of goods sold were based on ecrc . specifically , in periods of rising raw material costs , reported gross profit will be higher under fifo than under ecrc . conversely , in periods of declining raw material costs , reported gross profit will be lower under fifo than under ecrc . in recognition of the fact that the cost of raw materials affects our results of operations and the comparability of our results of operations we provide the difference , or spread , between fifo and ecrc . for the years ended december 31 , 2014 , 2013 , and 2012 , reported results under fifo were lower than results would have been on an ecrc basis by $ 9.3 million , $ 30.7 million , and $ 30.5 million , respectively . international operations and currency fluctuations . we operate a geographically diverse business , serving customers in over 60 countries from five manufacturing facilities on four continents . our sales and production costs are mainly denominated in u.s. dollars , euro , japanese yen and brazilian real . from time to time , we use hedging strategies to reduce our exposure to currency fluctuations . we generated our revenue from customers located in the following regions : replace_table_token_18_th our financial results are subject to gains and losses on currency translations , which occur when the financial statements of foreign operations are translated into u.s. dollars . the financial statements of operations outside the united states where the local currency is considered to be the functional currency are translated into u.s. dollars using the exchange rate at each balance sheet date for assets and liabilities and the average exchange rate for each period for revenue , expenses , gains and losses and cash flows . the effect of translating the balance sheet into u.s. dollars is included as a component of accumulated other comprehensive income ( loss ) . any appreciation of the functional currencies against the u.s. dollar will increase the u.s. dollar equivalent of amounts of revenue , expenses , gains and losses and cash flows , and any depreciation of the functional currencies will decrease the u.s. dollar amounts reported . our results of operations are also subject to currency transaction risk . we incur currency transaction risk when we enter into either a purchase or sale transaction using a currency 36 other than the local currency of the transacting entity . the estimated impact from currency fluctuations amounted to a pre-tax income of $ 0.4 million , a pre-tax loss of $ 4.8 million and a pre-tax loss of $ 6.4 million for the years ended december 31 , 2014 , 2013 and 2012 , respectively . the primary driver for our pre-tax income in 2014 was the change in foreign currency exchange rates between the euro and u.s. dollar . the primary driver for our pre-tax losses in 2013 and 2012 was the change in foreign currency exchange rates between the japanese yen and u.s. dollar and the euro and u.s. dollar , respectively . seasonality . seasonal changes and weather conditions typically affect our performance products sales into paving and roofing applications generally resulting in higher sales volumes in the second and third quarters of the calendar year versus the first and fourth quarters of the calendar year . our other markets tend to show relatively little seasonality . outlook based upon recent raw material price trends , we estimate that first quarter 2015 will reflect a negative spread between fifo and ecrc of $ 30.0 million to $ 35.0 million . year ended december 31 , 2014 compared to year ended december 31 , 2013 revenue revenue was $ 1,230.4 million for the year ended december 31 , 2014 compared to $ 1,292.1 million for the year ended december 31 , 2013 , a decline of $ 61.7 million or 4.8 % ( a decline of $ 50.3 million or 3.9 % excluding an $ 11.4 million negative effect from currency fluctuations ) with $ 51.3 million of the decline attributable to loweraverage selling prices associated with lower average raw material costs . story_separator_special_tag depreciation and amortization was $ 63.2 million for the year ended december 31 , 2013 compared to $ 64.6 million for the year ended december 31 , 2012 , a decrease of $ 1.4 million or 2.1 % . we did not incur any impairment charges of long-lived assets for the year ended december 31 , 2013 compared to a $ 5.4 million charge for the year ended december 31 , 2012 . interest expense , net interest expense , net was $ 30.5 million for the year ended december 31 , 2013 compared to $ 29.3 million for the year ended december 31 , 2012 , an increase of $ 1.2 million or 4.0 % . the reduction in interest expense associated with lower outstanding indebtedness was more than offset by charges aggregating $ 5.8 million incurred in connection with our 2013 refinancing . income tax expense ( benefit ) our income tax provision was a $ 3.9 million benefit and a $ 19.3 million expense for the years ended december 31 , 2013 and 2012 , respectively . our effective tax rate was 79.9 % and 619.8 % for the years ended december 31 , 2013 and 2012 , respectively . our effective tax rates differed from the u.s. corporate statutory tax rate of 35.0 % , primarily due to the mix of pre-tax income or loss earned in certain jurisdictions and the change in our valuation allowance . we record a valuation allowance when it is more likely than not that some portion or all of the deferred tax assets will not be realized . as of december 31 , 2013 and december 31 , 2012 , a valuation allowance of $ 90.0 million and $ 90.4 million , respectively , has been provided for net operating loss carryforwards and other deferred tax assets . we decreased our valuation 40 allowance by $ 0.4 million in 2013 , which includes a $ 0.5 million decrease due to changes in other comprehensive income ( loss ) , partially offset by a $ 0.1 million increase to the income tax provision . the $ 0.1 million is comprised of $ 10.2 million related to current year operating losses , offset by $ 10.1 million of income tax benefit related to the tax effect of unrealized pension gains . we increased our valuation allowance by $ 36.2 million in 2012 , of which $ 30.7 million was included in the income tax provision and $ 5.5 million represents changes in equity . the $ 30.7 million increase in the valuation allowance is comprised of $ 13.5 million related to the reversal of the benefit recorded for prior year 's net operating losses and $ 17.2 million related to current year operating losses . we consider the reversal of deferred tax liabilities within the net operating loss carryforward period , projected future taxable income and tax planning strategies in making this assessment . excluding the change in our valuation allowance , our effective tax rates would have been an 81.4 % and 366.1 % benefit for the years ended december 31 , 2013 and 2012 , respectively . net loss attributable to kraton net loss attributable to kraton was $ 0.6 million or $ 0.02 per diluted share for the year ended december 31 , 2013 , an increase in net income of $ 15.6 million , compared to a net loss of $ 16.2 million or $ 0.50 per diluted share for the year ended december 31 , 2012 . net loss for the year ended december 31 , 2013 was negatively impacted by the following items , net of tax : restructuring and other charges of $ 0.7 million or $ 0.02 per diluted share fees related to the terminated combination agreement with lcy of $ 9.2 million or $ 0.28 per diluted share charges associated with the credit facility refinancing of $ 5.8 million or $ 0.18 per diluted share production downtime related to mact legislation of $ 3.5 million or $ 0.11 per diluted share negative spread between fifo and ecrc of $ 30.7 million or $ 0.94 per diluted share net loss for the year ended december 31 , 2013 was positively impacted by the following item : income tax benefit related to a portion of the change in our valuation allowance for deferred tax assets of $ 10.1 million or $ 0.31 benefit per diluted share net loss for the year ended december 31 , 2012 was negatively impacted by the following items , net of tax : property tax dispute settlement charge of $ 6.2 million or $ 0.20 per diluted share restructuring and other charges of $ 1.2 million or $ 0.03 per diluted share retirement plan settlement charge of $ 1.1 million or $ 0.03 per diluted share storm related charges of $ 2.5 million or $ 0.08 per diluted share impairment of long-lived assets of $ 5.4 million or $ 0.17 per diluted share income tax expense related to a portion of the change in our valuation allowance for deferred tax assets of $ 13.5 million or $ 0.42 per diluted share negative spread between fifo and ecrc of $ 30.5 million or $ 0.95 per diluted share net loss for the year ended december 31 , 2012 was positively impacted by the following item , net of tax : receipt from lyondellbasell in settlement of disputed charges of $ 6.9 million or $ 0.22 benefit per diluted share 41 critical accounting policies the preparation of financial statements in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the united states of america requires management to make assumptions and estimates that directly affect the amounts reported in the consolidated financial statements . certain critical accounting policies requiring significant judgments , estimates , and assumptions are described in this section . we consider an accounting estimate to be critical if ( 1 ) it requires assumptions to be made that are uncertain at the

net cash provided by operating activities totaled $ 105.5 million for the year ended december 31 , 2013 and $ 146.3 million for the year ended december 31 , 2012. this represents a net decrease of $ 40.9 million , which was primarily driven by changes in working capital . the net change in working capital was a source of cash of $ 43.8 million in 2013 compared to a source of cash of $ 72.9 million in 2012 ; a period-over-period decline in cash flows of $ 29.0 million . the period-over-period changes are as follows : $ 42.4 million decrease in cash flows associated with inventories of products , materials and supplies , largely due to changes in the quantity of raw material and finished goods inventories and to a lesser extent the costs of raw materials and finished goods inventories ; $ 17.8 million decrease in cash flows associated with accounts receivable reflecting changes in timing of cash receipts and sales volumes , partially offset by decreases in revenue per ton ; partially offset by $ 6.3 million increase in cash flows associated with trade accounts payable primarily due to the timing of payments partially offset by a decrease in the cost of raw materials ; and $ 24.9 million net increase in cash flows due to the timing of payments of other items , including related party transactions , taxes , and pension costs . investing cash flows net cash used in investing activities totaled $ 114.4 million for the year ended december 31 , 2014 and $ 88.7 million for the year ended december 31 , 2013 . capital projects in 2014 included the following : $ 44.3 million for kfpc joint venture project construction costs ; $ 39.0 million related to projects to optimize the production capabilities of our manufacturing assets , which includes $ 26.8 million to comply with the mact rule ; and $ 20.7 million related to health , safety and environmental , including infrastructure and maintenance projects . net cash used in investing activities totaled $ 88.7 million for the year ended december 31 , 2013 and $ 69.9


 Write a concise suspicious activity report of the following text delimited by triple backquotes. Return your response as a formal report which covers the key points highlighting the location,dates,entity names and account holder information in chronological order of the text.
     ```net cash provided by operating activities totaled $ 105.5 million for the year ended december 31 , 2013 and $ 146.3 million for the year ended december 31 , 2012. this represents a net decrease of $ 40.9 million , which was primarily driven by changes in working capital . the net change in working capital was a source of cash of $ 43.8 million in 2013 compared to a source of cash of $ 72.9 million in 2012 ; a period-over-period decline in cash flows of $ 29.0 million . the period-over-period changes are as follows : $ 42.4 million decrease in cash flows associated with inventories of products , materials and supplies , largely due to changes in the quantity of raw material and finished goods inventories and to a lesser extent the costs of raw materials and finished goods inventories ; $ 17.8 million decrease in cash flows associated with accounts receivable reflecting changes in timing of cash receipts and sales volumes , partially offset by decreases in revenue per ton ; partially offset by $ 6.3 million increase in cash flows associated with trade accounts payable primarily due to the timing of payments partially offset by a decrease in the cost of raw materials ; and $ 24.9 million net increase in cash flows due to the timing of payments of other items , including related party transactions , taxes , and pension costs . investing cash flows net cash used in investing activities totaled $ 114.4 million for the year ended december 31 , 2014 and $ 88.7 million for the year ended december 31 , 2013 . capital projects in 2014 included the following : $ 44.3 million for kfpc joint venture project construction costs ; $ 39.0 million related to projects to optimize the production capabilities of our manufacturing assets , which includes $ 26.8 million to comply with the mact rule ; and $ 20.7 million related to health , safety and environmental , including infrastructure and maintenance projects . net cash used in investing activities totaled $ 88.7 million for the year ended december 31 , 2013 and $ 69.9
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 Suspicious Activity Report : see “ part ii , item 6. selected financial data ” for reconciliation of adjusted gross profit , ebitda , and adjusted ebitda . results of operations factors affecting our results of operations raw materials . we use butadiene , styrene , and isoprene as our primary raw materials in manufacturing our products , and our results of operations are directly affected by the cost of these raw materials . on a fifo basis , these monomers together represented approximately $ 512.8 million , $ 609.5 million and $ 732.9 million or 51.6 % , 57.2 % and 61.5 % of our total cost of goods sold for the years ended december 31 , 2014 , 2013 and 2012 , respectively . since the cost of our three primary raw materials comprise a significant amount of our total cost of goods sold , our selling prices for our products and therefore our total revenue is impacted by movements in our raw material costs , as well as the cost of other inputs . the cost of these monomers has generally correlated with changes in energy prices and is generally influenced by supply and demand factors and prices for natural and synthetic rubber . in aggregate , average purchase prices were lower for butadiene , isoprene and styrene during 2014 compared to 2013 . average butadiene and isoprene purchase prices were lower during 2013 compared to 2012 while average styrene purchase prices were higher in 2013 compared to 2012 . we use the fifo basis of accounting for inventory and cost of goods sold , and therefore gross profit . in periods of raw material price volatility , reported results under fifo will differ from what the results would have been if cost of goods sold were based on ecrc . specifically , in periods of rising raw material costs , reported gross profit will be higher under fifo than under ecrc . conversely , in periods of declining raw material costs , reported gross profit will be lower under fifo than under ecrc . in recognition of the fact that the cost of raw materials affects our results of operations and the comparability of our results of operations we provide the difference , or spread , between fifo and ecrc . for the years ended december 31 , 2014 , 2013 , and 2012 , reported results under fifo were lower than results would have been on an ecrc basis by $ 9.3 million , $ 30.7 million , and $ 30.5 million , respectively . international operations and currency fluctuations . we operate a geographically diverse business , serving customers in over 60 countries from five manufacturing facilities on four continents . our sales and production costs are mainly denominated in u.s. dollars , euro , japanese yen and brazilian real . from time to time , we use hedging strategies to reduce our exposure to currency fluctuations . we generated our revenue from customers located in the following regions : replace_table_token_18_th our financial results are subject to gains and losses on currency translations , which occur when the financial statements of foreign operations are translated into u.s. dollars . the financial statements of operations outside the united states where the local currency is considered to be the functional currency are translated into u.s. dollars using the exchange rate at each balance sheet date for assets and liabilities and the average exchange rate for each period for revenue , expenses , gains and losses and cash flows . the effect of translating the balance sheet into u.s. dollars is included as a component of accumulated other comprehensive income ( loss ) . any appreciation of the functional currencies against the u.s. dollar will increase the u.s. dollar equivalent of amounts of revenue , expenses , gains and losses and cash flows , and any depreciation of the functional currencies will decrease the u.s. dollar amounts reported . our results of operations are also subject to currency transaction risk . we incur currency transaction risk when we enter into either a purchase or sale transaction using a currency 36 other than the local currency of the transacting entity . the estimated impact from currency fluctuations amounted to a pre-tax income of $ 0.4 million , a pre-tax loss of $ 4.8 million and a pre-tax loss of $ 6.4 million for the years ended december 31 , 2014 , 2013 and 2012 , respectively . the primary driver for our pre-tax income in 2014 was the change in foreign currency exchange rates between the euro and u.s. dollar . the primary driver for our pre-tax losses in 2013 and 2012 was the change in foreign currency exchange rates between the japanese yen and u.s. dollar and the euro and u.s. dollar , respectively . seasonality . seasonal changes and weather conditions typically affect our performance products sales into paving and roofing applications generally resulting in higher sales volumes in the second and third quarters of the calendar year versus the first and fourth quarters of the calendar year . our other markets tend to show relatively little seasonality . outlook based upon recent raw material price trends , we estimate that first quarter 2015 will reflect a negative spread between fifo and ecrc of $ 30.0 million to $ 35.0 million . year ended december 31 , 2014 compared to year ended december 31 , 2013 revenue revenue was $ 1,230.4 million for the year ended december 31 , 2014 compared to $ 1,292.1 million for the year ended december 31 , 2013 , a decline of $ 61.7 million or 4.8 % ( a decline of $ 50.3 million or 3.9 % excluding an $ 11.4 million negative effect from currency fluctuations ) with $ 51.3 million of the decline attributable to loweraverage selling prices associated with lower average raw material costs . story_separator_special_tag depreciation and amortization was $ 63.2 million for the year ended december 31 , 2013 compared to $ 64.6 million for the year ended december 31 , 2012 , a decrease of $ 1.4 million or 2.1 % . we did not incur any impairment charges of long-lived assets for the year ended december 31 , 2013 compared to a $ 5.4 million charge for the year ended december 31 , 2012 . interest expense , net interest expense , net was $ 30.5 million for the year ended december 31 , 2013 compared to $ 29.3 million for the year ended december 31 , 2012 , an increase of $ 1.2 million or 4.0 % . the reduction in interest expense associated with lower outstanding indebtedness was more than offset by charges aggregating $ 5.8 million incurred in connection with our 2013 refinancing . income tax expense ( benefit ) our income tax provision was a $ 3.9 million benefit and a $ 19.3 million expense for the years ended december 31 , 2013 and 2012 , respectively . our effective tax rate was 79.9 % and 619.8 % for the years ended december 31 , 2013 and 2012 , respectively . our effective tax rates differed from the u.s. corporate statutory tax rate of 35.0 % , primarily due to the mix of pre-tax income or loss earned in certain jurisdictions and the change in our valuation allowance . we record a valuation allowance when it is more likely than not that some portion or all of the deferred tax assets will not be realized . as of december 31 , 2013 and december 31 , 2012 , a valuation allowance of $ 90.0 million and $ 90.4 million , respectively , has been provided for net operating loss carryforwards and other deferred tax assets . we decreased our valuation 40 allowance by $ 0.4 million in 2013 , which includes a $ 0.5 million decrease due to changes in other comprehensive income ( loss ) , partially offset by a $ 0.1 million increase to the income tax provision . the $ 0.1 million is comprised of $ 10.2 million related to current year operating losses , offset by $ 10.1 million of income tax benefit related to the tax effect of unrealized pension gains . we increased our valuation allowance by $ 36.2 million in 2012 , of which $ 30.7 million was included in the income tax provision and $ 5.5 million represents changes in equity . the $ 30.7 million increase in the valuation allowance is comprised of $ 13.5 million related to the reversal of the benefit recorded for prior year 's net operating losses and $ 17.2 million related to current year operating losses . we consider the reversal of deferred tax liabilities within the net operating loss carryforward period , projected future taxable income and tax planning strategies in making this assessment . excluding the change in our valuation allowance , our effective tax rates would have been an 81.4 % and 366.1 % benefit for the years ended december 31 , 2013 and 2012 , respectively . net loss attributable to kraton net loss attributable to kraton was $ 0.6 million or $ 0.02 per diluted share for the year ended december 31 , 2013 , an increase in net income of $ 15.6 million , compared to a net loss of $ 16.2 million or $ 0.50 per diluted share for the year ended december 31 , 2012 . net loss for the year ended december 31 , 2013 was negatively impacted by the following items , net of tax : restructuring and other charges of $ 0.7 million or $ 0.02 per diluted share fees related to the terminated combination agreement with lcy of $ 9.2 million or $ 0.28 per diluted share charges associated with the credit facility refinancing of $ 5.8 million or $ 0.18 per diluted share production downtime related to mact legislation of $ 3.5 million or $ 0.11 per diluted share negative spread between fifo and ecrc of $ 30.7 million or $ 0.94 per diluted share net loss for the year ended december 31 , 2013 was positively impacted by the following item : income tax benefit related to a portion of the change in our valuation allowance for deferred tax assets of $ 10.1 million or $ 0.31 benefit per diluted share net loss for the year ended december 31 , 2012 was negatively impacted by the following items , net of tax : property tax dispute settlement charge of $ 6.2 million or $ 0.20 per diluted share restructuring and other charges of $ 1.2 million or $ 0.03 per diluted share retirement plan settlement charge of $ 1.1 million or $ 0.03 per diluted share storm related charges of $ 2.5 million or $ 0.08 per diluted share impairment of long-lived assets of $ 5.4 million or $ 0.17 per diluted share income tax expense related to a portion of the change in our valuation allowance for deferred tax assets of $ 13.5 million or $ 0.42 per diluted share negative spread between fifo and ecrc of $ 30.5 million or $ 0.95 per diluted share net loss for the year ended december 31 , 2012 was positively impacted by the following item , net of tax : receipt from lyondellbasell in settlement of disputed charges of $ 6.9 million or $ 0.22 benefit per diluted share 41 critical accounting policies the preparation of financial statements in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the united states of america requires management to make assumptions and estimates that directly affect the amounts reported in the consolidated financial statements . certain critical accounting policies requiring significant judgments , estimates , and assumptions are described in this section . we consider an accounting estimate to be critical if ( 1 ) it requires assumptions to be made that are uncertain at the

