we are leveraging our manufacturing capabilities and know-how by developing , manufacturing and marketing 48 biosimilars through samsung bioepis , our joint venture with samsung biologics co. ltd. ( samsung biologics ) . under our commercial agreement with samsung bioepis , we market and sell benepali , an etanercept biosimilar referencing enbrel , and flixabi , an infliximab biosimilar referencing remicade , in the european union ( e.u . ) . financial highlights diluted earnings per share attributable to biogen inc. were $ 16.93 for 2016 , representing an increase of 10.4 % over the same period in 2015 . as described below under “ results of operations , ” our income from operations for the year ended december 31 , 2016 , reflects the following : total revenues were $ 11,448.8 million for 2016 , representing an increase of 6.4 % over the same period in 2015 . product revenues , net totaled $ 9,817.9 million for 2016 , representing an increase of 6.8 % over the same period in 2015 . this increase was driven by a 9.1 % increase in worldwide tecfidera revenues , a 52.8 % increase in worldwide hemophilia revenues , a 4.1 % increase in worldwide tysabri revenues and revenues from benepali . these increases are partially offset by a 5.8 % decrease in worldwide interferon revenues . product revenues , net for 2016 , compared to the same period in 2015 , were also negatively impacted by a $ 167.8 million decrease in hedge gains recognized under our foreign currency hedging program in comparative periods . revenues from anti-cd20 therapeutic programs totaled $ 1,314.5 million for 2016 , representing a decrease of 1.8 % over the same period in 2015 . other revenues totaled $ 316.4 million for 2016 , representing an increase of 34.0 % from the same period in 2015 . this increase was primarily driven by an increase in other corporate revenues , which includes amounts earned with respect to our contract manufacturing activities . total cost and expenses totaled $ 6,298.4 million for 2016 , representing an increase of 7.2 % , compared to the same period in 2015 . this increase was driven by a $ 454.8 million litigation settlement and license charge and a 19.2 % increase in cost of sales , which includes a charge of $ 45.5 million for accelerated depreciation as a result of the determination to cease manufacturing in cambridge , ma and vacate our biologics manufacturing facility in cambridge , ma and warehouse space in somerville , ma . these increases were partially offset by a 7.8 % decrease in selling , general and administrative expenses and a decrease in restructuring charges . we generated $ 4,522.4 million of net cash flows from operations for 2016 , which were primarily driven by earnings . cash , cash equivalents and marketable securities totaled approximately $ 7,724.5 million as of december 31 , 2016 . during the year ended december 31 , 2016 , we repurchased and retired approximately 3.3 million shares of common stock at a cost of $ 1.0 billion under our share repurchase programs . collaborative and other relationships in may 2016 we entered into a collaboration and alliance with the university of pennsylvania ( upenn ) to advance gene therapy and gene editing technologies . for additional information related to this transaction , please read note 19 , collaborative and other relationships to our consolidated financial statements included in this report . 49 restructuring and cost saving initiatives during the third quarter of 2016 we initiated cost saving measures primarily intended to realign our organizational structure due to the changes in roles and workforce resulting from our decision to spin off our hemophilia business , and to achieve further targeted cost reductions . additionally , in connection with the transaction to sublease our rights to the manufacturing facility in cambridge , ma to brammer bio ma , llc ( brammer ) , certain employees were separated from biogen . for additional information related to our restructuring and cost saving initiatives , please read note 3 , restructuring , business transformation and other cost saving initiatives to our consolidated financial statements included in this report . business environment the biopharmaceutical industry and the markets in which we operate are intensely competitive . many of our competitors are working to develop or have commercialized products similar to those we market or are developing . in addition , the commercialization of certain of our own approved ms products , products of our collaborators and pipeline product candidates may negatively impact future sales of our existing ms products . our products may also face increased competitive pressures from the introduction of generic versions , prodrugs of existing therapeutics or biosimilars of existing products and other technologies , such as gene therapies and bispecific antibodies . in addition , sales of our products are dependent , in large part , on the availability and extent of coverage , pricing and reimbursement from government health administration authorities , private health insurers and other organizations . drug prices are under significant scrutiny in the markets in which our products are prescribed . drug pricing and other health care costs continue to be subject to intense political and societal pressures . for additional information related to our competition and pricing risks that could negatively impact our product sales , please read the “ risk factors ” section of this report . results of operations revenues revenues are summarized as follows : replace_table_token_7_th 50 product revenues product revenues are summarized as follows : replace_table_token_8_th * interferon includes avonex and plegridy . * * percentage not meaningful . multiple sclerosis ( ms ) tecfidera for 2016 compared to 2015 , the increase in u.s. tecfidera revenues was primarily due to price increases , partially offset by higher discounts and allowances and a decrease in unit sales volume of 1 % . story_separator_special_tag for 2015 compared to 2014 , the increase in discounts was primarily driven by our recent product additions , gross price increases and increases in contractual rates contractual adjustments contractual adjustments relate to medicaid and managed care rebates , co-payment assistance ( copay ) , veterans administration ( va ) , public health service ( phs ) discounts , specialty pharmacy program fees and other government rebates or applicable allowances . for 2016 compared to 2015 , the increase in contractual adjustments was primarily due to higher medicaid and other governmental rebates and allowances in the u.s. and managed care rebates , due in part to an increase in gross selling prices . 57 for 2015 compared to 2014 , the increase in contractual adjustments was primarily due to our recent product additions , higher medicaid and other governmental rebates and allowances in the u.s. and managed care rebates as a result of an increase in contracted business and gross prices . returns product return reserves are established for returns made by wholesalers . in accordance with contractual terms , wholesalers are permitted to return product for reasons such as damaged or expired product . the majority of wholesaler returns are due to product expiration . provisions for product returns are recorded in the period the related revenue is recognized , resulting in a reduction to product sales . for 2016 compared to 2015 , and 2015 compared to 2014 , return reserves decreased primarily due to a reduction in return rates based on recent experiences of returned products . for additional information related to our reserves , please read note 4 , reserves for discounts and allowances to our consolidated financial statements included in this report . cost and expenses a summary of total cost and expenses is as follows : replace_table_token_11_th * * percentage not meaningful . 58 cost of sales , excluding amortization of acquired intangible assets ( cost of sales ) product cost of sales for 2016 compared to 2015 , the increase in product cost of sales was primarily driven by increased contract manufacturing shipments and higher unit sales volume related to our biosimilars and hemophilia products , partially offset by favorable production costs and mix of products . product cost of sales for 2016 also reflects the recognition of $ 45.5 million of accelerated depreciation as a result of the determination to cease manufacturing in cambridge , ma and vacate our biologics manufacturing facility in cambridge , ma and warehouse space in somerville , ma . for 2015 compared to 2014 , the increase in product cost of sales was primarily driven by increased contract manufacturing production and higher unit sales volume of our marketed products , including newly launched products . inventory amounts written down as a result of excess , obsolescence , unmarketability or other reasons totaled $ 48.2 million , $ 41.9 million and $ 50.6 million for the years ended december 31 , 2016 , 2015 and 2014 , respectively . royalty cost of sales for 2016 compared to 2015 , the increase in royalty cost of sales was primarily driven by the increase in royalty rates payable to sobi , increased sales of our hemophilia products and higher royalties on sales of avonex and plegridy in the u.s. , partially offset by a decrease in tysabri royalties due to the expiration of certain third party royalties . on june 28 , 2016 , the u.s. patent and trademark office issued to the japanese foundation for cancer research ( jfcr ) a patent related to recombinant interferon-beta protein . this patent , u.s. patent no . 9,376,478 , expires in june 2033. this patent was issued following an interference proceeding between jfcr and us . this patent is relevant to avonex and plegridy , and we will pay royalties in the mid-single digits in relation to this patent during the life of the patent . for 2015 compared to 2014 , the increase in royalty cost of sales was primarily driven by the increase in royalties due to sobi on increased sales of our hemophilia products and an increase in the contractual rate of tysabri contingent payments due to perrigo company plc ( perrigo ) , which is based on the expected level of annual worldwide net sales of tysabri , partially offset by a decrease in tysabri revenues and the expiration of certain third-party royalties related to tysabri . for additional information on our relationship with sobi , please read note 19 , collaborative and other relationships to our consolidated financial statements included in this report . 59 research and development 60 research and development expense incurred in support of our marketed products includes costs associated with product lifecycle management activities including , if applicable , costs associated with the development of new indications for existing products . late stage programs are programs in phase 3 development or in registration stage . early stage programs are programs in phase 1 or phase 2 development . research and discovery represents costs incurred to support our discovery research and translational science efforts . other research and development costs consist of indirect costs incurred in support of overall research and development activities and non-specific programs , including activities that benefit multiple programs , such as management costs as well as depreciation and other facility-based expenses . costs are reflected in the development stage based upon the program status when incurred . therefore , the same program could be reflected in different development stages in the same year . for several of our programs , the research and development activities are part of our collaborative and other relationships . our costs reflect our share of the total costs incurred . for 2016 compared to 2015 , the decrease in research and development expense was primarily related to decreases in costs incurred in connection with our early stage programs , marketed products and other research and development costs . these decreases were partially offset

cash flows the following table summarizes our cash flow activity : replace_table_token_15_th operating activities cash flows from operating activities represent the cash receipts and disbursements related to all of our activities other than investing and financing activities . we expect cash provided from operating activities will continue to be our primary source of funds to finance operating needs and capital expenditures for the foreseeable future . operating cash flow is derived by adjusting our net income for : non-cash operating items such as depreciation and amortization , impairment charges and share-based compensation charges ; changes in operating assets and liabilities which reflect timing differences between the receipt and payment of cash associated with transactions and when they are recognized in results of operations ; and 70 changes associated with the fair value of contingent payments associated with our acquisitions of businesses and payments related to collaborations . for 2016 compared to 2015 , the increase in cash provided by operating activities was primarily driven by higher net income , non-cash charges for depreciation and amortization , a comparative increase in accrued expenses and other liabilities , partially offset by a comparative increase in accounts receivable . for 2015 compared to 2014 , the increase in cash provided by operating activities was primarily driven by higher net income and accounts receivable collections , partially offset by income tax payments . investing activities for 2016 compared to 2015 , the decrease in net cash flows used in investing activities was primarily due to a decrease in net purchases of marketable securities and cash paid for the acquisition of convergence in february 2015 , partially offset by an increase in the contingent consideration related to the fumapharm ag acquisition .


 Write a concise suspicious activity report of the following text delimited by triple backquotes. Return your response as a formal report which covers the key points highlighting the location,dates,entity names and account holder information in chronological order of the text.
     ```cash flows the following table summarizes our cash flow activity : replace_table_token_15_th operating activities cash flows from operating activities represent the cash receipts and disbursements related to all of our activities other than investing and financing activities . we expect cash provided from operating activities will continue to be our primary source of funds to finance operating needs and capital expenditures for the foreseeable future . operating cash flow is derived by adjusting our net income for : non-cash operating items such as depreciation and amortization , impairment charges and share-based compensation charges ; changes in operating assets and liabilities which reflect timing differences between the receipt and payment of cash associated with transactions and when they are recognized in results of operations ; and 70 changes associated with the fair value of contingent payments associated with our acquisitions of businesses and payments related to collaborations . for 2016 compared to 2015 , the increase in cash provided by operating activities was primarily driven by higher net income , non-cash charges for depreciation and amortization , a comparative increase in accrued expenses and other liabilities , partially offset by a comparative increase in accounts receivable . for 2015 compared to 2014 , the increase in cash provided by operating activities was primarily driven by higher net income and accounts receivable collections , partially offset by income tax payments . investing activities for 2016 compared to 2015 , the decrease in net cash flows used in investing activities was primarily due to a decrease in net purchases of marketable securities and cash paid for the acquisition of convergence in february 2015 , partially offset by an increase in the contingent consideration related to the fumapharm ag acquisition .
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 Suspicious Activity Report : we are leveraging our manufacturing capabilities and know-how by developing , manufacturing and marketing 48 biosimilars through samsung bioepis , our joint venture with samsung biologics co. ltd. ( samsung biologics ) . under our commercial agreement with samsung bioepis , we market and sell benepali , an etanercept biosimilar referencing enbrel , and flixabi , an infliximab biosimilar referencing remicade , in the european union ( e.u . ) . financial highlights diluted earnings per share attributable to biogen inc. were $ 16.93 for 2016 , representing an increase of 10.4 % over the same period in 2015 . as described below under “ results of operations , ” our income from operations for the year ended december 31 , 2016 , reflects the following : total revenues were $ 11,448.8 million for 2016 , representing an increase of 6.4 % over the same period in 2015 . product revenues , net totaled $ 9,817.9 million for 2016 , representing an increase of 6.8 % over the same period in 2015 . this increase was driven by a 9.1 % increase in worldwide tecfidera revenues , a 52.8 % increase in worldwide hemophilia revenues , a 4.1 % increase in worldwide tysabri revenues and revenues from benepali . these increases are partially offset by a 5.8 % decrease in worldwide interferon revenues . product revenues , net for 2016 , compared to the same period in 2015 , were also negatively impacted by a $ 167.8 million decrease in hedge gains recognized under our foreign currency hedging program in comparative periods . revenues from anti-cd20 therapeutic programs totaled $ 1,314.5 million for 2016 , representing a decrease of 1.8 % over the same period in 2015 . other revenues totaled $ 316.4 million for 2016 , representing an increase of 34.0 % from the same period in 2015 . this increase was primarily driven by an increase in other corporate revenues , which includes amounts earned with respect to our contract manufacturing activities . total cost and expenses totaled $ 6,298.4 million for 2016 , representing an increase of 7.2 % , compared to the same period in 2015 . this increase was driven by a $ 454.8 million litigation settlement and license charge and a 19.2 % increase in cost of sales , which includes a charge of $ 45.5 million for accelerated depreciation as a result of the determination to cease manufacturing in cambridge , ma and vacate our biologics manufacturing facility in cambridge , ma and warehouse space in somerville , ma . these increases were partially offset by a 7.8 % decrease in selling , general and administrative expenses and a decrease in restructuring charges . we generated $ 4,522.4 million of net cash flows from operations for 2016 , which were primarily driven by earnings . cash , cash equivalents and marketable securities totaled approximately $ 7,724.5 million as of december 31 , 2016 . during the year ended december 31 , 2016 , we repurchased and retired approximately 3.3 million shares of common stock at a cost of $ 1.0 billion under our share repurchase programs . collaborative and other relationships in may 2016 we entered into a collaboration and alliance with the university of pennsylvania ( upenn ) to advance gene therapy and gene editing technologies . for additional information related to this transaction , please read note 19 , collaborative and other relationships to our consolidated financial statements included in this report . 49 restructuring and cost saving initiatives during the third quarter of 2016 we initiated cost saving measures primarily intended to realign our organizational structure due to the changes in roles and workforce resulting from our decision to spin off our hemophilia business , and to achieve further targeted cost reductions . additionally , in connection with the transaction to sublease our rights to the manufacturing facility in cambridge , ma to brammer bio ma , llc ( brammer ) , certain employees were separated from biogen . for additional information related to our restructuring and cost saving initiatives , please read note 3 , restructuring , business transformation and other cost saving initiatives to our consolidated financial statements included in this report . business environment the biopharmaceutical industry and the markets in which we operate are intensely competitive . many of our competitors are working to develop or have commercialized products similar to those we market or are developing . in addition , the commercialization of certain of our own approved ms products , products of our collaborators and pipeline product candidates may negatively impact future sales of our existing ms products . our products may also face increased competitive pressures from the introduction of generic versions , prodrugs of existing therapeutics or biosimilars of existing products and other technologies , such as gene therapies and bispecific antibodies . in addition , sales of our products are dependent , in large part , on the availability and extent of coverage , pricing and reimbursement from government health administration authorities , private health insurers and other organizations . drug prices are under significant scrutiny in the markets in which our products are prescribed . drug pricing and other health care costs continue to be subject to intense political and societal pressures . for additional information related to our competition and pricing risks that could negatively impact our product sales , please read the “ risk factors ” section of this report . results of operations revenues revenues are summarized as follows : replace_table_token_7_th 50 product revenues product revenues are summarized as follows : replace_table_token_8_th * interferon includes avonex and plegridy . * * percentage not meaningful . multiple sclerosis ( ms ) tecfidera for 2016 compared to 2015 , the increase in u.s. tecfidera revenues was primarily due to price increases , partially offset by higher discounts and allowances and a decrease in unit sales volume of 1 % . story_separator_special_tag for 2015 compared to 2014 , the increase in discounts was primarily driven by our recent product additions , gross price increases and increases in contractual rates contractual adjustments contractual adjustments relate to medicaid and managed care rebates , co-payment assistance ( copay ) , veterans administration ( va ) , public health service ( phs ) discounts , specialty pharmacy program fees and other government rebates or applicable allowances . for 2016 compared to 2015 , the increase in contractual adjustments was primarily due to higher medicaid and other governmental rebates and allowances in the u.s. and managed care rebates , due in part to an increase in gross selling prices . 57 for 2015 compared to 2014 , the increase in contractual adjustments was primarily due to our recent product additions , higher medicaid and other governmental rebates and allowances in the u.s. and managed care rebates as a result of an increase in contracted business and gross prices . returns product return reserves are established for returns made by wholesalers . in accordance with contractual terms , wholesalers are permitted to return product for reasons such as damaged or expired product . the majority of wholesaler returns are due to product expiration . provisions for product returns are recorded in the period the related revenue is recognized , resulting in a reduction to product sales . for 2016 compared to 2015 , and 2015 compared to 2014 , return reserves decreased primarily due to a reduction in return rates based on recent experiences of returned products . for additional information related to our reserves , please read note 4 , reserves for discounts and allowances to our consolidated financial statements included in this report . cost and expenses a summary of total cost and expenses is as follows : replace_table_token_11_th * * percentage not meaningful . 58 cost of sales , excluding amortization of acquired intangible assets ( cost of sales ) product cost of sales for 2016 compared to 2015 , the increase in product cost of sales was primarily driven by increased contract manufacturing shipments and higher unit sales volume related to our biosimilars and hemophilia products , partially offset by favorable production costs and mix of products . product cost of sales for 2016 also reflects the recognition of $ 45.5 million of accelerated depreciation as a result of the determination to cease manufacturing in cambridge , ma and vacate our biologics manufacturing facility in cambridge , ma and warehouse space in somerville , ma . for 2015 compared to 2014 , the increase in product cost of sales was primarily driven by increased contract manufacturing production and higher unit sales volume of our marketed products , including newly launched products . inventory amounts written down as a result of excess , obsolescence , unmarketability or other reasons totaled $ 48.2 million , $ 41.9 million and $ 50.6 million for the years ended december 31 , 2016 , 2015 and 2014 , respectively . royalty cost of sales for 2016 compared to 2015 , the increase in royalty cost of sales was primarily driven by the increase in royalty rates payable to sobi , increased sales of our hemophilia products and higher royalties on sales of avonex and plegridy in the u.s. , partially offset by a decrease in tysabri royalties due to the expiration of certain third party royalties . on june 28 , 2016 , the u.s. patent and trademark office issued to the japanese foundation for cancer research ( jfcr ) a patent related to recombinant interferon-beta protein . this patent , u.s. patent no . 9,376,478 , expires in june 2033. this patent was issued following an interference proceeding between jfcr and us . this patent is relevant to avonex and plegridy , and we will pay royalties in the mid-single digits in relation to this patent during the life of the patent . for 2015 compared to 2014 , the increase in royalty cost of sales was primarily driven by the increase in royalties due to sobi on increased sales of our hemophilia products and an increase in the contractual rate of tysabri contingent payments due to perrigo company plc ( perrigo ) , which is based on the expected level of annual worldwide net sales of tysabri , partially offset by a decrease in tysabri revenues and the expiration of certain third-party royalties related to tysabri . for additional information on our relationship with sobi , please read note 19 , collaborative and other relationships to our consolidated financial statements included in this report . 59 research and development 60 research and development expense incurred in support of our marketed products includes costs associated with product lifecycle management activities including , if applicable , costs associated with the development of new indications for existing products . late stage programs are programs in phase 3 development or in registration stage . early stage programs are programs in phase 1 or phase 2 development . research and discovery represents costs incurred to support our discovery research and translational science efforts . other research and development costs consist of indirect costs incurred in support of overall research and development activities and non-specific programs , including activities that benefit multiple programs , such as management costs as well as depreciation and other facility-based expenses . costs are reflected in the development stage based upon the program status when incurred . therefore , the same program could be reflected in different development stages in the same year . for several of our programs , the research and development activities are part of our collaborative and other relationships . our costs reflect our share of the total costs incurred . for 2016 compared to 2015 , the decrease in research and development expense was primarily related to decreases in costs incurred in connection with our early stage programs , marketed products and other research and development costs . these decreases were partially offset

