the contracts for these engagements typically cover the detailed scope of work , phases , milestones , billing schedules and processes for review of work and clinical results . contracts are individually priced and negotiated based on the anticipated level of effort required to complete the project , the complexity and performance risks , and the level of competition in the market . direct costs associated with these contracts consist principally of compensation expense and benefits associated with our employees and other employee-related costs . while we can manage the majority of these costs relative to the amount of contracted services we have during any given period , direct costs as a 51 percentage of net service revenue can vary from period to period . such fluctuations are due to a variety of factors , including , among others : ( i ) the level of staff utilization created by our ability to effectively manage our workforce , ( ii ) adjustments to the timing of work on specific customer contracts , ( iii ) the experience mix of personnel assigned to projects , and ( iv ) the service mix and pricing of our contracts . in addition , as global projects wind down or as delays and cancellations occur , staffing levels in certain countries or functional areas can become misaligned with the current business volume . new business awards and backlog we add new business awards to backlog when we enter into a contract or when we receive a written commitment from the customer selecting us as its service provider , provided that ( i ) the customer has received appropriate internal funding approval , ( ii ) the project or projects are not contingent upon completion of another trial or event , ( iii ) the project or projects are expected to commence within the next 12 months and ( iv ) the customer has entered or intends to enter into a comprehensive contract as soon as practicable . contracts generally have terms ranging from several months to several years . we recognize revenue on these awards as services are performed , provided we have entered into a contractual commitment with the customer . our new business awards , net of cancellations of prior awards , for the years ended december 31 , 2015 , 2014 and 2013 were $ 1.18 billion , $ 0.95 billion and $ 0.81 billion , respectively , representing a 23.9 % increase from 2014 to 2015 and a 16.7 % increase from 2013 to 2014. net new business awards were higher for the year ended december 31 , 2015 , primarily due to ( i ) a lower cancellation rate in 2015 compared to 2014 , ( ii ) the continued growth of our business across therapeutic areas , and ( iii ) the timing of the conversion of our relationship with a major customer from primarily that of a functional service provider to a more traditional full service arrangement . new business awards have varied and will continue to vary significantly from quarter to quarter . the dollar amount of our backlog consists of anticipated future net service revenue from business awards that either ( 1 ) have not started but are anticipated to begin in the future , or ( 2 ) are in process and have not been completed . our backlog also reflects any cancellation or adjustment activity related to these contracts . the average duration of our contracts will fluctuate from period to period in the future based on the contracts comprising our backlog at any given time . the majority of our contracts can be terminated by our customers with 30 days ' notice . the dollar amount of our backlog is adjusted each quarter for foreign currency fluctuations . during the year ended december 31 , 2015 , fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates resulted in an unfavorable impact on our december 31 , 2015 backlog in the amount of approximately $ 38.0 million , primarily due to the weakening of the euro and british pound against the u.s. dollar . our backlog as of december 31 , 2015 , 2014 and 2013 was $ 1.81 billion , $ 1.59 billion and $ 1.49 billion , respectively , representing a 14.1 % increase from 2014 to 2015 and a 6.6 % increase from 2013 to 2014. included within backlog at december 31 , 2015 is approximately $ 0.84 billion that we expect to translate into revenue in 2016 , with the remainder expected to generate revenue beyond 2016 . we believe that backlog and net new business awards might not be consistent indicators of future revenue because they have been , and likely will be , affected by a number of factors , including the variable size and duration of projects , many of which are performed over several years , and cancellations and changes to the scope of work during the course of projects . additionally , projects may be canceled or delayed by the customer or delayed by regulatory authorities . projects that have been delayed for less than 12 months remain in backlog , but the anticipated timing of the recognition of revenue is uncertain . we generally do not have a contractual right to the full amount of the revenue reflected in our backlog . if a customer cancels an award , we might be reimbursed for the costs we have incurred . fluctuations in our reported backlog and net new business award levels also result from the fact that we may receive a small number of relatively large orders in any given reporting period . because of these large orders , our backlog and net new business awards in that reporting period might reach levels that are not sustained in subsequent reporting periods . story_separator_special_tag this resulted in a triggering event , requiring an evaluation of both long-lived assets and goodwill for potential impairment . as a result of this evaluation , we recorded a total asset impairment charge of 3.9 million , comprised of a long-lived assets impairment charge of $ 1.0 million and a goodwill impairment charge of $ 2.9 million , which was the total remaining goodwill balance of our phase i services reporting unit as of the evaluation date . there were no further asset impairment charges during 2015. depreciation and amortization expense total depreciation and amortization expense increased to $ 56.0 million , for the year ended december 31 , 2015 from $ 54.5 million for the year ended december 31 , 2014 . amortization expense increased $ 5.0 million for the year ended december 31 , 2015 as compared to the year ended december 31 , 2014 , primarily due to the reduction in estimated useful lives of certain intangible assets during the second quarter of 2014. these increases were partially offset by a $ 3.5 million decrease in depreciation expense for the year ended december 31 , 2015 as compared to the year ended december 31 , 2014 , principally due to ( i ) lower capital expenditures in 2015 and ( ii ) the write-off of long-lived assets in the phase i services reporting unit during the first quarter of 2015. total depreciation and amortization expense decreased to $ 54.5 million , for the year ended december 31 , 2014 from $ 58.5 million for the year ended december 31 , 2013. this decrease is principally attributable to a decrease in amortization expense of $ 6.4 million , or 16.2 % , resulting from the intangible assets that were impaired or became fully amortized , partially offset by the increase in amortization expense as a result of the reduction of estimated useful lives of certain intangible assets . additionally depreciation expense increased primarily due to ( i ) our continued investment in our it infrastructure , and ( ii ) the reduction in the estimated useful lives on several assets during the first quarter of 2014 due to the consolidation of data centers and information systems . other income and expense , net for the years ended december 31 , 2015 , 2014 and 2013 , the components of total other expenses , net were as follows ( dollars in thousands ) : replace_table_token_11_th interest expense decreased $ 37.4 million for the year ended december 31 , 2015 compared to the year ended december 31 , 2014 and $ 7.8 million for the year ended december 31 , 2014 compared to the year ended december 31 , 2013. the decrease in interest expense during the last two years is the result of decreased interest rates as a result of our debt repayment and refinancing activities during the fourth quarter of 2014 and second quarter of 2015. the loss on extinguishment of debt was $ 9.8 million and $ 46.8 million for the year ended december 31 , 2015 and 2014 , respectively , as a result of the may 2015 and november 2014 debt refinancing transactions . other income ( expense ) , net , decreased $ 3.8 million for the year ended december 31 , 2015 compared to the year ended december 31 , 2014 and increased $ 9.3 million for the year ended december 31 , 2014 compared to the year ended december 31 , 2013. other income is primarily comprised of foreign currency gains and losses and the changes are principally driven by fluctuations in exchange rates . 58 income tax ( expense ) benefit income tax ( expense ) benefit was an expense of $ 13.9 million for the year ended december 31 , 2015 , compared to a benefit of $ 4.7 million for the year ended december 31 , 2014 , as a result of becoming profitable in 2015. income taxes for the year ended december 31 , 2015 were positively impacted by an income tax benefit of $ 31.9 million recognized as a result of the release of the valuation allowance on certain deferred tax assets , primarily u.s. operating loss carryforwards during the fourth quarter of 2015. the release of the valuation allowance was due to management 's conclusion that it was more likely than not that a portion of our deferred tax assets will be realized through future u.s. taxable income . this conclusion was based , in part , on our achieving sustained profitability in 2015 in the united states coupled with the reliability on our projections of ongoing positive future earnings . therefore , we released a significant portion of the valuation allowances related to these deferred tax assets . at december 31 , 2015 , we assessed both positive and negative evidence available to estimate whether future taxable income will be available to permit the use of the existing deferred tax assets . accordingly , notwithstanding the accumulation of historical losses experienced in the united states , based on our achieving sustained profitability in 2015 we reevaluated our ability to consider other subjective evidence , such as the reliability of our projections for future growth . given our current and anticipated sustained future earnings in the united states , we expect we will no longer need a significant portion of the valuation allowance related to these deferred tax assets . as a result of this change in assertion , the release of the valuation allowance on the net deferred tax assets associated with the operating loss carryforwards in the united states resulted in the recognition of certain related deferred tax assets and a decrease to income tax expense in the current period . other variances from the statutory rate of 35 % were due to foreign income inclusions related to deemed dividends from foreign subsidiaries , and the geographical split of pre-tax income . income tax benefit ( expense ) was a benefit of $

cash flows from operations increased by $ 73.3 million during the year ended december 31 , 2015 compared to the year ended december 31 , 2014 , primarily due to the $ 140.5 million increase in net income ( loss ) net of the $ 29.5 million change in adjustments for non-operating and non-cash items principally associated with a loss on the extinguishment of debt and debt refinancing costs . this increase was partially offset by a decline in cash received from working capital of $ 37.7 million . cash flows from operations increased by $ 94.2 million during the year ended december 31 , 2014 compared to the year ended december 31 , 2013 , primarily due to year-over-year increase of $ 39.7 million in cash provided from working capital , a $ 18.1 million decrease in net loss and a $ 36.9 million change in adjustments 61 for non-operating and non-cash items principally associated with a loss on the extinguishment of debt and debt refinancing costs of $ 49.2 million . the changes in operating assets and liabilities result primarily from the net movement in accounts receivable , unbilled revenue , and deferred revenue , coupled with changes in accrued expenses . fluctuations in billed and unbilled receivables and unearned revenue occur on a regular basis as we perform services , achieve milestones or other billing criteria , send invoices to customers and collect outstanding accounts receivable . this activity varies by individual customer and contract . we attempt to negotiate payment terms that provide for payment of services prior to or soon after the provision of services , but the levels of unbilled services and unearned revenue can vary significantly from period to period .


 Write a concise suspicious activity report of the following text delimited by triple backquotes. Return your response as a formal report which covers the key points highlighting the location,dates,entity names and account holder information in chronological order of the text.
     ```cash flows from operations increased by $ 73.3 million during the year ended december 31 , 2015 compared to the year ended december 31 , 2014 , primarily due to the $ 140.5 million increase in net income ( loss ) net of the $ 29.5 million change in adjustments for non-operating and non-cash items principally associated with a loss on the extinguishment of debt and debt refinancing costs . this increase was partially offset by a decline in cash received from working capital of $ 37.7 million . cash flows from operations increased by $ 94.2 million during the year ended december 31 , 2014 compared to the year ended december 31 , 2013 , primarily due to year-over-year increase of $ 39.7 million in cash provided from working capital , a $ 18.1 million decrease in net loss and a $ 36.9 million change in adjustments 61 for non-operating and non-cash items principally associated with a loss on the extinguishment of debt and debt refinancing costs of $ 49.2 million . the changes in operating assets and liabilities result primarily from the net movement in accounts receivable , unbilled revenue , and deferred revenue , coupled with changes in accrued expenses . fluctuations in billed and unbilled receivables and unearned revenue occur on a regular basis as we perform services , achieve milestones or other billing criteria , send invoices to customers and collect outstanding accounts receivable . this activity varies by individual customer and contract . we attempt to negotiate payment terms that provide for payment of services prior to or soon after the provision of services , but the levels of unbilled services and unearned revenue can vary significantly from period to period .
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 Suspicious Activity Report : the contracts for these engagements typically cover the detailed scope of work , phases , milestones , billing schedules and processes for review of work and clinical results . contracts are individually priced and negotiated based on the anticipated level of effort required to complete the project , the complexity and performance risks , and the level of competition in the market . direct costs associated with these contracts consist principally of compensation expense and benefits associated with our employees and other employee-related costs . while we can manage the majority of these costs relative to the amount of contracted services we have during any given period , direct costs as a 51 percentage of net service revenue can vary from period to period . such fluctuations are due to a variety of factors , including , among others : ( i ) the level of staff utilization created by our ability to effectively manage our workforce , ( ii ) adjustments to the timing of work on specific customer contracts , ( iii ) the experience mix of personnel assigned to projects , and ( iv ) the service mix and pricing of our contracts . in addition , as global projects wind down or as delays and cancellations occur , staffing levels in certain countries or functional areas can become misaligned with the current business volume . new business awards and backlog we add new business awards to backlog when we enter into a contract or when we receive a written commitment from the customer selecting us as its service provider , provided that ( i ) the customer has received appropriate internal funding approval , ( ii ) the project or projects are not contingent upon completion of another trial or event , ( iii ) the project or projects are expected to commence within the next 12 months and ( iv ) the customer has entered or intends to enter into a comprehensive contract as soon as practicable . contracts generally have terms ranging from several months to several years . we recognize revenue on these awards as services are performed , provided we have entered into a contractual commitment with the customer . our new business awards , net of cancellations of prior awards , for the years ended december 31 , 2015 , 2014 and 2013 were $ 1.18 billion , $ 0.95 billion and $ 0.81 billion , respectively , representing a 23.9 % increase from 2014 to 2015 and a 16.7 % increase from 2013 to 2014. net new business awards were higher for the year ended december 31 , 2015 , primarily due to ( i ) a lower cancellation rate in 2015 compared to 2014 , ( ii ) the continued growth of our business across therapeutic areas , and ( iii ) the timing of the conversion of our relationship with a major customer from primarily that of a functional service provider to a more traditional full service arrangement . new business awards have varied and will continue to vary significantly from quarter to quarter . the dollar amount of our backlog consists of anticipated future net service revenue from business awards that either ( 1 ) have not started but are anticipated to begin in the future , or ( 2 ) are in process and have not been completed . our backlog also reflects any cancellation or adjustment activity related to these contracts . the average duration of our contracts will fluctuate from period to period in the future based on the contracts comprising our backlog at any given time . the majority of our contracts can be terminated by our customers with 30 days ' notice . the dollar amount of our backlog is adjusted each quarter for foreign currency fluctuations . during the year ended december 31 , 2015 , fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates resulted in an unfavorable impact on our december 31 , 2015 backlog in the amount of approximately $ 38.0 million , primarily due to the weakening of the euro and british pound against the u.s. dollar . our backlog as of december 31 , 2015 , 2014 and 2013 was $ 1.81 billion , $ 1.59 billion and $ 1.49 billion , respectively , representing a 14.1 % increase from 2014 to 2015 and a 6.6 % increase from 2013 to 2014. included within backlog at december 31 , 2015 is approximately $ 0.84 billion that we expect to translate into revenue in 2016 , with the remainder expected to generate revenue beyond 2016 . we believe that backlog and net new business awards might not be consistent indicators of future revenue because they have been , and likely will be , affected by a number of factors , including the variable size and duration of projects , many of which are performed over several years , and cancellations and changes to the scope of work during the course of projects . additionally , projects may be canceled or delayed by the customer or delayed by regulatory authorities . projects that have been delayed for less than 12 months remain in backlog , but the anticipated timing of the recognition of revenue is uncertain . we generally do not have a contractual right to the full amount of the revenue reflected in our backlog . if a customer cancels an award , we might be reimbursed for the costs we have incurred . fluctuations in our reported backlog and net new business award levels also result from the fact that we may receive a small number of relatively large orders in any given reporting period . because of these large orders , our backlog and net new business awards in that reporting period might reach levels that are not sustained in subsequent reporting periods . story_separator_special_tag this resulted in a triggering event , requiring an evaluation of both long-lived assets and goodwill for potential impairment . as a result of this evaluation , we recorded a total asset impairment charge of 3.9 million , comprised of a long-lived assets impairment charge of $ 1.0 million and a goodwill impairment charge of $ 2.9 million , which was the total remaining goodwill balance of our phase i services reporting unit as of the evaluation date . there were no further asset impairment charges during 2015. depreciation and amortization expense total depreciation and amortization expense increased to $ 56.0 million , for the year ended december 31 , 2015 from $ 54.5 million for the year ended december 31 , 2014 . amortization expense increased $ 5.0 million for the year ended december 31 , 2015 as compared to the year ended december 31 , 2014 , primarily due to the reduction in estimated useful lives of certain intangible assets during the second quarter of 2014. these increases were partially offset by a $ 3.5 million decrease in depreciation expense for the year ended december 31 , 2015 as compared to the year ended december 31 , 2014 , principally due to ( i ) lower capital expenditures in 2015 and ( ii ) the write-off of long-lived assets in the phase i services reporting unit during the first quarter of 2015. total depreciation and amortization expense decreased to $ 54.5 million , for the year ended december 31 , 2014 from $ 58.5 million for the year ended december 31 , 2013. this decrease is principally attributable to a decrease in amortization expense of $ 6.4 million , or 16.2 % , resulting from the intangible assets that were impaired or became fully amortized , partially offset by the increase in amortization expense as a result of the reduction of estimated useful lives of certain intangible assets . additionally depreciation expense increased primarily due to ( i ) our continued investment in our it infrastructure , and ( ii ) the reduction in the estimated useful lives on several assets during the first quarter of 2014 due to the consolidation of data centers and information systems . other income and expense , net for the years ended december 31 , 2015 , 2014 and 2013 , the components of total other expenses , net were as follows ( dollars in thousands ) : replace_table_token_11_th interest expense decreased $ 37.4 million for the year ended december 31 , 2015 compared to the year ended december 31 , 2014 and $ 7.8 million for the year ended december 31 , 2014 compared to the year ended december 31 , 2013. the decrease in interest expense during the last two years is the result of decreased interest rates as a result of our debt repayment and refinancing activities during the fourth quarter of 2014 and second quarter of 2015. the loss on extinguishment of debt was $ 9.8 million and $ 46.8 million for the year ended december 31 , 2015 and 2014 , respectively , as a result of the may 2015 and november 2014 debt refinancing transactions . other income ( expense ) , net , decreased $ 3.8 million for the year ended december 31 , 2015 compared to the year ended december 31 , 2014 and increased $ 9.3 million for the year ended december 31 , 2014 compared to the year ended december 31 , 2013. other income is primarily comprised of foreign currency gains and losses and the changes are principally driven by fluctuations in exchange rates . 58 income tax ( expense ) benefit income tax ( expense ) benefit was an expense of $ 13.9 million for the year ended december 31 , 2015 , compared to a benefit of $ 4.7 million for the year ended december 31 , 2014 , as a result of becoming profitable in 2015. income taxes for the year ended december 31 , 2015 were positively impacted by an income tax benefit of $ 31.9 million recognized as a result of the release of the valuation allowance on certain deferred tax assets , primarily u.s. operating loss carryforwards during the fourth quarter of 2015. the release of the valuation allowance was due to management 's conclusion that it was more likely than not that a portion of our deferred tax assets will be realized through future u.s. taxable income . this conclusion was based , in part , on our achieving sustained profitability in 2015 in the united states coupled with the reliability on our projections of ongoing positive future earnings . therefore , we released a significant portion of the valuation allowances related to these deferred tax assets . at december 31 , 2015 , we assessed both positive and negative evidence available to estimate whether future taxable income will be available to permit the use of the existing deferred tax assets . accordingly , notwithstanding the accumulation of historical losses experienced in the united states , based on our achieving sustained profitability in 2015 we reevaluated our ability to consider other subjective evidence , such as the reliability of our projections for future growth . given our current and anticipated sustained future earnings in the united states , we expect we will no longer need a significant portion of the valuation allowance related to these deferred tax assets . as a result of this change in assertion , the release of the valuation allowance on the net deferred tax assets associated with the operating loss carryforwards in the united states resulted in the recognition of certain related deferred tax assets and a decrease to income tax expense in the current period . other variances from the statutory rate of 35 % were due to foreign income inclusions related to deemed dividends from foreign subsidiaries , and the geographical split of pre-tax income . income tax benefit ( expense ) was a benefit of $

