title: Catacomben van Rome
text: De Catacomben van Rome (Italiaans: Catacombe di Roma) zijn antieke catacomben, ofwel tunnelstelsels met ondergrondse begraafplaatsen onder en nabij Rome, Italië. Het zijn er minstens veertig, waarvan sommige pas in de tweede helft van de twintigste eeuw zijn ontdekt. Er zijn heidense, christelijke en joodse graven te vinden, soms in aparte catacomben, maar vaak ook gezamenlijk.
  
  De ondergrond in Rome bestaat uit zachte tufsteen en het bleek gemakkelijk daarin tunnels uit te houwen. Ook bleek dat het gesteente na verloop van tijd uithardt als het wordt blootgesteld aan de lucht in de gangen. Veel tunnels zijn kilometers lang en ze hebben soms wel vier verdiepingen.
  
  Geschiedenis 
  In de nabijheid van de belangrijkste Romeinse weg, de Via Appia, bevond zich een laag gelegen terrein, dat werd aangeduid als catacumbas. Dit woord was afgeleid van het Griekse kata kumbas, wat bij de terreinglooiing betekent. Die naam ging over op een christelijke begraafplaats, die was ingericht in een steengroeve onder de nabijgelegen kerk van Sint Sebastiaan. De benaming "catacombe" ging vervolgens ook over op andere onderaardse begraafplaatsen in Rome, maar ook ver daarbuiten. De eerste catacomben werden gebruikt als begraafplaats en liturgische ruimten. In de zestiende eeuw werden de catacomben voor het eerst wetenschappelijk onderzocht, onder meer door de oudheidkundige Antonio Bosio (1575-1629). Vanaf de negentiende eeuw zijn de catacomben in Rome onderwerp van een meer systematischer en wetenschappelijker onderzoek. De aangetroffen niet-christelijke catacomben zijn vaak ouder dan de christelijke begraafplaatsen. In tegenstelling tot wat in de populaire cultuur uitgedragen wordt waren catacomben geen geheime schuiloorden voor christenen. De ligging en ingangen van de catacomben waren wel bekend. Het is slechts doordat ze in de vergetelheid waren geraakt dat men dacht dat ze geheim waren.
  
  Beschrijving 
  Catacomben bestaan uit ingewikkelde stelsels van gangen en vormen ware labyrinten. In de wanden zijn gaten uitgehakt, waarin de doden werden bijgezet. Deze eenvoudige grafnissen worden loculi genoemd en werden afgesloten met een plaat van terracotta of van marmer. Rijkere christelijke families hadden eigen grafkamers met rijkelijk versierde wanden. Zij hadden ook grotere graven, in de vorm van een boog. Een dergelijk booggraf werd een arcosolium genoemd. 
  Grafkamers en arcosolia werden versierd met muurschilderingen, waarin zowel hellenistische als vroeg-christelijke motieven te vinden zijn. Vaak terugkerend zijn taferelen als een herder met zijn schapen, zowel refererend aan het verhaal van de Goede Herder als aan een pastoraal thema, dat ook in de Romeinse kunst te vinden is. Ook Bijbelse thema's zijn er te vinden, zoals de drie jongelingen in de vuuroven, Daniel in de leeuwenkuil, Jona en het zeemonster of de arme Job op de mestvaalt. Ook vindt men symbolen terug als het anker (de hoop), het kruis (het geloof) of de duif (de vrede). De vis verwijst naar het Griekse ichthus, symbool voor Jezus Christus. Ook vindt men er fresco's van de Maagd Maria met haar Kind. In Rome zijn slechts enkele van de vele catacomben voor het publiek opengesteld, die van San Callisto, San Sebastiano, San Domitilla, San Agnese en San Priscilla. Vanaf de tweede eeuw ontstonden er ook catacomben in Napels, Sicilië, Malta en Noord-Afrika, onder andere in Cyrene. In later eeuwen werden ook andere onderaardse kerkhoven en ossuaria als catacomben aangeduid, zoals die te Parijs.
  
  Lijst van Romeinse catacomben
  
  Via Aurelia 
   Anonieme catacombe van Sint-Onofrio, ontoegankelijk
   Anonieme catacombe van Villa Pamphili, toegankelijk voor studiedoeleinden
   Anonieme catacombe van de Vigna Franceschini, toegankelijk voor studiedoeleinden
   Catacombe van Calepodius, toegankelijk voor studiedoeleinden
   Catacombe van Duo Felices, niet geïdentificeerd
   Catacombe van Processus en Martinianus, niet geïdentificeerd
  
  Via Vitellia 
   Catacombe van Pancratius (of Catacombe van Ottavilla), bezoekbaar
  
  Via Portuensis 
   Catacombe van Pontianus, toegankelijk voor studiedoeleinden
   Catacombe van Monteverde (joods), toegankelijk voor studiedoeleinden
   Catacombe van Generosa, op aanvraag te bezoeken
  
  Via Ostiensis 
   Catacombe van Commodilla, op aanvraag te bezoeken
   Catacombe van Sint-Tecla, op aanvraag te bezoeken
  
  Via Ardeatina 
   Catacombe van Balbina, toegankelijk voor studiedoeleinden
   Catacombe van Marcus en Marcellianus (of Catacombe van Basileus), toegankelijk voor studiedoeleinden
   Catacombe van Domitilla, bezoekbaar
   Catacombe van Nunziatella (of Catacombe van Annunziatella), toegankelijk voor studiedoeleinden
  
  Via Appia 
   Catacombe van Sint-Calixtus, bezoekbaar (het hoofdgedeelte die bekend staat als de catacombe van Vigna Chiaraviglio kan op aanvraag worden bezocht)
   Hypogeum van Vibia (gemengd), op aanvraag te bezoeken
   Catacombe van Santa Croce, toegankelijk voor studiedoeleinden
   Catacombe van Pretextatus, op aanvraag te bezoeken
   Catacombe van Vigna Randanini (joods), op aanvraag te bezoeken
   Anonieme catacombe van Vigna Cimarra (joods), toegankelijk voor studiedoeleinden
   Catacombe van Sint-Sebastiaan, bezoekbaar
  
  Via Latina 
   Catacombe van Gordianus en Epimachus (of Catacombe van Acqua Mariana), toegankelijk voor studiedoeleinden
   Hypogeum van Trebius Justus (misschien syncretisch), toegankelijk voor studiedoeleinden
   Catacombe van Apronianus, toegankelijk voor studiedoeleinden
   Hypogeum van Via Dino Compagni (misschien syncretisch), toegankelijk voor studiedoeleinden
   Anonieme catacombe van de Via Latina, toegankelijk voor studiedoeleinden
   Catacombe van Tertullinus, niet geïdentificeerd
  
  Via Labicana 
   Hypogeum van de Aurelii (misschien gnostisch), op aanvraag te bezoeken
   Catacombe van Sint-Castulus, ontoegankelijk
   Anonieme catacombe van Vigna Apolloni (joods), ontoegankelijk
   Catacombe van Marcellinus en Petrus (of Catacombe ad duas lauros), bezoekbaar
   Catacombe van Sint-Zotico, toegankelijk voor studiedoeleinden
  
  Via Tiburtina 
   Catacombe van Sint-Laurentius (of Catacombe van Cyriaca), op aanvraag te bezoeken
   Catacombe Catacombe van Santa Sinforosa (tegenwoordig op het grondgebied van Tivoli), ontoegankelijk
  
  Via Nomentana 
   Catacombe van Nicomedes (of Catacombe van Villa Patrizi), ontoegankelijk
   Anonieme catacombe in Via dei Villini, toegankelijk voor studiedoeleinden
   Catacombe van Villa Torlonia (joods), toegankelijk voor studiedoeleinden
   Catacombe van Sint-Agnes, bezoekbaar
   Catacomba maggiore (Coemeterium Maius), op aanvraag te bezoeken
   Cimitero minore, toegankelijk voor studiedoeleinden
   Catacombe van Sint-Alexander, op aanvraag te bezoeken
  
  Via Salaria (nieuwe deel) 
   Catacombe van Sint-Felicitas (of Catacombe van Massimo), op aanvraag te bezoeken
   Catacombe van Thrason, toegankelijk voor studiedoeleinden
   Catacombe van de Jordaniërs, toegankelijk voor studiedoeleinden
   Catacombe van Sint-Hilaria, toegankelijk voor studiedoeleinden
   Catacombe van Via Anapo, op aanvraag te bezoeken
   Catacombe van Priscilla, bezoekbaar
  
  Via Salaria (oude deel) 
   Catacombe van Pamphilus, op aanvraag te bezoeken
   Anoniem hypogeum van Via Paisiello, toegankelijk voor studiedoeleinden
   Catacombe van Hermes (of Catacombe van Bassilla), op aanvraag te bezoeken
   Catacombe ad clivum Cucumeris, niet geïdentificeerd
  
  Via Flaminia 
   Catacombe van Valentinus, toegankelijk voor studiedoeleinden
  
  Via Cornelia 
   Vaticaanse Necropolis
  
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      { "type": "Feature", "properties": { "title": "", "description": "Catacombe van Generosa", "marker-symbol": "", "marker-size": "small", "marker-color": "cc0000" }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ 12.432818, 41.836122 ] } },
      { "type": "Feature", "properties": { "title": "", "description": "Catacombe van Nunziatella", "marker-symbol": "", "marker-size": "small", "marker-color": "cc0000" }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ 12.509861, 41.836333 ] } },
      { "type": "Feature", "properties": { "title": "", "description": "Hypogeum van Vibia", "marker-symbol": "", "marker-size": "small", "marker-color": "cc0000" }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ 12.5102, 41.8619 ] } },
      { "type": "Feature", "properties": { "title": "", "description": "Catacombe van Vigna Randanini", "marker-symbol": "", "marker-size": "small", "marker-color": "cc0000" }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ 12.5185, 41.8568 ] } },
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      { "type": "Feature", "properties": { "title": "", "description": "Catacombe van Villa Torlonia", "marker-symbol": "", "marker-size": "small", "marker-color": "cc0000" }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ 12.511194, 41.915806 ] } },
      { "type": "Feature", "properties": { "title": "", "description": "Catacombe van Sint-Alexander", "marker-symbol": "", "marker-size": "small", "marker-color": "cc0000" }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ 12.59380278, 41.96218889 ] } },
      { "type": "Feature", "properties": { "title": "", "description": "Catacombe van Via Anapo", "marker-symbol": "", "marker-size": "small", "marker-color": "cc0000" }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ 12.5062, 41.9264 ] } },
      { "type": "Feature", "properties": { "title": "", "description": "Via Flaminia", "marker-color": "999999", "marker-symbol":"f"}, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ 12.46665, 41.937045 ] }  },
      { "type": "Feature", "properties": { "title": "", "description": "Via Salaria (oud)", "marker-color": "999999", "marker-symbol":"s"}, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ 12.493601, 41.927978 ] }  },
      { "type": "Feature", "properties": { "title": "", "description": "Via Salaria (nieuw)", "marker-color": "999999", "marker-symbol":"s"}, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ 12.50948, 41.938322 ] }  },
      { "type": "Feature", "properties": { "title": "", "description": "Via Nomentana", "marker-color": "999999", "marker-symbol":"n"}, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ 12.532825, 41.934236 ] }  },
      { "type": "Feature", "properties": { "title": "", "description": "Via Tiburtina", "marker-color": "999999", "marker-symbol":"t"}, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ 12.543211, 41.909265 ] }  },
      { "type": "Feature", "properties": { "title": "", "description": "Via Labicana", "marker-color": "999999", "marker-symbol":"l"}, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ 12.558231, 41.876003 ] }  },
      { "type": "Feature", "properties": { "title": "", "description": "Via Latina", "marker-color": "999999", "marker-symbol":"l"}, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ 12.531967, 41.864089 ] }  },
      { "type": "Feature", "properties": { "title": "", "description": "Via Appia", "marker-color": "999999", "marker-symbol":"a"}, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ 12.523642, 41.849961 ] }  },
      { "type": "Feature", "properties": { "title": "", "description": "Via Ardeatina", "marker-color": "999999", "marker-symbol":"a"}, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ 12.516003, 41.848235 ] }  },
      { "type": "Feature", "properties": { "title": "", "description": "Via Laurentina", "marker-color": "999999", "marker-symbol":"l"}, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ 12.480812, 41.844463 ] }  },
      { "type": "Feature", "properties": { "title": "", "description": "Via Ostiensis", "marker-color": "999999", "marker-symbol":"o"}, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ 12.479053, 41.868839 ] }  },
      { "type": "Feature", "properties": { "title": "", "description": "Via Campana", "marker-color": "999999", "marker-symbol":"c"}, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ 12.457852, 41.855639 ] }  },
      { "type": "Feature", "properties": { "title": "", "description": "Via Portuensis", "marker-color": "999999", "marker-symbol":"p"}, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ 12.45472, 41.864243 ] }  },
      { "type": "Feature", "properties": { "title": "", "description": "Via Aurelia", "marker-color": "999999", "marker-symbol":"a"}, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ 12.442875, 41.889525 ] }  },
      { "type": "Feature", "properties": { "title": "", "description": "Via Cornelia", "marker-color": "999999", "marker-symbol":"c"}, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ 12.463732, 41.901983 ] }  },
    ]
  }
  
  Literatuur 
   Leonard Rutgers, Israël aan de Tiber. Joods leven in het oude Rome, 2023. 
   L.V. Rutgers, Onderaards Rome, een speurtocht naar de wortels van het christendom in de catacomben van de Eeuwige Stad, Leuven 2000 
   Vincenzo Fiocchi Nicolai, Fabrizio Bisconti, Danilo Mazzolen, The Christian catacombs of Rome : history, decoration, inscriptions, Regensburg 1999 
   B.H.W. Esser, Langs kerken en catacomben : een speurtocht in het oude Rome, Muiderberg 1993
  
  Zie ook 
   Romeinse Catacomben in Valkenburg (een zorgvuldige replica van de belangrijkste delen)
  
  Externe link 
    Le Catacombe cristiane di Roma