title: Formalisation des connaissances documentaires et des connaissances conceptuelles à l'aide d'ontologies : application à la description de documents audiovisuels
text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k 8 $# / # ).&(E A=B 2+ ).&(E 8 $# / # J= 2+'NM# 2# J> 2+ 2 #ON0# J? :< = :2C# >@= Æ???@?J HB =B> =B@ =BA =BJ ==> ==A ==H ==I ==I =>B =>B =?B =?= =?= =?J =?H =@B =@= =@= =@? =@A =A@ =A@ =J> ( J@ :< > :2C# # B: $ + $ B $ : $ JA :< ? : J N, NM# E N, NM# H N, NM# Æ Æ >@> =J? =J? >BE >>> >?= $ Y * " >BB=Z 6 * 5 & 9 * 2 ) * 9 3 3 0 6(7 6 5 :27 2 / 0, D A# # D 8 D+=!9 =S=? G * 9 = >BB= Y'& >BB?Z'"# & ( $ ( @@P=Q==S?= >BB? G Y =IH?Z "7 * 8 ) # >JP==QH?>SH@? 1 =IH? Y 6 >BB>Z " * 6 R D A# ) - 87+=,9 PJ>Q, 2 -D 6n'.?B 6 >BB> 31 A $ 8 C Y' " >BB=Z "'N 7^'(#%' &%'()' M ( N2. M *, N. 0 R ) T@ 8T-'+=!9 JS=? 5 >=(>? N >BB= Y$ / =IIIZ & $ / / 7 35 0 6 5 0 ) # # ) ( P=JIJQ, ( 7 AHSEA ) 7 6 =III 6 5 Y$ >BBBZ & $ $ ) 2 ; 3 >BBB Y (& " >BB?Z 1 (& / / 8 6 6' 2 0 3 % * @=SA? 6 7 >BB? Y/ " >BB?Z 7 / 2 2 & 2 1 )7 ) ( 6 # ( MA / # 5 ( ; ) >BB? Y/ 5 >BB>Z / / & 5 6 + AB 2 630 1:6 >BB>!!!. O< # >@? Æ # Y/ " >BB>Z / / 0 : 3 6, 2 N ) 0 & '()' 5: /!0 ) T@ T@ 8TD+=,9 P>@E?Q, ( 7 * ==@S=>= 6n'. =(@ N >BB> 6 5 Y/ =IIJZ / / M $ ) / $ ) * " # $ # $. " ) 2. ) =IIJ Y/ =IIIZ / / / ( + 7 $5 7 ]( #$ 7 $] >P?(@Q>=IS>@> =III Y/ >BBBZ / /. ( 0 " f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Æ Y/'" >BB>Z / /'G : "h 6, ).&(E 0 )'8 '+=,9 : 18 * ;6 6 >BB> Y/'* =II=Z /'* ) /. $. # # 0, ) 7 =II= Y/(# " =IIHZ 3 /(# : 7 ; 0 # ;, : 0 + P;:0Q & 6 :, P:7Q >?IJ 0.37 =IIH!!! $ =KC 4 Y/(# " >BB=Z 3 /(# " G N # 3 6 M * >H@PAQ?@S@? >BB= Y/(# >BB=Z 3 /(# & 6 M 2 0 >BB=!!!!= $ / $. 9 # Y/ : >BB>Z 7 / : C, D 0 3 $ S $ 8 +39 =S=A G 3 >B(>? N >BB> Y/ >BBBZ / 0, 0 )'P@Q?=S?H /. 6 >BBB Y/ ^'' " =IIHZ / ^'' 7^'(#%' " & e() &%'( )' / N 9 8 # N 2. 0!! D A# T@ $ 5 8TD+NV9 /$ =H(>? =IIH? $ P-A P-AKQ %"% Y/ " >BB?Z 2 / 1 (& " + + * >BB? S Y/ =II@Z 2 / $ +. + $. ) 2. G. 6 6 ) =II@ Y/ 6'=IHAZ :" / "& 6'N8, 9#( N1. 9 8 : 6
  
  IP>Q=E=S>=J =IHA Y/ >BB?Z 6 / 2, # : 0, P#:0Q 7 =E >BB? Y/ * >BB>Z " / * 6 &, 6 C :27 :27 6 0 0 G * " G R D ) 8 D+=,9 P>?@>Q, ( 7 I(=> " >BB> Y/ 3 >BB?Z 5 / : 3. ).&(E : 0 1 N >BB? >@A # Y/ =IIIZ 5 / # / # ) 2 ; 3 =III Y/ * =IIEZ / * M i iD W ) # ) ) @HPIQHB@SHBI =IIE!!! #? R?! # Y/ * =IIHZ / * M i iD 7 $ >P>Q>>=S >?B =IIH!!! #? R? $ # Y/ =I@AZ 5 / M 3 * # =EJP=Q=B=S=BH " =I@A Y >BBBZ " * $ ) 2 ; ) J P) Q >BBB Y " >BB?Z " / / : 3 N M 6( 3 6 + M 6 : +? >BB? Y >BB?Z " # ( G ; ) ) 7 >BB? Y =II>Z #, ( + * JP@Q?JAS@BJ =II> Y =IIEZ / 8 8, , 0 M [ ) [ 8M +N<9 2 6 =IIE, # :.KS P % # < T# Y " >BBBZ N : 2 G &, M? : 2 78 * 0 V ) 8 +==9 @JHS@H> 2 =@(=H ` >BBB Y " >BB>Z 1 1 &o )(, 5 0!= ) 5 +,==, "( () 7 =(J 2 >BB> Y2 / >BBBZ 3 2 / / ;, 0!! W R # + 8 +==9 AISEB 3 7 =B(=> >BBB Y2 " >BB>Z. 2 " M 0 W *$ D $5 8 *$ 7 9 ) 7 =B(== N >BB>!!! F $##<<K # Y. (f >BB?Z.. (f ) 2 0 1 6 # >BB? >@J Y.' " >BBBZ ".' 1 : 2 # ( # $ ) $ =IP=Q >BBB Y.' " >BB?Z ".' 1 # _ 5 2,8 *, ( 0!V W ) * 8 W +=09?=S?J I(=A `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Æ # Y9 =IE=Z 6 9
  
  ( $ # $ =IE= Y9 =IIIZ : 9 ).&(@,?JP>Q>JS?? =III Y# " >BB@Z : # M, # 5 " " ; ( 0!1 R # R * 8R +=19 3 7 >H(?B " >BB@ Y#_ =IIEZ 1 #_ / + ) 2 ; " 7 & =IIE Y# : >BB?Z. # : + ) ) 2 ; ) F ( 1 >BB? Y#* " =IIEZ 6 #* # 6 2 : " G N ( M 0! ) 8+N<9 AISJJ :, ;6 =IIE ) Y " >BB>Z /6 ) 6 3 6* 'H-<5 ) M >BB> Y =IIHZ 3 8. , G 0 N ) M # @BS@I ) ) ;6 >B(>@ " =IIH 60&#019X60&M./ Y e' " >BB>Z " e' : 9 7 ) ).&(E 3 & ( 2 6 ) = IP>QEHSHE (" >BB> Y e' >BB>Z " e' ).&(E N8, ).&(E 2 3 ) > IP?QH?SI? " (6 >BB> Y =II@Z, #'P@AQ =II@ Y'=IJHZ'* = 9 * * ) 7 =IJH Y =IIHZ J (/. ) 7 =IIH Y " >BB>Z # 6 : 3 0, 6( C# 6 :27 C # 0 0 G * " G R D ) 8 D+=,9 P>?@>Q, ( 7 @>?S@?A 6 0 I(=> " >BB> 6 5 Y * =IEAZ *,8 *, * 8 0 ) G M #'# ) F &8(G 18 * ;6 =IEA Y " =IIBZ ) / : 5 ( $ + 2') 7 =IIB >AB Y h " >BB?Z : h : 5 G &,, : 2 #ON0# :27 0!4 D A# ( 8 (+=09 PH=Q, 2 -D : 0 A(E 6 >BB? 31 A $ 8 QB Y ).&(E >BB=Z ).&(E 0, 3 ( 2 0, 1 06NX0. =AI?H 2 >BB= Y =IIJZ # : ( + * =BP=QESAJ =IIJ Y1 " >BB?Z 1 " 1 ) 9 0;G (, P9% 0 ) Q 0!1 ) M M 8M+=09 =>HS=?E 1 >J(>I ` >BB? Y1 =IIEZ 1 ; : :??=@ 01:0 # 1 7 =IIE. 1. $% 11 11 ==BF $% Y1 =IIBZ / 1 M P@>>Q 6(5 + " =IIB ) 2 ;( 6 6 * M & Y1 G, =IIEZ 17 1 2 G, 3 6, N 2 6 :8 I =HP?QA?SE@ =IIE Y1 " >BBBZ 17 1 :M 7 3 * 8, ) ( >BBB W 0 : 2 N!, ) T@ T@ 8TD+==9 P=I?EQ, ( 7 * =ES?> "( () 7 >(J N >BBB 6 5 YNM# >BB?Z NM# M N # F # ) 6 M? 1 P== "Q >BB?!!!!= $ 1! 4# 4 YNM# >BB@Z NM# M N # :, M? : P=B 7Q >BB@!!!!= $ 1! Y) G * >BB?Z "f ) 0 G * M N : 8 2 & 0 2 7 9 6 ", D ) 8 D+=09 P>HEBQ, ( 7 @ESJ? 6 0 7 ;6 >B(>? N >BB? 6 5 Y) (6 6 >BB>Z )7 ) (6 " 6 / 6 M F # 0 0 G * " G R D ) 8 D+=,9 P>?@>Q, ( 7 =@ES=J= 6 0 I(=> " >BB> 6 5 Y) >BB?Z : 3 ) 2, (, : 3 ) i2 i P:3)(??Q 2 630 1:6 2 PH Q >BB? # < << << <O BB 4JT # >A= Æ # Y),$ 6 >BBBZ 6 ),$ ; 6 35, ).&(E 0 V ) 5,===5 D A# 5'#, ;6 1 >BBB Y) =IIJZ " ) # 3 0 =IIJ Y) & >BB?Z ) 6 & ( M 3 6 + M 6 : + @ >BB? Y) =IIIZ ) + ) 2 0 1 6 ( # =III YC =IJHZ : C 6 0 )'>>ES>EB 03 ) =IJH Y: " =II@Z 7 : '' $ + ) 7 =II@ Y:27( 3 >BB@Z :27( 3 :27 6 3 M? : P=B 7( Q >BB@!!!!= $ 1 # Y:27 >BB@Z :27 : 2 78 *
  
  
  
  )
  
  M
  
  ? : P=B 7( Q >BB
  
  @!!!!= $ 1 # Y:276 >
  
  BB
  
  @
  
  Z :276 :27 5 2 # =B :27 6 M? : ( P=B 7Q >BB@!!!!= $ 1 # Y6& # =IHJZ 6& # 0, ) ( 3 N[ 6 ( 6 &'* # 1 06NX0. HHEI =IHJ Y6 " >BB>Z 9 6 6 " /N: ) 2 #ON0# :( 2 @B N(3 (9 8 ) >BB> Y6 * 2 * >BB>Z 6 * 6 2 * 3:0)#
  
  . ( C 0, 3(, #, 6 M 0 0 G * " G R D ) 8 D+=,9 P>?@>Q, ( 7?J@S?EH 6 0 I(=> " >BB> 6 5 Y6 0# =IIHZ 6 0# 6'0 # P6 0# =BQ 6 + M? : =IIH!!!!= $ 1 1 # Y6 0#> >BB=Z 6 0#> 6'0 # P6 0# >BQ M? :( >BB=!!!!= $ 1 # < Y6 M >BB=Z / 6 M N 3 8 18 6 0 1 &( R ) 5') #, ) 8R -=!9 N ;6 =E(=I N >BB= Y6 8 =IH@Z " 6 8 / ) # (M ;6 =IH@ >A> Æ Y6 >BBBZ 6 6 N. (, : 0 5: / & '()' 1 &!1 ) * 8 +==95 D A# )'- # / >=(>> ` >BBB Y6 " >BB=Z 6 6 G() 6 : 6 6 9 8 ) N 5 T@ =JP=Q>JS?@ >BB= Y6 5'>BB?Z / * # 6 : 6 : 5'N,. 9 8 =HP>Q>JS?? ( >BB? Y6 " >BB>Z 6. " 6 6 : 6 2 M* N.( N., 6 M 0 0 G * " G R D ) 8 D+=,9 P>?@>Q, ( 7 >>=S>?A 6 0 I(=> " >BB> 6 5 Y3, >BBBZ # 3, T / +. + + ) 2 0 1 ) & >BBB Y3' " >BB=Z. 3' 5* " 7 (6 G 3 ).&(E 2 6 F # 6 # 0 < ) 8 +=!9 3 38 6 >BB= Y3 3 >BB?Z 3 3 3 + ) 2 0 1 ) ( & >BB? Y3 0 >BB>Z : 3 0 2N. $ 0!0 W R # + 8 +=,9 J?SE@ : 7 >H
  
  (
  
  ?B >BB> Y3 >BB=Z : 3. 0 : 0 1 >BB= Y3 >BB?Z : 3 0 6 6 ( 2 0 2 7 9 6 ", D ) 8
  
  D
  
  +=09
  
  P
  
  >
  
  HEB
  
  Q, ( 7
  
  AJJSAH
  
  = 6 0 7 ;
  
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f =IIIZ G f #5 5 / # M8 ( =III >A@ # T, + # ( ( # K L ( # <, 1 ( ) ( (( ((, (,,, ( ( (, 1, ( $ ( ( (, 2 ( 1 2N. P Q
  
  ( 1 +, 58 (
  
  NM#
  
  :27 ).
  
  &( E
  
  3+ 3, ( ( [ + * 8 ( 3, (, ( 8 3 ', ( ( 8 8, q r'3 * 8 M,,, / 8 ', ( 8, ', 3,, [,, 8,, (, * 8 ( 8, 8 8, 8 M 8, (, ( 8 * 8 8 8 8 (, 3 (, ( 8 (, (,, 8 ( 8, M 2N.