a building during the year ended december 31 , 2019. the remaining decrease in income from operations was driven by lower capital markets transactions and compliance volumes , as well as higher restructuring , impairment and other charges , net , partially offset by lower spin-off related transaction expenses , disposition-related expenses and incentive compensation expense , as well as growth in software solutions offerings and mutual fund volume . interest expense , net increased $ 1.4 million to $ 38.1 million for the year ended december 31 , 2019 versus the year ended december 31 , 2018 , primarily due to a loss on extinguishment of debt of $ 4.1 million , partially offset by a decrease in average outstanding debt . investment and other income , net for the year ended december 31 , 2019 of $ 11.7 million primarily consisted of a $ 13.6 million gain related to an equity investment , partially offset by $ 1.8 million of non-cash pension expense . investment and other income , net for the year ended december 31 , 2018 primarily consisted of an $ 11.8 million gain related to an equity investment and net pension plan income . the effective income tax rate was 27.8 % for the year ended december 31 , 2019 compared to 28.3 % for the year ended december 31 , 2018. the 2019 effective income tax rate was impacted by favorable return to provision adjustments primarily related to foreign-derived intangible income , state and local income taxes and income tax credits , partially offset by increases in valuation allowances and non-deductible expense . refer to note 9 , income taxes , for further details . information by segment the following tables summarize net sales , income ( loss ) from operations and certain items impacting comparability within each of the operating segments and corporate . capital markets – software solutions replace_table_token_8_th nm – not meaningful year ended december 31 , 2020 compared to the year ended december 31 , 2019 net sales for the year ended december 31 , 2020 were $ 133.2 million , an increase of $ 6.5 million , or 5.1 % , compared to the year ended december 31 , 2019. net sales increased primarily due to higher activedisclosure and venue volumes and price increases in other compliance software solutions . income from operations decreased $ 1.1 million , or 11.5 % , to $ 8.5 million for the year ended december 31 , 2020 as compared to $ 9.6 million for the year ended december 31 , 2019 , primarily due to a $ 3.4 million non-income tax charge and higher incentive compensation expense , partially offset by cost control initiatives and higher sales volumes . operating margins decreased from 7.6 % for the year ended december 31 , 2019 to 6.4 % for the year ended december 31 , 2020 , primarily due to a non-income tax charge , which negatively impacted the change in operating margin by 2.6 % , and higher incentive compensation expense , partially offset by cost control initiatives and the impact of higher sales volumes . 35 year ended december 31 , 2019 compared to the year ended december 31 , 2018 net sales for the year ended december 31 , 2019 were $ 126.7 million , an increase of $ 7.3 million , or 6.1 % , compared to the year ended december 31 , 2018. net sales increased primarily due to higher activedisclosure volumes and the impact from the acquisition of ebrevia . income from operations increased $ 6.5 million to $ 9.6 million for the year ended december 31 , 2019 as compared to $ 3.1 million for the year ended december 31 , 2018 , primarily due to the net sales increase , the impact of cost control initiatives and lower spin-off related transaction expenses . operating margins increased from 2.6 % for the year ended december 31 , 2018 to 7.6 % for the year ended december 31 , 2019 , primarily due to the impact of cost control initiatives and lower spin-off related transaction expenses , which positively impacted the change in operating margin by 1.7 % . capital markets – compliance and communications management replace_table_token_9_th nm – not meaningful year ended december 31 , 2020 compared to the year ended december 31 , 2019 net sales for the year ended december 31 , 2020 were $ 424.0 million , an increase of $ 34.3 million , or 8.8 % , compared to the year ended december 31 , 2019 , primarily due to higher transactional volumes . income from operations increased $ 34.3 million , or 39.7 % , to $ 120.6 million for the year ended december 31 , 2020 as compared to $ 86.3 million for the year ended december 31 , 2019 , primarily due to cost control initiatives , higher sales volumes and a favorable sales mix , partially offset by higher restructuring , impairment and other charges , net and higher incentive compensation expense . operating margins increased from 22.1 % for the year ended december 31 , 2019 to 28.4 % for the year ended december 31 , 2020 , primarily due to cost control initiatives , higher sales volumes and a favorable sales mix , partially offset by higher restructuring , impairment and other charges , net , which negatively impacted the change in operating margin by 3.8 % , and higher incentive compensation expense . year ended december 31 , 2019 compared to the year ended december 31 , 2018 net sales for the year ended december 31 , 2019 were $ 389.7 million , a decrease of $ 50.5 million , or 11.5 % , compared to the year ended december 31 , 2018 , primarily due to lower transactional and compliance volumes . story_separator_special_tag operating margins increased from 4.9 % for the year ended december 31 , 2018 to 9.9 % for the year ended december 31 , 2019 , primarily due to the impact of the net gain from the sale of a building recorded in 2019 and a decline in spin-off related transaction expense , which combined to positively impact the change in operating margin by 8.4 % , along with the impact of cost control initiatives , partially offset by unfavorable sales mix . 38 language solutions results of operations for the year ended december 31 , 2018 include the operating results of the language solutions business that was sold on july 22 , 2018. summary operating results associated with the language solutions business were as follows : net sales $ 41.8 income from operations 50.1 operating margin nm items impacting comparability gain on sale of language solutions business ( 53.8 ) restructuring , impairment and other charges , net ( 0.2 ) spin-off related transaction expense 0.5 disposition-related expenses 1.4 nm – not meaningful corporate the following table summarizes unallocated operating expenses and certain items impacting comparability within the activities presented as corporate : replace_table_token_12_th year ended december 31 , 2020 compared to the year ended december 31 , 2019 corporate operating expenses for the year ended december 31 , 2020 increased $ 41.7 million versus the same period in 2019 , primarily due to the $ 19.0 million charge related to the lsc multiemployer pension plans obligation , higher incentive compensation , healthcare and share-based compensation expense and higher restructuring , impairment , and other charges , net , partially offset by the loss on the sale of the language solutions business recorded in 2019 and lower investor-related expenses . year ended december 31 , 2019 compared to the year ended december 31 , 2018 corporate operating expenses for the year ended december 31 , 2019 decreased $ 7.6 million versus the same period in 2018 , primarily due to lower disposition-related expenses and spin-off related transaction expenses , partially offset by the net loss recognized in 2019 for the sale of the language solutions business and an increase in restructuring , impairment , and other charges , net . 39 non-gaap measures the company believes that certain non-gaap measures , such as non-gaap adjusted ebitda ( “ adjusted ebitda ” ) , provide useful information about the company 's operating results and enhance the overall ability to assess the company 's financial performance . the company uses these measures , together with other measures of performance under u.s. generally accepted accounting principles ( “ gaap ” ) , to compare the relative performance of operations in planning , budgeting and reviewing the performance of its business . adjusted ebitda allows investors to make a more meaningful comparison between the company 's core business operating results over different periods of time . the company believes that adjusted ebitda , when viewed with the company 's results under gaap and the accompanying reconciliations , provides useful information about the company 's business without regard to potential distortions . by eliminating potential differences in results of operations between periods caused by factors such as historic cost and age of assets , restructuring , impairment and other charges , acquisition-related expenses , and gain or loss on certain equity investments and asset sales as well as other items , as described below , the company believes that adjusted ebitda can provide a useful additional basis for comparing the current performance of the underlying operations being evaluated . adjusted ebitda is not presented in accordance with gaap and has important limitations as an analytical tool . these measures should not be considered as a substitute for analysis of the company 's results as reported under gaap . in addition , these measures are defined differently by different companies and , accordingly , such measures may not be comparable to similarly-titled measures of other companies . in addition to the factors listed above , the following items are excluded from adjusted ebitda : share-based compensation expense . although share-based compensation is a key incentive offered to certain of the company 's employees , business performance is evaluated excluding share-based compensation expenses . depending upon the size , timing and the terms of grants , non-cash compensation expense may vary but will recur in future periods . covid-19 related sales surcharges and expenses , net . incremental expenses incurred , sales surcharges and government subsidies recognized as a result of the covid-19 pandemic . incremental expense included incremental vendor costs and premium wages paid to certain employees as well as costs to clean and disinfect the company 's facilities more frequently . as a result , of these incremental expenses , the company invoiced certain customers covid-19 related surcharges . the company also received certain government subsidies , primarily related to employee wages at certain international locations . investor-related expenses . expenses incurred related to non-routine investor matters , which include third-party advisory and consulting fees and legal fees . spin-off related transaction expenses . the company incurred expenses related to the separation to operate as a standalone publicly traded company . these expenses include third-party consulting fees , information technology expenses , employee retention payments , legal fees and other costs related to the separation , including system implementation expenses related to transitioning from transition service agreements with rrd and lsc . management does not believe that these expenses are reflective of ongoing operating results . disposition-related expenses . expenses incurred related to the disposition of the language solutions business . these expenses primarily include legal fees , third-party advisory and consulting fees and other costs related to the disposition . 40 a reconciliation of gaap net ( loss ) earnings to a djusted ebitda for the years ended december 31 , 2020 , 2019 and 2018 is presented in the following table : replace_table_token_13_th restructuring , impairment and other charges , net —the

debt , as well as lower revolving facility borrowings during 2020. investment and other income , net for the year ended december 31 , 2020 of $ 1.7 million primarily consisted of net pension plan income . investment and other income , net for the year ended december 31 , 2019 primarily consisted of a $ 13.6 million gain related to an equity investment , partially offset by $ 1.8 million of pension expense . the effective income tax rate was ( 48.0 % ) for the year ended december 31 , 2020 compared to 27.8 % for the year ended december 31 , 2019. the 2020 effective income tax rate was impacted by the nondeductible goodwill impairment and other nondeductible items , partially offset by favorable adjustments primarily related to foreign-derived intangible income and other income tax credits . refer to note 9 , income taxes , for further details . 33 year ended december 31 , 2019 compared to the year ended december 31 , 2018 net sales of tech-enabled services for the year ended december 31 , 2019 decreased $ 75.0 million , or 17.1 % , to $ 364.7 million versus the year ended december 31 , 2018 , including a decrease of $ 41.8 million , or 9.5 % , due to the july 2018 sale of the language solutions business . in addition , net sales of tech-enabled services decreased primarily due to lower capital markets transactions and compliance volumes . net sales of software solutions for the year ended december 31 , 2019 increased $ 11.0 million , or 6.2 % , to $ 189.3 million versus the year ended december 31 , 2018. net sales of software solutions increased primarily due to increases in activedisclosure , arc suite as well as due to the impact from the acquisition of ebrevia .


 Write a concise suspicious activity report of the following text delimited by triple backquotes. Return your response as a formal report which covers the key points highlighting the location,dates,entity names and account holder information in chronological order of the text.
     ```debt , as well as lower revolving facility borrowings during 2020. investment and other income , net for the year ended december 31 , 2020 of $ 1.7 million primarily consisted of net pension plan income . investment and other income , net for the year ended december 31 , 2019 primarily consisted of a $ 13.6 million gain related to an equity investment , partially offset by $ 1.8 million of pension expense . the effective income tax rate was ( 48.0 % ) for the year ended december 31 , 2020 compared to 27.8 % for the year ended december 31 , 2019. the 2020 effective income tax rate was impacted by the nondeductible goodwill impairment and other nondeductible items , partially offset by favorable adjustments primarily related to foreign-derived intangible income and other income tax credits . refer to note 9 , income taxes , for further details . 33 year ended december 31 , 2019 compared to the year ended december 31 , 2018 net sales of tech-enabled services for the year ended december 31 , 2019 decreased $ 75.0 million , or 17.1 % , to $ 364.7 million versus the year ended december 31 , 2018 , including a decrease of $ 41.8 million , or 9.5 % , due to the july 2018 sale of the language solutions business . in addition , net sales of tech-enabled services decreased primarily due to lower capital markets transactions and compliance volumes . net sales of software solutions for the year ended december 31 , 2019 increased $ 11.0 million , or 6.2 % , to $ 189.3 million versus the year ended december 31 , 2018. net sales of software solutions increased primarily due to increases in activedisclosure , arc suite as well as due to the impact from the acquisition of ebrevia .
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 Suspicious Activity Report : a building during the year ended december 31 , 2019. the remaining decrease in income from operations was driven by lower capital markets transactions and compliance volumes , as well as higher restructuring , impairment and other charges , net , partially offset by lower spin-off related transaction expenses , disposition-related expenses and incentive compensation expense , as well as growth in software solutions offerings and mutual fund volume . interest expense , net increased $ 1.4 million to $ 38.1 million for the year ended december 31 , 2019 versus the year ended december 31 , 2018 , primarily due to a loss on extinguishment of debt of $ 4.1 million , partially offset by a decrease in average outstanding debt . investment and other income , net for the year ended december 31 , 2019 of $ 11.7 million primarily consisted of a $ 13.6 million gain related to an equity investment , partially offset by $ 1.8 million of non-cash pension expense . investment and other income , net for the year ended december 31 , 2018 primarily consisted of an $ 11.8 million gain related to an equity investment and net pension plan income . the effective income tax rate was 27.8 % for the year ended december 31 , 2019 compared to 28.3 % for the year ended december 31 , 2018. the 2019 effective income tax rate was impacted by favorable return to provision adjustments primarily related to foreign-derived intangible income , state and local income taxes and income tax credits , partially offset by increases in valuation allowances and non-deductible expense . refer to note 9 , income taxes , for further details . information by segment the following tables summarize net sales , income ( loss ) from operations and certain items impacting comparability within each of the operating segments and corporate . capital markets – software solutions replace_table_token_8_th nm – not meaningful year ended december 31 , 2020 compared to the year ended december 31 , 2019 net sales for the year ended december 31 , 2020 were $ 133.2 million , an increase of $ 6.5 million , or 5.1 % , compared to the year ended december 31 , 2019. net sales increased primarily due to higher activedisclosure and venue volumes and price increases in other compliance software solutions . income from operations decreased $ 1.1 million , or 11.5 % , to $ 8.5 million for the year ended december 31 , 2020 as compared to $ 9.6 million for the year ended december 31 , 2019 , primarily due to a $ 3.4 million non-income tax charge and higher incentive compensation expense , partially offset by cost control initiatives and higher sales volumes . operating margins decreased from 7.6 % for the year ended december 31 , 2019 to 6.4 % for the year ended december 31 , 2020 , primarily due to a non-income tax charge , which negatively impacted the change in operating margin by 2.6 % , and higher incentive compensation expense , partially offset by cost control initiatives and the impact of higher sales volumes . 35 year ended december 31 , 2019 compared to the year ended december 31 , 2018 net sales for the year ended december 31 , 2019 were $ 126.7 million , an increase of $ 7.3 million , or 6.1 % , compared to the year ended december 31 , 2018. net sales increased primarily due to higher activedisclosure volumes and the impact from the acquisition of ebrevia . income from operations increased $ 6.5 million to $ 9.6 million for the year ended december 31 , 2019 as compared to $ 3.1 million for the year ended december 31 , 2018 , primarily due to the net sales increase , the impact of cost control initiatives and lower spin-off related transaction expenses . operating margins increased from 2.6 % for the year ended december 31 , 2018 to 7.6 % for the year ended december 31 , 2019 , primarily due to the impact of cost control initiatives and lower spin-off related transaction expenses , which positively impacted the change in operating margin by 1.7 % . capital markets – compliance and communications management replace_table_token_9_th nm – not meaningful year ended december 31 , 2020 compared to the year ended december 31 , 2019 net sales for the year ended december 31 , 2020 were $ 424.0 million , an increase of $ 34.3 million , or 8.8 % , compared to the year ended december 31 , 2019 , primarily due to higher transactional volumes . income from operations increased $ 34.3 million , or 39.7 % , to $ 120.6 million for the year ended december 31 , 2020 as compared to $ 86.3 million for the year ended december 31 , 2019 , primarily due to cost control initiatives , higher sales volumes and a favorable sales mix , partially offset by higher restructuring , impairment and other charges , net and higher incentive compensation expense . operating margins increased from 22.1 % for the year ended december 31 , 2019 to 28.4 % for the year ended december 31 , 2020 , primarily due to cost control initiatives , higher sales volumes and a favorable sales mix , partially offset by higher restructuring , impairment and other charges , net , which negatively impacted the change in operating margin by 3.8 % , and higher incentive compensation expense . year ended december 31 , 2019 compared to the year ended december 31 , 2018 net sales for the year ended december 31 , 2019 were $ 389.7 million , a decrease of $ 50.5 million , or 11.5 % , compared to the year ended december 31 , 2018 , primarily due to lower transactional and compliance volumes . story_separator_special_tag operating margins increased from 4.9 % for the year ended december 31 , 2018 to 9.9 % for the year ended december 31 , 2019 , primarily due to the impact of the net gain from the sale of a building recorded in 2019 and a decline in spin-off related transaction expense , which combined to positively impact the change in operating margin by 8.4 % , along with the impact of cost control initiatives , partially offset by unfavorable sales mix . 38 language solutions results of operations for the year ended december 31 , 2018 include the operating results of the language solutions business that was sold on july 22 , 2018. summary operating results associated with the language solutions business were as follows : net sales $ 41.8 income from operations 50.1 operating margin nm items impacting comparability gain on sale of language solutions business ( 53.8 ) restructuring , impairment and other charges , net ( 0.2 ) spin-off related transaction expense 0.5 disposition-related expenses 1.4 nm – not meaningful corporate the following table summarizes unallocated operating expenses and certain items impacting comparability within the activities presented as corporate : replace_table_token_12_th year ended december 31 , 2020 compared to the year ended december 31 , 2019 corporate operating expenses for the year ended december 31 , 2020 increased $ 41.7 million versus the same period in 2019 , primarily due to the $ 19.0 million charge related to the lsc multiemployer pension plans obligation , higher incentive compensation , healthcare and share-based compensation expense and higher restructuring , impairment , and other charges , net , partially offset by the loss on the sale of the language solutions business recorded in 2019 and lower investor-related expenses . year ended december 31 , 2019 compared to the year ended december 31 , 2018 corporate operating expenses for the year ended december 31 , 2019 decreased $ 7.6 million versus the same period in 2018 , primarily due to lower disposition-related expenses and spin-off related transaction expenses , partially offset by the net loss recognized in 2019 for the sale of the language solutions business and an increase in restructuring , impairment , and other charges , net . 39 non-gaap measures the company believes that certain non-gaap measures , such as non-gaap adjusted ebitda ( “ adjusted ebitda ” ) , provide useful information about the company 's operating results and enhance the overall ability to assess the company 's financial performance . the company uses these measures , together with other measures of performance under u.s. generally accepted accounting principles ( “ gaap ” ) , to compare the relative performance of operations in planning , budgeting and reviewing the performance of its business . adjusted ebitda allows investors to make a more meaningful comparison between the company 's core business operating results over different periods of time . the company believes that adjusted ebitda , when viewed with the company 's results under gaap and the accompanying reconciliations , provides useful information about the company 's business without regard to potential distortions . by eliminating potential differences in results of operations between periods caused by factors such as historic cost and age of assets , restructuring , impairment and other charges , acquisition-related expenses , and gain or loss on certain equity investments and asset sales as well as other items , as described below , the company believes that adjusted ebitda can provide a useful additional basis for comparing the current performance of the underlying operations being evaluated . adjusted ebitda is not presented in accordance with gaap and has important limitations as an analytical tool . these measures should not be considered as a substitute for analysis of the company 's results as reported under gaap . in addition , these measures are defined differently by different companies and , accordingly , such measures may not be comparable to similarly-titled measures of other companies . in addition to the factors listed above , the following items are excluded from adjusted ebitda : share-based compensation expense . although share-based compensation is a key incentive offered to certain of the company 's employees , business performance is evaluated excluding share-based compensation expenses . depending upon the size , timing and the terms of grants , non-cash compensation expense may vary but will recur in future periods . covid-19 related sales surcharges and expenses , net . incremental expenses incurred , sales surcharges and government subsidies recognized as a result of the covid-19 pandemic . incremental expense included incremental vendor costs and premium wages paid to certain employees as well as costs to clean and disinfect the company 's facilities more frequently . as a result , of these incremental expenses , the company invoiced certain customers covid-19 related surcharges . the company also received certain government subsidies , primarily related to employee wages at certain international locations . investor-related expenses . expenses incurred related to non-routine investor matters , which include third-party advisory and consulting fees and legal fees . spin-off related transaction expenses . the company incurred expenses related to the separation to operate as a standalone publicly traded company . these expenses include third-party consulting fees , information technology expenses , employee retention payments , legal fees and other costs related to the separation , including system implementation expenses related to transitioning from transition service agreements with rrd and lsc . management does not believe that these expenses are reflective of ongoing operating results . disposition-related expenses . expenses incurred related to the disposition of the language solutions business . these expenses primarily include legal fees , third-party advisory and consulting fees and other costs related to the disposition . 40 a reconciliation of gaap net ( loss ) earnings to a djusted ebitda for the years ended december 31 , 2020 , 2019 and 2018 is presented in the following table : replace_table_token_13_th restructuring , impairment and other charges , net —the

