human data to date have shown a favorable safety profile of our syncon ® immunotherapies delivered using cellectra ® in over 6,000 administrations across almost 2,000 patients . we or our collaborators are currently conducting or planning clinical studies of our proprietary syncon ® immunotherapies for hpv-caused pre-cancers , including cervical , vulvar , and anal dysplasia ; hpv-caused cancers , including head & neck , cervical , anal , penile , vulvar , and vaginal ; bladder cancer ; glioblastoma multiforme , or gbm ; hepatitis b virus ; hepatitis c virus ; hiv ; ebola ; middle east respiratory syndrome , or mers ; lassa fever ; and zika virus . our corporate strategy is to advance , protect and exploit our differentiated immunotherapy platform . through the use of our unique capabilities on both design and development , we continue to progress and validate an array of cancer and infectious disease immunotherapy and vaccine products . we aim to advance products through to commercialization and continue to leverage third-party resources through collaborations and partnerships , including product license agreements . our partners and collaborators include astrazeneca , regeneron pharmaceuticals , inc. , f. hoffmann-la roche ag/genentech , inc. , apollobio 60 corporation , the bill and melinda gates foundation , the wistar institute , the university of pennsylvania , the parker institute for cancer immunotherapy , coalition for epidemic preparedness innovations ( cepi ) , defense advanced research projects agency ( darpa ) , geneone life science , inc. , plumbline life sciences , inc. , national institutes of health ( nih ) , hiv vaccines trial network ( hvtn ) , national cancer institute ( nci ) , united states military hiv research program , drexel university , and laval university . all of our product candidates are in the research and development phase . we have not generated any revenues from the sale of any products , and we do not expect to generate any such revenues for at least the next several years . we earn revenue from license fees and milestone revenue and collaborative research and development agreements . our product candidates will require significant additional research and development efforts , including extensive preclinical and clinical testing . all product candidates that we advance to clinical testing will require regulatory approval prior to commercial use , and will require significant costs for commercialization . we may not be successful in our research and development efforts , and we may never generate sufficient product revenue to be profitable . as of december 31 , 2018 , we had an accumulated deficit of $ 620.4 million . we expect to continue to incur substantial operating losses in the future due to our commitment to our research and development programs , the funding of preclinical studies , clinical trials and regulatory activities and the costs of general and administrative activities . critical accounting policies the sec defines critical accounting policies as those that are , in management 's view , important to the portrayal of our financial condition and results of operations and require management 's judgment . our discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations are based on our audited consolidated financial statements , which have been prepared in accordance with u.s. gaap . the preparation of these financial statements requires us to make estimates and judgments that affect the reported amounts of assets , liabilities , revenue and expenses . we base our estimates on experience and on various assumptions that we believe are reasonable under the circumstances , the results of which form the basis for making judgments about the carrying values of assets and liabilities that are not readily apparent from other sources . actual results may differ from those estimates . our critical accounting policies include : revenue recognition effective january 1 , 2018 , we adopted accounting standards update ( “ asu ” ) 2014-09 , revenue from contracts with customers ( “ topic 606 ” ) using the modified retrospective method which consisted of applying and recognizing the cumulative effect of topic 606 at the date of initial application . topic 606 supersedes the revenue recognition requirements in accounting standards codification ( “ asc ” ) topic 605 , revenue recognition ( “ topic 605 ” ) , including most industry-specific revenue recognition guidance throughout the industry topics of the asc . all periods prior to the adoption date of topic 606 have not been restated to reflect the impact of the adoption of topic 606 , but continue to be accounted for and presented under topic 605. the following paragraphs in this section describe our revenue recognition accounting policies under topic 606 upon adoption on january 1 , 2018. refer to note 2 to the consolidated financial statements included in our annual report on form 10-k for the year ended december 31 , 2017 for revenue recognition accounting policies under topic 605. we recognize revenue when promised goods or services are transferred to customers in an amount that reflects the consideration to which it expects to be entitled in exchange for those goods or services . to determine revenue recognition for contracts with customers , we perform the following five steps : ( i ) identify the contract ( s ) with a customer ; ( ii ) identify the performance obligations in the contract ; ( iii ) determine the transaction price ; ( iv ) allocate the transaction price to the performance obligations in the contract ; and ( v ) recognize revenue when ( or as ) we satisfy our performance obligations . at contract inception , we assess the goods or services agreed upon within each contract and assess whether each good or service is distinct and determine those that are performance obligations . story_separator_special_tag total stock-based compensation for options granted to non-employees for the years ended december 31 , 2018 and 2017 was $ 302,000 and $ 201,000 , respectively . gain on sale of assets the gain on sale of assets for the year ended december 31 , 2017 related to the sale of our compound vgx-1027 to geneone for a purchase price of $ 1.0 million . these assets had a carrying value of zero , resulting in the full proceeds being recognized as a gain on sale . interest and other income , net interest and other income , net , decreased by $ 692,000 for the year ended december 31 , 2018 as compared to 2017 primarily due to an increase in net realized loss recorded on short-term investments , partially offset by higher interest earned on short-term investments during the year . change in fair value of common stock warrants the change in fair value of common stock warrants for the years ended december 31 , 2018 and 2017 was $ 361,000 and $ 807,000 , respectively . the variance is due to the revaluation of the warrants to their fair value at each balance sheet date ; in addition , the warrants were exercised during the quarter ended september 30 , 2018 , eliminating the associated warrant liability . loss on investment in affiliated entity the loss on investment in affiliated entity for the years ended december 31 , 2018 and 2017 was $ 2.0 million and $ 7.0 million , respectively , resulting from the change in the fair market value of the investments in geneone and plumbline life sciences , or pls . after the adoption of asu no . 2016-01 on january 1 , 2018 , unrealized gains and losses on pls are recorded on the consolidated statement of operations as a gain ( loss ) on investment in affiliated entity rather than the consolidated statement of comprehensive income ( loss ) . provision for income taxes the provision for income taxes of $ 2.2 million for the year ended december 31 , 2018 was related to foreign income taxes on the upfront payment received from apollobio in march 2018. income taxes 65 since inception , we have incurred operating losses and accordingly have not recorded a provision for income taxes for any of the periods presented . utilization of net operating losses and tax credits are subject to a substantial annual limitation due to ownership change limitations provided by the internal revenue code of 1986 , as amended , or irc . as of december 31 , 2018 , we had net operating loss carry forwards for u.s. federal , california and pennsylvania income tax purposes of approximately $ 383.3 million , $ 68.6 million and $ 75.6 million , respectively , net of the net operating losses that will expire due to irc section 382 limitations . we also had u.s. federal and state research and development tax credits of approximately $ 13.8 million and $ 2.7 million , respectively , net of the federal research and development credits that will expire due to irc section 383 limitations . if not utilized , the net operating losses and credits will begin to expire in 2019 . comparison of years ended december 31 , 2017 and 2016 revenue revenue primarily consisted of revenue under collaborative research and development arrangements and grants and government contracts for the years ended december 31 , 2017 and 2016. our year over year total revenue increased $ 6.9 million , or 19 % . the $ 21.3 million increase in revenue under collaborative research and development arrangements for the year ended december 31 , 2017 as compared to 2016 was primarily due to an increase in revenue recognized from astrazeneca , as the up-front payment received in september 2015 and other deferred amounts totaling $ 13.8 million were recognized in june 2017 upon astrazeneca 's selection of the first cancer research collaboration product candidate , as well as a $ 7.0 milestone payment recognized in december 2017 for the initiation of the phase 2 portion on an ongoing clinical trial . the increase was also due to an increase in revenue recognized from roche of $ 1.2 million , as all remaining revenue was recognized upon termination of that collaboration agreement in 2017. the $ 14.4 million decrease in grants and miscellaneous revenue for the year ended december 31 , 2017 as compared to 2016 was primarily due to a decrease in revenue recognized from our nearly completed darpa ebola grant and completed darpa sub-contract for the treatment of infectious diseases of $ 12.6 million and $ 4.1 million , respectively , partially offset by an increase in revenue recognized from our two sub-contracts with wistar totaling $ 2.2 million . beginning in 2018 , contributions received from grant agreements are recorded as a contra-expense as opposed to revenue on the consolidated statement of operations . for additional information on the new accounting standard for revenues from contracts with customers please read note 2 , summary of significant accounting policies : recent accounting pronouncements , to the consolidated financial statements included in this report for further discussion . research and development expenses the $ 9.9 million increase in research and development expenses for the year ended december 31 , 2017 as compared to 2016 was primarily due to an increase of $ 9.1 million in employee headcount to support clinical trials and partnerships and an increase of $ 1.0 million in non-cash stock-based compensation . these increases were offset by a decrease of $ 3.9 million in expenses related to our darpa ebola grant , among other variances . general and administrative expenses the $ 4.4 million increase in general and administrative expenses for the year ended december 31 , 2017 as compared to 2016 was primarily due to increases in employee headcount , non-cash stock based compensation , rent expense and depreciation expense of $ 1.9 million ,

working capital and liquidity as of december 31 , 2018 , we had cash and short-term investments of $ 81.2 million and working capital of $ 52.5 million , as compared to $ 127.4 million and $ 103.0 million as of december 31 , 2017 , respectively . the decrease in cash and short-term investments during the year ended december 31 , 2018 was primarily due to our operating expenses and capital expenditures , partially offset by the sales of our common stock under our atm sales agreements during the period as well as the net proceeds received from apollobio . net cash used in operating activities for the year ended december 31 , 2018 of $ 73.6 million consisted of net loss of $ ( 97.0 ) million less changes in net operating assets and liabilities of $ 4.7 million , partially offset by net non-cash adjustments of $ 18.7 million . the primary non-cash expenses were stock-based compensation of $ 10.7 million , depreciation and amortization of $ 5.0 million and loss on investment in affiliated entities and short-term investments of $ 2.0 million and $ 1.3 million , respectively . net cash used in operating activities for the year ended december 31 , 2017 of $ 63.2 million consisted of net loss of $ ( 88.2 ) million less changes in net operating assets and liabilities of $ 2.9 million , partially offset by net non-cash adjustments of $ 22.1 million.


 Write a concise suspicious activity report of the following text delimited by triple backquotes. Return your response as a formal report which covers the key points highlighting the location,dates,entity names and account holder information in chronological order of the text.
     ```working capital and liquidity as of december 31 , 2018 , we had cash and short-term investments of $ 81.2 million and working capital of $ 52.5 million , as compared to $ 127.4 million and $ 103.0 million as of december 31 , 2017 , respectively . the decrease in cash and short-term investments during the year ended december 31 , 2018 was primarily due to our operating expenses and capital expenditures , partially offset by the sales of our common stock under our atm sales agreements during the period as well as the net proceeds received from apollobio . net cash used in operating activities for the year ended december 31 , 2018 of $ 73.6 million consisted of net loss of $ ( 97.0 ) million less changes in net operating assets and liabilities of $ 4.7 million , partially offset by net non-cash adjustments of $ 18.7 million . the primary non-cash expenses were stock-based compensation of $ 10.7 million , depreciation and amortization of $ 5.0 million and loss on investment in affiliated entities and short-term investments of $ 2.0 million and $ 1.3 million , respectively . net cash used in operating activities for the year ended december 31 , 2017 of $ 63.2 million consisted of net loss of $ ( 88.2 ) million less changes in net operating assets and liabilities of $ 2.9 million , partially offset by net non-cash adjustments of $ 22.1 million.
```    
 Suspicious Activity Report : human data to date have shown a favorable safety profile of our syncon ® immunotherapies delivered using cellectra ® in over 6,000 administrations across almost 2,000 patients . we or our collaborators are currently conducting or planning clinical studies of our proprietary syncon ® immunotherapies for hpv-caused pre-cancers , including cervical , vulvar , and anal dysplasia ; hpv-caused cancers , including head & neck , cervical , anal , penile , vulvar , and vaginal ; bladder cancer ; glioblastoma multiforme , or gbm ; hepatitis b virus ; hepatitis c virus ; hiv ; ebola ; middle east respiratory syndrome , or mers ; lassa fever ; and zika virus . our corporate strategy is to advance , protect and exploit our differentiated immunotherapy platform . through the use of our unique capabilities on both design and development , we continue to progress and validate an array of cancer and infectious disease immunotherapy and vaccine products . we aim to advance products through to commercialization and continue to leverage third-party resources through collaborations and partnerships , including product license agreements . our partners and collaborators include astrazeneca , regeneron pharmaceuticals , inc. , f. hoffmann-la roche ag/genentech , inc. , apollobio 60 corporation , the bill and melinda gates foundation , the wistar institute , the university of pennsylvania , the parker institute for cancer immunotherapy , coalition for epidemic preparedness innovations ( cepi ) , defense advanced research projects agency ( darpa ) , geneone life science , inc. , plumbline life sciences , inc. , national institutes of health ( nih ) , hiv vaccines trial network ( hvtn ) , national cancer institute ( nci ) , united states military hiv research program , drexel university , and laval university . all of our product candidates are in the research and development phase . we have not generated any revenues from the sale of any products , and we do not expect to generate any such revenues for at least the next several years . we earn revenue from license fees and milestone revenue and collaborative research and development agreements . our product candidates will require significant additional research and development efforts , including extensive preclinical and clinical testing . all product candidates that we advance to clinical testing will require regulatory approval prior to commercial use , and will require significant costs for commercialization . we may not be successful in our research and development efforts , and we may never generate sufficient product revenue to be profitable . as of december 31 , 2018 , we had an accumulated deficit of $ 620.4 million . we expect to continue to incur substantial operating losses in the future due to our commitment to our research and development programs , the funding of preclinical studies , clinical trials and regulatory activities and the costs of general and administrative activities . critical accounting policies the sec defines critical accounting policies as those that are , in management 's view , important to the portrayal of our financial condition and results of operations and require management 's judgment . our discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations are based on our audited consolidated financial statements , which have been prepared in accordance with u.s. gaap . the preparation of these financial statements requires us to make estimates and judgments that affect the reported amounts of assets , liabilities , revenue and expenses . we base our estimates on experience and on various assumptions that we believe are reasonable under the circumstances , the results of which form the basis for making judgments about the carrying values of assets and liabilities that are not readily apparent from other sources . actual results may differ from those estimates . our critical accounting policies include : revenue recognition effective january 1 , 2018 , we adopted accounting standards update ( “ asu ” ) 2014-09 , revenue from contracts with customers ( “ topic 606 ” ) using the modified retrospective method which consisted of applying and recognizing the cumulative effect of topic 606 at the date of initial application . topic 606 supersedes the revenue recognition requirements in accounting standards codification ( “ asc ” ) topic 605 , revenue recognition ( “ topic 605 ” ) , including most industry-specific revenue recognition guidance throughout the industry topics of the asc . all periods prior to the adoption date of topic 606 have not been restated to reflect the impact of the adoption of topic 606 , but continue to be accounted for and presented under topic 605. the following paragraphs in this section describe our revenue recognition accounting policies under topic 606 upon adoption on january 1 , 2018. refer to note 2 to the consolidated financial statements included in our annual report on form 10-k for the year ended december 31 , 2017 for revenue recognition accounting policies under topic 605. we recognize revenue when promised goods or services are transferred to customers in an amount that reflects the consideration to which it expects to be entitled in exchange for those goods or services . to determine revenue recognition for contracts with customers , we perform the following five steps : ( i ) identify the contract ( s ) with a customer ; ( ii ) identify the performance obligations in the contract ; ( iii ) determine the transaction price ; ( iv ) allocate the transaction price to the performance obligations in the contract ; and ( v ) recognize revenue when ( or as ) we satisfy our performance obligations . at contract inception , we assess the goods or services agreed upon within each contract and assess whether each good or service is distinct and determine those that are performance obligations . story_separator_special_tag total stock-based compensation for options granted to non-employees for the years ended december 31 , 2018 and 2017 was $ 302,000 and $ 201,000 , respectively . gain on sale of assets the gain on sale of assets for the year ended december 31 , 2017 related to the sale of our compound vgx-1027 to geneone for a purchase price of $ 1.0 million . these assets had a carrying value of zero , resulting in the full proceeds being recognized as a gain on sale . interest and other income , net interest and other income , net , decreased by $ 692,000 for the year ended december 31 , 2018 as compared to 2017 primarily due to an increase in net realized loss recorded on short-term investments , partially offset by higher interest earned on short-term investments during the year . change in fair value of common stock warrants the change in fair value of common stock warrants for the years ended december 31 , 2018 and 2017 was $ 361,000 and $ 807,000 , respectively . the variance is due to the revaluation of the warrants to their fair value at each balance sheet date ; in addition , the warrants were exercised during the quarter ended september 30 , 2018 , eliminating the associated warrant liability . loss on investment in affiliated entity the loss on investment in affiliated entity for the years ended december 31 , 2018 and 2017 was $ 2.0 million and $ 7.0 million , respectively , resulting from the change in the fair market value of the investments in geneone and plumbline life sciences , or pls . after the adoption of asu no . 2016-01 on january 1 , 2018 , unrealized gains and losses on pls are recorded on the consolidated statement of operations as a gain ( loss ) on investment in affiliated entity rather than the consolidated statement of comprehensive income ( loss ) . provision for income taxes the provision for income taxes of $ 2.2 million for the year ended december 31 , 2018 was related to foreign income taxes on the upfront payment received from apollobio in march 2018. income taxes 65 since inception , we have incurred operating losses and accordingly have not recorded a provision for income taxes for any of the periods presented . utilization of net operating losses and tax credits are subject to a substantial annual limitation due to ownership change limitations provided by the internal revenue code of 1986 , as amended , or irc . as of december 31 , 2018 , we had net operating loss carry forwards for u.s. federal , california and pennsylvania income tax purposes of approximately $ 383.3 million , $ 68.6 million and $ 75.6 million , respectively , net of the net operating losses that will expire due to irc section 382 limitations . we also had u.s. federal and state research and development tax credits of approximately $ 13.8 million and $ 2.7 million , respectively , net of the federal research and development credits that will expire due to irc section 383 limitations . if not utilized , the net operating losses and credits will begin to expire in 2019 . comparison of years ended december 31 , 2017 and 2016 revenue revenue primarily consisted of revenue under collaborative research and development arrangements and grants and government contracts for the years ended december 31 , 2017 and 2016. our year over year total revenue increased $ 6.9 million , or 19 % . the $ 21.3 million increase in revenue under collaborative research and development arrangements for the year ended december 31 , 2017 as compared to 2016 was primarily due to an increase in revenue recognized from astrazeneca , as the up-front payment received in september 2015 and other deferred amounts totaling $ 13.8 million were recognized in june 2017 upon astrazeneca 's selection of the first cancer research collaboration product candidate , as well as a $ 7.0 milestone payment recognized in december 2017 for the initiation of the phase 2 portion on an ongoing clinical trial . the increase was also due to an increase in revenue recognized from roche of $ 1.2 million , as all remaining revenue was recognized upon termination of that collaboration agreement in 2017. the $ 14.4 million decrease in grants and miscellaneous revenue for the year ended december 31 , 2017 as compared to 2016 was primarily due to a decrease in revenue recognized from our nearly completed darpa ebola grant and completed darpa sub-contract for the treatment of infectious diseases of $ 12.6 million and $ 4.1 million , respectively , partially offset by an increase in revenue recognized from our two sub-contracts with wistar totaling $ 2.2 million . beginning in 2018 , contributions received from grant agreements are recorded as a contra-expense as opposed to revenue on the consolidated statement of operations . for additional information on the new accounting standard for revenues from contracts with customers please read note 2 , summary of significant accounting policies : recent accounting pronouncements , to the consolidated financial statements included in this report for further discussion . research and development expenses the $ 9.9 million increase in research and development expenses for the year ended december 31 , 2017 as compared to 2016 was primarily due to an increase of $ 9.1 million in employee headcount to support clinical trials and partnerships and an increase of $ 1.0 million in non-cash stock-based compensation . these increases were offset by a decrease of $ 3.9 million in expenses related to our darpa ebola grant , among other variances . general and administrative expenses the $ 4.4 million increase in general and administrative expenses for the year ended december 31 , 2017 as compared to 2016 was primarily due to increases in employee headcount , non-cash stock based compensation , rent expense and depreciation expense of $ 1.9 million ,

