in addition , we anticipate that our expenses will increase significantly in connection with our ongoing activities , as we : continue our platform research and drug discovery and development efforts ; conduct clinical studies for our investigational medicines ; manufacture clinical study materials and develop large-scale manufacturing capabilities ; seek regulatory approval for our investigational medicines ; maintain , expand , and protect our intellectual property ; hire additional personnel to support our program development effort to obtain regulatory approval and secure additional facilities for operations ; and continue to operate as a public company . 213 we do not expect to generate revenue from the sale of potential mrna medicines unless and until we successfully complete clinical development and obtain regulatory approval for one or more of our investigational medicines . if we seek to obtain regulatory approval for and commercialize any of our investigational medicines , we expect to incur significant commercialization expenses . as a result , we will need substantial additional funding to support our continued operations and pursue our growth strategy . until we can generate significant revenue from sales of our medicines , if ever , we expect to finance our operations through a combination of public or private equity offerings , structured financings and debt financings , government funding arrangements , strategic alliances and marketing , distribution , and licensing arrangements . we may be unable to raise additional funds or enter into such other agreements on favorable terms , or at all . if we fail to raise capital or enter into such agreements as , and when , needed , we may have to significantly delay , scale back , or discontinue the development and commercialization of one or more of our programs . because of the numerous risks and uncertainties associated with pharmaceutical development , we are unable to predict the timing or amount of increased expenses or when or if we will be able to achieve or maintain profitability . even if we are able to generate revenues from the sale of our medicines , we may not become profitable . if we fail to become profitable or are unable to sustain profitability on a continuing basis , then we may be unable to continue our operations at planned levels and be forced to reduce our operations . financial operations overview revenue to date , we have not generated any revenue from the sale of potential mrna medicines . our revenue has been primarily derived from strategic alliances with strategic collaborators and government-sponsored and private organizations to discover , develop , and commercialize potential mrna medicines . the following is a summary of revenue recognized for the years ended december 31 , 2019 , 2018 and 2017 ( in thousands ) : replace_table_token_8_th _ ( 1 ) includes collaboration revenue from a related party . total revenue for the years ended december 31 , 2019 , 2018 and 2017 was $ 60.2 million , $ 135.1 million and $ 205.8 million , respectively . cash received from strategic alliances was $ 22.9 million , $ 57.6 million and $ 43.1 million for the years ended december 31 , 2019 , 2018 and 2017 , respectively . the timing of revenue recognition is not directly correlated to the timing of cash receipts . total deferred revenue related to our strategic alliances as of december 31 , 2019 and 2018 was $ 202.3 million and $ 274.4 million , respectively . the following table summarizes collaboration revenue for the years ended december 31 , 2019 , 2018 and 2017 ( in thousands ) : replace_table_token_9_th 214 collaboration revenue for the years ended december 31 , 2019 , 2018 and 2017 was generated primarily from our strategic alliances with astrazeneca , merck , vertex and alexion . our arrangements with alexion were terminated in october 2017 and all rights to mrna researched , developed , or supplied as part of the programs with alexion reverted to us . grant revenue is generated primarily from contracts with darpa , barda , and gates foundation , to develop mrna medicines . for further information on our revenue recognition policies , see the section of this annual report on form 10-k titled “ critical accounting policies and significant judgments and estimates - revenue recognition . ” our ability to generate revenue from sales of mrna medicines and become profitable depends upon our ability to successfully develop and commercialize mrna medicines . for the foreseeable future , we do not expect to generate revenue from product sales . to the extent that existing or potential future strategic alliances generate revenue , our revenue may vary due to many uncertainties in the development of our mrna medicines under these strategic alliances and other factors . we expect to incur losses for the foreseeable future , and we expect these losses to increase as we continue our research and development efforts . we expect our programs to mature and advance to later stage clinical development , and we expect expenses to increase as we seek regulatory approvals for our investigational medicines and begin to commercialize any approved mrna medicines . research and development expenses the nature of our business and primary focus of our activities generate a significant amount of research and development costs . research and development expenses represent costs incurred by us for the following : cost to develop our platform ; discovery efforts leading to development candidates ; preclinical , nonclinical , and clinical development costs for our programs ; cost to develop our manufacturing technology and infrastructure ; and digital infrastructure costs . story_separator_special_tag we measure the transaction price based on the amount of consideration to which we expect to be entitled in exchange for transferring the promised goods and or services to the customer . we utilize either the expected value method or the most likely amount method to estimate the amount of variable consideration , depending on which method is expected to better predict the amount of consideration to which we will be entitled . amounts of variable consideration are included in the transaction price to the extent that it is probable that a significant reversal in the amount of cumulative revenue recognized will not occur when the uncertainty associated with the variable consideration is subsequently resolved . with respect to arrangements that include payments for a development or regulatory milestone payment , we evaluate whether the associated event is considered probable of achievement and estimate the amount to be included in the transaction price using the most likely amount method . milestone payments that are not within our control or the licensee , such as those dependent upon receipt of regulatory approval , are not considered to be probable of achievement until the triggering event occurs . at the end of each reporting period , we re-evaluate the probability of achievement of each milestone and any related constraint , and if necessary , adjust our estimate of the overall transaction price . any such adjustments are recorded on a cumulative catch-up basis , which would affect revenue and net loss in the period of adjustment . for arrangements that include sales-based royalties , including milestone payments based upon the achievement of a certain level of product sales , wherein the license is deemed to be the sole or predominant item to which the payments relate , we recognize revenue upon the later of : ( i ) when the related sales occur or ( ii ) when the performance obligation to which some or all of the payment has been allocated has been satisfied ( or partially satisfied ) . consideration that would be received for optional goods and or services is excluded from the transaction price at contract inception . we generally allocate the transaction price to each performance obligation based on a relative standalone selling price basis . we develop assumptions that require judgment to determine the standalone selling price for each performance obligation in consideration of applicable market conditions and relevant entity-specific factors , including factors that were contemplated in negotiating the agreement with the customer and estimated research and development costs . however , in certain instances , we allocate variable consideration entirely to one or more performance obligation if the terms of the variable consideration relate to the satisfaction of the respective performance obligation and the amount allocated is consistent with the amount we would expect to receive for the satisfaction of the respective performance obligation . we recognize revenue based on the amount of the transaction price that is allocated to each respective performance obligation when or as the performance obligation is satisfied by transferring a promised good or service to the customer . for performance obligations that are satisfied at a point in time , we recognize revenue when control of the goods and or services is transferred to the customer . for 219 performance obligations that are satisfied over time , we recognize revenue by measuring the progress toward complete satisfaction of the performance obligation using a single method of measuring progress which depicts the performance in transferring control of the associated goods and or services to the customer . we generally use input methods to measure the progress toward the complete satisfaction of performance obligations satisfied over time . with respect to arrangements containing a license to our intellectual property that is determined to be distinct from the other performance obligations identified in the arrangement , we recognize revenue from amounts allocated to the license when the license is transferred to the licensee and the licensee is able to use and benefit from the license . for licenses that are bundled with other promises , we utilize judgment to assess the nature of the combined performance obligation to determine whether the combined performance obligation is satisfied over time or at a point in time and , if over time , the appropriate method of measuring progress for purposes of recognizing revenue . significant management judgment is required in determining the level of effort required under an arrangement and the period over which we are expected to complete our performance obligations under an arrangement . we evaluate the measure of progress each reporting period and , if necessary , adjust the measure of performance and related revenue recognition . any such adjustments are recorded on a cumulative catch-up basis , which would affect revenue and net loss in the period of adjustment . research and development costs as part of the process of preparing our financial statements , we are required to estimate our accrued research and development expenses , a significant portion of which are clinical study expenses conducted by third-party service providers . this process involves reviewing open contracts and purchase orders , communicating with our personnel to identify services that have been performed on our behalf , and estimating the level of service performed and the associated cost incurred for the service when we have not yet been invoiced or otherwise notified of the actual cost . the majority of our service providers invoice us in arrears for services performed or when contractual milestones are met . examples of estimated accrued research and development expenses include fees paid to : cros to conduct our clinical trials ; investigative sites in connection with clinical trials ; vendors for laboratory services , supplies , and distribution of materials in connection with clinical trials ; and vendors in connection with preclinical development activities . we base our expenses related to clinical trials on our estimates of the services received and efforts expended pursuant

net cash used in operating activities in 2019 was $ 459.0 million and consisted of net loss of $ 514.0 million less non-cash adjustments of $ 108.7 million , plus a net change in assets and liabilities of $ 53.7 million . non-cash items primarily included stock-based compensation of $ 81.1 million , depreciation and amortization of $ 31.0 million , and amortization of investment premiums and discounts of $ 3.7 million . the net change in assets and liabilities was primarily due to a decrease in deferred revenue of $ 44.1 million , a decrease in accounts payable of $ 24.0 million , a decrease in other liabilities of $ 6.2 million , an increase in right-of-use assets , operating leases of $ 5.7 million and an decrease in accrued liabilities of $ 3.4 million , partially offset by an increase in operating lease liabilities , non-current of $ 12.6 million , a decrease in prepaid expenses and other assets of $ 9.8 million and a decrease in accounts receivable of $ 6.7 million . net cash used in operating activities in 2018 was $ 330.9 million and consisted of net loss of $ 384.7 million less non-cash adjustments of $ 96.5 million , plus a net change in assets and liabilities of $ 42.6 million . non-cash items primarily included stock-based compensation of $ 72.6 million and depreciation and amortization of $ 24.9 million .


 Write a concise suspicious activity report of the following text delimited by triple backquotes. Return your response as a formal report which covers the key points highlighting the location,dates,entity names and account holder information in chronological order of the text.
     ```net cash used in operating activities in 2019 was $ 459.0 million and consisted of net loss of $ 514.0 million less non-cash adjustments of $ 108.7 million , plus a net change in assets and liabilities of $ 53.7 million . non-cash items primarily included stock-based compensation of $ 81.1 million , depreciation and amortization of $ 31.0 million , and amortization of investment premiums and discounts of $ 3.7 million . the net change in assets and liabilities was primarily due to a decrease in deferred revenue of $ 44.1 million , a decrease in accounts payable of $ 24.0 million , a decrease in other liabilities of $ 6.2 million , an increase in right-of-use assets , operating leases of $ 5.7 million and an decrease in accrued liabilities of $ 3.4 million , partially offset by an increase in operating lease liabilities , non-current of $ 12.6 million , a decrease in prepaid expenses and other assets of $ 9.8 million and a decrease in accounts receivable of $ 6.7 million . net cash used in operating activities in 2018 was $ 330.9 million and consisted of net loss of $ 384.7 million less non-cash adjustments of $ 96.5 million , plus a net change in assets and liabilities of $ 42.6 million . non-cash items primarily included stock-based compensation of $ 72.6 million and depreciation and amortization of $ 24.9 million .
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 Suspicious Activity Report : in addition , we anticipate that our expenses will increase significantly in connection with our ongoing activities , as we : continue our platform research and drug discovery and development efforts ; conduct clinical studies for our investigational medicines ; manufacture clinical study materials and develop large-scale manufacturing capabilities ; seek regulatory approval for our investigational medicines ; maintain , expand , and protect our intellectual property ; hire additional personnel to support our program development effort to obtain regulatory approval and secure additional facilities for operations ; and continue to operate as a public company . 213 we do not expect to generate revenue from the sale of potential mrna medicines unless and until we successfully complete clinical development and obtain regulatory approval for one or more of our investigational medicines . if we seek to obtain regulatory approval for and commercialize any of our investigational medicines , we expect to incur significant commercialization expenses . as a result , we will need substantial additional funding to support our continued operations and pursue our growth strategy . until we can generate significant revenue from sales of our medicines , if ever , we expect to finance our operations through a combination of public or private equity offerings , structured financings and debt financings , government funding arrangements , strategic alliances and marketing , distribution , and licensing arrangements . we may be unable to raise additional funds or enter into such other agreements on favorable terms , or at all . if we fail to raise capital or enter into such agreements as , and when , needed , we may have to significantly delay , scale back , or discontinue the development and commercialization of one or more of our programs . because of the numerous risks and uncertainties associated with pharmaceutical development , we are unable to predict the timing or amount of increased expenses or when or if we will be able to achieve or maintain profitability . even if we are able to generate revenues from the sale of our medicines , we may not become profitable . if we fail to become profitable or are unable to sustain profitability on a continuing basis , then we may be unable to continue our operations at planned levels and be forced to reduce our operations . financial operations overview revenue to date , we have not generated any revenue from the sale of potential mrna medicines . our revenue has been primarily derived from strategic alliances with strategic collaborators and government-sponsored and private organizations to discover , develop , and commercialize potential mrna medicines . the following is a summary of revenue recognized for the years ended december 31 , 2019 , 2018 and 2017 ( in thousands ) : replace_table_token_8_th _ ( 1 ) includes collaboration revenue from a related party . total revenue for the years ended december 31 , 2019 , 2018 and 2017 was $ 60.2 million , $ 135.1 million and $ 205.8 million , respectively . cash received from strategic alliances was $ 22.9 million , $ 57.6 million and $ 43.1 million for the years ended december 31 , 2019 , 2018 and 2017 , respectively . the timing of revenue recognition is not directly correlated to the timing of cash receipts . total deferred revenue related to our strategic alliances as of december 31 , 2019 and 2018 was $ 202.3 million and $ 274.4 million , respectively . the following table summarizes collaboration revenue for the years ended december 31 , 2019 , 2018 and 2017 ( in thousands ) : replace_table_token_9_th 214 collaboration revenue for the years ended december 31 , 2019 , 2018 and 2017 was generated primarily from our strategic alliances with astrazeneca , merck , vertex and alexion . our arrangements with alexion were terminated in october 2017 and all rights to mrna researched , developed , or supplied as part of the programs with alexion reverted to us . grant revenue is generated primarily from contracts with darpa , barda , and gates foundation , to develop mrna medicines . for further information on our revenue recognition policies , see the section of this annual report on form 10-k titled “ critical accounting policies and significant judgments and estimates - revenue recognition . ” our ability to generate revenue from sales of mrna medicines and become profitable depends upon our ability to successfully develop and commercialize mrna medicines . for the foreseeable future , we do not expect to generate revenue from product sales . to the extent that existing or potential future strategic alliances generate revenue , our revenue may vary due to many uncertainties in the development of our mrna medicines under these strategic alliances and other factors . we expect to incur losses for the foreseeable future , and we expect these losses to increase as we continue our research and development efforts . we expect our programs to mature and advance to later stage clinical development , and we expect expenses to increase as we seek regulatory approvals for our investigational medicines and begin to commercialize any approved mrna medicines . research and development expenses the nature of our business and primary focus of our activities generate a significant amount of research and development costs . research and development expenses represent costs incurred by us for the following : cost to develop our platform ; discovery efforts leading to development candidates ; preclinical , nonclinical , and clinical development costs for our programs ; cost to develop our manufacturing technology and infrastructure ; and digital infrastructure costs . story_separator_special_tag we measure the transaction price based on the amount of consideration to which we expect to be entitled in exchange for transferring the promised goods and or services to the customer . we utilize either the expected value method or the most likely amount method to estimate the amount of variable consideration , depending on which method is expected to better predict the amount of consideration to which we will be entitled . amounts of variable consideration are included in the transaction price to the extent that it is probable that a significant reversal in the amount of cumulative revenue recognized will not occur when the uncertainty associated with the variable consideration is subsequently resolved . with respect to arrangements that include payments for a development or regulatory milestone payment , we evaluate whether the associated event is considered probable of achievement and estimate the amount to be included in the transaction price using the most likely amount method . milestone payments that are not within our control or the licensee , such as those dependent upon receipt of regulatory approval , are not considered to be probable of achievement until the triggering event occurs . at the end of each reporting period , we re-evaluate the probability of achievement of each milestone and any related constraint , and if necessary , adjust our estimate of the overall transaction price . any such adjustments are recorded on a cumulative catch-up basis , which would affect revenue and net loss in the period of adjustment . for arrangements that include sales-based royalties , including milestone payments based upon the achievement of a certain level of product sales , wherein the license is deemed to be the sole or predominant item to which the payments relate , we recognize revenue upon the later of : ( i ) when the related sales occur or ( ii ) when the performance obligation to which some or all of the payment has been allocated has been satisfied ( or partially satisfied ) . consideration that would be received for optional goods and or services is excluded from the transaction price at contract inception . we generally allocate the transaction price to each performance obligation based on a relative standalone selling price basis . we develop assumptions that require judgment to determine the standalone selling price for each performance obligation in consideration of applicable market conditions and relevant entity-specific factors , including factors that were contemplated in negotiating the agreement with the customer and estimated research and development costs . however , in certain instances , we allocate variable consideration entirely to one or more performance obligation if the terms of the variable consideration relate to the satisfaction of the respective performance obligation and the amount allocated is consistent with the amount we would expect to receive for the satisfaction of the respective performance obligation . we recognize revenue based on the amount of the transaction price that is allocated to each respective performance obligation when or as the performance obligation is satisfied by transferring a promised good or service to the customer . for performance obligations that are satisfied at a point in time , we recognize revenue when control of the goods and or services is transferred to the customer . for 219 performance obligations that are satisfied over time , we recognize revenue by measuring the progress toward complete satisfaction of the performance obligation using a single method of measuring progress which depicts the performance in transferring control of the associated goods and or services to the customer . we generally use input methods to measure the progress toward the complete satisfaction of performance obligations satisfied over time . with respect to arrangements containing a license to our intellectual property that is determined to be distinct from the other performance obligations identified in the arrangement , we recognize revenue from amounts allocated to the license when the license is transferred to the licensee and the licensee is able to use and benefit from the license . for licenses that are bundled with other promises , we utilize judgment to assess the nature of the combined performance obligation to determine whether the combined performance obligation is satisfied over time or at a point in time and , if over time , the appropriate method of measuring progress for purposes of recognizing revenue . significant management judgment is required in determining the level of effort required under an arrangement and the period over which we are expected to complete our performance obligations under an arrangement . we evaluate the measure of progress each reporting period and , if necessary , adjust the measure of performance and related revenue recognition . any such adjustments are recorded on a cumulative catch-up basis , which would affect revenue and net loss in the period of adjustment . research and development costs as part of the process of preparing our financial statements , we are required to estimate our accrued research and development expenses , a significant portion of which are clinical study expenses conducted by third-party service providers . this process involves reviewing open contracts and purchase orders , communicating with our personnel to identify services that have been performed on our behalf , and estimating the level of service performed and the associated cost incurred for the service when we have not yet been invoiced or otherwise notified of the actual cost . the majority of our service providers invoice us in arrears for services performed or when contractual milestones are met . examples of estimated accrued research and development expenses include fees paid to : cros to conduct our clinical trials ; investigative sites in connection with clinical trials ; vendors for laboratory services , supplies , and distribution of materials in connection with clinical trials ; and vendors in connection with preclinical development activities . we base our expenses related to clinical trials on our estimates of the services received and efforts expended pursuant

